occupation ptolemy xiv of egypt
The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian ( of the Second Triumvirate ) and the forces of the tyrannicides Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus in 42 BC , at Philippi in Macedonia . The Second Triumvirate declared this civil war ostensibly to avenge Julius Caesar ' s assassination in 44 BC , but the underlying cause was a long - ___MASK44___ class conflict between the " ancien regime " represented in the Senate ( Optimates ), and the rising class ( Populares ). Jordan ('), officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ('), is an Arab kingdom in Western Asia , on the East ___MASK65___ of the Jordan River . Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the east and south , Iraq to the north - east , Syria to the north , Israel , Palestine and the Dead Sea to the west and the Red Sea in its extreme south - west . Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia , Africa and Europe . The capital , Amman , is Jordan ' s most populous city as well as the country ' s economic , political and cultural centre . Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix ( c . 138 BC  78 BC ), known commonly as Sulla , was a Roman ___MASK31___ and ___MASK57___ . He had the distinction of holding the office of ___MASK24___ twice , as well as reviving the dictatorship . Sulla was awarded a grass crown , the most prestigious Roman ___MASK9___ honor , during the Social War . Sulla was a skillful ___MASK31___ , achieving numerous successes in wars against different opponents , both foreign and Roman . His life was habitually included in the ancient biographical collections of leading generals and politicians , originating in the biographical compendium of famous Romans published by Marcus Terentius Varro . In Plutarch ' s " Parallel Lives " Sulla is paired with the Spartan ___MASK31___ and strategist Lysander . Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , Italy shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate ; due to its shape , it is often referred to in Italy as " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). With 61 million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU ___MASK58___ state . The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek ( Hellenic ) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year . At this time , Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe , Africa and Asia , experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts , exploration , literature , theatre , ___MASK66___ , music , mathematics , philosophy , and ___MASK32___ . It is often considered a period of transition , sometimes even of decadence or degeneration , compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era . The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy , Alexandrian poetry , the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism . Greek ___MASK32___ was advanced by the works of the ___MASK59___ Euclid and the polymath Archimedes . The ___MASK41___ sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco - Egyptian Serapis , eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism . Gaius Cassius Longinus ( October 3 , before 85 BC  October 3 , 42 BC ) was a Roman ___MASK28___ , a leading instigator of the plot to kill Julius Caesar , and the brother in - law of Marcus Junius Brutus . He commanded troops with Brutus during the Battle of Philippi against the combined forces of Mark Antony and Octavian , Caesar ' s former supporters , and committed suicide after being defeated by Mark Antony . Rome is a city and special " comune " ( named " Roma Capitale ") in Italy . Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region . With 2 , 870 , 336 residents in , it is also the country ' s largest and most populated " comune " and fourth - most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4 . 3 million residents . The city is located in the central - western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ), along the shores of Tiber river . The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city : for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states . Marcus Antonius ( Latin : ; January 14 , August 1 , 30 BC ), commonly known in English as Mark or Marc Antony , was a Roman ___MASK40___ and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire . The Ptolemaic dynasty (" Ptolemaioi "), sometimes also known as the Lagids or Lagidae (" Lagidai ", after Lagus , Ptolemy I ' s ___MASK48___ ), was a Macedonian royal family , originating from Macedon , which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt during the Hellenistic period . Their rule lasted for 275 years , from 305 to 30 BC . They were the last dynasty of ancient Egypt . Augustus ( 23 September 63 BC  19 August 14 AD ) was the ___MASK55___ of the Roman Principate and considered the first ___MASK53___ , controlling the Roman Empire from 27 BC until his death in AD 14 . The Second Punic War , also referred to as The Hannibalic War and ( by the Romans ) the War Against Hannibal , lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western and eastern Mediterranean . This was the second ___MASK79___ war between Carthage and the Roman Republic and its allied Italic socii , with the crucial participation of Numidian - Berber armies and tribes on both sides . The two states fought three ___MASK79___ wars with each other over the course of their existence . They are called the " Punic Wars " because Rome ' s name for Carthaginians was " Poeni ", derived from " Poenici " ( earlier form of " Punici "), a reference to the founding of Carthage by Phoenician settlers . Africa is the world ' s second - largest and second - most - populous continent . At about 30 . 3 million km² ( 11 . 7 million square miles ) including adjacent islands , it covers 6 % of Earth ' s total surface area and 20 . 4 % of its total land area . With 1 . 1 billion people as of 2013 , it accounts for about 15 % of the world ' s human population . The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast , the Indian Ocean to the southeast , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos . It contains 54 fully recognized ___MASK20___ states ( countries ), nine territories and two " de facto " independent states with limited or no recognition . Sudan (" as - Sdn ", ), also known as North Sudan and officially the Republic of the Sudan (" Jumhriyyat as - Sdn "), is a country in Northern Africa . It is bordered by Egypt to the north , the Red Sea , Eritrea , and Ethiopia to the east , South Sudan to the south , the Central African Republic to the southwest , Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest . It is the third largest country in Africa . The River Nile divides the country into eastern and western halves . Before the Sudanese Civil War , South Sudan was part of Sudan but broke away in 2011 . Its predominant ___MASK34___ is Islam . Imperium is a Latin word which , in a broad sense , translates roughly as ' power to command '. In ancient Rome , different kinds of power or authority were distinguished by different terms . " Imperium " referred to the ability of an individual to command the ___MASK9___ . It is not to be confused with " auctoritas " or " potestas ", different and generally inferior types of power in the Roman Republic and Empire . Primarily used to refer to the power that is wielded , in greater or lesser degree , by an individual to whom it is delegated , the term could also be used with a geographical connotation , designating the territorial limits of that " imperium ". Individuals given such power were referred to as curule magistrates or promagistrates . These included the curule aedile , the praetor , the censor , the consul , the magister equitum , and the dictator . Lagus ( Greek  ; lived 4th century BC ) from Eordaea was the ___MASK48___ , or reputed ___MASK48___ , of Ptolemy , the founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty . He married Arsinoe , a concubine of Philip II , ___MASK95___ of Macedon , who was said to have been pregnant at the time of their marriage , on which account it is told that the Macedonians generally looked upon Ptolemy as in reality the son of Philip ; but it is possible that this is a later myth fabricated to glorify the Ptolemaic dynasty . From an anecdote recorded by Plutarch , it is clear that Lagus was a man of obscure birth ; hence , when Theocritus calls Ptolemy a descendant of Heracles , he probably means to represent him as the son of Philip . Lagus is believed by some to have subsequently married Antigone , niece of Antipater , by whom he became the ___MASK48___ of Berenice , afterwards the wife of Ptolemy , but this is based on a misreading of a corrupt scholium ; her ___MASK48___ ' s name was almost certainly Magas . A dictator is a ___MASK84___ who wields absolute power . A state ruled by a dictator is called a dictatorship . The word originated as the title of a magistrate in the Roman Republic appointed by the Senate to rule the republic in times of emergency ( see Roman dictator and " justitium "). Egypt (; ', , " Kimi "), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba to the east , the Red Sea to the east and south , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia , although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with Egypt . It is the world ' s only contiguous Afrasian nation . Ptolemy XIV ( Greek :  , Ptolemaos , who lived 60 BC / 59 BC -- 44 BC and reigned 47 BC -- 44 BC ) , was a son of Ptolemy XII of Egypt and one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt . Following the death of his older brother Ptolemy XIII of Egypt on January 13 , 47 BC , he was proclaimed Pharaoh and co - ___MASK84___ by their older sister and remaining Pharaoh , Cleopatra VII of Egypt . He and Cleopatra were married , but Cleopatra continued to act as lover of Roman dictator Julius Caesar . Ptolemy is considered to have reigned in name only , with Cleopatra keeping actual authority to herself . On March 15 , 44 BC Caesar was murdered in Rome by a group of conspirators whose most notable members were Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus . Ptolemy soon followed him in death . An inscription mentioning him as alive was dated at July 26 , 44 BC . It has been assumed but remains uncertain that Cleopatra poisoned her co - ___MASK84___ , with aconite , to replace him with his nephew Ptolemy XV Caesarion , her son by Caesar who was proclaimed co - ___MASK84___ on September 2 , 44 BC and whom his mother intended to support as successor of his father . The European Union ( EU ) is a political and economic union of ___MASK58___ states that are located primarily in Europe . It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million . The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all ___MASK58___ states . EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people , goods , services , and capital within the internal market , enact legislation in ___MASK6___ and home affairs , and maintain common policies on trade , agriculture , fisheries , and regional development . Within the Schengen Area , passport controls have been abolished . A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002 , and is composed of 19 EU ___MASK58___ states which use the euro currency . A dictator was a ___MASK71___ of the Roman Republic , entrusted with the full authority of the state to deal with a ___MASK9___ emergency or to undertake a specific duty . All other magistrates were subordinate to his " imperium ", and the right of the plebeian tribunes to veto his actions or of the people to appeal from them was extremely limited . However , in order to prevent the dictatorship from threatening the state itself , severe limitations were placed upon its powers : a dictator could only act within his intended sphere of authority ; and he was obliged to resign his office once his appointed task had been accomplished , or at the expiration of six months . Dictators were regularly appointed from the earliest period of the Republic down to the Second Punic War , but the magistracy then went into abeyance for over a century , until it was revived in a significantly modified form , first by Sulla , and then by Caesar . The office was formally abolished after the death of Caesar , and not revived under the Empire . Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar (" Ptolemaios IE Philopatr Philomtr Kaisar " June 23 , 47 BC  August 23 , 30 BC ), better known by the nicknames Caesarion ( English : Little Caesar ) and Ptolemy Caesar (" Ptolemaios Kaisar "), was the last Pharaoh of Egypt . He was the final ___MASK58___ of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt , who reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt , from September 2 , 44 BC . He held the position of sole ___MASK84___ between the death of Cleopatra , on August 12 , 30 BC , up to August 23 , 30 BC , the time his death was ordered by Octavian , who would become the Roman ___MASK53___ Augustus . It is unknown whether Octavian ' s order was carried out successfully . He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII , and possibly the only biological son of Julius Caesar , after whom he was named . Latium is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire . Latium was originally a small triangle of fertile , volcanic soil on which resided the tribe of the Latins or Latians . It was located on the left ___MASK65___ ( east and south ) of the Tiber river , extending northward to the Anio river ( a left - ___MASK65___ tributary of the Tiber ) and southeastward to the Pomptina Palus ( Pontine Marshes , now the Pontine Fields ) as far south as the Circeian promontory . The right ___MASK65___ of the Tiber was occupied by the Etruscan city of Veii , and the other borders were occupied by Italic tribes . Subsequently , Rome defeated Veii and then its Italic neighbors , expanding Latium to the Apennine Mountains in the northeast and to the opposite end of the marsh in the southeast . The modern descendant , the Italian " Regione " of Lazio , also called " Latium " in Latin , and occasionally in modern English , is somewhat larger still , but not as much as double the original Latium . Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one ' s own death . Risk factors include mental disorders such as depression , bipolar disorder , schizophrenia , personality disorders , alcoholism , or substance misuse . Others are impulsive acts due to stress such as from financial difficulties , troubles with relationships , or from bullying . Those who have previously attempted suicide are at higher risk for future attempts . Suicide prevention efforts include limiting access to method of suicide , such as firearms and poisons , treating mental disorders and substance misuse , proper media reporting of suicide , and improving economic conditions . Although crisis hotlines are common , there is little evidence for their effectiveness . The most commonly used method of suicide varies between countries , and is partly related to the availability of effective means . Common methods include hanging , pesticide poisoning , and firearms . Suicide resulted in 842 , 000 deaths globally in 2013 ( up from 712 , 000 deaths in 1990 ). This makes it the 10th leading cause of death worldwide . Approximately 0 . 5 % to 1 . 4 % of people die by suicide , about 12 per 100 , 000 persons per year . Three quarters of suicides globally occur in the developing world . Rates of completed suicides are generally higher in men than in women , ranging from 1 . 5 times as much in the developing world to 3 . 5 times in the developed world . Suicide is generally most common among those over the age of 70 ; however , in certain countries those aged between 15 and 30 are at highest risk . There are an estimated 10 to 20 million non - fatal attempted suicides every year . Non - fatal suicide attempts may lead to injury and long - term disabilities . In the Western world , attempts are more common in young people and females . Views on suicide have been influenced by broad existential themes such as ___MASK34___ , honor , and the meaning of life . The Abrahamic religions traditionally consider suicide an offense towards God due to the belief in the sanctity of life . During the samurai era in Japan , a form of suicide known as seppuku was respected as a means of making up for failure or as a form of protest . Sati , a practice outlawed by the British Raj , expected the Indian widow to kill herself on her husband ' s funeral fire , either willingly or under pressure from the family and society . Suicide and attempted suicide , while previously illegal , are no longer in most Western countries . It remains a ___MASK29___ offense in many countries . In the 20th and 21st centuries , suicide has been used on rare occasions as a form of protest , and kamikaze and suicide bombings have been used as a ___MASK9___ or terrorist tactic . The word is from the Latin " suicidium ", which means " the killing of oneself ". Definitions . Suicide , also known as completed suicide , is the " act of taking one ' s own life ". Attempted suicide or non - fatal suicidal behavior is self - injury with the desire to end one ' s life that does not result in death . Assisted suicide is when one individual helps another bring about their own death indirectly via providing either advice or the means to the end . This is in contrast to euthanasia , where another person takes a more active role in bringing about a person ' s death . Suicidal ideation is thoughts of ending one ' s life but not taking any active efforts to do so . Gaius Julius Caesar ( 13 July 100 BC  15 March 44 BC ), known as Julius Caesar , was a Roman ___MASK40___ , general , and notable author of Latin prose . He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire . Israel , officially known as the State of Israel , is a country in the Middle East , on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West ___MASK65___ and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel ' s financial and technology center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state ' s sovereignty over the city of Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized . A ___MASK51___ is the ___MASK20___ head of state in a monarchy . A ___MASK51___ may exercise the highest authority and power in the state , or others may wield that power on behalf of the ___MASK51___ . Typically a ___MASK51___ either personally inherits the lawful right to exercise the state ' s ___MASK20___ rights ( often referred to as " the throne " or " the crown ") or is selected by an established process from a family or cohort eligible to provide the nation ' s ___MASK51___ . Alternatively , an individual may become ___MASK51___ by conquest , acclamation or a combination of means . A ___MASK51___ usually reigns for life or until abdication . Vatican City , officially Vatican City State or the State of Vatican City , is a walled enclave within the city of Rome . With an area of approximately 44 hectares ( 110 acres ), and a population of 842 , it is the smallest State in the world by both area and population , but formally it is not ___MASK20___ , sovereignty being held by the Holy See , the only entity of public international law that has diplomatic relations with almost every country in the world . Saudi Arabia , officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ( KSA ), is an Arab ___MASK20___ state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula . With a land area of approximately , Saudi Arabia is geographically the fifth - largest state in Asia and second - largest state in the Arab world after Algeria . Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north , Kuwait to the northeast , Qatar , Bahrain , and the United Arab Emirates to the east , Oman to the southeast , and Yemen to the south . It is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba . It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast , and most of its terrain consists of arid desert or barren landforms . Pharaoh is the common title of the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty ( c . 3150 ) until the Macedonian conquest in 305 BC , although the actual term " Pharaoh " was not used contemporaneously for a ___MASK84___ until circa 1200 BCE . The Gaza Strip (' ), or simply Gaza "', is a small self - governing Palestinian territory on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea , that borders Egypt on the southwest for and Israel on the east and north along a border . Gaza , together with the West ___MASK65___ , comprise the Palestinian territories claimed by the Palestinians as the State of Palestine . The territories of Gaza and the West ___MASK65___ are separated from each other by Israeli territory . Both fall under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority , but Gaza has since June 2007 been governed by Hamas , a Palestinian Islamic organization which came to power in free elections in 2006 . It has been placed under an Israeli and U . S .- led international economic and political boycott from that time onwards .