country_of_citizenship hu shih
The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end . The Treaty ended the state of war between ___MASK19___ and the Allied Powers . It was signed on 28 June 1919 , exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand . The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties . Although the armistice , signed on 11 November 1918 , ended the actual fighting , it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty . The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919 . Written Cantonese is the written form of Cantonese , the most complete written form of Chinese after that for Mandarin Chinese . Written Chinese was originally developed for Classical Chinese , and was the main literary language of ___MASK79___ until the 19th century . Written vernacular Chinese first appeared in the 17th century and a written form of Mandarin became standard throughout ___MASK79___ in the early 20th century . While texts written in this system can in principle be read word for word in other Chinese varieties , this sounds unnatural because of differences in idiom , grammar , and usage . Modern Cantonese speakers have therefore developed their own written script , sometimes creating new characters for words that either do not exist or have been lost in standard Chinese . Democracy ("" literally " rule of the commoners "), in modern usage , is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body , such as a parliament . Democracy is sometimes referred to as " rule of the majority ". Democracy was originally conceived in Classical ___MASK94___ , where political representatives were chosen by a jury from amongst the male citizens : rich and poor . Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication , particularly the human ability to do so , and a language is any specific example of such a system . The scientific study of language is called linguistics . Questions concerning the philosophy of language , such as whether words can represent experience , have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient ___MASK94___ . Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought . 20th - century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language . Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky . The May Fourth Movement was an anti - imperialist , cultural , and political movement growing out of student participants in Beijing on May 4 , 1919 , protesting against the Chinese government ' s weak response to the Treaty of Versailles , especially allowing ___MASK67___ to receive territories in Shandong which had been surrendered by ___MASK19___ after the Siege of Tsingtao . These demonstrations sparked national protests and marked the upsurge of Chinese nationalism , a shift towards political mobilization and away from cultural activities , and a move towards a populist base rather than intellectual elites . Many political and social leaders of the next decades emerged at this time . Mainland ___MASK79___ , also known as the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland , is the geopolitical area under the direct jurisdiction of the People ' s Republic of ___MASK79___ ( PRC ). It generally excludes the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau ; however , it usually includes Hainan . The term " mainland ___MASK79___ ", which avoids calling the area simply " ___MASK79___ " and thereby recognizing the founding of the PRC as " the " " ___MASK79___ ", was coined by the Kuomintang ( KMT ) after receiving control of ___MASK62___ from Japan after World War II . By 1949 , the KMT - led Republic of ___MASK79___ ( ROC ) government was defeated in the Chinese Civil War in mainland ___MASK79___ and fled to the island of ___MASK62___ where the KMT pledged to " retake the Mainland ". The KMT considers both sides of the ___MASK62___ Strait ( including ___MASK62___ ), as ( one ) " ___MASK79___ " and one country , whereas ___MASK62___ ' s Democratic Progressive Party ( DPP ) considers only mainland ___MASK79___ as " ___MASK79___ " and ___MASK62___ ( ROC ) as " ___MASK62___ " and maintains that they are different countries . ___MASK39___ Xun , formerly also romanized ___MASK39___ Hsün , was the pen name of Zhou Shuren ( 25 September 1881  19 October 1936 ), a leading figure of modern Chinese literature . Writing in Vernacular Chinese as well as Classical Chinese , ___MASK39___ Xun was a short story ___MASK33___ , ___MASK46___ , translator , literary critic , essayist , and poet . In the 1930s he became the titular head of the League of Left - Wing Writers in Shanghai . Cantonese , or Standard Cantonese , is a variant of Yue Chinese spoken in the vicinity of Guangzhou ( known historically as Canton ) in southeastern ___MASK79___ . It is the traditional prestige dialect of Yue . Language reform is a type of language planning by massive change to a language . The usual tools of language reform are simplification and purification . Simplification makes the language easier to use by regularizing vocabulary , grammar , or spelling . Purification makes the language conform to a version of the language perceived as ' purer '. A research university is a university that expects all its tenured and tenure - track faculty to continuously engage in research , as opposed to merely requiring it as a condition of an initial appointment or tenure . Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names . On the one hand , research universities strive to recruit faculty who are the most brilliant minds in their disciplines in the world , and their students enjoy the opportunity to learn from such experts . On the other hand , new students are often disappointed to realize their undergraduate courses at research universities are overly ___MASK74___ and fail to provide vocational training with immediate " real world " applications ; but many employers value degrees from research universities because they know that such coursework develops fundamental skills like critical thinking . Confucianism , also known as Ruism , is described as tradition , a philosophy , a religion , a humanistic or rationalistic religion , a way of governing , or simply a way of life . Confucianism developed from what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius ( 551  479 BCE ), who considered himself a retransmitter of the values of the Zhou dynasty golden age of several centuries before . In the ___MASK65___ ( 206 BCE  220 CE ), Confucian approaches edged out the " proto - Taoist " Huang - Lao , as the official ideology while the emperors mixed both with the realist techniques of Legalism . The disintegration of the Han political order in the second century CE opened the way for the doctrines of Buddhism and Neo - Taoism , which offered spiritual explanations lacking in Confucianism . ___MASK79___ , officially the People ' s Republic of ___MASK79___ ( PRC ), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia . With a population of over 1 . 381 billion , it is the world ' s most populous country . The state is governed by the Communist Party of ___MASK79___ , and its capital is Beijing . It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , five autonomous regions , four direct - controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ), and two mostly self - governing special administrative regions ( Hong Kong and Macau ), and claims sovereignty over ___MASK62___ . The country ' s major urban areas include Shanghai , Guangzhou , Beijing , Chongqing , Shenzhen , Tianjin and Hong Kong . ___MASK79___ is a great power and a major regional power within Asia , and has been characterized as a potential superpower . Standard Chinese , also known as Modern Standard Mandarin or Standard Mandarin , also often referred to as Putonghua , Guoyu or simply Mandarin , is a standard language that is the sole official language of both ___MASK79___ and ___MASK62___ , and also one of the four official languages of Singapore . The pronunciation of the standard is based on the Beijing dialect , its vocabulary is drawn from Mandarin dialects , and the grammar is based on literature in the modern written vernacular . A diploma ( from Greek µ " díplma ", meaning " folded paper ") is a certificate or deed issued by an educational institution , such as a college or university , that testifies that the recipient has successfully completed a particular course of study , or ( US ) recording that an ___MASK74___ degree has been awarded . In some countries , e . g . the ___MASK57___ and Australia , the word diploma also refers to an ___MASK74___ award ( e . g . diploma of higher education , graduate diploma , postgraduate diploma ). Historically , it can also refer to a charter or official document , thus diplomatic , diplomat and diplomacy via the " Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus ". ___MASK69___ is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia . It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of separated by the South ___MASK79___ Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular ___MASK69___ and East ___MASK69___ ( Malaysian Borneo ). Peninsular ___MASK69___ shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East ___MASK69___ shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . The capital city is Kuala Lumpur , while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , ___MASK69___ is the 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in ___MASK69___ . Located in the tropics , ___MASK69___ is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth , with large numbers of endemic species . Hu Shih ( Chinese :  , 17 December 1891 -- 24 February 1962 ) was a Chinese philosopher , essayist and diplomat . Hu is widely recognized today as a key contributor to Chinese liberalism and language reform in his advocacy for the use of written vernacular Chinese . He was influential in the May Fourth Movement , one of the leaders of ___MASK79___ ' s New Culture Movement , was a president of Peking University , and in 1939 was nominated for a Nobel Prize in literature . He had a wide range of interests such as literature , history , textual criticism , and pedagogy . He was also an influential redology scholar and held the famous Jiaxu manuscript ( Chinese :  ; pinyin : Jix bn ; Wade -- Giles : Chia - hsü pen ) for many years until his death . The Siege of Tsingtao , sometimes Siege of Tsingtau , was the attack on the German port of Tsingtao ( Qingdao ) in ___MASK79___ during World War I by Japan and the United Kingdom . The siege took place between 31 October and 7 November 1914 against Imperial Germany . The siege was the first encounter between Japanese and German forces and also the first Anglo - Japanese operation of the war . Dream of the Red Chamber , also called The Story of the Stone , composed by Cao Xueqin , is one of ___MASK79___ ' s Four Great Classical Novels . It was written sometime in the middle of the 18th century during the Qing Dynasty . Long considered a masterpiece of Chinese literature , the novel is generally acknowledged to be the pinnacle of Chinese fiction . " Redology " is the field of study devoted exclusively to this work . The New Culture Movement of the mid 1910s and 1920s sprang from the disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture following the failure of the Chinese Republic , founded in 1912 to address ___MASK79___  s problems . Scholars like Chen Duxiu , Cai Yuanpei , Li Dazhao , Lu Xun , Zhou Zuoren , He Dong , and Hu Shih , had classical educations but began to lead a revolt against Confucianism . They called for the creation of a new Chinese culture based on global and western standards , especially democracy and science . Younger followers took up their call for : On May 4 , 1919 , students in Beijing protested the Paris Peace Conference giving German rights over Shandong to Imperial Japan , turning this cultural movement into a political one in what became known as the May Fourth Movement . The Guozijian , sometimes translated as the National School , National Academy , Imperial Academy , Imperial University , Imperial College , Imperial Central School , National University , etc ., was the national central institution of higher learning in Chinese dynasties after the Sui . It was the highest institution of learning in ___MASK79___ ' s traditional educational system , with the function of administration of education . In Vietnam , the Imperial Academy ( Vietnamese : Quc T Giám ) existed after the Lý dynasty . Several notable chairmans of Guozijian in Vietnam history are Chu Vn An , Nguyn Phi Khanh , V Miên , and Lê Quý ôn . A diplomat is a person appointed by a state to conduct diplomacy with one or more other states or international organisations . The main functions of diplomats are : representation and protection of the interests and nationals of the sending state ; initiation and facilitation of strategic agreements ; treaties and conventions ; promotion of information ; trade and commerce ; technology ; and friendly relations . Seasoned diplomats of international repute are used in international organisations ( e . g . United Nations ) as well as multinational companies for their experience in management and negotiating skills . Diplomats are members of foreign services and diplomatic corps of various nations of the world . Shandong ( formerly romanized as Shantung ) is a coastal province of the People ' s Republic of ___MASK79___ , and is part of the East ___MASK79___ region . Classical Chinese , also known as Literary Chinese , is the language of the classic literature from the end of the Spring and Autumn period through to the end of the ___MASK65___ , a written form of Old Chinese . Classical Chinese is a traditional style of written Chinese that evolved from the classical language , making it different from any modern spoken form of Chinese . Literary Chinese was used for almost all formal writing in ___MASK79___ until the early 20th century , and also , during various periods , in Japan , Korea and Vietnam . Among Chinese speakers , Literary Chinese has been largely replaced by written vernacular Chinese , a style of writing that is similar to modern spoken Mandarin Chinese , while speakers of non - Chinese languages have largely abandoned Literary Chinese in favor of local vernaculars . Cáo Xuqín ; ( 1715 or 17241763 or 1764 ) was a Chinese ___MASK33___ during the ___MASK49___ . He is best known as the author of " Dream of the Red Chamber ", one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature . His given name was Cáo Zhn (  ) and his courtesy name was Mèngrun . Mandarin is a group of related varieties of Chinese spoken across most of northern and southwestern ___MASK79___ . The group includes the Beijing dialect , the basis of Standard Mandarin or Standard Chinese . Because most Mandarin dialects are found in the north , the group is sometimes referred to as the Northern dialects . Many local Mandarin varieties are not mutually intelligible . Nevertheless , Mandarin is often placed first in any list of languages by number of native speakers ( with nearly a billion ). ___MASK68___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK68___ , and often referred to as the " Lion City " or the " Little Red Dot ", is a sovereign city - state in Southeast Asia , and the world ' s only island city - state . It lies one degree ( 137 km ) north of the equator , south of the southernmost tip of continental Asia and peninsular Malaysia , with Indonesia ' s Riau Islands to the south . ___MASK68___ ' s territory consists of a diamond - shaped main island along with 62 other islets . Since independence , extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23 % ( 130 km ), and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora , parks and gardens . Redology is the ___MASK74___ study of Cao Xueqin ' s " Dream of the Red Chamber ", one of the Four Great Classical Novels of ___MASK79___ . There are numerous researchers in this field ; most can be divided into four general groups . The first group are the commentators , such as Zhou Chun , Xu Fengyi , Chen Yupi , and others . The second group is the index group , which mainly includes Wang Mengruan and Cai Yuanpei . The third group are the textual critics , including Hu Shi and Yu Pingbo . The final group are the literary critics . There are various researchers in this group , most notably Zhou Ruchang . Peking University ( abbreviated PKU and colloquially known in Chinese as Bidà ; Chinese :  , pinyin : Bijng Dàxué ), is a major Chinese research university located in Beijing and a member of the C9 League . It is the first modern national university established in ___MASK79___ , founded as the Imperial University of Peking in 1898 as a replacement of the ancient Taixue or Guozijian , or Imperial Academy . It also served as the highest administration for education ( ministry of education ) in ___MASK79___ at the beginning of its founding . By 1920 , it had become a center for progressive thought . Peking University is consistently ranked as the top higher learning institution in mainland ___MASK79___ . In addition to academics , Peking University is especially renowned for its campus grounds , and the beauty of its traditional Chinese architecture . Taixue ( Tai - hsueh ), or sometimes called the " Imperial Academy ", " Imperial School ", " Imperial University " or " Imperial Central University ", was the highest rank of educational establishment in Ancient ___MASK79___ between the Han Dynasty and Sui Dynasty . The university held 30 , 000 students and administration during the 2nd century . This provided the Han Dynasty with well - educated bureaucrats . It was replaced by the Guozijian . The first nationwide government school system in ___MASK79___ was established in 3 CE under Emperor Ping of Han , with the Taixue located in the capital of Chang ' an and local schools established in the prefectures and in the main cities of the smaller counties . The Nobel Prize (; Swedish definite form , singular : " Nobelpriset ") is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of ___MASK74___ , cultural , and / or scientific advances . Pinyin , or Hàny Pnyn , is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland ___MASK79___ , Malaysia , Singapore , and ___MASK62___ . It is often used to teach Standard Chinese , which is normally written using Chinese characters . The system includes four diacritics denoting tones . Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet , and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters . The C9 League is an alliance of nine elite universities in mainland ___MASK79___ , analogous to the AAU in the United States , the U15 in Canada , the Russell Group in the UK , and the Go8 in Australia . The members of the C9 League are Fudan University , Harbin Institute of Technology , Nanjing University , Peking University , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Tsinghua University , University of Science and Technology of ___MASK79___ , Xi ' an Jiaotong University , and Zhejiang University . Together they account for 3 % of the country ' s researchers but receive 10 % of national research expenditures . They produce 20 % of the academic publications and 30 % of total citations . Chinese nationalism is the form of nationalism in ___MASK79___ which asserts that the Chinese people are a nation and promotes the cultural and national unity of the Chinese . Beijing ( formerly romanised as Peking ) is the capital of the People ' s Republic of ___MASK79___ and the world ' s third most populous city proper . It is also one of the world ' s most populous capital cities . The city , located in northern ___MASK79___ , is governed as a direct - controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighbouring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of ___MASK79___ . Zhou Zuoren ( 16 January 1885  6 May 1967 ) was a Chinese ___MASK33___ , primarily known as an essayist and a translator . He was the younger brother of Lu Xun ( Zhou Shuren ), the second of three brothers . Written Vernacular Chinese refers to forms of written Chinese based on the varieties of Chinese spoken throughout ___MASK79___ , in contrast to Classical Chinese , the written standard used during imperial ___MASK79___ up to the early twentieth century . A written vernacular based on Mandarin Chinese was used in novels in the Ming and Qing dynasties , and later refined by intellectuals associated with the May Fourth Movement . Since the early 1920s , this modern vernacular form has been the standard style of writing for speakers of all varieties of Chinese throughout mainland ___MASK79___ , ___MASK62___ , Malaysia and Singapore as the written form of Modern Standard Chinese . This is commonly called Standard Written Chinese or Modern Written Chinese to avoid ambiguity with spoken vernaculars , with the written vernaculars of earlier eras , and with modern unofficial written vernaculars such as written Cantonese or written Hokkien . Chinese architecture is a style of architecture that has taken shape in East Asia over many centuries . The structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged , the main changes being only the decorative details . Since the ___MASK48___ , Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of ___MASK58___ , Vietnam , and ___MASK67___ . Li Dazhao ( October 29 , 1888  April 28 , 1927 ) was a Chinese intellectual who co - founded the Communist Party of ___MASK79___ with Chen Duxiu in 1921 .