employer janice e. clements
The ___MASK83___ ( commonly referred to as Johns Hopkins , JHU , or simply Hopkins ) is an American private research university in Baltimore , Maryland . Founded in 1876 , the university was named for its first benefactor , the American entrepreneur , abolitionist , and philanthropist Johns Hopkins . His $ 7 million bequest  of which half financed the establishment of The Johns Hopkins Hospital  was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States at that time . Daniel Coit Gilman , who was inaugurated as the institution ' s first president on February 22 , 1876 , led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U . S . by integrating teaching and research . Adopting the concept of a graduate school from Germany ' s ancient Heidelberg University , ___MASK83___ is considered the first research university in the United States . The ___MASK83___ School of Medicine ( JHUSOM ), located in Baltimore , Maryland , U . S ., is the academic medical teaching and research arm of ___MASK83___ . Johns Hopkins has consistently been among the nation ' s top medical schools in the number of research grants awarded by the National Institutes of Health . Its major teaching hospital , the Johns Hopkins Hospital , was ranked the # 1 hospital in the United States for 22 years by " U . S . News & World Report ". A teaching hospital is a hospital or medical center that provides clinical education and training to future and current health professionals . Teaching hospitals are often affiliated with medical schools and work closely with medical students throughout their period of matriculation , and especially during their clerkship ( internship ) years . In most cases , teaching hospitals also offer Graduate Medical Education ( GME )/ physician residency programs , where medical ___MASK2___ graduates train under a supervising ( attending ) physician to assist with the coordination of care . A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms . Viruses can infect all types of ___MASK1___ forms , from animals and plants to microorganisms , including bacteria and archaea . Virology is the study of viruses  submicroscopic , parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat  and virus - like agents . It focuses on the following aspects of viruses : their structure , classification and evolution , their ways to infect and exploit host cells for reproduction , their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity , the diseases they cause , the techniques to isolate and culture them , and their use in research and therapy . Virology is considered to be a subfield of microbiology or of medicine . The ___MASK31___ ( JHH ) is the teaching hospital and biomedical research facility of the Johns Hopkins ___MASK2___ of Medicine , located in Baltimore City , Maryland , U . S . It was founded in 1889 using money from a bequest by philanthropist Johns Hopkins . ___MASK31___ and the ___MASK2___ of medicine are the founding institutions of modern American medicine and the birthplace of numerous medical traditions including rounds , residents and housestaff . Many medical specialties were formed at the hospital including neurosurgery , by Harvey Cushing ; cardiac surgery by Alfred Blalock ; and pediatrics and child psychiatry , by Leo Kanner . Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth , development , functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses . DNA and RNA are nucleic acids ; alongside proteins , lipids and complex carbohydrates ( polysaccharides ), they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of ___MASK1___ . Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix . Maryland is a state located in the Mid - Atlantic region of the United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and Washington , D . C . to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware to its east . The state ' s largest city is Baltimore , and its ___MASK42___ is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are " Old Line State ", the " Free State ", and the " Chesapeake Bay State ". The state is named after Henrietta Maria of France , the wife of Charles I of England . The ___MASK33___ ( NIH ) is a biomedical research facility primarily located in Bethesda , Maryland . An agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services , it is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health - related research . The NIH both conducts its own scientific research through its Intramural Research Program ( IRP ) and provides major biomedical research funding to non - NIH research facilities through its Extramural Research Program . Molecular biology concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell , including the interactions between DNA , RNA , and proteins and their biosynthesis , as well as the regulation of these interactions . Writing in " Nature " in 1961 , William Astbury described molecular biology as : Microbiology ( from Greek , " mkros ", " small " " bios ", " ___MASK1___ "; and , "- logia ") is the study of microscopic organisms , those being unicellular ( single cell ), multicellular ( cell colony ), or acellular ( lacking cells ). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub - disciplines including virology , mycology , parasitology , and bacteriology . Medicine ( British English ; American English ) is the science and practice of the diagnosis , treatment , and prevention of disease . The word " medicine " is derived from Latin " medicus ", meaning " a physician ". Medicine encompasses a variety of health ___MASK75___ practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness . Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences , biomedical research , genetics , and medical technology to diagnose , treat , and prevent injury and disease , typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery , but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy , external splints and traction , medical devices , biologics , and ionizing radiation , amongst others . Janice Ellen Clements is Vice Dean for Faculty at the Johns Hopkins ___MASK2___ of Medicine and the Mary Wallace Stanton Professor of Faculty Affairs . She is a professor in the departments of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology , Neurology , and Pathology , and has a joint appointment in molecular biology and genetics . Her molecular biology and virology research examines lentiviruses and how they cause neurological diseases . Ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding , decoding , regulation , and expression of genes . RNA and DNA are nucleic acids , and , along with proteins and carbohydrates , constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of ___MASK1___ . Like DNA , RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides , but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single - strand folded onto itself , rather than a paired double - strand . Cellular organisms use messenger RNA ( mRNA ) to convey genetic information ( using the letters G , U , A , and C to denote the nitrogenous bases guanine , uracil , adenine , and cytosine ) that directs synthesis of specific proteins . Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome .