noble_family edward of middleham
Prince of Wales was a title granted to princes born in Wales from the 12th century onwards ; the term replaced the use of the word " king ". One of the last Welsh princes , Llywelyn ap Gruffudd , was killed in battle in 1282 by Edward I , King of England , whose son Edward , born in Caernarfon Castle , was invested as Prince of Wales : the first English person to claim the title . The Battle of Bosworth Field ( or Battle of Bosworth ) was the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses , the civil war between the Houses of Lancaster and York that raged across England in the latter half of the 15th century . Fought on 22 August 1485 , the battle was won by the Lancastrians . Their leader Henry Tudor , Earl of Richmond , by his victory became the first English monarch of the ___MASK68___ . His opponent , Richard III , the last king of the ___MASK72___ , was killed in the battle . Historians consider Bosworth Field to mark the end of the Plantagenet dynasty , making it a defining moment of English and Welsh history . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd ( c . 1223  11 December 1282 ), sometimes written as Llywelyn ap Gruffydd , also known as Llywelyn the Last , or , in Welsh , Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf , was Prince of Wales ( Latin ; " Princeps Wallie ", Welsh ; " Tywysog Cymru ") from 1258 until his death at Cilmeri in 1282 . The son of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn Fawr and ___MASK45___ of Llywelyn the Great , he was the last sovereign prince of Wales before its conquest by Edward I of England . Richard III ( 2 October 1452  22 August 1485 ) was King of England from 1483 until his death in 1485 , at the age of 32 , in the Battle of Bosworth Field . He was the last king of the ___MASK72___ and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty . His defeat at Bosworth Field , the last decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses , marked the end of the Middle Ages in England . He is the subject of the historical play " Richard III " by William Shakespeare . The ___MASK72___ was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet . Three of its members became Kings of England in the late 15th century . The ___MASK72___ was descended in the male line from Edmund of Langley , 1st Duke of York , the fourth surviving son of Edward III , but also represented Edward ' s senior line , being cognatic descendants of Lionel , Duke of Clarence , Edward III ' s second surviving son . It is based on these descents that they claimed the English crown . Compared with the House of Lancaster , it had a senior claim to the throne of England according to cognatic primogeniture but junior claim according to the agnatic primogeniture . The reign of this dynasty ended with the death of Richard III of England in 1485 . It became extinct in the male line with the death of Edward Plantagenet , 17th Earl of Warwick in 1499 . As a means of recording the passage of time , the 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era . In the history of European culture , this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages and is sometimes called the Age of the Cistercians . In ___MASK20___ China an invasion by Jurchens caused a political schism of north and south . The Khmer Empire of Cambodia flourished during this century , while the Fatimids of Egypt were overtaken by the ___MASK61___ . Edward of Middleham , Prince of Wales , Earl of Chester , Duke of Cornwall , 1st Earl of Salisbury ( December 1473 -- 9 April 1484 ) , was the only child of King Richard III of England and his queen consort , Anne Neville . He was Richard ' s only legitimate child and died aged ten . In 1485 Richard III was killed at the Battle of Bosworth and the throne of England passed to the Lancastrian claimant , Henry Tudor , a descendant of Edward III of England through his mother , Lady Margaret Beaufort .