parent_taxon theosodon
A ___MASK88___ ( meaning " nose horn "), often abbreviated to rhino , is one of any five extant species of odd - toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae , as well as any of the numerous extinct species . Two of these extant species are native to Africa and three to Southern Asia . ___MASK42___ is a family in the Litopterna order of extinct South American ungulates , an animal with similarities to the camel and rhinoceros . The reduced nasal bones of their skulls suggest that they may have had a small proboscis , or trunk . Their hooves were similar to those of rhinoceroses today , with a simple ankle joint and three digits on each foot . Thus , they may have been capable of rapid directional change when running away from predators , such as large Phorusrhacid terror birds , sparassodont marsupials , and " Smilodon " saber - toothed cats . Macraucheniids probably lived in large herds to gain protection against these predators , as well as to facilitate finding mates for reproduction . The ___MASK26___ ( from the Greek and the Latin " proboscis ") are a taxonomic order of afrotherian mammals containing one living family , ___MASK60___ , and several extinct families . This order , first described by J . Illiger in 1811 , encompasses the trunked mammals . Later proboscideans are distinguished by tusks and long , muscular trunks ; these features are less developed or absent in early proboscideans . ___MASK26___ may have produced the largest land ___MASK58___ of all time in the form of " Palaeoloxodon namadicus ", which may have weighed up to , with a shoulder height of up to , surpassing several sauropod dinosaurs . Sir Charles Lyell , 1st Baronet , ( 14 November 1797  22 February 1875 ) was a British lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day . He is best known as the author of " Principles of Geology ", which popularized James Hutton ' s concepts of uniformitarianism  the ___MASK52___ that the Earth was shaped by the same processes still in operation today . " Principles of Geology " also challenged theories popularized by Georges Cuvier , which were the most accepted and circulated ideas about geology in England at the time . A genus ( genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology . In the hierarchy of biological classification , genus comes above species and below family . In binomial nomenclature , the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus . The ___MASK16___ is a geologic period and system that spans 20 . 45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( ___MASK85___ ) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period ___MASK85___ . The ___MASK16___ is sub - divided into two epochs , the earlier Miocene and the later Pliocene . Some geologists assert that the ___MASK16___ cannot be clearly delineated from the modern geological period , the Quaternary . Members of the order ___MASK2___ , otherwise known as odd - toed ungulates , are mammals characterized by an odd number of toes and by hindgut fermentation with somewhat simple stomachs . Unlike the even - toed ungulates , they digest plant cellulose in their intestines rather than in one or more stomach chambers . The order includes three extant families : Equidae ( horses , donkeys , and zebras ), Rhinocerotidae ( rhinos ) and Tapiridae ( tapirs ), with a total of about 17 species . In spite of their very different appearance , they were recognized as related families in the 19th century by the zoologist Richard Owen , who also coined the order name . A ___MASK5___ is an even - toed ___MASK56___ within the genus Camelus , bearing distinctive fatty deposits known as " humps " on its back . The three surviving species of ___MASK5___ are the dromedary , or one - humped ___MASK5___ (" C . dromedarius "), which inhabits the Middle East and the Horn of Africa ; the Bactrian , or two - humped ___MASK5___ (" C . bactrianus "), which inhabits Central Asia ; and the critically endangered wild Bactrian ___MASK5___ (" C . ferus ") that has limited populations in remote ___MASK35___ of northwest China and Mongolia . Bactrian camels take their name from the historical Bactria region of Central Asia ( Yam & Khomeiri , 2015 ). Both the dromedary and the Bactrian camels have been domesticated ; they provide milk , meat , hair for textiles or goods such as felted pouches , and are working animals with tasks ranging from human transport to bearing loads . Binomial nomenclature ( also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature ) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts , both of which use Latin grammatical forms , although they can be based on words from other languages . Such a name is called a binomial name ( which may be shortened to just " binomial "), a binomen or a scientific name ; more informally it is also called a Latin name . The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs ; the second part identifies the species within the genus . For example , humans belong to the genus " ___MASK39___ " and within this genus to the species " ___MASK39___ sapiens ". The " formal " introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus , effectively beginning with his work " Species Plantarum " in 1753 . But Gaspard Bauhin , in as early as 1623 , had introduced in his book " Pinax theatri botanici " ( English , " Illustrated exposition of plants ") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus . ___MASK28___ ( from " smooth heel ") is an extinct order of fossil hoofed mammals ( ungulates ) from the Cenozoic period that displayed toe reduction  three - toed forms developed ; there was even a one - toed horselike form . The guanaco (" ___MASK80___ guanicoe "), a camelid native to South America , stands between at the shoulder and weighs . Its color varies very little ( unlike the domestic llama ), ranging from a light brown to dark cinnamon and shading to white underneath . Guanacos have grey faces and small , straight ears . Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column ( commonly known as a " backbone " or " spine "), derived from the notochord . This includes all animals apart from the subphylum ___MASK89___ . Familiar examples of invertebrates include ___MASK44___ ; crabs , lobsters and their kin ; snails , clams , octopuses and their kin ; starfish , sea - urchins and their kin ; and worms . ___MASK87___ , officially the Argentine Republic , is a federal republic in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with its neighbor Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of , ___MASK87___ is the eighth - largest country in the world , the second largest in Latin America , and the largest Spanish - speaking one . The country is subdivided into twenty - three provinces ( singular " provincia ") and one autonomous city (" ciudad autónoma "), Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . The Pliocene ( also Pleiocene ) Epoch is the epoch in the geologic timescale that extends from 5 . 333 million to 2 . 58 million years BP . It is the second and youngest epoch of the ___MASK16___ Period in the Cenozoic Era . The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch . Prior to the 2009 revision of the geologic time scale , which placed the four most recent major glaciations entirely within the Pleistocene , the Pliocene also included the Gelasian stage , which lasted from 2 . 588 to 1 . 806 million years ago , and is now included in the Pleistocene . The llama ( ___MASK80___ glama ) is a domesticated South American camelid , widely used as a meat and pack animal by Andean cultures since the Pre - Columbian era . In biology , an organism is any contiguous living system , such as an ___MASK94___ , ___MASK76___ , fungus , archaeon , or bacterium . All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli , reproduction , growth and development and homeostasis . An organism consists of one or more cells ; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism ; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism . Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms . Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs . The Malayan ___MASK61___ (" Tapirus indicus "), also called the Asian ___MASK61___ , is the largest of the five species of ___MASK61___ and the only one native to Asia . The scientific name refers to the East Indies , the species ' natural habitat . In the Malay language , the ___MASK61___ is commonly referred to as " cipan ", " tenuk " or " badak tampung ". The mountain ___MASK61___ or woolly ___MASK61___ (" Tapirus pinchaque ") is the second smallest of the five species of ___MASK61___ , only the recently described " Tapirus kabomani " being smaller , and is the only one to live outside of tropical rainforests in the wild . It is most easily distinguished from other tapirs by its thick woolly coat and white lips . Baird ' s ___MASK61___ (" Tapirus bairdii "), also known as the Central American ___MASK61___ , is a species of ___MASK61___ native to Mexico , Central America and northwestern South America . It is one of four Latin American species of ___MASK61___ . Theosodon is an extinct genus of litoptern ___MASK58___ from the early Miocene of South America . Theosodon bore a superficial resemblance the modern guanaco , and was around 2 metres ( 6 . 6 ft ) in length , weighting up to 95 . 6 kg . It had a long neck and ___MASK61___ - like , three - toed feet . Judging from the position of its nostrils , Theosodon had a short trunk , though shorter than its other relatives , such as Macrauchenia . Theosodon had a full set of 44 teeth , and its lower mandible was very thin and large . A ___MASK61___ (, , or ) is a large , herbivorous mammal , similar in shape to a pig , with a short , prehensile snout . Tapirs inhabit jungle and forest regions of South America , Central America , and Southeastern Asia . The five extant species of tapirs are the Brazilian ___MASK61___ , the Malayan ___MASK61___ , the Baird ' s ___MASK61___ , the kabomani ___MASK61___ , and the mountain ___MASK61___ . The four species that have been evaluated ( the Brazilian , Malayan , Baird ' s and mountain ___MASK61___ ) are all classified as endangered or vulnerable . Their closest relatives are the other odd - toed ungulates , which include horses , donkeys , zebras and rhinoceroses . Camelids are members of the biological family ___MASK62___ , the only currently living family in the suborder ___MASK77___ . The extant members of this group are : dromedary camels , Bactrian camels , wild Bactrian camels , llamas , alpacas , vicuñas , and guanacos . Ungulates ( pronounced ) are any members of a diverse group of primarily large mammals that includes odd - toed ungulates such as horses and rhinoceroses , and even - toed ungulates such as cattle , pigs , giraffes , camels , ___MASK12___ , and hippopotami . Most terrestrial ungulates use the tips of their toes , usually hoofed , to sustain their whole body weight while moving . The term means , roughly , " being hoofed " or " hoofed animal ". As a descriptive term , " ___MASK56___ " normally excludes cetaceans ( whales , dolphins , porpoises ), as they do not possess most of the typical morphological characteristics of ungulates , but recent discoveries indicate that they are descended from early artiodactyls . Ungulates are typically herbivorous ( though some species are omnivorous , such as pigs ), and many employ specialized gut bacteria to allow them to digest cellulose , as in the case of ruminants . They inhabit a wide range of habitats , from jungles , plains and rivers . Macrauchenia ( name meaning " long llama ", based on the now superseded Latin term for llamas , " Auchenia ", from Greek terms which literally mean " big neck ") was a long - necked and long - limbed , three - toed South American ___MASK56___ ___MASK58___ , typifying the order Litopterna . The oldest fossils date back to around 7 million years ago , and " M . patachonica " disappears from the fossil record during the late Pleistocene , around 20 , 000 - 10 , 000 years ago . " M . patachonica " was the best known member of the family ___MASK42___ , and is known only from fossil finds in South America , primarily from the Lujan Formation in Argentina . The original specimen was discovered by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the " Beagle ". In life , " Macrauchenia " resembled a humpless camel with a short trunk , though it is not closely related to either camels or proboscideans . The donkey or ass (" ___MASK69___ africanus asinus ") is a domesticated member of the horse family , Equidae . The wild ancestor of the donkey is the African wild ass , " E . africanus ". The donkey has been used as a working animal for at least 5000 years . There are more than 40 million donkeys in the world , mostly in underdeveloped countries , where they are used principally as draught or pack animals . Working donkeys are often associated with those living at or below subsistence levels . Small numbers of donkeys are kept for breeding or as pets in developed countries . Mammals are any vertebrates within the class Mammalia ( from Latin " mamma " " breast "), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles and birds by the possession of a neocortex ( a region of the brain ), hair , three middle ear bones and mammary glands . The sister group of mammals may be the extinct " Haldanodon ." The mammals represent the only living Synapsida , which together with the ___MASK72___ form the Amniota clade . The mammals consist of the Yinotheria including monotrema and the Theriiformes including the theria . The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the ___MASK16___ Period and extends from about ( Ma ). The Miocene was named by Sir Charles Lyell . Its name comes from the Greek words (',  less ) and (',  new ) and means " less recent " because it has 18 % fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene . The Miocene follows the Oligocene Epoch and is followed by the Pliocene Epoch .