given_name nasir i of kalat
The current Constitution of ___MASK8___ was adopted on 4 October 1958 . It is typically called the Constitution of the Fifth Republic , and replaced that of the Fourth Republic dating from 1946 . ___MASK66___ de Gaulle was the main driving force in introducing the new constitution and inaugurating the Fifth Republic , while the text was drafted by Michel Debré . Since then the constitution has been amended twenty - four times , most recently in 2008 . The Arabian Sea is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan and ___MASK27___ , on the west by northeastern Somalia and the Arabian Peninsula , and on the east by India . Historically the sea has been known by other names including the Erythraean Sea and the Persian Sea . Its total area is and its maximum depth is . The Gulf of Aden is in the southwest , connecting the Arabian Sea to the ___MASK88___ Sea through the strait of Bab - el - Mandeb , and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest , connecting it to the Persian Gulf . Oman (; ' ), officially the Sultanate of Oman , is ___MASK44___ Arab country on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Holding a strategically important position at the mouth of the Persian Gulf , the nation is bordered by the United Arab Emirates to the northwest , Saudi Arabia to the west , and Yemen to the southwest , and shares marine borders with Iran and Pakistan . The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast . The Madha and Musandam exclaves are surrounded by the UAE on their land borders , with the Strait of Hormuz ( which it shares with Iran ) and Gulf of Oman forming Musandam ' s coastal boundaries . Western ___MASK95___ , West ___MASK95___ , Southwestern ___MASK95___ or Southwest ___MASK95___ is the westernmost subregion of ___MASK95___ . The concept is in limited use , as it significantly overlaps with the Middle East ( or Near East ), the main difference being the exclusion of Egypt ( which would be counted as part of North Africa ). The term is sometimes used for the purposes of grouping countries in statistics . The Gulf of Oman or Sea of Makran or Sea of Oman (" aldj Umn "; in Balochi :    in " Khaleej Oman ") is a strait ( and not ___MASK44___ actual gulf ) that connects the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz , which then runs to the Persian Gulf . It borders Pakistan and Iran on the north , Oman on the south , and the United Arab Emirates on the west . ___MASK27___ (, also , ; ' ), also known as Persia , officially the Islamic Republic of ___MASK27___ (' ), is a sovereign state in Western ___MASK95___ . It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia , the " de facto " Nagorno - Karabakh Republic , and Azerbaijan ; to the north by the Caspian Sea ; to the northeast by Turkmenistan ; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan ; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman ; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Comprising a land area of , it is the second - largest country in the Middle East and the 18th - largest in the world . With 82 . 8 million inhabitants , ___MASK27___ is the world ' s 17th - most - populous country . It is the only country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline . The country ' s central location in Eurasia and Western ___MASK95___ , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , make it of great geostrategic importance . Tehran is the country ' s capital and largest city , as well as its leading economic center . Pakistan ( or ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , is a federal parliamentary republic in South ___MASK95___ on crossroads of Central ___MASK95___ and Western ___MASK95___ . It is the sixth - most populous country with a population exceeding 200 million people . It is the 36th largest country in the world in terms of area with an area covering . Pakistan has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east , Afghanistan to the west , Iran to the southwest and ___MASK76___ in the far northeast respectively . It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan ' s narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north , and also shares a maritime border with Oman . In politics , a figurehead is a person who holds " de ___MASK39___ " ( in name or by law ) ___MASK44___ important title or office ( often supremely powerful ), yet " de facto " ( in reality ) executes little actual power . The metaphor derives from the carved figurehead at the prow of a sailing ship . Commonly cited figureheads include Queen Elizabeth II , who is Queen of sixteen Commonwealth realms and head of the Commonwealth , but has no power over the nations in which she is not head of state and does not exercise power in her own realms on her own initiative . Other figureheads are the Emperor of Japan , the King of Sweden , or presidents in majority of parliamentary republics , such as the President of India , President of Israel , President of Bangladesh , President of Greece , President of Germany , President of Pakistan ( starting in 2010 ), and President of ___MASK76___ ( without CPC General Secretary and Chairman of CMC posts ). A head of state ( or chief of state ) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state . In developing the current Constitution of ___MASK8___ ( 1958 ), former ___MASK91___ president ___MASK66___ de Gaulle said the head of state should embody " the spirit of the nation " (""). In some countries , typically those with parliamentary governments , the head of state is a ceremonial figurehead that does not actually guide day - to - day government activities and ___MASK6___ not even be empowered to exercise any kind of political authority ( e . g ., Queen Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom ). In other countries , the head of state is also the head of government , such as in the U . S ., where the president is both a public figurehead and the actual highest ranking political leader who , in practice , oversees the executive branch . ___MASK24___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK24___ (" Bhrat Gaarjya "), is a country in South ___MASK95___ . It is the seventh - largest country by area , the second - most populous country ( with over 1 . 2 billion people ), and the most populous democracy in the world . It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast . It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; ___MASK76___ , Nepal , and Bhutan to the northeast ; and Myanmar ( Burma ) and Bangladesh to the east . In the Indian Ocean , ___MASK24___ is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives . ___MASK24___ ' s Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Its capital is New Delhi ; other metropolises include Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai , Bangalore , Hyderabad and Ahmedabad . ___MASK8___ , officially the ___MASK91___ Republic , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of ___MASK8___ extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas ___MASK8___ include ___MASK91___ Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . ___MASK8___ spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of ___MASK96___ 2017 . It is a unitary semi - presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country ' s largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux . South ___MASK95___ or Southern ___MASK95___ is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent , which comprises the sub - Himalayan SAARC countries and , for some authorities , adjoining countries to the west and east . Topographically , it is dominated by the Indian Plate , which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush . South ___MASK95___ is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land ( clockwise , from west ) by West ___MASK95___ , Central ___MASK95___ , East ___MASK95___ , and Southeast ___MASK95___ . Afghanistan ( Pashto / Dari : , " Afnistn "), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan , is a landlocked country located within South ___MASK95___ and Central ___MASK95___ . It has a population of approximately 32 million , making it the 42nd most populous country in the world . It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east ; Iran in the west ; Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , and Tajikistan in the north ; and ___MASK76___ in the far northeast . Its territory covers , making it the 41st largest country in the world . The Wakhan Corridor ( alternatively Vakhan Corridor , or Wakhan ) is the narrow strip of territory in northeastern Afghanistan that extends to ___MASK76___ and separates Tajikistan from Pakistan . The corridor , wedged between the Pamirs to the north and the Karakoram range to the south , is about long and wide . Head of government is a generic term used for either the highest or second highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state , a federated state , or a self - governing colony , ( commonly referred to as countries , nations or nation - states ) who often presides over a cabinet , a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments . The term " head of government " is often differentiated from the term " head of state ", ( ___MASK54___ g . as in article 7 of the ___MASK11___ Convention on the Law of Treaties , article 1 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons , including Diplomatic Agents and the United Nations protocol list ), as they ___MASK6___ be separate positions , individuals , and / or roles depending on the country . ___MASK76___ , officially the People ' s Republic of ___MASK76___ ( PRC ), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia . With a population of over 1 . 381 billion , it is the world ' s most populous country . The state is governed by the Communist Party of ___MASK76___ , and its capital is Beijing . It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , five autonomous regions , four direct - controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ), and two mostly self - governing special administrative regions ( Hong Kong and Macau ), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan . The country ' s major urban areas include Shanghai , Guangzhou , Beijing , Chongqing , Shenzhen , Tianjin and Hong Kong . ___MASK76___ is a great power and a major regional power within Asia , and has been characterized as a potential superpower . Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch was the Khan ( head of state ) of the princely state of Kalat in what is now the Balochistan province of Pakistan during the eighteenth century ; and fought alongside Ahmad Shah Durrani and Mohammad Bahawal Khan II ( Bahawalpur ) during the Third Battle of Panipat . The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland , it includes the island of Great Britain ( the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country ), the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland , and ___MASK75___ smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland . Apart from this land border , the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west , giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea ___MASK65___ between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of , the UK is the 78th - largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe . It is also the 21st - most populous country , with an estimated 65 . 1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union . A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch ( the government ) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature ( the parliament ). There ___MASK34___ a number of variations of parliamentary republics . Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state , with the head of government holding real power , much like constitutional monarchies . Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government , much like presidential systems , but with a dependency upon parliamentary power . ___MASK66___ André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( 22 November 1890  9 November 1970 ) was a French general and statesman . He was the leader of Free France ( 1940  44 ) and the head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic ( 1944  46 ). In 1958 , he founded the Fifth Republic and was elected as the 18th President of France , a position he held until his resignation in 1969 . He was the dominant figure of France during the Cold War ___MASK23___ and his memory continues to influence French politics . ___MASK42___ II ( ___MASK42___ Alexandra ___MASK70___ ; born 21 April 1926 ) has been Queen of the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , and New Zealand since 6 February 1952 . She is Head of the Commonwealth and Queen of 12 countries that have become independent since her accession : Jamaica , Barbados , the Bahamas , Grenada , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , Tuvalu , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Belize , Antigua and Barbuda , and Saint Kitts and Nevis . ___MASK98___ (' ;) is a religion articulated by the Quran , a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God ('), and , for the vast majority of adherents , the teachings and normative example ( called the " sunnah ", composed of accounts called " hadith ") of ___MASK40___ ( 570  8 June 632 CE ). It is the world ' s second - largest religion and the fastest - growing major religion in the world , with over 1 . 7 billion followers or 23 % of the global population , known as Muslims . ___MASK98___ is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that upholds that God is one and incomparable and that the purpose of existence is to worship God . Muslims consider ___MASK40___ to be the last prophet of God . ___MASK44___ Islamic republic is the name given to several states in countries ruled by Islamic laws , including the Islamic Republics of Pakistan , Iran , Afghanistan , and Mauritania . Pakistan first adopted the title under the constitution of 1956 . Mauritania adopted it on 28 November 1958 . Iran adopted it after the 1979 Iranian Revolution that overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty . Afghanistan adopted it in 1992 ( in 1996  2001 the Taliban was ruling as ___MASK44___ Islamic emirate ( monarchy )) upon Jamiat - e Islami seizing capital Kabul from the Communists . Despite the similar name the countries differ greatly in their governments and laws . Central ___MASK95___ or Middle ___MASK95___ is the core region of the Asian continent and stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to ___MASK76___ in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north . It is also colloquially referred to as " the ' stans " ( as the six countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix "- stan ", meaning " land of ") and is within the scope of the wider Eurasian continent . Tajikistan (, or ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (" Çumhuriji Toçikiston "), is a mountainous , landlocked country in Central ___MASK95___ with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of . It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south , Uzbekistan to the west , Kyrgyzstan to the north , and ___MASK76___ to the east . Pakistan lies to the south , separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor . Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present - day Tajikistan , Afghanistan and Uzbekistan .