occupation chris philo
Scotland ( Scots : ) is a country that is part of the ___MASK37___ and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain . It shares a border with England to the south , and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south - west . In addition to the mainland , the country is made up of more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . Geography ( from Greek , " geographia ", literally " earth description ") is a field of ___MASK99___ devoted to the study of the lands , the features , the inhabitants , and the phenomena of Earth . The first person to use the word "  " was Eratosthenes ( 276  194 BC ). Geography is an all - encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of the Earth and its human and natural complexities  not merely where objects are , but how they have changed and come to be . It is often defined in terms of the two branches of human geography and physical geography . The four historical traditions in geographical ___MASK24___ are : spatial analyses of natural and the human phenomena , area studies of places and regions , studies of human - land relationships , and the Earth sciences . Geography has been called " the world discipline " and " the bridge between the human and the physical sciences ". Human geography is the branch of the social sciences that deals with the study of people and their communities , cultures , economies and interaction with the environment by noticing their relations with and across space and place . As an ___MASK2___ discipline , geography is divided into the sub - fields of physical geography and human geography , the latter concentrating upon the study of human activities , by the application of qualitative and quantitative research methods . The Scottish Enlightenment was the period in 18th and early 19th century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of ___MASK2___ and scientific accomplishments . By the eighteenth century , Scotland had a network of parish schools in the Lowlands and four universities . The Enlightenment culture was based on close readings of new books , and intense discussions took place daily at such ___MASK2___ gathering places in Edinburgh as The Select Society and , later , The Poker Club as well as within Scotland  s ancient universities ( St Andrews , Glasgow , Edinburgh and Aberdeen ). Earth ___MASK99___ or geoscience is a widely embraced term for the fields of ___MASK99___ related to the planet Earth . Earth ___MASK99___ can be considered to be a branch of planetary ___MASK99___ , but with a much older history . There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences . The Earth sciences can include the study of geology , the lithosphere , and the large - scale structure of the Earth ' s interior , as well as the atmosphere , hydrosphere , and biosphere . Typically , Earth scientists use tools from geography , chronology , ___MASK21___ , chemistry , biology , and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how the Earth system works and evolves . Physical geography ( also known as geosystems or physiography ) is one of the two ___MASK31___ sub - fields of geography . Physical geography is that branch of natural science which deals with the study of processes and patterns in the natural environment like the atmosphere , hydrosphere , biosphere , and geosphere , as opposed to the cultural or built environment , the domain of human geography . The Russell Group is a self - selected association of twenty - four public ___MASK24___ universities in the United Kingdom . The group is headquartered in London and was established in 1994 to represent its members ' interests , principally to government and parliament ; nineteen smaller British ___MASK24___ universities formed the 1994 Group in response , which has since dissolved . In 2010 , Russell Group members received approximately two - thirds of all university ___MASK24___ grant and contract income in the United Kingdom . The group is widely perceived as representing the best universities in the country . Area studies are interdisciplinary fields of ___MASK24___ and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical , national / federal , or cultural regions . The term exists primarily as a general description for what are , in the practice of scholarship , many heterogeneous fields of ___MASK24___ , encompassing both the social sciences and the humanities . Typical area study programs involve history , political science , sociology , cultural studies , languages , geography , literature , and related disciplines . In contrast to cultural studies , area studies often include diaspora and emigration from the area . Eratosthenes of Cyrene (;  ) was a Greek ___MASK15___ , ___MASK32___ , poet , astronomer , and music theorist . He was a man of learning , becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria . He invented the discipline of geography , including the terminology used today . Chris Philo FAcSS ( born 1960 ) is Professor of Geography at the Department of Geographical and Earth Sciences , the University of Glasgow . Philo graduated from the Sidney Sussex College of Cambridge University and became a ___MASK24___ Fellow there . In 1989 he joined the Department of Geography at the University of Wales , Lampeter , holding that post for six years , until 1995 . He then joined the University of Glasgow as a Professor , becoming head of the department in 2002 . In 2006 Chris was replaced as Head of Department by Professor Trevor Hoey and was enlisted on the Geography and Environmental Studies RAE Sub - Panel . Traditionally his interests have been in the historical geographies of ' madness ' and mental health and mental health care provision . Later , he dabbled in the emerging , and increasingly significant , sub - discipline of animal geographies . A devotee of the work of Michel Foucault , his ___MASK24___ extended and localised Foucault ' s history of madness to England and Wales . Over a decade in the writing his major work was published by a minor press in Wales as A Geographical History of Institutional Provision for the Insane from Medieval Times to the 1860s in England and Wales : The Space Reserved for Insanity . Always a generous collaborator , he has co - edited numerous general anthologies of human geography . Most recently , he has examined , with Eric Laurier , cafe culture in Glasgow . Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland , and third largest in the ___MASK37___ . Historically part of Lanarkshire , it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland . It is situated on the River Clyde in the country ' s West Central Lowlands . Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians . Modern humans (" Homo sapiens ", primarily ssp . " Homo sapiens sapiens ") are the only extant members of Hominina tribe ( or human tribe ), a branch of the tribe Hominini belonging to the family of great apes . They are characterized by erect posture and bipedal locomotion ; manual dexterity and increased tool use , compared to other animals ; and a ___MASK41___ trend toward larger , more complex brains and societies . Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual , auditory or performing artifacts ( artworks ), expressing the ___MASK91___ ' s imaginative or technical skill , intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power . In their most ___MASK41___ form these activities include the production of works of art , the criticism of art , the study of the history of art , and the aesthetic dissemination of art . The University of Glasgow ( abbreviated as Glas . in post - nominals ) is the fourth oldest university in the English - speaking world and one of Scotland ' s four ancient universities . It was founded in 1451 . Along with the ___MASK22___ , the University was part of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century . It is currently a ___MASK74___ of Universitas 21 , the international network of research universities , and the Russell Group . ___MASK99___ is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe . The ___MASK37___ of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the ___MASK37___ ( UK ) or Britain , is a ___MASK97___ country in western Europe . Lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland , it includes the island of Great Britain ( the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country ), the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another ___MASK97___ statethe Republic of Ireland . Apart from this land border , the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west , giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of , the UK is the 78th - largest ___MASK97___ state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe . It is also the 21st - most populous country , with an estimated 65 . 1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union . The River Clyde is a river , that flows into the Firth of Clyde in Scotland . It is the eighth - longest river in the ___MASK37___ , and the second - longest in Scotland . Flowing through the major city of Glasgow , it was an important river for ___MASK68___ and trade in the British Empire . In the early medieval Cumbric language it was known as " Clud " or " Clut ", and was central to the Kingdom of Strathclyde (" Teyrnas Ystrad Clut "). Founded in 1997 , Universitas 21 is an international network of universities , established as an " international reference point and resource for strategic thinking on issues of global significance ." It currently has twenty - six ___MASK74___ universities in seventeen different countries and territories . Together , there are 1 . 3M students and 210 , 000 academics and researchers associated with these universities . The ___MASK22___ ( abbreviated as Edin . in post - nominals ), founded in 1582 , is the sixth oldest university in the English - speaking world and one of Scotland ' s ancient universities . The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city of Edinburgh , with many of the buildings in the historic Old Town belonging to the university .