genre the theory of evolution
___MASK30___ theory is " the ___MASK44___ of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision - makers ." ___MASK30___ theory is mainly used in economics , political ___MASK42___ , and psychology , as well as logic , computer ___MASK42___ and biology . Originally , it addressed zero - sum games , in which one person ' s gains result in losses for the other participants . Today , game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations , and is now an umbrella term for the ___MASK42___ of logical decision making in humans , animals , and computers . New ___MASK76___ is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom . Founded in 1379 by William of Wykeham , the full name of the ___MASK76___ is The Warden and Scholars of St Mary ' s ___MASK76___ of Winchester in Oxford . The name " New ___MASK76___ ", however , soon came to be used following its completion in 1386 to distinguish it from the older existing ___MASK76___ of St . Mary , now known as Oriel ___MASK76___ . John Burdon Sanderson Haldane ( 5 November 1892  1 December 1964 ) was a British - born scientist known for his work in the ___MASK44___ of physiology , genetics , evolutionary biology , and in mathematics , where he made innovative contributions to the fields of statistics and biostatistics . He was the son of the equally famous John Scott Haldane and a professed socialist , Marxist , atheist , and humanist whose political dissent led him to leave England in 1956 and live in India , becoming a naturalised Indian citizen in 1961 . In ___MASK71___ , a species ( abbreviated sp ., with the plural form species abbreviated spp .) is the basic unit of biological classification and a taxonomic rank . A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring , typically by ___MASK74___ reproduction . While this definition is often adequate , looked at more closely it is often problematic . For example , in a species complex , the boundaries between closely related species become unclear or disappear altogether . Other ways of defining species include similarity of DNA , morphology , or ecological niche . The presence of locally adaptive traits may further subdivide species into infraspecific taxa such as subspecies . The University of Oxford ( informally Oxford University or simply Oxford ) is a collegiate ___MASK81___ university located in Oxford , England , United Kingdom . While having no known date of foundation , there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096 , making it the oldest university in the English - speaking world and the world ' s second - oldest university in continuous operation . It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris . After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209 , some academics fled northeast to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge . The two " ancient universities " are frequently jointly referred to as " Oxbridge ". The Theory of Evolution is a book by English evolutionary biologist and geneticist John Maynard Smith , originally published in 1958 in time for 150th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin and the centenary of the publication of The Origin of Species the following year . It serves as a general introduction to the eponymous subject , intended to be accessible to those with little technical knowledge of the area . It has been highly successful , considered by many as the definitive publication of its type . The original version was updated several times , and a Canto edition , with a foreword by Richard Dawkins , and newly written introduction by the author , was published in 1996 . Charles Robert Darwin , ( 12 February 1809  19 April 1882 ) was an English naturalist and geologist , best known for his contributions to the ___MASK42___ of evolution . He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors , and in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection , in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding . Robert Waring Darwin ( 30 May 1766  13 November 1848 ) was an English medical doctor , who today is best known as the father of the naturalist Charles Darwin . He was a member of the influential Darwin - Wedgwood ___MASK45___ . John Maynard Smith ( 6 January 1920  19 April 2004 ) was a British theoretical evolutionary biologist and geneticist . Originally an aeronautical engineer during the Second World ___MASK18___ , he took a second degree in genetics under the well - known biologist J . B . S . Haldane . Maynard Smith was ___MASK22___ in the application of ___MASK30___ theory to evolution and theorised on other problems such as the evolution of sex and signalling theory . Clinton Richard Dawkins ( born 26 ___MASK93___ 1941 ) is an English ethologist , evolutionary biologist and author . He is an emeritus fellow of New ___MASK76___ , Oxford , and was the University of Oxford ' s Professor for Public Understanding of ___MASK42___ from 1995 until 2008 . Selective breeding ( also called artificial selection ) is the process by which humans use ___MASK62___ breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits ( characteristics ) by choosing which typically ___MASK62___ or plant males and females ___MASK100___ sexually reproduce and have offspring together . Domesticated animals are known as breeds , normally bred by a professional breeder , while domesticated plants are known as varieties , cultigens , or cultivars . Two purebred animals of different breeds produce a crossbreed , and crossbred plants are called hybrids . Flowers , vegetables and fruit - trees may be bred by amateurs and commercial or non - commercial professionals : major crops are usually the provenance of the professionals . Within evolutionary ___MASK71___ , signalling theory is a body of theoretical work examining communication between individuals , both within species and across species . The central question is when organisms with conflicting interests , such as in ___MASK74___ selection , should be expected to provide honest signals ( no presumption being made of conscious intention ) rather than cheating . Mathematical models describe how signalling can contribute to an evolutionarily stable strategy . Alfred Russel Wallace ( 8 January 1823  7 November 1913 ) was a British naturalist , explorer , geographer , anthropologist , and biologist . He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection ; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin ' s writings in 1858 . This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in " On the Origin of Species ." Wallace did extensive fieldwork , first in the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago , where he identified the faunal divide now termed the Wallace Line , which separates the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts : a ___MASK9___ portion in which the animals are largely of Asian origin , and an eastern portion where the fauna reflect Australasia .