occupation john strachan 
Devanagari (, a compound of "" deva "" and "" ngar "" ; Hindi pronunciation : ), also called Nagari (" Ngar "), is an abugida ( alphasyllabary ) alphabet of India and Nepal . It is written from left to right , has a strong preference for symmetrical rounded shapes within squared outlines , and is recognisable by a horizontal line that runs along the top of full letters . In a cursory look , the Devanagari ___MASK23___ appears different from other Indic scripts such as Bengali , Oriya , or Gurmukhi , but a closer examination reveals they are very similar except for angles and structural emphasis . Jainism ( or ), traditionally known as Jain Dharma , is an ancient Indian ___MASK13___ belonging to the " ramaa " tradition . The central tenet is non - violence and respect towards all living beings . The three main principles of Jainism are " ahimsa " ( non - violence ), " anekantavada " ( non - absolutism ) and " aparigraha " ( non - possessiveness ). Followers of Jainism take five main vows : " ahimsa " ( non - violence ), " satya " ( not lying ), " asteya " ( not stealing ), " brahmacharya " ( chastity ) and " aparigraha " ( non - attachment ). Jain monks and nuns observe these vows absolutely whereas householders (" rvakas ") observe them within their practical limitations . Self - discipline and asceticism are thus ___MASK70___ focuses of Jainism . Notably , Mahatma Gandhi was greatly influenced by Jainism and adopted many Jain principles in his life . Paul - Yves Pezron ( 1639 , Hennebont ,  9 October 1706 , Brie ) was a seventeenth - century Cistercian brother from Brittany , best known for his 1703 publication of a study on the common origin of the Bretons and the Welsh , " Antiquité de la nation , et de langue des celtes ". Pezron was a ___MASK99___ of Theology at the Cistercian College of St . Bernard in Paris and abbot of La Charmoie . Scottish Gaelic or Scots Gaelic , sometimes also referred to as Gaelic (" ), is a Celtic language native to Scotland . A ___MASK97___ of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages , Scottish Gaelic , like Modern Irish and Manx , developed out of Middle Irish . Ancient Greek includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD . It is often roughly divided into the Archaic period ( 9th to 6th centuries BC ), Classical period ( 5th and 4th centuries BC ), and Hellenistic period ( 3rd century BC to the 6th century AD ). It is antedated in the second millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek . John Strachan ( 1862 -- 1907 ) was a ___MASK28___ of Sanskrit , Ancient Greek and the Celtic languages . He was a professor at Owens College and the Victoria University of Manchester . He is best remembered for the Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus , a collection of material in Old Irish that he edited together with Whitley Stokes , and for the textbook Old Irish Paradigms and Selections from the Old Irish Glosses , first published in 1904 -- 05 and later revised by Osborn Bergin . Both of these works are still in print . A ___MASK22___ language is a register or dialect of a language that is used in ___MASK22___ writing . This may also include liturgical writing . The difference between ___MASK22___ and non - ___MASK22___ forms is more marked in some languages than in others . Where there is a strong divergence , the language is said to exhibit diglossia . A sacred language , " holy language " ( in ___MASK26___ context ) or liturgical language is a language that is cultivated for ___MASK26___ reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life . The former Victoria University of Manchester , now the University of Manchester , was founded in 1851 as Owens College . In 1880 , the college joined the federal Victoria University , gaining an independent university charter in 1904 as the Victoria University of Manchester after the collapse of the federal university . Osborn Joseph Bergin ( 26 November 1873  6 October 1950 ) was a ___MASK28___ of the Irish language and early Irish literature , who discovered Bergin ' s Law . Indo - European studies is a field of ___MASK82___ and an interdisciplinary field of study dealing with Indo - European languages , both current and extinct . Its goal is to amass information about the hypothetical proto - language from which all of these languages are descended , a language dubbed Proto - Indo - European ( PIE ), and its speakers , the Proto - Indo - Europeans , including their society and religion . The studies cover where the language originated and how it spread . This article also lists Indo - European scholars , centres , journals and book series . Edward Lhuyd ( usually rewritten as " Llwyd " in recent times ) ( 1660  30 June 1709 ) was a Welsh ___MASK12___ , ___MASK86___ , ___MASK75___ , geographer and antiquary . He is also known by the Latinized form of his name , Eduardus Luidius . The Celtic languages ( usually pronounced but sometimes ) are descended from Proto - Celtic , or " Common Celtic "; a branch of the greater Indo - European language family . The term " Celtic " was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707 , following Paul - Yves Pezron who had already made the explicit link between the Celts described by classical writers and the Welsh and Breton languages . Vedic ___MASK94___ is an Indo - European language , more specifically one branch of the Indo - Iranian group . It is the ancient language of the Vedas of Hinduism , texts compiled over the period of the mid - 2nd to mid - 1st millennium BCE . It was orally preserved , predating the advent of Brahmi ___MASK23___ by several centuries . Vedic ___MASK94___ is an archaic language , whose consensus translation has been challenging . Sikhism , or Sikhi ("", , from " Sikh ", meaning a " ___MASK49___ ", or a " learner "), is a panentheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent during the 15th century . It is one of the youngest of the major world religions . The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism , articulated in the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib , include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator , unity of all humankind , engaging in selfless service , striving for social justice for the benefit and prosperity of all , and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder ' s life . Sikhism has 25 - 28 million adherents worldwide and is the ninth - largest religion in the world . ___MASK94___ ( English pronunciation :; written in Devanagari ___MASK23___ ; : or ', originally ', " refined speech ") is the primary sacred language of Hinduism and " Mahyna " Buddhism , a philosophical language in Hinduism , Jainism , Buddhism and Sikhism . It was also a ___MASK22___ language that was in use as a " lingua franca " in ancient and medieval South Asia . It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo - Aryan , originating as Vedic ___MASK94___ and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto - Indo - Iranian and Proto - Indo - European . Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand . As one of the oldest Indo - European languages for which substantial written documentation exists , ___MASK94___ holds a prominent position in Indo - European studies . The University of Manchester ( UoM ) is a public ___MASK34___ university in Manchester , England , formed in 2004 by the merger of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and the Victoria University of Manchester . The University of Manchester is a red brick university , a product of the civic university movement of the late - 19th century . Old Irish (, ) ( sometimes called Old Gaelic ) is the name given to the oldest form of the Goidelic languages for which extensive written texts are extant . It was used from c . AD 600  900 . The primary contemporary texts are dated c . AD 700  850 ; by AD 900 the language had already transitioned into early Middle Irish . Some Old Irish texts date from the 10th century , although these are presumably copies of texts composed at an earlier time period . Old Irish is thus the ancestor of Modern Irish , Manx , and Scottish Gaelic . A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common " ancestral language " or " parental language ", called the proto - language of that family . The term ' family ' reflects the tree ___MASK20___ of language origination in historical linguistics , which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree , or in a subsequent modification , to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy . Linguists therefore describe the " daughter languages " within a language family as being " genetically related ". Hinduism is a ___MASK13___ , or a way of life , found most notably in India and Nepal . Hinduism has been called the oldest ___MASK13___ in the world , and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as "", " the eternal law ," or the " eternal way ," beyond human origins . Scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions , with diverse roots and no ___MASK15___ . This " Hindu synthesis " started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE following the Vedic period ( 1500 BCE to 500 BCE ). Irish , also referred to as Gaelic or Irish Gaelic , is a Goidelic language of the Indo - European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people . Irish is spoken as a first language by a small minority of Irish people , and as a second language by a rather larger group of non - native speakers . Irish enjoys constitutional status as the national and first ___MASK77___ language of the Republic of Ireland , and is an officially recognised minority language in Northern Ireland . It is also among the ___MASK77___ languages of the European Union . The public body Foras na Gaeilge is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island of Ireland . Mycenaean Greek is the most ancient attested form of the Greek language , on the Greek mainland , Crete and Cyprus in Mycenaean Greece ( 16th to 12th centuries BCE ), before the hypothesised Dorian invasion , often cited as the " terminus post quem " for the coming of the Greek language to Greece . The language is preserved in inscriptions in Linear B , a ___MASK23___ first attested on Crete before the 14th century . Most inscriptions are on clay tablets found in Knossos , in central Crete , as well as in Pylos , in the southwest of the Peloponnese . Other tablets have been found at Mycenae itself , Tiryns and Thebes and at Chania , in Western Crete . The language is named after Mycenae , one of the major centres of Mycenaean Greece . Buddhism ( or ) is a ___MASK13___ and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha . Buddhism originated in India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE , from where it spread through much of Asia , whereafter it declined in India during the middle ages . Two ___MASK70___ extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : Theravada ( Pali : " The School of the Elders ") and ___MASK78___ ( Sanskrit : " The Great Vehicle "). Buddhism is the world ' s fourth - largest ___MASK13___ , with over 500 million followers or 7 % of the global population , known as Buddhists . The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek ( Hellenic ) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year . At this time , Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe , Africa and Asia , experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts , exploration , literature , theatre , ___MASK32___ , music , mathematics , philosophy , and ___MASK64___ . It is often considered a period of transition , sometimes even of decadence or degeneration , compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era . The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy , Alexandrian poetry , the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism . Greek ___MASK64___ was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes . The ___MASK26___ sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco - Egyptian Serapis , eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism . Early Irish literature is the oldest vernacular literature in Western Europe . The earliest existing examples of the written Irish language are Ogham inscriptions dating from the 4th century . Extant manuscripts do not go back farther than the 8th century . Two works written by ___MASK24___ Patrick , his " Confessio " and " Letter to Coroticus " were written in Latin some time in the 5th century , and preserved in the " Book of Armagh ".