dissolved_or_abolished league of the ten jurisdictions
The Kingdom of Ireland ( Classical Irish : '; Modern Irish : ') was a client state of the Kingdom of England that existed on Ireland from ___MASK16___ until 1800 . It came into being when the Parliament of Ireland passed the Crown of Ireland Act ___MASK16___ and proclaimed King Henry VIII of England as King of Ireland . The territory of the Kingdom had previously had the status of a lordship of the Crown . The Grey League (, or ), sometimes called " Oberbund ", formed in ___MASK40___ in the " Vorderrhein " and " Hinterrhein " valleys , Raetia . The name Grey League is derived from the homespun grey clothes worn by the people . The league became part of the canton of Graubünden . The Grey League allied itself to the two other powers of Raetia in 1471 , forming the Three Leagues . It was also an associate and ally of the Swiss Confederation and played a role in the build up to the Thirty Years ' War . Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe . It covers an area of , situated in the Carpathian Basin and bordered by Slovakia to the north , Romania to the east , Serbia to the south , Croatia to the southwest , Slovenia to the west , Austria to the northwest , and Ukraine to the northeast . With about ___MASK19___ million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium - sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world . Hungary ' s capital and largest metropolis is Budapest , a significant economic hub , classified as an Alpha - global city . Major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Gyr . The League of the Ten Jurisdictions was the last of the Three Leagues founded during the Middle Ages in what is now Canton Graubünden of Switzerland . The League was created in the County of Toggenburg after the counts of Toggenburg died out . The League initially existed to resist the power of the House of Habsburg , and quickly allied with the Grey League and the League of God ' s House . In ___MASK7___ the three leagues joined together to become the Free State of the Three Leagues , which existed until the Napoleonic dissolution of the Free State . The Thirty Years ' War was a series of wars in Central Europe between ___MASK21___ and 1648 . It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history , as well as the deadliest European religious war , resulting in eight million casualties . Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire , it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers . These states employed relatively large mercenary armies , and the war became less about religion and more of a continuation of the France  Habsburg rivalry for European political pre - eminence . In the 17th century , religious beliefs and practices were a much larger influence on an average European than they are today . During that era , almost everyone was vested on one side of the dispute or another , which was also closely tied to people ' s ethnicities and loyalties , as religious beliefs affected ideas of the legitimacy of the political status of rulers . The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the 10th century  when it emerged from various Anglo - Saxon kingdoms  until ___MASK66___ , when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . The Holy Roman Empire was a multi - ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in ___MASK59___ . The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany , though it also came to include the Kingdom of Bohemia , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the Kingdom of Italy , and numerous other territories . The Roman Empire ( Koine and Medieval Greek :    , tr . ) was the post - Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around ___MASK37___ AD , and the Empire ' s populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world ' s population at the time ). The ___MASK37___ - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar ' s adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian ' s power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title " Augustus ", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic . Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries ( ___MASK44___  ___MASK48___ ), when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg ( also associated with its role in the history of Central Europe ). The Habsburg rulers ( chiefly Charles I and Philip II ) reached the zenith of their influence and power . They controlled territory that included the Americas , the East Indies , the Low Countries and territories now in France and Germany in Europe , the Portuguese Empire from ___MASK54___ to 1640 , and various other territories such as small enclaves like Ceuta and Oran in North Africa . This period of Spanish history has also been referred to as the " Age of Expansion ". The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting the European continent from prehistory to the present . Some of the best - known civilizations of prehistoric Europe were the Minoan and the Mycenaean , which flourished during the Bronze Age until they collapsed in a short period of time around ___MASK4___ BC . Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic in Europe . It consists of 26 cantons , and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities . The country is situated in Western - Central Europe , and is bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps , the Swiss Plateau and the Jura , spanning an area of . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are to be found : among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva . The Napoleonic Wars ( ___MASK73___ - 1815 ) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies , led by Napoleon I , against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions , primarily led and financed by the United Kingdom . The wars resulted from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the Revolutionary Wars , which had raged on for years before concluding with the Treaty of Amiens in 1802 . The resumption of hostilities the following year paved the way for more than a decade of constant warfare often categorized into five conflicts : the War of the Third Coalition ( ___MASK84___ ), the War of the Fourth Coalition ( 1806 - 7 ), the War of the Fifth Coalition ( ___MASK70___ ), the War of the Sixth Coalition ( 1813 ), and the War of the Seventh Coalition ( 1815 ). The Napoleonic Wars had profound consequences for global and European history , leading to the spread of nationalism and liberalism , the rise of the British Empire as the world ' s premier power , the independence movements in Latin America and the collapse of the Spanish Empire , the fundamental reorganization of German and Italian territories into larger states , and the establishment of radically new methods in warfare . In the history of Europe , the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century . It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery . The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history : classical antiquity , the medieval period , and the modern period . The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early , High , and Late Middle Ages . The Mexican Empire or Second Mexican Empire was the name of Mexico under a limited hereditary monarchy declared by the Assembly of Notables on July ___MASK19___ , ___MASK95___ , during the Second French intervention in Mexico . It was created with the support of Napoleon III of France , who attempted to establish a monarchist ally in the Americas . A referendum confirmed the coronation of the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian , of the House of Habsburg as Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico . The Three Leagues was the alliance of ___MASK88___ of the League of God ' s House , the League of the Ten Jurisdictions and the Grey League , leading eventually to the formation of the Swiss canton of Graubünden . Most of the lands of Graubünden were part of the Roman province Raetia in 15 BC . The area later was part of the lands of the Bishopric of Chur . The city of Bern or Berne (; Bernese German : " Bärn " ) is the de facto capital of Switzerland , referred to by the Swiss as their ( e . g . in German ) " Bundesstadt ," or " federal city ". With a population of 141 , 762 ( November 2016 ), Bern is the fourth most populous city in Switzerland . The Bern agglomeration , which includes 36 municipalities , had a population of 406 , ___MASK23___ in ___MASK58___ . The metropolitan area had a population of 660 , 000 in ___MASK94___ . Bern is also the capital of the canton of Bern , the second most populous of Switzerland ' s cantons . The Kingdom of Portugal was a monarchy on the Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of modern Portugal . It was in existence from ___MASK31___ until 1910 . After 1248 , it was also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves and between 1815 and ___MASK96___ , it was known as the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves . The name is also often applied to the Portuguese Empire , the realm ' s extensive overseas colonies . The Kingdom of Germany or German Kingdom (" Teutonic Kingdom ") developed out of the eastern half of the former Carolingian Empire . Like Anglo - Saxon England and medieval France , it began as " a conglomerate , an assemblage of a number of once separate and independent ... " gentes " [ peoples ] and " regna " [ kingdoms ]." East Francia (" Ostfrankenreich ") was formed by the Treaty of Verdun in ___MASK53___ , and was ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until ___MASK75___ , after which the kingship was elective . The initial electors were the rulers of the stem duchies , who generally chose one of their own . After 962 , when Otto I was crowned emperor , the kingdom formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire , which also included Italy ( after 951 ), Bohemia ( after 1004 ) and Burgundy ( after 1032 ). The Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau constitutes one of the three major landscapes in Switzerland alongside the Jura Mountains and the Swiss Alps . It covers about 30 % of the Swiss surface . It comprises the regions between the Jura and the Alps , partly flat but mostly hilly , and lies at an average height between ___MASK34___ and 700 m AMSL . It is by far the most densely populated region of Switzerland , and the most important with respect to economy and transportation . Napoleon Bonaparte (" Napoléon Bonaparte "; , born "" Napoleone di Buonaparte ""; 15 August 1769  5 May ___MASK6___ ) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars . As Napoleon I , he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 , and again in 1815 . Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars . He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles , building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815 . One of the greatest commanders in history , his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide . Napoleon ' s political and cultural legacy has ensured his status as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history . The House of Habsburg , also called House of Hapsburg , or House of Austria , was one of the most influential royal houses of Europe . The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs between ___MASK81___ and 1740 . The house also produced emperors and kings of the Kingdom of Bohemia , Kingdom of England (" Jure uxoris " King ), Kingdom of France ( Queen consort ), Kingdom of Germany , Kingdom of Hungary , Kingdom of Croatia , Second Mexican Empire , Kingdom of Ireland (" Jure uxoris " King ), Kingdom of Portugal , and Habsburg Spain , as well as rulers of several Dutch and Italian principalities . From the sixteenth century , following the reign of Charles V , the dynasty was split between its Austrian and Spanish branches . Although they ruled distinct territories , they nevertheless maintained close relations and frequently intermarried . The League of God ' s House ( German : " Gotteshausbund ", Italian : " Lega Caddea ") was formed in what is now Switzerland on January ___MASK22___ , 1367 to resist the rising power of the Bishopric of Chur and the House of Habsburg . The League allied with the Grey League and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions in 1471 to form the Three Leagues . The League of God ' s House , together with the two other Leagues , was allied with the Old Swiss Confederacy throughout the 15th and 16th centuries . After the Napoleonic wars the League of God ' s House became a part of the Swiss canton of Graubünden . The French Revolution was a period of far - reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until ___MASK77___ , and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire . The Revolution overthrew the monarchy , established a republic , experienced violent periods of political turmoil , and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond . Inspired by liberal and radical ideas , the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history , triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies . Through the Revolutionary Wars , it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East . Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history . Toggenburg is a region of Switzerland . It corresponds to the upper valley of the river Thur and that of its main tributary , the Necker . Since 1 January ___MASK38___ , Toggenburg has been a constituency (" Wahlkreis ") of the canton of St . Gallen ( SFOS number ___MASK5___ ). The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the period of European history generally comprising the 14th and 15th centuries ( c . ___MASK93___  ___MASK33___ ). The Late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern era ( and , in much of Europe , the Renaissance ). Jure uxoris is a Latin term that means " by right of ( his ) wife ". " Jure " is the ablative case of " jus ", meaning a legal right . It is most commonly used to refer to a title of nobility held by a man because his wife holds it " suo jure " (" in her own right "). Similarly , the husband of an heiress could become the legal possessor of her lands " jure uxoris ", " by right of [ his ] wife ", as in England where , until the Married Women ' s Property Act ___MASK51___ , married women were legally incapable of owning real estate . " Jure uxoris " monarchs are not to be confused with kings consort , who were merely consorts of their wives , not co - rulers . The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the twentieth century ( ___MASK74___  1946 with the exception of 1918  1920 ). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom in about the year ___MASK74___ ; his family ( the Árpád dynasty ) led the monarchy for 300 years . By the 12th century , the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world . The Age of Discovery or the Age of Exploration from the end of the 15th century to the 18th century , was an informal and loosely defined European historical period marking the time period in which extensive overseas exploration emerged as a powerful factor in European culture and the beginning of globalization . It also marks the rise of the period of widespread adoption in Europe of colonialism and mercantilism . Many lands previously unknown to Europeans were discovered during this period , though most were already inhabited . From the perspective of many non - Europeans , the Age of Discovery marked the arrival of settlers and invaders from a previously unknown continent . Global exploration started with the Portuguese discoveries of the Atlantic archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores , the coast of Africa , and the discovery of the sea route to India in ___MASK39___ ; and , on behalf of the Crown of Castile ( Spain ), the trans - Atlantic Voyages of Christopher Columbus between ___MASK28___ and 1502 , and the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1519  1522 . These discoveries led to numerous naval expeditions across the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific oceans , and land expeditions in the Americas , Asia , Africa , and Australia that continued into the late 19th century , and ended with the exploration of the polar regions in the 20th century .