languages_spoken_or_written gaius julius victor
Gaius Julius Victor ( 4th century ) was a Roman writer of rhetoric , possibly of Gaulish origin . His extant manual is of some importance as facilitating the textual criticism of Quintilian , whom he closely follows in many places . Ethos ( or ) is a ___MASK32___ word meaning " character " that is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community , nation , or ideology . The Greeks also used this word to refer to the power of music to influence emotions , behaviours , and even morals . Early ___MASK32___ stories of Orpheus exhibit this idea in a compelling way . The word ' s use in rhetoric is closely based on the ___MASK32___ terminology used by Aristotle in his concept of the three artistic proofs . Inventio , one of the five canons of rhetoric , is the method used for the " discovery of arguments " in Western rhetoric and comes from the ___MASK97___ word , meaning " invention " or " discovery ". " Inventio " is the central , indispensable canon of rhetoric , and traditionally means a systematic search for arguments . Marcus Fabius Quintilianus ( c . 35  c . 100 AD ) was a Roman rhetorician from Hispania , widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and in Renaissance writing . In ___MASK71___ translation , he is usually referred to as Quintilian , although the alternate spellings of Quintillian and Quinctilian are occasionally seen , the latter in older texts . Martianus Minneus Felix Capella was a ___MASK97___ prose writer of Late Antiquity ( fl . c . 410  420 ), one of the earliest developers of the system of the seven liberal arts that structured early medieval education . His single encyclopedic work , De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii (" On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury ", also called " De septem disciplinis " " On the seven disciplines " or the " Satyricon ") is an elaborate didactic allegory written in a mixture of prose and elaborately allusive verse . Ancient ___MASK32___ philosophers used the term in different ways . The sophists used the term to mean discourse , and Aristotle applied the term to refer to " reasoned discourse " or " the argument " in the field of rhetoric . The Stoic philosophers identified the term with the divine animating principle pervading the Universe . Under Hellenistic Judaism , Philo ( c . 20 BCE  50 CE ) adopted the term into Jewish philosophy . The Gospel of John identifies the Logos , through which all things are made , as divine (" theos "), and further identifies Jesus Christ as the incarnate Logos . Although the term " Logos " is widely used in this Christian sense , in academic circles it often refers to the various ancient ___MASK32___ uses , or to post - Christian uses within contemporary philosophy , Sufism , and the analytical psychology of Carl Jung . Discourse ( from ___MASK97___ " discursus ", " running to and from ") denotes written and spoken communications such as : Aristotle (" Aristotéls "; 384  322 BC ) was a ___MASK32___ philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira , Chalkidice , on the northern periphery of Classical Greece . His father , Nicomachus , died when Aristotle was a child , whereafter Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian . At seventeen or eighteen years of age , he joined Plato ' s Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty - seven ( c . 347 BC ). His writings cover many subjects  including physics , biology , zoology , metaphysics , logic , ethics , aesthetics , poetry , theater , music , rhetoric , linguistics , politics and government  and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy . Shortly after Plato died , Aristotle left Athens and , at the request of Philip of Macedon , tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC . Rhetoric is the art of discourse , wherein a writer or speaker strives to inform , persuade or motivate particular audiences in specific situations . As a subject of formal study and a productive civic practice , rhetoric has played a central role in the European tradition . Its best known definition comes from Aristotle , who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics , and calls it " the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion ." Rhetoric typically provides heuristics for understanding , discovering , and developing arguments for particular situations , such as Aristotle ' s three persuasive audience appeals , logos , pathos , and ethos . The five canons of rhetoric , which trace the traditional tasks in designing a persuasive speech , were first codified in classical Rome : invention , arrangement , style , memory , and delivery . Along with grammar and logic ( or dialectic  see Martianus Capella ), rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse .