place_of_birth alessandro barsanti
Ancient ___MASK35___ was a civilization ___MASK21___ ancient Northeastern Africa , concentrated along the lower reaches ___MASK21___ the Nile River in what is now the modern country ___MASK21___ ___MASK35___ . It is one ___MASK21___ six civilizations to arise independently . Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric ___MASK35___ and coalesced around 3150 BC ( according to conventional Egyptian chronology ) with the political unification ___MASK21___ Upper and Lower ___MASK35___ under the first pharaoh Narmer ( commonly referred to as Menes ). The history ___MASK21___ ancient ___MASK35___ occurred in a series ___MASK21___ stable kingdoms , separated by periods ___MASK21___ relative instability known as Intermediate Periods : the Old Kingdom ___MASK21___ the Early Bronze Age , the Middle Kingdom ___MASK21___ the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom ___MASK21___ the Late Bronze Age . Aten ( also Aton , Egyptian " jtn ") is the disk ___MASK21___ the sun in ancient Egyptian mythology , and originally an aspect ___MASK21___ the god Ra . The deified Aten is the focus ___MASK21___ the religion ___MASK21___ Atenism established by Amenhotep IV , who later took the name Akhenaten ( died ca . 1335 BCE ) in worship and recognition ___MASK21___ Aten . In his poem " Great Hymn to the Aten ", Akhenaten praises Aten as the creator , giver ___MASK21___ life , and nurturing spirit ___MASK21___ the world . Aten does not have a Creation Myth or family , but is mentioned in the Book ___MASK21___ the Dead . The worship ___MASK21___ Aten was eradicated by Horemheb . A solar deity ( also sun god or sun goddess ) is a sky deity who represents the Sun , or an aspect ___MASK21___ it , usually by its perceived power and strength . Solar deities and sun worship can be found throughout most ___MASK21___ recorded history in various forms . The Sun is sometimes referred to by its Latin name " Sol " or by its Greek name " Helios ". The English word " sun " stems from Proto - Germanic *" sunn ". ___MASK55___ (""), is a city in ___MASK35___ and part ___MASK21___ Greater Cairo , on the bank ___MASK21___ the Nile , opposite the ruins ___MASK21___ Memphis . Originally a southern suburb ___MASK21___ Cairo , it served as the capital ___MASK21___ the now defunct ___MASK55___ Governorate from April 2008 to April 2011 , after which it was re - incorporated into the Cairo Governorate . The " kism " ___MASK21___ ___MASK55___ had a population ___MASK21___ 643 , 327 at the 2006 population census . Architecture ( Latin " architectura ", from the Greek  " arkhitekton " " architect ", from  - " chief " and  " builder ") is both the process and the product ___MASK21___ planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures . Architectural works , in the material form ___MASK21___ buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works ___MASK21___ art . Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements . ___MASK35___ (; ', , " Kimi "), officially the Arab Republic ___MASK21___ ___MASK35___ , is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner ___MASK21___ Africa and southwest corner ___MASK21___ Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . ___MASK35___ is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf ___MASK21___ Aqaba to the east , the Red Sea to the east and south , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf ___MASK21___ Aqaba lies Jordan , and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia , although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with ___MASK35___ . It is the world ' s only contiguous Afrasian nation . Amun ( also " Amon , Amen "; Greek " Ámmn ", " Hámmn ") was a major Ancient Egyptian deity . He was attested since the Old Kingdom together with his wife Amaunet . With the 11th dynasty ( 21st century BC ), he ___MASK16___ to the position ___MASK21___ patron deity ___MASK21___ Thebes by replacing Monthu . ___MASK81___ (; ', ') is the capital and largest city ___MASK21___ Egypt . The city ' s metropolitan area is the largest in the Middle East and the Arab world , and 15th - largest in the world , and is associated with ancient Egypt , as the famous Giza pyramid complex and the ancient city ___MASK21___ Memphis are located in its geographical area . Located near the Nile Delta , modern ___MASK81___ was founded in 969 CE by Jawhar al - Siqilli (" the Sicilian ") ___MASK21___ the Fatimid dynasty , but the land composing the present - day city was the site ___MASK21___ ancient national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts ___MASK21___ Old ___MASK81___ . ___MASK81___ has long been a ___MASK57___ ___MASK21___ the region ' s political and cultural life , and is nicknamed " the city ___MASK21___ a thousand minarets " for its preponderance ___MASK21___ Islamic architecture . The ___MASK99___ is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt . The corresponding adjective is " Middle - Eastern " and the derived noun is " Middle - Easterner ". The term has come into wider usage as a replacement ___MASK21___ the term Near East ( as opposed to Far East ) beginning in the early 20th century . Old ___MASK81___ ( Egyptian Arabic : " Masr el Qadma ") is a part ___MASK21___ ___MASK81___ , Egypt which pre - dates the Fatimid city ___MASK21___ ___MASK81___ , founded in 969 CE . The ___MASK63___ (' or simply ') is the delta formed in Northern Egypt ( Lower Egypt ) where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea . It is one ___MASK21___ the world ' s largest river deltas  from ___MASK71___ in the west to Port Said in the east , it covers ___MASK21___ Mediterranean coastline  and is a rich agricultural region . From north to south the delta is approximately in length . The Delta begins slightly down - river from Cairo . Pharaoh is the common title ___MASK21___ the monarchs ___MASK21___ ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty ( c . 3150 ) until the Macedonian conquest in 305 BC , although the actual term " Pharaoh " was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until ___MASK87___ 1200 BCE . Akhenaten ( also spelled Echnaton , Akhenaton , Ikhnaton , and Khuenaten ; meaning " Effective for Aten ") known before the fifth year ___MASK21___ his reign as Amenhotep IV ( sometimes given its Greek form , " Amenophis IV ", and meaning " Amun Is Satisfied "), was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh ___MASK21___ the 18th Dynasty who ruled for 17 years and died perhaps in 1336 BC or 1334 BC . He is especially noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on the Aten , which is sometimes described as monolatristic , henotheistic , or even quasi - monotheistic . An early inscription likens the Aten to the sun as compared to stars , and later official language avoids calling the Aten a god , giving the solar deity a status above mere gods . A minaret (', ,), from ', " lighthouse ", also known as " Goldaste ", is a distinctive architectural structure akin to a tower and typically found adjacent to mosques . Generally a tall spire with a conical or onion - shaped crown , usually either free - standing or taller than associated support structure . The basic form ___MASK21___ a minaret includes a base , shaft , and gallery . Styles vary regionally and by period . Minarets provide a visual focal point and are traditionally used for the Muslim call to prayer . The ___MASK46___ pyramid complex (, " pyramids ___MASK21___ ___MASK46___ ") is an archaeological site on the ___MASK46___ Plateau , on the outskirts ___MASK21___ Cairo , Egypt . Alessandro Barsanti ( 1858 -- 1917 ) was an Italian architect and Egyptologist who worked for the Egyptian Antiquities Service . He excavated throughout ___MASK35___ ( most notably he ' discovered ' the tomb ___MASK21___ Akhenaten in 1891 -- 1892 ) . He was also in charge ___MASK21___ the transfer ___MASK21___ collection ___MASK21___ the Cairo Museum from its site at Giza to the current location in Cairo itself . ___MASK46___ ( sometimes spelled " Gizah " or " Jizah "; '; '), is the third - largest city in ___MASK35___ . It is located on the west bank ___MASK21___ the Nile , southwest ___MASK21___ central Cairo . Along with Cairo Governorate , Shubra El - Kheima , Helwan , 6th October City and Obour , the five form Greater Cairo metropolis . ___MASK81___ Governorate ("") is the most populated ___MASK21___ the governorates ___MASK21___ Egypt . Its capital , the city ___MASK21___ ___MASK81___ , is the national capital ___MASK21___ Egypt , and is part ___MASK21___ the Greater ___MASK81___ metropolitan area . Because it is completely urbanized , the governorate is considered a city proper , and functions as a municipality . However , there are uninhabited desert areas . Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range ___MASK21___ both secular and religious styles from the foundation ___MASK21___ Islam to the present day . What today is known as Islamic architecture was influenced by Roman , Byzantine and all other lands which the Muslims conquered in the 7th and 8th centuries . Further east , it was also influenced by Chinese and Indian architecture as Islam spread to Southeast Asia . The principal Islamic architectural types are : the Mosque , the Tomb , the Palace and the Fort . From these four types , the vocabulary ___MASK21___ Islamic architecture is derived and used for other buildings such as public baths , fountains and domestic architecture . An architect is someone who plans , designs , and reviews the construction ___MASK21___ buildings . To " practice architecture " means to provide services in connection with the design ___MASK21___ buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings , that have as their principal purpose human occupancy or use . Etymologically , " architect " derives from the Latin " architectus ", which derives from the Greek " (" arkhi -", chief + " tekton ", builder ), i . e ., chief builder . Construction is the process ___MASK21___ constructing a building or infrastructure . Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production ___MASK21___ similar items without a designated purchaser , while construction typically takes place on location for a known client . Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent ___MASK21___ the gross domestic product ___MASK21___ developed countries . Construction starts with planning , design , and financing ; and continues until the project is built and ready for use . Polytheism is the worship ___MASK21___ or belief in multiple deities , which are usually assembled into a pantheon ___MASK21___ gods and goddesses , along with their own religions and rituals . In most religions which accept polytheism , the different gods and goddesses are representations ___MASK21___ forces ___MASK21___ nature or ancestral principles , and can be viewed either as autonomous or as aspects or emanations ___MASK21___ a creator God or transcendental absolute principle ( monistic theologies ), which manifests immanently in nature ( panentheistic and pantheistic theologies ). The Arab world ('; formally : '), also known as the Arab nation (""), consists ___MASK21___ the 22 Arabic - speaking countries ___MASK21___ the Arab League . These Arab states occupy an area stretching from the ___MASK100___ in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east , and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the ___MASK45___ ___MASK21___ Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast . The contemporary Arab world has a combined population ___MASK21___ around 422 million people , over half ___MASK21___ whom are under 25 years ___MASK21___ age . The Nile ( " en - Nl ", " an - Nl " " P ( h ) iaro "; Ancient Egyptian : "  ' p " and " Iteru "; Biblical Hebrew :  , " Ha - Ye ' or ") is a major north - flowing river in northeastern ___MASK86___ . It is generally regarded as the longest river in the world , however other conflicting sources cite a 2007 study that gave the title to the Amazon River in ___MASK58___ . The Nile , which is 6 , 853 km ( 4 , 258 miles ) long , is an " international " river as its water resources are shared by eleven countries , namely , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , Congo - Kinshasa , Kenya , Ethiopia , Eritrea , South Sudan , Sudan and Egypt . In particular , the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan . Greater ___MASK81___ ("") is the largest metropolitan area in ___MASK35___ and the largest urban area in Africa . It is the third largest urban area in the Islamic World after Jakarta and ___MASK27___ , and the world ' s 16th largest metropolitan area , consisting ___MASK21___ ___MASK81___ Governorate , New ___MASK81___ City , Giza , Shubra El - Kheima , 6th ___MASK21___ October City and Obour City , with a total population estimated at 20 , 500 , 000 ( as ___MASK21___ 2012 ); area : 1 , 709 km ; density : 10 , 400 / km .