part_of brutus network
The Brutus Network ( ___MASK26___ : Réseau Brutus ) was a ___MASK26___ Resistant movement during ___MASK79___ . It was founded in 1941 by Pierre Fourcaud , parachuted in ___MASK81___ with instructions from Charles de Gaulle to set up an intelligence network , and other socialist members of the ___MASK26___ Section of the Workers ' International ( SFIO ) , from the Bouches - du - Rhône department in the Southern Zone , and led by Félix Gouin . As soon as July 1941 , the network almost became the armed ___MASK14___ of the Comité d ' action socialiste ( CAS - Socialist Action Committee ) , of which Félix Gouin had been a co - founder , along with Daniel Mayer . The CAS delegate Eugène Thomas became the leader of the Brutus Network after the arrest of Pierre Fourcaud and his brother , Jean Fourcaud , departure for London . Extending itself in 1942 - 43 , Brutus became a national Resistant network in February 1943 , in particular through the impulsion of André Boyer . Boasting more than a 1 , 000 agents , its headquarters were based in Lyon , with Pierre Sudreau as responsible of the Northern Zone and Jean - Maurice Hermann of the Southern Zone . André Boyer entered the directing committee of the Mouvements unis de Résistance ( United Movements of Resistance ) in November 1943 . At the end of this year , the network was strongly affected by the arrest of Boyer , Sudreau and Hermann . Gaston Defferre , later mayor of Marseilles for years , succeeded to André Boyer ( he was previously his deputy ) as national chief . In ___MASK75___ and ___MASK40___ planning , a war effort refers to a coordinated mobilization of ___MASK32___ ' s resources  both industrial and human  towards the support of a ___MASK40___ force . Depending on the militarization of the culture , the relative size of the ___MASK13___ and the ___MASK32___ supporting them , the style of government , and the popular support for the ___MASK40___ objectives , such war effort can range from a small industry to complete command of ___MASK32___ . Emmanuel d ' Astier de La Vigerie ( 6 ___MASK5___ 190012 ___MASK93___ 1969 ) was a French journalist , politician and member of the ___MASK53___ . The ___MASK86___ was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc ( the Soviet Union and its satellite states ) and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States , its NATO allies and others ). Historians do not fully agree on the dates , but a common timeframe is the period ( the second half of the 20th century ) between 1947 , the year the Truman Doctrine ( a U . S . policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism ) was announced , and 1991 , the year the Soviet Union collapsed . Libération - sud ( ___MASK26___ for " Liberation - South ") was a resistance group active between 1940 - 1944 and created in the Free Zone of ___MASK81___ during the Second World War in ___MASK6___ to fight against the Nazi occupation through coordinated sabotage and propaganda operations . ___MASK79___ ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ), also known as the Second World ___MASK68___ , was a global ___MASK68___ that lasted from 1939 to 1945 , although related conflicts began earlier . It involved the vast majority of the world ' s nations  including all of the great powers  eventually forming two opposing ___MASK40___ alliances : the Allies and the Axis . It was the most widespread ___MASK68___ in ___MASK89___ , and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries . In a state of " total ___MASK68___ ", the major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the ___MASK68___ effort , erasing the distinction between civilian and ___MASK40___ resources . Marked by mass deaths of civilians , including the Holocaust ( in which approximately 11 million people were killed ) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres ( in which approximately one million were killed , and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities . These made ___MASK79___ the deadliest conflict in human ___MASK89___ . The United States dropped nuclear weapons on the ___MASK87___ cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on ___MASK77___ 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively , during the final ___MASK36___ of World War II . The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings , which killed at least 129 , 000 people , remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history . Hiroshima is perhaps best known as the first ___MASK66___ in ___MASK89___ to be targeted by a nuclear weapon when the ___MASK60___ Air Forces ( USAAF ) dropped an atomic bomb on the ___MASK66___ ( and later on Nagasaki ) at 8 : 15 a . m . on August 6 , 1945 , near the end of World War II . Daniel William Mayer ( 29 ___MASK50___ ___MASK71___  29 ___MASK15___ 1996 ) was a member of the French Section of the Workers ' International ( SFIO ), a socialist party in France , president of the " Ligue des droits de l ' homme " ( LDH , Human Rights League ) from 1958 to 1975 . He founded the " Comité d ' Action Socialiste " in 1941 and was a member of the Brutus Network , a Resistant Socialist group . Mayer also supported the " Libération - sud " resistance movement headed by Emmanuel d ' Astier de la Vigerie . Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( 22 ___MASK18___ 1890  9 ___MASK18___ 1970 ) was a French general and statesman . He was the leader of Free ___MASK81___ ( 1940  44 ) and the ___MASK23___ of the Provisional ___MASK51___ of the French Republic ( 1944  46 ). In 1958 , he founded the Fifth Republic and was elected as the 18th President of ___MASK81___ , a position he held until his resignation in 1969 . He was the dominant figure of ___MASK81___ during the ___MASK86___ era and his memory continues to influence French politics . Total ___MASK68___ is ___MASK80___ that includes any and all civilian - associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate ___MASK40___ targets , mobilizes all of the resources of ___MASK32___ to fight the ___MASK68___ , and gives priority to ___MASK80___ over non - combatant needs . The American - English Dictionary defines total ___MASK68___ as " ___MASK68___ that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used , the territory or combatants involved , or the objectives pursued , especially one in which the laws of ___MASK68___ are disregarded ." During ___MASK79___ , the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second and , to date , last ___MASK66___ in the world to experience a nuclear attack . A great power is a ___MASK34___ that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale . Great powers characteristically possess ___MASK40___ and economic strength , as well as diplomatic and soft power influence , which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers ' opinions before taking actions of their own . International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities , spatial aspects , and status dimensions . ___MASK29___ ( from the Greek ': " hólos ", " whole " and " kaustós ", " burnt "), also referred to as the Shoah "' ( ___MASK46___ : , " HaShoah ", " the catastrophe "), was a genocide in which Adolf Hitler ' s Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews . The victims included 1 . 5 million children and represented about two - thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in ___MASK96___ . Some definitions of the Holocaust include the additional five million non - Jewish victims of Nazi mass murders , bringing the total to about 11 million . Killings took place throughout Nazi Germany , German - occupied territories , and territories held by allies of Nazi Germany . Free ___MASK81___ and its Free French Forces ( French : " ___MASK81___ Libre " and " Forces françaises libres ") were the ___MASK51___ - in - exile led by Charles de Gaulle during the Second World War and its military forces that continued to fight against the Axis powers as one of the Allies after the fall of ___MASK81___ . It was set up in London in June 1940 and also organised and supported the Resistance in occupied ___MASK81___ . The Provisional ___MASK51___ of the French Republic (" gouvernement provisoire de la République française " or GPRF ) was an interim ___MASK51___ of Free France between 1944 and 1946 following the liberation of continental France after the operations " Overlord " and " Dragoon ", and lasted until the establishment of the French Fourth Republic . Its establishment marked the official restoration and re - establishment of a provisional French Republic assuring continuity with the defunct French Third Republic . Provence ( Provençal : " Provença " in classical norm or " Prouvènço " in Mistralian norm ) is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern ___MASK81___ , which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône ___MASK72___ to the west to the Italian border to the east , and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south . It largely corresponds with the modern administrative " région " of Provence - Alpes - Côte d ' Azur , and includes the " départements " of Var , Bouches - du - Rhône , Alpes - de - Haute - Provence and parts of Alpes - Maritimes and Vaucluse . The largest city of the region is Marseille . Félix Gouin ( 4 ___MASK73___ 1884  ___MASK33___ ___MASK73___ 1977 ) was a French Socialist politician who was a member of the French Section of the Workers ' International ( SFIO ). A ___MASK40___ alliance is an international agreement concerning national security , when the contracting parties promise to support each other in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance . ___MASK40___ alliances differ from coalitions , as coalitions are formed for a crisis that are already known . The President of the ___MASK26___ Republic , is the executive ___MASK23___ of state of the ___MASK26___ Fifth Republic . The powers , functions and duties of prior presidential offices , and their relation with the first minister and cabinets has over time differed with the various ___MASK26___ constitutions . Provence - Alpes - Côte d ' Azur or PACA is one of the 18 administrative regions of ___MASK81___ . Its capital is Marseille . Strategic bombing is a ___MASK40___ strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying its morale or its economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of ___MASK40___ operations , or both . It is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize strategic bombers , long - or medium - range missiles , or nuclear - armed fighter - bomber aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to the enemy ' s war - making capability . Bouches - du - Rhône ( Occitan : " Bocas de Ròse ", lit . " Mouths of the Rhône ") is a department in the south of ___MASK81___ named after the ___MASK4___ of the Rhône River . It is the most populous department of the Provence - Alpes - Côte d ' Azur region . Its INSEE and postal code is 13 .