occupation peter of bruys
Jesus (; c . 4 BC  c . AD 30 / 33 ), also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ , was a Jewish ___MASK21___ and ___MASK25___ who became the central figure of Christianity . Christians believe him to be the Son of God and the awaited Messiah ( Christ ) prophesied in the Old Testament . Virtually all modern scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed historically , although the quest for the historical Jesus has produced little agreement on the historical reliability of the Gospels and on how closely the biblical Jesus reflects the historical Jesus . Jesus was a Galilean Jew who was baptized by John the Baptist and subsequently began his own ministry , preaching his message orally and often being referred to as " rabbi ". He was arrested and tried by the Jewish authorities , and was crucified by the order of Pontius Pilate , the Roman prefect . Jesus debated fellow Jews on how to best follow God , performed healings , taught in parables and gathered followers . After his death , his followers believed he rose from the dead , and the community they formed eventually became the Christian Church . The noun heresiarch ( also hæresiarch , according to the " Oxford English Dictionary "; from Greek : , " hairesiárkhs " via the late Latin " haeresiarcha ") is used to refer both to the originator of heretical doctrine , and to the ___MASK98___ of a sect that sustains such a doctrine . For example , according to Catholic doctrine , the founders of Protestantism , such as Martin Luther and John Calvin , were classed as heresiarchs as well as schismatics . According to Orthodox doctrine , the Pope of Rome is likewise a heresiarch . Peter the Venerable ( c . 1092  25 December 1156 ), also known as Peter of Montboissier , ___MASK44___ of the Benedictine abbey of Cluny , was born to Blessed Raingarde in Auvergne , France . He has been honored as a ___MASK13___ but has never been formally canonized . The Catholic Church ' s " Martyrologium Romanum ", issued by the Holy See in 2004 regards him as a Blessed . Transubstantiation ( in Latin , " transsubstantiatio ", in Greek  metousiosis ) is , according to the teaching of the Catholic Church , the change of substance by which the bread and the wine offered in the sacrifice of the sacrament of the Eucharist during the Mass , become , in reality , the body and blood of Jesus the Christ . The Catholic Church , also known as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with more than 1 . 27 billion members worldwide . As one of the oldest ___MASK53___ institutions in the world , it has played a prominent role in the history of Western civilisation . Headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope , its doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments . Peter of Bruys ( also known as Pierre De Bruys or Peter de Bruis ; fl . 1117 -- c . 1131 ) was a popular French ___MASK53___ teacher , who is called a heresiarch ( leader of a heretical movement ) by the Roman Catholic Church because he criticized infant baptism , opposed the erecting of churches and the veneration of crosses , opposed the doctrine of transubstantiation , and denied the efficacy of prayers for the dead . An angry mob killed him in or around the year 1131 . Information concerning Peter of Bruys is derived from two extant sources , the treatise of Peter the Venerable against his followers and from a passage written by Peter Abelard . Hautes - Alpes is a department in southeastern France named after the Alps ___MASK22___ range . France , officially the French Republic , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi - presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country ' s largest city and main cultural and ___MASK17___ centre . Other ___MASK9___ urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux . Martin Luther ( 10 November 1483  18 February 1546 ), O . S . A ., was a German ___MASK38___ of theology , ___MASK2___ , ___MASK76___ , ___MASK36___ and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation . Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church . He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God ' s punishment for sin could be purchased with money , proposing an ___MASK91___ discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his " Ninety - five Theses " of 1517 . His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman ___MASK8___ Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the ___MASK8___ . A ___MASK13___ , also historically known as a hallow , is a term used for a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness or likeness to God . Depending on the context and denomination , the term also retains its original Christian meaning , as any believer who is " in Christ " and in whom Christ dwells , whether in Heaven or on Earth . In Anglican , Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Lutheran , and Oriental Orthodox doctrine , all of their faithful deceased in Heaven are considered to be saints , but some are considered worthy of greater honor or emulation ; official ecclesiastical recognition , and consequently veneration , is given to some saints through the process of canonization in the Catholic Church or glorification in the Eastern Orthodox Church . John Calvin (; born : 10 July 150927 May 1564 ) was an influential French ___MASK52___ and pastor during the Protestant Reformation . He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism , aspects of which include the doctrines of predestination and of the absolute sovereignty of God in salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation , in which doctrines Calvin was influenced by and elaborated upon the Augustinian and other early Christian traditions . Various Congregational , Reformed , and Presbyterian churches , which look to Calvin as the chief expositor of their beliefs , have spread throughout the world . The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) is a descriptive dictionary of the English language , published by the Oxford University Press . It traces the historical development of the English language , providing a comprehensive resource to scholars and ___MASK91___ researchers , as well as describing usage in its many variations throughout the world . The second edition came to 21 , 728 pages in 20 volumes , published in 1989 . The Holy See is the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome , the episcopal see of the Pope , and an independent ___MASK63___ entity . It serves as the central point of reference for the Catholic Church everywhere and the focal point of communion due to its position as the pre - eminent episcopal see of the universal church . It traces its origin to the 1st century during the apostolic era , when ___MASK13___ Peter arrived in Rome to evangelise and formed a significant early Christian community of believers there . Today , it is responsible for the governance of all Catholics , organised in their Particular Churches , Patriarchates and religious institutes . Bruis is a commune in the Hautes - Alpes department in southeastern France .