languages_spoken_or_written luigi gaetano marini
The Lombards or Longobards ( ___MASK27___ " Longobardi " ) were a Germanic people who ruled large parts of the ___MASK27___ Peninsula from 568 to 774 . The ___MASK27___ Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (" Penisola appenninica ") is the central and the smallest of the three large peninsulas of Southern Europe ( between the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula ). It extends from the Po Valley in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south . The peninsula ' s shape gives it the nickname " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). Three smaller peninsulas contribute to this characteristic shape , namely Calabria ( the " toe "), Salento ( the " heel ") and Gargano ( the " spur "). Giuseppe Garampi ( 29 October 1725  4 May 1792 ) was an ___MASK27___ scholar and collector of documents and books . He was born in Rimini . Pope Pius VI named him a Cardinal on the consistory on 14 February 1785 . He served as Prefect of the Archives from 1751 until 1772 , during which time he compiled the " Schedario Garampi ", a massive card index for the Vatican Secret Archives . Although never completed , it is still in use . Romagna ( Romagnol : " Rumâgna ") is an ___MASK27___ historical region that approximately corresponds to the south - eastern portion of present - day Emilia - Romagna . Traditionally , it is limited by the Apennines to the south - west , the Adriatic to the east , and the rivers Reno and Sillaro to the north and west . The region ' s major cities include Cesena , Faenza , Forlì , Imola , Ravenna , Rimini and City of San Marino ( San Marino is a landlocked state inside the Romagna historical region ). The region has been recently formally expanded with the transfer of seven comuni ( Casteldelci , Maiolo , Novafeltria , Pennabilli , San Leo , Sant ' Agata Feltria , Talamello ) from the Marche region , which are a small number of comuni where Romagnolo dialect is spoken . Etymology . The name " Romagna " comes from the Latin name " Romània ", which originally was the generic name for " land inhabited by Romans ", and first appeared on Latin documents in the 5th century . It later took on the more detailed meaning of " territory subjected to Eastern Roman rule ", whose citizens called themselves Romans (" Romani " in Latin ; " Romàioi " in Greek ). Thus the term " Romània " came to be used to refer to the territory administered by the Exarchate of Ravenna in contrast to other parts of Northern Italy under Lombard rule , named " Langobardia " or " Lombardy ". " Romània " later became " Romandìola " in Vulgar Latin , meaning " little Romània ", which became " Romagna " in modern times . History . Prehistory . A number of archaeological sites in the region , such as Monte Poggiolo , show that Romagna has been inhabited since the Paleolithic age . Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia . Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . To the east and southeast , Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas , and the waterways of the ___MASK48___ Straits . Yet the non - oceanic borders of Europe  a concept dating back to classical antiquity  are arbitrary . The primarily physiographic term " continent " as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent ' s current overland boundaries . Luigi Gaetano Marini ( born in Sant ' Arcangelo ( pagus Acerbotanus ) , 18 December 1742 ; died Paris , 7 May 1815 ) was a natural philosopher , jurist , historian and archaeologist . Having received a comprehensive preparatory education at the College of San Marino and at the seminary at Rimini , he was able to pass through the legal and philological studies at Bologna University brilliantly , and to graduate at Ravenna in utroque jure ( in both branches of law ) . He went to Rome in December , 1764 , where he gained the friendship of Cardinal Alessandro Albani and Giuseppe Garampi . He entered into relations with the most distinguished scholars of his day , and maintained with them an extensive correspondence . In 1772 he was appointed coadjutor to Marino Zampini , prefect of the archives ; and was also given the position by the Roman Republic of prefect of the archives at the Vatican and the Castel Sant ' Angelo , as well as that of president of the Vatican Museum and the Vatican Library . On 18 August 1800 , Pius VII made him primus custos of the Vatican Library and also prefect of the archives . In January , 1805 , he was made a cameriere d ' onore to the pope . When the archives of the Roman Curia were carried off to Paris by Napoleon , he accompanied them , and reached Paris , 11 April 1810 . After Napoleon ' s fall the Count of Artois , viceregent and brother of the king , issued a decree on 9 April 1814 , directing the restitution to the Holy See of the archives , of all documents and Manuscripts , and of several other collections . On 28 April the papal commissioners , Mgr . de Gregorio , Mgr . Gaetano Marini , and his nephew Don Marino Marini , took charge of the whole of this property ; but before it had reached Rome Gaetano Marini , who had long been an invalid , died in Paris . He was master of ___MASK77___ , ___MASK58___ , and Hebrew , possessed great legal knowledge , and took up questions of natural philosophy . His great work on papyrus records is a standard work on the investigation of papyri . His book on the Arval Brethren of ancient Rome brought to light so much that was new , and its appearance created a stir . His classification of five thousand inscriptions , both Christian and heathen , in the Galleria Lapidaria at the Vatican , earned for him the honorary title of `` Restorer '' of ___MASK77___ epigraphics . Marini was a cleric , but not a priest . He often prayed for hours before the Blessed Sacrament , and went to communion three times a week . During his residence in Paris he gave away alms to the extent of 3000 scudi ( dollars ) . Most Serene Republic (" Serenissima Respublica " in ___MASK77___ ) is a title attached to a number of European states through history . By custom , the appellation " Most Serene " is an indicator of sovereignty ( see also Serene Highness or Most Serene Highness for a sovereign prince ); consequently " Most Serene Republic " emphasizes the sovereignty of the republic . ___MASK77___ ( ___MASK77___ : ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo - European languages . The ___MASK77___ alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and ___MASK58___ alphabets . The Apennines or Apennine Mountains ( or "" a singular used in the plural ) are a mountain range consisting of parallel smaller chains extending along the length of peninsular Italy . In the northwest they join with the ___MASK2___ Alps at Altare . In the southwest they end at Reggio di Calabria , the coastal city at the tip of the peninsula . Since the year 2000 the Environment Ministry of Italy , following the recommendations of the Apennines Park of Europe Project , has been defining the Apennines System to include the mountains of north Sicily , for a total distance of . The system forms an arc enclosing the east side of the ___MASK2___ and Tyrrhenian Seas . The City of San Marino (" ___MASK27___ ": Città di San Marino ), also known simply as San Marino or locally as Città , is the capital city of the Republic of San Marino located on the ___MASK27___ peninsula , near the Adriatic Sea . The city has a population of 4 , 128 . It is on the western slopes of San Marino ' s highest point , Monte Titano . San Marino , officially the Republic of San Marino , also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino , is an enclaved microstate surrounded by Italy , situated on the ___MASK27___ Peninsula on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains . Its size is just over , with a population of 33 , 562 . Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest city is Dogana . San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe . The Marecchia ( pronounced ) is a river in eastern Italy . In ancient times it was known as the " Ariminus " which was from the ___MASK58___ " Ariminos ", "  " ( which is also the ancient name of Rimini ). The source of the river is near Monte dei Frati which is east of Pieve Santo Stefano and southwest of Badia Tedalda in the province of Arezzo in Tuscany . It flows northeast into the province of Pesaro and Urbino in the Marche and is the only river that runs through Montefeltro . While flowing through Montefeltro , the river flows through the exclave Santa Sofia Marecchia , which belongs to Badia Tedalda . The river then flows past Sant ' Agata Feltria and Novafeltria before crossing into the province of Rimini in Emilia  Romagna . At Torello , part of the commune of San Leo , it flows 1 km west of the Sammarinese territory Acquaviva and the San Marino River flows into it , but the Marecchia does not touch the San Marino border . Finally , the river flows past Verucchio and Santarcangelo di Romagna before flowing into the Adriatic Sea near Rimini . A seminary , theological seminary , theological college or divinity school is an educational institution for educating students ( sometimes called " seminarians ") in theology , generally to prepare them for ordination as clergy , academia , or ministry . The ___MASK21___ word is taken from the Latin " seminarium ", translated as " seed - bed ", an image taken from the Council of Trent document " Cum adolescentium aetas " which called for the first modern seminaries . In the West , the term now refers to Roman Catholic educational institutes and has widened to include other Christian denominations and American Jewish institutions . The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the ___MASK27___ Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula and the Apennine Mountains from the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges . The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea , extending from the Strait of Otranto ( where it connects to the Ionian Sea ) to the northwest and the Po Valley . The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Greece , Italy , Montenegro and Slovenia . The Adriatic contains over 1 , 300 islands , mostly located along its eastern , Croatian , coast . It is divided into three basins , the northern being the shallowest and the southern being the deepest , with a maximum depth of . The Otranto Sill , an underwater ridge , is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas . The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the Strait of Otranto , along the eastern coast and back to the strait along the western ( ___MASK27___ ) coast . Tidal movements in the Adriatic are slight , although larger amplitudes are known to occur occasionally . The Adriatic ' s salinity is lower than the Mediterranean ' s because the Adriatic collects a third of the fresh water flowing into the Mediterranean , acting as a dilution basin . The surface water temperatures generally range from in summer to in winter , significantly moderating the Adriatic Basin ' s climate . Ravenna ( also locally ) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna , in the Emilia - Romagna region of Northern Italy . It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire from 402 until that empire collapsed in 476 . It then served as the capital of the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths until it was re - conquered in 540 by the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire . Afterwards , the city formed the centre of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna until the invasion of the Lombards in 751 , after which it became the seat of the Kingdom of the Lombards . Rome is a city and special " comune " ( named " Roma Capitale ") in Italy . Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region . With 2 , 870 , 336 residents in , it is also the country ' s largest and most populated " comune " and fourth - most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4 . 3 million residents . The city is located in the central - western portion of the ___MASK27___ Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ), along the shores of Tiber river . The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city : for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states . The Mausoleum of Hadrian , usually known as Castel Sant ' Angelo ( ___MASK21___ : " Castle of the Holy Angel "), is a towering cylindrical building in Parco Adriano , Rome , Italy . It was initially commissioned by the Roman Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his family . The building was later used by the popes as a fortress and castle , and is now a museum . The Castle was once the tallest building in Rome . Alessandro Albani ( 15 October 1692  11 December 1779 ) was a leading collector of antiquities in Rome and a commissioner of works of art . He supported the art historian , Johann Joachim Winckelmann and commissioned paintings from Anton Raphael Mengs . As a Roman Catholic cardinal ( from 1721 ) he furthered the interests of the governments of Austria , Savoy and Britain against those of France and ___MASK44___ . Anton Raphael Mengs ( March 22 , 1728  June 29 , 1779 ) was a ___MASK28___ Bohemian painter , active in Rome , Madrid and Saxony , who became one of the precursors to Neoclassical painting . Johann Joachim Winckelmann ( 9 December 1717  8 June 1768 ) was a ___MASK28___ art historian and archaeologist . He was a pioneering Hellenist who first articulated the difference between ___MASK58___ , Greco - Roman and Roman art . " The prophet and founding hero of modern archaeology ", Winckelmann was one of the founders of scientific archaeology and first applied the categories of style on a large , systematic basis to the history of art . Many consider him the father of the discipline of art history . His would be the decisive influence on the rise of the neoclassical movement during the late 18th century . His writings influenced not only a new science of archaeology and art history but Western painting , sculpture , literature and even philosophy . Winckelmann ' s " History of Ancient Art " ( 1764 ) was one of the first books written in ___MASK28___ to become a classic of European literature . His subsequent influence on Lessing , Herder , Goethe , Hölderlin , Heine , Nietzsche , George , and Spengler has been provocatively called " the Tyranny of Greece over Germany ." The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period ( starting in 27 BC ). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history . Often when a given Roman is described as becoming " emperor " in ___MASK21___ , it reflects his taking of the title " Augustus " or " Caesar ". Another title often used was " imperator ", originally a military honorific . Early Emperors also used the title " princeps " ( first citizen ). Emperors frequently amassed republican titles , notably " Princeps Senatus ", " Consul " and " Pontifex Maximus ". Federico Fellini ( 20 January 1920  31 October 1993 ) was an ___MASK27___ film director and screenwriter . Known for his distinct style that blends fantasy and baroque images with earthiness , he is recognized as one of the most influential filmmakers of all time . His films have ranked , in polls such as " Cahiers du cinéma " and " Sight & Sound ," as some of the greatest films of all time . " Sight & Sound " lists his 1963 film " 8 " as the 10th greatest film of all time . The Kingdom of the Lombards also known as the Lombard Kingdom ; later the Kingdom of ( all ) Italy , was an early medieval state established by the Lombards , a Germanic - speaking people , on the ___MASK27___ Peninsula in the latter part of the 6th century . The king was traditionally elected by the highest - ranking aristocrats , the dukes , as several attempts to establish a hereditary dynasty failed . The kingdom was subdivided into a varying number of duchies , ruled by semi - autonomous dukes , which were in turn subdivided into gastaldates at the municipal level . The capital of the kingdom and the center of its political life was Pavia in the modern northern ___MASK27___ region of Lombardy . Northern Italy is a cultural and geographical region , without any administrative purpose , used to indicate the northern part of the ___MASK27___ state , also informally referred as " Il Nord ", " Settentrione " or " Alta Italia ". It consists of 8 regions in northern Italy : Aosta Valley , Piedmont , Liguria , Lombardy , Emilia - Romagna , Veneto , Friuli - Venezia Giulia , Trentino - Alto Adige / Südtirol . According to the 2011 census , its population was 27 , 213 , 372 . For statistic purposes , the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica ( ISTAT ) uses the term Northwest Italy and Northeast Italy for identifying two of the five statistical regions in its reporting . These same subdivisions are used to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics ( NUTS ) regions (" NUTS 1 regions ") within the European Union , and the ___MASK27___ constituencies for the European Parliament . Italy , officially the ___MASK27___ Republic , is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , Italy shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate ; due to its shape , it is often referred to in Italy as " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). With 61 million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU member state . Rimini ( Romagnol dialect : " Rémin "; ___MASK77___ : " Ariminum ") is a city of 146 , 606 inhabitants in the Emilia - Romagna region of northern Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini . It is located on the Adriatic Sea , on the coast between the rivers Marecchia ( the ancient " Ariminus ") and Ausa ( ancient " Aprusa "). It is one of the most famous seaside resorts in Europe , thanks to its sandy beach , over 1 , 000 hotels , and thousands of bars , restaurants and discos . The first bathing establishment opened in 1843 . An art city with ancient Roman and Renaissance monuments , Rimini is the hometown of the famous film director Federico Fellini as well .