conflict kazimierz cichowski
Kielce Voivodeship is a former unit of administrative division and the local government in Poland . It was originally formed during Poland ' s return to independence in the aftermath of ___MASK98___ One , and recreated within the new Polish borders after the defeat of Nazi Germany in ___MASK98___ Two . ___MASK98___ I also had the effect of bringing political transformation to most of the principal parties involved in the conflict , transforming them into electoral democracies by bringing near - universal suffrage for the first time in history , such as Germany ( German federal election , 1919 ), the United Kingdom ( United Kingdom general election , 1918 ), and Turkey ( Turkish general election , 1923 ). The Free City of Danzig was a semi - autonomous city - state that existed between 1920 and 1939 , consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig ( now Gdask , Poland ) and nearly 200 towns in the surrounding areas . It was created on 15 November 1920 in accordance with the terms of Article 100 ( Section XI of Part III ) of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles after the end of ___MASK98___ I . The Great Purge or the Great Terror was a campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union which occurred from 1936 to 1938 . It involved a large - scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials , repression of peasants and the Red Army leadership , and widespread police surveillance , suspicion of " saboteurs ", imprisonment , and arbitrary executions . In Russian historiography , the period of the most intense purge , 1937  1938 , is called Yezhovshchina ( literally , " Yezhov phenomenon ", commonly translated as " times of Yezhov " or " doings of Yezhov "), after Nikolai Yezhov , the head of the Soviet secret police , NKVD . It has been estimated between 600 , 000 and 3 million people died at the hands of the Soviet government during the Purge . Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov or Ezhov (; May 1 , 1895  February 4 , 1940 ) was a Soviet secret police official under Joseph Stalin . He was head of the NKVD from 1936 to 1938 , during the most deadly period of Stalin ' s Great Purge . His time in office is known as the "" Yezhovshchina "", a term coined during the de - Stalinization campaign of the 1950s . After presiding over mass arrests and executions during the Great Purge , Yezhov became a victim of it himself . He was arrested , confessed under torture to a range of anti - Soviet activity , and was executed in 1940 . By the beginning of ___MASK98___ II , his status within the Soviet Union became that of a political unperson . Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945 , when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ). Under Hitler ' s rule , Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over nearly all aspects of life . The official name of the state was " Deutsches Reich " from 1933 to 1943 and " Großdeutsches Reich " (" Greater German Reich ") from 1943 to 1945 . The period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period ( abbreviated as " NS - Zeit "). The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945 , ending ___MASK98___ II in Europe . The ___MASK55___ , widely known in Spain simply as The Civil War or The War , took place from 1936 to 1939 and was fought between the Republicans , who were loyal to the democratic , left - leaning and a relatively urban Second Spanish Republic in an alliance of convenience with the Anarchists , versus the Nationalists , a falangist , Carlist and a largely aristocratic conservative group led by General Francisco Franco . Although the war is often portrayed as a struggle between democracy and fascism , some historians consider it more accurately described as a struggle between leftist revolution and rightist counterrevolution . Ultimately , the Nationalists won , and Franco then ruled Spain for the next 36 years , from April 1939 until his death in November 1975 . Kazimierz Cichowski ( Russian : Kazimir Tsikhovsky ,    ) ( 7 December 1887 , Ostrowiec witokrzyski - 29 October 1937 ) was a Polish - Soviet communist activist and politician . Cichowski joined the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania in 1907 . During the Russian Revolution , he joined the Bolshevik party and from November 1917 he was the deputy Commissar for Polish affairs of the Central Executive Committee of the Lithuanian -- Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( LitBel ) , where he soon advanced to more prominent positions ( Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets ) . After the end of the Polish - Soviet War in 1921 , which saw the dissolution of LitBel , he became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Western Ukraine , operating in the Second Polish Republic . In 1923 - 1925 , Cichowski was imprisoned by the Polish authorities ; after release , he joined the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Poland , becoming a member of its Secretariat and the Political Bureau . In September 1932 , he went to the USSR where he began working in the Comintern ( ECCI ) . Around January -- July 1937 , he was in Spain where he was head of the Cadres Department of the International Brigades headquarters . In August 1937 , Cichowski was recalled to Moscow , arrested in October during the Great Purge , convicted and shot . Ostrowiec witokrzyski is a town in south - central Poland ( historic province of Lesser Poland ) with 74 , 211 inhabitants ( 2006 ). The main industry is metallurgy . Ostrowiec is the capital city of Ostrowiec witokrzyski County , part of witokrzyskie Voivodeship ( since 1999 ), previously it belonged to Kielce Voivodeship ( 1975  1998 ). It received town charter in 1613 . Secret police ( sometimes called political police ) are intelligence services or police and law enforcement agencies which operate in ___MASK80___ . Therefore , they have little to no transparency , accountability or oversight . A secret police organization is often used beyond the law by totalitarian states to protect the political power of an individual dictator or an authoritarian ( autocratic ) political regime . The Workers ' and Peasants ' Red Army (: RKKA , frequently shortened in Russian to ; KA , in English : Red Army also in critical literature and folklore of that epoch - Red Horde , Army of Work ) was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , and after 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . The army was established immediately after the 1917 October Revolution ( Red October or Bolshevik Revolution ). The Bolsheviks raised an army to oppose the military confederations ( especially the various groups collectively known as the White Army ) of their adversaries during the ___MASK86___ . Beginning in February 1946 , the Red Army , along with the Soviet Navy , embodied the main component of the Soviet Armed Forces ; taking the official name of " Soviet Army ", until its dissolution in December 1991 . The Second Polish Republic , also known as the Second Commonwealth of Poland or interwar Poland , refers to the country of Poland between the First and Second World Wars ( 1918  1939 ). Officially known as the Republic of Poland or the Commonwealth of Poland , the Polish state was recreated in 1918 , in the aftermath of ___MASK98___ I . When , after several regional conflicts , the borders of the state were fixed in 1922 , Poland ' s neighbours were Czechoslovakia , Germany , the Free City of Danzig , Lithuania , Latvia , Romania and the Soviet Union . It had access to the Baltic Sea via a short strip of coastline either side of the city of Gdynia . Between March and August 1939 , Poland also shared a border with the then - Hungarian governorate of Subcarpathia . Despite internal and external pressures , it continued to exist until 1939 , when Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany , the Soviet Union and the Slovak Republic , marking the beginning of ___MASK98___ II in Europe . The Second Republic was significantly different in territory to the current Polish state . It included substantially more territory in the east and less in the west . The International Brigades were paramilitary units set up by the Communist International to assist the Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic during the ___MASK55___ . The organisation existed for two years , from 1936 until 1938 . It is estimated that during the entire war , between 32 , 000 and 35 , 000 members served in the International Brigades , including 15 , 000 who died in combat ; however there was never more than 20 , 000 brigade members present on the front line at one time . The Second Spanish Republic ( in Spanish : " Segunda República Española ") was the republican regime that existed in Spain from 1931 to 1939 , preceded by the Restoration and followed by Francoist Spain after the ___MASK55___ . The Communist International , abbreviated as Comintern and also known as the Third International ( 1919  1943 ), was an international communist organization that advocated world communism . The International intended to fight " by all available means , including armed force , for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international ___MASK32___ as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State ."