headquarters_location communist party of lesotho
The Eastern Hemisphere is a geographical term for the half of the earth that is east of the prime ___MASK68___ ( which crosses Greenwich , England ) and west of the antimeridian . It is also used to refer to Europe , ___MASK42___ , Africa , and Australia , in contrast with the Western Hemisphere , which includes North and South America . This hemisphere may also be called the " Oriental Hemisphere ". In addition , it may be used in a cultural or geopolitical sense as a synonym for the " Old World ". The Peaceful Revolution was the process of sociopolitical change that led to the end of the Socialist Unity Party of ___MASK60___ dominance of the German Democratic Republic ( GDR or East ___MASK60___ ) and the transition to a parliamentary democracy which enabled the reunification of ___MASK60___ . This turning point was wholly created through the violence - free initiatives , protests , and successful demonstrations , which decisively occurred between the local elections held in May 1989 and the GDR ' s first free parliamentary election in March 1990 . African Communist is the magazine of the South African Communist Party , published quarterly . The magazine was started by a group of Marxist - Leninists in 1959 . It has its headquarters in ___MASK26___ . The Old World consists of ___MASK31___ , Europe , and ___MASK42___ , regarded collectively as the part of the world known to Europeans before contact with the Americas . It is used in the context of , and contrast with , the New World ( Americas ). Karl Marx ( 5 May 1818  14 March 1883 ) was a German - ___MASK91___ scientist , philosopher , economist , sociologist , journalist , and revolutionary socialist . ___MASK91___ in ___MASK72___ to a middle - class family , he later studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy . As an adult , Marx became stateless and spent much of his life in London , England , where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and published various works , the most well - known being the 1848 pamphlet " The Communist Manifesto ". His work has since influenced subsequent intellectual , economic , and political history . Mozambique ( or ), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( or "") is a country in Southeast ___MASK31___ bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , ___MASK22___ to the west , and Swaziland and South ___MASK31___ to the southwest . It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east . The capital and largest city is Maputo ( known as " Lourenço Marques " before ___MASK82___ ). The Congress of South African Trade Unions ( COSATU ) is a trade union federation in ___MASK65___ . It was founded in 1985 and is the largest of the country  s three main trade union federations , with 21 affiliated trade unions , altogether organising 1 . 8 million workers . The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR " ) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . A union of multiple subnational republics , its government and economy were highly centralized . The Soviet Union was a one - party federation , governed by the Communist Party with ___MASK78___ as its capital . The Tripartite ___MASK86___ is an ___MASK86___ between the African National Congress ( ANC ), the Congress of South African Trade Unions ( COSATU ) and the South African Communist Party ( SACP ). The ANC holds a majority in the South African parliament , while the SACP and COSATU have not contested any democratic election in South Africa . Friedrich Engels ( or 28 November 1820  5 August 1895 ) was a German philosopher , social scientist , journalist , and businessman . He founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx . In 1845 , he published " The Condition of the Working Class in ___MASK25___ ", based on personal observations and research in Manchester . The Communist Party of Lesotho ( Mokhatio oa Makomonisi a Lesotho ) is a communist party in Lesotho , founded on May 5 , 1962 . The founding secretary of the party was John Motloheloa . Other early leaders of the party included Mokhafisi Kena and Sefali Malefane . Edward Mofutsanyana was a member of the Communist Party of ___MASK65___ ___MASK28___ Committee ( disbanded 1950 ) but had no part in the Lesotho party . Joe Matthews of the South African Communist Party ( founded 1953 ) financed the launch of the Lesotho party but later supported the ANC - allied Marematlou Freedom Party . The South African Communist Party , the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party and Walter Ulbricht of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany sent greetings on the occasion of the founding of the party . The party began publishing Mosebetsi . During the 1960s , the party ___MASK13___ into Soviet - allied ( Kena , Malefane , Mtji , and Ms Hoohlo ) and Chinese - allied ( Motloholoa , T . Leanya , and T . Nqojane ) factions . In the 1970 election , its two Moscow - allied candidates at Thaba Chitja ( Kena ) and Tsoelike ( Malefane ) received 25 and 18 votes respectively . The party was officially banned in February 1970 , but went underground and continued its activities . After the 1986 coup , its leader , Sefali Malefane , a university lecturer in Economics , was made a minister in Major - General Lekhanya ' s regime . The party was made legal again in 1991 . After the fall of apartheid rule in neighbouring ___MASK65___ , the party advocated union with ___MASK65___ . The party ceased the publication of its newspaper , Mafube , in 1997 . The party ' s current leader is Manny Stevenson . Sub - Saharan ___MASK31___ is , geographically , the area of the continent of ___MASK31___ that lies south of the Sahara desert . According to the UN , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North ___MASK31___ , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . ___MASK79___ , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub - Saharan ___MASK31___ , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world . A head of state ( or chief of state ) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state . In developing the current Constitution of ___MASK95___ ( 1958 ), former French president Charles de Gaulle said the head of state should embody " the spirit of the nation " (""). In some countries , typically those with parliamentary governments , the head of state is a ceremonial figurehead that does not actually guide day - to - day government activities and may not even be empowered to exercise any kind of political authority ( e . g ., Queen ___MASK17___ II in the ___MASK1___ ). In other countries , the head of state is also the head of government , such as in the U . S ., where the president is both a public figurehead and the actual highest ranking political leader who , in practice , oversees the executive branch . ___MASK65___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK65___ ( RSA ), is the southernmost country in ___MASK31___ . It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern ___MASK31___ stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans , on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana and ___MASK22___ , and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland , and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho . ___MASK65___ is the 25th - largest country in the world by land area , and with close to 56 million people , is the world ' s 24th - most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub - Saharan African ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of ___MASK31___ ' s largest communities of European ( white ), Asian ( Indian ), and multiracial ( coloured ) ancestry . Southern ___MASK31___ is the southernmost region of the African continent , variably defined by geography or geopolitics , and including several countries . The term " southern ___MASK31___ " or " Southern ___MASK31___ ", generally includes ___MASK43___ , Botswana , Lesotho , Malawi , Mozambique , Namibia , South ___MASK31___ , Swaziland , Zambia , and Zimbabwe . From a political perspective the region is said to be unipolar with South ___MASK31___ as a first regional power . Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in ___MASK65___ between 1948 and 1991 , when it was abolished . The country ' s first multiracial elections under a universal franchise were held three years later in 1994 . Broadly speaking , apartheid was delineated into " petty apartheid ", which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events , and " grand apartheid ", which dictated housing and employment opportunities by race . Prior to the 1940s , some vestiges of apartheid had already emerged in the form of minority rule by white South Africans and the socially enforced separation of black South Africans from other races , which later extended to pass laws and land apportionment . Apartheid as a policy was embraced by the South African government shortly after the ascension of the National Party ( NP ) during the country ' s 1948 general elections . Apartheid was also enforced in South West ___MASK31___ until it gained ___MASK82___ as Namibia in 1990 . ___MASK31___ is the world ' s second - largest and second - most - populous continent . At about 30 . 3 million km² ( 11 . 7 million square miles ) including adjacent islands , it covers 6 % of Earth ' s total surface area and 20 . 4 % of its total land area . With 1 . 1 billion people as of 2013 , it accounts for about 15 % of the world ' s human population . The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast , the Indian Ocean to the southeast , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos . It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states ( countries ), nine territories and two " de facto " independent states with limited or no recognition . The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world ' s oceanic divisions , covering ( approximately 20 % of the water on the Earth ' s surface ). It is bounded by ___MASK42___ on the north , on the west by Africa , on the east by Australia , and on the south by the Southern Ocean or , depending on definition , by Antarctica . It is named after the country of India . The Indian Ocean is known as " Ratnkara ", "" the mine of gems "" in ancient Sanskrit literature , and as " Hind Mahsgar ", "" the great Indian sea "", in Hindi . ___MASK22___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK22___ , is a landlocked country located in southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers . It is bordered by South Africa to the south , Botswana to the west and southwest , Zambia to the northwest , and Mozambique to the east and northeast . Although it does not border Namibia , less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country . The capital and largest city is ___MASK30___ . A country of roughly 13 million people , ___MASK22___ has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most commonly used . Namibia , officially the Republic of Namibia ( German : ), is a country in southern ___MASK31___ whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean . It shares land borders with Zambia and ___MASK43___ to the north , Botswana to the east and South ___MASK31___ to the south and east . Although it does not border Zimbabwe , a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River ( essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana / Zambia micro - border ) separates the two countries . Namibia gained independence from South ___MASK31___ on 21 March 1990 , following the Namibian War of Independence . Its capital and largest city is Windhoek , and it is a member state of the United Nations ( UN ), the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ), the African Union ( ___MASK74___ ), and the Commonwealth of Nations . ___MASK76___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK76___ , is a landlocked country located in Southern ___MASK31___ . The citizens refer to themselves as " Batswana " ( singular : " Motswana "). Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland , ___MASK76___ adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966 . Since then , it has maintained a strong tradition of stable representative democracy , with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections . Social democracy is a political , social and economic ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a capitalist economy , and a policy regime involving a commitment to representative democracy , measures for income redistribution , and regulation of the economy in the general interest and welfare state provisions . Social democracy thus aims to create the conditions for capitalism to lead to greater democratic , egalitarian and solidaristic outcomes ; and is often associated with the set of socioeconomic policies that became prominent in Northern and Western ___MASK99___  particularly the Nordic model in the Nordic countries  during the latter half of the 20th century . Walter Ernst Paul Ulbricht ( 30 June 18931 August 1973 ) was a German Communist politician . Ulbricht played a leading role in the creation of the Weimar - era Communist Party of ___MASK60___ ( KPD ) and later ( after spending the years of Nazi rule in exile in France and the Soviet Union ) in the early development and establishment of East ___MASK60___ ( the German Democratic Republic ). As the First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party 1950 to 1971 , he was the chief decision maker in East ___MASK60___ . From President Wilhelm Pieck ' s death in 1960 , he was also the East German head of state until his own death in 1973 . Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov , better known by the alias Lenin (  21 January 1924 ), was a Russian communist revolutionary , politician , and political theorist . He served as head of government of the Russian Republic from 1917 to 1918 , of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1918 to 1924 , and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924 . Under his administration , ___MASK2___ and then the wider Soviet Union became a one - party socialist state governed by the Russian Communist Party . Ideologically a Marxist , he developed political theories known as Leninism . Born to a wealthy middle - class family in Simbirsk , Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother ' s execution in 1887 . Expelled from ___MASK93___ Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire ' s Tsarist regime , he devoted the following years to a law degree . He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior figure in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ( RSDLP ). In 1897 , he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years , where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya . After his exile , he moved to Western Europe , where he became a prominent party theorist through his publications . In 1903 , he took a key role in a RSDLP ideological split , leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov ' s Mensheviks . Encouraging insurrection during ___MASK2___ ' s failed Revolution of 1905 , he later campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe - wide proletarian revolution , which as a Marxist he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism . After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government , he returned to ___MASK2___ to play a leading role in the October Revolution , in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime . Lenin ' s government was led by the Bolsheviks  now renamed the Communist Party  with some powers initially also held by elected soviets . The new government called elections for the Constituent Assembly and then abolished it , withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty with the Central Powers , and granted independence to non - Russian nations under Russian control . It redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large - scale industry . Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror , a violent campaign orchestrated by the state security services ; tens of thousands were killed and others interned in concentration camps . Anti - Bolshevik armies , established by both right and left - wing groups , were defeated in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 . Responding to wartime devastation , famine , and popular uprisings , in 1921 Lenin promoted economic growth through a mixed economic system . Seeking to promote world revolution , Lenin ' s government created the Communist International , waged the Polish  Soviet War , and united ___MASK2___ with neighbouring nations to form the Soviet Union in 1922 . In increasingly poor health , Lenin expressed opposition to the growing power of his successor , Joseph Stalin , before dying at his Gorki mansion . Widely considered one of the most significant and influential figures of the 20th century , Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive personality cult within the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991 . He became an ideological figurehead behind Marxism - Leninism and thus a prominent influence over the international communist movement . A controversial and highly divisive individual , Lenin is viewed by Marxist - Leninists as a champion of socialism and the working class , while critics on both the left and right see him as the founder of a totalitarian dictatorship responsible for mass human rights abuses . ___MASK77___ is the capital and largest city of Lesotho . It is also the capital of the ___MASK77___ District . Located on the Caledon River , ___MASK77___ lies directly on the Lesotho - South Africa border . ___MASK77___ is Lesotho ' s capital city with a population of approximately 2 , 160 , 309 ( 2016 ). The city was established as a police camp and assigned as the capital after the country became a British protectorate in 1869 . When the country achieved independence in 1966 , ___MASK77___ retained its status as capital . The name of the city is a Sesotho word meaning " red sandstones ". Lesotho , officially the Kingdom of Lesotho , is an enclaved , landlocked country in southern ___MASK31___ completely surrounded by ___MASK65___ . It is just over in size and has a population slightly over two million . Its capital and largest city is ___MASK77___ . Swaziland , officially the Kingdom of Swaziland ( or ; Swazi : " Umbuso weSwatini " ; sometimes called kaNgwane or Eswatini ), is a sovereign state in Southern ___MASK31___ . It is neighboured by Mozambique to its northeast and by ___MASK65___ to its north , west and south . The country and its people take their names from Mswati II , the 19th - century king under whose rule Swazi territory was expanded and unified . ___MASK2___ ( from the  Rus '), also officially known as the Russian Federation , is a country in Eurasia . At , ___MASK2___ is the largest country in the world by surface area , covering more than one - eighth of the Earth ' s inhabited land area , and the ninth most populous , with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016 . The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern , about 77 % of the population live in European ___MASK2___ . ___MASK2___ ' s capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world , other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod and ___MASK61___ . The African National Congress ( ANC ) is the Republic of ___MASK65___ ' s governing social democratic political party . It has been the ruling party of post - apartheid ___MASK65___ on the national level , beginning with the election of ___MASK14___ Mandela in the 1994 election , the first election after the end of apartheid . Today , the ANC remains the dominant political party in ___MASK65___ , winning every election since 1994 . Its leader Jacob Zuma is the incumbent president of ___MASK65___ . The South African Communist Party ( SACP ) is a communist party in ___MASK65___ . It was founded in 1921 , was declared illegal in 1950 , and participated in the struggle against apartheid . It is a partner of the Tripartite ___MASK86___ with the African National Congress and the Congress of South African Trade Unions ( COSATU ) and through this influences the South African government . ___MASK95___ , officially the French Republic , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of ___MASK95___ extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas ___MASK95___ include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , ___MASK19___ and Indian oceans . ___MASK95___ spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi - presidential republic with the capital in ___MASK29___ , the country ' s largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include ___MASK85___ , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux . A communist party is a political party that advocates the application of the social and economic principles of communism through state policy . The name originates from the 1848 tract " Manifesto of the Communist Party " by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels . According to Leninist theory , a Communist party is the vanguard party of the working class ( proletariat ), whether ruling or non - ruling , but when such a party is in power in a specific country , the party is said to be the highest authority of the dictatorship of the proletariat . Vladimir Lenin ' s theories on the role of a Communist party were developed as the early 20th - century Russian social democracy divided into Bolshevik ( meaning "" of the majority "") and Menshevik ( meaning " of the minority ") factions . Lenin , leader of the Bolsheviks , argued that a revolutionary party should be a small vanguard party with a centralized political command and a strict cadre policy ; the Menshevik faction , however , argued that the party should be a broad - based mass movement . The Bolshevik party , which eventually became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , took power in ___MASK2___ after the October Revolution in 1917 . With the creation of the Communist International , the Leninist concept of party building was copied by emerging Communist parties worldwide . The Communist Party of ___MASK60___ was a major political party in ___MASK60___ between 1918 and 1933 , and a minor party in West ___MASK60___ in the postwar period until it was banned in 1956 . In the 1920s it was called the " Spartacists ", since it was formed from the Spartacus League . The Socialist Unity Party of ___MASK60___ , established in April 1946 , was the governing Marxist  Leninist political party of the German Democratic Republic from the country ' s foundation in October 1949 until it was dissolved after the Peaceful Revolution in 1989 . The Bantu languages , technically the Narrow Bantu languages ( as opposed to " Wide Bantu ", a loosely defined categorization which includes other Bantoid languages ), constitute a traditional branch of the Niger  Congo languages . There are about 250 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility , though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear , and " Ethnologue " counts 535 languages . Bantu languages are spoken largely east and south of present - day ___MASK71___ , that is , in the regions commonly known as Central Africa , Southeast Africa , and Southern Africa . Parts of the Bantu area include languages from other language families ( see map ). East ___MASK60___ , formally the German Democratic Republic or GDR , was an Eastern Bloc state during the Cold War period . From 1949 to 1990 , it administered the region of ___MASK60___ that was occupied by Soviet forces at the end of World War II  the Soviet Occupation Zone of the ___MASK75___ Agreement , bounded on the east by the Oder  Neisse line . The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin , but did not include it ; as a result , West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR . The German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet Zone , while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones . East ___MASK60___ was a satellite state of the Soviet Union . Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948 , and the GDR began to function as a state on 7 October 1949 . Soviet forces , however , remained in the country throughout the Cold War . Until 1989 , the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party ( SED ), though other parties nominally participated in its alliance organisation , the National Front of Democratic ___MASK60___ .