material_used spear of fuchai
Old Chinese , also called Archaic Chinese in older works , is the oldest attested stage of Chinese , and the ancestor of all modern varieties of Chinese . The earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BC , in the late Shang dynasty . ___MASK55___ inscriptions became plentiful during the following Zhou dynasty . The latter part of the Zhou period saw a flowering of literature , including classical works such as the " Analects ", the " Mencius ", and the " Zuozhuan ". These works served as models for Literary Chinese ( or Classical Chinese ), which remained the written standard until the early twentieth century , thus preserving the vocabulary and grammar of late Old Chinese . ___MASK56___ is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees , and other woody plants . It is an organic material , a natural composite of cellulose fibers which are strong in tension embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression . ___MASK56___ is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees , or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs . In a living tree it performs a support function , enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves . It also conveys ___MASK50___ and nutrients between the leaves , other growing tissues , and the roots . ___MASK56___ may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties , and to material engineered from wood , or wood chips or ___MASK59___ . ___MASK11___ is an alloy of iron and other elements , primarily carbon , that is widely used in construction and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost . ___MASK11___ ' s base metal is iron , which is able to take on two crystalline forms ( allotropic forms ), body centered cubic and face centered cubic ( FCC ), depending on its temperature . It is the interaction of those allotropes with the alloying elements , primarily carbon , that gives ___MASK11___ and cast iron their range of unique properties . In the body - centred cubic arrangement , there is an iron atom in the centre of each cube , and in the face - centred cubic , there is one at the center of each of the six faces of the cube . Carbon , other elements , and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that otherwise occur in the crystal lattices of iron atoms . A lozenge (), often referred to as a ___MASK16___ , is a form of rhombus . The definition of lozenge is not strictly fixed , and it is sometimes used simply as a synonym ( from the French " losange ") for rhombus . Most often , though , lozenge refers to a thin rhombus  a rhombus with acute angles of less than 45 °. The lozenge shape is often used in parquetry and as decoration on ceramics , silverware and textiles . It also features in heraldry and playing cards . Obsidian is a naturally occurring volcanic ___MASK65___ formed as an extrusive igneous rock . A pole weapon or polearm is a close combat weapon in which the main fighting part of the weapon is fitted to the end of a long shaft , typically of ___MASK56___ , thereby extending the user ' s effective range . Glaives , poleaxes , halberds , and naginata are all varieties of polearms . Yue ( Old Chinese : "*"), also known as Yuyue , was a state in ancient China which existed during the first millennium BC the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of China ' s Zhou dynasty in the modern provinces of Zhejiang , Shanghai , and Jiangsu . Its original capital was a site near Mount Kuaiji ( around modern Shaoxing ); after its conquest of Wu , the Kings of Yue moved their court north to the city of Wu ( modern Suzhou ). The Spear of Fuchai (  ) is purportedly the spear of King Fuchai of Wu , the arch - rival of King Goujian of Yue . It was unearthed in Jiangling , Hubei in November 1983 . The script on it is a kind of script used only in the states of Wu , Yue ( state ) , and Chu called  or bird and worms script , a variant of seal script . The inscription mirrors the text of King Goujian ' s Sword , except changing the name of the owner and the type of weapon . In this case , the text reads , ``  '' or `` ( Belonging to ) King Fuchai of Wu made for his personal use , this spear . '' ___MASK47___ is a chemical element with symbol Fe ( from ) and atomic number 26 . It is a metal in the first transition series . It is by mass the most common element on Earth , forming much of Earth ' s outer and inner core . It is the fourth most common element in the Earth ' s crust . Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high - mass stars , where it is the last element to be produced with release of energy before the violent collapse of a supernova , which scatters the ___MASK47___ into space . ___MASK26___ is a hard , sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral ___MASK90___ , categorized as a variety of chert . It occurs chiefly as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks , such as chalks and limestones . Inside the nodule , flint is usually dark grey , black , green , white or brown in colour , and often has a glassy or waxy appearance . A thin layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour , typically white and rough in texture . From a petrological point of view , " flint " refers specifically to the form of chert which occurs in ___MASK14___ or marly limestone . Similarly , " common chert " ( sometimes referred to simply as " chert ") occurs in limestone . A spear is a pole weapon consisting of a shaft , usually of ___MASK56___ , with a pointed head . The head may be simply the sharpened end of the shaft itself , as is the case with fire hardened spears , or it may be made of a more durable material fastened to the shaft , such as ___MASK26___ , obsidian , iron , ___MASK11___ or ___MASK55___ . The most common design for hunting or combat spears since ancient times has incorporated a metal spearhead shaped like a triangle , lozenge , or leaf . The heads of fishing spears usually feature barbs or serrated edges . ___MASK55___ is an alloy consisting primarily of copper , commonly with about 12 % tin and often with the addition of other metals ( such as aluminium , manganese , nickel or zinc ) and sometimes non - metals or metalloids such as arsenic , phosphorus or silicon . These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone , or have other useful properties , such as stiffness , ductility , or machinability .