part_of differential equation
___MASK25___ ( from , from " phúsis " " ___MASK40___ ") is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time , along with related concepts such as energy and force . One of the most fundamental scientific disciplines , the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves . Calculus ( from Latin " calculus ", literally " small pebble used for counting ") is the mathematical study of continuous change , in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations . It has two major branches , ___MASK89___ ( concerning rates of change and slopes of curves ), and integral calculus ( concerning accumulation of quantities and the areas under and between curves ); these two branches are related to each other by the fundamental theorem of calculus . Both branches make use of the fundamental notions of convergence of infinite sequences and infinite series to a well - defined limit . Generally , modern calculus is considered to have been developed in the 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz . Today , calculus has widespread uses in science , engineering and economics . Homeostasis or homoeostasis is the property of a ___MASK72___ in which a variable ( for example , the concentration of a substance in solution , or its temperature ) is actively regulated to remain very nearly constant . This regulation occurs inside a defined environment ( mostly within a living ___MASK37___ ' s body ). Examples of homeostasis include the regulation of the body temperature of an animal , the pH of its extracellular fluids , or the concentrations of sodium ( Na ) and calcium ( Ca ) ions or of glucose in the blood plasma , despite changes in the animal  s environment , or what it has eaten , or what it is doing ( for example , resting or exercising ). Each of these variables is controlled by a separate  homeostat  ( or regulator ), which , together , maintain life . Homeostats are energy - consuming physiological mechanisms . Time is the indefinite continued progress of ___MASK57___ and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future . Time is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events , to compare the duration of events or the intervals between them , and to quantify rates of change of quantities in material reality or in the conscious experience . Time is often referred to as the fourth dimension , along with the three spatial dimensions . Space is the boundless three - dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction . Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions , although modern physicists usually consider it , with time , to be ___MASK93___ of a boundless four - dimensional continuum known as ___MASK51___ . The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe . However , disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity , a relationship between entities , or ___MASK93___ of a conceptual framework . A differential ___MASK85___ is a mathematical ___MASK85___ that relates some function with its derivatives . In applications , the functions usually represent physical quantities , the derivatives represent their rates of change , and the ___MASK85___ defines a relationship between the two . Because such relations are extremely common , differential equations play a prominent role in many disciplines including engineering , ___MASK25___ , ___MASK13___ , and biology . In pure mathematics , differential equations are studied from several different perspectives , mostly concerned with their solutions -- the set of functions that satisfy the ___MASK85___ . Only the simplest differential equations are solvable by explicit formulas ; however , some properties of solutions of a given differential ___MASK85___ may be determined without finding their exact form . If a self - contained formula for the solution is not available , the solution may be numerically approximated using computers . The theory of dynamical systems puts emphasis on qualitative analysis of systems described by differential equations , while many numerical methods have been developed to determine solutions with a given degree of accuracy . Heredity is the genetic information passing for traits from parents to their offspring , either through asexual reproduction or ___MASK20___ . This is the process by which an offspring cell or ___MASK37___ acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or ___MASK37___ . Through heredity , variations exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause some species to evolve through the natural selection of specific phenotype traits . The study of heredity in biology is called genetics , which includes the field of epigenetics . ___MASK13___ (, ) is a social science concerned with the factors that determine the production , distribution , and consumption of goods and services . The term " ___MASK13___ " comes from the Ancient Greek from (', pronounced " eekos ", " house ") and (', " custom " or " law "), hence " rules of the house ( hold for good management )". ' Political ___MASK45___ ' was the earlier name for the subject , but economists in the late 19th century suggested " ___MASK13___ " as a shorter term for " economic science " to establish itself as a separate discipline outside of political science and other social sciences . The ___MASK58___ is all of time and space and its contents . It includes planets , moons , minor planets , stars , galaxies , the contents of intergalactic space , and all matter and energy . The size of the entire ___MASK58___ is unknown . In ___MASK25___ , energy is the property that must be transferred to an object in ___MASK17___ to perform work on  or to heat  the object , and can be converted in form , but not created or destroyed . The SI unit of energy is the joule , which is the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton . In ___MASK25___ , a force is any interaction that , when unopposed , will change the motion of an object . In other words , a force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity ( which includes to begin moving from a state of rest ), i . e ., to accelerate . Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull . A force has both magnitude and direction , making it a vector quantity . It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F . In ___MASK13___ , products can be classified into goods and services . Goods are items that are tangible , such as books , pens , salt , shoes , hats and folders . Services are activities provided by other people , such as doctors , lawn care workers , dentists , barbers , waiters , or online servers . According to economic theory , consumption of goods and services is assumed to provide utility ( satisfaction ) to the consumer or end - user , although businesses also consume goods and services in the course of producing other goods and services . ___MASK91___ is a natural ___MASK15___ concerned with the study of life and living organisms , including their structure , function , growth , evolution , distribution , identification and ___MASK26___ . Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field , composed of many branches and subdisciplines . However , despite the broad scope of biology , there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research , consolidating it into single , coherent field . In general , biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life , genes as the basic unit of heredity , and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species . It is also understood today that all the organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition known as homeostasis . The derivative of a function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of a quantity ( a function value or dependent variable ) which is determined by another quantity ( the independent variable ). Derivatives are a fundamental tool of calculus . For example , the derivative of the position of a moving object with respect to time is the object ' s velocity : this measures how quickly the position of the object changes when time is advanced . ___MASK24___ is a major category of academic disciplines , concerned with ___MASK95___ and the relationships among individuals within a ___MASK95___ . It in turn has many branches , each of which is considered a " social science ". The main social sciences include economics , political science , human geography , ___MASK70___ , and sociology . In a wider sense , social science also includes some fields in the humanities such as anthropology , archaeology , jurisprudence , history , and linguistics . The term is also sometimes used to refer specifically to the field of sociology , the original ' science of ___MASK95___ ', established in the 19th century . A more detailed list of sub - disciplines within the social sciences can be found at Outline of social science . ___MASK21___ is a characteristic distinguishing physical entities having biological processes , such as signaling and self - sustaining processes , from those that do not , either because such functions have ceased , or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate . Various forms of ___MASK21___ exist , such as plants , ___MASK100___ , fungi , protists , archaea , and bacteria . The criteria can at times be ambiguous and ___MASK19___ or ___MASK19___ not define viruses , viroids , or potential artificial ___MASK21___ as " living ". Biology is the primary ___MASK15___ concerned with the study of ___MASK21___ , although many other sciences are involved . In ___MASK91___ , an ___MASK37___ is any contiguous living system , such as an animal , plant , fungus , archaeon , or bacterium . All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli , reproduction , growth and development and homeostasis . An ___MASK37___ consists of one or more cells ; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular ___MASK37___ ; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular ___MASK37___ . Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms . Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs . In ___MASK56___ , an ___MASK85___ is a statement of an equality containing one or more variables . " Solving " the ___MASK85___ consists of determining which values of the variables make the equality true . Variables are also called unknowns and the values of the unknowns which satisfy the equality are called solutions of the ___MASK85___ . There are two kinds of equations : identity equations and conditional equations . An identity ___MASK85___ is true for all values of the variable . A conditional ___MASK85___ is true for only particular values of the variables . Knowledge is a familiarity , awareness or understanding of someone or something , such as facts , information , descriptions , or skills , which is acquired through experience or ___MASK92___ by perceiving , discovering , or ___MASK35___ . Management ( or managing ) is the administration of an ___MASK28___ , whether it be a business , a not - for - profit ___MASK28___ , or ___MASK47___ body . Management includes the activities of setting the strategy of an ___MASK28___ and coordinating the efforts of its employees or volunteers to accomplish its objectives through the application of available resources , such as financial , natural , technological , and human resources . The term " management " may also refer to the people who manage an ___MASK28___ . A ___MASK31___ is a tool containing one or more parts that uses energy to perform an intended action . Machines are usually powered by chemical , thermal , or electrical means , and are often motorized . Historically , a power tool also required moving parts to classify as a ___MASK31___ . However , the advent of ___MASK1___ has led to the development of power tools without moving parts that are considered machines . Natural ___MASK15___ is a branch of ___MASK15___ concerned with the description , prediction , and understanding of natural phenomena , based on observational and empirical evidence . Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances . In ___MASK91___ , a ___MASK61___ ( abbreviated sp ., with the plural form ___MASK61___ abbreviated spp .) is the basic unit of ___MASK41___ and a taxonomic rank . A ___MASK61___ is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring , typically by sexual reproduction . While this definition is often adequate , looked at more closely it is often problematic . For example , in a ___MASK61___ complex , the boundaries between closely related ___MASK61___ become unclear or disappear altogether . Other ways of defining ___MASK61___ include similarity of DNA , morphology , or ecological niche . The presence of locally adaptive traits may further subdivide ___MASK61___ into infraspecific taxa such as subspecies . A tool is any physical item that can be used to achieve a goal , especially if the item is not consumed in the ___MASK68___ . Tool use by humans dates ___MASK30___ millions of years , and other animals are also known to employ simple tools . ___MASK66___ is the application of ___MASK56___ and scientific , economic , social , and practical knowledge in ___MASK17___ to invent , innovate , design , build , maintain , research , and improve structures , machines , tools , systems , components , materials , processes , solutions , and organizations . Ancient Greek includes the forms of Greek used in ___MASK73___ and the ancient world from around the ___MASK29___ BC to the 6th century AD . It is often roughly divided into the Archaic period ( 9th to 6th centuries BC ), Classical period ( 5th and 4th centuries BC ), and Hellenistic period ( ___MASK74___ to the 6th century AD ). It is antedated in the second millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek . Engineers ___MASK2___ materials , structures , and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality , regulation , safety , and cost . The word " engineer (" from the Latin " ingeniator "")" is derived from the Latin words " ingeniare " (" to contrive , devise ") and " ingenium " (" cleverness "). The foundation education of an engineer is typically a 4 - ___MASK59___ bachelor ' s degree or in some countries , a master ' s degree in an engineering discipline plus 4  6 years peer - reviewed professional practice culminating in a project report or thesis . Engineers who seek a professional engineer license in N . America will be required to take further exams in ethics , law and professional practice . Political ___MASK15___ is a ___MASK24___ which deals with systems of ___MASK47___ , and the analysis of political activities , political thoughts and political behaviour . It deals extensively with the ___MASK12___ and practice of politics which is commonly thought of as determining of the distribution of power and resources . Political scientists " see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions , and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works ." ___MASK62___ is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations . Evolutionary processes give rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation , including the levels of ___MASK61___ , individual organisms , and molecules . An ___MASK45___ ( From Greek   " household " and o  " manage ") is an area of the production , distribution , or trade , and consumption of goods and services by different agents in a given geographical location . Understood in its broadest sense , ' The ___MASK45___ is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices , discourses , and material expressions associated with the production , use and management of resources '. Economic agents can be individuals , businesses , organizations , or governments . Economic transactions occur when two parties agree to the value or price of the transacted good or service , commonly expressed in a certain currency , but monetary transactions are only a small part of the economic domain . Political ___MASK45___ is a term used for studying production and trade , and their relations with law , custom , and ___MASK47___ , as well as with the distribution of national income and wealth . " Political ___MASK45___ " originated in moral philosophy . It was developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states , or " polities ", hence the term " political " ___MASK45___ . ___MASK56___ ( from Greek  " máthma ",  knowledge , study , learning ) is the study of topics such as quantity ( numbers ), structure , space , and change . There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of ___MASK56___ . A ___MASK75___ is a locus ( or region ) of DNA which is made up of nucleotides and is the molecular unit of heredity . The transmission of genes to an ___MASK37___ ' s offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits . Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes ( many different genes ) as well as ___MASK75___  environment interactions . Some genetic traits are instantly visible , such as eye colour or number of limbs , and some are not , such as blood type , risk for specific diseases , or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life . In the classical ___MASK25___ observed in everyday life , if something has mass and takes up space , it is said to be composed of matter ; this includes atoms ( and thus molecules ) and anything made up of these , but not other energy phenomena or waves such as light or sound . More generally , however , in ( modern ) ___MASK25___ , matter is not a fundamental concept because a universal definition of it is elusive : elementary constituents of atoms may not take up space individually , and massless particles may be composed to form objects that have mass ( even when at rest ). ___MASK2___ is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object , ___MASK72___ or measurable human interaction ( as in architectural blueprints , engineering drawings , business processes , circuit diagrams , and sewing patterns ). ___MASK2___ has different connotations in different fields ( see design disciplines below ). In some cases , the direct construction of an object ( as in pottery , engineering , management , coding , and graphic design ) is also considered to be design .