country_of_citizenship edward coke
Oxbridge is a portmanteau ( blend word ) of the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge in the ___MASK10___ . The term is used to refer to them collectively in contrast to other ___MASK100___ universities and more broadly to describe characteristics reminiscent of them , often with implications of superior social or intellectual status . The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple , commonly known as Inner Temple , is one of the four Inns of Court ( professional associations for barristers and judges ) in ___MASK13___ . To be called to the Bar and practise as a barrister in England and Wales , an individual must belong to one of these Inns . It is located in the wider Temple area of the capital , near the Royal Courts of Justice , and within the City of ___MASK13___ . Advocacy is an activity by an individual or group which aims to influence decisions within political , economic , and social systems and institutions . Advocacy can include many activities that a person or organization undertakes including media campaigns , public speaking , commissioning and publishing research or conducting exit poll or the filing of an amicus brief . Lobbying ( often by lobby groups ) is a form of advocacy where a direct approach is made to legislators on an issue which plays a significant role in modern politics . Research has started to address how advocacy groups in the United States and ___MASK35___ are using social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action . A tribunal , generally , is any person or institution with authority to judge , adjudicate on , or determine claims or disputes  whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title . For example , an advocate who appears before a court with a single judge could describe that judge as ' their tribunal '. Many governmental bodies that are titled ' tribunals ' are so described to emphasize that they are not courts of normal jurisdiction . For example , the International Criminal Tribunal for ___MASK77___ is a body specially constituted under international law ; in Great Britain , employment tribunals are bodies set up to hear specific employment disputes . Private judicial bodies are also often styled ' tribunals '. The word " tribunal " is not conclusive of a body ' s function . For example , in Great Britain , the Employment Appeal Tribunal is a superior court of record . The Royal Courts of Justice , commonly called the Law Courts , is a court building in ___MASK13___ which houses both the High Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales . Designed by George Edmund Street , who died before it was completed , it is a large grey stone edifice in the Victorian Gothic style built in the 1870s and opened by Queen Victoria in 1882 . It is one of the largest courts in Europe . It is located on the Strand within the City of Westminster , near the border with the City of ___MASK13___ ( Temple Bar ). It is surrounded by the four Inns of Court , King ' s College ___MASK13___ and the ___MASK13___ School of Economics . The nearest ___MASK13___ Underground stations are Chancery Lane and Temple . A ___MASK76___ is a person who practices law , as an advocate , barrister , attorney , counselor or solicitor or chartered legal executive . Working as a ___MASK76___ involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems , or to advance the interests of those who hire lawyers to perform legal services . The Chief Justice of the Common Pleas was the head of the Court of Common Pleas , also known as the Common Bench or Common Place , which was the second - highest common law court in the English legal system until 1875 , when it , along with the other two common law courts and the equity and probate courts , became part of the High Court of Justice . As such , the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas was one of the highest judicial officials in ___MASK83___ , behind only the Lord High Chancellor and the Lord Chief Justice of ___MASK83___ , who headed the Queen ' s Bench ( King ' s when the monarch was male ). Homerton College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in ___MASK83___ . Its first premises were acquired in ___MASK13___ in 1768 , by an informal gathering of Protestant dissenters with origins in the seventeenth century . In 1894 the College moved from Homerton High Street , Hackney , ___MASK13___ , to Cambridge , and received its Royal Charter in 2010 , affirming its status as a full college of the university . The College will be celebrating its 250th anniversary in 2018 . Sir Edward Coke SL PC ( / kk / ( `` cook '' ) , formerly / kuk / ; 1 February 1552 -- 3 September 1634 ) was an English barrister , judge and , later , opposition politician , who is considered to be the greatest jurist of the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras . Born into a middle - class family , Coke was educated at Trinity College , Cambridge , before leaving to study at the Inner Temple , where he was called to the Bar on 20 April 1578 . As a barrister he took part in several notable cases , including Slade ' s Case , before earning enough political favour to be elected to Parliament , where he served first as Solicitor General and then as Speaker of the House of Commons . Following a promotion to Attorney General he led the prosecution in several notable cases , including those against Robert Devereux , Sir Walter Raleigh , and the Gunpowder Plot conspirators . As a reward for his services he was first knighted and then made Chief Justice of the Common Pleas . As Chief Justice , Coke restricted the use of the ex officio ( Star Chamber ) oath and , in the Case of Proclamations and Dr . Bonham ' s Case , declared the King to be subject to the law , and the laws of Parliament to be void if in violation of `` common right and reason '' . These actions eventually led to his transfer to the Chief Justiceship of the King ' s Bench , where it was felt he could do less damage . Coke then successively restricted the definition of treason and declared a royal letter illegal , leading to his dismissal from the bench on 14 November 1616 . With no chance of regaining his judicial posts , he instead returned to Parliament , where he swiftly became a leading member of the opposition . During his time as a Member of Parliament he wrote and campaigned for the Statute of Monopolies , which substantially restricted the ability of the monarch to grant patents , and authored and was instrumental in the passage of the Petition of Right , a document considered one of the three crucial constitutional documents of ___MASK83___ , along with the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 . With the passage of the Petition of Right in 1628 , Coke retired to his estates , where he revised and finished his Reports and the Institutes of the Lawes of ___MASK83___ before dying on 3 September 1634 . Coke is best known in modern times for his Institutes , described by John Rutledge as `` almost the foundations of our law '' , and his Reports , which have been called `` perhaps the single most influential series of named reports '' . Historically , he was a highly influential judge ; within ___MASK83___ and ___MASK87___ , his statements and works were used to justify the right to silence , while the Statute of Monopolies is considered to be one of the first actions in the conflict between Parliament and monarch that led to the English Civil War . In America , Coke ' s decision in Dr . Bonham ' s Case was used to justify the voiding of both the Stamp Act 1765 and writs of assistance , which led to the American War of Independence ; after the establishment of the United States his decisions and writings profoundly influenced the Third and Fourth amendments to the United States Constitution while necessitating the Sixteenth . Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in ___MASK83___ . With around 600 undergraduates , 300 graduates , and over 180 fellows , it is the largest college in either of the Oxbridge universities by number of undergraduates . By combined student numbers , it is second to Homerton College , Cambridge . ___MASK83___ and ___MASK87___ is a legal jurisdiction covering ___MASK83___ and ___MASK87___ , two of the four countries of the United Kingdom , which form the constitutional successor to the former ___MASK45___ and follow a single legal system , known as English law . The Queen ' s Bench ( or , during the reign of a male monarch , the King ' s Bench , "") is the superior court in a number of jurisdictions within some of the Commonwealth realms . The original King ' s Bench , founded in 1215 in ___MASK83___ , was one of the ancient courts of the land and is now a division of the High Court of Justice of ___MASK83___ and ___MASK87___ . The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 , in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason , was a failed assassination attempt against King James I of ___MASK83___ and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby . The City of ___MASK13___ is a city and county within ___MASK13___ . It constituted most of ___MASK13___ from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages , but the agglomeration has since grown far beyond the City ' s borders . The City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of ___MASK13___ , though it remains a notable part of central ___MASK13___ . Administratively , it forms one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater ___MASK13___ ; however , the City of ___MASK13___ is not a ___MASK13___ borough , a status reserved for the other 32 districts ( including ___MASK13___ ' s only other city , the City of Westminster ). ___MASK83___ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and ___MASK87___ to the west . The Irish Sea lies northwest of ___MASK83___ and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest . ___MASK83___ is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five - eighths of the island of Great Britain ( which lies in the North Atlantic ) in its centre and south ; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly , and the Isle of Wight . The Inns of Court in ___MASK13___ are the professional associations for barristers in England and Wales . All barristers must belong to one such association . They have supervisory and disciplinary functions over their members . The Inns also provide libraries , dining facilities and professional accommodation . Each also has a church or chapel attached to it and is a self - contained precinct where barristers traditionally train and practise , although growth in the legal profession , together with a desire to practise from more modern accommodations , caused many barristers ' chambers to move outside the precincts of the Inns of Court in the late 20th century . A barrister ( also known as barrister - at - law or bar - at - law ) is a type of ___MASK76___ in common law jurisdictions who works at higher levels of court . Barristers mostly specialise in courtroom advocacy and litigation . Their tasks include taking cases in superior courts and tribunals , drafting legal pleadings , researching the philosophy , hypothesis and history of law , and giving expert legal opinions . Often , barristers are also recognised as " legal scholars ".