given_name pyotr romanovich bagration
The Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 - 1815 ) were a series of major conflicts pitting the ___MASK24___ Empire and its allies , led by Napoleon I , against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions , primarily led and financed by the United Kingdom . The wars resulted from the unresolved disputes associated with the ___MASK24___ Revolution and the Revolutionary Wars , which had raged on for years before concluding with the Treaty of Amiens in 1802 . The resumption of hostilities the following year paved the way for more than a decade of ___MASK53___ warfare often categorized into five conflicts : the War of the Third Coalition ( 1805 ), the War of the Fourth Coalition ( 1806 - 7 ), the War of the Fifth Coalition ( 1809 ), the War of the Sixth Coalition ( 1813 ), and the War of the Seventh Coalition ( 1815 ). The Napoleonic Wars had profound consequences for global and European history , leading to the spread of nationalism and liberalism , the rise of the British Empire as the world ' s premier power , the independence movements in Latin ___MASK67___ and the collapse of the Spanish Empire , the fundamental reorganization of German and Italian territories into larger states , and the establishment of radically new methods in warfare . A ___MASK42___ is a male ruler , monarch , or member of a monarch ' s or former monarch ' s family . " ___MASK42___ " is also a hereditary title in the nobility of some European states . The feminine equivalent is a princess . The English word derives , via the ___MASK24___ word " ___MASK42___ ", from the Latin noun " princeps ", from " primus " ( first ) + " capio " ( to seize ), meaning " the chief , most distinguished , ruler , ___MASK42___ ". The volt ( symbol : V ) is the derived unit for electric potential , electric potential difference ( voltage ), and electromotive force . The volt is named in honour of the Italian physicist ___MASK17___ Volta ( 1745  1827 ), who invented the voltaic pile , possibly the first chemical battery . ___MASK17___ ___MASK9___ ___MASK3___ Anastasio Volta ( 18 February 1745  5 March 1827 ) was an Italian physicist , chemist , and a pioneer of electricity and power , who is credited as the inventor of the electrical battery and the discoverer of methane . He invented the Voltaic pile in 1799 , and reported the results of his experiments in 1800 in a two - part letter to the President of the Royal Society . With this invention Volta proved that electricity could be generated chemically and debunked the prevalent theory that electricity was generated solely by living beings . Volta ' s invention sparked a great amount of scientific excitement and led others to conduct similar experiments which eventually led to the development of the field of electrochemistry . Russia ( from the  Rus '), also officially known as the Russian Federation , is a country in Eurasia . At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area , covering more than one - eighth of the Earth ' s inhabited land area , and the ninth most populous , with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016 . The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern , about 77 % of the population live in European Russia . Russia ' s capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world , other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod and Samara . A galvanic cell , or voltaic cell , named after ___MASK20___ Galvani , or ___MASK17___ Volta respectively , is ___MASK90___ electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions taking place within the cell . It generally consists of two different metals connected by a salt bridge , or individual half - cells separated by a porous membrane . A half - cell is a structure that contains a conductive electrode and a surrounding conductive electrolyte separated by a naturally occurring Helmholtz double layer . Chemical reactions within this layer momentarily pump electric charges between the electrode and the electrolyte , resulting in a potential difference between the electrode and the electrolyte . The typical anode reaction involves a metal atom in the electrode dissolved and transported as a positive ___MASK44___ across the double layer , causing the electrolyte to acquire a net positive charge while the electrode acquires a net negative charge . The growing potential difference creates ___MASK90___ intense electric field within the double layer , and the potential rises in value until the field halts the net charge - pumping reactions . This self - limiting action occurs almost instantly in ___MASK90___ isolated half - cell ; in applications two dissimilar half - cells are appropriately connected to constitute a Galvanic cell . ___MASK42___ ___MASK52___ ( Revaz ) Ivanovich Bagration (" ___MASK52___ ( Revaz ) Bagrat ' ioni ") ( 1778  1834 ) was a Georgian nobleman and a general in the Imperial Russian Army . A scion of the Georgian royal family Bagrationi , he was a brother of Pyotr Bagration , a notable Russian commander during the Napoleonic Wars . ___MASK31___ Romanovich Bagration ( Russian :        ; 24 September 1818 -- 17 January 1876 ) , the son of general Prince ___MASK52___ Bagration , was a Russian - Georgian statesman , general and scientist who invented the first dry galvanic cell . Saint Petersburg is Russia ' s second - largest city after Moscow , with five million inhabitants in 2012 , and ___MASK90___ important Russian port on the Baltic Sea . It is politically incorporated as a federal subject ( a federal city ). Situated on the Neva River , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea , it was founded by Tsar ___MASK34___ the Great on May . In 1914 , the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd , in 1924 to Leningrad , and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg . Between 1713  1728 and 1732  1918 , Saint Petersburg was the imperial capital of Russia . In 1918 , the central government bodies moved to Moscow . ___MASK90___ electrochemical cell is a device capable of either generating electrical energy from chemical reactions or facilitating chemical reactions through the introduction of electrical energy . A common example of ___MASK90___ electrochemical cell is a standard 1 . 5 - volt cell meant for consumer use . This type of device is known as a single Galvanic cell . A " battery " consists of two or more cells , connected in either parallel or series pattern . Redox ( short for reduction  oxidation reaction ) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms ___MASK21___ changed . Any such reaction involves both a reduction process and a complementary oxidation process , two key concepts involved with electron transfer processes . Redox reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed ; in general , redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species . The chemical species from which the electron is stripped is ___MASK72___ to have been oxidized , while the chemical species to which the electron is added is ___MASK72___ to have been reduced . It can be explained in simple terms : ___MASK20___ Aloisio Galvani ( 9 September 1737  4 December 1798 ) was ___MASK90___ Italian physician , physicist , biologist and philosopher , who discovered animal electricity . He is recognized as the pioneer of bioelectromagnetics . In 1780 , he discovered that the muscles of dead frogs ' legs twitched when struck by ___MASK90___ electrical spark . This was one of the first forays into the study of bioelectricity , a field that still studies the electrical patterns and signals from tissues such as the nerves and muscles . ___MASK31___ ( ___MASK34___ ) Bagration ( 10 July 1765  24 September 1812 ) was a Russian general and prince who rose to prominence during Napoleonic Wars . Bagration was the husband of Klemens von Metternich ' s lover Catherine and the alleged lover of Tsar Alexander ' s sister Catherine . He was subsequently portrayed with a supporting role in Tolstoy ' s epic novel " War and Peace ".