original_language_of_work apocolocyntosis
The Satyricon , or Satyricon " liber " (" The Book of Satyrlike Adventures "), is a ___MASK30___ work of fiction believed to have been written by Gaius Petronius , though the manuscript tradition identifies the author as a certain Titus Petronius . The Satyricon is an example of Menippean satire , which is very different from the formal verse satire of Juvenal or Horace . The work contains a mixture of prose and verse ( commonly known as " prosimetrum "); serious and comic elements ; and erotic and decadent passages . As with the " Metamorphoses " ( also called " The Golden Ass ") of Apuleius , classical scholars often describe it as a " Roman novel ", without necessarily implying continuity with the modern literary form . The genre of Menippean satire is a form of satire , usually in prose , which has a length and structure similar to a novel and is characterized by attacking mental attitudes rather than specific individuals or entities . Other features found in Menippean satire are different forms of parody and mythological burlesque , a critique of the myths inherited from traditional culture , a rhapsodic nature , a fragmented narrative , the combination of many different targets , and the rapid moving between styles and points of view . Genre ( or ; from ___MASK83___ " genre " , " kind " or " sort ", from ___MASK30___ " genus " ( stem " gener -"), Greek  , " gés ") The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period ( starting in 27 BC ). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history . Often when a given Roman is described as becoming " emperor " in ___MASK31___ , it reflects his taking of the title " Augustus " or " Caesar ". Another title often used was " imperator ", originally a military honorific . Early Emperors also used the title " princeps " ( first citizen ). Emperors frequently amassed republican titles , notably " Princeps Senatus ", " Consul " and " Pontifex Maximus ". Quintus Horatius Flaccus ( December 8 , 65 BC  November 27 , 8 BC ), known in the ___MASK31___ - speaking world as Horace ( or ), was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus ( also known as Octavian ). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his " Odes " as just about the only ___MASK30___ lyrics worth reading : " He can be lofty sometimes , yet he is also full of charm and grace , versatile in his figures , and felicitously daring in his choice of words ." Decimus Inius Iuvenlis , known in ___MASK31___ as Juvenal , was a Roman poet active in the late 1st and early 2nd century AD , author of the " Satires ". The details of the author ' s life are unclear , although references within his text to known persons of the late 1st and early 2nd centuries AD fix his terminus post quem ( earliest date of composition ). Italy , officially the ___MASK100___ Republic , is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , Italy shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate ; due to its shape , it is often referred to in Italy as " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). With 61 million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU member state . ___MASK30___ ( ___MASK30___ : ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo - European languages . The ___MASK30___ alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . Gaul ( ___MASK30___ : " Gallia ") was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes , encompassing present day France , Luxembourg , Belgium , most of Switzerland , Northern Italy , as well as the parts of the Netherlands , Central Italy and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine . It covered an area of 190 , 800 mi² or 494 , 169 km² . According to the testimony of Julius Caesar , Gaul was divided into three parts : Gallia Celtica , Belgica and Aquitania . Archaeologically , the Gauls were bearers of the La Tène culture , which extended across all of Gaul , as well as east to Raetia , Noricum , Pannonia and southwestern Germania during the 5th to 1st centuries BC . During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC , Gaul fell under Roman rule : Gallia Cisalpina was conquered in 203 BC and Gallia Narbonensis in 123 BC . Gaul was invaded after 120 BC by the Cimbri and the Teutons , who were in turn defeated by the Romans by 103 BC . Julius Caesar finally subdued the remaining parts of Gaul in his campaigns of 58 to 51 BC . A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy , which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside of either theology or science . The term " philosopher " comes from the Ancient ___MASK40___ (" philosophos ") meaning " lover of wisdom ". The coining of the term has been attributed to the ___MASK40___ thinker Pythagoras ( 6th century BC ). Burlesque is a literary , dramatic or musical work intended to cause laughter by caricaturing the manner or spirit of serious works , or by ludicrous treatment of their subjects . The word derives from the ___MASK100___ " burlesco ", which , in turn , is derived from the ___MASK100___ " burla "  a joke , ridicule or mockery . Apuleius ( also called Lucius Apuleius Madaurensis and in c . 124  c . 170 AD ) was a ___MASK30___ - language prose writer . He was a Numidian who lived under the Roman Empire and was from Madauros ( now M ' Daourouch , Algeria ). He studied Platonism in Athens , travelled to Italy , Asia Minor , and Egypt and was an initiate in several cults or mysteries . The most famous incident in his life was when he was accused of using magic to gain the attentions ( and fortune ) of a wealthy widow . He declaimed and then distributed a witty " tour de force " in his own defense before the proconsul and a court of magistrates convened in Sabratha , near ancient Tripoli , Libya . This is known as the " Apologia ". Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case , with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty . Another way of defining belief sees it as a mental representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something being true . In the context of Ancient ___MASK40___ thought , two related concepts were identified with regards to the concept of belief : " pistis " and " doxa ". Simplified , we may say that " pistis " refers to " trust " and " confidence ", while " doxa " refers to " opinion " and " acceptance ". The ___MASK31___ word " orthodoxy " derives from " doxa ". Jonathan Leicester suggests that belief has the purpose of guiding action rather than indicating truth . The Apocolocyntosis ( divi ) Claudii , literally The Gourdification of ( the Divine ) Claudius , is a political satire on the Roman emperor Claudius , probably written by Seneca the Younger . It is one of only two examples of Menippean satire from the classical era that have survived , the other being Petronius ' Satyricon . The title plays upon `` apotheosis '' , the process by which dead Roman emperors were recognized as gods . Claudius ( 1 August 10 BC  13 October 54 AD ) was Roman emperor from 41 to 54 . A member of the Julio - Claudian dynasty , he was the son of Drusus and Antonia Minor . He was born at Lugdunum in Gaul , the first Roman Emperor to be born outside Italy . Because he was afflicted with a limp and slight deafness due to sickness at a young age , his family ostracized him and excluded him from public office until his consulship , shared with his nephew Caligula in 37 . Lucius Annaeus Seneca ( often known as Seneca the Younger or simply Seneca ; c . 4 BC  AD 65 ) was a Roman Stoic philosopher , statesman , dramatist , and in one work humorist , of the Silver Age of ___MASK30___ literature . Apotheosis ( from ___MASK40___  from  , " apotheoun " " to deify "; in ___MASK30___ " deificatio " " making divine "; also called divinization and deification ) is the glorification of a subject to divine level . The term has meanings in theology , where it refers to a belief , and in art , where it refers to a genre .