genre de oratore
David Joseph Bohm FRS ( December 20 , 1917  October 27 , 1992 ) was an American scientist who has been described as one of the most significant theoretical physicists of the 20th century and who contributed unorthodox ideas to quantum theory , neuropsychology and the ___MASK26___ of mind . Socratic ___MASK64___ is a genre of literary prose developed in Greece at the turn of the fourth century BCE . It is preserved in the works of Plato and Xenophon . The discussion of moral and philosophical problems between two or more characters in a ___MASK64___ is an illustration of one version of the Socratic method . The dialogues are either dramatic or ___MASK92___ and Socrates is often the main participant . Martin Buber (, ; February 8 , 1878  June 13 , 1965 ) was an Austrian - born Israeli Jewish philosopher best known for his ___MASK26___ of dialogue , a form of ___MASK54___ centered on the distinction between the I  Thou relationship and the I  It relationship . Born in Vienna , Buber came from a ___MASK84___ of observant Jews , but broke with Jewish custom to pursue secular studies in ___MASK26___ . In 1902 , he became the editor of the weekly " Die Welt ", the central organ of the Zionist movement , although he later withdrew from organizational work in Zionism . In 1923 , Buber wrote his famous ___MASK15___ on existence , " Ich und Du " ( later translated into English as " I and Thou "), and in 1925 , he began translating the Hebrew Bible into the German language . Ramón Flecha is a professor of ___MASK29___ at the University of Barcelona , Doctor Honoris Causa from West University of Timioara , and a renowned researcher in social sciences in Europe . Alain Touraine commented about Flecha ' s contribution : In ancient Rome , a gens ( or ), plural gentes , was a ___MASK84___ consisting of all those individuals who shared the same nomen and claimed descent from a common ancestor . A branch of a gens was called a " stirps " ( plural " stirpes "). The " gens " was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italy during the period of the Roman Republic . Much of an individual ' s social standing depended on the gens to which he belonged . Certain gentes were considered patrician , others plebeian , while some had both patrician and plebeian branches . The importance of membership in a gens declined considerably in imperial times . ___MASK64___ ( sometimes spelled dialog in U . S . English ) is a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people , and a literary and theatrical form that depicts such an exchange . As a ___MASK92___ , philosophical or didactic device , it is chiefly associated in the West with the Socratic dialogue as developed by Plato , but antecedents are also found in other traditions including Indian literature . In the 20th century , philosophical treatments of dialogue emerged from thinkers including Mikhail Bakhtin , Paulo Freire , Martin Buber , and David Bohm . Although diverging in many details , these thinkers have articulated a holistic concept of dialogue as a multi - dimensional , dynamic and context - dependent process of creating meaning . Educators such as Freire and Ramón Flecha have also developed a body of theory and technique for using egalitarian dialogue as a pedagogical tool . Paulo Reglus Neves Freire (; September 19 , 1921  May 2 , 1997 ) was a Brazilian educator and philosopher who was a leading advocate of critical ___MASK52___ . He is best known for his influential work , " ___MASK52___ of the Oppressed ", considered one of the foundational texts of the critical ___MASK52___ movement . De Oratore ( On the Orator ; not to be confused with Orator ) is a ___MASK64___ written by Cicero in 55 BCE . It is set in 91 BCE , when Lucius Licinius Crassus dies , just before the Social War and the civil war between Marius and Sulla , during which Marcus Antonius Orator , the other great orator of this ___MASK64___ , dies . During this year , the author faces a difficult political situation : after his return from exile in Dyrrachium ( modern Albania ) , his house was destroyed by the gangs of Clodius in a time when violence was common . This was intertwined with the street politics of Rome . Amidst the moral and political decadence of the state , Cicero wrote De Oratore to describe the ideal orator and imagine him as a moral guide of the state . He did not intend De Oratore as merely a treatise on rhetoric , but went beyond mere technique to make several references to philosophical principles . Cicero understood that the power of persuasion -- the ability to verbally manipulate opinion in crucial political decisions -- was a key issue . The power of words in the hands of a man without scruples or principles would endanger the whole community . As a consequence , moral principles can be taken either by the examples of noble men of the past or by the great Greek philosophers , who provided ethical ways to be followed in their teaching and their works . The perfect orator shall be not merely a skilled speaker without moral principles , but both an expert of rhetorical technique and a man of wide knowledge in ___MASK27___ , ___MASK95___ , and ethical principles . De Oratore is an exposition of issues , techniques , and divisions in rhetoric ; it is also a parade of examples for several of them and it makes continuous references to philosophical concepts to be merged for a perfect result . A politician ( from " ___MASK56___ " + "- ian ", from the Greek title of Aristotle ' s book  " Politika ", meaning " Civic Affairs ") is a person active in party ___MASK56___ , or a person holding or seeking office in ___MASK73___ . In democratic countries , politicians seek elective positions within a ___MASK73___ through elections or , at times , temporary appointment to replace politicians who have died , resigned or have been otherwise removed from office . In non - democratic countries , they employ other means of reaching power through appointment , bribery , revolutions and intrigues . Some politicians are experienced in the art or science of ___MASK73___ . Politicians propose , support and create laws or policies that govern the land and , by extension , its people . Broadly speaking , a " politician " can be anyone who seeks to achieve political power in any bureaucratic institution . Indian ___MASK44___ refers to the ___MASK44___ produced on the Indian subcontinent until 1947 and in the Republic of ___MASK82___ thereafter . The Republic of ___MASK82___ has 22 officially recognized languages . The Grass Crown or Blockade Crown ( Latin : " corona graminea " or " corona obsidionalis ") was the highest and rarest of all ___MASK10___ decorations in the Roman Republic and early Roman empire . It was presented only to a general , commander , or officer whose actions saved the legion or the entire army . One example of actions leading to awarding of a grass crown would be a general who broke the blockade around a beleaguered Roman army . The crown was made from plant materials taken from the battlefield , including grasses , flowers , and various cereals such as wheat ; it was presented to the general by the army he had saved . ___MASK95___ . Pliny wrote about the grass crown at some length in his " Natural ___MASK95___ " (" Naturalis Historia "): Pliny also lists the persons who by their deeds won the grass crown : Conversation is a form of interactive , spontaneous ___MASK34___ between two or more people . Typically , it occurs in spoken ___MASK34___ , as written exchanges are usually not referred to as conversations . Marcus Tullius Cicero ( " Kikern "; 3 January 106 BC  7 December 43 BC ) was a Roman philosopher , politician , lawyer , orator , political theorist , consul , and constitutionalist . He came from a wealthy municipal ___MASK84___ of the Roman equestrian order , and is considered one of Rome ' s greatest orators and ___MASK46___ stylists . A philosopher is someone who practices ___MASK26___ , which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside of either ___MASK85___ or science . The term " philosopher " comes from the Ancient Greek (" philosophos ") meaning " lover of ___MASK63___ ". The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras ( 6th century BC ). A ___MASK92___ or story is any report of connected events , real or imaginary , presented in a sequence of written or spoken words , and / or still or moving images . Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin (;  7 ___MASK19___ 1975 ) was a Russian philosopher , literary critic , semiotician and scholar who worked on literary theory , ___MASK78___ , and the ___MASK26___ of language . His writings , on a ___MASK17___ of subjects , inspired scholars working in a number of different traditions ( Marxism , semiotics , structuralism , religious criticism ) and in disciplines as diverse as literary criticism , history , ___MASK26___ , sociology , anthropology and psychology . Although Bakhtin was active in the debates on aesthetics and literature that took place in the Soviet Union in the 1920s , his distinctive position did not become well known until he was rediscovered by Russian scholars in the 1960s . Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix ( c . 138 BC  78 BC ), known commonly as Sulla , was a Roman general and statesman . He had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice , as well as reviving the dictatorship . Sulla was awarded a grass crown , the most prestigious Roman ___MASK10___ honor , during the Social War . Sulla was a skillful general , achieving numerous successes in wars against different opponents , both foreign and Roman . His life was habitually included in the ancient biographical collections of leading generals and politicians , originating in the biographical compendium of famous Romans published by Marcus Terentius Varro . In Plutarch ' s " Parallel Lives " Sulla is paired with the Spartan general and strategist Lysander . Plutarch ' s Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans , commonly called Parallel Lives or Plutarch ' s Lives , is a series of biographies of famous men , arranged in tandem to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings , probably written at the beginning of the second century AD . The surviving " Parallel Lives " ( Greek :   , " Bíoi Parállloi ") comprises twenty - three pairs of biographies , each pair consisting of one Greek and one Roman , as well as four unpaired , single lives . It is a work of considerable importance , not only as a source of ___MASK70___ about the individuals described , but also about the times in which they lived . Lysander ( or ; died 395 BC , , " Lýsandros ") was a Spartan admiral who commanded the Spartan fleet in the Hellespont which defeated the Athenians at Aegospotami in 405 BC . The following year , he was able to force the Athenians to capitulate , bringing the Peloponnesian ___MASK65___ to an end ; he organized the dominion of Sparta over Greece in the last decade of his life . Plutarch (" Ploútarkhos ", ; later named , upon becoming a Roman citizen , Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ; c . AD 46  AD 120 ) was a Greek biographer and ___MASK77___ , known primarily for his " Parallel Lives " and " Moralia ". He is classified as a Middle Platonist . Plutarch ' s surviving works were written in Greek , but intended for both Greek and Roman readers . A lawyer is a person who practices ___MASK27___ , as an advocate , barrister , attorney , counselor or solicitor or chartered legal executive . Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems , or to advance the interests of those who hire lawyers to perform legal services . Lucius Licinius Crassus ( 140 BC  91 BC ), sometimes referred to simply as Crassus Orator , was a Roman orator , consul , and statesman . He was considered the greatest orator of his day , most notably by his pupil Cicero . Crassus is also famous as one of the main characters in Cicero ' s work the " De Oratore ", a ___MASK3___ ___MASK64___ on the art of oratory set just before Crassus ' death in 91 BC . Clodius is an alternate form of the Roman " nomen " Claudius , a patrician " gens " that was traditionally regarded as Sabine in origin . The alternation of " o " and " au " is characteristic of the Sabine dialect . The feminine form is Clodia . Plato ( Greek : " Plátn ", in Classical Attic ; 428 / 427 or 424 / 423  348 / 347 BCE ) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens , the first institution of higher learning in the ___MASK21___ world . He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of ___MASK26___ , especially the ___MASK21___ tradition . Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries , Plato ' s entire " œuvre " is believed to have survived intact for over 2 , 400 years . Egalitarian ___MASK64___ is a ___MASK64___ in which contributions are considered according to the validity of their reasoning , instead of according to the status or position of power of those who make them . Although previously used widely in the social sciences and in ___MASK31___ to the Bakhtinian philosophy of ___MASK64___ , it was first systematically applied to dialogical education by Ramón Flecha in his 2000 work " Sharing Words . Theory and Practice of Dialogic Learning ".