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In geography , statistics and archaeology , a settlement , locality or populated place is a community in which people live . A settlement can range in size from a small number ___MASK80___ dwellings grouped together to the largest ___MASK80___ cities with surrounding urbanized areas . Settlements may include hamlets , villages , towns and cities . A settlement may have known historical properties such as the ___MASK9___ or era in which it was first settled , or first settled by a particular people . The Mediterranean Sea ( pronounced ) is a sea connected to the ___MASK90___ , surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land : on the north by Southern ___MASK34___ and ___MASK38___ , on the south by North Africa , and on the east by the Levant . The sea is sometimes considered a part of the ___MASK90___ , although it is usually identified as a separate body of water . Urbanism is the study ___MASK80___ the characteristic ways ___MASK80___ interaction ___MASK80___ inhabitants ___MASK80___ towns and cities ( urban areas ) with the built environment . It is a direct component ___MASK80___ disciplines such as urban planning ( the physical design and management ___MASK80___ urban structures ) and urban sociology ( the study ___MASK80___ urban life and culture ). However , in some contexts internationally Urbanism is synonymous with Urban Planning , and the Urbanist refers to a Urban Planner . Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes impacts on biophysical environments , biodiversity , and other resources . The term " anthropogenic " designates an effect or object resulting from human activity . The term was first used in the technical sense by Russian geologist Alexey Pavlov , and was first used in English by British ecologist Arthur Tansley in reference to human influences on climax plant communities . The atmospheric scientist ___MASK79___ Crutzen introduced the term " anthropocene " in the mid - 1970s . The term is sometimes used in the context of pollution emissions that are produced as a result of human activities but applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment . The natural environment encompasses all living and non - living things occurring naturally . The term is ___MASK1___ often applied to the Earth or some part of Earth . This environment encompasses the interaction of all living species , climate , weather , and natural resources that affect human survival and economic activity . ___MASK40___ , officially the Italian Republic , is a unitary parliamentary republic in ___MASK34___ . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , ___MASK40___ shares open land borders with ___MASK76___ , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . ___MASK40___ covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate ; due to its shape , it is often referred to in ___MASK40___ as " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). With 61 million inhabitants , it is the fourth ___MASK1___ populous EU member state . A village is a clustered human settlement or community , larger than a ___MASK96___ but smaller than a town , with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand . Though often located in rural areas , the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods . Villages are normally permanent , with fixed dwellings ; however , transient villages can occur . Further , the dwellings ___MASK80___ a village are fairly close to one another , not scattered broadly over the landscape , as a dispersed settlement . The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (" Penisola appenninica ") is the ___MASK56___ and the smallest ___MASK80___ the three large peninsulas ___MASK80___ Southern ___MASK34___ ( between the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula ). It extends from the ___MASK61___ Valley in the north to the ___MASK56___ Mediterranean Sea in the south . The peninsula ' s shape gives it the nickname " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). Three smaller peninsulas contribute to this characteristic shape , namely ___MASK51___ ( the " toe "), Salento ( the " heel ") and Gargano ( the " spur "). Urban anthropology is a subset ___MASK80___ anthropology concerned with issues ___MASK80___ urbanization , poverty , urban space , social relations , and neoliberalism . The field has become consolidated in the 1960s and 1970s . The ( plural : "") is a basic administrative division in ___MASK40___ , roughly equivalent to a township or municipality . ___MASK68___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK68___ ( Slovene : , abbr .: " RS "), is a nation state in southern Central ___MASK34___ , located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes . It is bordered by Italy to the ___MASK22___ , Austria to the north , ___MASK99___ to the northeast , ___MASK95___ to the south and southeast , and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest . It covers and has a population of 2 . 06 million . It is a parliamentary republic and a member of the United Nations , ___MASK71___ , and NATO . The capital and largest city is Ljubljana . ___MASK12___ , officially ___MASK12___ State or the State ___MASK80___ ___MASK12___ , is a walled enclave within the city ___MASK80___ Rome . With an area ___MASK80___ approximately 44 hectares ( 110 acres ), and a population ___MASK80___ 842 , it is the smallest State in the world by both area and population , but formally it is not sovereign , sovereignty being held by the Holy See , the only entity ___MASK80___ public international law that has diplomatic relations with almost every country in the world . Population density ( in agriculture : standing stock and standing crop ) is a measurement ___MASK80___ population per unit area or unit volume ; it is a quantity ___MASK80___ type number density . It is frequently applied to living organisms , and ___MASK1___ ___MASK80___ the ___MASK89___ to humans . It is a key geographical term . The ___MASK98___ of ___MASK51___ (" Università della ___MASK51___ ", UNICAL ) is a state - run university in Italy . Located in Arcavacata , a hamlet of ___MASK6___ in the suburb of Cosenza , the university was founded in 1972 . Among its founders there were Beniamino Andreatta , Giorgio Gagliani , Pietro Bucci and Paolo Sylos Labini . It currently has about 35 , 000 students , 800 teaching and research staff and about 700 administrative staff . ___MASK51___ (' in Calabrian , ' in Calabrian Greek , in Greek , ' in Arbëresh ), known in antiquity as Bruttium or formerly as Italia , is a region in Southern Italy , forming the " toe " of the Italian Peninsula . A municipality is usually a single urban administrative division having corporate status and powers ___MASK80___ self - government or jurisdiction as granted by national and state laws , to which it is subordinate . It is to be distinguished from the county , which may encompass rural territory and / or numerous small communities such as towns , villages and hamlets . The term " municipality " may also mean the governing or ruling body ___MASK80___ a given municipality . A municipality is a general - purpose administrative subdivision , as opposed to a special - purpose district . The term is derived from French " municipalité " and Latin " municipalis ". The Calabrian dialect ___MASK80___ Greek , or Greek - Bovesian , is the variety ___MASK80___ Italiot Greek used by the ethnic Griko people in ___MASK51___ , as opposed to the Italiot Greek dialect spoken in the Grecìa Salentina . Both are remnants ___MASK80___ the Ancient and Byzantine Greek colonization ___MASK80___ the region . They are frequently lumped together as " Italiot Greek " ( Katoitaliótika ), Grecanic or Griko , but they have different histories . In general , a ___MASK72___ or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities . The Health Resources and Services Administration of the U . S . Department of Health and Human Services defines the word " rural " as encompassing "... all population , housing , and territory not included within an urban area . Whatever is not urban is considered rural ." The world is the planet ___MASK83___ and all life upon it , including human civilization . In a philosophical context , the world is the whole ___MASK80___ the physical Universe , or an ontological world . In a theological context , the " world " is the material or the profane sphere , as opposed to the celestial , spiritual , transcendent or sacred . The " end ___MASK80___ the world " refers to scenarios ___MASK80___ the final end ___MASK80___ human history , often in religious contexts . ___MASK82___ is a city in the ___MASK51___ region of Southern Italy . The city proper has a population of 71 , 000 , while the urban area counts over 268 , 000 inhabitants . It is the capital of the ___MASK44___ , which has a population of around 735 , 000 . ___MASK65___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK65___ , also known as the ___MASK1___ Serene Republic of ___MASK65___ , is an enclaved microstate surrounded by Italy , situated on the Italian Peninsula on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains . Its size is just over , with a population of 33 , 562 . Its capital is the City of ___MASK65___ and its largest city is Dogana . ___MASK65___ has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe . Urban morphology is the study ___MASK80___ the form ___MASK80___ human settlements and the process ___MASK80___ their formation and transformation . The study seeks to understand the spatial structure and character ___MASK80___ a metropolitan area , city , town or village by examining the patterns ___MASK80___ its component parts and the pro \ , ownership or control and occupation . Typically , analysis ___MASK80___ physical form focuses on ___MASK75___ pattern , lot ( or , in the UK , plot ) pattern and building pattern , sometimes referred to collectively as urban grain . Analysis ___MASK80___ specific settlements is usually undertaken using cartographic sources and the process ___MASK80___ development is deduced from comparison ___MASK80___ historic maps . Special attention is given to how the physical form ___MASK80___ a city changes over ___MASK89___ and to how different cities compare to each other . Another significant part ___MASK80___ this subfield deals with the study ___MASK80___ the social forms which are expressed in the physical layout ___MASK80___ a city , and , conversely , how physical form produces or reproduces various social forms . A mediterranean climate or dry summer climate is the climate typical ___MASK80___ the lands in the Mediterranean Basin . The lands around the Mediterranean Sea form the largest area where this climate type is found , but it also is found in ___MASK1___ ___MASK80___ coastal California , in parts ___MASK80___ Western and ___MASK20___ , in southwestern South Africa , sections ___MASK80___ Central Asia , and in central Chile . A boot is a type ___MASK80___ footwear and a specific type ___MASK80___ shoe . ___MASK1___ boots mainly cover the foot and the ankle , while some also cover some part ___MASK80___ the lower calf . Some boots extend up the leg , sometimes as far as the knee or even the hip . ___MASK1___ boots have a heel that is clearly distinguishable from the rest ___MASK80___ the sole , even if the two are made ___MASK80___ one piece . Traditionally made ___MASK80___ leather or rubber , modern boots are made from a variety ___MASK80___ materials . Boots are worn both for their functionality  protecting the foot and leg from water , extreme cold , mud or hazards ( e . g ., work boots may protect wearers from chemicals or use a steel toe ) or providing additional ankle support for strenuous activities with added traction requirements ( e . g ., hiking )  and for reasons ___MASK80___ style and fashion . Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas , " the gradual increase in the proportion ___MASK80___ people living in urban areas ", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change . It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas . The United Nations projected that half ___MASK80___ the world ' s population would live in urban areas at the end ___MASK80___ 2008 . It is predicted that by 2050 about 64 % ___MASK80___ the developing world and 86 % ___MASK80___ the developed world will be urbanized . That is equivalent to approximately 3 billion urbanites by 2050 , much ___MASK80___ which will occur in Africa and Asia . Notably , the United Nations has also recently projected that nearly all global population growth from 2016 to 2030 will be absorbed by cities , about 1 . 1 billion new urbanites over the next 14 years . A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system ___MASK80___ government where the executive branch ( the government ) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature ( the parliament ). There are a number ___MASK80___ variations ___MASK80___ parliamentary republics . ___MASK1___ have a clear differentiation between the head ___MASK80___ government and the head ___MASK80___ state , with the head ___MASK80___ government holding real power , much like constitutional monarchies . Some have combined the roles ___MASK80___ head ___MASK80___ state and head ___MASK80___ government , much like presidential systems , but with a dependency upon parliamentary power . An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure ___MASK80___ built environment . Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities , towns , conurbations or suburbs . In urbanism , the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment . The creation ___MASK80___ early predecessors ___MASK80___ urban areas during the urban revolution led to the creation ___MASK80___ human civilization with modern urban planning , which along with other human activities such as exploitation ___MASK80___ natural resources leads to human impact on the environment . Southern ___MASK40___ or Mezzogiorno ( literally " midday ") is the traditional term for the southern regions ___MASK80___ ___MASK40___ , encompassing the southern section ___MASK80___ the continental Italian Peninsula , the island ___MASK80___ Sicily , and usually the island ___MASK80___ Sardinia . It generally coincides with the administrative regions ___MASK80___ Abruzzo , ___MASK54___ , Basilicata , Campania , ___MASK51___ , Molise , Sicily , and Sardinia . Some also include the most southern and eastern parts ___MASK80___ Lazio ( Sora , Cassino , Gaeta , Cittaducale and Amatrice districts ) within the " Mezzogiorno ", because these territories were also part ___MASK80___ the Kingdom ___MASK80___ the Two Sicilies . The island ___MASK80___ Sardinia , although for cultural and historical reasons having less in common with the aforementioned regions , is frequently included as Southern ___MASK40___ or " Mezzogiorno ", often for statistical and economical purposes . The ___MASK44___ is a province in the Calabria region of Italy . Its provincial capital is the city of Cosenza . It contains 155 " comuni " (" comune "), listed at comunes of the ___MASK44___ . A conurbation is a region comprising a number ___MASK80___ cities , large towns , and other urban areas that , through population growth and physical expansion , have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area . In ___MASK1___ cases , a conurbation is a polycentric urbanised area , in which transportation has developed to link areas to create a single urban labour market or travel to work area . An administrative division , unit , entity , area or region , also referred to as a subnational entity , constituent unit , or country subdivision , is a portion ___MASK80___ a country or other region delineated for the purpose ___MASK80___ administration . Administrative divisions are granted a certain degree ___MASK80___ autonomy and are usually required to manage themselves through their own local governments . Countries are divided up into these smaller units to make managing their land and the affairs ___MASK80___ their people easier . For example , a country may be divided into provinces , which , in turn , are divided into counties , which , in turn , may be divided in whole or in part into municipalities ; and so on . A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city . The size definition for what constitutes a " town " varies considerably in different parts ___MASK80___ the world . ___MASK76___ , officially the French Republic , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of ___MASK76___ extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the ___MASK29___ to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas ___MASK76___ include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and ___MASK63___ oceans . ___MASK76___ spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi - presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country ' s largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux . The euro ( sign : €; code : EUR ) is the official currency ___MASK80___ the eurozone , which consists ___MASK80___ 19 ___MASK80___ the member states ___MASK80___ the ___MASK71___ : Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Spain . The currency is also officially used by the institutions ___MASK80___ the ___MASK71___ and four other European countries , as well as unilaterally by two others , and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside ___MASK80___ Europe , a number ___MASK80___ overseas territories ___MASK80___ EU members also use the euro as their currency . Infrastructure refers to structures , systems , and facilities serving the economy ___MASK80___ a business , industry , country , city , town , or area , including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function . In social science , the term built environment refers to the man - made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity , ranging in scale from buildings and parks . It has been defined as " the humanitarian - made space in which people live , work , and recreate on a day - to - day basis ." The " built environment encompasses places and spaces created or modified by people including buildings , parks , and transportation systems ." In recent years , public health research has expanded the definition ___MASK80___ " built environment " to include healthy food access , community gardens , mental health , " walkability " and " bikeability ." The word township is used to refer to various kinds ___MASK80___ settlements in different countries . While a " township " may be associated with an urban area , there are many exceptions to this rule . In ___MASK77___ , Canada , and the United States , they may be settlements too small to be considered urban . ___MASK77___ . In ___MASK77___ , the designation ___MASK80___ " township " traditionally refers to a small town or a small community in a rural district ; such a place in Britain might qualify as a village or a hamlet . The term refers purely to the settlement ; it does not refer to a unit ___MASK80___ government ; townships are governed as part ___MASK80___ a larger ( e . g ., shire or city ) council . ___MASK66___ , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic in ___MASK34___ . It consists of 26 cantons , and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities . The country is situated in Western - Central ___MASK34___ , and is bordered by Italy to the south , ___MASK76___ to the west , ___MASK97___ to the north , and Austria and ___MASK67___ to the east . ___MASK66___ is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps , the Swiss Plateau and the ___MASK25___ , spanning an area of . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are to be found : among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva . The exploitation ___MASK80___ natural resources is the use ___MASK80___ natural resources for economic growth , sometimes with a negative connotation ___MASK80___ accompanying environmental degradation . It started to emerge on an industrial scale in the 19th century as the extraction and processing ___MASK80___ raw materials ( such as in mining , steam power , and machinery ) developed much further than it had in preindustrial eras . During the 20th century , energy consumption rapidly increased . Today , about 80 % ___MASK80___ the world  s energy consumption is sustained by the extraction ___MASK80___ fossil fuels , which consists ___MASK80___ oil , coal and gas . Another non - renewable resource that is exploited by humans is subsoil minerals such as precious metals that are mainly used in the production ___MASK80___ industrial commodities . Intensive agriculture is an example ___MASK80___ a mode ___MASK80___ production that hinders many aspects ___MASK80___ the natural environment , for example the degradation ___MASK80___ forests in a terrestrial ecosystem and water pollution in an aquatic ecosystem . As the world population rises and economic growth occurs , the depletion ___MASK80___ natural resources influenced by the unsustainable extraction ___MASK80___ raw materials becomes an increasing concern . Urban sociology is the sociological study ___MASK80___ life and human interaction in metropolitan areas . It is a normative discipline ___MASK80___ sociology seeking to study the structures , processes , changes and problems ___MASK80___ an urban area and by doing so provide inputs for urban planning and policy making . In other words , it is the sociological study ___MASK80___ cities and their role in the development ___MASK80___ society . Like ___MASK1___ areas ___MASK80___ sociology , urban sociologists use statistical analysis , observation , social theory , interviews , and other methods to study a range ___MASK80___ topics , including migration and demographic trends , economics , poverty , race relations and economic trends . A civilization , or civilisation ( see spelling differences ), is any complex society characterized by urban development , social stratification , symbolic communication forms ( typically , writing systems ), and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment by a cultural elite . Civilizations are intimately associated with and often further defined by other socio - politico - economic characteristics , including centralization , the domestication ___MASK80___ both humans and other organisms , specialization ___MASK80___ labour , culturally ingrained ideologies ___MASK80___ progress and supremacism , monumental architecture , taxation , societal dependence upon farming as an agricultural practice , and expansionism . ___MASK6___ is a town and comune in Calabria , southern Italy , home to the headquarters of the University of Calabria . It has a population of about 35 , 000 , or more than 60 , 000 if the university students living there are taken into account . It is divided in two parts : the old town , which is stands on a high hill , and the modern area , on level ground , which is part of the urban area of Cosenza and is the centre of the city ' s economy .