part_of battle of stirling bridge
The Central Belt of Scotland is the area of highest ___MASK58___ density within Scotland . It has a ___MASK58___ of about 3 . 5 million covering an area of approximately 10 , 000 km , including Greater Glasgow , Ayrshire , Falkirk , Edinburgh , Lothian and Fife . De facto is a Latin expression that means " in fact , in reality , in actual ___MASK88___ , force , or possession , as a matter of fact " ( literally " of fact "). In ___MASK81___ , it often means " in practice but not necessarily ordained by ___MASK81___ " or " in practice or actuality , but not officially designated or established ". It is commonly used in contrast to "" ( which means " according to ___MASK81___ "; literally " from ___MASK81___ "), when referring to matters of ___MASK81___ , governance , or technique ( such as standards ) that are found in the common experience as created or developed without or contrary to a regulation . When discussing a legal situation , " de jure " designates what the ___MASK81___ says , while " de facto " designates what happens in practice . The Earl of Surrey is a title in the ___MASK49___ , and has been created five times . It was first created for William de Warenne , a close companion of William the Conqueror . It is currently held as a subsidiary title by the Dukes of Norfolk . Andrew Moray ( ___MASK16___ French : " Andreu de Moray "; ), also known as Andrew de Moray , Andrew of Moray , Andrew Murray , Andrew Morrewe or Andrew Morrawe , an esquire , was prominent in the Scottish Wars of Independence . He led the rising in north Scotland in the summer of 1297 against the occupation by King Edward I of ___MASK55___ , successfully regaining control of the area for King John Balliol . He subsequently merged his forces with those led by William Wallace and jointly led the combined army to victory at the Battle of Stirling ___MASK85___ . Moray was mortally wounded in the fighting , dying at an unknown date and place later that year . The ___MASK49___ comprises all peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707 . In that year , the Peerages of England and Scotland were replaced by one ___MASK74___ . The Battle of Stirling ___MASK85___ was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence . On 11 September 1297 , the forces of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeated the combined English forces of John de Warenne , 6th Earl of Surrey , and Hugh de Cressingham near Stirling , on the ___MASK47___ Forth . Sir Hugh de Cressingham ( died 11 ___MASK46___ 1297 ) was the treasurer of the English administration in Scotland from 1296 to 1297 . He was hated by the Scots and did not seem well liked even by the English . He was an advisor to John de Warenne , 6th Earl of Surrey at the Battle of Stirling ___MASK85___ . He suggested a full - scale attack across the ___MASK85___ , which cost the English the battle and led to his own demise . De jure ( adjective , adverb ) (; Classical Latin : de iure ; ( lit . ' concerning ___MASK81___ ') means ' a state of affairs that is in accordance with ___MASK81___ ', i . e . that is officially designated . In contrast , " de facto " ( lit . ' concerning fact '), means ' a state of affairs that is true in fact , but that is not officially designated '. In ___MASK81___ , and in ___MASK30___ , the terms " de jure " and " de facto " are used instead of ' in ___MASK81___ ' and ' in practice ', respectively . In a legal context , " de jure " ( laws ) are contrasted to " de facto " practices , where , for example , the people obey a contract as though there were a ___MASK81___ enforcing it , yet there is no such ___MASK81___ . A process known as ' desuetude ' may allow " de facto " practices to replace " de jure " laws that have fallen out of favour locally . Surrey is a county in the south east of ___MASK55___ and also one of the home counties bordering Greater London . Surrey shares borders with Kent to the east , East Sussex to the south - east , West Sussex to the south , Hampshire to the west and south - west and Berkshire to the north - west . The county town is Guildford . Surrey County Council sits extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames , administered as part of Greater London since 1965 . With a resident population of 1 . 1 million , Surrey is the most densely populated and third most populated county in the South East region , after Kent and Hampshire . Stirling is a ___MASK83___ in central Scotland . ___MASK38___ is clustered around a large fortress and medieval old town . Stirling is the administrative centre for the Stirling council area , and is traditionally the county town of Stirlingshire . ___MASK38___ is located several miles to the west of the ___MASK10___ of the River Forth . Historically it was strategically important as the " Gateway to the Highlands ", with its position near the Highland Boundary Fault between the Scottish Lowlands and Highlands and has been described as " the brooch which clasps the Highlands and the Lowlands together ". Moray (; or "", ) is one of the 32 Local ___MASK30___ council areas of Scotland . It lies in the north - east of the country , with coastline on the Moray Firth , and borders the council areas of Aberdeenshire and Highland . Edinburgh is the capital ___MASK83___ of Scotland and one of its 32 local ___MASK30___ council areas . Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth ' s southern shore , it is Scotland ' s second most populous ___MASK83___ and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom . The 2014 official population estimates are 464 , 990 for the ___MASK83___ of Edinburgh , 492 , 680 for the local authority area , and 1 , 339 , 380 for the ___MASK83___ region as of 2014 ( Edinburgh lies at the heart of the proposed Edinburgh and South East Scotland ___MASK83___ region ). Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century , Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and the seat of the monarchy in Scotland . The ___MASK83___ is also the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland , the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery . It is the largest financial centre in the UK after London . The ___MASK9___ ( 1264  1267 ) was a civil war in ___MASK55___ between the forces of a number of barons led by Simon de Montfort against Royalist forces led by Prince Edward ( later Edward I of ___MASK55___ ), in the name of Henry ___MASK48___ . The ___MASK7___ was the initial chapter of engagements in a series of warring periods between English and Scottish forces lasting from the invasion by ___MASK55___ in 1296 until the " de jure " restoration of Scottish independence with the Treaty of Edinburgh - Northampton in 1328 . " De facto " independence was established in 1314 at the Battle of Bannockburn . ___MASK55___ attempted to establish its authority over Scotland while the Scots fought to keep English rule and authority out of Scotland . The ___MASK47___ Forth ( Gaelic : " Abhainn Dubh ", meaning " black ___MASK47___ ", in the upper reach above Stirling , and " Uisge For " in the tidal reach below Stirling ), long , is the major ___MASK47___ draining the eastern part of the central belt of Scotland . Sir William Wallace ( Scottish Gaelic : " Uilleam Uallas " ; ___MASK16___ French : " William le Waleys "; died 23 ___MASK40___ 1305 ) was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the ___MASK93___ . Henry ___MASK48___ ( 1 October 1207  ___MASK23___ November 1272 ), also known as Henry of Winchester , was King of England , Lord of Ireland and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death . The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême , Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the First Barons ' War . Cardinal Guala declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry ' s forces , led by William Marshal , defeated the rebels at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217 . Henry promised to abide by the Great Charter of 1225 , which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons . His early rule was dominated first by Hubert de Burgh and then Peter des Roches , who re - established royal authority after the war . In 1230 the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had once belonged to his father , but the invasion was a debacle . A revolt led by William Marshal ' s son , Richard , broke out in 1232 , ending in a peace settlement negotiated by the Church . A knight is a ___MASK6___ granted an honorary title of " knighthood " by a monarch or other political leader for service to the monarch or country , especially in a ___MASK14___ capacity . Historically , in Europe , knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors . During the High Middle Ages , knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility . By the Late Middle Ages , the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry , a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior . Often , a knight was a vassal who served as a fighter for a lord , with payment in the form of land holdings . The lords trusted the knights , who were skilled in battle on horseback . Since the early modern period , the title of knight is purely honorific , usually bestowed by a monarch , as in the British honours system , often for non - ___MASK14___ service to the country . The modern female equivalent in the United Kingdom is Dame . The ___MASK93___ were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries . John Balliol ( ___MASK63___ November 1314 ) was King of Scots from 1292 to 1296 . Little is known of his early life . After the death of Margaret , Maid of Norway , Balliol was chosen as the new King of Scotland by a group of auditors . Edward I of England constantly tried to undermine his reign and demanded that Balliol treat Scotland as a vassal state . As a result , the Scots grew tired of him and appointed a council of twelve to rule instead . This council signed a treaty with France known as the Auld Alliance . A treasurer is the ___MASK6___ responsible for running the treasury of an ___MASK3___ . The adjective for a treasurer is normally " tresorial ". The adjective " treasurial " normally means pertaining to a treasury , rather than the treasurer . Scottish Gaelic or Scots Gaelic , sometimes also referred to as Gaelic (" ), is a Celtic ___MASK90___ native to Scotland . A member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages , Scottish Gaelic , like Modern Irish and Manx , developed out of Middle Irish . Edward I ( 17 / 18 ___MASK34___ 1239  7 July 1307 ), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots , was King of ___MASK55___ from 1272 to 1307 . He spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law . Through an extensive legal inquiry , Edward investigated the tenure of various feudal liberties , while the law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and ___MASK97___ . Increasingly , however , Edward ' s attention was drawn towards ___MASK14___ affairs . Scotland ( Scots : ) is a ___MASK31___ that is ___MASK18___ of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain . It shares a border with ___MASK55___ to the south , and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North ___MASK100___ to the east and the North Channel and Irish ___MASK100___ to the south - west . In addition to the mainland , the ___MASK31___ is made up of more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Guardians of Scotland were the " de facto " heads of ___MASK86___ of Scotland during the First Interregnum of 1290  1292 , and the Second Interregnum of 1296  1306 . During the many years of minority in Scotland ' s subsequent ___MASK44___ , there were many guardians of Scotland and the post was a significant constitutional feature in the course of development for politics in the country . John de Warenne , 6th Earl of Surrey ( 1231  ___MASK45___ . 29 September 1304 ) was a prominent English nobleman and military commander during the reigns of Henry III of England and Edward I of England . During the Second Barons ' War he switched sides twice , ending up in support of the king , for whose capture he was present at Lewes in 1264 . Warenne was later appointed a Guardian of Scotland and featured prominently in Edward I ' s wars in Scotland . The Battle of Bannockburn (" Blàr Allt nam Bànag ", often mistakenly called " Blàr Allt a ' Bhonnaich " in Scottish Gaelic ) ( ___MASK54___ June 1314 ) was a significant Scottish victory in the First War of Scottish Independence , and a landmark in Scottish history .