occupation stephen bolsin
A teaching hospital is a hospital or medical center that provides clinical education and training to future and current health professionals . Teaching hospitals are often affiliated with medical schools and work closely with medical students throughout their period of matriculation , and especially during their clerkship ( internship ) years . In most cases , teaching hospitals also offer Graduate Medical Education ( GME )/ ___MASK49___ residency programs , where medical school graduates train under a supervising ( attending ) ___MASK49___ to assist with the coordination of care . The ___MASK95___ of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the ___MASK95___ ( UK ) or Britain , is a ___MASK55___ country in western Europe . Lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland , it includes the island of Great Britain ( the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country ), the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another ___MASK55___ statethe Republic of Ireland . Apart from this land border , the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west , giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of , the UK is the 78th - largest ___MASK55___ state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe . It is also the 21st - most populous country , with an estimated 65 . 1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union . The heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals , which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system . Blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients , as well as assists in the removal of metabolic wastes . The heart is located between the lungs , in the middle compartment of the chest . In humans , other mammals , and birds , the heart is divided into four chambers : upper left and right atria ; and lower left and right ventricles . Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the " right heart " and their left counterparts as the " left heart ". Fish in contrast have two chambers , an atrium and a ventricle , while reptiles have three chambers . In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves , which prevent backflow . The heart is enclosed in a protective sac , the pericardium , which also contains a small amount of fluid . The wall of the heart is made up of three layers : epicardium , myocardium , and endocardium . The heart pumps blood with a rhythm determined by a group of pacemaking cells in the sinoatrial node . These generate a current that causes contraction of the heart , traveling through the atrioventricular node and along the conduction system of the heart . The heart receives blood low in oxygen from the systemic circulation , which enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae and passes to the right ventricle . From here it is pumped into the pulmonary circulation , through the lungs where it receives oxygen and gives off ___MASK10___ dioxide . Oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium , passes through the left ventricle and is pumped out through the aorta to the systemic circulation  where the oxygen is used and metabolized to ___MASK10___ dioxide . The heart beats at a resting rate close to 72 beats per minute . Exercise temporarily increases the rate , but lowers resting heart rate in the long term , and is good for heart health . Cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) are the most common cause of death globally as of 2008 , ___MASK90___ for 30 % of deaths . Of these more than three quarters are a result of coronary artery disease and stroke . Risk factors include : smoking , being overweight , little exercise , high cholesterol , high blood pressure , and poorly controlled diabetes , among others . Cardiovascular diseases frequently have no symptoms or may cause chest pain or shortness of breath . Diagnosis of heart disease is often done by the taking of a medical history , listening to the heart - sounds with a stethoscope , ECG , and ultrasound . Specialists who focus on diseases of the heart are called cardiologists , although many specialties of medicine may be involved in treatment . A patient is any recipient of health care services . The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a advanced practice registered ___MASK85___ , physiotherapist , ___MASK49___ , ___MASK49___ assistant , psychologist , podiatrist , veterinarian , or other health care provider . The National Health Service ( NHS ) is the name of the public health services of England , Scotland and Wales , and is commonly used to refer to those of Northern Ireland . They were established together as one of the ___MASK22___ social reforms following the Second World War on the founding principles of being comprehensive , universal and free at the point of delivery . Today , each provides a comprehensive range of health services , the vast majority of which are free for people ordinarily resident in the ___MASK95___ . Cardiovascular ( heart ) surgery is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons . Frequently , it is done to treat complications of ischemic heart disease ( for example , coronary artery bypass grafting ), correct congenital heart disease , or treat valvular heart disease from various causes including endocarditis , rheumatic heart disease and atherosclerosis . It also includes heart transplantation . Stephen Nicholas Cluley Bolsin ( born 1952 ) is a British anaesthetist who became famous as the ___MASK97___ whose actions to prevent incompetent paediatric cardiac surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary led to the implementation of clinical governance reforms in the ___MASK95___ . The University of Bristol ( abbreviated as Bris . in post - nominal letters , sometimes referred to as Bristol University ) is a red brick ___MASK60___ university located in Bristol , United Kingdom . It received its royal charter in 1909 , and its predecessor institution , University College , Bristol , had been in existence since 1876 . Bristol is a city , unitary authority area and county in South West England with an estimated population of 449 , 300 in 2016 . It is England ' s sixth and the ___MASK95___ ' s eighth most populous city , and the most populous city in Southern England after London . The city borders the Unitary Authority areas of North Somerset and South Gloucestershire , with the historic cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south - east and north - east , respectively . Surgery ( from the " cheirourgik " ( composed of  , " hand ", and  , " work "), via , meaning " hand work ") is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and / or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury , to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas ( for example , a perforated ear drum ). The University of the West of England ( also known as UWE Bristol , or simply UWE ) is a public university located near the city of Bristol , ___MASK95___ . The university has a history dating back to the " ___MASK87___ Venturers Navigation School " which was founded in 1595 , with the present institution granted university status in 1992 . Its main campus is at Frenchay near Bristol , about north of the city centre and close to the M32 motorway . UWE Bristol also has campuses at Glenside in north - east Bristol and Bower Ashton , near Ashton Court in south - west Bristol . There is also a regional centre at Gloucester Docks , Gloucestershire , and an associate faculty ( Hartpury College ) specialising in animal behaviour and welfare , agricultural and sports related courses in Hartpury , Gloucestershire . The Bristol Royal Infirmary , also known as the BRI , is a large teaching hospital situated in the centre of Bristol , England . It has links with the nearby University of Bristol and the ___MASK15___ of Health and Social Care at the University of the West of England , also in Bristol . It is currently undergoing a major redevelopment . Clinical governance is a systematic approach to maintaining and improving the quality of patient care within a health system ( NHS ). Clinical governance became important in health care after the Bristol heart scandal in 1995 , during which an anaesthetist , Dr Stephen Bolsin , exposed the high mortality rate for paediatric cardiac surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary . It was originally elaborated within the ___MASK95___ National Health Service ( NHS ), and its most widely cited formal definition describes it as :