headquarters_location alash party
___MASK76___ ( lat . ',      ), officially the Republic of ___MASK76___ , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia ( though this name is no longer used in ___MASK76___ itself , even in Russian language ), is a landlocked country in Eastern ___MASK2___ bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is ___MASK1___ . Over 40 % of its is forested . Its strongest economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern - day ___MASK76___ , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ), the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish  Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the ___MASK30___ . ___MASK74___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK74___ , is a doubly landlocked country in Central ___MASK77___ . It is a unitary , constitutional , presidential republic , comprising twelve provinces , one autonomous republic and a capital city . ___MASK74___ is bordered by five landlocked countries : ___MASK85___ to the north ; Tajikistan to the southeast ; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast ; Afghanistan to the south ; and Turkmenistan to the southwest . Alash nationalist party ( 1917 - 1920 ) was a constitutional democratic party , and a liberation movement , in the Alash Autonomy on the territory of the present - day ___MASK85___ and Russia . They advocated for equal treatment between Kazakhs and Russians and the cessation of Russian settlement on the Kazakh lands . It was notably the first modern organized political Kazakh elite group . Alash party attempted to reinforce Kazakh identity rather than embracing Russian identities . Western secularism and ties to the Muslim world were the major dividing issues among the party intelligentsia and the Kazakh elites , through the Russian Civil War . Chairman of the party , and president of the Alash Autonomy was Alikhan Bokeikhanov . Prior to the formation of Alash party , he and other notable members of the party were members of the liberal Constitutional Democratic Party . Alash party ceased to exist in August 26 , 1920 after the Bolsheviks defeated White Army that was occupying territory of the Alash Autonomy , and formed Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic . Eurasia is the combined continental landmass of ___MASK2___ and ___MASK77___ . The term is a portmanteau of its constituent continents . Located primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres , it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Pacific Ocean to the east , the Arctic Ocean to the north , and by Africa , the Mediterranean Sea , and the Indian Ocean to the south . The division between ___MASK2___ and ___MASK77___ as two different continents is a historical and cultural construct , with no clear physical separation between them ; thus , in some parts of the world , Eurasia is recognized as the largest of five or six continents . In geology , Eurasia is often considered as a single rigid megablock . However , the rigidity of Eurasia is debated based on the paleomagnet data . Semey ( Kazakh and ), until 2007 known as Semipalatinsk ( Kazakh and ) and in 1917  1920 as Alash - kala (" Ala - qala "), is a city in ___MASK85___ , in East ___MASK85___ Region , and in the ___MASK85___ part of Siberia , near the border with Russia , around north of Almaty , and southeast of the Russian city of Omsk , along the Irtysh River . Population : The Ural Mountains , or simply the Urals , are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western ___MASK15___ , from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the Ural River and northwestern ___MASK85___ . The mountain range forms part of the conventional boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia . Vaygach Island and the islands of Novaya Zemlya form a further continuation of the chain to the north into the Arctic Ocean . ___MASK35___ , colloquially shortened to Nizhny , is a city in the administrative center of ___MASK35___ Oblast and Volga Federal District in Russia . From 1932 to 1990 , it was known as Gorky , after the writer Maxim Gorky , who was born there . The city is an important economic , transportation , scientific , educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga - Vyatka economic region , and is the main center of river tourism in Russia . In the historical part of the city there are a large number of universities , theaters , museums and churches . ___MASK35___ is located about 400 km east of Moscow , where the Oka empties into the Volga . Population : ___MASK2___ is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia . ___MASK2___ is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . To the east and southeast , ___MASK2___ is generally considered as separated from ___MASK77___ by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas , and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Yet the non - oceanic borders of ___MASK2___  a concept dating back to classical antiquity  are arbitrary . The primarily physiographic term " continent " as applied to ___MASK2___ also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent ' s current overland boundaries . The Kazakh Khanate was a Turkic Kazakh state , the successor of the ___MASK17___ Horde , existing from 1456  1847 , located roughly on the territory of the present - day Republic of ___MASK85___ . At its height the khanate ruled from eastern Cumania ( modern - day West ___MASK85___ ) to most of Uzbekistan , Karakalpakstan and the Syr Darya river with military confrontation as far as Astrakhan and Khorasan Province , which is now in Iran . Slaves were also captured by frequent Kazakh raids into territory belonging to Russia , Central Asia , and Western Siberia ( Bashkortostan ) during the Kazakh Khanate . The Khanate was later weakened by a series of Oirat and Dzungar invasions , devastating raids and warfare . These resulted in decline and further disintegration into three Jüz - es , which gradually lost their sovereignty and were incorporated to the expanding ___MASK30___ . The Russian diaspora is the ___MASK10___ community of ethnic Russians . The Russian speaking (" Russophone ") diaspora are the people for whom Russian language is the native language , regardless of whether they are ethnic Russians or , for example , Belarusians , Tatars , Jews . The number of ethnic Russians living outside the Russian Federation is estimated at roughly between 20 and 30 million people ( depending on the notion of " ethnicity " used ), the majority of them in countries of the Former Soviet Union ; about 30 million native speakers of Russian are estimated to live outside the Russian Federation ( compared to 147 million living within the Russian Federation ). ___MASK92___ , alternatively romanised as " Ekaterinburg ", is the fourth - largest city in ___MASK15___ and the administrative centre of ___MASK39___ , located in the middle of the Eurasian continent , on the border of Europe and ___MASK77___ . At the 2010 Census , it had a population of 1 , 349 , 772 . ___MASK15___ ( from the  Rus '), also officially known as the Russian Federation , is a country in Eurasia . At , ___MASK15___ is the largest country in the world by surface area , covering more than one - eighth of the Earth ' s inhabited land area , and the ninth most populous , with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016 . The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern , about 77 % of the population live in European ___MASK15___ . ___MASK15___ ' s capital ___MASK23___ is one of the largest cities in the world , other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , ___MASK35___ and ___MASK42___ . Alash Autonomy was a Kazakh state that existed between December 13 , 1917 and August 26 , 1920 on , approximately , the territory of the present - day Republic of ___MASK85___ . The capital city was Semey , then known as " Alash - qala ". China , officially the People ' s Republic of China ( PRC ), is a unitary sovereign state in East ___MASK77___ . With a population of over 1 . 381 billion , it is the world ' s most populous country . The state is governed by the Communist Party of China , and its capital is Beijing . It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , five autonomous regions , four direct - controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and ___MASK32___ ), and two mostly self - governing special administrative regions ( Hong Kong and Macau ), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan . The country ' s major urban areas include Shanghai , Guangzhou , Beijing , ___MASK32___ , Shenzhen , Tianjin and Hong Kong . China is a great power and a major regional power within ___MASK77___ , and has been characterized as a potential superpower . Abu ' l - Khayr Khan ( 1412  1468 ) was the leader who united the nomadic ___MASK71___ Asian tribes from which the Kazakh Khanate later separated in rebellion under Janybek Khan and Kerei Khan beginning in 1466 . ___MASK71___ ___MASK77___ or Middle ___MASK77___ is the core region of the Asian continent and stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north . It is also colloquially referred to as " the ' stans " ( as the six countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix "- stan ", meaning " land of ") and is within the scope of the wider Eurasian continent . ___MASK15___ is not proportionately populated between the smaller western portion ( almost 25 %) of the country that is considered part of ___MASK2___ , and the larger eastern portion ( more than 75 %) that is part of ___MASK77___ . European ___MASK15___ contains about 77 % of the country ' s population ( 110 , 000 , 000 people out of about 144 , 000 , 000 ) in an area comprising almost 4 million km ( 1 . 54 million mi ); an average of 27 . 5 persons per km ( 70 per mi ). This territory makes up 38 % of ___MASK2___ . Its eastern border is defined by the Ural Mountains and in the south , it is defined by the border with ___MASK85___ . This area includes Moscow and Saint Petersburg , the two largest cities in ___MASK15___ . ___MASK33___ ( tr . ) is a sovereign state in Eastern ___MASK2___ , bordered by Russia to the east and northeast , Belarus to the northwest , Poland and Slovakia to the west , ___MASK36___ , Romania , and Moldova to the southwest , and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast , respectively . ___MASK33___ is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the ___MASK66___ which Russia annexed in 2014 but which ___MASK33___ and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian . Including Crimea , ___MASK33___ has an area of , making it the largest country entirely within ___MASK2___ and the 46th largest country in the world . It has a population of about 44 . 5 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Eastern ___MASK2___ , also known as East ___MASK2___ , is the eastern part of the European continent . There is no consensus on the precise area it covers , partly because the term has a wide range of geopolitical , geographical , cultural , and socioeconomic connotations . There are " almost as many definitions of Eastern ___MASK2___ as there are scholars of the region ". A related United Nations paper adds that " every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and cultural construct ". Russians (" russkiye ") are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern ___MASK2___ . The majority of Russians inhabit the nation state of Russia , while notable minorities exist in Ukraine , ___MASK85___ , and other former Soviet states such as Belarus . A large Russian diaspora exists all over the world , with notable numbers in the United States , Germany , Israel , and Canada . Russians are the most numerous ethnic group in ___MASK2___ . ___MASK63___ , officially the Federal Republic of ___MASK63___ , is a federal parliamentary republic in central - western Europe . It includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With about 82 million inhabitants , ___MASK63___ is the most populous member state of the European Union . After the United States , it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world . ___MASK63___ ' s capital and largest metropolis is Berlin . Other major cities include ___MASK21___ , Munich , Cologne , Frankfurt , Stuttgart and Düsseldorf . ___MASK3___ is Russia ' s second - largest city after ___MASK23___ , with five million inhabitants in 2012 , and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea . It is politically incorporated as a federal subject ( a federal city ). Situated on the Neva River , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea , it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May . In 1914 , the name was changed from ___MASK3___ to Petrograd , in 1924 to Leningrad , and in 1991 back to ___MASK3___ . Between 1713  1728 and 1732  1918 , ___MASK3___ was the imperial capital of Russia . In 1918 , the central government bodies moved to ___MASK23___ . ___MASK85___ ( " Qazaqstan ", " ___MASK85___ "), officially the Republic of ___MASK85___ (" Qazaqstan Respwblïkas " " Respublika ___MASK85___ "), is a transcontinental country in northern Central Asia and Eastern Europe . ___MASK85___ is the world ' s largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest in the world , with an area of . ___MASK85___ is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60 % of the region ' s GDP , primarily through its oil / gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . ___MASK83___ , officially known as the State of ___MASK83___ , is a country in the Middle East , on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with ___MASK97___ to the north , Syria to the northeast , ___MASK80___ on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . ___MASK83___ ' s financial and technology center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state ' s sovereignty over the city of Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized . ___MASK34___ ( French : ) is a country in the northern half of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering , making it the world ' s second - largest country by total area and the fourth - largest country by land area . ___MASK34___ ' s border with the United States is the world ' s longest land border . The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate , but southerly areas are warm in summer . ___MASK34___ is sparsely populated , the majority of its land territory being dominated by ___MASK46___ and tundra and the Rocky Mountains . About four - fifths of the country ' s population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border . Its capital is ___MASK37___ , its largest city is Toronto ; other major urban areas include Montreal , Vancouver , ___MASK60___ , Edmonton , ___MASK58___ City , Winnipeg and Hamilton . The Kazakhs ( also spelled Kazaks , Qazaqs , , ; the English name is transliterated from Russian ) are a Turkic people who mainly inhabit the southern part of Eastern ___MASK2___ Ural mountains and northern parts of Central ___MASK77___ ( largely ___MASK85___ , but also found in parts of Uzbekistan , China , Russia and Mongolia ), the region also known as Eurasian sub - continent . Kazakh identity is of medieval origin and was strongly shaped by the foundation of the Kazakh Khanate between 1456 and 1465 , when several tribes under the rule of the sultans Zhanibek and Kerey departed from the Khanate of Abu ' l - Khayr Khan . ___MASK23___ ( or ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with 12 . 2 million residents within the city limits and 16 . 8 million within the urban area . ___MASK23___ has the status of a Russian federal city . ___MASK62___ is the third - most populous city in ___MASK15___ after ___MASK23___ and St . Petersburg . It is the most populous city in Asian ___MASK15___ , with a population of 1 , 473 , 754 as of the 2010 Census . It is the administrative center of ___MASK62___ Oblast as well as of the Siberian Federal District . The city is located in the southwestern part of Siberia on the banks of the Ob River adjacent to the Ob River Valley , near the large water reservoir formed by the dam of the ___MASK62___ Hydro Power Plant , and occupies an area of . ___MASK57___ ( Mongolian : [" Monggol Ulus "] in Mongolian script ; [" Mongol Uls "] in Mongolian Cyrillic ) is a landlocked unitary sovereign state in East ___MASK77___ . Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer ___MASK57___ , and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state . It is sandwiched between China to the south and Russia to the north . While it does not share a border with ___MASK85___ , ___MASK57___ is separated from it by only .