instance_of fructose 1-phosphate
Monosaccharides ( from Greek " monos ": ___MASK3___ , " sacchar ": sugar ), also called simple sugars , are the most basic units of carbohydrates . They are fundamental units of carbohydrates and cannot be further hydrolyzed to simpler compounds . The general formula is . They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless , water - soluble , and crystalline solids . Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste . Examples of monosaccharides include glucose ( dextrose ), fructose ( levulose ) and galactose . Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides ( such as sucrose and lactose ) and polysaccharides ( such as cellulose and starch ). Further , each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group ( so , all of the carbons except for the primary and terminal carbon ) is chiral , giving rise to a number of isomeric forms , all with the same chemical formula . For instance , galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses , but have different physical structures and chemical properties . Glyceraldehyde 3 - ___MASK88___ , also known as triose ___MASK88___ or 3 - phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P , GA3P , GADP , GAP , TP , GALP or PGAL , is a ___MASK80___ that occurs as an intermediate in several central metabolic pathways of all organisms . It is a ___MASK88___ ester of the 3 - carbon sugar glyceraldehyde and has chemical formula CHOP . Hepatic fructokinase ( or ketohexokinase ) is an ___MASK64___ that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose to produce fructose - ___MASK98___ - phosphate . Fructose , or ___MASK18___ sugar , is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants , where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose . It is one of the three dietary monosaccharides , along with glucose and galactose , that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion . Fructose was discovered by French chemist Augustin - Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1847 . The name " fructose " was coined in 1857 by the English chemist William Miller . Pure , dry fructose is a very sweet , white , odorless , crystalline solid and is the most ___MASK44___ - soluble of all the sugars . Fructose is found in honey , tree and vine fruits , flowers , berries , and most root vegetables . Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble ___MASK84___ molecules into small ___MASK44___ - soluble ___MASK84___ molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma . In certain organisms , these smaller substances are absorbed through the small ___MASK92___ into the blood stream . Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how ___MASK84___ is broken down : mechanical and chemical digestion . The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of ___MASK84___ into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes . In chemical digestion , enzymes break down ___MASK84___ into the small molecules the body can use . Glyceraldehyde ( glyceral ) is a ___MASK93___ monosaccharide with ___MASK90___ formula CHO . It is the simplest of all common aldoses . It is a sweet , colorless , crystalline solid that is an intermediate compound in carbohydrate metabolism . The word comes from combining glycerol and aldehyde , as glyceraldehyde is glycerol with one hydroxymethyl group oxidized to an aldehyde . Phosphorylation is the ___MASK59___ of a ___MASK88___ group ( PO ) to a ___MASK51___ . In biology , phosphorylation and its counterpart , dephosphorylation , are critical for many cellular processes . A large fraction of proteins are at least temporarily phosphorylated , as are many sugars , lipids , and other molecules . Phosphorylation is especially important for protein function as this modification activates ( or deactivates ) many enzymes , thereby regulating their function . Protein phosphorylation is one type of post - translational modification . Honey is a sugary ___MASK84___ substance produced and stored by certain social hymenopteran insects . It is produced from the sugary secretions of plants or insects , such as floral nectar or aphid honeydew , through regurgitation , enzymatic activity , and ___MASK44___ evaporation . The variety of honey produced by honey bees ( the genus " Apis ") is the most well - known , due to its worldwide commercial production and human consumption . Honey gets its sweetness from the monosaccharides fructose and glucose , and has about the same relative sweetness as granulated sugar . It has attractive chemical properties for baking and a distinctive flavor that leads some people to prefer it to sugar and other sweeteners . Most microorganisms do not grow in honey , so sealed honey does not spoil , even after thousands of years . However , honey sometimes contains dormant endospores of the bacterium " Clostridium botulinum ", which can be dangerous to babies , as it may result in botulism . People who have a weakened immune system should not eat honey because of the risk of bacterial or fungal infection . Although some evidence indicates honey may be effective in treating diseases and other medical conditions , such as wounds and burns , the overall evidence for its use in therapy is not conclusive . Providing 64 calories in a typical serving of one tablespoon ( 15 ml ) equivalent to 1272 kj per 100 g , honey has no significant nutritional value . Honey is generally safe , but may have various , potential adverse effects or interactions with excessive consumption , existing disease conditions , or drugs . Honey use and production have a long and varied ___MASK72___ as an ancient activity , depicted in Valencia , Spain by a cave painting of humans foraging for honey at least 8 , 000 years ago . Glycolysis ( from " glycose ", an older ___MASK89___ for glucose + "- lysis " ___MASK81___ ) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose CHO , into pyruvate , CHCOCOO + H . The free energy released in this process is used to form the high - energy molecules ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) and NADH ( reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ). Aldolase C , fructose - bisphosphate ( ALDOC , or ALDC ), is an ___MASK64___ that , in humans , is encoded by the " ALDOC " ___MASK30___ on chromosome 17 . This ___MASK30___ encodes a member of the class I fructose - bisphosphate aldolase ___MASK30___ family . Expressed specifically in the hippocampus and Purkinje cells of the brain , the encoded protein is a glycolytic ___MASK64___ that catalyzes the reversible aldol cleavage of fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphate and fructose - 1 - phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and either glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate or glyceraldehyde , respectively .[ provided by RefSeq , Jul 2008 ] Fructose - ___MASK98___ - phosphate is a derivative of fructose . It is generated mainly by hepatic fructokinase but is also generated in smaller amounts in the small intestinal mucosa and proximal epithelium of the renal tubule . It is an important intermediate of glucose metabolism . Because fructokinase has a high Vmax fructose entering cells is quickly phosphorylated to fructose ___MASK98___ - phosphate . In this form it is usually accumulated in the liver until it undergoes further conversion by aldolase B ( the rate limiting enzyme of fructose metabolism ) . Aldolase B converts it into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate ( DHAP ) . Glyceraldehyde is then phosphorylated by triose kinase to glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate . Metabolism of fructose thus essentially results in intermediates of glycolysis . This means that fructose has the same fate as glucose after it gets metabolised . The final product of glycolysis ( pyruvate ) may then undergo gluconeogenesis , enter the TCA cycle or be stored as fatty acids . Sucrose is a common , naturally occurring saccharide found in many plants and ___MASK87___ parts . Saccharose is an obsolete ___MASK28___ for ___MASK41___ in general , especially sucrose . The ___MASK51___ is a disaccharide combination of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose with the formula CHO . A disaccharide ( also called a double sugar or biose ) is the sugar formed when ___MASK1___ monosaccharides ( simple sugars ) are joined by glycosidic linkage . Like monosaccharides , disaccharides are soluble in ___MASK44___ . Three common examples are sucrose , lactose , and maltose . Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular ___MASK25___ CHO . Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar . It is made during photosynthesis from ___MASK44___ and carbon dioxide , using energy from sunlight . The reverse of the photosynthesis reaction , which releases this energy , is an important source of power for cellular respiration . Glucose is stored as a ___MASK52___ , in plants as starch and in animals as glycogen , for times when the organism will need it . A ___MASK30___ is a locus ( or region ) of DNA which is made up of nucleotides and is the molecular unit of heredity . The transmission of genes to an ___MASK9___ ' s offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits . Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes ( many different genes ) as well as ___MASK30___  environment interactions . Some genetic traits are instantly visible , such as eye colour or number of limbs , and some are not , such as blood type , risk for specific diseases , or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life . Dihydroxyacetone ___MASK88___ ( DHAP , also glycerone ___MASK88___ in older texts ) is a biochemical compound involved in many metabolic pathways , including the Calvin cycle in plants and glycolysis . Fructose ___MASK98___ , 6 - bisphosphate , also known as Harden - Young ester , is fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbons ___MASK98___ and 6 ( i . e ., is a fructosephosphate ). The  -- form of this compound is very common in cells . The vast majority of glucose and fructose entering a cell ___MASK37___ become converted to fructose ___MASK98___ , 6 - bisphosphate at some point . Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts . Enzymes accelerate , or catalyze , ___MASK90___ reactions . The molecules at the beginning of the process upon which enzymes ___MASK14___ act are called substrates and the ___MASK64___ converts these into different molecules , called products . Almost all metabolic processes in the ___MASK94___ need enzymes in ___MASK36___ to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life . The set of enzymes made in a ___MASK94___ determines which metabolic pathways occur in that ___MASK94___ . The study of enzymes is called " enzymology ". Gluconeogenesis ( GNG ) is a metabolic pathway that results in the ___MASK24___ of glucose from certain non - carbohydrate carbon substrates . From breakdown of proteins , these substrates include glucogenic amino acids ( although not ketogenic amino acids ); from breakdown of lipids ( such as triglycerides ), they include glycerol ( although not fatty acids ); and from other steps in metabolism they include pyruvate and lactate . Aldolase B also known as fructose - bisphosphate aldolase B or liver - type aldolase is one of ___MASK67___ isoenzymes ( A , B , and C ) of the ___MASK33___ I fructose ___MASK98___ , 6 - bisphosphate aldolase enzyme ( EC 4 . ___MASK98___ . 2 . 13 ), and plays a key role in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis . The generic fructose ___MASK98___ , 6 - bisphosphate aldolase enzyme catalyzes the reversible cleavage of fructose ___MASK98___ , 6 - bisphosphate ( FBP ) into glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate ( DHAP ) as well as the reversible cleavage of fructose ___MASK98___ - phosphate ( F1P ) into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate . In mammals , aldolase B is preferentially expressed in the liver , while aldolase A is expressed in muscle and erythrocytes and aldolase C is expressed in the brain . Slight differences in isozyme structure result in different activities for the two substrate molecules : FBP and fructose ___MASK98___ - phosphate . Aldolase B exhibits no preference and thus catalyzes both reactions , while aldolases A and C prefer FBP . Aldolase A ( ALDOA , or ALDA ), also known as fructose - bisphosphate aldolase , is an ___MASK64___ that in humans is encoded by the " ALDOA " ___MASK30___ on chromosome 16 .