place_of_death gerhard ritter
___MASK100___ - Württemberg is a state in Germany located in the southwest , east of the Upper Rhine . It is Germany  s third largest state in terms of size and population , with an area of and 10 . 8 million inhabitants . The state capital and largest city is ___MASK53___ . ___MASK98___ , officially the Federal Republic of ___MASK98___ , is a federal parliamentary republic in ___MASK95___ - western Europe . It includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With about 82 million inhabitants , ___MASK98___ is the ___MASK20___ populous member state of the European ___MASK76___ . After the United States , it is the second ___MASK20___ popular immigration destination in the world . ___MASK98___ ' s capital and largest metropolis is Berlin . Other major cities include ___MASK23___ , Munich , ___MASK83___ , Frankfurt , Stuttgart and Düsseldorf . Bad Sooden - ___MASK21___ is a town in the Werra - Meißner - Kreis in ___MASK17___ , Germany . ___MASK68___ Republic is an unofficial , historical designation for the German state between 1919 and 1933 . The name derives from the city of ___MASK68___ , where its constitutional assembly first took place . The official name of the state was still " Deutsches Reich "; it had remained unchanged since 1871 . In English the country was usually known simply as Germany . A national assembly was convened in ___MASK68___ , where a new constitution for the " Deutsches Reich " was written , and adopted on 11 ___MASK59___ 1919 . In its fourteen years , the ___MASK68___ Republic faced numerous problems , including hyperinflation , political extremism ( with paramilitaries  both left - and right - ___MASK37___ ); and contentious relationships with the victors of the First World War . The people of Germany blamed the ___MASK68___ Republic rather than their wartime leaders for the country ' s defeat and for the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Versailles . However , the ___MASK68___ Republic government successfully reformed the currency , unified tax policies , and organized the railway system . ___MASK68___ Germany eliminated most of the requirements of the Treaty of Versailles ; it never completely met its disarmament requirements , and eventually paid only a small portion of the war reparations ( by twice restructuring its debt through the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan ). Under the ___MASK31___ Treaties , Germany accepted the western borders of the republic , but continued to dispute the Eastern border . A résumé ( or ; less frequently or ), also spelled resume , is a document used by a person to present their backgrounds and skills . Résumés can be used for a variety of reasons , but ___MASK20___ often they are used to secure new employment . A typical résumé contains a " summary " of relevant job experience and education , as its French origin ( and its translation into Spanish as " resumen ") implies . The résumé is usually one of the first items , along with a cover letter and sometimes an application for employment , which a potential employer sees regarding the job seeker and is typically used to screen applicants , often followed by an interview . The curriculum vitae ( CV ) used for academic purposes in the UK ( and in other European countries ) is more akin to the résumé  a shorter , summary version of one ' s education and experience  than to the longer and more detailed CV that is expected in U . S . academic circles . Generally , the résumé is substantially shorter than a CV in English ___MASK22___ , the U . S . and Australia . In historical legal systems , an outlaw is declared as outside the protection of the law . In pre - modern societies , the criminal is withdrawn all legal protection , so that anyone is legally empowered to persecute or kill them . Outlawry was thus one of the harshest penalties in the legal system . In early Germanic law , the death penalty is conspicuously absent , and outlawing is the ___MASK20___ extreme punishment , presumably amounting to a death sentence in practice . The concept is known from ___MASK89___ law , as the status of " homo sacer ", and persisted throughout the Middle Ages . The University of Freiburg ( colloquially ), officially the ___MASK87___ Ludwig University of Freiburg , is a public research university located in ___MASK51___ , Baden - Württemberg , Germany . The unification of ___MASK98___ into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at the ___MASK48___ in France . Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm I of ___MASK78___ as German Emperor after the French capitulation in the Franco - Prussian War . Unofficially , the " de facto " transition of most of the German - speaking populations into a federated organization of states had been developing for some time through alliances formal and informal between princely rulers  but in fits and starts ; self - interests of the various parties hampered the process over nearly a century of autocratic experimentation , beginning in the era of the Napoleonic Wars , which saw the dissolution of the Holy ___MASK89___ Empire ( 1806 ), and the subsequent rise of German nationalism . A historian is a person who researches , studies , and writes about the past , and is regarded as an authority on it . Historians are concerned with the continuous , methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race ; as well as the study of all history in time . If the individual is concerned with events preceding written history , the individual is a historian of prehistory . Although " historian " can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike , it is reserved more recently for those who have acquired graduate degrees in the discipline . Some historians , though , are recognized by publications or training and experience . " Historian " became a professional occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in ___MASK98___ and elsewhere . The ___MASK24___ ( officially ') was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918 , when Germany became a federal republic ( the Weimar Republic ). The ___MASK31___ Treaties were seven agreements negotiated at ___MASK31___ , Switzerland , on 5  16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on 1 December , in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of Central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post - war territorial settlement , and return normalizing relations with defeated Germany ( which was , by this time , the Weimar Republic ). Ratifications for the ___MASK31___ treaties were exchanged in Geneva on 14 September 1926 , and on the same day they became effective . The treaties were also registered in the " League of Nations Treaty Series " on the same day . It also stated that Germany would never go to war with the other countries . The Werra , a river in ___MASK95___ Germany , forms the right - source of the Weser . The Werra has its source near Eisfeld in southern Thuringia . After the Werra joins the river ___MASK60___ in the town of Hann . Münden , forming the Weser . Not to be confused with Gerhard A . Ritter ( 1929 -- 2015 ) Gerhard Georg Bernhard Ritter ( 6 April 1888 , Bad Sooden - ___MASK21___ -- 1 July 1967 , Freiburg ) was a nationalist - conservative German historian , who served as a professor of history at the University of Freiburg from 1925 to 1956 . He studied under Professor Hermann Oncken . A Lutheran , he first became well known for his 1925 biography of ___MASK15___ Luther and hagiographic portrayal of ___MASK78___ . A member of the German People ' s Party during the Weimar Republic , he was a lifelong monarchist and remained sympathetic to the political system of the defunct ___MASK24___ . A critic of both democracy and totalitarianism , he supported authoritarian rule and German supremacy in Europe . His vision of history was narrowed to German interests and of little sympathy to foreign nations but full of disdain for Catholicism . He cooperated with Nazi historians on anti - Polish propaganda . Eventually , his conflict with Nazi regime got him arrested by the Nazi regime in 1944 . Following World War II , Professor Ritter worked to restore German nationalism by attempting to separate it from Nazi ideology , and favored pursuit of German national interests rather than reconciliation with victims of German aggression . At the end of his career , he argued against theories of the German historian Fritz Fischer . Ritter was an honorary member of the American Historical Association from 1959 . Pope Leo X ( 11 December 1475  1 December 1521 ), born Giovanni di Lorenzo de ' Medici , was Pope from 9 ___MASK7___ 1513 to his death in 1521 . The second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent , ruler of the Florentine Republic , he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1489 . ___MASK91___ (; Low German : " Chöttingen ") is a university city in Lower Saxony , Germany . It is the capital of the district of ___MASK91___ . The River Leine runs through the town . In 2011 the population was 116 , 052 . The pope ( from " pappas ", a child ' s word for " father ") is the ___MASK10___ of ___MASK28___ and , therefore , the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church . The primacy of the ___MASK89___ bishop is largely derived from his role as the traditional successor to Saint Peter , to whom Jesus is supposed to have given the keys of Heaven and the powers of " binding and loosing ", naming him as the " rock " upon which the church would be built . The current pope is Francis , who was elected on 13 March 2013 , succeeding Benedict XVI . The Diet of ___MASK27___ 1521 was an ___MASK96___ diet ( assembly ) of the Holy Roman Empire held at the Heylshof Garden in ___MASK27___ , then an ___MASK96___ Free City of the Empire . An ___MASK96___ diet was a formal deliberative assembly of the whole Empire . This one is most memorable for the Edict of ___MASK27___ (" Wormser Edikt "), which addressed Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation . It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521 , with the Emperor Charles V presiding . Werra - Meißner is a " Kreis " ( district ) in the north of ___MASK17___ , Germany . Neighboring districts are ___MASK91___ , Eichsfeld , Unstrut - Hainich , Wartburgkreis , district - free Eisenach , Hersfeld - Rotenburg , Schwalm - Eder , Kassel . A biography , or simply bio , is a detailed description of a person ' s life . It involves more than just the basic facts like education , work , relationships , and death ; it portrays a person ' s experience of these life events . Unlike a profile or curriculum vitae ( résumé ), a biography presents a subject ' s life story , highlighting various aspects of his or her life , including intimate details of experience , and may include an analysis of the subject ' s personality . The Protestant Reformation , often referred to simply as the Reformation ( from Latin " reformatio ", " restoration , renewal "), was a schism from the ___MASK89___ Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin , Huldrych Zwingli , and other early Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe . Timing most commonly used for this period is from 1517 ( the Ninety - five Theses are published by Martin Luther ) to 1648 ( Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years ' War ). ___MASK54___ ( Oldb ) or simply ___MASK54___ ( Low German : " Ollnborg "; Saterland Frisian : " Ooldenbuurich ") is an independent city in the state of Lower Saxony , Germany . During the French annexation ( 1811  1813 ) in the wake of the Napoleonic war against Britain , it was also known as " Le Vieux - Bourg " in French . The city is situated at the Rivers Hunte and Haaren , in the northwestern region between the cities of Bremen in the east and ___MASK12___ ( ___MASK79___ ) in the west . It has a population of 160 , 907 ( December 2014 ). The German People ' s Party ( or DVP ) was a national ___MASK56___ party in ___MASK68___ Germany and a successor to the National Liberal Party of the ___MASK24___ . A right - wing ___MASK56___ or conservative - ___MASK56___ party , its most famous member was Chancellor and Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann , a 1926 Nobel Peace Prize laureate . The Treaty of ___MASK6___ was the ___MASK20___ important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end . The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers . It was signed on 28 June 1919 , exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand . The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties . Although the armistice , signed on 11 November 1918 , ended the actual fighting , it took six months of Allied negotiations at the ___MASK52___ Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty . The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919 . The Young Plan was a program for settling German reparations debts after World War I written in 1929 and formally adopted in 1930 . It was presented by the committee headed ( 1929  30 ) by American industrialist Owen D . Young , creator and ex - first chairman of the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ), who , at the time , concurrently served at board of trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation , and also had been one of the representatives involved in previous war reparations restructuring arrangement  Dawes Plan of 1924 . The Inter - Allied Reparations Commission established the German reparation sum at a theoretical total of 132 billion , but a practical total of 50 billion gold marks . After the Dawes Plan was put into operation in 1924 , it became apparent that ___MASK98___ would not willingly meet the annual payments over an indefinite period of time . The Young Plan reduced further payments by about 20 percent . Although the theoretical total was 112 billion Gold Marks , equivalent to US $ 8 billion in 1929 ( US $ billion in 2017 ) over a period of 58 years , which would end in 1988 , few expected the plan to last for much more than a decade . In addition , the Young Plan divided the annual payment , set at two billion Gold Marks , US $ 473 million , into two components : one unconditional part , equal to one third of the sum , and a postponable part , equal to the remaining two - thirds , which would incur interest and be financed by a consortium of American investment banks coordinated by J . P . Morgan & Co . The Ninety - five Theses or Disputation on the Power of Indulgences are a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by ___MASK15___ Luther , professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg , Germany . They advance Luther ' s positions against what he saw as abusive practices by preachers selling plenary indulgences , which were certificates believed to reduce the temporal punishment for sins committed by the purchasers themselves or their loved ones in purgatory . In the " Theses ", Luther claimed that the repentance required by Christ in order for sins to be forgiven involves inner spiritual repentance rather than the system of sacramental confession of the Catholic Church . He argued that indulgences lead Christians to avoid true repentance and sorrow for sin , believing that they can forgo it by purchasing an indulgence . They also , according to Luther , discourage Christians from giving to the poor and performing other acts of mercy , believing that indulgence certificates were more spiritually valuable . Though Luther claimed that his positions on indulgences accorded with those of the pope , the " Theses " challenge a fourteenth - century papal bull stating that the pope could use the treasury of merit and the good deeds of past saints to forgive temporal punishment for sins . The " Theses " are framed as propositions to be argued in debate rather than necessarily representing Luther ' s opinions , but Luther later clarified his views in the " Explanations of the Disputation Concerning the Value of Indulgences ". His ___MASK20___ notable achievement was the reconciliation between Germany and France , for which he and Aristide Briand received the Nobel Peace Prize . During a period of political instability and fragile , short - lived governments , he was generally seen as the ___MASK20___ influential cabinet member in ___MASK20___ of the Weimar Republic ' s existence . During his political career , he represented three successive liberal parties ; he was the dominant figure of the German People ' s Party during the Weimar Republic . Hermann Oncken ( 12 November 1869 , ___MASK54___ , Germany  28 December 1945 , ___MASK91___ , Germany ) was a German historian and political writer . He was one of the most notable historians of pre - Nazi Germany . ___MASK15___ Luther ( 10 November 1483  18 February 1546 ), O . S . A ., was a German professor of theology , composer , priest , monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation . Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the ___MASK89___ Catholic Church . He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God ' s punishment for sin could be purchased with money , proposing an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his " Ninety - five Theses " of 1517 . His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy ___MASK89___ Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor . The Dawes Plan ( as proposed by the Dawes Committee , chaired by Charles G . Dawes ) was an attempt in 1924 to solve the World War I reparations problem , which had bedeviled international politics following World War I and the Treaty of ___MASK6___ . ___MASK17___ or Hessia (, Hessian dialect : " ___MASK17___ " ) is a federal state (" Land ") of the Federal Republic of Germany , with just over six million inhabitants . The state capital is Wiesbaden ; the largest city is ___MASK77___ . Until the formation of the German Reich in 1871 , ___MASK17___ was an independent country ruled by a Grand Duke ( Grand Duchy of ___MASK17___ ). Due to divisions after World War II , the modern federal state does not cover the entire cultural region of ___MASK17___ which includes both the State of ___MASK17___ and the area known as Rhenish ___MASK17___ ( Rheinhessen ) in the neighbouring state of Rhineland - Palatinate . A research university is a university that expects all its tenured and tenure - track faculty to continuously engage in research , as opposed to merely requiring it as a condition of an initial appointment or tenure . Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names . On the one hand , research universities strive to recruit faculty who are the ___MASK20___ brilliant minds in their disciplines in the world , and their students enjoy the opportunity to learn from such experts . On the other hand , new students are often disappointed to realize their undergraduate courses at research universities are overly academic and fail to provide vocational training with immediate " real world " applications ; but many employers value degrees from research universities because they know that such coursework develops fundamental skills like critical thinking . ___MASK68___ is a city in the federal state of Thuringia , Germany . It is located between ___MASK55___ in the west and ___MASK66___ in the east , approximately southwest of ___MASK4___ , north of Nuremberg and west of Dresden . Together with the neighbour - cities ___MASK55___ and ___MASK66___ it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500 , 000 inhabitants , whereas the city itself counts a population of 65 , 000 . ___MASK68___ is well known because of its large cultural heritage and its importance in German history . In the teaching of the ___MASK89___ Catholic Church , an indulgence is " a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins ". It may reduce the temporal punishment after death , in the state or process of purification called Purgatory . This temporal punishment would not be considered " time ", as Purgatory , like Heaven and Hell , is said to exist " outside of time ". ___MASK51___ ( Alemannic : " Friburg im Brisgau " ) is a city in Baden - Württemberg , Germany with a population of about 220 , 000 . In the south - west of the country , it straddles the Dreisam river , at the foot of the Schlossberg . Historically , the city has acted as the hub of the Breisgau region on the western edge of the Black Forest in the Upper Rhine Plain . A famous old German university town , and archiepiscopal seat , Freiburg was incorporated in the early twelfth century and developed into a major commercial , intellectual , and ecclesiastical center of the upper Rhine region . The city is known for its medieval minster and Renaissance university , as well as for its high standard of living and advanced environmental practices . The city is situated in the heart of the major Baden wine - growing region and serves as the primary tourist entry point to the scenic beauty of the Black Forest . According to meteorological statistics , the city is the sunniest and warmest in Germany and held the all - time German temperature record of from 2003 to 2015 .