genre historical dictionary of switzerland
A fact is something that has really occurred or is actually correct . The usual test for a statement of fact is verifiability  that is , whether it can be demonstrated to correspond to experience . Standard ___MASK26___ works are often used to check facts . Scientific facts are verified by repeatable careful observation or measurement ( by experiments or other means ). The Historical ___MASK36___ of Switzerland is an encyclopedia on the ___MASK25___ of Switzerland that aims to take into account the results of modern historical research in a manner accessible to a broader audience . The encyclopedia is published by a foundation under the patronage of the Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences ( SAGW / ASSH ) and the Swiss Historical Society ( SGG - SHH ) and is financed by national research grants . Besides a staff of 35 at the central offices , the contributors include 100 academic advisors , 2500 historians and 100 translators . In ___MASK48___ , a word is the smallest element that can be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content ( with literal or practical meaning ). This contrasts deeply with a morpheme , which is the smallest unit of meaning but ___MASK87___ not necessarily stand on its own . A word may consist of a single morpheme ( for example : " oh !, rock , red , quick , run , expect "), or several (" rocks , redness , quickly , running , unexpected "), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word ( in the words just mentioned , these are "- s , - ness , - ly , - ing , un -, - ed "). A complex word ___MASK87___ typically include a root and one or more affixes (" rock - s , red - ness , quick - ly , run - ning , un - expect - ed "), or more than one root in a compound (" black - board , rat - race "). Words can be put together to build larger elements of language , such as phrases (" a red rock "), clauses (" I threw a rock "), and sentences (" He threw a rock too , but he missed "). A republic ( from ) is a sovereign state , ___MASK90___ , or ___MASK11___ which is organized with a form of ___MASK11___ in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and ___MASK11___ leaders exercise power according to the rule of law . In modern times , the definition of a republic commonly refers to a ___MASK11___ which excludes a monarch . Currently , 147 of the world ' s 206 sovereign states use the word " republic " as part of their official names ; not all of these are republics in the sense of having elected governments , nor do all nations with elected governments use the word " republic " in their names . ___MASK15___ is that which informs . In other words , it is the answer to a question of some kind . It is thus related to data and knowledge , as data represents values attributed to parameters , and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or ___MASK55___ concepts . As it regards data , the information ' s existence is not necessarily coupled to an observer ( it exists beyond an event horizon , for example ), while in the case of knowledge , the information requires a cognitive observer . A ___MASK36___ is a collection of words in one or more specific languages , often arranged alphabetically ( or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages ), which may include information on definitions , usage , etymologies , phonetics , pronunciations , translation , etc . or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another , sometimes known as a lexicon . It is a lexicographical product which shows inter - relationships among the data . Æ ( minuscule : æ ) is a grapheme named æsc or ash , formed from the letters " a " and " e ", originally a ligature representing a Latin diphthong . It has been promoted to the full status of a ___MASK7___ in the alphabets of some languages , including Norwegian , Danish , Icelandic , and Faroese . As a ___MASK7___ of the Old English Latin alphabet , it was called " æsc " (" ash tree ") after the Anglo - Saxon futhorc rune  which it transliterated ; its traditional name in English is still ash . It was also used in Old Swedish before being changed to ä . Variants include     . An ___MASK79___ or encyclopaedia ( also spelled encyclopædia , see ___MASK6___ differences ) is a type of ___MASK100___ or compendium holding a comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge . Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries , which are usually accessed alphabetically by article name . Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries . Generally speaking , unlike dictionary entries which focus on linguistic information about words , ___MASK79___ articles focus on factual information concerning the subject for which the article is named . Knowledge is a familiarity , awareness or understanding of someone or something , such as facts , ___MASK15___ , descriptions , or skills , which is acquired through experience or ___MASK30___ by perceiving , discovering , or learning . A ___MASK27___ ( plural : compendia ) is a concise compilation of a body of knowledge . A ___MASK27___ may summarize a larger work . In most cases the body of knowledge ___MASK87___ concern a specific field of human interest or endeavour ( for example : hydrogeology , logology , ichthyology , phytosociology or myrmecology ), while a general encyclopedia can be referred to as a " ___MASK27___ of all human knowledge ". Since 1848 , the Swiss Confederation has been a federal state of relatively autonomous cantons , some of which have a ___MASK25___ of confederacy that goes back more than 700 years , putting them among the world ' s oldest surviving republics . A ___MASK100___ is a book or periodical ( or its electronic equivalent ) to which one can refer for information . The information is intended to be found quickly when needed . Reference works are usually " referred " to for particular pieces of information , rather than read beginning to end . The writing style used in these works is informative ; the authors avoid use of the first person , and emphasize facts . Many reference works are compiled by a team of contributors whose work is coordinated by one or more editors rather than by an individual author . Indices are commonly provided in many types of ___MASK100___ . Updated editions are usually published as needed , in some cases annually ( e . g . " Whitaker ' s Almanack ", " Who ' s Who "). Reference works include dictionaries , thesauruses , encyclopedias , almanacs , bibliographies , and catalogs ( e . g . catalogs of libraries , museums or the works of individual artists ). Many reference works are available in electronic form and can be obtained as application software , CD - ROMs , DVDs , or online through the Internet .