position_held arthur young 
Colonel Sir Arthur Edwin Young KBE CMG CVO OStJ KPM ( 15 February 1907 -- 20 January 1979 ) was a British police ___MASK5___ . He was Commissioner of Police of the City of London from 1950 to 1971 and was also the first head of the Royal Ulster Constabulary to be styled Chief Constable . Young was instrumental in the creation of the post of Chief Inspector of Constabulary . In the early 1950s , he played a crucial role in policing decolonisation in the British Empire . During the 1960s , he led the way in modernising British police recruitment and in improving the training of senior officers . A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law , protect property , and limit civil disorder . Their powers include the legitimized use of force . The term is most commonly associated with police services of a ___MASK57___ state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility . Police forces are often defined as being separate from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors ; however , gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing . ___MASK78___ is the rank used by the chief police ___MASK5___ of every territorial police force in the United Kingdom except for the City of London Police and the Metropolitan Police , as well as the chief officers of the three ' special ' national police forces , the British Transport Police , Ministry of Defence Police , and Civil Nuclear Constabulary . The title is also held by the chief officers of the principal Crown Dependency police forces , the Isle of Man Constabulary , States of Guernsey Police Service , and States of Jersey Police . The title was also held , ex officio , by the president of the Association of Chief Police Officers under the Police Reform Act 2002 . It was also the title of the ___MASK99___ of the Royal Parks Constabulary until this agency was disbanded in 2004 . Metropolitan police are municipal police of major metropolitan areas . These forces provide all general police services and tend to be headed by a chief called a ___MASK35___ or ___MASK4___ . The ___MASK97___ of London is an elected ___MASK53___ who , along with the London Assembly of 25 members , is accountable for the strategic government of Greater London . The current mayor is Sadiq Khan , who took up office on 9 May 2016 . The position had been held by Ken Livingstone from the creation of the role on 4 May 2000 until he was defeated in 2008 by Boris Johnson , who served two terms before being succeeded by Khan . A ___MASK63___ is a person holding a particular office , most commonly in criminal law enforcement . The office of ___MASK63___ can vary significantly in different jurisdictions . A ___MASK63___ is commonly the rank of an ___MASK5___ within the police . Other persons may be granted powers of a ___MASK63___ without holding the title of ___MASK63___ . Colonel ( abbreviated Col ., Col or COL and pronounced , similar to " kernel ") is a senior military ___MASK5___ rank below the general ___MASK5___ ranks . However , in some small military forces , such as those of Iceland or the Vatican , colonel is the highest rank . It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations . A general ___MASK5___ is an ___MASK5___ of high rank in the army , and in some nations ' air forces or marines . London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom , as well as the most populous city proper in the European Union . Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . It was founded by the Romans , who named it " Londinium ". London ' s ancient core , the City of London , largely retains its medieval boundaries . Since at least the 19th century , " London " has also referred to the metropolis around this core , historically split between Middlesex , Essex , Surrey , Kent , and Hertfordshire , which today largely makes up Greater London , governed by the ___MASK97___ of London and the London Assembly . The British Empire comprised the dominions , colonies , protectorates , mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states . It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries . At its height , it was the largest empire in history and , for over a century , was the foremost global power . By 1913 , the British Empire held sway over 412 million people , % of the world population at the time , and by 1920 , it covered , % of the Earth ' s total land area . As a result , its political , legal , linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread . At the peak of its power , the phrase " the empire on which the sun never sets " was often used to describe the British Empire , because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories . Chief police ___MASK5___ is a phrase used in the United Kingdom to describe the position held by the most senior police ___MASK5___ in a police force . It refers to either one of the 53 Chief Constables , the ___MASK31___ or the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police . Such police officers are members of the Association of Chief Police Officers . The phrase is used in legislation when giving powers such as those to permit public processions , or grant firearms licenses . Some such activities can usually be delegated to any constable . The London Assembly is an elected body , part of the Greater London Authority , that scrutinises the activities of the ___MASK97___ of London and has the power , with a two - thirds majority , to amend the ___MASK97___ ' s annual budget and to reject the ___MASK97___ ' s draft statutory strategies . The assembly was established in 2000 and meets at City Hall on the South Bank of the River Thames , close to Tower Bridge . The assembly is also able to investigate other issues of importance to Londoners ( transport , environmental matters , etc .), publish its findings and recommendations , and make proposals to the ___MASK97___ . ___MASK42___ is both a police rank and an administrative position , both used in a number of contexts . However , it is not an equivalent rank in each police force . The British Transport Police ( BTP ) is a special police force that polices railways and light - rail systems in England , Scotland and Wales , for which it has entered into an agreement to provide such services . 95 % of the Force ' s funding comes from Britain ' s privatised train companies . British Transport Police officers do not have jurisdiction in Northern Ireland unless working under mutual aid arrangements for the Police Service of Northern Ireland in which case any duties performed on a railway will be merely incidental to working as a ___MASK63___ in Northern Ireland . The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a ___MASK57___ country in western Europe . Lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland , it includes the island of Great Britain ( the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country ), the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another ___MASK57___ statethe Republic of Ireland . Apart from this land border , the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west , giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of , the UK is the 78th - largest ___MASK57___ state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe . It is also the 21st - most populous country , with an estimated 65 . 1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union . The Royal Parks Constabulary ( RPC ) was the police force formerly responsible for the Royal Parks in London and a number of other locations in Greater London , England and Edinburgh , Scotland . Unlike most other police forces operating in England and Wales , the Royal Parks Constabulary did not report to the ___MASK73___ , but instead to the ___MASK14___ , who provided funding for it through the Royal Parks Agency . A protectorate , in its inception adopted by modern international law , is a dependent territory that has been granted local autonomy and some independence while still retaining the suzerainty of a greater ___MASK57___ state . In exchange for this , the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations , which may vary greatly , depending on the real nature of their relationship . Therefore , a protectorate remains an autonomous part of a ___MASK57___ state . They are different from colonies as they have local rulers and people ruling over the territory and experience rare cases of immigration of settlers from the country it has suzerainty of . However , a state which remains under the protection of another state but still retains independence is known as a protected state and is different from protectorates . Northern Ireland (; Ulster Scots : "") is a top - level constituent unit of the United Kingdom in the northeast of Ireland . It is variously described as a country , province , region , or " part " of the United Kingdom , amongst other terms . Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland . In 2011 , its population was 1 , 810 , 863 , constituting about 30 % of the island ' s total population and about ___MASK98___ % of the UK ' s population . Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement , the Northern Ireland Assembly holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . Northern Ireland co - operates with the Republic of Ireland in some areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to " put forward views and proposals " with " determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments ". The Royal Ulster Constabulary was the police force in Northern Ireland from 1922 to 2001 . Following the awarding of the George Cross in 2000 , its formal title became the Royal Ulster Constabulary , GC . It was founded on 1 June 1922 out of the Royal Irish Constabulary ( RIC ). At its peak the force had around 8 , 500 officers with a further ___MASK52___ , 500 who were members of the RUC Reserve . During the Troubles , 319 members of the RUC were killed and almost 9 , 000 injured in paramilitary assassinations or attacks , mostly by the Provisional IRA , which made , by 1983 , the RUC the most dangerous police force in the world in which to serve . In the same period , the RUC killed 55 people , 28 of whom were civilians . The George Cross ( GC ) is the second highest award of the United Kingdom honours system . It is awarded for gallantry " not in the face of the enemy " to members of the British armed forces and to British civilians . It has always been able to be awarded posthumously . It was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries , most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours . It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians including police , emergency services and merchant seamen although no British civilian has received the award since 1976 . Many of the awards have been personally presented by the British ___MASK85___ to both recipients and in the case of posthumous awards to next of kin . These investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace .