date_of_birth ammar ibn yasir
Abraha ( also spelled Abreha ) ( died after AD ___MASK32___ ; r . 525  at least ___MASK32___ ), also known as ' Abraha al - Ashram ( Arabic :   ), was an Ethiopian general then the viceroy of southern Arabia for the Kingdom of Aksum , and later declared himself an independent King of Himyar . Abraha ruled much of present - day Yemen and Hijaz from at least ___MASK82___ - ___MASK28___ AD to 555 - 565 AD . Ammr ibn Ysir ibn mir ibn Mlik Ab al - Yaqzn ( Arabic :     ) was one of the Muhajirun in the history of Islam and , for his dedicated devotion to its cause , is considered to be one of the most loyal and beloved companions of Muhammad and Ali ; thus , he occupies a position of the highest prominence in Islam . Historically , Ammar ibn Yasir is the first Muslim to build a mosque . He is also referred to by Shia Muslims as one of the Four Companions . Ammar ' s ultimate fate was unique than the rest of Mohammad ' s companions in that it decisively distinguished the righteous group from the sinful one in the First Fitna . A mosque ( from " Al - masjid ") is a place of worship for followers of Islam . Muhammad ( c . ___MASK9___ CE  8 June 632 CE ) is the central figure of Islam and widely regarded as its founder by non - Muslims . He is known as the " Holy Prophet " to Muslims , almost all of whom consider him to be the last prophet sent by God to mankind to restore Islam , believed by Muslims to be the unaltered original monotheistic faith of Adam , Abraham , Moses , Jesus , and other prophets . Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings , practices , and the Quran , formed the basis of Islamic religious belief . Islam (' ;) is a religion articulated by the Quran , a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God ('), and , for the vast majority of adherents , the teachings and normative example ( called the " sunnah ", composed of accounts called " hadith ") of Muhammad ( ___MASK9___  8 June 632 CE ). It is the world ' s second - largest religion and the fastest - growing major religion in the world , with over 1 . 7 billion followers or 23 % of the global population , known as Muslims . Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that upholds that God is one and incomparable and that the purpose of existence is to worship God . Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last prophet of God . The Rashidun " Caliphs ( Rightly Guided Caliphs ; '), often simply called , collectively , ""' the " Rashidun ", is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the ___MASK14___ - year reign of the first four caliphs ( successors ) following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , namely : Abu Bakr , Umar , Uthman ibn Affan , and Ali of the Rashidun Caliphate , the first caliphate . The concept of " Rightly Guided Caliphs " originated with the later Abbasid Caliphate based in Baghdad . It is a reference to the Sunni imperative " Hold firmly to my example (" sunnah ") and that of the Rightly Guided Caliphs " ( Ibn Majah , Abu Dawood ). Muhajirun ( The Emigrants ) were the first converts to Islam and the Islamic Prophet Muhammad ' s advisors and relatives , who emigrated with him from Mecca to Medina , the event known in Islam as " The Hijra ". The early Muslims from Medina are called the " Ansar " (" helpers "). The Rashidun Caliphate (') was the Islamic caliphate in the earliest period of Islam , comprising the first four caliphs  the " Rightly Guided " or Rashidun caliphs ('). It was founded after Muhammad ' s death in ___MASK83___ ( year ___MASK58___ AH in the Islamic calendar ). At its height , the Caliphate controlled an empire from the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant , to the Caucasus in the north , North Africa from Egypt to present - day Tunisia in the west , and the Iranian plateau to Central Asia in the east . Al - asan ibn Al ibn Ab lib ( ___MASK89___  670 CE ), commonly called " Hasan ," was the second Shi  ite Imam , succeeding his father Ali , and preceding his younger brother Al - Husayn . He was the elder son of  Ali and Muhammad ' s daughter , Fatimah . Sunni Muslims respect him as a grandson of the Islamic " Nabi " ( Prophet ) Muhammad , and the 5th rightly guided " Khalifah " (' Caliph '), having succeeded his father in this regard , besides other things . He abdicated after six or seven months , and Mu  awiyah succeeded him to become the first Umayyad Caliph . For the rest of his life , al - Hasan lived in al - Medinah , in seclusion , until he died at the age of 45 or 46 , and was buried in the Jannat al Baqi  cemetery in al - Medinah . His wife , Ja ' da bint al - Ash ' at , is commonly accused of having poisoned him . Al - Hasan was known for donating to the poor , and being kind to them and bondmen , and his knowledge , tolerance and bravery . The First Fitna was a civil war within the Rashidun Caliphate which resulted in the overthrowing of the Rashidun caliphs and the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty . It began when the caliph Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated by Egyptian rebels in ___MASK19___ and continued through the four - year reign of Uthman ' s successor Ali ibn Abi Talib . It ended in ___MASK97___ when Ali ' s heir Hasan ibn Ali concluded a treaty acknowledging the rule of Muawiyah , the first Umayyad caliph . Ali ibn Abi Talib (; 13 Rajab , 21 BH  21 Ramadan , ___MASK70___ AH ; 15 September 601  29 January ___MASK97___ ) was the cousin and son - in - law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , ruling over the Islamic caliphate from 656 to ___MASK97___ . Mecca or Makkah ("" ) is a city in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia that is also capital of the Makkah Region . The city is located inland from Jeddah in a narrow valley at a height of above sea level . Its resident population in 2012 was roughly ___MASK51___ million , although visitors more than triple this number every year during the " hajj " (" pilgrimage ") period held in the twelfth Muslim lunar month of " Dhu al - Hijjah ".