instance_of physical address
In mathematical ___MASK23___ systems , the radix or ___MASK99___ is the number of unique digits , including zero , used to represent numbers in a positional ___MASK23___ system . For example , for the decimal system ( the most common system in use today ) the radix is ten , because it uses the ten digits from 0 through 9 . A ___MASK14___ engineer is a person who applies the principles of ___MASK14___ engineering to the design , development , maintenance , testing , and evaluation of the ___MASK14___ and systems that make computers or anything containing ___MASK14___ work . In computing , a physical address ( also real address , or binary address ) , is a memory address that is represented in the form of a binary ___MASK18___ on the address ___MASK15___ circuitry in order to enable the data ___MASK15___ to access a particular storage cell of main memory , or a register of memory mapped I / O device . ___MASK59___ is the ___MASK97___ of mathematics and scientific , economic , social , and practical knowledge in order to invent , innovate , design , build , maintain , research , and improve structures , machines , tools , systems , components , materials , processes , solutions , and organizations . ___MASK14___ engineering ( SWE ) is the ___MASK97___ of engineering to the development of software in a systematic method . In computing , memory address is a ___MASK42___ ___MASK75___ used at various levels by ___MASK14___ and hardware to access the computer ' s primary storage memory . Memory addresses are fixed - length sequences of digits conventionally displayed and manipulated as unsigned integers . Such numerical semantic bases itself upon features of CPU ( such as the instruction pointer and incremental address registers ), as well upon use of the memory like an array endorsed by various programming languages . Positional ___MASK8___ or place - value ___MASK8___ is a method of representing or encoding numbers . Positional ___MASK8___ is distinguished from other notations ( such as Roman numerals ) for its use of the same symbol for the different orders of magnitude ( for example , the " ones place ", " tens place ", " hundreds place "). This greatly simplified arithmetic , leading to the rapid spread of the ___MASK8___ across the world . ___MASK12___ is the study of the theory , experimentation , and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers . It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the systematic study of the feasibility , structure , expression , and mechanization of the methodical procedures ( or algorithms ) that underlie the acquisition , representation , processing , storage , communication of , and access to information . An alternate , more succinct definition of ___MASK12___ is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale . A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems . ___MASK86___ is that which informs . In other words , it is the answer to a question of some kind . It is thus related to ___MASK42___ and knowledge , as ___MASK42___ represents values attributed to parameters , and knowledge signifies ___MASK32___ of real things or abstract concepts . As it regards ___MASK42___ , the information ' s existence is not necessarily coupled to an observer ( it exists beyond an event horizon , for example ), while in the case of knowledge , the information requires a cognitive observer . ___MASK44___ ( from Greek  " máthma ",  knowledge , study , learning ) is the study of topics such as quantity ( numbers ), ___MASK34___ , space , and change . There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics . An address ___MASK15___ is a computer ___MASK15___ ( a series of lines connecting two or more devices ) that is used to specify a physical address . When a processor or DMA - enabled device needs to read or write to a memory location , it specifies that memory location on the address ___MASK15___ ( the value to be read or written is sent on the data ___MASK15___ ). The width of the address ___MASK15___ determines the amount of memory a ___MASK55___ can address . For example , a ___MASK55___ with a 32 - bit address ___MASK15___ can address 2 ( 4 , 294 , 967 , 296 ) memory locations . If each memory location holds one byte , the addressable memory space is 4 GB . A ___MASK65___ ___MASK39___ is a formal ___MASK68___ designed to communicate instructions to a ___MASK28___ , particularly a computer . Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the ___MASK49___ of a ___MASK28___ or to express algorithms . In ___MASK44___ and ___MASK12___ , an algorithm is a self - contained sequence of actions to be performed . Algorithms perform calculation , data processing , and / or automated reasoning tasks . A ___MASK62___ is a device that can be instructed to carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically . The ability of computers to follow a sequence of operations , called a " program ", make computers very flexible and useful . Such computers are used as control systems for a very wide ___MASK2___ of industrial and consumer devices . This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls , factory devices such as industrial robots and ___MASK62___ assisted ___MASK78___ , but also in general purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones . The ___MASK83___ is run on computers and it connects millions of other computers . Computing is any ___MASK7___ - oriented activity requiring , benefiting from , or creating a mathematical sequence of steps known as an algorithm  e . g . through computers . Computing includes designing , developing and building hardware and software systems ; processing , structuring , and managing various kinds of information ; doing scientific research on and with computers ; making computer systems behave intelligently ; and creating and using communications and entertainment media . The field of computing includes computer engineering , software engineering , ___MASK12___ , information systems , and information technology . Digital ___MASK74___ or digital ( electronic ) circuits are ___MASK74___ that handle digital signals ( discrete bands of analog levels ) rather than by continuous ranges as used in analog ___MASK74___ . All levels within a band of values represent the same information state . Because of this discretization , relatively small changes to the analog signal levels due to manufacturing tolerance , signal attenuation or noise do not leave the discrete envelope , and as a result are ignored by signal state sensing circuitry . The bit is a basic ___MASK11___ in computing and digital communications . A bit can have only one of two values , and may therefore be physically implemented with a two - state device . These values are most commonly represented as either a . The term " bit " is a portmanteau of binary digit . In ___MASK73___ , the bit is equivalent to the unit " shannon ", named after Claude Shannon . ___MASK62___ ___MASK14___ , or simply ___MASK14___ , is that part of a computer system that consists of encoded information or computer instructions , in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built . In ___MASK44___ and digital ___MASK74___ , a binary number is a number expressed in the binary ___MASK47___ or ___MASK99___ - 2 ___MASK47___ which represents numeric values using two different symbols : typically 0 ( zero ) and 1 ( one ). The ___MASK99___ - 2 system is a positional notation with a radix of 2 . Because of its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates , the binary system is used internally by almost all modern computers and computer - based devices . Each digit is referred to as a bit . ___MASK62___ engineering is a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and ___MASK12___ required to develop ___MASK1___ and software . ___MASK62___ engineers usually have training in electronic engineering ( or electrical engineering ), software design , and hardware - software integration instead of only software engineering or electronic engineering . ___MASK62___ engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects of computing , from the design of individual microcontrollers , microprocessors , personal computers , and supercomputers , to circuit design . This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work , but also how they integrate into the larger picture .