located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity yangpu economic development zone
A fuel is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases chemical or nuclear energy as heat or to be used for work . The concept was originally applied solely to those materials capable ___MASK58___ releasing chemical energy but has since also been applied to other sources ___MASK58___ heat energy such as nuclear energy ( via nuclear fission and nuclear fusion ). Within industry , piping is a system ___MASK58___ pipes used to convey fluids ( liquids and gases ) from one location to another . The engineering discipline ___MASK58___ piping design studies the efficient transport ___MASK58___ fluid . ___MASK9___ ( postal : Manning ) is a county - level city in the southeast ___MASK58___ Hainan Province , ___MASK68___ . Although called a " city ", ___MASK9___ refers to a large land area in Hainan  an area which was once a county . Within this area is the main city , ___MASK9___ City . It has an estimated population ___MASK58___ 65 , 871 ( 2006 ). A reciprocating engine , also often known as a piston engine , is a heat engine ( usually , although there are also pneumatic and hydraulic reciprocating engines ) that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert pressure into a rotating motion . This article describes the common features ___MASK58___ all types . The main types are : the internal combustion engine , used extensively in motor vehicles ; the steam engine , the mainstay ___MASK58___ the Industrial Revolution ; and the niche application Stirling engine . Internal Combustion engines are further classified in two ways : either a spark - ignition ( SI ) engine , where the spark plug initiates the combustion ; or a compression - ignition ( CI ) engine , where the air within the cylinder is compressed , thus heating it , so that the heated air ignites fuel that is injected then or earlier . ___MASK68___ , officially the People ' s Republic of ___MASK68___ ( PRC ), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia . With a population of over 1 . 381 billion , it is the world ' s most populous country . The state is governed by the Communist Party of ___MASK68___ , and its capital is Beijing . It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , five autonomous regions , four direct - controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ), and two mostly self - governing special administrative regions ( Hong Kong and Macau ), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan . The country ' s major urban areas include Shanghai , Guangzhou , Beijing , Chongqing , Shenzhen , Tianjin and Hong Kong . ___MASK68___ is a great power and a major regional power within Asia , and has been characterized as a potential superpower . Electricity is a physical phenomenon associated with the presence ___MASK58___ electric charge . Although initially considered a phenomenon separate to magnetism , since the development ___MASK58___ Maxwell ' s Equations both are recognized as part ___MASK58___ a single phenomenon : electromagnetism . Various common phenomena are related to electricity , including lightning , static electricity , electric heating , electric discharges and many others . In addition , electricity is at the heart ___MASK58___ many modern technologies . ___MASK43___ , officially the Republic ___MASK58___ ___MASK68___ ( ROC ), is a state in East Asia . Neighbors include ___MASK68___ ( officially the People ' s Republic ___MASK58___ ___MASK68___ , abbreviated as PRC ) to the west , Japan to the northeast , and the Philippines to the south . ___MASK43___ is the most populous state that is not a member ___MASK58___ the United Nations , and the one with the largest economy . Hainan is the smallest and southernmost province ___MASK58___ the People ' s Republic ___MASK58___ ___MASK68___ , consisting ___MASK58___ various islands in the South ___MASK68___ Sea . , separated from Guangdong ' s Leizhou Peninsula by the Qiongzhou Strait , is the largest island under PRC control ( Taiwan , which is slightly larger , is also claimed but not controlled by the PRC ) and makes up the majority ___MASK58___ the province . The province has an area ___MASK58___ , with Hainan Island making up ( 97 %) and the rest divided among two hundred islands scattered across three archipelagos . It was administered as part ___MASK58___ Guangdong until 1988 , when it became a separate province ; around the same time , it was made the largest Special Economic Zone established by Deng Xiaoping as part ___MASK58___ the Opening Up ___MASK58___ ___MASK68___ . There are a total ___MASK58___ ten major cities and ten counties in Hainan Province . Haikou on the northern coast ___MASK58___ Hainan Island is the capital while Sanya is a well - known tourist destination on the southern coast . The other major cities are Wenchang , Qionghai , Wanning , Wuzhishan , Dongfang , and ___MASK80___ . A refinery is a production facility composed ___MASK58___ a group ___MASK58___ chemical engineering unit processes and unit operations refining certain materials or converting raw material into products ___MASK58___ value . An oil production plant ( sometimes called an oil terminal ) is a facility which performs processing ___MASK58___ production fluids from oil wells in order to separate out key components and prepare them for export . This is distinct from an oil depot , which do not have processing facilities . Nuclear power is the use ___MASK58___ nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat , which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant . The term includes nuclear fission , nuclear decay and nuclear fusion . Presently , the nuclear fission ___MASK58___ elements in the actinide series ___MASK58___ the periodic table produce the vast majority ___MASK58___ nuclear energy in the direct service ___MASK58___ humankind , with nuclear decay processes , primarily in the form ___MASK58___ geothermal energy , and radioisotope thermoelectric generators , in niche uses making up the rest . Owing , fundamentally , to the delayed critical fission process , Fission - electric power stations are one ___MASK58___ the leading low carbon power generation methods ___MASK58___ producing electricity , and in terms ___MASK58___ total life - cycle greenhouse gas emissions per unit ___MASK58___ energy generated , has emission values lower than " renewable energy " when the latter is taken as a single energy source . Since all electricity supplying technologies use cement , etc ., during construction , emissions are yet to be brought to zero . A 2014 analysis ___MASK58___ the carbon footprint literature by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reported that the embodied total life - cycle emission intensity ___MASK58___ fission electricity has a median value ___MASK58___ 12 g eq / kWh which is the lowest out ___MASK58___ all commercial baseload energy sources , and second lowest out ___MASK58___ all commercial electricity technologies known , after wind power which is an Intermittent energy source with embodied greenhouse gas emissions , per unit ___MASK58___ energy generated ___MASK58___ 11 g eq / kWh . Each result is contrasted with coal & fossil gas at 820 and 490 g eq / kWh . With this translating into , from the beginning ___MASK58___ Fission - electric power station commercialization in the 1970s , having prevented the emission ___MASK58___ about 64 billion tonnes ___MASK58___ carbon dioxide equivalent , greenhouse gases that would have otherwise resulted from the burning ___MASK58___ fossil fuels in thermal power stations . There is a social debate about nuclear power . Proponents , such as the World Nuclear Association and Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy , contend that nuclear power is a safe , sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions . Opponents , such as Greenpeace International and NIRS , contend that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment . ___MASK39___ ( postal : Mencheong ) is a county - level city in the northeast ___MASK58___ Hainan province , ___MASK68___ . Although called a " city ", ___MASK39___ refers to a large land area in Hainan - an area which was once a county . The urban center and the seat ___MASK58___ government ___MASK58___ ___MASK39___ is officially known as " Wencheng Town " (  ), which is also colloquially referred to as ___MASK39___ City . The Leizhou Peninsula , formerly romanized as the Luichow Peninsula , is a peninsula in the southernmost part ___MASK58___ Guangdong Province in southern ___MASK68___ . Hiku , is the capital and ___MASK64___ populous city ___MASK58___ Hainan province , ___MASK68___ . It is situated on the northern coast ___MASK58___ Hainan , by the mouth ___MASK58___ the Nandu River . The northern part ___MASK58___ the city is the district ___MASK58___ Haidian Island , which is separated from the main part ___MASK58___ Haikou by the Haidian River , a branch ___MASK58___ the Nandu . Coal is a combustible black or brownish - black sedimentary ___MASK4___ usually occurring in ___MASK4___ strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams . The harder forms , such as anthracite coal , can be regarded as metamorphic ___MASK4___ because ___MASK58___ later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure . Coal is composed primarily ___MASK58___ carbon , along with variable quantities ___MASK58___ other elements , chiefly hydrogen , sulfur , oxygen , and nitrogen . A fossil fuel , coal forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat , which in turn is converted into lignite , then sub - bituminous coal , after that bituminous coal , and lastly anthracite . This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time . Gasoline , known as petrol outside ___MASK54___ America , is a transparent , petroleum - derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in internal combustion engines . It consists mostly ___MASK58___ organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation ___MASK58___ petroleum , enhanced with a variety ___MASK58___ additives . A special economic zone ( SEZ ) is an area in which business and trade laws are different from the rest ___MASK58___ the country . SEZs are located within a country ' s national borders , and their aims include : increased trade , increased investment , job creation and effective administration . To encourage businesses to set up in the zone , financial policies are introduced . These policies typically regard investing , taxation , trading , quotas , customs and labour regulations . Additionally , companies may be offered tax holidays , where upon establishing in a zone they are granted a period ___MASK58___ lower taxation . Yángp Economic Development Zone (  ) is an area ___MASK58___ the Yangpu Peninsula , Hainan , ___MASK68___ . This zone , covering 31 km2 , contains a port , oil refinery , petroleum commercial reserve base , power station , and the town ___MASK58___ Yangpu . The area , Hainan ' s largest economic zone , is located on the northwestern coast ___MASK58___ the island , about 140 km . west ___MASK58___ Haikou city , the capital ___MASK58___ the province . It is the first development zone approved for lease to foreign investors by the Chinese government . In a scientific sense , a chemical process is a method or means ___MASK58___ somehow changing one or more chemicals or chemical compounds . Such a chemical process can occur by itself or be caused by an outside force , and involves a chemical reaction ___MASK58___ some sort . In an " engineering " sense , a chemical process is a method intended to be used in manufacturing or on an industrial scale ( see Industrial process ) to change the composition ___MASK58___ chemical ( s ) or material ( s ), usually using technology similar or related to that used in chemical plants or the chemical industry . A chemical plant is an industrial process plant that manufactures ( or otherwise processes ) chemicals , usually on a large scale . The general objective ___MASK58___ a chemical plant is to create new material wealth via the chemical or biological transformation and or separation ___MASK58___ materials . Chemical plants use specialized equipment , units , and technology in the manufacturing process . Other kinds ___MASK58___ plants , such as polymer , pharmaceutical , food , and some beverage production facilities , power plants , oil refineries or other refineries , natural gas processing and biochemical plants , water and wastewater treatment , and pollution control equipment use many technologies that have similarities to chemical plant technology such as fluid systems and chemical reactor systems . Some would consider an oil refinery or a pharmaceutical or polymer manufacturer to be effectively a chemical plant . The Yangpu Peninsula is located on the northwestern coast ___MASK58___ Hainan Province , ___MASK68___ . It has a 110 - kilometer coastline containing many natural harbours . An expressway connects the peninsula to Haikou city , the capital ___MASK58___ the province , to the east . Electric power is the rate , per unit ___MASK37___ , at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit . The ___MASK34___ unit ___MASK58___ power is the watt , one joule per second . Kerosene , also known as paraffin , lamp oil and coal oil ( an obsolete term ), is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum , widely used as a fuel in industry as well as households . Its name derives from (" keros ") meaning wax , and was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854 before evolving into a genericized trademark . It is sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage . The term kerosene is common in much ___MASK58___ India , Canada , the United States , Argentina , Australia and New Zealand and the term paraffin is used in the United Kingdom , Southeast Asia , East Africa and South Africa . Liquid paraffin ( called mineral oil in the US ) is a more viscous and highly refined product which is used as a laxative . Paraffin wax is a waxy solid extracted from petroleum . The ___MASK98___ ___MASK68___ Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean , encompassing an area from the Karimata and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around . The area ' s importance largely results from one - third of the world ' s shipping sailing through its waters and that it is believed to hold huge oil and gas reserves beneath its seabed . Wind is the flow ___MASK58___ gases on a large scale . On the surface ___MASK58___ the Earth , wind consists ___MASK58___ the bulk movement ___MASK58___ air . In outer space , solar wind is the movement ___MASK58___ gases or charged particles from the Sun through space , while planetary wind is the outgassing ___MASK58___ light chemical elements from a planet ' s atmosphere into space . Winds are commonly classified by their spatial scale , their speed , the types ___MASK58___ forces that cause them , the regions in which they occur , and their effect . The strongest observed winds on a planet in the Solar System occur on Neptune and Saturn . Winds have various aspects , an important one being its velocity ; another the density ___MASK58___ the gas involved ; another its energy content or wind energy . ___MASK97___ is the southernmost city on Hainan Island , and one ___MASK58___ the four prefecture - level cities ___MASK58___ Hainan Province , in Southeast ___MASK68___ . ___MASK77___ ( Simplified ) is a province on the South ___MASK68___ Sea coast of the People ' s Republic of ___MASK68___ . Formerly romanised as Canton or Kwangtung , ___MASK77___ surpassed Henan and Sichuan to become the most populous province in ___MASK68___ in January 2005 , registering 79 . 1 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year ; the total population was 104 , 303 , 132 in the 2010 census , accounting for 7 . 79 percent of Mainland ___MASK68___ ' s population . The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are among the most populous and important cities in ___MASK68___ . The population increase since the census has been modest , the province at 2014 end had 107 , 240 , 000 people . A power station , also referred to as a generating station , power plant , powerhouse , or generating plant , is an industrial facility for the generation ___MASK58___ electric power . Engineers and utility staff usually use the female gender when referring to a power station - its working parts are perhaps regarded as a form ___MASK58___ beached , inland , ship , as they in the past would always have resembled a ship ' s steam turbine propulsion equipment . Most power stations contain one or more generators , a rotating machine that converts mechanical power into electrical power . The relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor creates an electrical current . The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely . Most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels such as coal , oil , and natural gas to generate electricity . Others use nuclear power , but there is an increasing use ___MASK58___ cleaner renewable sources such as solar , wind , wave and hydroelectric . There is some debate within utility and engineering circles over whether a solar array ( whether roof or ground mounted ), or wind farm , should be referred to as a power station , or simply as a generator . The same ambiguity applies when talking about , say , one reciprocating engine driving a 5 MW network - connected alternator ; many would prefer to call it a generator , not a power station - but if the installation comprised more than one alternator / engine , or if capacity were much larger than that , the term power station would be widely accepted . Diesel fuel in general is any liquid fuel used in diesel engines , whose fuel ignition takes place , without any spark , as a result ___MASK58___ compression ___MASK58___ the inlet air mixture and then injection ___MASK58___ fuel . ( Glow plugs , grid heaters and heater blocks help achieve high temperatures for combustion during engine startup in cold weather .) Diesel engines have found broad use as a result ___MASK58___ higher thermodynamic efficiency and thus fuel efficiency . This is particularly noted where diesel engines are run at part - load ; as their air supply is not throttled as in a petrol engine , their efficiency still remains very high . Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas ( LPG or LP gas ), also referred to as simply propane or butane , are flammable mixtures ___MASK58___ hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances , cooking equipment , and vehicles . ___MASK32___ is one ___MASK58___ the seven county - level cities ___MASK58___ Hainan province , ___MASK68___ . Although called a " city ", ___MASK32___ refers to a large land area in Hainan - an area which was once a county . Within this area is the main city , ___MASK32___ City . It is located in the east ___MASK58___ the island at the mouth ___MASK58___ the Wanquan River , from the provincial capital ___MASK58___ Haikou . It has an area ___MASK58___ and in 2010 , it had a population ___MASK58___ 483 , 217 . The Qiongzhou Strait , also called the Hainan Strait , is a body ___MASK58___ water that separates the Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong , southern ___MASK68___ , to the north from Hainan Island to its south . The strait connects the Gulf ___MASK58___ Tonkin in the west to the South ___MASK68___ Sea on the east . The strait is on average wide and centered at with a maximum water depth ___MASK58___ approximately . Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition ___MASK58___ buried dead organisms , containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis . The age ___MASK58___ the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions ___MASK58___ years , and sometimes exceeds 650 million years . Fossil fuels contain high percentages ___MASK58___ carbon and include petroleum , coal , and natural gas . Other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane . Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon : hydrogen ratios like methane , to liquids like petroleum , to nonvolatile materials composed ___MASK58___ almost pure carbon , like anthracite coal . Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields either alone , associated with oil , or in the form ___MASK58___ methane clathrates . ___MASK80___ is a prefecture - level city in the northwest of the Chinese island province of Hainan . Although called a " city ", ___MASK80___ administers a large area which was called Dan County or Danxian (  ) until 1993 . The administrative seat and urban center of ___MASK80___ is Nada Town , which is often colloquially referred to as ___MASK80___ city . ___MASK80___ was upgraded from a county - level city into a prefecture - level city in February 2015 . A magnetic field is the magnetic effect ___MASK58___ electric currents and magnetic materials . The magnetic field at any given point is specified by both a " direction " and a " magnitude " ( or strength ); as such it is a vector field . The term is used for two distinct but closely related fields denoted by the symbols and , where is measured in units ___MASK58___ amperes per meter ( symbol : A  m or A / m ) in the SI . is measured in teslas ( symbol : T ) and newtons per meter per ampere ( symbol : N  m  A or N /( m  A )) in the SI . is most commonly defined in terms ___MASK58___ the Lorentz force it exerts on moving electric charges . Oleum ( Latin " oleum " = " oil "), or fuming sulfuric acid , is a solution ___MASK58___ various compositions ___MASK58___ sulfur trioxide in sulfuric acid , or sometimes more specifically to disulfuric acid ( also known as pyrosulfuric acid ). Oleum is idenfied by the CAS number 8014 - 95 - 7 . An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha , gasoline , diesel fuel , asphalt base , heating oil , kerosene , and liquefied petroleum gas . Oil refineries are typically large , sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout , carrying streams ___MASK58___ fluids between large chemical processing units . In many ways , oil refineries use much ___MASK58___ the technology ___MASK58___ , and can be thought ___MASK58___ , as types ___MASK58___ chemical plants . The crude oil feed stock has typically been processed by an oil production plant . There is usually an oil depot ( tank farm ) at or near an oil refinery for the storage ___MASK58___ incoming crude oil feedstock as well as bulk liquid products . Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily ___MASK58___ methane , but commonly including varying amounts ___MASK58___ other higher alkanes , and sometimes a small percentage ___MASK58___ carbon dioxide , nitrogen , hydrogen sulfide , or helium . It is formed when layers ___MASK58___ decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface ___MASK58___ the Earth over millions ___MASK58___ years . The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form ___MASK58___ chemical bonds in the gas . Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904  19 February 1997 ) was a Chinese revolutionary and statesman . He was the paramount leader ___MASK58___ the People ' s Republic ___MASK58___ ___MASK68___ from 1978 until his retirement in 1989 . After Chairman Mao Zedong ' s death , Deng led his country through far - reaching market - economy reforms . While Deng never held office as the head ___MASK58___ state , head ___MASK58___ government or General Secretary ( that is , the leader ___MASK58___ the Communist Party ), he nonetheless was responsible for economic reforms and an opening to the global economy .