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Bromley is a large suburban town , the administrative headquarters of the ___MASK65___ Borough of Bromley in ___MASK89___ , England , United Kingdom . It was historically a market town chartered since 1158 and an ancient parish in the county of ___MASK69___ . Its location on a coaching route and the opening of a railway station in 1858 were key to its development , and the economic history of Bromley is underpinned by a shift from an agrarian village to commerce and retail . As part of the suburban growth of ___MASK65___ in the 20th century , Bromley significantly increased in population and was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1903 . It has developed into one of a handful of regionally significant commercial and retail districts outside central ___MASK65___ and has formed part of ___MASK89___ since 1965 . Most of Bromley including the town centre falls under the BR1 postcode district , whereas areas to the west towards Shortlands are part of BR2 instead . The ___MASK19___ is the estuary in which the River Thames meets the waters of the ___MASK63___ , in the south - east of Great Britain . ___MASK11___ ___MASK76___ ___MASK96___ is the most populous of the nine official regions of ___MASK96___ at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes . It consists of Berkshire , Buckinghamshire , ___MASK76___ Sussex , Hampshire , the Isle of Wight , ___MASK69___ , Oxfordshire , ___MASK43___ and West Sussex . As with the other regions of ___MASK96___ , apart from Greater London , the south east has no elected government . ___MASK69___ is a county in South East England and one of the home counties . It borders Greater London to the north west , ___MASK43___ to the west , East Sussex to the south west , and Essex across the Thames Estuary to the north . The county town is Maidstone . Dover is a town and ___MASK22___ ferry port in the home county of ___MASK69___ , in South East England . It faces France across the strait of Dover , the narrowest part of the English Channel , and lies south - east of Canterbury ; east of ___MASK69___ ' s county town Maidstone ; and north - east along the coastline from Dungeness and Hastings . The town is the administrative centre of the Dover District and home of the Dover Calais ferry through the Port of Dover . The surrounding chalk cliffs are known as the White Cliffs of Dover . ___MASK65___ is the capital and ___MASK2___ populous city of ___MASK96___ and the United Kingdom , as well as the ___MASK2___ populous city proper in the ___MASK71___ . Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain , ___MASK65___ has been a major settlement for two millennia . It was founded by the Romans , who named it " Londinium ". ___MASK65___ ' s ancient core , the City of ___MASK65___ , largely retains its medieval boundaries . Since at least the 19th century , " ___MASK65___ " has also referred to the metropolis around this core , historically split between Middlesex , Essex , ___MASK43___ , Kent , and Hertfordshire , which today largely makes up Greater ___MASK65___ , governed by the Mayor of ___MASK65___ and the ___MASK65___ Assembly . ___MASK76___ Sussex is a county in South ___MASK76___ ___MASK96___ . It is bordered by the counties of ___MASK69___ to the north and east , ___MASK43___ to the north west and West Sussex to the west , and to the south by the English Channel . Sussex ( abbreviated Sx ), from the ___MASK85___ English " Sþsaxe " ( ___MASK11___ Saxons ), is a historic county in ___MASK11___ ___MASK76___ ___MASK96___ corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex . It is bounded to the west by Hampshire , north by ___MASK43___ , north - east by Kent , south by the English Channel , and divided for local government into West Sussex and ___MASK76___ Sussex and the city of Brighton and Hove . Brighton and Hove was created as a unitary authority in 1997 , and granted City status in 2000 . Until then , Chichester was Sussex ' s only city . The ___MASK88___ Downs Way National Trail is a long - distance path in southern ___MASK96___ , opened in 1978 . It runs from Farnham to Dover , past Guildford , Dorking , Merstham , ___MASK27___ and Rochester , along the Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) and Kent Downs AONB . Chalk is a soft , white , porous , sedimentary carbonate rock , a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite . Calcite is an ionic ___MASK83___ called calcium carbonate or CaCO . It forms under reasonably deep marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite shells ( coccoliths ) shed from micro - organisms called coccolithophores . ___MASK23___ ( a type of chert unique to chalk ) is very common ___MASK92___ bands parallel to the bedding or ___MASK92___ nodules embedded in chalk . It is probably derived from sponge spicules or other siliceous organisms ___MASK92___ water is expelled upwards during compaction . ___MASK23___ is often deposited around larger fossils such ___MASK92___ Echinoidea which may be silicified ( i . e . replaced molecule by molecule by flint ). An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus ( Latin " oak tree ") of the beech family , Fagaceae . There are approximately 600 extant species of oaks . The common name " oak " also appears in the names of species in related genera , notably " Lithocarpus " ( stone oaks ), ___MASK92___ well ___MASK92___ in those of unrelated species such ___MASK92___ " Grevillea robusta " ( silky oaks ) and the Casuarinaceae ( she - oaks ). The genus " Quercus " is native to the Northern Hemisphere , and includes deciduous and evergreen species extending from cool temperate to tropical latitudes in the Americas , ___MASK81___ , Europe , and North Africa . North America contains the largest number of oak species , with approximately 90 occurring in the United States , while Mexico has 160 species of which 109 are endemic . The second greatest center of oak diversity is China , which contains approximately 100 species . Seal is a village and civil parish in the Sevenoaks district of ___MASK69___ , England . The parish is located in the valley between the North Downs and the Greensand ridge to the north - east of the town of Sevenoaks . The village , on the A25 road , although ancient , is fast becoming part of the built - up area of Sevenoaks . In early documents the name of the village is often given as ' Sele ' , ' Sale ' , ' Zela ' or ' La Sela ' . Until recently it was supposed to come from the French word ' salle ' meaning a hall but there is no evidence to support this . The etymology of place names suggests that the name of the village could have come from the Anglo - Saxon word ' sole ' or ' sol ' meaning a ' muddy slough , wallowing place ' or a ' muddy pond that overflows ' . Seal still has a pond at the fork at the bottom of Park Lane which tends to overflow at the present day . Another possibility is Anglo - Saxon sale = `` group of sallow trees '' . ' Seal : The History of a Parish ' by Jean Fox , David Williams and Peter Mountfield , published by Philimores in 2007 , gives comprehensive coverage of the village ' s history . Seal ' s church , the oldest parts of which date from the 13th Century , is dedicated to St Peter and St Paul and is a grade I listed building . The ecclesiastical parish only became separate from Kemsing in 1874 , although there may well have been a Saxon church on the site of the present building . Visitors to the church , which is normally open during the day , can pick up a free guide leaflet pointing out features of interest . There are more details on the church website , and a page for family historians with some records of burials and baptisms at the church ( not complete ) and information about where to find others . Seal was recorded in the Domesday Book in 1086 Glauconite is an ___MASK84___ potassium phyllosilicate ( mica group ) mineral of characteristic green color with very low weathering resistance and very friable . Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion , and is subsequently transported by the action of wind , water , or ice , and / or by the force of gravity acting on the particles . For example , sand and silt can be carried in suspension in river water and on reaching the sea be deposited by sedimentation and if buried ___MASK55___ may eventually become sandstone and siltstone , ( sedimentary rocks ). Swanley is a town and civil parish in the Sevenoaks District of ___MASK69___ , England . It is located approximately southeast of central London , adjacent to the Greater London boundary and within the M25 motorway . The population at the 2011 census was 16 , 226 . The local council is Swanley Town Council . The White Cliffs of Dover are cliffs that form part of the English coastline facing the ___MASK10___ and France . The cliffs are part of the North Downs formation . The cliff face , which reaches up to , owes its striking appearance to its composition of chalk accentuated by streaks of black flint . The cliffs stretch along the coastline for eight miles ( 13 km ), spreading east and west from the town of Dover in the county of ___MASK69___ , an ancient and still important English port . ___MASK82___ is the county town of ___MASK69___ , England , south - east of London . The River Medway runs through the centre of the town , linking it with Rochester and the Thames Estuary . Historically , the river was a source and route for much of the town ' s trade as the centre of the agricultural county of ___MASK69___ , known as the Garden of England . There is evidence of a settlement in the area dating back to before the Stone Age . The ___MASK88___ Downs are a ridge of chalk hills in south ___MASK76___ ___MASK96___ that stretch from Farnham in ___MASK43___ to the White Cliffs of Dover in Kent . Westerham Heights , at the northern edge of the ___MASK88___ Downs , near Bromley , South London , is the highest point in London at an elevation of . The ___MASK88___ Downs lie within two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONBs ), the ___MASK43___ Hills and the Kent Downs . The ___MASK88___ Downs Way National Trail runs along the ___MASK88___ Downs from Farnham to Dover . A County town is usually the location of administrative or judicial functions within the county , or it has been established over ___MASK16___ as the " de facto " main town of a county . The concept of a county town eventually became detached from its original meaning of where the county administration or county hall is based . In fact , many county towns are no longer part of the administrative county . For example , Nottingham is administered by a unitary authority entirely separate from the rest of Nottinghamshire . Many county towns are classified as cities , but all are referred to as county towns regardless of whether city status is held or not . Sevenoaks is a town and civil parish with a population of 29 , 506 situated in western ___MASK69___ , England , south - east of London . The population of the civil parish had reduced to 20 , 409 at the 2011 Census . It is served by a commuter main line railway and is south - east of London Charing Cross . The town gives its name to the Sevenoaks district , of which it is the principal town , followed by Swanley and Edenbridge . ___MASK57___ is a town in ___MASK43___ , England , within the Borough of Waverley . The town is WSW of London in the extreme west of ___MASK43___ , adjacent to the border with Hampshire . By road Guildford is 11 miles ( 17 km ) to the east and Winchester a further 28 miles ( 45 km ) along the same axis as London . ___MASK57___ is the largest town in Waverley , and one of the five largest conurbations in ___MASK43___ . It is of historic interest , with many old buildings , including a number of Georgian houses . ___MASK57___ Castle overlooks the town . A short distance southeast of the town centre are the ruins of Waverley Abbey , Moor Park House and Mother Ludlam ' s Cave . ___MASK57___ is twinned with Andernach in Germany . It is drained by the River Wey ( North Branch ) which is navigable only to canoes at this point . Sandstone ( sometimes known ___MASK92___ arenite ) is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand - sized minerals or rock grains . The home counties are the counties of ___MASK96___ that surround London ( although several of them do not border it ). The counties generally included in the list are Berkshire , Buckinghamshire , Essex , Hertfordshire , ___MASK69___ , ___MASK43___ , and Sussex . Other counties more distant from London  such as Bedfordshire , Cambridgeshire , Hampshire and Oxfordshire  are also sometimes regarded as home counties due to their proximity to London and their connection to the London regional economy . ___MASK43___ is a county in the south east of England and also one of the home counties bordering Greater London . ___MASK43___ shares borders with Kent to the east , East Sussex to the south - east , West Sussex to the south , Hampshire to the west and south - west and Berkshire to the north - west . The county town is Guildford . ___MASK43___ County Council sits extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames , administered as part of Greater London since 1965 . With a resident population of 1 . 1 million , ___MASK43___ is the most densely populated and third most populated county in the South East region , after Kent and Hampshire . ___MASK96___ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with ___MASK77___ to the north and Wales to the west . The Irish Sea lies ___MASK36___ of ___MASK96___ and the Celtic Sea lies to the ___MASK70___ . ___MASK96___ is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five - eighths of the island of Great Britain ( which lies in the North Atlantic ) in its centre and south ; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly , and the Isle of Wight . Greensand or Green sand is either a sand or sandstone , which has a greenish color . ___MASK55___ term is specifically applied to shallow marine sediment , that contains noticeable quantities of rounded greenish grains . These grains are called " glauconies " and consist of a mixture of mixed - layer clay minerals , such ___MASK92___ smectite and glauconite mica . Greensand is also loosely applied to any glauconitic sediment .