located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity oskarshamn nuclear power plant
Øresund or Öresund is a strait which forms the Danish  Swedish border , separating Sjælland ( ___MASK53___ ) from Skåne ( Sweden ). The strait has a length of and the width varies from to . It is wide at its narrowest point between Helsingør in ___MASK53___ and ___MASK52___ in Sweden . Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition ___MASK44___ buried dead organisms , containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis . The age ___MASK44___ the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions ___MASK44___ years , and sometimes exceeds 650 million years . Fossil fuels contain high percentages ___MASK44___ carbon and include petroleum , coal , and natural gas . Other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane . Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon : hydrogen ratios like methane , to liquids like petroleum , to nonvolatile materials composed ___MASK44___ almost pure carbon , like anthracite coal . Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields either alone , associated with oil , or in the form ___MASK44___ methane clathrates . ___MASK6___ ( German : ) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast . It is the capital of the ___MASK93___ , Poland ' s principal seaport and is also the centre of the country ' s fourth - largest metropolitan area . Carbon dioxide equivalent ( CDE ) and equivalent carbon dioxide ( e and eq ) are two related but distinct measures for describing how much global warming a given type and amount ___MASK44___ greenhouse gas may cause , using the functionally equivalent amount or concentration ___MASK44___ carbon dioxide as the reference . An intermittent energy source is any source ___MASK44___ energy or electrical power that is not continuously available due to some factor outside direct control . The intermittent source may be quite predictable , for example , tidal power , but cannot be dispatched to meet the demand ___MASK44___ a power system . Effective use ___MASK44___ intermittent sources in an electric power grid usually relies on using the intermittent sources to displace fuel that would otherwise be consumed by non - renewable power stations , or by storing energy in the form ___MASK44___ renewable pumped storage , compressed air or ice , or in batteries , for use when needed , or as electrode heating for district heating schemes . A nuclear power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor . As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity . , the IAEA report there are 435 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31 countries . Nuclear power stations are usually considered to be base load stations , since fuel is a small part ___MASK44___ the cost ___MASK44___ production . Their operations and maintenance ( O & M ) and fuel costs are , along with hydropower stations , at the low end ___MASK44___ the spectrum and make them suitable as base - load power suppliers . The cost ___MASK44___ spent fuel management , however , is somewhat uncertain . Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn ( for ) and atomic number 50 , is a ___MASK98___ - transition metal in group 14 ___MASK44___ the periodic table . It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite , which contains tin dioxide , SnO . Tin shows a chemical similarity to both ___MASK44___ its neighbors in group 14 , germanium and ___MASK8___ , and has two main oxidation states , + 2 and the slightly more stable + 4 . Tin is the 49th ___MASK28___ abundant element and has , with 10 stable isotopes , the largest number ___MASK44___ stable isotopes in the periodic table , thanks to its magic number ___MASK44___ protons . It has two main allotropes : at room temperature , the stable allotrope is  - tin , a silvery - white , malleable metal , but at low temperatures it transforms into the less dense grey  - tin , which has the diamond cubic structure . Metallic tin is not easily oxidized in air . Nuclear power is the use ___MASK44___ nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat , which ___MASK28___ frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant . The term includes nuclear fission , nuclear decay and nuclear fusion . Presently , the nuclear fission ___MASK44___ elements in the actinide series ___MASK44___ the periodic table produce the vast majority ___MASK44___ nuclear energy in the direct service ___MASK44___ humankind , with nuclear decay processes , primarily in the form ___MASK44___ geothermal energy , and radioisotope thermoelectric generators , in niche uses making up the rest . Owing , fundamentally , to the delayed critical fission process , Fission - electric power stations are one ___MASK44___ the leading low carbon power generation methods ___MASK44___ producing electricity , and in terms ___MASK44___ total life - cycle greenhouse gas emissions per unit ___MASK44___ energy generated , has emission values lower than " renewable energy " when the latter is taken as a single energy source . Since all electricity supplying technologies use cement , etc ., during construction , emissions are yet to be brought to zero . A 2014 analysis ___MASK44___ the carbon footprint literature by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reported that the embodied total life - cycle emission intensity ___MASK44___ fission electricity has a median value ___MASK44___ 12 g eq / kWh which is the lowest out ___MASK44___ all commercial baseload energy sources , and second lowest out ___MASK44___ all commercial electricity technologies known , after wind power which is an Intermittent energy source with embodied greenhouse gas emissions , per unit ___MASK44___ energy generated ___MASK44___ 11 g eq / kWh . Each result is contrasted with coal & fossil gas at 820 and 490 g eq / kWh . With this translating into , from the beginning ___MASK44___ Fission - electric power station commercialization in the 1970s , having prevented the emission ___MASK44___ about 64 billion tonnes ___MASK44___ carbon dioxide equivalent , greenhouse gases that would have otherwise resulted from the burning ___MASK44___ fossil fuels in thermal power stations . There is a social debate about nuclear power . Proponents , such as the World Nuclear Association and Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy , contend that nuclear power is a safe , sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions . Opponents , such as Greenpeace International and NIRS , contend that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment . In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry , nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus ___MASK44___ an atom splits into smaller parts ( lighter nuclei ). The fission process often produces free neutrons and gamma photons , and releases a very large amount ___MASK44___ energy even by the energetic standards ___MASK44___ radioactive decay . ___MASK51___ (" Kalmar län ") is a county or " län " in southern Sweden . It borders the counties of Kronoberg , Jönköping , Blekinge and Östergötland . To the east in the Baltic Sea is the island ___MASK74___ . A greenhouse gas ( abbrev . GHG ) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range . This process is the fundamental cause ___MASK44___ the greenhouse effect . The primary greenhouse gases in Earth ' s atmosphere are water vapor , carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Without greenhouse gases , the average temperature ___MASK44___ Earth ' s surface would be about , rather than the present average ___MASK44___ . In the Solar System , the atmospheres ___MASK44___ Venus , Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause a greenhouse effect . The ___MASK49___ European ___MASK92___ ( or ), or Middle European ___MASK92___ is a geomorphological region in ___MASK71___ , mostly in Poland , ___MASK53___ , Germany , Belgium , the Netherlands ( Low Countries ), and a small part of northern France . In nuclear physics , nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles ( neutrons and / or protons ). The difference in mass between the products and reactants is manifested as the release ___MASK44___ large amounts ___MASK44___ energy . This difference in mass arises due to the difference in atomic " binding energy " between the atomic nuclei before and after the reaction . Fusion is the process that powers active or " main sequence " stars , or other high magnitude stars . The ___MASK79___ ___MASK44___ Finland is the easternmost arm ___MASK44___ the Baltic Sea . It extends between Finland ( to the north ) and ___MASK86___ ( to the south ) all the way to Saint Petersburg in Russia , where the river Neva drains into it . Other major cities around the gulf include Helsinki and Tallinn . The eastern parts ___MASK44___ the ___MASK79___ ___MASK44___ Finland belong to Russia , and some ___MASK44___ Russia ' s most important oil harbours are located farthest in , near Saint Petersburg ( including Primorsk ). As the seaway to Saint Petersburg , the ___MASK79___ ___MASK44___ Finland has been and continues to be ___MASK44___ considerable strategic importance to Russia . Some ___MASK44___ the environmental problems affecting the Baltic Sea are at their most pronounced in the shallow gulf . Sustainable energy is energy that is consumed at insignificant rates compared to its supply and with manageable collateral effects , especially environmental effects . Another common definition ___MASK44___ sustainable energy is an energy system that serves the needs ___MASK44___ the present without compromising the ability ___MASK44___ future generations to meet their needs . The organizing principle for sustainability is sustainable development , which includes the four interconnected domains : ecology , economics , politics and culture . Sustainability science is the study ___MASK44___ sustainable development and environmental science . ___MASK7___ (" Oskarshamns kommun ") is a municipality in Kalmar County in south - eastern Sweden , where the city Oskarshamn is seat . Wind power is the use ___MASK44___ air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electric power . Wind power , as an alternative to burning fossil fuels , is plentiful , renewable , widely distributed , clean , produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation , consumes no water , and uses little land . The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those ___MASK44___ nonrenewable power sources . In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry , a nuclear reaction is semantically considered to be the process in which two nuclei , or else a nucleus ___MASK44___ an atom and a subatomic particle ( such as a proton , neutron , or high energy electron ) from outside the atom , collide to produce one or more nuclides that are different from the nuclide ( s ) that began the process . Thus , a nuclear reaction must cause a transformation ___MASK44___ at least one nuclide to another . If a nucleus interacts with another nucleus or particle and they then separate without changing the nature ___MASK44___ any nuclide , the process is simply referred to as a type ___MASK44___ nuclear scattering , rather than a nuclear reaction . The Nuclear power station Oskarshamn is one ___MASK44___ three active nuclear power stations in Sweden . The plant is about 30 kilometers north ___MASK44___ Oskarshamn directly at the Kalmarsund at the Baltic Sea coast and with three reactors producing about 10 % ___MASK44___ the electricity needs ___MASK44___ Sweden . All reactors use BWR technology . Unit 1 has an installed output ___MASK44___ 494 MW , Unit 2 664 MW , and Unit 3 , the newest reactor block at the facility , has an installed output ___MASK44___ 1 , 450 MW . The nuclear power station Oskarshamn is thereby one ___MASK44___ the largest power stations in the Nordic area by production . Clab , the temporary storage facility for spent nuclear fuel from all Swedish reactors , is also located at the site . The World Nuclear Association ( WNA ) is the international organization that promotes nuclear power and supports the companies that comprise the global nuclear industry . Its members come from all parts ___MASK44___ the nuclear fuel cycle , including uranium mining , uranium conversion , uranium enrichment , nuclear fuel fabrication , plant manufacture , transport , and the disposition ___MASK44___ used nuclear fuel as well as electricity generation itself . Longitude ( or , Australian and British also ), is a geographic coordinate that specifies the ___MASK37___ - west position of a point on the Earth ' s surface . It is an angular measurement , usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda (  ). Meridians ( lines running from the North Pole to the South Pole ) connect points with the same longitude . By convention , one of these , the Prime ___MASK69___ , which passes through the Royal ___MASK72___ , Greenwich , England , was allocated the position of zero degrees longitude . The longitude of other places is measured as the angle ___MASK37___ or west from the Prime ___MASK69___ , ranging from 0 ° at the Prime ___MASK69___ to + 180 ° eastward and  180 ° westward . Specifically , it is the angle between a plane containing the Prime ___MASK69___ and a plane containing the North Pole , South Pole and the location in question . ( This forms a right - handed coordinate system with the axis ( right hand thumb ) pointing from the Earth ' s center toward the North Pole and the axis ( right hand index finger ) extending from Earth ' s center through the equator at the Prime ___MASK69___ .) The ___MASK79___ ___MASK44___ Bothnia is the northernmost arm ___MASK44___ the Baltic Sea . It is situated between Finland ' s ___MASK83___ coast and Sweden ' s ___MASK37___ coast . In the south ___MASK44___ the gulf lie the ___MASK17___ , between the Sea ___MASK44___ Åland and the Archipelago Sea . In thermodynamics , thermal energy refers to the internal energy present in a system due to its temperature . The concept is not well - defined or broadly accepted in physics or thermodynamics , because the internal energy can be changed without changing the temperature , and there is no way to distinguish which part ___MASK44___ a system ' s internal energy is " thermal ". " Thermal energy " is sometimes used loosely as a synonym for more rigorous thermodynamic quantities such as the ( entire ) internal energy ___MASK44___ a system ; or for heat or sensible heat which are defined as types ___MASK44___ " transfer " ___MASK44___ energy ( just as work is another type ___MASK44___ transfer ___MASK44___ energy ). Heat and work depend on the way in which an energy transfer occurred , whereas internal energy is a property ___MASK44___ the state ___MASK44___ a system and can thus be understood even without knowing how the energy got there . ___MASK61___ , officially the Kingdom ___MASK44___ ___MASK61___ ( Swedish : ), is a Scandinavian country in ___MASK35___ ___MASK71___ . It borders Norway to the ___MASK83___ and Finland to the ___MASK37___ , and is connected to ___MASK53___ in the ___MASK5___ by a bridge - tunnel across the Öresund . At , ___MASK61___ is the third - largest country in the ___MASK62___ by area , with a total population ___MASK44___ 10 . 0 million . ___MASK61___ consequently has a low population density ___MASK44___ , with the highest concentration in the southern half ___MASK44___ the country . Approximately 85 % ___MASK44___ the population lives in urban areas . A carbon footprint is historically defined as " the total set ___MASK44___ greenhouse gas emissions caused by an < nowiki >[</ nowiki > individual , event , organisation , product < nowiki >]</ nowiki > expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent ." A radioisotope thermoelectric generator ( RTG , RITEG ) is an electrical generator that uses an array ___MASK44___ thermocouples to convert the heat released by the decay ___MASK44___ a suitable radioactive material into electricity by the Seebeck effect . This generator has no moving parts . A thermal power station is a power plant in which heat energy is converted to electric power . In ___MASK28___ of the places in the world the turbine is steam - driven . Water is heated , turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator . After it passes through the turbine , the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated ; this is known as a Rankine cycle . The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different heat sources , fossil fuel dominates here , although nuclear heat energy and solar heat energy are also used . Some prefer to use the term " energy center " because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy . Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of district heating , or desalination of water , in addition to generating electrical power . ___MASK75___ is a historical and cultural region in ___MASK35___ ___MASK71___ characterized by a common ethnocultural North Germanic heritage and mutually intelligible North Germanic languages . The periodic table is a tabular arrangement ___MASK44___ the chemical elements , ordered by their atomic number ( number ___MASK44___ protons ), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties . This ordering shows " periodic trends ", such as elements with similar behaviour in the same column . It also shows four rectangular blocks with some approximately similar chemical properties . In general , within one row ( period ) the elements are metals on the left , and non - metals on the right . ___MASK63___ is the capital and the largest city of Latvia . With 696 , 593 inhabitants ( 2015 ), ___MASK63___ is the largest city of the Baltic states and home to one third of Latvia ' s population . The city lies on the Gulf of ___MASK63___ , at the mouth of the Daugava . ___MASK63___ ' s territory covers and lies between above sea level , on a flat and sandy plain . In geography , latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the ___MASK49___  south position ___MASK44___ a point on the Earth ' s surface . Latitude is an angle ( defined below ) which ranges from 0 ° at the Equator to 90 ° ( North or South ) at the poles . Lines ___MASK44___ constant latitude , or parallels , run ___MASK37___  west as circles parallel to the equator . Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location ___MASK44___ features on the surface ___MASK44___ the Earth . Approximations employed . Two levels ___MASK44___ abstraction are employed in the definition ___MASK44___ these coordinates . In the first step the physical surface is modelled by the geoid , a surface which approximates the mean sea level over the oceans and its continuation under the land masses . The second step is to approximate the geoid by a mathematically simpler reference surface . The simplest choice for the reference surface is a sphere , but the geoid is more accurately modelled by an ellipsoid . The definitions ___MASK44___ latitude and longitude on such reference surfaces are detailed in the following sections . Lines ___MASK44___ constant latitude and longitude together constitute a graticule on the reference surface . The latitude ___MASK44___ a point on the " actual " surface is that ___MASK44___ the corresponding point on the reference surface , the correspondence being along the normal to the reference surface which passes through the point on the physical surface . Latitude and longitude together with some specification ___MASK44___ height constitute a geographic coordinate system as defined in the specification ___MASK44___ the ISO 19111 standard . The ___MASK79___ ___MASK44___ ___MASK63___ , Bay ___MASK44___ ___MASK63___ , or ___MASK79___ ___MASK44___ Livonia is a bay ___MASK44___ the Baltic Sea between Latvia and Estonia . Oskarshamn is a coastal city and the seat ___MASK44___ ___MASK7___ , Kalmar County , Sweden with 17 , 258 inhabitants in 2010 . The median is the value separating the higher half ___MASK44___ a data sample , a population , or a probability distribution , from the lower half . In simple terms , it may be thought ___MASK44___ as the " middle " value ___MASK44___ a data set . For example , in the data set { 1 , 3 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 }, the median is 6 , the fourth number in the sample . The median is a commonly used measure ___MASK44___ the properties ___MASK44___ a data set in statistics and probability theory . The Little Belt is a strait between the island ___MASK44___ Funen and the Jutland Peninsula in ___MASK53___ . It is one ___MASK44___ the three Danish Straits that drain and connect the Baltic Sea to the Kattegat strait , which drains west to the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean . Electricity is a physical phenomenon associated with the presence ___MASK44___ electric charge . Although initially considered a phenomenon separate to magnetism , since the development ___MASK44___ Maxwell ' s Equations both are recognized as part ___MASK44___ a single phenomenon : electromagnetism . Various common phenomena are related to electricity , including lightning , static electricity , electric heating , electric discharges and many others . In addition , electricity is at the heart ___MASK44___ many modern technologies . Geothermal energy is heat energy generated and stored in the ___MASK58___ . Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature ___MASK44___ matter . The geothermal energy ___MASK44___ the ___MASK58___ ' s crust originates from the original formation ___MASK44___ the planet and from radioactive decay ___MASK44___ materials ( in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions ). The geothermal gradient , which is the difference in temperature between the core ___MASK44___ the planet and its surface , drives a continuous conduction ___MASK44___ thermal energy in the form ___MASK44___ heat from the core to the surface . The adjective " geothermal " originates from the Greek roots "  ( ge )", meaning earth , and "  ( thermos )", meaning ___MASK90___ . The ___MASK26___ is the second largest of the world ' s oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth ' s surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area . It separates the " Old World " from the " New World ". Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent ___MASK44___ Earth ' s streams , ___MASK4___ , and oceans , and the fluids ___MASK44___ most living organisms . Its chemical formula is HO , meaning that its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms , that are connected by covalent bonds . Water strictly refers to the liquid state ___MASK44___ that substance , that prevails at standard ambient temperature and pressure ; but it often refers also to its solid state ( ice ) or its gaseous state ( steam or water vapor ). It also occurs in nature as snow , glaciers , ice packs and icebergs , clouds , fog , dew , aquifers , and atmospheric humidity . The Baltic Sea ( ; ) is a sea ___MASK44___ the ___MASK26___ , enclosed by Scandinavia , Finland , the Baltic countries , and the North European Plain . It includes the Gulf ___MASK44___ Bothnia , the Bay ___MASK44___ Bothnia , the Gulf ___MASK44___ Finland , the Gulf ___MASK44___ ___MASK63___ , and the Bay ___MASK44___ Gdask . The sea stretches from 53 ° N to 66 ° N latitude and from 10 ° E to 30 ° E longitude . A mediterranean sea ___MASK44___ the Atlantic , with limited water exchange between the two bodies , the Baltic Sea drains through the Danish islands into the Kattegat by way ___MASK44___ the straits ___MASK44___ Øresund , the Great Belt , and the Little Belt . ___MASK22___ , officially the Republic ___MASK44___ ___MASK22___ , is a sovereign state in ___MASK35___ ___MASK71___ . A peninsula with the Gulf ___MASK44___ ___MASK22___ to the south and the Gulf ___MASK44___ Bothnia to the ___MASK83___ , the country has land borders with Sweden to the ___MASK23___ , Norway to the north , and Russia to the east . Estonia is south ___MASK44___ the country across the Gulf ___MASK44___ ___MASK22___ . ___MASK22___ is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region ___MASK44___ Fennoscandia , which also includes Scandinavia . ___MASK22___ ' s population is 5 . 5 million ( 2014 ), staying roughly on the same level over the past two decades . The majority ___MASK44___ the population is concentrated in the southern region . In terms ___MASK44___ area , it is the eighth largest country in ___MASK71___ and the most sparsely populated country in the ___MASK62___ . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is a scientific and intergovernmental body under the auspices ___MASK44___ the United Nations , set up at the request ___MASK44___ member governments , dedicated to the task ___MASK44___ providing the world with an objective , scientific view ___MASK44___ climate change and its political and economic impacts . It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations , the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) and the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ), and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43 / 53 . Membership ___MASK44___ the IPCC is open to all members ___MASK44___ the WMO and UNEP . The IPCC produces reports that support the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ), which is the main international treaty on climate change . The ultimate objective ___MASK44___ the UNFCCC is to " stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [ i . e ., human - induced ] interference with the climate system ". IPCC reports cover " the scientific , technical and socio - economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis ___MASK44___ risk ___MASK44___ human - induced climate change , its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation ." The Great Belt ,, is a strait between the major islands ___MASK44___ Zealand (" Sjælland ") and Funen (" Fyn ") in ___MASK53___ . It is one ___MASK44___ the three Danish Straits . A sea is a large body ___MASK44___ salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land . More broadly , " the sea " is the interconnected system ___MASK44___ Earth ' s salty , oceanic waters  considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions . The sea moderates Earth ' s climate and has important roles in the water cycle , carbon cycle , and nitrogen cycle . Although the sea has been traveled and explored since prehistory , the modern scientific study ___MASK44___ the sea  oceanography  dates broadly to the British " Challenger " expedition ___MASK44___ the 1870s . The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections  including the International Hydrographic Organization ' s four named oceans ( the Atlantic , Pacific , ___MASK32___ , and Arctic ) and the Southern Ocean ; smaller , second - order sections , such as the Mediterranean , are known as " seas ". The Kattegat or Kattegatt is a sea area bounded by the Jutlandic peninsula in the ___MASK83___ , the Danish straits islands of ___MASK53___ to the south and the provinces of Västergötland , ___MASK27___ , Halland and Bohuslän in Sweden in the east . The Baltic Sea drains into the Kattegat through the Danish Straits . The sea area is a continuation of the Skagerrak and may be seen as a bay of the Baltic Sea or the North Sea or , as in traditional Scandinavian usage , neither of these . An emission intensity is the average emission rate ___MASK44___ a given pollutant from a given source relative to the intensity ___MASK44___ a specific activity ; for example grams ___MASK44___ carbon dioxide released per megajoule ___MASK44___ energy produced , or the ratio ___MASK44___ greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product ( GDP ). Emission intensities are used to derive estimates ___MASK44___ air pollutant or greenhouse gas emissions based on the amount ___MASK44___ fuel combusted , the number ___MASK44___ animals in animal husbandry , on industrial production levels , distances traveled or similar activity data . Emission intensities may also be used to compare the environmental impact ___MASK44___ different fuels or activities . The related terms emission factor and carbon intensity are often used interchangeably , but " factors " exclude aggregate activities such as GDP , and " carbon " excludes other pollutants . One commonly used figure is carbon intensity per kilowatt - hour , or CIPK , which is used to compare different sources ___MASK44___ electrical power .