place_of_birth gregorio di cecco
Umber is a natural brown or ___MASK92___ - brown earth pigment that contains iron oxide and manganese oxide . It is darker than the other similar earth pigments , ochre and sienna . Gregorio di Cecco ( sometimes Gregorio di Cecco da Lucca or Gregorio da Lucca di Cecco ) was an Italian painter ___MASK4___ the Sienese School during the early Renaissance . He was born in Sienna around 1390 and died after 1424 . He was a student ___MASK4___ Taddeo di Bartolo and later became di Bartolo ' s partner . Baldassare Tommaso Peruzzi ( 7 ___MASK100___ 1481  6 January 1536 ) was an Italian architect and painter , born in a small town near ___MASK36___ ( in Ancaiano , " frazione " of Sovicille ) and died in Rome . He worked for many years with Bramante , Raphael , and later Sangallo during the erection of the new St . Peter ' s . He returned to his native ___MASK36___ after the Sack of Rome ( 1527 ) where he was employed as architect to the Republic . For the Sienese he built new fortifications for the city and designed ( though did not build ) a remarkable dam on the Bruna River near Giuncarico . He seems to have moved back to Rome permanently by 1535 . Il Sodoma ( 1477  February 14 , 1549 ) was the name given to the Italian Renaissance painter Giovanni Antonio Bazzi . Il Sodoma painted in a manner that superimposed the High Renaissance style ___MASK4___ early 16th - century Rome onto the traditions ___MASK4___ the provincial Sienese school ; he spent the bulk ___MASK4___ his professional life in ___MASK36___ , with two periods in Rome . ___MASK94___ , officially the Italian ___MASK45___ , is a unitary parliamentary ___MASK45___ in Europe . Located in the heart ___MASK4___ the Mediterranean Sea , ___MASK94___ shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . ___MASK94___ covers an area ___MASK4___ and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate ; due to its shape , it is often referred to in ___MASK94___ as " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). With 61 million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU member state . Manganese oxide is any ___MASK4___ a variety ___MASK4___ manganese oxides and hydroxides . This includes : Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed ___MASK4___ iron and oxygen . All together , there are sixteen known iron oxides and oxyhydroxides . Duccio di Buoninsegna ( c . 1255  1260  c . 1318  1319 ) was an Italian painter , active in the city ___MASK4___ ___MASK36___ in Tuscany , where he was born , in the late 13th and early 14th centuries . Sienna ( from , " ___MASK36___ earth ") is an earth pigment containing iron oxide and manganese oxide . In its natural state , it is yellow - brown and is called raw sienna . When heated , it becomes a reddish brown and is called burnt sienna . It takes its name from the city - state of ___MASK36___ , where it was produced during the Renaissance . Along with ochre and umber , it was one of the first pigments to be used by humans , and is found in many cave paintings . Since the Renaissance , it has been one of the brown pigments most widely used by artists . Simone Martini ( 1344 ) was an Italian painter born in ___MASK36___ . He was a major figure in the development of early Italian painting and greatly influenced the development of the International Gothic style . ___MASK31___ is the ___MASK69___ ___MASK4___ the Italian region ___MASK4___ Tuscany and ___MASK4___ the Metropolitan City ___MASK4___ ___MASK31___ . It is the most populous city in Tuscany , with 383 , 083 inhabitants , expanding to over 1 , 520 , 000 in the metropolitan area . The Renaissance was a period in European history , from the 14th to the 17th century , regarded as the cultural ___MASK50___ between the Middle Ages and modern history . It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest ___MASK4___ Europe , marking the beginning ___MASK4___ the Early Modern Age . Ochre (; from Greek :  , " khrós ", ( ___MASK38___ yellow , ___MASK38___ ), also spelled ocher , see spelling differences ) is a natural earth pigment containing hydrated iron oxide , which ranges in color from yellow to deep orange or brown . It is also the name ___MASK4___ the colors produced by this pigment , especially a light brownish - yellow . A variant ___MASK4___ ochre containing a large amount ___MASK4___ hematite , or dehydrated iron oxide , has a reddish tint known as " red ochre " ( or , in some dialects , reddle ). History ( from Greek , " historia ", meaning " inquiry , knowledge acquired by investigation ") is the study ___MASK4___ the past as it is described in written documents . Events occurring before written record are considered prehistory . It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory , discovery , collection , organization , presentation , and interpretation ___MASK4___ information about these events . Scholars who write about history are called historians . Gothic art was a style ___MASK4___ medieval art that developed in Northern France out ___MASK4___ Romanesque art in the 12th century AD , led by the concurrent development ___MASK4___ Gothic architecture . It spread to all ___MASK4___ Western Europe , and much ___MASK4___ Southern and Central Europe , never quite effacing more classical styles in Italy . In the late 14th century , the sophisticated court style ___MASK4___ International Gothic developed , which continued to evolve until the late 15th century . In many areas , especially Germany , Late Gothic art continued well into the 16th century , before being subsumed into Renaissance art . Primary media in the Gothic period included sculpture , panel painting , stained glass , fresco and illuminated manuscripts . The easily recognizable shifts in architecture from Romanesque to Gothic , and Gothic to Renaissance styles , are typically used to define the periods in art in all media , although in many ways figurative art developed at a different pace . In the history ___MASK4___ Europe , the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century . It began with the fall ___MASK4___ the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age ___MASK4___ Discovery . The Middle Ages is the middle period ___MASK4___ the three traditional divisions ___MASK4___ Western history : classical antiquity , the medieval period , and the modern period . The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early , High , and Late Middle Ages . The Sienese School ___MASK4___ painting flourished in ___MASK36___ , Italy between the 13th and 15th centuries and for a time rivaled Florence , though it was more conservative , being inclined towards the decorative beauty and elegant grace ___MASK4___ late Gothic art . Its most important representatives include Duccio , whose work shows Byzantine influence ; his pupil Simone Martini ; Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti ; Domenico and Taddeo di Bartolo ; Sassetta and Matteo di Giovanni . Unlike the naturalistic Florentine art , there is a mystical streak in Sienese art , characterized by a common focus on miraculous events , with less attention to proportions , distortions ___MASK4___ time and place , and often dreamlike coloration . In the 16th century the Mannerists Beccafumi and Il Sodoma worked there . While Baldassare Peruzzi was born and trained in ___MASK36___ , his major works and style reflect his long career in Rome . The economic and political decline ___MASK4___ ___MASK36___ by the 16th century , and its eventual subjugation by Florence , largely checked the development ___MASK4___ Sienese painting , although it also meant that a good proportion ___MASK4___ Sienese works in churches and public buildings were not discarded or destroyed by new paintings or rebuilding . ___MASK36___ remains a remarkably well - preserved Italian late - Medieval town . Taddeo di Bartolo ( c . 1363  26 August 1422 ), also known as Taddeo Bartoli , was an Italian painter ___MASK4___ the Sienese School during the early Renaissance . He is among the artists profiled in Vasari ' s biographies ___MASK4___ artists or " Vite ". Vasari claims he is the uncle ___MASK4___ Domenico di Bartolo . Ambrogio Lorenzetti ( or Ambruogio Laurati ) ( c . 1290  9 June 1348 ) was an exceptionally original Italian painter ___MASK4___ the Sienese school . He was active from approximately 1317 to 1348 . He painted " The Allegory ___MASK4___ Good and Bad Government " in the Sala dei Nove ( Salon ___MASK4___ Nine or Council Room ) in the Palazzo Pubblico ( or Town Hall ) ___MASK4___ ___MASK36___ . His elder brother was the painter Pietro Lorenzetti . A cultural movement is a change in the way a number ___MASK4___ different disciplines approach their work . This embodies all art forms , the sciences , and philosophies . Historically , different nations or regions ___MASK4___ the world have gone through their own independent sequence ___MASK4___ movements in culture , but as world communications have accelerated this geographical distinction has become less distinct . When cultural movements go through revolutions from one to the next , genres tend to get attacked and mixed up , and often new genres are generated and old ones fade . These changes are often reactions against the prior cultural form , which typically has grown stale and repetitive . An obsession emerges among the mainstream with the new movement , and the old one falls into neglect - sometimes it dies out entirely , but often it chugs along favored in a few disciplines and occasionally making reappearances ( sometimes prefixed with " neo -"). Painting is the practice ___MASK4___ applying paint , pigment , color or other medium to a solid surface ( support base ). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush , but other implements , such as knives , sponges , and airbrushes , can be used . Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part ___MASK4___ Eurasia . Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the ___MASK37___ to the west , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . To the east and southeast , Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides ___MASK4___ the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas , and the waterways ___MASK4___ the Turkish Straits . Yet the non - oceanic borders ___MASK4___ Europe  a concept dating back to classical antiquity  are arbitrary . The primarily physiographic term " continent " as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent ' s current overland boundaries .