country_of_citizenship irving ben cooper
Borders are geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions , such as governments , sovereign states , federated states , and other subnational entities . Some borders  such as a state ' s internal administrative border , or inter - state borders within the Schengen Area  are often open and completely unguarded . Other borders are partially or fully controlled , and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints and border zones may be controlled . Mostly contentious , borders may even foster the setting up of buffer zones . A difference has also been established in ___MASK8___ scholarship between border and frontier , the latter denoting a state of mind rather than state boundaries . The Bay of Pigs Invasion ( Spanish : Invasión de Playa Girón or Invasión de Bahía de Cochinos or Batalla de Girón ) was a failed military invasion of ___MASK60___ undertaken by the CIA - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961 . A counter - revolutionary military ( made up of Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro ' s take over ), trained and funded by the United States government ' s Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ), Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front ( DRF ) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro . Launched from ___MASK88___ and Nicaragua , the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces , under the direct command of Prime Minister Fidel Castro . Londinium was a settlement established on the current site of the City of ___MASK30___ around 43 . Its bridge over the River Thames turned the city into a road nexus and major port , serving as a major commercial centre in Roman Britain until its abandonment during the 5th century . The Mayor of ___MASK30___ is an elected ___MASK94___ who , along with the ___MASK30___ Assembly of 25 members , is accountable for the strategic government of Greater ___MASK30___ . The current mayor is Sadiq Khan , who took up office on 9 May 2016 . The position had been held by Ken Livingstone from the creation of the role on 4 May 2000 until he was defeated in 2008 by Boris Johnson , who served two terms before being succeeded by Khan . The Berlin Wall was a barrier that divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989 . Constructed by the German Democratic Republic ( GDR , ___MASK67___ ), starting on 13 August 1961 , the Wall completely cut off ( by land ) West Berlin from surrounding ___MASK67___ and from East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989 . Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and was completed in 1992 . The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip ") that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " fakir beds " and other defenses . The Eastern Bloc claimed that the Wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a socialist state in ___MASK67___ . In practice , the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked ___MASK67___ and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post - World War II period . The Constitutional Court of ___MASK9___ is a supreme constitutional court established by the Constitution of ___MASK9___ . It was originally the final appellate court for constitutional matters . Since the enactment of the Superior Courts Act in 2013 , the Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to hear any matter if it is in the interests of justice for it to do so . The English Channel (" the Sleeve " [ hence ] " Sea of ___MASK41___ " " ___MASK15___ Sea "), also called simply the Channel , is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France , and joins the southern part of the North Sea to the rest of the Atlantic Ocean . ___MASK45___ ( Scots : ) is a country that is part of the ___MASK27___ and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain . It shares a border with England to the south , and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south - west . In addition to the mainland , the country is made up of more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Supreme Court of ___MASK65___ is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of ___MASK65___ , the highest constitutional court , with the power of constitutional review . Consisting of the Chief Justice of ___MASK65___ and 30 other judges , it has extensive powers in the form of original , appellate and advisory jurisdictions . The Supreme Court of ___MASK61___ is the highest judicial authority in ___MASK61___ . It is a court of final appeal and exercises , in conjunction with the Court of Appeal and the High Court , judicial review over Acts of the Oireachtas ( Irish parliament ). The Supreme Court also has jurisdiction to ensure compliance with the Constitution of ___MASK61___ by governmental bodies and private citizens . It sits in the Four Courts in Dublin . The Supreme Court of ___MASK13___ is the highest court in ___MASK13___ . It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all Appellate and District court . The court consists of twenty Justices and one Chief Justice . ___MASK30___ is the capital and most populous city of ___MASK28___ and the ___MASK27___ , as well as the most populous city proper in the European Union . Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain , ___MASK30___ has been a major settlement for two millennia . It was founded by the Romans , who named it " Londinium ". ___MASK30___ ' s ancient core , the City of ___MASK30___ , largely retains its medieval boundaries . Since at least the 19th century , " ___MASK30___ " has also referred to the metropolis around this core , historically split between Middlesex , Essex , Surrey , Kent , and Hertfordshire , which today largely makes up Greater ___MASK30___ , governed by the Mayor of ___MASK30___ and the ___MASK30___ Assembly . The Supreme Court of ___MASK84___ ( in Mori : " Te Kti Mana Nui ") is the highest court and the court of last resort in ___MASK84___ , having formally come into existence on 1 January 2004 . The court sat for the first time on 1 July 2004 . It replaced the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council , based in London . It was created with the passing of the Supreme Court Act 2003 , on 15 October 2003 . At the time , the creation of the Supreme Court and the abolition of appeals to the Privy Council were controversial constitutional changes in ___MASK84___ . A recess appointment is the appointment , by the President of the United States , of a senior federal official while the U . S . Senate is in recess . The United States Constitution requires that the most senior federal officers must be confirmed by the Senate before assuming office , but while the Senate is in recess the President may act alone by making a recess appointment to fill " Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate ." To remain in effect , a recess appointment must be approved by the Senate by the end of the next session of Congress , or the position becomes vacant again ; in current practice this means that a recess appointment must be approved by roughly the end of the next calendar year . Recess appointments are authorized by , which states : Irving Ben Cooper ( born February 7 , 1902 , ___MASK30___ , ___MASK28___ ; died September 17 , 1996 , New York ) was a U . S . District Court Judge of the Federal District Court of the Southern District of New York from 1962 to 1996 , having received a recess appointment from John F . Kennedy on October 5 , 1961 . In 1970 , he presided over a claim that organized baseball exerted a monopolistic hold on all major and minor league teams , and in 1982 , a complaint filed by Jacqueline Onassis that a photographer was harassing her and her daughter , Caroline Kennedy . He also held the position of Chief Justice in the New York Court of Special Sessions from 1951 to 1960 , during which time he wrote yearly reports on the problems regarding the treatment of young offenders in the criminal justice system , asserting `` It is not impossible for a sentence to be a greater injustice than the criminal act : equivalent to putting a child with a common cold into a smallpox ward for treatment . '' Cooper received his LL . B . from Washington University School of Law in 1925 . His professional career included a private practice in New York City from 1927 to 1938 , the position of Special counsel in the New York City Department of Investigation from 1934 to 1937 . He was a New York City magistrate from 1938 to 1939 , and an Associate Justice in the New York Court of Special Sessions from 1939 to 1951 . From 1960 to 1961 , he was a lecturer for the Menninger Foundation . Cooper ' s nomination to the Federal Bench was controversial . Attorney General Herbert Brownell spoke out and said , `` If there was ever a justice who was not deserving of this appointment , I submit it is Irving Ben Cooper . '' John Fitzgerald " Jack " Kennedy ( May 29 , 1917  November 22 , 1963 ), commonly referred to by his initials JFK , was an ___MASK93___ ___MASK94___ who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963 . The Cuban Missile Crisis , the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty , the establishment of the Peace Corps , developments in the Space Race , the building of the Berlin Wall , the Trade Expansion Act to lower tariffs , and the Civil Rights Movement all took place during his presidency . A member of the Democratic Party , his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death . Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963 . The Supreme Court of ___MASK35___ (  " Saik - Saibansho "; called  " Saik - Sai " for short ), located in Hayabusach , Chiyoda , Tokyo , is the highest court in ___MASK35___ . It has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Japanese constitution and decide questions of national law ( including local bylaws ). It has the power of judicial review ; that is , it can declare Acts of the National Diet , local assemblies , and administrative actions , to be unconstitutional . The Supreme Court of the Republic of ___MASK14___ is one of the two tiers of the court system in ___MASK14___ , the other tier being the State Courts . ___MASK44___ , also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe . With an area of , ___MASK44___ is the largest European island and the ninth - largest in the world . In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people , making it the world ' s third - most populous island after Java in ___MASK6___ and Honshu in ___MASK35___ . The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it , and together these islands , along with over 1 , 000 smaller surrounding islands , comprise the British Isles archipelago . The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between ___MASK44___ , Scandinavia , Germany , the ___MASK86___ , ___MASK78___ , and France . An epeiric ( or " shelf ") sea on the European continental shelf , it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north . It is more than long and wide , with an area of around . Middlesex ( abbreviation : Middx ) was a county in southeast ___MASK28___ that is now mostly part of Greater London , with small sections in neighbouring counties . It was established in the Anglo - Saxon system from the territory of the Middle Saxons , and existed as an official unit until 1965 . The historic county included land stretching north of the River Thames from east to west of the City of London with the rivers Colne and Lea and a ridge of hills as the other boundaries . The largely low - lying county , dominated by clay in its north and alluvium on gravel in its south , was the second smallest by area in 1831 . ___MASK60___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK60___ , is a country comprising the island of ___MASK60___ as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . ___MASK60___ is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , the Gulf of Mexico , and the Atlantic Ocean meet . It is south of both the U . S . state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti , and north of Jamaica . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de ___MASK60___ and Camagüey . ___MASK60___ is the largest island in the Caribbean , with an area of , and the second - most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The Chief Justice is the presiding member of a supreme court in any of many countries with a justice system based on English common law , such as the Supreme Court of ___MASK20___ , the Supreme Court of ___MASK14___ , the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong , the Supreme Court of Japan , the Supreme Court of India , the Supreme Court of Pakistan , the Supreme Court of Nepal , the Constitutional Court of South Africa , the Supreme Court of Ireland , the Supreme Court of New Zealand , the High Court of Australia , the Supreme Court of the United States , and provincial or state supreme courts . The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the ___MASK73___ . The Constitution , originally comprising seven articles , delineates the national frame of government . Its first three articles entrench the doctrine of the separation of powers , whereby the federal government is divided into three branches : the legislative , consisting of the bicameral Congress ; the executive , consisting of the President ; and the judicial , consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts . Articles Four , Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism , describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government . Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it . Hertfordshire ( often abbreviated Herts ) is a county in southern ___MASK28___ , bordered by Bedfordshire to the north , Cambridgeshire to the north - east , Essex to the east , Buckinghamshire to the west and Greater London to the south . For government statistical purposes , it is placed in the East of ___MASK28___ region . The ___MASK30___ Assembly is an elected body , part of the Greater ___MASK30___ Authority , that scrutinises the activities of the Mayor of ___MASK30___ and has the power , with a two - thirds majority , to amend the Mayor ' s annual budget and to reject the Mayor ' s draft statutory strategies . The assembly was established in 2000 and meets at City Hall on the South Bank of the River Thames , close to Tower Bridge . The assembly is also able to investigate other issues of importance to Londoners ( transport , environmental matters , etc .), publish its findings and recommendations , and make proposals to the Mayor . The High Court of ___MASK96___ is the supreme court in the Australian court hierarchy and the final court of appeal in ___MASK96___ . It has both original and appellate jurisdiction , the power of judicial review over laws passed by the Parliament of ___MASK96___ and the parliaments of the States , and the ability to interpret the Constitution of ___MASK96___ thereby powerfully shaping the development of federalism in ___MASK96___ . Surrey is a county in the south east of ___MASK28___ and also one of the home counties bordering Greater London . Surrey shares borders with Kent to the east , East Sussex to the south - east , West Sussex to the south , Hampshire to the west and south - west and Berkshire to the north - west . The county town is Guildford . Surrey County Council sits extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames , administered as part of Greater London since 1965 . With a resident population of 1 . 1 million , Surrey is the most densely populated and third most populated county in the South East region , after Kent and Hampshire . The Celtic Sea (; ) is the area of the Atlantic Ocean off the south coast of ___MASK61___ bounded to the east by Saint George ' s Channel ; other limits include the Bristol Channel , the English Channel , and the Bay of Biscay , as well as adjacent portions of Wales , Cornwall , Devon , and Brittany . The southern and western boundaries are delimited by the continental shelf , which drops away sharply . The Isles of Scilly are an archipelago of small islands in the sea . The Irish Sea (, , , Ulster - Scots : " Airish Sea "), separates the islands of ___MASK61___ and Great Britain . It is connected to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George ' s Channel , and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the North Channel . Anglesey is the largest island within the Irish Sea , followed by the Isle of Man . The sea is occasionally , but rarely , referred to as the Manx Sea . The Kennedy family is an ___MASK93___ family that has been prominent in ___MASK93___ politics , public service , and business during the 20th century . At least one Kennedy family member held federal elective office in every year between 1947 and 2011 , and then from 2013 onwards , a span of time comprising more than a quarter of the nation ' s existence . Three of the four sons of Joseph , Sr . and Rose Kennedy served as Senator , and later ran for the presidency . Caroline Bouvier Kennedy ( born November 27 , 1957 ) is an ___MASK93___ author , attorney , and diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017 . She is a prominent member of the Kennedy family and the only surviving child of President John F . Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy . She is a niece of Senators Robert F . Kennedy and Ted Kennedy and older sister to the late John F . Kennedy Jr . The River Thames is a river that flows through southern ___MASK28___ . At , it is the longest river entirely in ___MASK28___ and the second longest in the ___MASK27___ , after the River Severn . It also flows through Oxford ( where it is called Isis ), Reading , Henley - on - Thames and Windsor . The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway , derived from its long tidal reach up to Teddington Lock . It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire , and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary . The Thames drains the whole of Greater London . The Cuban Missile Crisis , also known as the Caribbean Crisis ( tr . " Karibskij krizis "), or the Missile Scare , was a 13 - day ( October 16  28 , 1962 ) confrontation between the United States and the ___MASK51___ concerning ___MASK93___ ballistic missile deployment in Italy and ___MASK99___ with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in ___MASK60___ . The confrontation , elements of which were televised , was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full - scale nuclear war . The ___MASK27___ of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the ___MASK27___ ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland , it includes the island of Great Britain ( the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country ), the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland . Apart from this land border , the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west , giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of , the UK is the 78th - largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe . It is also the 21st - most populous country , with an estimated 65 . 1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union . The Space Race was a 20th - century competition between two Cold War rivals , the ___MASK51___ ( USSR ) and the United States ( US ), for supremacy in spaceflight capability . It had its origins in the missile - based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II , aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program . The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security , and symbolic of ideological superiority . The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites , unmanned space probes of the Moon , Venus , and Mars , and human spaceflight in low ___MASK1___ orbit and to the Moon . The Isle of Wight is a county and the largest and second - most populous island in ___MASK28___ . It is located in the English Channel , about 4 miles ( 6 km ) off the coast of Hampshire , separated by the Solent . The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times , and is known for its mild climate , coastal scenery , and verdant landscape of fields , downland and chines . ___MASK5___ is a country that is part of the ___MASK27___ and the island of Great Britain . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3 , 063 , 456 and has a total area of . ___MASK5___ has over of coastline and is largely mountainous , with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Robert Francis " Bobby " Kennedy ( November 20 , 1925  June 6 , 1968 ), commonly known by his initials RFK , was an ___MASK93___ ___MASK94___ from Massachusetts . He served as the United States junior senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968 . He was previously the 64th U . S . Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964 , serving under his older brother President John F . Kennedy and his successor , President Lyndon B . Johnson . Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party , and is seen as an icon of modern ___MASK93___ liberalism . Kent is a county in South East ___MASK28___ and one of the home counties . It borders Greater London to the north west , Surrey to the west , East Sussex to the south west , and Essex across the Thames Estuary to the north . The county town is Maidstone . The Supreme Court of ___MASK20___ is the highest court of ___MASK20___ , the final court of appeals in the Canadian justice system . The court grants permission to between 40 and 75 litigants each year to appeal decisions rendered by provincial , territorial and federal appellate courts . Its decisions are the ultimate expression and application of Canadian law and binding upon all lower courts of ___MASK20___ , except to the extent that they are overridden or otherwise made ineffective by an Act of Parliament or the Act of a provincial legislative assembly pursuant to Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ( the notwithstanding clause ). The Supreme Court of ___MASK54___ ( SC ) (" Adlat - e - Uzma Pkistn ") is the apex court in the of ___MASK54___ , the final arbiter of legal and constitutional disputes . The Supreme Court has a permanent seat in Islamabad . It also has a number of Branch Registries where cases are heard . The court has a number of " de jure " powers , outlined in the Constitution . Through several periods of military rule and constitutional suspensions ( see Doctrine of necessity ), the court has also established itself as a " de facto " check on military power . The is the ambassador from the ___MASK73___ to Japan . John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr . ( November 25 , 1960  July 16 , 1999 ), often referred to as JFK Jr . or John John , was an ___MASK93___ lawyer , journalist , and magazine publisher . He was the only surviving son of President John F . Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy , and younger brother of Caroline Kennedy . His father was assassinated three days before his third birthday . The City of ___MASK30___ is a city and county within ___MASK30___ . It constituted most of ___MASK30___ from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages , but the agglomeration has since grown far beyond the City ' s borders . The City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of ___MASK30___ , though it remains a notable part of central ___MASK30___ . Administratively , it forms one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater ___MASK30___ ; however , the City of ___MASK30___ is not a ___MASK30___ borough , a status reserved for the other 32 districts ( including ___MASK30___ ' s only other city , the City of Westminster ). The Peace Corps is a volunteer program run by the United States government . The stated mission of the Peace Corps includes providing technical assistance , helping people outside the United States to understand ___MASK93___ culture , and helping Americans to understand the cultures of other countries . The work is generally related to social and economic development . Each program participant , a Peace Corps Volunteer , is an ___MASK93___ citizen , typically with a college degree , who works abroad for a period of two years after three months of training . The Isles of Scilly ( or "") are an archipelago off the south western tip of the Cornish peninsula of ___MASK44___ . It is the southernmost location in ___MASK28___ and the ___MASK27___ , as well as the most westerly in ___MASK28___ . ___MASK28___ is a country that is part of the ___MASK27___ . It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west . The Irish Sea lies northwest of ___MASK28___ and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest . ___MASK28___ is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five - eighths of the island of Great Britain ( which lies in the North Atlantic ) in its centre and south ; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly , and the Isle of Wight .