located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity wilberforce river
___MASK8___ ( or ; Tongan : " Puleanga Fakatui o ___MASK8___ "), officially the Kingdom of ___MASK8___ , is a Polynesian sovereign state and archipelago comprising 169 islands of which 36 are inhabited . The total surface area is about scattered over of the southern Pacific Ocean . It has a population of 103 , 000 people of whom 70 % reside on the main island of Tongatapu . A ___MASK45___ is a natural flowing watercourse , usually ___MASK80___ , flowing towards an ocean , sea , lake or another ___MASK45___ . In some cases a ___MASK45___ flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water . Small rivers can be referred to using names such as stream , creek , brook , rivulet , and rill . There are no official definitions for the generic term ___MASK45___ as applied to geographic features , although in some countries or communities a stream is defined by its size . Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location ; examples are " run " in some parts of the United States , " burn " in Scotland and northeast England , and " beck " in northern England . Sometimes a ___MASK45___ is defined as being larger than a creek , but not always : the language is vague . The Pleistocene ( often colloquially referred to as the Ice Age ) is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2 , 588 , 000 to 11 , 700 years ago , spanning the world ' s ___MASK66___ recent period of repeated glaciations . The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period and also with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology . ___MASK32___ ((), officially the Republic of ___MASK32___ , is an island country in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about northeast of New Zealand ' s North Island . Its closest neighbours are ___MASK89___ to the west , New Caledonia to the ___MASK34___ , New Zealand ' s Kermadec Islands to the southeast , Tonga to the east , the Samoas and France ' s Wallis and Futuna to the northeast , and Tuvalu to the north . ___MASK14___ is the capital city and second ___MASK66___ populous urban area of New Zealand , with residents . It is at the south - western tip of the North Island , between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range . ___MASK14___ is the major population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the ___MASK14___ Region , which also includes the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa . As the nation ' s capital city , the New Zealand Government and Parliament , Supreme Court and ___MASK66___ of the civil service are based in the city . The Southern Alps ( Mori : K Tiritiri o te Moana ) are a ___MASK57___ range extending along much ___MASK59___ the length ___MASK59___ New Zealand ' s ___MASK22___ , reaching its greatest elevations near the island ' s western side . The term " Southern Alps " generally refers to the entire range , although separate names are given to many ___MASK59___ the smaller ranges that form part ___MASK59___ it . A braided ___MASK45___ ( or braided channel ) is one ___MASK59___ a number ___MASK59___ channel types and has a channel that consists ___MASK59___ a network ___MASK59___ small channels separated by small and often temporary islands called braid bars or , in British usage , " aits " or " eyots ". Braided streams occur in rivers with high slope and / or large sediment load . Braided channels are also typical ___MASK59___ environments that dramatically decrease channel depth , and consequently channel velocity , such as ___MASK45___ deltas , alluvial fans and peneplains . The ___MASK73___ Plains are an area in ___MASK37___ centred to the south ___MASK59___ the city ___MASK59___ Christchurch in the ___MASK47___ . Their northern extremes are at the foot ___MASK59___ the Hundalee Hills in the Hurunui District , and in the south they merge into the plains ___MASK59___ North Otago beyond the Waitaki River . The Wilberforce ___MASK45___ is a ___MASK45___ in the Southern Alps ___MASK59___ New Zealand . It is located in western Canterbury and is naturally a tributary ___MASK59___ the Rakaia ___MASK45___ , but like the Harper ___MASK45___ , it has had some ___MASK59___ its flow diverted into Lake Coleridge as part ___MASK59___ a hydroelectricity project . This diversion boosted the output ___MASK59___ the Coleridge Power Station and was established in 1977 . An early proposal for the route ___MASK59___ the Midland Line railway from Christchurch to Westland involved extending the Whitecliffs Branch to the ___MASK86___ Coast via the Wilberforce ___MASK45___ and Browning ' s Pass . This was one ___MASK59___ the proposals rejected in favour ___MASK59___ a route via Arthur ' s Pass . The town ___MASK59___ Rakaia is seated close to the southern ___MASK62___ ___MASK59___ the Rakaia River on the Canterbury Plains in New Zealand ' s South Island , approximately 57 km south ___MASK59___ Christchurch on State Highway 1 and the Main South Line . Immediately north ___MASK59___ the township are the country ' s longest ___MASK25___ bridge and longest rail bridge , both ___MASK59___ which cross the wide shingle beds ___MASK59___ the braided river at this point . Both bridges are approximately 1750 metres in length . ___MASK5___ is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . It is the ___MASK66___ populous urban area in the country . ___MASK5___ has a population of , which constitutes percent of New Zealand ' s population . It is part of the wider ___MASK5___ Region  the area governed by the ___MASK5___ Council  which also includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf , resulting in a total population of . ___MASK5___ also has the largest Polynesian population of any city in the world . The Mori language name for ___MASK5___ is or , meaning " Tmaki with a hundred lovers ", in reference to the desirability of its fertile land at the hub of waterways in all directions . It has also been called karana , the Mori enunciation of " ___MASK5___ ". The ___MASK22___ or Te Waipounamu (" Mori ") is the larger ___MASK59___ the two major islands ___MASK59___ New Zealand , the other being the smaller but more populous North Island . It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait , to the ___MASK86___ by the Tasman Sea , and to the south and ___MASK49___ by the Pacific Ocean . The ___MASK22___ covers and is influenced by a temperate climate . A glacier ( or ) is a persistent body ___MASK59___ dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight ; it forms where the accumulation ___MASK59___ snow exceeds its ablation ( melting and sublimation ) over many years , often centuries . Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight , creating crevasses , seracs , and other distinguishing features . They also abrade ___MASK77___ and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines . Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface ___MASK59___ bodies ___MASK59___ water . The Harper ___MASK45___ is a tributary ___MASK59___ the Wilberforce ___MASK45___ which itself flows into the Rakaia ___MASK45___ in New Zealand ' s ___MASK47___ . It is located in the Southern Alps and a pass in the Harper ___MASK45___ headwaters leads into the Waimakariri ___MASK45___ catchment . One ___MASK59___ the most popular tramping routes in Canterbury enters the East Harper via Cass Saddle and exits via Lagoon Saddle at the head ___MASK59___ the West Harper . ___MASK37___ is an island nation in the southwestern ___MASK10___ . The country geographically comprises two main landmasses  that ___MASK59___ the North Island , or Te Ika - a - Mui , and the ___MASK22___ , or Te Waipounamu  and numerous smaller islands . ___MASK37___ is situated some ___MASK49___ ___MASK59___ Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly south ___MASK59___ the Pacific island areas ___MASK59___ New ___MASK29___ , Fiji , and ___MASK8___ . Because ___MASK59___ its remoteness , it was one ___MASK59___ the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period ___MASK59___ isolation , ___MASK37___ developed a distinct biodiversity ___MASK59___ animal , fungal and plant life . The country ' s varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift ___MASK59___ land and volcanic eruptions . ___MASK37___ ' s capital city is Wellington , while its most populous city is Auckland . A drainage ___MASK27___ or catchment ___MASK27___ is an extent or an area ___MASK59___ land where all surface water from rain , melting snow , or ice converges to a single point at a lower elevation , usually the exit ___MASK59___ the ___MASK27___ , where the waters join another body ___MASK59___ water , such as a river , lake , reservoir , estuary , wetland , sea , or ocean . Thus if a tributary stream joins a brook that in turn joins a small river which is a tributary ___MASK59___ a larger river , there is a series ___MASK59___ successively larger ( and lower elevation ) drainage basins . For instance , the ___MASK24___ and Ohio rivers are within their own drainage basins and also within the drainage ___MASK27___ ___MASK59___ the Mississippi River . A stream is a body ___MASK59___ water with a current , confined within a bed and ___MASK62___ . Depending on its location or certain characteristics , a stream may be referred to as a " bayou ", " beck ", " branch ", " brook ", " burn ", " creek ", " crick ", " ghyll ", " gill ", " kill ", " lick ", " mill race ", " race ", " rill ", " river ", " rivulet ", " run ", " runnel ", " streamage ", " ___MASK50___ ", or " wash ". The ___MASK10___ is the largest ___MASK59___ the Earth ' s oceanic divisions . It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean ( or , depending on definition , to Antarctica ) in the south and is bounded by Asia and ___MASK84___ in the west and the Americas in the ___MASK49___ . A tributary or affluent is a stream or ___MASK45___ that flows into a larger stream or main stem ( or parent ) ___MASK45___ or a lake . A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean . Tributaries and the main stem ___MASK45___ drain the surrounding drainage ___MASK27___ ___MASK59___ its surface water and groundwater , leading the water out into an ocean . New ___MASK29___ is a special collectivity of France located in the ___MASK34___ Pacific Ocean , east of Australia and east of Metropolitan France . The archipelago , part of the Melanesia subregion , includes the main island of Grande Terre , the Loyalty Islands , the Chesterfield Islands , the Belep archipelago , the Isle of Pines , and a few remote islets . The Chesterfield Islands are in the Coral Sea . Locals refer to Grande Terre as "" (" the pebble "). The Tasman Sea ( Mori : " Te Tai - o - Rehua ") is a marginal sea ___MASK59___ the South Pacific Ocean , situated between ___MASK84___ and New Zealand . It measures about across and about from north to south . The sea was named after the Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman , who was the first recorded European to encounter New Zealand and Tasmania . The British explorer Captain James Cook later extensively navigated the Tasman Sea in the 1770s as part ___MASK59___ his first voyage ___MASK59___ exploration . Groundwater ( or ground water ) is the water present beneath ___MASK16___ ' s surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures ___MASK59___ ___MASK77___ formations . A unit ___MASK59___ ___MASK77___ or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity ___MASK59___ water . The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in ___MASK77___ become completely saturated with water is called the water table . Groundwater is recharged from , and eventually flows to , the surface naturally ; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps , and can form oases or wetlands . Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural , municipal , and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells . The study ___MASK59___ the distribution and movement ___MASK59___ groundwater is hydrogeology , also called groundwater hydrology . The Waimakariri ___MASK45___ , formerly briefly known as the Courtenay ___MASK45___ , is one ___MASK59___ the largest ___MASK59___ the North Canterbury rivers , in the ___MASK22___ ___MASK59___ New Zealand . It flows for in a generally southeastward direction from the Southern Alps across the Canterbury Plains to the Pacific Ocean . In Mori , " Waimakariri " has several meanings , one ___MASK59___ which is " river ___MASK59___ cold rushing water ". The river is known colloquially in Canterbury as " The Waimak ". ___MASK84___ , officially the Commonwealth of ___MASK84___ , is a country comprising the ___MASK18___ of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands . It is the world ' s sixth - largest country by total area . The neighbouring countries are ___MASK88___ , Indonesia and ___MASK49___ Timor to the north ; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north - ___MASK49___ ; and New Zealand to the south - ___MASK49___ . ___MASK84___ ' s capital is Canberra , and its largest urban area is Sydney . Tectonic uplift is the portion ___MASK59___ the total geologic uplift ___MASK59___ the mean Earth surface that is not attributable to an isostatic response to unloading . While isostatic response is important , an increase in the mean elevation ___MASK59___ a region can only occur in response to tectonic processes ___MASK59___ crustal thickening ( such as mountain building events ), changes in the density distribution ___MASK59___ the crust and underlying mantle , and flexural support due to the bending ___MASK59___ rigid lithosphere . Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower . In 2015 hydropower generated 16 . 6 % ___MASK59___ the world ' s total electricity and 70 % ___MASK59___ all renewable electricity , and was expected to increase about 3 . 1 % each year for the next 25 years . " Main Stem " is 1942 instrumental by Duke ___MASK44___ and His Famous Orchestra . Although recorded in 1942 , the single would not be released until 1944 where it was Duke ___MASK44___ ' s last ___MASK59___ four number one ' s on the Harlem Hit Parade . " Main Stem " also peaked at number twenty on the pop chart . The Rakaia ___MASK45___ is in the ___MASK73___ Plains in ___MASK37___ ' s ___MASK22___ . The Rakaia ___MASK45___ is one ___MASK59___ the largest braided rivers in ___MASK37___ . The Rakaia ___MASK45___ has a mean flow ___MASK59___ and a mean annual seven - day low flow ___MASK59___ . In the 1850s , European settlers named it the " Cholmondeley ___MASK45___ ", but this name lapsed into disuse . Lake Coleridge is located in inland ___MASK73___ , in ___MASK37___ ' s ___MASK22___ . Located 35 kilometres to the ___MASK46___ of Methven , it has a surface area of 47 km² . The lake is situated in an over - deepened valley formed by a glacier over 20 , 000 years ago in the Pleistocene era . It currently has no natural outflows . A lake is an area ___MASK59___ variable size filled with water , localized in a basin , that is surrounded by land , apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake . ___MASK42___ lie on land and are not part ___MASK59___ the ocean , and therefore are distinct from lagoons , and are also larger and deeper than ponds , though there are no official or scientific definitions . ___MASK42___ can be contrasted with rivers or streams , which are usually flowing . Most ___MASK42___ are fed and drained by rivers and streams . The ___MASK83___ Island or Te Ika - a - Mui (" Mori ") is one ___MASK59___ the two main islands ___MASK59___ New Zealand , separated from the slightly larger but much less populous ___MASK22___ by Cook Strait . The island ' s area is , making it the world ' s 14th - largest island . It has a population ___MASK59___ Hydropower or water power ( from the , " water ") is power derived from the energy ___MASK59___ falling water or fast running water , which may be harnessed for useful purposes . Since ancient times , hydropower from many kinds ___MASK59___ watermills has been used as a renewable energy source for irrigation and the operation ___MASK59___ various mechanical devices , such as gristmills , sawmills , textile mills , trip hammers , dock cranes , domestic lifts , and ore mills . A trompe , which produces compressed air from falling water , is sometimes used to power other machinery at a distance .