applies_to_jurisdiction flag of tuva
Kyzyl (" Kzl / Kzl ") is the capital city of the ___MASK35___ , Russia . The name of the city means " red " or " crimson " in Tuvan ( as well as in many other Turkic languages ). Population : ___MASK32___ ( Pashto / Dari : , " Afnistn "), officially the Islamic Republic of ___MASK32___ , is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia . It has a population of approximately 32 million , making it the 42nd most populous country in the world . It is bordered by ___MASK92___ in the south and east ; ___MASK50___ in the west ; Turkmenistan , ___MASK56___ , and Tajikistan in the north ; and China in the far northeast . Its territory covers , making it the 41st largest country in the world . Asia is Earth ' s largest and most populous continent , located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of ___MASK88___ . Asia covers an area of , about 30 % of Earth ' s total land area and 8 . 7 % of the Earth ' s total surface area . The continent , which has long been home to the majority of the human population , was the site of many of the first civilizations . Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population , but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4 . 4 billion people . ___MASK68___ ( from the  Rus '), also officially known as the Russian Federation , is a country in Eurasia . At , ___MASK68___ is the largest country in the world by surface area , covering more than one - eighth of the Earth ' s inhabited land area , and the ninth most populous , with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016 . The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern , about 77 % of the population live in European ___MASK68___ . ___MASK68___ ' s capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world , other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod and Samara . The ___MASK22___ ( EU ) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe . It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million . The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states . EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people , goods , services , and capital within the internal market , enact legislation in justice and home affairs , and maintain common policies on trade , agriculture , fisheries , and regional development . Within the ___MASK91___ , passport controls have been abolished . A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002 , and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency . Green is the color between blue and yellow on the spectrum of visible light . It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength of roughly 495570 nm . In the subtractive color system , used in painting and color printing , it is created by a combination of yellow and blue , or yellow and cyan ; in the RGB color model , used on television and computer screens , it is one of the additive primary colors , along with red and blue , which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors . The modern English word green comes from the Middle English and Anglo - Saxon word " grene ", from the same Germanic root as the words " grass " and " grow ". It is the color of living grass and leaves and as a result is the color most associated with springtime , growth and nature . By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll , the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy . Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage . Several minerals have a green color , including the emerald , which is colored green by its chromium content . In surveys made in ___MASK88___ and the United States , green is the color most commonly associated with nature , life , health , youth , spring , hope and envy . In ___MASK88___ and the U . S . green is sometimes associated with death ( green has several seemingly contrary associations ), sickness , or the devil , but in China its associations are very positive , as the symbol of fertility and happiness . In the Middle Ages and Renaissance , when the color of clothing showed the owner ' s social status , green was worn by merchants , bankers and the gentry , while red was the color of the nobility . The " Mona Lisa " by Leonardo da Vinci wears green , showing she is not from a noble family ; the benches in the British House of Commons are green , while those in the House of Lords are red . Green is also the traditional color of safety and permission ; a green light means go ahead , a green card permits permanent residence in the United States . It is the most important color in Islam . It was the color of the banner of Muhammad , and is found in the flags of nearly all Islamic countries , and represents the lush vegetation of Paradise . It is also often associated with the culture of Gaelic ___MASK76___ , and is a color of the flag of ___MASK76___ . Because of its association with nature , it is the color of the environmental movement . Political groups advocating environmental protection and social justice describe themselves as part of the Green movement , some naming themselves Green parties . This has led to similar campaigns in advertising , as companies have sold green , or environmentally friendly , products . The Multinational Aircrew Electronic Warfare Tactics Facility Polygone - POLYGON is an Electronic Warfare Tactics Range located on the border between ___MASK86___ and France . It is a tri - national facility operated by France , ___MASK86___ and the United States . Old Frisian is a West Germanic language spoken between the 8th and 16th centuries in the area between the Rhine and Weser on the European North Sea coast . The Frisian settlers on the coast of South Jutland ( today ' s Northern ___MASK19___ ) also spoke Old Frisian but no medieval texts of this area are known . The language of the earlier inhabitants of the region between the Zuiderzee and Ems River ( the Frisians famously mentioned by Tacitus ) is attested in only a few personal names and place - names . Old Frisian evolved into Middle Frisian , spoken from the 16th to the 19th century . Irkutsk Oblast (" Irkutskaya oblast ") is a federal subject of ___MASK68___ ( an oblast ), located in southeastern Siberia in the basins of the Angara , Lena , and Nizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers . The administrative center is the city of Irkutsk . Population : 2 , 428 , 750 ( 2010 Census ). Yellow is the color between green and orange in the spectrum of visible light . It is the color of ripe lemons , sunflowers , and gold . It is a primary color in subtractive color , used in color printing . According to surveys in ___MASK88___ , ___MASK9___ , and the United States , yellow is the color people most often associate with amusement , gentleness , and spontaneity , but also with duplicity , envy , jealousy , avarice , and , in the U . S ., with cowardice . It plays an important role in Asian culture , particularly in China , where it is seen as the color of happiness , glory , wisdom , harmony , and culture . In the history of ___MASK88___ , the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century . It began with the fall of the Western ___MASK74___ and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery . The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history : classical antiquity , the medieval period , and the modern period . The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early , High , and Late Middle Ages . Judaism ( from , derived from Greek , originally from Hebrew , " Yehudah ", " Judah "; in Hebrew : , " Yahadut ", the distinctive characteristics of the Judean ethnos ) encompasses the religion , philosophy , culture and way of life of the Jewish people . Judaism is an ancient monotheistic religion , with the Torah as its foundational text ( part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible ), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud . Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship that God established with the Children of ___MASK57___ . With between 14 . 5 and 17 . 4 million adherents worldwide , Judaism is the tenth - largest religion in the world . ___MASK71___ is a federal subject of ___MASK68___ ( a krai ), with its administrative center being the Siberian city of Krasnoyarsk , which is the third - largest city in Siberia ( after Novosibirsk and Omsk ). ___MASK71___ is the largest krai in the Russian Federation , the second largest federal subject ( after the Sakha Republic ), and the third largest subnational governing body by area in the world . The krai covers an area of , which is nearly one quarter the size of the entire country of Canada ( the next - largest country in the world after ___MASK68___ ), constituting roughly 13 % of the Russian Federation ' s total area and containing a population of 2 , 828 , 187 , or just under 2 % of its population . ( 2010 Census ). Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun , in particular infrared , visible , and ultraviolet light . On Earth , sunlight is filtered through Earth ' s atmosphere , and is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon . When the direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds , it is experienced as sunshine , a combination of bright light and radiant heat . When it is blocked by clouds or reflects off other objects , it is experienced as diffused light . The World Meteorological ___MASK93___ uses the term " sunshine duration " to mean the cumulative time during which an area receives direct irradiance from the Sun of at least 120 watts per square meter . Other sources indicate an " Average over the entire earth " of " 164 Watts per square meter over a 24 hour day ". Lapis lazuli , or lapis for short , is a deep blue semi - precious stone prized since antiquity for its intense color . As early as the 7th millennium BC , lapis lazuli was mined in the Sar - i Sang mines , in Shortugai , and in other mines in the Badakhshan province in northeast ___MASK32___ . Lapis was highly valued by the Indus Valley Civilisation ( 3300  1900 BC ). Lapis beads have been found at neolithic burials in Mehrgarh , the Caucasus , and even as far from ___MASK32___ as Mauritania . It was used in the funeral mask of Tutankhamun ( 1341  1323 BC ). IndiGo is a low - cost airline headquartered at Gurgaon , Haryana , ___MASK84___ . It is the largest airline in ___MASK84___ in passengers carried , with a 42 . 6 % market share as of October 2016 . The airline operates to 41 destinations and is the second largest low - cost carrier in Asia . It has its primary hub at Indira Gandhi International Airport , Delhi . Ultramarine is a deep blue color and a pigment which was originally made by grinding lapis lazuli into a powder . The name comes from the Latin " ultramarinus ", literally " beyond the sea ", because the pigment was imported into ___MASK88___ from mines in ___MASK32___ by Italian traders during the 14th and 15th centuries . Old ___MASK12___ (', ', ""; Modern ___MASK12___ ) was the Gallo - Romance dialect continuum spoken from the 9th century to the 14th century . In the 14th century , these dialects came to be collectively known as the " langues d ' oïl ", contrasting with the " langue d ' oc " or Occitan language in the south of France . The mid - 14th century is taken as the transitional period to Middle ___MASK12___ , the language of the ___MASK12___ Renaissance , specifically based on the dialect of the Île - de - France region . Modern English ( sometimes New English or NE as opposed to Middle English and Old English ) is the form of the English language spoken since the Great Vowel Shift in ___MASK66___ , which began in the late 14th century and was completed in roughly 1550 . Siberia is an extensive geographical region , and by the broadest definition is also known as North Asia . Siberia has historically been a part of ___MASK68___ since the 17th century . China , officially the People ' s Republic of China ( PRC ), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia . With a population of over 1 . 381 billion , it is the world ' s most populous country . The state is governed by the Communist Party of China , and its capital is Beijing . It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , five autonomous regions , four direct - controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ), and two mostly self - governing special administrative regions ( ___MASK99___ and ___MASK43___ ), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan . The country ' s major urban areas include Shanghai , Guangzhou , Beijing , Chongqing , Shenzhen , Tianjin and ___MASK99___ . China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia , and has been characterized as a potential superpower . A triangle is a polygon with three edges and three vertices . It is one of the basic shapes in geometry . A triangle with vertices " A ", " B ", and " C " is denoted formula_1 . White is an achromatic color , a color without hue . An incoming light to the human eye that stimulates all its three types of color sensitive cone cells in nearly equal amounts results in white . White is one of the most common colors in nature , the color of sunlight , snow , milk , chalk , limestone and other common minerals . In many cultures white represents or signifies purity , innocence , and light , and is the symbolic opposite of black , or darkness . According to surveys in ___MASK88___ and the United States , white is the color most often associated with perfection , the good , honesty , cleanliness , the beginning , the new , neutrality , and exactitude . Pierre - Auguste Renoir , commonly known as Auguste Renoir ( or 25 February 1841  3 December 1919 ), was a ___MASK12___ artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style . As a celebrator of beauty and especially feminine sensuality , it has been said that " Renoir is the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to Watteau ." ___MASK15___ ( Mongolian : [" Monggol Ulus "] in Mongolian script ; [" Mongol Uls "] in Mongolian Cyrillic ) is a landlocked unitary sovereign state in East Asia . Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer ___MASK15___ , and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state . It is sandwiched between China to the south and ___MASK68___ to the north . While it does not share a border with ___MASK36___ , ___MASK15___ is separated from it by only . The ___MASK96___ ( UN ) is an intergovernmental ___MASK93___ to promote international co - operation . A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations , the ___MASK93___ was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict . At its founding , the UN had 51 member states ; there are now 193 . The headquarters of the ___MASK96___ is in Manhattan , ___MASK48___ City , and experiences extraterritoriality . Further main offices are situated in Geneva , Nairobi , and Vienna . The ___MASK93___ is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states . Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security , promoting human rights , fostering social and economic development , protecting the environment , and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine , natural disaster , and armed conflict . Blue is the colour between violet and green on the optical spectrum of visible light . Human eyes perceive blue when observing light with a wavelength between 450 and 495 nanometres , which is between 4500 and 4950 ångströms . Blues with a higher frequency and thus a shorter wavelength gradually look more violet , while those with a lower frequency and a longer wavelength gradually appear more green . Pure blue , in the middle , has a wavelength of 470 nanometers ( 4700 ångströms ). In painting and traditional colour theory , blue is one of the three primary colours of pigments , along with red and yellow , which can be mixed to form a wide gamut of colours . Red and blue mixed together form violet , blue and yellow together form green . Blue is also a primary colour in the RGB colour model , used to create all the colours on the screen of a television or computer monitor . The modern English word " blue " comes from Middle English " bleu " or " blewe ", from the Old ___MASK12___ " bleu ", a word of Germanic origin related to Old Dutch , Old High German , Old Saxon " blo " and Old Frisian " blw ", " blau ". The clear sky and the deep sea appear blue because of an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering . When sunlight passes through the atmosphere , the blue wavelengths are scattered more widely by the oxygen and nitrogen molecules , and more blue comes to our eyes . An optical effect called Tyndall scattering , similar to Rayleigh scattering , explains blue eyes ; there is no blue pigment in blue eyes . Distant objects appear more blue because of another optical effect called atmospheric perspective . Blue has been used for art and decoration since ancient times . The semi - precious stone lapis lazuli , coming from mines in Afghanistan , was used in ancient ___MASK82___ for jewelry and ornament and later , in The Renaissance , to make the pigment ultramarine , the most expensive of all pigments . It is the most important color in Judaism . In the Middle Ages , cobalt blue was used to colour the stained glass windows of cathedrals . Beginning in the 9th century , Chinese artists used cobalt to make fine blue and white porcelain . Blue dyes for clothing were made from woad in Europe and indigo in Asia and Africa . In 1828 a synthetic ultramarine pigment was developed , and synthetic blue dyes and pigments gradually replaced mineral pigments and vegetable dyes . Pierre - Auguste Renoir , Vincent van Gogh and other late 19th century painters used ultramarine and cobalt blue not just to depict nature , but to create moods and emotions . In the late 18th century and 19th century , blue became a popular colour for military uniforms and police uniforms . In the 20th century , because blue was commonly associated with harmony , it was chosen as the colour of the flags of the United Nations and the ___MASK22___ . Toward the end of the 20th century , dark blue replaced dark grey as the most common colour for business suits ; surveys showed that blue was the colour most associated with the masculine , just ahead of black , and was also the colour most associated with intelligence , knowledge , calm and concentration . The Renaissance was a period in European history , from the 14th to the 17th century , regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history . It started as a cultural movement in ___MASK2___ in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe , marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age . ___MASK88___ is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia . ___MASK88___ is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . To the east and southeast , ___MASK88___ is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas , and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Yet the non - oceanic borders of ___MASK88___  a concept dating back to classical antiquity  are arbitrary . The primarily physiographic term " continent " as applied to ___MASK88___ also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent ' s current overland boundaries . Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7 . It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772 . Although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Henry Cavendish had independently done so at about the same time , Rutherford is generally accorded the credit because his work was published first . The name " nitrogen " was suggested by Jean - Antoine - Claude Chaptal in 1790 , when it was found that nitrogen was present in nitric acid and nitrates ; this name derives from the Greek roots  " nitre " and -  " to form ". Antoine Lavoisier suggested instead the name " azote ", from the Greek  " no life ", as it is an asphyxiant gas ; his name is instead used in many languages , such as ___MASK12___ , Russian , and Turkish , and appears in the English names of some nitrogen compounds such as hydrazine , azides and azo compounds . The flag of Tuva , a republic in the Russian Federation , is a light blue field with a white - fimbriated pall of the same color bordering a yellow triangle on the hoist . White symbolizes silver and virtue ; additionally , it is common in Tuva for hostesses to greet guests with silver streamers in their arms . The yellow triangle symbolizes gold and Buddhism . Blue symbolizes the morals of nomadic herdsmen ( who are commonly respected in the region ) , as well the Tuvan sky . The blue pall symbolizes the confluence of the Bii - Khem ( Bolshoy Yenisei ) and Kaa - Khem ( Maly Yenisei ) rivers at the Tuvan capital of Qzl , where they form the Yenisei River , known to locals as the Ulug - Khem River . The flag was created on September 18 , 1992 by Oyun - ool Sat , I . C . Salchak and O . I . Lazarev . The proportions are 2 : 3 . Old Saxon , also known as Old Low German , is a Germanic language and the earliest recorded form of Low German . It belongs to the West Germanic branch and is most closely related to the Anglo - Frisian languages . It is documented from the 8th century until the 12th century , when it evolved into Middle Low German . It was spoken on the north - west coast of ___MASK86___ and in the ___MASK47___ by Saxon peoples . It is close enough to Old Anglo - Frisian ( Old Frisian , Old English ) that it partially participates in the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law ; it is also closely related to Old Dutch . Tuva or Tyva , " Tyva Respublika "), officially Republic of Tyva , is a federal subject of ___MASK68___ ( a republic , also defined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation as a state ). It lies in the geographical center of Asia , in southern Siberia . The republic borders the Altai Republic , the Republic of Khakassia , Krasnoyarsk Krai , Irkutsk Oblast , and the Republic of Buryatia in ___MASK68___ and Mongolia to the south . Its capital is the city of Kyzyl . It has a population of 307 , 930 ( 2010 census ). A cathedral ( ___MASK12___ : " cathédrale " from Latin : " cathedra ", " seat " from the Greek " kathédra " (  ), seat , bench , from " kata " " down " + " hedra " seat , base , chair ) is a Christian church which contains the seat of a bishop , thus serving as the central church of a diocese , conference , or episcopate . The counterpart term for such a church in German is " Dom " from Latin " domus ecclesiae " or " domus episcopalis "; also Italian Duomo , Dutch " Domkerk " and cognates in many other European languages . Churches with the function of " cathedral " are usually specific to those Christian denominations with an episcopal hierarchy , such as the Roman Catholic , Anglican , Orthodox , and some Lutheran and Methodist churches . Church buildings embodying the functions of a cathedral first appear in Italy , Gaul , Spain and North Africa in the 4th century , but cathedrals did not become universal within the Western Catholic Church until the 12th century , by which time they had developed architectural forms , institutional structures and legal identities distinct from parish churches , monastic churches and episcopal residences . Altai Republic (" Respublika Altay ", ; Altay : , " Altay Respublika ") is a federal subject of ___MASK68___ ( a republic ). Its capital is the town of Gorno - Altaysk . The area of the republic is , and its population is 206 , 168 ( 2010 Census ).