educated_at bruno julliard
The Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), is one of the three public universities of Lyon , France . The dominant areas of study covered by the university are science and ___MASK6___ . The main administrative , teaching and research facilities are located in Villeurbanne . Other campus are the domains of Gerland , Rockefeller and Laennec . Attached to the University are the Hospices civils de Lyon including the " Centre hospitalier Lyon Sud ", which is the largest teaching hospital in the Rhône - Alpes region and second largest in France . Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human culture . In the Middle Ages , the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics , the main area of secular study in universities at the time . ___MASK80___ , the humanities are more frequently contrasted with natural and sometimes social sciences as well as professional training . A contract is a voluntary arrangement between two or more parties that is enforceable by ___MASK86___ as a binding legal agreement . Contract is a branch of the ___MASK86___ of obligations in jurisdictions of the civil ___MASK86___ tradition . Contract ___MASK86___ concerns the rights and duties that arise from agreements . ___MASK86___ is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior . State - enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator , resulting in statutes , by the executive through decrees and regulations , or established by judges through precedent , normally in common ___MASK86___ jurisdictions . Private individuals can create legally binding contracts , including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process . The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution , written or tacit , and the rights encoded therein . The ___MASK86___ shapes politics , economics , history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people . The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain , Scandinavia , Germany , the Netherlands , ___MASK52___ , and France . An epeiric ( or " shelf ") sea on the European continental shelf , it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north . It is more than long and wide , with an area of around . France , officially the French Republic , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi - presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country ' s largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux . A statute is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs a state , city or country . Typically , statutes command or prohibit something , or declare policy . Statutes are rules made by legislative bodies ; they are distinguished from case ___MASK86___ or precedent , which is decided by courts , and regulations issued by government agencies . Statute ___MASK86___ is written by a government ' s legislative body and signed into ___MASK86___ by its executive . Lille is a city in northern France , in French Flanders . On the Deûle River , near France ' s border with ___MASK52___ , it is the capital of the Hauts - de - France region and the prefecture of the Nord department . Rights are legal , social , or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement ; that is , rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people , according to some legal system , social convention , or ethical theory . Rights are of essential importance in such disciplines as ___MASK86___ and ethics , especially theories of justice and deontology . Rights are often considered fundamental to civilization , being regarded as established pillars of society and culture , and the history of social conflicts can be found in the history of each right and its development . According to the " Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ", " rights structure the form of governments , the content of laws , and the shape of morality as it is currently perceived ". A decree is a rule of ___MASK86___ usually issued by a head of state ( such as the president of a republic or a monarch ), according to certain procedures ( usually established in a constitution ). It has the force of ___MASK86___ . The particular term used for this concept may vary from country to country . The " executive orders " made by the President of the United States , for example , are decrees ( although a decree is not exactly an order ). In non - legal English usage , however , the term refers to any authoritarian decision . The euro ( sign : €; code : EUR ) is the official currency of the eurozone , which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union : ___MASK93___ , Belgium , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Spain . The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries , as well as unilaterally by two others , and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe , a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency . Common ___MASK86___ ( also known as case ___MASK86___ or precedent ) is ___MASK86___ developed by judges , courts , and similar tribunals , stated in decisions that nominally decide individual cases but that in addition have precedential effect on future cases . Common ___MASK86___ is a third branch of ___MASK86___ , in contrast to and on equal footing with statutes which are adopted through the legislative process , and regulations which are promulgated by the executive branch . In cases where the parties disagree on what the ___MASK86___ is , a common ___MASK86___ court looks to past precedential decisions of relevant courts . If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past , the court is usually bound to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision ( a principle known as " stare decisis "). If , however , the court finds that the current dispute is fundamentally distinct from all previous cases ( called a " matter of first impression "), judges have the authority and duty to resolve the issue ( one party or the other has to win , and on disagreements of ___MASK86___ , judges make that decision ). Resolution of the issue in one case becomes precedent that binds future courts . " Stare decisis ", the principle that cases should be decided according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar results , lies at the heart of all common ___MASK86___ systems . ___MASK1___ is one of the three universities that comprise the current University of Lyon , having splintered from an older university of the same name , and is primarily based on two campuses in Lyon itself . It has a total of 27 , 500 students studying for three - to - eight - year degrees in the arts , humanities and social sciences . The ___MASK90___ , located in Lyon and Saint - Étienne , France , is a center for higher education and research comprising 16 institutions of higher education . The three main universities in this center are : ___MASK20___ , which focuses upon health and science studies and has approximately 27 , 000 students ; ___MASK1___ , which focuses upon the social sciences and has about 30 , 000 students ; Jean Moulin University Lyon 3 , which focuses upon the humanities and law with about 20 , 000 students . Jurisdiction ( from the Latin " ius , " meaning " ___MASK86___ " and "" meaning " to speak ") is the practical authority granted to a legal body to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility , e . g ., Michigan tax ___MASK86___ . In the federations like USA , areas of jurisdiction apply to local , state , and federal levels ; e . g . the court has jurisdiction to apply federal ___MASK86___ . In legal systems based on common ___MASK86___ , a precedent , or authority , is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts . Common ___MASK86___ legal systems place great value on deciding cases according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar and predictable outcomes , and observance of precedent is the mechanism by which that goal is attained . The principle by which judges are bound to precedents is known as stare decisis . Black ' s ___MASK86___ Dictionary defines " precedent " as a " rule of ___MASK86___ established for the first time by a court for a particular type of case and thereafter referred to in deciding similar cases ." Common ___MASK86___ precedent is a third kind of ___MASK86___ , on equal footing with statutory ___MASK86___ ( statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies ), and Delegated legislation ( in U . K . parlance ) or regulatory ___MASK86___ ( in U . S . parlance ) ( regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies ). Economics (, ) is a social science concerned with the factors that determine the production , distribution , and consumption of goods and services . The term " economics " comes from the Ancient Greek from (', pronounced " eekos ", " house ") and (', " custom " or " ___MASK86___ "), hence " rules of the house ( hold for good management )". ' Political economy ' was the earlier name for the subject , but economists in the late 19th century suggested " economics " as a shorter term for " economic science " to establish itself as a separate discipline outside of political science and other social sciences . Bruno Julliard ( born 9 February 1981 ) is the former chairman of the UNEF , the main student union in France . He studies public ___MASK86___ at the ___MASK90___ . Julliard was born in Le - Puy - en - Velay , Haute - Loire , Auvergne , where his mother , Arlette Arnaud - Landau , is now a Socialist mayor . His stepfather is a Socialist militant , and his grandfather was in the French Resistance during World War II , during which he was shot . Julliard joined UNEF in 1999 . He became the student vice - president of the ___MASK90___ and chairman of the university ' s student union in 2001 . In 2003 , he entered the UNEF National Board . From 2004 to 2006 , he was elected to the National Council for Higher Education and Research ( Conseil National de l ' Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche ) , an advisory body to the French Ministry of Education . Since July 2005 , he has been the leader of the Majorité Nationale fraction and , therefore , chairman of the UNEF . He was among the protesting student leaders during the enormous social movement of 2005 against the CPE ___MASK86___ . Before being elected chairman of the UNEF , Julliard was a local branch leader of the French Young Socialist Movement ( Mouvement des Jeunes Socialistes ) and Socialist Party . In 2011 , Julliard came out as gay . A republic ( from ) is a sovereign state , country , or government which is organized with a form of government in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power according to the rule of ___MASK86___ . In modern times , the definition of a republic commonly refers to a government which excludes a monarch . Currently , 147 of the world ' s 206 sovereign states use the word " republic " as part of their official names ; not all of these are republics in the sense of having elected governments , nor do all nations with elected governments use the word " republic " in their names .