occupation henry maundrell
Israel , officially known as the State of Israel , is a country in the Middle East , on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West ___MASK99___ and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel ' s financial and technology center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state ' s sovereignty over the city of Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized . The araB gene ___MASK63___ is a bacterial ___MASK63___ , activated by e L - arabinose binding . The Ottoman Empire ('; Modern Turkish : ' or '), also known as the Turkish Empire , Ottoman Turkey , was an empire founded at the end of the thirteenth century in northwestern Anatolia in the vicinity of Bilecik and Söüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal ___MASK23___ Osman . After 1354 , the Ottomans crossed into Europe , and with the conquest of the Balkans the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire . The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror . Lebanon , officially known as the Lebanese Republic , is a ___MASK65___ state in Western Asia . It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south , while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea . Lebanon ' s location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity . At just 10 , 452 km ( 4 , 036 sq . mi .), it is the smallest recognized country on the entire mainland Asian continent . Jerusalem , is a city located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea . One of the oldest cities in the world , Jerusalem was named as "" Urusalima "" on ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets , probably meaning " City of Shalem " after a Canaanite deity , during the early Canaanite period ( approximately 2400 BCE ). During the Israelite period , significant ___MASK16___ activity in Jerusalem began in the 9th century BCE ( Iron Age II ), and in the 8th century the city developed into the ___MASK92___ and administrative center of the Kingdom of Judah . It is considered a holy city in the three major Abrahamic religions of Judaism , Christianity and Islam . Holy city is a term applied to many cities , all of them central to the history or faith of specific religions . Such cities may also contain at least one headquarters complex ( often containing a ___MASK92___ edifice , seminary , shrine , residence of the leading ___MASK97___ of the religion and / or chambers of the ___MASK92___ leadership ' s offices ) which constitutes a major destination of human traffic , or pilgrimage to the city , especially for major ceremonies and observances . A holy city is a symbolic city , representing attributes beyond its natural characteristics . Marketing experts have suggested that holy cities may be the oldest brands , and more specifically , place brands because they have value added via the perception of ___MASK92___ adherents . The Gregorian mission or Augustinian mission was sent by Pope Gregory the Great in 596 to convert Britain ' s Anglo - Saxons . Headed by Augustine of Canterbury , by the death of the last ___MASK18___ in 635 the mission had established Christianity in southern Britain . Along with the Irish and Frankish missions it converted other parts of Britain as well and influenced the Hiberno - Scottish missions to Continental Europe . The ___MASK98___ of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal ___MASK23___ of the Church of England , the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the ___MASK93___ of the Diocese of Canterbury . The current archbishop is Justin Welby . His enthronement took place at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013 . Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury , the " Apostle to the English ", sent from Rome in the year 597 . Welby succeeded Rowan Williams . Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn ( for ) and atomic number 50 , is a post - transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table . It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite , which contains tin dioxide , SnO . Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14 , germanium and lead , and has two main oxidation states , + 2 and the slightly more stable + 4 . Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has , with 10 stable isotopes , the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table , thanks to its ___MASK60___ number of protons . It has two main allotropes : at room temperature , the stable allotrope is  - tin , a silvery - white , malleable metal , but at low temperatures it transforms into the less dense grey  - tin , which has the diamond cubic structure . Metallic tin is not easily oxidized in air . Iraq (, or ; '; '), officially known as the Republic of Iraq ('; ') is a country in Western Asia , bordered by Turkey to the north , Iran to the east , Kuwait to the southeast , Saudi Arabia to the south , Jordan to the southwest , and Syria to the west . The capital , and largest city , is Baghdad . The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds ; others include Assyrians , Turkmen , Shabakis , Yazidis , Armenians , Mandeans , Circassians , and Kawliya . Around 95 % of the country ' s 36 million citizens are Muslims , with Christianity , Yarsan , Yezidism , and Mandeanism also present . The ___MASK70___ languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish . Abraham ( Avraham ), originally Abram , is the first of the three patriarchs of Judaism . His story features in the holy texts of all the Abrahamic religions and Abraham plays a prominent role as an example of faith in Judaism , Christianity , and ___MASK94___ . Augustine of Canterbury ( first third of the 6th century  probably 26 May 604 ) was a Benedictine ___MASK82___ who became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in the year 597 . He is considered the " Apostle to the English " and a ___MASK39___ of the English Church . Jordan ('), officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ('), is an Arab kingdom in Western Asia , on the East ___MASK99___ of the Jordan River . Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the east and south , Iraq to the north - east , Syria to the north , Israel , Palestine and the Dead Sea to the west and the Red Sea in its extreme south - west . Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia , Africa and Europe . The capital , Amman , is Jordan ' s most populous city as well as the country ' s economic , political and cultural centre . Judaism ( from , derived from Greek , originally from Hebrew , " Yehudah ", " Judah "; in Hebrew : , " Yahadut ", the distinctive characteristics of the Judean ethnos ) encompasses the ___MASK68___ , philosophy , culture and way of life of the Jewish people . Judaism is an ancient monotheistic ___MASK68___ , with the Torah as its foundational text ( part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible ), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud . Judaism is considered by ___MASK92___ Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship that God established with the Children of Israel . With between 14 . 5 and 17 . 4 million adherents worldwide , Judaism is the tenth - largest ___MASK68___ in the world . London is the capital and most populous city of England and the ___MASK95___ , as well as the most populous city proper in the European Union . Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . It was founded by the Romans , who named it " Londinium ". London ' s ancient core , the City of London , largely retains its medieval boundaries . Since at least the 19th century , " London " has also referred to the metropolis around this core , historically split between Middlesex , Essex , Surrey , Kent , and Hertfordshire , which today largely makes up Greater London , governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . A Christian ( or ) is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity , an Abrahamic , monotheistic ___MASK68___ based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ . " Christian " derives from the Koine Greek word " Christós " (  ), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term " mashiach ". Easter , also called Pascha "( Greek / Latin )" or Resurrection Sunday , is a festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead , described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial after his crucifixion by Romans at Calvary 30 AD . It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus , preceded by Lent ( or Great Lent ), a forty - day period of fasting , prayer , and penance . Syria , officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (""), is a country in Western Asia , bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west , Turkey to the north , Iraq to the east , Jordan to the south , and Israel to the southwest . Syria ' s capital and largest city is Damascus . The Kingdom of Judah (" Mamlekhet Yehudh ") was an Iron Age kingdom of the Southern Levant . The Hebrew Bible depicts it as the successor to a United Monarchy , but historians are divided about the veracity of this account . In the 10th and early 9th centuries BCE the territory of Judah appears to have been sparsely populated , limited to small rural settlements , most of them unfortified . Jerusalem , the kingdom ' s capital , likely did not emerge as a significant administrative centre until the end of the 8th century , ___MASK1___ to this archaeological evidence suggests its population was too small to sustain a viable kingdom . In the 7th century its population increased greatly , prospering under Assyrian vassalage ( despite Hezekiah ' s revolt against the Assyrian ___MASK64___ Sennacherib ), but in 605 the Assyrian Empire was defeated , and the ensuing competition between the Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt and the Neo - Babylonian Empire for control of the Eastern Mediterranean led to the destruction of the kingdom in a series of campaigns between 597 and 582 , the deportation of the elite of the community , and the incorporation of Judah into a province of the Neo - Babylonian Empire . A holiday is a day set aside by custom or by law on which normal activities , especially business or work , are suspended or reduced . Generally , holidays are intended to allow individuals to celebrate or commemorate an event or tradition of cultural or ___MASK92___ significance . Holidays may be designated by governments , ___MASK92___ institutions , or other groups or organizations . The degree to which normal activities are reduced by a holiday may depend on local laws , customs , the type of job being held or even personal choices . Henry Maundrell ( 1665 -- 1701 ) was an academic at Oxford University and later a Church of England clergyman who served from 20 December 1695 as chaplain to the Levant Company in Syria . His Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter A . D . 1697 ( Oxford , 1703 ) , which had its origins in the diary he carried with him on his Easter pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1697 , has become an often reprinted `` minor travel classic . '' It was included in compilations of travel accounts from the mid - 18th century , and was translated into three additional languages : French ( 1705 ) , Dutch ( 1717 ) and German ( 1792 ) . By 1749 , the seventh edition was printed . The New Testament ( Koine Greek :    , " H Kain Diathk ") is the second ___MASK5___ part of the Christian biblical ___MASK31___ , the first part being the Old Testament , based on the Hebrew Bible . The New Testament discusses the teachings and person of Jesus , as well as events in first - century Christianity . Christians regard both the Old and New Testaments together as sacred scripture . The New Testament ( in whole or in part ) has frequently accompanied the spread of Christianity around the world . It reflects and serves as a source for Christian theology and morality . Both extended readings and phrases directly from the New Testament are also incorporated ( along with readings from the Old Testament ) into the various Christian liturgies . The New Testament has influenced ___MASK92___ , philosophical , and political movements in Christendom and left an indelible mark on literature , art , and music . In geology and earth ___MASK19___ , a plateau ( or ; plural plateaus or plateaux ), also called a high plain or tableland , is an area of highland , usually consisting of relatively flat terrain that is raised significantly above the surrounding area , often with one or more sides with steep slopes . The Levant Company was an English chartered company formed in 1592 . Its initial charter , awarded on 11 September 1581 , was good for seven years . It was granted to Edward Osborne , Richard Staper , Thomas Smith and William Garret with the purpose of regulating English trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Levant . The Company remained in continuous existence until being superseded in 1825 . A ___MASK21___ of the Company was known as a Turkey ___MASK86___ . Its charter was approved by Elizabeth I of England as a result of the merger between the Venice Company ( 1583 ) and the Turkey Company ( 1581 ), following the expiration of their charters , as she was anxious to maintain trade and political alliances with the Ottoman Empire . Aleppo (/ ALA - LC : "") is a city in Syria , serving as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate , the most populous Syrian governorate . With an ___MASK70___ population of 2 , 132 , 100 ( 2004 census ), Aleppo was the largest Syrian city before the Syrian Civil War ; however , now Aleppo is likely the second - largest city in Syria after the capital Damascus . Christianity is a monotheistic ___MASK68___ based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ , who serves as the focal point for the ___MASK68___ . It is the world ' s largest ___MASK68___ , with over 2 . 4 billion followers , or 33 % of the global population , known as Christians . Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah ( the Christ ) was prophesied in the Old Testament . ___MASK94___ (' ;) is a ___MASK68___ articulated by the Quran , a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God ('), and , for the vast majority of adherents , the teachings and normative example ( called the " sunnah ", composed of accounts called " hadith ") of Muhammad ( 570  8 June 632 CE ). It is the world ' s second - largest ___MASK68___ and the fastest - growing ___MASK5___ ___MASK68___ in the world , with over 1 . 7 billion followers or 23 % of the global population , known as Muslims . ___MASK94___ is an Abrahamic monotheistic ___MASK68___ that upholds that God is one and incomparable and that the purpose of existence is to worship God . Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last prophet of God . The Judaean Mountains or Judaean Hills (" Harei Yehuda ", " Jibal Al Khalil "), is a ___MASK10___ range in Israel and the West Bank where Jerusalem and several other biblical cities are located . The mountains reach a height of . The Judean Mountains can be separated to a number of sub - regions , including the Mount Hebron ridge , the Jerusalem ridge and the Judean slopes . These mountains formed the heartland of the Kingdom of Judah , where the earliest Jewish settlements emerged . The English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church . These events were , in part , associated with the wider process of the European Protestant Reformation , a ___MASK92___ and political movement that affected the practice of Christianity across all of Europe during this period . Many factors contributed to the process : the decline of feudalism and the rise of nationalism , the rise of the common law , the invention of the printing press and increased circulation of the Bible , and the transmission of new knowledge and ideas among scholars , the upper and middle classes and readers in general . However , the various phases of the English Reformation , which also covered Wales and Ireland , were largely driven by changes in government policy , to which public opinion gradually accommodated itself . The resurrection of Jesus is the Christian ___MASK92___ belief that , after being put to death , Jesus rose again from the dead . It is the central tenet of Christian theology and part of the Nicene Creed : " On the third day he rose again in accordance with the Scriptures ". Abrahamic religions , emphasizing and tracing their common origin to the tribal ___MASK37___ Abraham or recognizing a spiritual tradition identified with him , are one of the ___MASK5___ divisions in comparative religion ( along with Indian , Iranian , and East Asian religions ). Judaism , Christianity and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents . England is a country that is part of the ___MASK95___ . It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west . The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five - eighths of the island of Great Britain ( which lies in the North Atlantic ) in its centre and south ; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly , and the Isle of Wight . Elizabeth I ( 7 September 1533  24 March 1603 ) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death . Sometimes called The Virgin Queen , Gloriana or Good Queen Bess , the childless Elizabeth was the last ___MASK9___ of the Tudor dynasty . Venice (; ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region . It is situated across a group of 117 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by bridges . These are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon , an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers . Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings , their ___MASK62___ , and artwork . The lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site . The Church of England ( C of E ) is the Anglican Christian state church of England . Headed by the ___MASK98___ of Canterbury ( currently Justin Welby ) and primarily governed from London with the ___MASK9___ as the supreme ___MASK48___ , the Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . The church dates its formal establishment as a national church to the 6th - century Gregorian mission in Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury , with considerable features introduced and established during and following the English Reformation in the 16th century . Lent ( Latin : Quadragesima : " Fortieth ") is a solemn ___MASK92___ observance in the liturgical calendar that begins on Ash Wednesday and ends approximately six weeks later , before Easter Sunday . The purpose of Lent is the preparation of the believer through prayer , doing penance , repentance of sins , almsgiving , atonement , and self - denial . This event is observed by Christians in the Anglican , Eastern Orthodox , Lutheran , Methodist , and Roman Catholic Churches . Some Anabaptist and evangelical churches also observe the Lenten season . Its institutional purpose is heightened in the annual commemoration of Holy Week , marking the death , burial , and resurrection of Jesus , which recalls the tradition and events of the New Testament beginning on Friday of Sorrows , further climaxing on Jesus ' crucifixion on Good Friday , which ultimately culminates in the joyful celebration on Easter Sunday of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ . Damascus (' ) is the capital and likely the largest city of Syria , following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the ongoing battle for the city . It is commonly known in Syria as " ash - Sham " (') and nicknamed as the " City of Jasmine " (""). In addition to being one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world , Damascus is a ___MASK5___ cultural and ___MASK92___ centre of the Levant . The city has an estimated population of 1 , 711 , 000 . Justin Portal Welby ( born 6 January 1956 ) is the 105th ___MASK98___ of Canterbury and the most senior bishop in the Church of England . Welby was the ___MASK84___ of Southam , Warwickshire , and most recently was the Bishop of Durham , serving for just over a year . As ___MASK98___ of Canterbury he is the Primate of All England and the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion .