country_of_citizenship al-fadl ibn sahl
The ___MASK63___ , also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire , was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages , when its capital city was Constantinople ( modern - day Istanbul , which had been founded as Byzantium ). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the ___MASK34___ in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 . During most of its existence , the empire was the most powerful economic , cultural , and military force in Europe . Both " ___MASK63___ " and " Eastern Roman Empire " are historiographical terms created after the end of the ___MASK49___ ; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the " Roman Empire " ( tr . ), or " Romania ", and to themselves as " Romans ". ___MASK88___ ( '), officially the Federal Republic of ___MASK88___ , is a country located in the Horn of Africa . It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west , Djibouti to the northwest , the Gulf of Aden to the north , the Indian Ocean to the east , and Kenya to the southwest . ___MASK88___ has the longest coastline on Africa ' s mainland , and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus , plains and highlands . Climatically , hot conditions prevail year - round , with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall . A regnal name , or reign name , is a name used by some monarchs and popes during their reigns , and used subsequently to refer to them . The term is simply the adjective " regnal ", of or relating to a reign , monarch , or kingdom , modifying " name ". Since ancient times , monarchs have frequently , but not always , chosen to use a different name from their original name when they accede to the monarchy . The regnal name is usually followed by a regnal number ( ordinal ), usually written as a Roman numeral ( VI rather than 6 ), to provide a unique identification for that monarch among other monarchs of that ___MASK49___ . In some cases , the monarch has more than one regnal name , but the regnal number is based on only one of those names , for example Charles X Gustav of Sweden , George Tupou V of Tonga . If a monarch reigns in more than one ___MASK49___ , he or she may carry different ordinals in each one , as they are each assigned chronologically , and some realms may have had different numbers of rulers of the same regnal name previously . For example , the same person was both King James I of England ( along with Ireland ) and King James VI of Scotland . ___MASK21___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK21___ , is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community ( EAC ). Its capital and largest city is Nairobi . ___MASK21___ ' s territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana ( formerly called Lake Rudolf ) and further south - east to the Indian Ocean . It is bordered by ___MASK57___ to the south and southwest , ___MASK8___ to the west , ___MASK62___ to the north - west , Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north - east . ___MASK21___ covers , and had a population of approximately 45 million people in July 2014 . ___MASK15___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK15___ , is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia . It is a unitary , constitutional , presidential republic , comprising twelve provinces , one autonomous republic and a capital city . ___MASK15___ is bordered by five landlocked countries : ___MASK81___ to the north ; Tajikistan to the southeast ; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast ; Afghanistan to the south ; and Turkmenistan to the southwest . ___MASK27___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK27___ (" Bhrat Gaarjya "), is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh - largest country by area , the second - most populous country ( with over 1 . 2 billion people ), and the most populous democracy in the world . It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast . It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; ___MASK98___ , Nepal , and Bhutan to the northeast ; and Myanmar ( Burma ) and Bangladesh to the east . In the Indian Ocean , ___MASK27___ is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives . ___MASK27___ ' s Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Its capital is New Delhi ; other metropolises include Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai , Bangalore , Hyderabad and Ahmedabad . A vizier ( rarely ; In modern usage , the term has been used for ministers in the ___MASK24___ world , ___MASK17___ , ___MASK16___ , East Africa ( Kenya , Tanzania and ___MASK88___ ) Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , Tajikistan and ___MASK15___ . ___MASK42___ ( Pashto / Dari : , " Afnistn "), officially the Islamic ___MASK11___ , is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia . It has a population of approximately 32 million , making it the 42nd most populous country in the world . It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east ; Iran in the west ; Turkmenistan , ___MASK15___ , and Tajikistan in the north ; and ___MASK98___ in the far northeast . Its territory covers , making it the 41st largest country in the world . Muhammad ibn Harun al - Rashid , better known by his regnal name of al - Amin ( April 787  24 / 25 September 813 ), was the sixth Abbasid Caliph . He succeeded his father , Harun al - Rashid in 809 and ruled until he was deposed and killed in 813 , during the civil war with his brother , al - Ma ' mun . Harun al - Rashid (, " Hrn Ar - Rašd "; in English : Aaron the Just , 17 March 763 or February 766  24 March 809 ( 148 - 193 Hijri ) was the fifth Abbasid Caliph . His birth date is debated , with various sources giving dates from 763 to 766 . His surname translates to " the Just ", " the Upright ", or " the Rightly - Guided "; fully translated , his name means " Aaron the Just ". Al - Rashid ruled from 786 to 809 , during the peak of the Islamic Golden Age . His time was marked by scientific , cultural , and religious prosperity . Islamic art and music also flourished significantly during his reign . He established the legendary library Bayt al - Hikma (" House of Wisdom ") in Baghdad in present - day ___MASK100___ , and during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a center of knowledge , culture and trade . During his rule , the family of Barmakids , which played a deciding role in establishing the ___MASK56___ , declined gradually . In 796 , he moved his court and government to Ar - Raqqah in present - day Syria . ___MASK17___ (, also , ; ' ), also known as Persia , officially the Islamic Republic of ___MASK17___ (' ), is a sovereign state in Western Asia . It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia , the " de facto " Nagorno - Karabakh Republic , and ___MASK5___ ; to the north by the Caspian Sea ; to the northeast by Turkmenistan ; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan ; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman ; and to the west by ___MASK16___ and Iraq . Comprising a land area of , it is the second - largest country in the Middle East and the 18th - largest in the world . With 82 . 8 million inhabitants , ___MASK17___ is the world ' s 17th - most - populous country . It is the only country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline . The country ' s central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , make it of great geostrategic importance . Tehran is the country ' s capital and largest city , as well as its leading economic center . ___MASK57___ , officially the United Republic of ___MASK57___ , is a country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region . Parts of the country are in Southern Africa . It is bordered by Kenya and ___MASK8___ to the north ; Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Zambia , Malawi , and Mozambique to the south ; and by the Indian Ocean to the east . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa ' s highest mountain , is in northeastern ___MASK57___ . Ab Jafar Abdullh al - Ma ' mn ibn Hrn al - Rashd ( September 786  9 August 833 ) was the seventh Abbasid caliph , who reigned from 813 until his death in 833 . He succeeded his brother al - Amin after a civil war , and was also known for his role in the Mu ' tazilism controversy , and the resumption of large - scale warfare with the ___MASK63___ . Abu l - Abbas al - Fadl ibn Sahl ibn Zadhanfarukh al - Sarakhsi ( Arabic :          ; Abu '' l - Abbs al - Fal b . Sahl b . Zdnfarr as - Saras , died 818 ) , titled Dhu ' l - Ri ' satayn ( `` the man of the two commands '' ) , was a famous Persian vizier of the Abbasid era in Khurasan , who served under Caliph al - Ma ' mun ( r . 813 -- 832 ) . He played a crucial role in the civil war between al - Ma ' mun and his brother al - Amin ( r . 809 -- 813 ) , and was the de facto ruler of the Caliphate until 817 . The ___MASK24___ world ('; formally : '), also known as the ___MASK24___ nation (""), consists of the 22 Arabic - speaking countries of the ___MASK24___ League . These ___MASK24___ states occupy an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east , and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast . The contemporary ___MASK24___ world has a combined population of around 422 million people , over half of whom are under 25 years of age . ___MASK28___ (, or ), officially the Republic of ___MASK28___ (" Çumhuriji Toçikiston "), is a mountainous , landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of . It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south , ___MASK15___ to the west , Kyrgyzstan to the north , and ___MASK98___ to the east . Pakistan lies to the south , separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor . Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present - day ___MASK28___ , Afghanistan and ___MASK15___ . ___MASK16___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK16___ ( Turkish : ), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia , mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe . ___MASK16___ is a democratic , secular , unitary , parliamentary republic with a diverse cultural heritage . ___MASK16___ is bordered by eight countries : Greece to the west ; Bulgaria to the northwest ; Georgia to the northeast ; Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east ; and Iraq and ___MASK99___ to the south . The Aegean Sea is to the west , the Black Sea to the north , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . The Bosphorus , the Sea of Marmara , and the Dardanelles , which together form the Turkish Straits , divide Thrace and Anatolia ; they also separate Europe and Asia . ___MASK16___ ' s location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history . ___MASK35___ ( or ), officially the Islamic Republic of ___MASK35___ , is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia on crossroads of Central Asia and Western Asia . It is the sixth - most populous country with a population exceeding 200 million people . It is the 36th largest country in the world in terms of area with an area covering . ___MASK35___ has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of ___MASK94___ in the south and is bordered by ___MASK27___ to the east , Afghanistan to the west , ___MASK17___ to the southwest and ___MASK98___ in the far northeast respectively . It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan ' s narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north , and also shares a maritime border with ___MASK94___ .