country_of_citizenship k'inich janaab' pakal
Mesoamerican chronology divides the history of pre - Columbian Mesoamerica into several periods : the Paleo - Indian ( first human habitation  3500 BCE ), the Archaic ( 3500  2000 ), the Preclassic or Formative ( 2000 BCE  200 CE ), the Classic ( 200 CE  1000CE ), and the Postclassic ( 1000 CE  1697 CE ). Some of the period divisions are taken from the history of the Maya : The Preclassic - Classic boundary marks the first Maya " collapse ", the Classic - Postclassic boundary marks the second , and the end date of 1697 marks the conquest of the last independent Maya city - state , Tayasal . However , this chronology applies to other pre - Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations as well . The Usumacinta River ( named after the Howler monkey ) is a river in southeastern ___MASK65___ and northwestern Guatemala . It is formed by the junction of the Pasión River , which arises in the Sierra de Santa Cruz ( in Guatemala ) and the Salinas River , also known as the Chixoy , or the Negro , which descends from the Sierra Madre de Guatemala . It defines part of the border between Guatemala and the Mexican state of Chiapas , then continues its northwesterly course , meandering through the Mexican state of Tabasco to the Gulf of ___MASK65___ . For other persons with this name , see Pakal ( disambiguation ) . K ' inich Janaab Pakal I ( Mayan pronunciation : ( k  ihni xana pakal ) , also known as Pacal , Pacal the Great , 8 Ahau and Sun Shield , ( March , 603 - August , 683 ) was ajaw of the Maya city - state of Palenque in the Late Classic period of pre - Columbian Mesoamerican chronology . He acceded to the throne in July 615 and ruled until his death . During a long reign of 68 years , longest known regnal period in Western Hemisphere history , and the 30th longest worldwide , Pakal was responsible for the construction or extension of some of Palenque ' s most notable surviving inscriptions and monumental architecture . Palenque ( Yucatec Maya : Bàak ), also anciently known as Lakamha ( literally : " Big Water "), was a Maya city state in southern ___MASK65___ that flourished in the 7th century . The Palenque ruins date from ca . 226 BC to ca . AD 799 . After its decline , it was absorbed into the jungle of cedar , mahogany , and sapodilla trees , but has since been excavated and restored and is now a famous archaeological site attracting thousands of visitors . It is located near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas , about 130 km ( 81 mi ) south of Ciudad del Carmen , 150 m ( 164 yd ) above sea level . It averages a humid 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) with roughly 2160 mm ( 85 in ) of rain a year . Mesoamerica was a region and cultural area in the Americas , extending approximately from central ___MASK65___ to Belize , Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , and northern Costa Rica , within which pre - Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries . It is one of six areas in the world where ancient civilization arose independently , and the second in the Americas along with Norte Chico ( Caral - Supe ) in present - day northern coastal Peru . The Western Hemisphere is a geographical term for the half of the ___MASK89___ that lies west of the Prime meridian ( which crosses Greenwich , UK ) and east of the antimeridian , the other half being called the Eastern Hemisphere . ___MASK89___ , otherwise known as the world , is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets . The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples , and noted for its hieroglyphic script  the only known fully developed writing system of the pre - Columbian Americas  as well as for its art , architecture , mathematics , calendar , and astronomical system . The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses southeastern ___MASK65___ , all of Guatemala and Belize , and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador . This region consists of the northern lowlands encompassing the Yucatán Peninsula , and the highlands of the Sierra Madre , running from the Mexican state of Chiapas , across southern Guatemala and onwards into El Salvador , and the southern lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain . Ciudad del Carmen is a city in the southwest of the Mexican state of Campeche . Ciudad del Carmen is located at on the southwest of Carmen Island , which stands in the Laguna de Términos on the coast of the Gulf of ___MASK65___ . , Ciudad del Carmen had a population of 169 , 466 , up from the 2005 census of 154 , 197 . In July 2006 Ciudad del Carmen celebrated its 150th anniversary as a city . A prime meridian is a meridian ( a line of longitude ) in a geographical coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0 °. Together , a prime meridian and its antimeridian ( the 180th meridian in a 360 °- system ) form a great circle . This great circle divides the sphere , e . g ., the ___MASK89___ , into two hemispheres . If one uses directions of East and West from a defined prime meridian , then they can be called Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere . A prime meridian is ultimately arbitrary , unlike an equator , which is determined by the axis of rotation  and various conventions have been used or advocated in different regions and throughout history . The most widely used modern meridian is the IERS Reference Meridian . It is derived but deviates slightly from the Greenwich Meridian , which was selected as an international standard in 1884 . Chiapas , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Chiapas , is one of the 31 states that , with the Federal District , make up the 32 federal entities of ___MASK65___ . It is divided into 122 municipalities and its capital city is Tuxtla Gutiérrez . Other important population centers in Chiapas include Ocosingo , Tapachula , San Cristóbal de las Casas , Comitán and Arriaga . Located in Southwestern ___MASK65___ , it is the southernmost state , bordered by the states of Oaxaca to the west , Veracruz to the northwest and Tabasco to the north , and by the Petén , Quiché , Huehuetenango and San Marcos departments of Guatemala to the east and southeast . Chiapas has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the south . Ajaw or Ahau (' Lord ') has three significations in the pre - Columbian Maya civilization . It may represent a political title attested from Mayan epigraphic inscriptierally means lord . Greenwich (, or is an early - established district of today ' s ___MASK69___ , ___MASK94___ , centred 5 . 5 miles ( 8 . 9 km ) east south - east of Charing Cross . The town lends its name to the Royal Borough of Greenwich . The Eastern Hemisphere is a geographical term for the half of the ___MASK89___ that is east of the prime meridian ( which crosses Greenwich , ___MASK94___ ) and west of the antimeridian . It is also used to refer to Europe , Asia , Africa , and ___MASK40___ , in contrast with the Western Hemisphere , which includes North and South America . This hemisphere may also be called the " Oriental Hemisphere ". In addition , it may be used in a cultural or geopolitical sense as a synonym for the " Old World ".