country_of_citizenship secundus the silent
The city of ___MASK55___ during the classical period of Ancient Greece ( 508  322 BC ) was the major urban center of the notable polis ( city - state ) of the same name , located in Attica , Greece , leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League . Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Isagoras . This system remained remarkably stable , and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years , until 322 BC ( aftermath of Lamian War ). The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC , known as the Age of Pericles . In the history of Europe , the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century . It began with the fall of the Western ___MASK57___ and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery . The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history : classical antiquity , the medieval period , and the modern period . The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early , High , and Late Middle Ages . Hadrian ( 24 January 76  10 July 138 ) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138 . Hadrian is known for building Hadrian ' s Wall , which marked the northern limit of Britannia . He also rebuilt the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma . Philhellene in most of his tastes , he is considered by some to have been a humanist , and he is regarded as the third of the Five Good Emperors . A vow of silence is a vow , usually a religious or a spiritual practice taken in a monastic context , to maintain silence . Known as " Mauna " in Hinduism , Jainism , and Buddhism , the practice is also integral to some Christian traditions . Hinduism is a religion , or a way of life , found most notably in ___MASK31___ and ___MASK63___ . Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world , and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as "", " the eternal law ," or the " eternal way ," beyond human origins . Scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions , with diverse roots and no founder . This " Hindu synthesis " started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE following the Vedic period ( 1500 BCE to 500 BCE ). ___MASK15___ ( or ; or ) is a historical region that encompasses the city of ___MASK55___ , the capital of Greece . The historical region is centered on the Attic peninsula , which projects into the Aegean Sea . The modern administrative region of ___MASK15___ is more extensive than the historical region and includes the Saronic Islands , Cythera , and the municipality of Troizinia on the Peloponnesian mainland . The history of ___MASK15___ is tightly linked with that of ___MASK55___ , which , from the classical period , was one of the most important cities in the ancient world . The Age of Discovery or the Age of Exploration from the end of the 15th century to the 18th century , was an informal and loosely defined European historical period marking the time period in which extensive overseas exploration emerged as a powerful factor in European culture and the beginning of globalization . It also marks the rise of the period of widespread adoption in Europe of colonialism and mercantilism . Many lands previously unknown to Europeans were discovered during this period , though most were already inhabited . From the perspective of many non - Europeans , the Age of Discovery marked the arrival of settlers and invaders from a previously unknown continent . Global exploration started with the Portuguese discoveries of the Atlantic archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores , the coast of Africa , and the discovery of the sea route to ___MASK31___ in 1498 ; and , on behalf of the ___MASK100___ ( Spain ), the trans - Atlantic Voyages of Christopher Columbus between 1492 and 1502 , and the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1519  1522 . These discoveries led to numerous naval expeditions across the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific oceans , and land expeditions in the Americas , Asia , Africa , and Australia that continued into the late 19th century , and ended with the exploration of the polar regions in the 20th century . Plato ( Greek : " Plátn ", in Classical Attic ; 428 / 427 or 424 / 423  348 / 347 BCE ) was a philosopher in Classical ___MASK82___ and the founder of the Academy in ___MASK55___ , the first institution of higher learning in the Western world . He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy , especially the Western tradition . Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries , Plato ' s entire " œuvre " is believed to have survived intact for over 2 , 400 years . Piraeus (" Pireás " , , " Peiraieús ") is a port city in the region of ___MASK15___ , ___MASK82___ . Piraeus is located within the ___MASK55___ urban area , southwest from its city center ( municipality of ___MASK55___ ), and lies along the east coast of the Saronic Gulf . Aristotle (" Aristotéls "; 384  322 BC ) was a Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira , Chalkidice , on the northern periphery of Classical ___MASK82___ . His father , Nicomachus , died when Aristotle was a child , whereafter Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian . At seventeen or eighteen years of age , he joined Plato ' s Academy in ___MASK55___ and remained there until the age of thirty - seven ( c . 347 BC ). His writings cover many subjects  including physics , biology , zoology , metaphysics , logic , ethics , aesthetics , poetry , theater , music , rhetoric , linguistics , politics and government  and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy . Shortly after Plato died , Aristotle left ___MASK55___ and , at the request of Philip of Macedon , tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC . The Roman emperor was the ruler of the ___MASK57___ during the imperial period ( starting in 27 BC ). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history . Often when a given Roman is described as becoming " emperor " in English , it reflects his taking of the title " Augustus " or " Caesar ". Another title often used was " imperator ", originally a military honorific . Early Emperors also used the title " princeps " ( first citizen ). Emperors frequently amassed republican titles , notably " Princeps Senatus ", " Consul " and " Pontifex Maximus ". The Renaissance was a period in European history , from the 14th to the 17th century , regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history . It started as a cultural movement in ___MASK44___ in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe , marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age . The Temple of Venus and Roma Latin : Templum Veneris et Romae is thought to have been the largest temple in ___MASK12___ . Located on the Velian Hill , between the eastern edge of the " Forum Romanum " and the Colosseum , it was dedicated to the goddesses " Venus Felix " (" Venus the Bringer of Good Fortune ") and " Roma Aeterna " (" Eternal Rome "). The architect was the emperor Hadrian and construction began in 121 . It was officially inaugurated by Hadrian in 135 , and finished in 141 under Antoninus Pius . Damaged by fire in 307 , it was restored with alterations by the emperor Maxentius . Secundus the Silent ( 2nd century AD ) was a Cynic or Neopythagorean philosopher who lived in ___MASK55___ in the early 2nd century , who had taken a vow of silence . An anonymous text entitled Life of Secundus ( Latin : Vita Secundi Philosophi ) purports to give details of his life as well as answers to philosophical questions posed to him by the emperor Hadrian . The work enjoyed great popularity in the Middle Ages . The Fall of the Western ___MASK57___ ( also called Fall of the ___MASK57___ or Fall of Rome ) was the process of decline in the Western ___MASK57___ in which it failed to enforce its rule , and its vast territory was divided into several successor polities . The ___MASK57___ lost the strengths that had allowed it to exercise effective control ; modern historians mention factors including the effectiveness and numbers of the army , the health and numbers of the Roman population , the strength of the economy , the competence of the Emperor , the religious changes of the period , and the efficiency of the civil administration . Increasing pressure from " barbarians " outside Roman culture also contributed greatly to the collapse . The reasons for the collapse are major subjects of the historiography of the ancient world and they inform much modern discourse on state failure . Buddhism ( or ) is a religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha . Buddhism originated in ___MASK31___ sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE , from where it spread through much of Asia , whereafter it declined in ___MASK31___ during the middle ages . Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : Theravada ( Pali : " The School of the Elders ") and Mahayana ( Sanskrit : " The Great Vehicle "). Buddhism is the world ' s fourth - largest religion , with over 500 million followers or 7 % of the global population , known as Buddhists . ___MASK82___ (' ), officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : ' ), historically also known as Hellas ("" ), is a country in southeastern Europe . ___MASK82___ ' s population is approximately 10 . 955 million as of 2015 . ___MASK55___ is the nation ' s capital and largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . ___MASK55___ (" Athína " ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . ___MASK55___ dominates the Attica region and is one of the world ' s oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3 , 400 years , and its earliest human presence starting somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennia BC . Classical ___MASK55___ was a powerful city - state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus , which had been a distinct city prior to its 5th century BC incorporation with ___MASK55___ . A centre for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato ' s Academy and Aristotle ' s Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , ___MASK55___ is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . In 2015 , ___MASK55___ was ranked the world ' s 29th richest city by purchasing power and the 67th most expensive in a UBS study . Hadrian ' s Wall , also called the Roman Wall , Picts ' Wall , or " Vallum Hadriani " in Latin , was a defensive fortification in the Roman province of Britannia , begun in 122 AD in the reign of the emperor Hadrian . It ran from the banks of the River Tyne near the North Sea to the Solway Firth on the Irish Sea , and was the northern limit of the ___MASK57___ , immediately north of which were the lands of the northern Ancient Britons , including the Picts . Classical antiquity ( also the classical era , classical period or classical age ) is a term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea , comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient ___MASK82___ and ancient Rome , collectively known as the Greco - Roman world . It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe , North Africa and Southwestern Asia . The ___MASK57___ ( Koine and Medieval Greek :    , tr . ) was the post - ___MASK99___ period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around 500 AD , and the Empire ' s populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world ' s population at the time ). The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar ' s adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of ___MASK16___ . Octavian ' s power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title " Augustus ", effectively marking the end of the ___MASK99___ .