movement hans otte
Drone music , drone - based music , or simply drone , is a ___MASK56___ genre that emphasizes the use of sustained or repeated sounds , notes , or tone - clusters  called drones . It is typically characterized by lengthy audio programs with relatively slight harmonic variations throughout each piece . La Monte Young , one of its 1960s originators , defined it in 2000 as " the sustained tone branch of minimalism ". ___MASK32___ is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music , including both liturgical ( religious ) and secular music . While a more accurate term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 ( the ___MASK68___ ), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day , which includes the ___MASK68___ and various other periods . The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900 , which is known as the common - practice period . The major time divisions of Western art music are as follows : European art music is largely distinguished from many other non - European and some popular musical forms by its system of staff notation , in use since about the 16th century . Western staff notation is used by composers to indicate to the performer the pitches ( e . g ., melodies , basslines , chords ), tempo , meter and rhythms for a piece of music . This can leave less room for practices such as improvisation and " ad libitum " ornamentation , which are frequently heard in non - European art music and in popular - music styles such as jazz and blues . Another difference is that whereas most popular styles adopt the song ( strophic ) form , classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto , symphony , sonata , and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which , since they are written down , can sustain larger forms and attain a high level of complexity . John Milton Cage Jr . ( September 5 , 1912  August 12 , 1992 ) was an American composer , music theorist , writer , philosopher , and artist . A pioneer of indeterminacy in music , electroacoustic music , and non - standard use of musical instruments , Cage was one of the leading figures of the post - war avant - garde . Critics have lauded him as one of the most influential American composers of the 20th century . He was also instrumental in the development of modern dance , mostly through his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham , who was also Cage ' s romantic partner for most of their lives . ___MASK88___ is an international and interdisciplinary group of artists , composers , designers and poets that took shape in the 1960s and 1970s . Dutch gallerist and art critic Harry Ruhé describes ___MASK88___ as " the most radical and experimental art movement of the sixties ". ___MASK88___ is known for experimental contributions to different artistic media and disciplines . ___MASK88___ is also known for generating art forms that were new when ___MASK88___ artists created them . These art forms include intermedia , a term coined by ___MASK88___ artist Dick Higgins , concept art , first developed by sometime ___MASK88___ artist Henry Flynt , video art , first pioneered by Nam June Paik and Wolf Vostell . John Davies Cale , OBE ( born 9 March 1942 ) is a Welsh musician , composer , singer - songwriter and record producer who was a founding member of the American ___MASK6___ band the Velvet Underground . Indian ___MASK32___ is a genre of South Asian music . It has two major traditions . The North Indian ___MASK32___ tradition is called " Hindustani ", while the South Indian expression is called " Carnatic ". These traditions were not distinct till about the 16th century . There on , during the turmoils of Islamic rule period of the Indian subcontinent , the traditions separated and evolved into distinct forms . However , the two systems continue to have more common features than differences . Radio Bremen ( RB ), Germany ' s smallest public radio and television broadcaster , is the legally mandated broadcaster for the city - state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen ( which includes Bremerhaven ). With its headquarters sited in Bremen , Radio Bremen is a member of the consortium of German public broadcasting organizations , ARD . Terrence Mitchell " Terry " Riley ( born June 24 , 1935 ) is an American composer and performing musician associated with the minimalist school of Western ___MASK32___ , of which he was a pioneer . His work is deeply influenced by both jazz and Indian ___MASK32___ . A pianist is an individual musician who plays the piano . Most forms of Western music can make use of the piano . Consequently , pianists have a wide variety of repertoire and styles to choose from , including traditionally ___MASK32___ , Jazz , blues and all sorts of popular music , including rock music . Most pianists can , to a certain extent , play other keyboard - related instruments such as the synthesizer , harpsichord , celesta and the organ and keyboard . Perhaps the greatest pianist of all time was Franz Liszt , whose piano mastery was described by Anton Rubinstein : " In comparison with Liszt , all other pianists are children ". Electroacoustic music originated in Western art music around the middle of the 20th century , following the incorporation of electric sound production into compositional practice . The initial developments in electroacoustic music composition to fixed media during the 20th century are associated with the activities of the Groupe de Recherches Musicales at the ORTF in Paris , the home of ___MASK22___ , the Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk ( NWDR ) studio in Cologne , where the focus was on the composition of " elektronische Musik ," and the Columbia - Princeton Electronic Music Center in New York City , where tape music , electronic music , and computer music were all explored . Practical electronic music instruments began to appear in the early 1900s , and " electronic sounds " were also produced using animation techniques by such artists as Norman McLaren . An orchestra is a large instrumental ensemble typical of ___MASK32___ , which features string instruments such as violin , viola , cello and double bass , as well as brass , woodwinds , and percussion instruments , grouped in sections . Other instruments such as the piano and celesta may sometimes appear in a fifth keyboard section or may stand alone , as may the concert harp and , for performances of some modern compositions , electronic instruments . David Eugene Tudor ( January 20 , 1926  August 13 , 1996 ) was an American pianist and composer of experimental music . A song , most broadly , is a single ( and often standalone ) work of music that is typically intended to be sung by the human voice with distinct and fixed pitches and patterns using sound and silence and a variety of forms that often include the repetition of sections . Written words created specifically for music or for which music is specifically created , are called lyrics . If a pre - existing poem is set to composed music in ___MASK32___ it is an art song . Songs that are sung on repeated pitches without distinct contours and patterns that rise and fall are called chants . Songs in a simple style that are learned informally are often referred to as folk songs . Songs that are composed for professional singers who sell their recordings or live shows to the mass market are called popular songs . These songs , which have broad appeal , are often composed by professional songwriters , composers and lyricists . Art songs are composed by trained classical composers for concert or recital performances . Songs are performed live and recorded on audio or video ( or in some , cases , a song may be performed live and simultaneously recorded ). Songs may also appear in plays , musical theatre , stage shows of any form , and within operas . In music , ___MASK19___ is a method or technique of composition that uses a series of values to manipulate different musical elements . ___MASK19___ began primarily with Arnold Schoenberg ' s twelve - tone technique , though some of his contemporaries were also working to establish ___MASK19___ as a form of post - tonal thinking . Twelve - tone technique orders the twelve notes of the chromatic scale , forming a row or series and providing a unifying basis for a composition ' s melody , harmony , structural progressions , and variations . Other types of ___MASK19___ also work with sets , collections of objects , but not necessarily with fixed - order series , and extend the technique to other musical dimensions ( often called " parameters "), such as duration , dynamics , and timbre . The idea of ___MASK19___ is also applied in various ways in the visual arts , design , and architecture , and the musical concept has also been adopted in literature . A composer ( Latin " compn "; literally " one who puts together ") is a person who creates or writes music , which can be vocal music ( for a singer or choir ), instrumental music ( e . g ., for solo piano , string quartet , wind quintet or orchestra ) or music which combines both instruments and voices ( e . g ., opera or art song , which is a singer accompanied by a pianist ). The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western ___MASK32___ through creation of works expressed in written musical notation ( e . g ., sheet music scores ). Hans Otte born Hans Günther Franz Otte ( 3 December 1926 , Plauen -- 25 December 2007 , Bremen ) was a German composer , pianist , radio promoter , and author of many pieces of musical theatre , sound installations , poems , drawings , and art videos . From 1959 to 1984 he served as music director for Radio Bremen . From the early 1960s onwards , Otte frequently presented contemporary experimental American composers in his Bremen radio festival pro musica nova , among them in those days completely unknown people like John Cage , David Tudor , Terry Riley , and La Monte Young . From 1959 on , Otte lived and worked in Bremen , Germany . His catalogue of works contains more than 100 works . Hans Otte had studied in Germany , Italy , and at Yale University in the United States . His teachers included the composer Paul Hindemith and the pianist Walter Gieseking . Some of Otte ' s works , especially his extended suites for solo piano , are characterized by very minimal means but are nevertheless quite subtle and sophisticated in their architecture and expression . Das Buch der Klänge ( The Book of Sounds , 1979 -- 82 ) and Stundenbuch ( Book of Hours , 1991 -- 98 ) are his best known works in this vein , and Otte often performed them himself . His last public recital was given in Amsterdam in 1999 . Recordings of these works , with Otte as performer , are available on CD . In his works , Otte drew significantly on European and Asian spirituality , integrating various prayers into the fabric of the music . In 1991 his work `` KlangHaus '' became a permanent interactive sound installation in the Neues Museum Weserburg Bremen in Bremen , Germany . Pianist , composer and sound artist Hans Otte is still undervalued in Europe , and the Anglo - American cultural scene just starts to notice him , as Ingo Ahmels states in his bilingual study '' Hans Otte -- Klang der Klaenge / Sound of Sounds `` ( book + DVD + cd , Schott , ISBN 978 - 3 - 7957 - 0586 - 2 ) . Dr . Ahmels ' study of his biography and artistic work highlights Otte ' s view of life and his aesthetical orientation , providing the fundamentals for an adequate reception . At the centre of the book are the solo piano cycles '' Das Buch der Klänge `` ( The Book of Sounds , 1979 -- 82 ) and '' Stundenbuch `` ( Hours Book , 1991 -- 98 ) as well as the related sound installations '' Atemobjekt `` ( Breath Object , 1970 ) and '' NamenKlang `` ( NameSound , 1995 ) . In addition , the publication includes digital media containing sound examples and excerpts from the Otte Media Pool ( OMP ) , and for the first time the authorized catalog of works ( Otte Werkverzeichnis , or OWV ) . ( See external links ) A city - state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories . Historically , this included cities such as Rome , Athens , Carthage , and the Italian city - states during the ___MASK92___  but today only a handful of sovereign city - states exist , with some disagreement as to which are city - states . A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore , Monaco , and Vatican City . A string quartet is a musical ensemble of four string players  two violin players , a viola player and a cellist  or a piece written to be performed by such a group . The string quartet is one of the most prominent chamber ensembles in ___MASK32___ , with most major composers , from the mid to late 18th century onwards , writing string quartets . La Monte Thornton Young ( born October 14 , 1935 ) is an American avant - garde composer , musician , and artist generally recognized as the first minimalist composer . His works are cited as notable examples of post - war experimental and contemporary music , and were tied to New York ' s downtown music and ___MASK88___ art scenes . Initially inspired by sources such as Indian classical music , ___MASK19___ , and jazz , Young is perhaps best known for his pioneering work in Western drone music ( originally referred to as " dream music "), prominently explored in the 1960s with the experimental music collective the Theatre of Eternal Music . He has engaged in musical and multimedia collaborations with a wide range of artists , including Tony Conrad , Pandit Pran Nath , John Cale , Terry Riley , and visual artist Marian Zazeela , with whom he developed the " Dream House " sound and light installation . Experimental music is a compositional practice defined broadly by exploratory sensibilites and movement radically opposed to and questioning of institutionalized musical compositional , performing , and aesthetic conventions . The practice became prominent in the mid - 20th century , particularly in North America . John Cage was one of the earliest composers to use the term and one of experimental music ' s primary innovators , utilizing indeterminacy techniques and seeking unknown outcomes . In France , as early as 1953 , Pierre Schaeffer had begun using the term """" to describe compositional activities that incorporated tape music , ___MASK22___ , and elektronische Musik . Also , in America , a quite distinct sense of the term was used in the late 1950s to describe computer - controlled composition associated with composers such as Lejaren Hiller . A choir ( also known as a chorale or chorus ) is a musical ensemble of singers . Choral music , in turn , is the music written specifically for such an ensemble to perform . Choirs may perform music from the ___MASK32___ repertoire , which spans from the Medieval era to the present , and / or popular music repertoire . Most choirs are led by a conductor , who leads the performances with arm and face gestures . Music notation or musical notation is any system used to visually represent aurally perceived music played with instruments or sung by the human voice through the use of written , printed , or otherwise - produced symbols , including ancient symbols or modern musical symbols and including ancient symbols cut into stone , made in clay tablets or made using a pen on papyrus , parchment or manuscript paper ; printed using a printing press ( ca . 1400s ), a computer printer ( ca . 1980s ) or other printing or modern copying technology . Types and methods of notation have varied between cultures and throughout history , and much information about ancient music notation is fragmentary . Even in the same time period , such as in the 2010s , different styles of music and different cultures use different music notation methods ; for example , for professional ___MASK32___ performers , sheet music using staves and note heads is the most common way of notating music , but for professional country music session musicians , the Nashville Number System is the main method . Downtown music is a subdivision of American music , closely related to experimental music . The scene the term describes began in 1960 , when Yoko Ono , one of the early ___MASK88___ artists , opened her loft at 112 Chambers Street to be used as a performance space for a series curated by La Monte Young and Richard Maxfield . Prior to this , most classical music performances in New York City occurred " uptown " around the areas that the Juilliard School at Lincoln Center and Columbia University would soon occupy . Ono ' s gesture led to a new performance tradition of informal performances in nontraditional venues such as lofts and converted industrial spaces , involving music much more experimental than that of the more conventional modern classical series Uptown . Spaces in Manhattan that supported Downtown music from the 1960s on included the Judson Memorial Church , The Kitchen , Experimental Intermedia , Roulette , the Knitting Factory , Dance Theater Workshop , Tonic , the Gas Station , the Paula Cooper Gallery , and others . Brooklyn Academy of Music has also shown a predilection for composers from the Downtown scene .