occupation mark lane 
The ___MASK28___ ' s Commission on the Assassination of ___MASK28___ Kennedy , known unofficially as the Warren Commission , was established by ___MASK28___ Lyndon B . Johnson through on November 29 , 1963 to investigate the assassination of United States ___MASK28___ John F . Kennedy that had taken place on November 22 , 1963 . The U . S . Congress passed Senate Joint Resolution 137 authorizing the Presidential appointed Commission to report on the assassination of ___MASK28___ John F . Kennedy , mandating the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of evidence concerning the infraction occurring in Dallas , Texas on November 22 , 1963 . Its 888 - ___MASK57___ final report was presented to ___MASK28___ Johnson on September 24 , 1964 and made public three days later . It concluded that ___MASK28___ Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald acted entirely alone . It also concluded that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald two days later . The Commission ' s findings have proven controversial and have been both challenged and supported by later studies . Under the Trade Expansion Acts of 1965 , the United States Congress granted the White House unprecedented authority to negotiate tariff reductions of up to 80 %. It paved the way for the Kennedy Round of ___MASK46___ Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (" GATT ") negotiations , concluding on June 30 , 1967 , the last day before expiration of the Act . It is one aspect for which the John F . Kennedy administration wasn ' t known . Cuba , officially the Republic of Cuba , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , the Gulf of Mexico , and the Atlantic Ocean meet . It is south of both the U . S . state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti , and north of Jamaica . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other ___MASK17___ cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean , with an area of , and the second - most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The Space Race was a 20th - century competition between two Cold War rivals , the ___MASK4___ ( USSR ) and the United States ( US ), for supremacy in spaceflight capability . It had its origins in the missile - based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II , aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program . The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security , and symbolic of ideological superiority . The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites , unmanned space probes of the Moon , Venus , and Mars , and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon . Mark Lane ( born February 24 , 1927 ) is an American attorney and former New York state legislator , civil rights activist , and Vietnam war - crimes investigator . He is best known as a leading researcher , author , and conspiracy theorist on the assassination of US ___MASK28___ John F . Kennedy . From his 1966 number - one bestselling critique of the Warren Commission , Rush to Judgment , to Last Word : My Indictment of the CIA in the Murder of JFK , published in 2011 , Lane has written at least four ___MASK17___ works on the JFK assassination and no fewer than ten books overall . Lyndon Baines Johnson ( August 27 , 1908January 22 , 1973 ), often referred to as LBJ , was an American ___MASK42___ who served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969 , assuming the office after serving as the 37th Vice President of the United States under President John F . Kennedy , from 1961 to 1963 . Johnson was a Democrat from Texas , who served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961 . He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader , two as Senate Minority Leader , and two as Senate Majority Whip . The Bay of Pigs Invasion ( Spanish : Invasión de Playa Girón or Invasión de Bahía de Cochinos or Batalla de Girón ) was a failed ___MASK22___ invasion of Cuba undertaken by the CIA - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961 . A counter - revolutionary ___MASK22___ ( made up of Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro ' s take over ), trained and funded by the United States government ' s Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ), Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front ( DRF ) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro . Launched from Guatemala and ___MASK3___ , the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces , under the direct command of ___MASK16___ Fidel Castro . The ___MASK14___ ( informally Oxford University or simply Oxford ) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford , England , ___MASK20___ . While having no known date of foundation , there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096 , making it the oldest university in the English - speaking world and the world ' s second - oldest university in continuous operation . It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris . After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209 , some academics fled northeast to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge . The two " ancient universities " are frequently jointly referred to as " Oxbridge ". Rush to Judgment : A Critique of the Warren Commission ' s Inquiry into the Murders of ___MASK28___ John F . Kennedy , ___MASK19___ J . D . Tippit and Lee Harvey Oswald is a 1966 book by American lawyer Mark Lane . It is about the assassination of U . S . ___MASK28___ John F . Kennedy and takes issue with the investigatory methods and conclusions of the Warren Commission . The book ' s introduction is by Hugh Trevor - Roper , Regius Professor of History at the ___MASK14___ . Although it was preceded by a few self - published or small press books , " Rush to Judgment " was the first mass - marketed hardcover book to confront the findings of the Warren Commission . The term New Frontier was used by liberal , Democratic presidential ___MASK30___ John F . Kennedy in his acceptance speech in the 1960 United States presidential election to the Democratic National Convention at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum as the Democratic slogan to inspire America to support him . The phrase developed into a label for his administration ' s domestic and foreign programs . Hugh Redwald Trevor - Roper , Baron Dacre of Glanton , FBA ( 15 January 1914  26 January 2003 ), was a ___MASK33___ of early modern Britain and Nazi Germany . He was Regius Professor of Modern History at the ___MASK14___ . Jack Leon Ruby ( born Jacob Leonard Rubenstein ; March 25 , 1911  January 3 , 1967 ) was an American nightclub owner and ___MASK100___ from Chicago , Illinois , who lived in Dallas , Texas . On November 24 , 1963 , he fatally shot Lee Harvey Oswald while the latter was in police custody after being charged with assassinating U . S . President John F . Kennedy two days earlier . A Dallas jury found him guilty of murdering Oswald and Ruby was consequently sentenced to death . Later , Ruby appealed his conviction , had it overturned and was granted a new trial . However , on January 3 , 1967 , as the date for his new trial was being set , Ruby became ill in his prison cell and died of a pulmonary embolism from lung cancer . John Fitzgerald " Jack " Kennedy ( May 29 , 1917  November 22 , 1963 ), commonly referred to by his initials JFK , was an American ___MASK42___ who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963 . The Cuban Missile Crisis , the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty , the establishment of the Peace Corps , developments in the Space Race , the building of the Berlin Wall , the Trade Expansion Act to lower tariffs , and the Civil Rights Movement all took place during his presidency . A member of the Democratic Party , his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death . Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963 . The Cuban Missile Crisis , also known as the Caribbean Crisis ( tr . " Karibskij krizis "), or the Missile Scare , was a 13 - day ( October 16  28 , 1962 ) confrontation between the United States and the ___MASK4___ concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba . The confrontation , elements of which were televised , was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full - scale nuclear war . The Berlin Wall was a barrier that divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989 . Constructed by the German Democratic Republic ( GDR , East Germany ), starting on 13 August 1961 , the Wall completely cut off ( by land ) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989 . Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and was completed in 1992 . The barrier included ___MASK39___ towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip ") that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " ___MASK81___ beds " and other defenses . The Eastern Bloc claimed that the Wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a ___MASK65___ state in East Germany . In practice , the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post - World War II period . The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the ___MASK28___ of the United States and is  along with the comparable Congressional Gold Medal  the highest civilian award of the United States . It recognizes those people who have made " an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States , world peace , cultural or other significant public or private endeavors ". The award is not limited to U . S . citizens and , while it is a civilian award , it can also be awarded to ___MASK12___ and worn on the uniform . The ___MASK28___ of the United States ( POTUS ) is the elected ___MASK44___ and head of government of the United States . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander - in - chief of the United States Armed Forces . Lee Harvey Oswald ( October 18 , 1939  November 24 , 1963 ) was an American former U . S . Marine who assassinated ___MASK28___ John F . Kennedy on November 22 , 1963 . According to four Federal government investigations and one municipal investigation , Oswald shot and killed Kennedy as the ___MASK28___ traveled by motorcade through Dealey Plaza in the city of Dallas , Texas .