employer joseph p. kerwin
The ___MASK81___ ( NASA ) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . A space station , also known as an orbital station or an orbital space station , is a spacecraft capable of supporting crewmembers , which is designed to remain in space ( most commonly as an artificial satellite in low Earth orbit ) for an extended period of ___MASK62___ and for other spacecraft to dock . A space station is distinguished from other spacecraft used for human spaceflight by lack of major propulsion or landing systems . Instead , other vehicles transport people and cargo to and from the station . three space stations are in orbit : the International Space Station , which is permanently manned , China ' s Tiangong - 1 ( defunct ) and Tiangong - 2 ( launched 15 September 2016 , not permanently manned ). Previous stations include the Almaz and Salyut series , Skylab , and most recently " Mir ". Aeronautics ( from the ancient Greek words  " r ", which means " air ", and  " nautik " which means " navigation ", i . e . " navigation into the air ") is the science or art involved with the study , design , and manufacturing of air flight capable machines , and the techniques of operating aircraft and rockets within the atmosphere . The British ___MASK63___ identifies the aspects of " aeronautical Art , Science and Engineering " and " the profession of Aeronautics ( which expression includes Astronautics )." An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command , pilot , or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft . Although generally reserved for professional space travelers , the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space , including scientists , politicians , journalists , and tourists . Health is the level of functional and metabolic efficiency of a living organism . In humans it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self - manage when facing physical , mental or social changes . The ___MASK22___ ( WHO ) defined health in its broader sense in its 1948 constitution as " a state of complete physical , mental , and social well - being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity ." This definition has been subject to controversy , in particular as lacking operational value , the ambiguity in developing cohesive health strategies , and because of the problem created by use of the word " complete ". Other definitions have been proposed , among which a recent definition that correlates health and personal satisfaction . A physician , medical practitioner , medical doctor or simply doctor is a professional who practises medicine , which is concerned with promoting , maintaining , or restoring health through the study , diagnosis , and treatment of disease , injury , and other physical and mental impairments . Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories , types of patients and methods of treatment  known as specialities  or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical ___MASK100___ to individuals , families , and communities  known as general practice . Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines ( such as anatomy and physiology ) underlying diseases and their treatment  the " science " of medicine  and also a decent competence in its applied practice  the art or " craft " of medicine . A patient is any recipient of health ___MASK100___ services . The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a advanced practice registered nurse , physiotherapist , physician , physician assistant , psychologist , podiatrist , veterinarian , or other health ___MASK100___ provider . A spacecraft is a vehicle , or machine designed to fly in outer space . Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes , including communications , earth observation , meteorology , navigation , space colonization , planetary ___MASK96___ , and transportation of humans and cargo . Joseph Peter Kerwin , M . D . ( born February 19 , 1932 ) , ( Capt , USN , Ret . ) , is an American physician and former NASA astronaut , who served as Science Pilot for the Skylab 2 mission from May 25 -- June 22 , 1973 . He was the first physician to be selected for astronaut training . Medicine ( British English ; American English ) is the science and practice of the diagnosis , treatment , and prevention of disease . The word " medicine " is derived from Latin " medicus ", meaning " a physician ". Medicine encompasses a variety of health ___MASK100___ practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness . Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences , biomedical research , genetics , and medical technology to diagnose , treat , and prevent injury and disease , typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery , but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy , external splints and traction , medical devices , biologics , and ionizing radiation , amongst others . The Saturn IB ( pronounced " one B ", also known as the Uprated Saturn I ) was an American launch vehicle commissioned by the ___MASK81___ ( NASA ) for the Apollo program . It replaced the S - IV second stage of the Saturn I with the much more powerful S - IVB , able to launch a partially fueled Apollo Command / Service Module ( CSM ) or a fully fueled Lunar Module ( LM ) into low Earth orbit for early flight tests before the larger Saturn V needed for lunar flight was ready . Skylab 2 ( also SL - 2 and SLM - 1 ) was the first manned mission to Skylab , the first U . S . orbital space station . The mission was launched on a Saturn IB rocket and carried a three - person crew to the station . The name Skylab 2 also refers to the vehicle used for that mission . The Skylab 2 mission established a twenty - eight - day record for human spaceflight duration . Furthermore , its crew were the first space station occupants ever to return safely to Earth  the only previous space station occupants , the crew of the 1971 Soyuz 11 mission that had manned the Salyut 1 station for twenty - four days , were killed during reentry . Skylab was the United States ' first space station , orbiting Earth from 1973 to 1979 , when it fell back to Earth amid huge worldwide media attention . Launched and operated by NASA , Skylab included a workshop , a solar observatory , and other systems necessary for crew survival and scientific experiments . It was launched unmanned by a modified Saturn V rocket , with a weight of . Lifting Skylab into low earth orbit was the final mission and launch of a Saturn V rocket ( which was famous for carrying the manned Moon landing missions ). Skylab was not simply a place of habitation ; it was a place of massive science experiments for which when the bulk of data was returned , such as on films that had to be physically returned to Earth began the process of analyzing scientific and engineering data as each mission was completed . Skylab ' s solar observatory was one major aspect of study , and solar science was significantly advanced by the telescope ; it observed ___MASK93___ as it never before . As Skylab finished up NASA ' s focus had shifted to development of the Space Shuttle , which had the promise of reducing the cost of space access compared to the previous launch systems