genre george lewis 
___MASK25___ ( meaning " concrete music ") is a form of musique expérimentale ( experimental music ) that exploits acousmatic listening , meaning sound identities can often be intentionally obscured or appear unconnected to their source cause . It can feature sounds derived from recordings of ___MASK33___ instruments , the human voice , and the natural environment as well as those created using synthesizers and computer - based digital signal processing . Compositions in this idiom are not restricted to the normal ___MASK33___ rules of melody , harmony , rhythm , metre , and so on . Originally contrasted with " pure " " elektronische Musik " ( based solely on the production and manipulation of electronically produced sounds rather than recorded sounds ), the theoretical basis of " musique concrète " as a compositional practice was developed by Pierre Schaeffer , beginning in the early 1940s . From the late 1960s onward , and particularity in France , the term acousmatic music ( musique acousmatique ) started to used in reference to fixed media compositions that utilized both musique concrète based techniques and live sound spatialisation . George E . Lewis ( born July 14 , 1952 ) is a composer , electronic performer , installation artist , trombone player , and scholar in the fields of improvisation and ___MASK26___ . He has been a member of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians ( AACM ) since 1971 , and is a pioneer of ___MASK73___ . ___MASK73___ is the application of computing technology in music composition , to help human composers create new music or to have computers independently create music , such as with algorithmic composition programs . It includes the theory and application of new and existing computer software technologies and basic aspects of music , such as sound synthesis , digital signal processing , sound design , sonic diffusion , acoustics , and psychoacoustics . The field of ___MASK73___ can trace its roots back to the origins of electronic music , and the very first experiments and innovations with electronic instruments at the turn of the 20th century . John Milton Cage Jr . ( September 5 , 1912  August 12 , 1992 ) was an American composer , ___MASK77___ , writer , philosopher , and artist . A pioneer of indeterminacy in music , electroacoustic music , and non - standard use of ___MASK33___ instruments , Cage was one of the leading figures of the post - war avant - garde . Critics have lauded him as one of the most influential American composers of the 20th century . He was also ___MASK71___ in the development of modern dance , mostly through his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham , who was also Cage ' s romantic partner for most of their lives . ___MASK60___ is music that employs electronic ___MASK33___ instruments and electronic music technology in its production , an electronic musician being a musician who composes and / or performs such music . In general , a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology . Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium , Hammond organ , and the electric guitar . Purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin , sound synthesizer , and computer . Digital signal processing ( DSP ) is the use of digital processing , such as by computers , to perform a wide ___MASK22___ of signal processing operations . The signals processed in this manner are a sequence of numbers that represent samples of a continuous variable in a domain such as time , space , or frequency . ___MASK26___ is a compositional practice defined broadly by exploratory sensibilites and movement radically opposed to and questioning of institutionalized ___MASK33___ compositional , performing , and aesthetic conventions . The practice became prominent in the mid - 20th century , particularly in North America . John Cage was one of the earliest composers to use the term and one of experimental music ' s primary innovators , utilizing indeterminacy techniques and seeking unknown outcomes . In France , as early as 1953 , Pierre Schaeffer had begun using the term """" to describe compositional activities that incorporated tape music , musique concrète , and elektronische Musik . Also , in America , a quite distinct sense of the term was used in the late 1950s to describe computer - controlled composition associated with composers such as Lejaren Hiller . A composer ( Latin " compn "; literally " one who puts together ") is a person who creates or writes ___MASK11___ , which can be ___MASK3___ ( for a singer or ___MASK51___ ), ___MASK71___ ___MASK11___ ( e . g ., for solo piano , string quartet , wind quintet or orchestra ) or ___MASK11___ which combines both instruments and voices ( e . g ., opera or art ___MASK94___ , which is a singer accompanied by a pianist ). The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western ___MASK76___ through creation of works expressed in written ___MASK33___ notation ( e . g ., sheet ___MASK11___ scores ). Lejaren Arthur Hiller ( February 23 , 1924 in New York City  January 26 , 1994 in Buffalo , New York ) was an American composer . In 1957 he collaborated with Leonard Issacson on his ___MASK92___ No . 4 , " Illiac Suite ", the first significant use of a computer to compose ___MASK11___ . In 1958 Hiller founded the ___MASK26___ Studio at the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . His notable pupils included composers ___MASK67___ Fulkerson , Larry Lake , Ilza Nogueira , David Rosenboom , Bernadette Speach and ___MASK67___ Tenney . Sound ___MASK27___ is the process of specifying , acquiring , manipulating or generating audio elements . It is employed in a ___MASK22___ of disciplines including filmmaking , television production , theatre , sound recording and reproduction , live performance , sound art , post - production , radio and video game development . Sound ___MASK27___ most commonly involves the manipulation of previously composed or recorded audio , such as sound effects and dialogue . In some instances it may also involve the composition or manipulation of audio to create a desired effect or mood . A sound designer is one who practices the art of sound ___MASK27___ . A brass instrument is a ___MASK33___ instrument that produces sound by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player ' s lips . Brass instruments are also called " labrosones ", literally meaning " lip - vibrated instruments ". Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer (, ; 14 August 1910  19 August 1995 ) was a French composer , writer , broadcaster , engineer , musicologist and acoustician . His innovative work in both the sciences  particularly communications and acoustics  and the ___MASK64___ arts of ___MASK11___ , literature and ___MASK43___ presentation after the end of World ___MASK16___ II , as well as his anti - nuclear activism and cultural ___MASK93___ garnered him widespread recognition in his lifetime . The trombone is a ___MASK33___ instrument in the brass family . Like all brass instruments , sound is produced when the player ' s vibrating lips ( embouchure ) cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate . Nearly all trombones have a telescoping slide mechanism that varies the length of the instrument to change the pitch . Many modern trombone models also utilize a rotary valve as a means to lower pitch of the instrument . Variants such as the valve trombone and superbone have three valves like those on the trumpet . Acoustics is the interdisciplinary ___MASK21___ that deals with the ___MASK38___ of all mechanical waves in gases , liquids , and solids including topics such as vibration , sound , ultrasound and infrasound . A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called an acoustical engineer . The application of acoustics is present in almost all aspects of modern society with the most obvious being the audio and noise control industries . Algorithmic composition is the technique of using algorithms to create ___MASK11___ . A trumpet is a ___MASK33___ instrument commonly used in classical and ___MASK37___ ensembles . The trumpet group contains the instruments with the highest register in the brass family . Trumpet - like instruments have historically been used as signaling devices in battle or hunting , with examples dating back to at least 1500 BC ; they began to be used as ___MASK33___ instruments only in the late - 14th or early 15th century . Trumpets are used in art music styles , for instance in orchestras , concert bands , and ___MASK37___ ensembles , as well as in popular music . They are played by blowing air through almost - closed lips ( called the player ' s embouchure ), producing a " buzzing " sound that starts a standing wave vibration in the air column inside the instrument . Since the late 15th century they have primarily been constructed of brass tubing , usually bent twice into a rounded rectangular shape . The embouchure is the use of facial muscles and the shaping of the lips to the mouthpiece of woodwind instruments or the mouthpiece of the brass instruments . The word is of French origin and is related to the root " bouche " ( fr .), ' mouth '. The proper embouchure allows the instrumentalist to ___MASK52___ the instrument at its full range with a full , clear tone and without strain or damage to one ' s muscles . Computer software , or simply software , is that part of a computer system that consists of encoded ___MASK17___ or computer instructions , in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built .