place_of_death joseph henry gilbert
Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert , Fellow of the Royal Society ( 1 August 1817 -- 23 December 1901 ) was an English chemist , noteworthy for his long career spent improving the methods of practical agriculture . He was a fellow of the Royal Society . Alchemy is a philosophical and protoscientific tradition practiced throughout Europe , ___MASK74___ and ___MASK59___ . It aimed to purify , mature , and perfect certain objects . Common aims were chrysopoeia , the transmutation of " base metals " ( e . g ., lead ) into " noble " ones ( particularly gold ); the creation of an elixir of immortality ; the creation of panaceas able to cure any disease ; and the development of an alkahest , a universal solvent . The perfection of the human body and soul was thought to permit or result from the alchemical magnum opus and , in the Hellenistic and western tradition , the achievement of gnosis . In Europe , the creation of a philosopher ' s stone was variously connected with all of these projects . Venkatraman " Venki " Ramakrishnan ( born 1952 ) is an Indian - American - British structural biologist of Indian origin . He is the current President of the Royal Society , having held the position since November 2015 . In 2009 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas A . Steitz and ___MASK52___ Yonath , " for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome ". An academy of sciences is a type of learned society or academy ( as special scientific institution ) dedicated to sciences that could be or not state funded . Some state funded academies are tuned into national or royal ( in case of the ___MASK63___ i . e . Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge ) as a form of honor . The other types of academy is an academy of arts ( see Academy of Arts ) or combination of both ( i . e . American Academy of Arts and Sciences ). The President , Council and Fellows of the Royal Society of ___MASK87___ for Improving Natural Knowledge , commonly known as the Royal Society , is a learned society for science and is possibly the oldest such society still in existence . Founded in November 1660 , it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as " The Royal Society ". The Society is the ___MASK63___ ' s and Commonwealth of Nations ' Academy of Sciences and fulfills a number of roles ; promoting science and its benefits , recognising excellence in science , supporting outstanding science , providing scientific advice for policy , fostering international and global cooperation , education and public engagement . The society is governed by its Council , which is chaired by the Society ' s President , according to a set of statutes and standing orders . The members of Council and the President are elected from and by its Fellows , the basic members of the society , who are themselves elected by existing Fellows . As of 2016 , there are about 1 , 600 fellows , allowed to use the postnominal title FRS ( Fellow of the Royal Society ), with up to 52 new fellows appointed each year . There are also royal fellows , honorary fellows and foreign members , the last of which are allowed to use the postnominal title ForMemRS ( Foreign Member of the Royal Society ). The Royal Society President is Venkatraman Ramakrishnan , who took up the post on November 30 , 2015 . Science is a systematic ___MASK60___ that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe . A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent , granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate . They were , and are still , used to establish significant organisations such as cities ( with municipal charters ) or universities and learned societies . Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment , as they have perpetual effect . Typically , a Royal Charter is produced as a high - quality work of calligraphy on vellum . The British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters . Of these about 750 remain in existence . The earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066 , making it the oldest Royal Burgh in ___MASK68___ , followed by the University of ___MASK46___ in 1231 . Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown , a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity , on 7 April 2011 . A farm is an area of land that is devoted primarily to agricultural processes with the primary objective of producing food and other crops ; it is the basic facility in food production . The name is used for specialised units such as arable farms , vegetable farms , fruit farms , dairy , pig and poultry farms , and land used for the production of natural fibres , biofuel and other commodities . It includes ranches , feedlots , orchards , plantations and estates , smallholdings and hobby farms , and includes the farmhouse and agricultural buildings as well as the land . In modern times the term has been extended so as to include such industrial operations as wind farms and fish farms , both of which can operate on land or ___MASK49___ . The history of agriculture records the domestication of plants and animals and the development and dissemination of techniques for raising them productively . Agriculture began independently in different parts of the ___MASK24___ , and included a diverse range of taxa . At least 11 separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin . ___MASK87___ is the capital and ___MASK86___ populous city of ___MASK89___ and the United Kingdom , as well as the ___MASK86___ populous city proper in the European Union . Standing on the River ___MASK19___ in the south east of the island of Great Britain , ___MASK87___ has been a major settlement for two millennia . It was founded by the Romans , who named it " Londinium ". ___MASK87___ ' s ancient core , the City of ___MASK87___ , largely retains its medieval boundaries . Since at least the 19th century , " ___MASK87___ " has also referred to the metropolis around this core , historically split between Middlesex , Essex , ___MASK31___ , Kent , and ___MASK84___ , which today largely makes up Greater ___MASK87___ , governed by the Mayor of ___MASK87___ and the ___MASK87___ Assembly . Animals are multicellular , eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia ( also called Metazoa ). The animal kingdom emerged as a basal clade within Apoikozoa as a sister of the choanoflagellates . Sponges are the ___MASK86___ basal clade of animals . Animals are motile , meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives . Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop , although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later in their lives . All animals are heterotrophs : they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance . A chemist ( from Greek chm ( ía ) alchemy + - ist ; replacing chymist from Medieval Latin alchimista ) is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry . Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties . Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities , with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms . Chemists carefully measure substance proportions , reaction rates , and other chemical properties . The word ' chemist ' is also used to address Pharmacists in Commonwealth English . Fellowship of the Royal Society ( FRS , ForMemRS & HonFRS ) is an award and fellowship granted by the Royal Society of ___MASK87___ to individuals the society judges to have made a " substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge , including mathematics , engineering science and medical science ". Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history . Plants make many chemical compounds that are for biological functions , including defence against insects , fungi and herbivorous mammals . At least 12 , 000 such compounds have been isolated so far ; a number estimated to be less than 10 % of the total . Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs ; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work . This enables herbal medicines to have beneficial pharmacology , but also gives them the same potential as conventional pharmaceutical drugs to cause harmful ___MASK48___ effects . Moreover , plant material comes with a variety of compounds which may have undesired effects , though these can be reduced by processing . A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes , such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion , rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil fuels , such as coal and petroleum , from prehistoric biological matter . Biofuels can be derived directly from plants , or indirectly from agricultural , commercial , domestic , and / or industrial wastes . Renewable biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon fixation , such as those that occur in plants or microalgae through the process of photosynthesis . Other renewable biofuels are made through the use or conversion of biomass ( referring to recently living organisms , ___MASK86___ often referring to plants or plant - derived materials ). This biomass can be converted to convenient energy - containing substances in three different ways : thermal conversion , chemical conversion , and biochemical conversion . This biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid , liquid , or gas form . This new biomass can also be used directly for biofuels . Monoculture is the agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop , plant , or livestock species , variety , or breed in a field or farming system at a time . Polyculture , where more than one crop is grown in the same space at the same time , is the alternative to monoculture . Monoculture is widely used in both industrial farming and organic farming and has allowed increased efficiency in planting and ___MASK43___ . Pharmacists , also known as chemists ( Commonwealth English ) or druggists ( North American and , archaically , Commonwealth English ), are healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy , the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use . A pharmacist is a member of the health care team directly involved with patient care . Pharmacists undergo university - level education to understand the biochemical mechanisms and actions of drugs , drug uses , therapeutic roles , ___MASK48___ effects , potential drug interactions , and monitoring parameters . This is mated to anatomy , physiology , and pathophysiology . Pharmacists interpret and communicate this specialized knowledge to patients , physicians , and other health care providers . Agriculture is the cultivation and breeding of animals , plants and fungi for food , fiber , biofuel , medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life . Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization , whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization . The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science . The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years , and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates , cultures , and technologies . Industrial agriculture based on large - scale monoculture farming has become the dominant agricultural methodology .