instance_of astrolabe needle
Neuilly - sur - Seine is a French " ___MASK61___ " just west of Paris , in the ___MASK7___ of Hauts - de - Seine . A suburb of Paris , Neuilly is immediately adjacent to the city and directly extends it . The area is composed of mostly wealthy , select residential neighbourhoods , and many ___MASK69___ are located there . Antarctica ( US English , UK English or ) is Earth ' s southernmost ___MASK52___ . It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere , almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle , and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean . At , it is the fifth - largest ___MASK52___ . For comparison , Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia . About 98 % of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages in thickness , which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula . Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing ___MASK56___ types , in a process called metamorphism , which means " change in form ". The original ___MASK56___ ( protolith ) is subjected to heat ( temperatures greater than 150 to 200 ° C ) and pressure ( 1500 bars ), causing profound physical and / or chemical change . The protolith may be a sedimentary ___MASK56___ , an igneous ___MASK56___ or another older ___MASK91___ . An ___MASK25___ or isle is any piece of sub - continental land that is surrounded by ___MASK68___ . Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets , skerries , cays or keys . An ___MASK25___ in a river or a lake ___MASK25___ may be called an eyot or ait , and a small ___MASK25___ off the coast may be called a holm . A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago , e . g . the Philippines . New Zealand is an ___MASK19___ in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country geographically comprises two main landmasses  that of the North Island , or Te Ika - a - Mui , and the South Island , or Te Waipounamu  and numerous smaller islands . New Zealand is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman ___MASK21___ and roughly south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal and plant life . The country ' s varied topography and its sharp ___MASK71___ peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand ' s capital city is Wellington , while its most populous city is Auckland . The Wilhelm ___MASK86___ is an ___MASK25___ archipelago off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula in Antarctica . The British Antarctic ___MASK84___ ( BAT ) is a ___MASK77___ of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom as one of its 14 British Overseas Territories , and is the largest . It comprises the region south of 60 ° S latitude and between longitudes and , forming a wedge shape that extends to the South ___MASK88___ , overlapping the Antarctic claims of Argentina ( Argentine Antarctica ) and Chile ( Chilean Antarctic ___MASK84___ ). Jean - Baptiste Auguste Étienne Charcot ( 15 ___MASK83___ 1867  16 ___MASK24___ 1936 ), born in Neuilly - sur - Seine , was a French scientist , medical doctor and polar scientist . His father was the neurologist Jean - Martin Charcot ( 1825  1893 ). A ___MASK55___ is a geological ___MASK63___ consisting of a ___MASK80___ massive stone or rock , such as some mountains , or a ___MASK80___ large piece of rock placed as , or within , a monument or building . Erosion usually exposes the geological formations , which are often made of very hard and solid igneous or metamorphic rock . ___MASK22___ Island is an Antarctic island long and high , lying north - east of Trinity Island and marking the north - east extent of Palmer Archipelago . The Pearl Rocks lie off its west coast . The French Antarctic ___MASK54___ is any of several French expeditions in Antarctica . In earth ___MASK45___ , erosion is the action of ___MASK76___ processes ( such as ___MASK68___ flow or wind ) that remove soil , rock , or dissolved material from one location on the Earth ' s crust , then transport it away to another location . The particulate breakdown of rock or soil into clastic sediment is referred to as " physical " or " mechanical " erosion ; this contrasts with " chemical " erosion , where soil or rock material is removed from an area by its dissolving into a solvent ( typically ___MASK68___ ), followed by the flow away of that solution . Eroded sediment or solutes may be transported just a few millimetres , or for thousands of kilometres . A ___MASK71___ is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A ___MASK71___ is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge ___MASK71___ ranges . Jules Sébastien César Dumont d ' Urville ( 23 ___MASK60___ 1790  8 ___MASK60___ 1842 ) was a French explorer , naval ___MASK34___ and rear admiral , who explored the south and western Pacific , Australia , New Zealand and Antarctica . As a botanist and cartographer he left his mark , giving his name to several seaweeds , plants and shrubs , and places such as D ' Urville Island . Astrolabe Needle ( 64 ° 8  S 62 ° 36  W ) is a conspicuous ___MASK55___ rising 50 metres ( 160 ft ) above ___MASK21___ level south of Claude Point , Brabant Island , in the Palmer Archipelago . It was discovered by the French Antarctic Expedition under Jean - Baptiste Charcot , 1903 -- 05 , and named after the Astrolabe , one of the ships of the French expedition under Captain Jules Dumont d ' Urville , 1837 -- 40 . The Antarctic ( US English , UK English or and or ) is a polar ___MASK70___ , specifically the ___MASK70___ around the Earth ' s South ___MASK88___ , opposite the Arctic ___MASK70___ around the North ___MASK88___ . The Antarctic comprises in the strict sense the ___MASK52___ of Antarctica and the island territories located on the Antarctic Plate . In a broader sense the Antarctic ___MASK70___ include the ice shelves , waters , and island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence , a zone approximately wide varying in latitude seasonally . The ___MASK70___ covers some 20 % of the Southern Hemisphere , of which 5 . 5 % ( 14 million km ) is the surface area of the Antarctic ___MASK52___ itself . All of the land and ice shelves south of 60 ° S latitude are administrated under the Antarctic Treaty System . In a biogeographic sense , the Antarctic ecozone is one of eight ecozones of the Earth ' s land surface . Brabant ___MASK25___ is the second largest ___MASK25___ of the Palmer Archipelago within the British Antarctic Territory , lying between Anvers ___MASK25___ and Liège ___MASK25___ . Brabant ___MASK25___ is long north - south , wide , and rises to in Mount Parry . The interior of the ___MASK25___ is occupied by two ___MASK71___ ranges , Solvay Mountains ( Cook Summit , 1590 m ) in its southern part and Stribog Mountains ( summit Mount Parry ) in its central and northern parts . Liège ___MASK25___ ( in English also Liege ___MASK25___ ) is an ___MASK25___ , long and wide , lying immediately northeast of Brabant ___MASK25___ in the Palmer Archipelago , and separated from Hoseason ___MASK25___ and Christiania Islands to the northeast by Croker Passage . Its interior is occupied by Brugmann Mountains . Jean - Martin Charcot ( 29 ___MASK95___ 1825  16 ___MASK10___ 1893 ) was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology . He is known as " the founder of modern neurology ", and his name has been associated with at least 15 medical eponyms , including Charcot  Marie  Tooth disease and Charcot disease ( better known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , motor neurone disease , or Lou Gehrig disease ). Charcot has been referred to as " the father of French neurology and one of the world ' s pioneers of neurology ". His work greatly influenced the developing fields of neurology and psychology ; modern psychiatry owes much to the work of Charcot and his direct followers . He was the " foremost neurologist of late nineteenth - century France " and has been called " the Napoléon of the neuroses ". Palmer ___MASK86___ , also known as Antarctic ___MASK86___ , Archipiélago Palmer , Antarktiske Arkipel or Palmer Inseln , is a group of islands off the northwestern coast of the Antarctic Peninsula . It extends from ___MASK22___ Island in the north to Anvers Island in the south . It is separated by the Gerlache and Bismarck straits from the Antarctic Peninsula and Wilhelm ___MASK86___ respectively . Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a ___MASK49___ comprising the mainland of the Australian ___MASK52___ , the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands . It is the world ' s sixth - largest ___MASK49___ by total area . The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea , Indonesia and East Timor to the north ; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north - east ; and New Zealand to the south - east . Australia ' s capital is Canberra , and its largest urban area is Sydney . The Antarctic ___MASK1___ is the northernmost ___MASK94___ of the mainland of Antarctica , located at the ___MASK13___ of the Southern Hemisphere . At the surface , it is the biggest , most prominent peninsula in Antarctica as it extends from a line between Cape Adams ( Weddell Sea ) and a point on the mainland south of Eklund Islands . Beneath the ice sheet which covers it , the Antarctic ___MASK1___ consists of a string of bedrock islands ; these are separated by deep channels whose bottoms lie at depths considerably below current sea level . They are joined together by a grounded ice sheet . Tierra del Fuego , the southernmost tip of South America , lies only about away across the Drake Passage . Anvers ___MASK25___ or Antwerp ___MASK25___ or Antwerpen ___MASK25___ or Isla Amberes is a high , mountainous ___MASK25___ long , the largest in the Palmer Archipelago of Antarctica . It was discovered by John Biscoe in 1832 and named in 1898 by the Belgian Antarctic ___MASK54___ under Adrien de Gerlache after the province of Antwerp in Belgium . It lies south - west of Brabant ___MASK25___ at the south - western end of the group . The south - western coastline of the ___MASK25___ forms part of the Southwest Anvers ___MASK25___ and Palmer Basin Antarctic Specially Managed Area ( ASMA 7 ). Cormorant ___MASK25___ , an Important Bird Area , lies 1 km off the south coast .