continent cordillera negra
Venezuela , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a federal republic located on the northern coast of ___MASK44___ . It is bordered by Colombia on the west , Brazil on the south , Guyana on the east , and the islands of Trinidad and Tobago to the north - east . Venezuela ' s territory covers around with an estimated population . Venezuela is considered a state with extremely high biodiversity ( currently ranks 7th in the world ' s list of nations with the most number of species ), with habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rain - forest in the south , via extensive " llanos " plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east . Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is a federal republic in the southern half of ___MASK44___ . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with its neighbor Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of , Argentina is the eighth - largest country in the world , the second largest in Latin America , and the largest Spanish - speaking one . The country is subdivided into twenty - three provinces ( singular " provincia ") and one autonomous city (" ciudad autónoma "), Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Ancash is a region of northern Peru . It is bordered by La Libertad Region on the north , Huánuco and Pasco regions on the east , the Lima Region on the south , and the Pacific Ocean on the west . Its capital is the city of Huaraz , and its largest city and port is Chimbote . The name of the region originates from the Quechua word " anqash " ( light , of little weight ), from " anqas " ( blue ) or from " anka " ( eagle ). Bolivia (; ), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country located in western - central ___MASK44___ . It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil , to the southeast by Paraguay , to the south by Argentina , to the southwest by Chile , and to the northwest by Peru . One - third of the country is the Andean mountain range , with one of its largest cities and principal economic centers , El Alto , located on the Altiplano . Bolivia is one of two landlocked countries ( the other is Paraguay ) that lie outside Afro - Eurasia . Bolivia is the largest landlocked country in ___MASK87___ . The Amazon River ( or ; Spanish and ) in ___MASK44___ is the largest river by discharge of water in the world , and according to some experts , the longest in length . The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century as the Amazon  s most distant source , until a 2014 study found it to be the Cordillera Rumi Cruz at the headwaters of the Mantaro River in Peru . The Mantaro and Apurímac confluence , and with other tributaries form the Ucayali River , which in turn confluences with the Marañón River upstream of Iquitos , Peru , to form what countries other than Brazil consider to be the main stem of the Amazon . Brazilians call this section the Solimões River above its confluence with the Rio Negro to form what Brazilians call the Amazon at the Meeting of Waters at Manaus , the river ' s largest city . Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in both ___MASK44___ and Latin America . As the world ' s fifth - largest country by both area and population , it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in ___MASK87___ . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47 . 3 % of the continent ' s land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Colombia ( or ), officially the Republic of Colombia , is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of ___MASK44___ , with territories in Central America . Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama , to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru . It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica , Nicaragua , Honduras , Jamaica , the Dominican Republic and Haiti . It is a unitary , constitutional republic comprising thirty - two departments . The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples including the Muisca , the Quimbaya and the Tairona . The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth ' s oceanic divisions . It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean ( or , depending on definition , to ___MASK15___ ) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and ___MASK87___ in the east . The Andes or Andean Mountains are the longest continental mountain range in the world . They are a continuous range of highlands along the western edge of ___MASK44___ . This range is about long , about wide ( widest between 18 ° south and 20 ° south latitude ), and of an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries : Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Argentina and Chile . Chile , officially the Republic of Chile , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in ___MASK45___ . Chile also claims about of ___MASK15___ , although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty . Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador ( which literally translates as " Republic of the Equator "), is a representative democratic republic in northwestern ___MASK44___ , bordered by Colombia on the north , Peru on the east and south , and the Pacific Ocean to the west . Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific , about west of the mainland . ___MASK44___ is a continent located in the western hemisphere , mostly in the southern hemisphere , with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere . It is also considered a subcontinent of ___MASK87___ , which is the model used in nations that speak Romance languages . The reference to ___MASK44___ instead of other regions ( like Latin America or the Southern Cone ) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics ( in particular , the rise of Brazil ). Lima ( Spanish : , Quechua : , Aymara : ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of almost 10 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the second - largest city in ___MASK87___ ( as defined by " city proper "), behind São Paulo and before Mexico City . Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western ___MASK44___ . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is an extremely biodiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . The Cordillera Negra ( Spanish for `` black range '' ) is part of the Cordillera Occidental , one of three mountain ranges in the Andes of west central Peru . It is almost entirely located within the Ancash Region . The range extends over an area about 230 km long and 25 -- 40 km wide , stretching in a NNW - SSE direction parallel to the Pacific coast , its ridge is about 60 km from the coastline . It is part of the Andes mountain range which inland borders on the Costa , the narrow strip of coastal deserts along the South American coast . In the north and east the range is bordered by the Santa River which crosses the coastal ridge at 8 ° 45 ' S and runs parallel to the Cordillera Negra for almost all its length . In the south the range is bordered by the Patiwillka River at 10 ° 30 ' . In the central part of the range near Huaráz , Casma River breaks through the ridge of the range . The Cordillera Negra has rocky peaks with very little winter snowfall . The gullies of the Cordillera Negra are gloomy and dark . Most of them are dry or their flow is scarce . The Santa River separates the Cordillera Negra from the Cordillera Blanca , a snow - covered range rising up to 6 , 768 m in the east almost parallel to it . Most of the year it has no snow although it rises up to 5 , 181 m in its highest parts . It intercepts the warmth from the Pacific Ocean , causing the line of perpetual snow sinking as low as 5 , 100 m in the Cordillera Blanca . Today the Cordillera Negra is sparsely inhabited by a mainly indigenous population growing wheat , maize and oats at an elevation of well above 4 , 000 m . The range is rich in mineral resources like gold , silver and copper . The Amazon basin is the part of ___MASK44___ drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries . The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or roughly 40 percent of the South American continent . It is located in the countries of Bolivia , Brazil , Colombia , Ecuador , Guyana , Peru , Suriname and Venezuela .