occupation jean-baptiste donatien de vimeur
The Continental ___MASK66___ was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American ___MASK79___ War by the colonies that became the United States of America . Established by a resolution of the Congress on June 14 , 1775 , it was created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain . The Continental ___MASK66___ was supplemented by local militias and troops that remained under control of the individual states or were otherwise independent . General George Washington was the commander - in - chief of the army throughout the war . Civilian control of the ___MASK75___ is a doctrine in ___MASK75___ and political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country ' s strategic decision - making in the hands of the civilian political leadership , rather than professional ___MASK75___ officers . The reverse situation , where professional ___MASK75___ officers control national politics , is called a ___MASK75___ dictatorship . A lack of control over the ___MASK75___ may result in a state within a state . One author , paraphrasing Samuel P . Huntington ' s writings in " The ___MASK83___ and the State ", has summarized the civilian control ideal as " the proper subordination of a competent , professional ___MASK75___ to the ends of policy as determined by civilian authority ". Head of government is a generic term used for either the highest or second highest ___MASK69___ in the executive branch of a sovereign state , a federated state , or a self - governing colony , ( commonly referred to as countries , nations or nation - states ) who often presides over a cabinet , a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments . The term " head of government " is often differentiated from the term " ___MASK31___ ", ( e . g . as in article 7 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties , article 1 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons , including Diplomatic Agents and the United Nations protocol list ), as they may be separate positions , individuals , and / or roles depending on the country . An " ___MASK69___ " is someone who holds an office ( function or mandate , regardless whether it carries an actual working space with it ) in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority ( either their own or that of their superior and / or employer , public or legally private ). Marshal Jean - Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur , comte de Rochambeau ( French pronunciation :  (   bo ) ; 1 July 1725 -- 10 May 1807 ) was a French nobleman and ___MASK30___ who played a major role in helping the United States win independence during the American Revolution . During this time , he served as commander - in - chief of the French Expeditionary Force that embarked from France in order to help the American Continental ___MASK66___ fight against British forces . A ___MASK31___ ( or chief of state ) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state . In developing the current Constitution of France ( 1958 ), former French president Charles de Gaulle said the ___MASK31___ should embody " the spirit of the nation " (""). In some countries , typically those with parliamentary governments , the ___MASK31___ is a ceremonial figurehead that does not actually guide day - to - day government activities and may not even be empowered to exercise any kind of political authority ( e . g ., Queen Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom ). In other countries , the ___MASK31___ is also the head of government , such as in the U . S ., where the president is both a public figurehead and the actual highest ranking political leader who , in practice , oversees the executive branch . The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy , overthrew the authority of Great Britain , and founded the ___MASK4___ . George Washington (  , 1799 ) was an American ___MASK96___ and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States . He served as Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War , and later presided over the 1787 convention that drafted the United States Constitution . He is popularly considered the driving force behind the nation ' s establishment and came to be known as the " father of the country ," both during his lifetime and to this day . The American ___MASK79___ War ( 17751783 ), also referred to as the American War of Independence and the ___MASK79___ War in the United States , was an armed conflict between Great Britain and thirteen of its North American colonies that after onset of the war declared independence as the United States of America . Command generally refers to the ability to " dominate an area of situation ". There are several definitions of command and control ( C2 ). According to older versions of U . S . ___MASK66___ FM 3 - 0 , C2 in a military organization is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commanding ___MASK48___ over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission . The term may also refer to command and control systems within a military system . A commander - in - chief is the person or body that exercises supreme operational command and control of a nation ' s ___MASK75___ forces or significant elements of those forces . In the latter case , the force element is those forces within a particular region , or associated by function . As a practical term ; it refers to ___MASK75___ competencies that reside in a nation - state ' s executive leadership  either a ___MASK31___ , a head of government , a minister of defence , a national cabinet , or some other collegial body . Often , a given country ' s commander - in - chief ( if held by an official ) need not be or have been a commissioned ___MASK48___ or even a veteran . This follows the principle of civilian control of the ___MASK75___ . A monarchy is a form of government in which a group , usually a family called the dynasty , embodies the country ' s national identity and one of its members , called the ___MASK43___ , exercises a role of sovereignty . The actual power of the ___MASK43___ may vary from purely symbolic ( crowned republic ), to partial and restricted (" constitutional " monarchy ), to completely autocratic (" absolute " monarchy ). Traditionally and in most cases , the ___MASK43___ ' s post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication , but there are also elective monarchies where the ___MASK43___ is elected . Each of these has variations : in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are , whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion , age , gender , mental capacity , and other factors . Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election . Finally , there have been cases where the term of a ___MASK43___ ' s reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved : an invasion being repulsed , for instance . Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy . Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century , but it is no longer prevalent . Where it exists , it is now usually a constitutional monarchy , in which the ___MASK43___ retains a unique legal and ceremonial role , but exercises limited or no ___MASK69___ political power : under the written or unwritten constitution , others have governing authority . Currently , 47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state , 19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their ___MASK31___ . All European monarchies are constitutional ones , with the exception of the Vatican City which is an elective monarchy , but sovereigns in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger . The monarchs of Cambodia , Japan , and Malaysia " reign , but do not rule " although there is considerable variation in the degree of authority they wield . Although they reign under constitutions , the monarchs of Brunei , Morocco , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Swaziland appear to continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations , either by constitutional mandate or by tradition . The ___MASK75___ , also called the armed forces , are forces authorized to use deadly force , and weapons , to support the interests of the state and some or all of its citizens . The task of the ___MASK75___ is usually defined as defense of the state and its citizens , and the prosecution of war against another state . The ___MASK75___ may also have additional sanctioned and non - sanctioned functions within a society , including , the promotion of a political agenda , protecting corporate economic interests , internal population control , construction , emergency services , social ceremonies , and guarding important areas . The ___MASK75___ can also function as a discrete subculture within a larger civil society , through the development of separate infrastructures , which may include housing , schools , utilities , food production and banking .