date_of_death verica
Marcus Antonius ( Latin : ; January ___MASK98___ , August ___MASK92___ , 30 BC ), commonly known in English as Mark or Marc Antony , was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire . Gaius Julius Caesar ( ___MASK63___ July ___MASK21___ BC  15 March 44 BC ), known as Julius Caesar , was a Roman politician , general , and notable author of Latin prose . He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire . The Roman Empire ( Koine and Medieval Greek :    , tr . ) was the post - Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around ___MASK15___ AD , and the Empire ' s populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world ' s population at the time ). The ___MASK15___ - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar ' s adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian ' s power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title " Augustus ", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic . Augustus ( ___MASK23___ September 63 BC  ___MASK57___ AD ) was the founder of the Roman Principate and considered the first Emperor , controlling the Roman Empire from 27 BC until his death in AD 14 . The Battle of Actium was the decisive confrontation of the Final War of the Roman Republic , a naval engagement between Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra on ___MASK39___ September ___MASK72___ BC , on the Ionian Sea near the promontory of Actium , in the Roman province of Epirus Vetus in Greece . Octavian ' s fleet was commanded by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa , while Antony ' s fleet was supported by the power of Queen Cleopatra of Ptolemaic Egypt . The Roman Republic was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom , traditionally dated to ___MASK5___ BC , and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire . It was during this period that Rome ' s control expanded from the city ' s immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world . Constantinople was the capital city of the Roman / Byzantine Empire ( ___MASK78___  ___MASK60___ and 1261  ___MASK20___ ), and also of the brief Latin ( ___MASK60___  1261 ), and the later Ottoman ( ___MASK20___  1923 ) empires . It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great , after whom it was named , and dedicated on 11 May ___MASK78___ AD . Verica ( early 1st century AD ) was a British client king of the Roman Empire in the years preceding the Claudian invasion of 43 AD . From his coinage , he appears to have been king of the Atrebates tribe and a son of Commius . He succeeded his elder brother Eppillus as king in about ___MASK35___ AD , reigning at Calleva Atrebatum , today called Silchester . He was recognised as rex by Rome and appears to have had friendly trade and diplomatic links with the empire . His territory was pressed from the east by the Catuvellauni , led by Epaticcus , brother of Cunobelinus , who conquered Calleva in about 25 AD . After Epaticcus ' s death ca . 35 AD Verica regained some territory , but Cunobelinus ' s son Caratacus took over and conquered the entire kingdom some time after 40 AD . Dio Cassius records that `` Bericus '' ( almost certainly Verica ) was expelled from Britain around this time during a revolt . Suetonius refers to demands by the Britons that Rome return `` certain deserters '' . As rex , Verica was nominally an ally of Rome , so his exile gave Claudius an excuse to begin his invasion . Verica ' s relationship with Rome has been used to argue for the site of the Roman invasion of Britain as being along the south coast to assist him , rather than being at the traditional spot at Richborough in Kent . After the invasion , Verica may have been restored as king , but this is not attested in the historical or archaeological record . In any case a new ruler for the region , Cogidubnus , soon appeared . Cogidubnus may have been an heir of Verica who by this time would have been very elderly indeed . The Roman Senate was a political institution in ancient Rome . It was one of the most enduring institutions in Roman history , being established in the first days of the city ( traditionally founded in ___MASK25___ BC ). It survived the overthrow of the kings in 509 BC , the fall of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC , the division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD , the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD , and the barbarian rule of Rome in the 5th , 6th , and 7th centuries . Rome is a city and special " comune " ( named " Roma Capitale ") in Italy . Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region . With ___MASK39___ , ___MASK51___ , ___MASK74___ residents in , it is also the country ' s largest and most populated " comune " and fourth - most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4 . 3 million residents . The city is located in the central - western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ), along the shores of Tiber river . The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city : for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states . Cleopatra VII Philopator ( ___MASK95___  August 12 , 30 BC ), known to history simply as Cleopatra , was the last active pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt , briefly survived as pharaoh by her son Caesarion . After her reign , Egypt became a province of the recently established Roman Empire .