genre i masnadieri
Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi ( 9 or 10 October 1813  27 January 1901 ) was an Italian ___MASK54___ composer . A ___MASK47___ is the text used in , or intended for , an extended ___MASK13___ work such as an opera , operetta , masque , oratorio , ___MASK42___ or ___MASK13___ . The term " ___MASK47___ " is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works , such as the Mass , requiem and sacred ___MASK42___ , or the story line of a ___MASK87___ . The masque was a form of festive courtly ___MASK75___ that flourished in 16th - and early 17th - century Europe , though it was developed earlier in Italy , in forms including the intermedio ( a public version of the masque was the pageant ). A masque involved music and dancing , singing and acting , within an elaborate stage ___MASK4___ , in which the architectural framing and costumes might be designed by a renowned architect , to present a deferential ___MASK57___ flattering to the patron . Professional actors and musicians were hired for the speaking and singing parts . Often the masquers , who did not speak or sing , were courtiers : the English queen Anne of Denmark frequently danced with her ladies in masques between 1603 and 1611 , and Henry VIII and Charles I of England performed in the masques at their courts . In the tradition of masque , Louis XIV of France danced in ballets at Versailles with music by Jean - Baptiste Lully . A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or ___MASK77___ with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past . Common examples include holidays or impractical but socially meaningful clothes ( like lawyers ' wigs or military officers ' spurs ), but the idea has also been applied to social norms such as greetings . Traditions can persist and evolve for thousands of years  the word " tradition " itself derives from the Latin " tradere " or " traderer " literally meaning to transmit , to hand over , to give for safekeeping . While it is commonly assumed that traditions have ancient history , many traditions have been invented on purpose , whether that be political or cultural , over short periods of time . Various academic disciplines also use the word in a variety of ways . ___MASK13___ theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs , spoken dialogue , acting , and dance . The story and emotional content of a ___MASK13___  humor , pathos , love , anger  are communicated through the words , music , movement and technical aspects of the entertainment as an integrated whole . Although ___MASK13___ theatre overlaps with other theatrical forms like opera and dance , it may be distinguished by the equal importance given to the music as compared with the dialogue , movement and other elements . Since the early 20th century , ___MASK13___ theatre stage works have generally been called , simply , musicals . A ___MASK13___ ensemble , also known as a music group or ___MASK13___ group , is a group of people who perform instrumental and / or ___MASK5___ , with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name . Some music ensembles consist solely of instruments , such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra . Some music ensembles consist solely of singers , such as choirs and doo wop groups . In both popular music and classical music , there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform , such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo ( harpsichord and cello ) and one or more singers . In classical music , trios or quartets either blend the sounds of ___MASK13___ instrument families ( such as piano , strings , and wind instruments ) or group together instruments from the same instrument family , such as string ensembles ( e . g ., string quartet ) or wind ensembles ( e . g ., wind quintet ). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families , such as the orchestra , which uses a string section , brass instruments , woodwinds and percussion instruments , or the concert band , which uses brass , woodwinds and percussion . I masnadieri ( The Bandits or The Robbers ) is an ___MASK54___ in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian ___MASK47___ by Andrea Maffei , based on Die Räuber by Friedrich von Schiller . As Verdi became more successful in Italy , he began to receive offers from other ___MASK54___ houses outside the country . The London impresario Benjamin Lumley had presented Ernani in 1845 and , as a result of its success , commissioned an ___MASK54___ from the composer which became I masnadieri . It was given its first performance at Her Majesty ' s Theatre on 22 July 1847 with Verdi conducting the first two performances . While reasonably successful there and in Italy up to the mid - 1860s , the ___MASK54___ disappeared for about 90 years until revived in 1951 . It has been revived from time to time in the 21st century . In Italy , the Iaurea is the main post - secondary academic degree . The name originally referred literally to the laurel wreath , since ancient times a sign of honor and now often worn by Italian students right after their official graduation ceremony and sometimes during the graduation ___MASK43___ . A graduate is known as a " laureato ", literally " crowned with laurel ." Andrea Maffei ( 1798  1885 ) was an Italian ___MASK36___ , translator and librettist . He was born in Molina di Ledro , Trentino . A follower of Vincenzo Monti , he formed part of the 19th - century Italian classicist literary culture . Gaining laurea in jurisprudence , he moved for some years to Verona , then to Venice and finally to Milan , where in 1831 he married contessa Clara Spinelli . They separated by mutual consent on 15 June 1846 . Theatre or ___MASK31___ is a collaborative form of fine ___MASK81___ that uses live performers , typically actors or actresses , to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place , often a stage . The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture , speech , ___MASK11___ , music , and dance . Elements of ___MASK81___ , such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality , presence and immediacy of the experience . The specific place of the performance is also named by the word " theatre " as derived from the Ancient Greek  ( théatron , " a place for viewing "), itself from  ( theáomai , " to see ", " to watch ", " to observe "). Her Majesty ' s Theatre is a West End theatre situated on Haymarket in the City of Westminster , London . The present building was designed by Charles J . Phipps and was constructed in 1897 for actor - manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree , who established the Royal Academy of ___MASK59___ ___MASK81___ at the theatre . In the early decades of the 20th century , Tree produced spectacular productions of Shakespeare and other classical works , and the theatre hosted premieres by major playwrights such as George Bernard Shaw , J . M . Synge , Noël Coward and J . B . Priestley . Since the First World War , the wide stage has made the theatre suitable for large - scale ___MASK13___ productions , and the theatre has specialised in hosting musicals . The theatre has been home to record - setting ___MASK13___ theatre runs , notably the First World War sensation " Chu Chin Chow " and the current production , Andrew Lloyd Webber ' s " The Phantom of the Opera ", which has played continuously at Her Majesty ' s since 1986 . Chu Chin Chow is a ___MASK13___ comedy written , produced and directed by Oscar Asche , with music by Frederic Norton , based ( with minor embellishments ) on the story of " Ali Baba and the 40 Thieves ". The piece premièred at His Majesty ' s Theatre in London on 3 August 1916 and ran for five years and a total of 2 , 238 performances ( more than twice as many as any previous ___MASK13___ ), an astonishing record that stood for nearly forty years until " Salad Days ". The show ' s first American production in New York , with additional lyrics by Arthur Anderson , played for 208 performances in 1917  1918 , starring Tyrone Power . It subsequently had successful seasons elsewhere in America and Australia , including in 1919 , 1920 , 1921 and 1922 . Benjamin Lumley , ___MASK54___ manager and solicitor , was born Benjamin Levy , in 1811 , the son of a Jewish merchant Louis Levy , and died 17 March 1875 in London . An ___MASK62___ is a large ___MASK13___ composition for orchestra , choir , and soloists . Like an opera , an ___MASK62___ includes the use of a choir , soloists , an ensemble , various distinguishable characters , and arias . However , opera is ___MASK13___ theatre , while ___MASK62___ is strictly a concert piece  though oratorios are sometimes staged as operas , and operas are sometimes presented in concert form . In an ___MASK62___ there is generally little or no interaction between the characters , and no props or elaborate costumes . A particularly important difference is in the typical subject matter of the text . Opera tends to deal with history and mythology , including age - old devices of romance , deception , and murder , whereas the plot of an ___MASK62___ often deals with sacred topics , making it appropriate for performance in the church . Protestant composers took their stories from the Bible , while Catholic composers looked to the lives of saints , as well as to Biblical topics . Oratorios became extremely popular in early 17th - century Italy partly because of the success of opera and the Catholic Church ' s prohibition of spectacles during Lent . Oratorios became the main choice of music during that period for opera audiences . Francesco Maria Piave ( 18 May 1810  5 ___MASK14___ 1876 ) was an Italian ___MASK54___ librettist who was born in Murano in the lagoon of Venice , during the brief Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy . Ernani is an operatic " dramma lirico " in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian ___MASK47___ by Francesco Maria Piave , based on the ___MASK89___ " Hernani " by Victor Hugo . Though a committed royalist when he was young , Hugo ' s views changed as the decades passed , and he became a passionate supporter of republicanism ; his work touches upon most of the political and social issues and the artistic trends of his time . He is buried in the in Paris . His legacy has been honoured in many ways , including his ___MASK97___ being placed on French currency . George Bernard Shaw ( 26 July 1856  2 November 1950 ), known at his insistence simply as Bernard Shaw , was an Irish playwright , critic , and polemicist whose influence on ___MASK30___ theatre , culture , and politics extended from the 1880s to his death and beyond . He wrote more than sixty plays , including major works such as " Man and Superman " ( 1903 ), " Pygmalion " ( 1913 ), and " Saint Joan " ( 1923 ). With a range incorporating both contemporary satire and historical allegory , Shaw became the leading dramatist of his generation , and in 1925 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature . A Requiem or Requiem ___MASK22___ , also known as ___MASK22___ for the dead ( Latin : " Missa pro defunctis ") or ___MASK22___ of the dead ( Latin : " Missa defunctorum "), is a ___MASK22___ in the Catholic Church offered for the repose of the soul or souls of one or more deceased persons , using a particular form of the Roman Missal . It is frequently , but not necessarily , celebrated in the context of a funeral . An ___MASK54___ house is a theatre building used for ___MASK54___ performances that consists of a stage , an ___MASK96___ pit , audience seating , and backstage facilities for costumes and set building . While some venues are constructed specifically for operas , other ___MASK54___ houses are part of larger performing arts centers . ___MASK87___ is a type of performance dance that originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th century and later developed into a concert dance form in France and Russia . It has since become a widespread , highly technical form of dance with its own vocabulary based on French terminology . It has been globally influential and has defined the foundational techniques used in many other dance genres . Becoming a ___MASK87___ dancer requires years of training . ___MASK87___ has been taught in various schools around the world , which have historically incorporated their own cultures to evolve the art . A musician ( or instrumentalist ) is a person who plays a ___MASK13___ instrument or is musically talented . Anyone who composes , conducts , or performs music may also be referred to as a musician . ___MASK40___ is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance . The term comes from a Greek word meaning " action " ( Classical Greek : , " ___MASK40___ "), which is derived from " to do " ( Classical Greek : , " drao "). The two masks associated with ___MASK40___ represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy . They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses , Thalia , and Melpomene . Thalia was the Muse of comedy ( the laughing face ), while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy ( the weeping face ). Considered as a genre of poetry in general , the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle ' s " Poetics " ( c . 335 BCE ) the earliest work of dramatic theory . MILAN (" milan ( e )" is French for kite ) is a European anti - tank guided missile . ___MASK4___ of the MILAN started in 1962 , it was ready for trials in 1971 , and was accepted for service in 1972 . It is a wire guided SACLOS ( semi - automatic command to line - of - sight ) missile , which means the sight of the launch unit has to be aimed at the target to guide the missile . The MILAN can be equipped with a MIRA or MILIS thermal sight to give it night - firing ability . A ___MASK42___ ( literally " sung ", past participle feminine singular of the Italian verb " cantare ", " to sing ") is a vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment , typically in several movements , often involving a choir . Acting is an activity in which a story is told by means of its enactment by an actor or actress who adopts a character  in theatre , ___MASK92___ , film , ___MASK29___ , or any other medium that makes use of the mimetic mode . The Royal Academy of ___MASK59___ ___MASK81___ ( RADA ) is a ___MASK40___ school in London , England . It is one of the oldest ___MASK40___ schools in the United Kingdom , founded in 1904 by Herbert Beerbohm Tree . An ___MASK96___ is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music , which features string instruments such as violin , viola , cello and double bass , as well as brass , woodwinds , and percussion instruments , grouped in sections . Other instruments such as the piano and celesta may sometimes appear in a fifth keyboard section or may stand alone , as may the concert harp and , for performances of some modern compositions , electronic instruments . ___MASK73___ is a genre of light opera , " light " in terms both of music and subject matter . Sir Noël Peirce Coward ( 16 December 189926 ___MASK14___ 1973 ) was an English playwright , composer , director , actor and singer , known for his wit , flamboyance , and what " Time " ___MASK68___ called " a sense of personal style , a combination of cheek and chic , pose and poise ". Costume is the distinctive style of dress of an individual or group that reflects their class , ___MASK56___ , profession , ethnicity , nationality , activity or epoch . ___MASK58___ is a performance ___MASK81___ form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement . This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value , and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture . ___MASK58___ can be categorized and described by its choreography , by its repertoire of movements , or by its historical period or place of origin . Vincenzo Monti ( February 19 , 1754  October 13 , 1828 ) was an Italian ___MASK36___ , playwright , translator , and scholar . The Trentino or autonomous province of Trento is an autonomous province of Italy , in the ___MASK71___ ' s far north . Trentino is , along with South Tyrol , one of the two provinces making up the region of Trentino - Alto Adige / Südtirol , which is designated an autonomous region under the constitution . The province is divided into 178 " comuni " ( municipalities ). Its capital is the city of Trento . The province covers an area of more than , with a total population of about 500 , 000 . Trentino is renowned for its mountains , such as the Dolomites , which are part of the Alps . ___MASK54___ ( English plural : " operas "; Italian plural : " opere " ) is an ___MASK81___ form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text ( libretto ) and ___MASK13___ score , usually in a theatrical setting . In traditional opera , singers do two types of singing : recitative , a speech - inflected style and arias , a more melodic style . ___MASK54___ incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre , such as acting , scenery , and costumes and sometimes includes dance . The performance is typically given in an opera house , accompanied by an orchestra or smaller ___MASK13___ ensemble , which since the early 19th century has been led by a conductor . Recitative ( also known by its Italian name " recitativo ") is a style of delivery ( much used in operas , oratorios , and cantatas ) in which a singer is allowed to adopt the rhythms of ordinary speech . Recitative does not repeat lines as formally composed songs do . It resembles sung ordinary speech more than a formal ___MASK13___ composition . Verona ( Venetian : " Verona ", " Veròna ") is a city on the Adige river in Veneto , northern Italy , with approximately 265 , 000 inhabitants and one of the seven provincial capitals of the region . It is the second largest city municipality in the region and the third largest in northeast Italy . The metropolitan area of Verona covers an area of and has a population of 714 , 274 inhabitants . It is one of the main tourist destinations in northern Italy , owing to its artistic heritage , several annual fairs , shows , and operas , such as the lyrical season in the ___MASK53___ , the ancient amphitheatre built by the Romans . Andrew Lloyd Webber , Baron Lloyd - Webber ( born 22 ___MASK14___ 1948 ) is an English composer and impresario of ___MASK13___ theatre . Several of his musicals have run for more than a decade both in the West End and on Broadway . He has composed 13 musicals , a song cycle , a set of variations , two film scores , and a Latin Requiem Mass . Several of his songs have been widely recorded and were hits outside of their parent musicals , notably " The Music of the Night " from " The Phantom of the Opera ", " I Don ' t Know How to Love Him " from " Jesus Christ Superstar ", " Don ' t Cry for Me , Argentina " and " You Must Love Me " from " Evita ", " Any Dream Will Do " from " Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat " and " Memory " from " Cats ". In 2001 the " New York Times " referred to him as " the most commercially successful composer in history ". Ranked the " fifth most powerful person in British culture " by " The Telegraph " in 2008 , the lyricist Don Black stated " Andrew more or less single - handedly reinvented the ___MASK13___ ." An aria ( plural : " arie " , or " arias " in common usage , diminutive form arietta or ariette ) in ___MASK74___ was originally any expressive melody , usually , but not always , performed by a singer . The term became used almost exclusively to describe a self - contained piece for one voice , with or without orchestral accompaniment , normally part of a larger work . The typical context for arias is ___MASK54___ , but vocal arias also feature in oratorios and cantatas , sharing features of the operatic arias of their periods . Jurisprudence is the ___MASK67___ , study , and theory of law . It includes principles behind law that make the law . Scholars of jurisprudence , also known as jurists or legal theorists ( including legal philosophers and social theorists of law ), hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the ___MASK16___ of law , of legal reasoning , legal systems , and of legal institutions . Modern jurisprudence began in the 18th century and was focused on the first principles of the natural law , civil law , and the law of nations . General jurisprudence can be divided into categories both by the type of question scholars seek to answer and by the theories of jurisprudence , or schools of thought , regarding how those questions are best answered . Contemporary philosophy of law , which deals with general jurisprudence , addresses problems in two rough groups :