country_of_citizenship shoshenq c
The Times is a ___MASK37___ daily ( Monday to Saturday ) national newspaper based in London , ___MASK91___ . It began in 1785 under the title , adopting its current name on 1 January 1788 . " The Times " and its sister paper " The Sunday Times " ( founded in 1821 ) are published by Times Newspapers , since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK , itself wholly owned by News Corp . " The Times " and " The Sunday Times " do not share editorial staff , were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 . Upper ___MASK64___ (', shortened to ' ) is the strip of land on both sides of the Nile that extends between Nubia and downriver ( northwards ) to Lower ___MASK64___ . Titkheperure or Tyetkheperre Psusennes II < nowiki >[</ nowiki > Greek  < nowiki >]</ nowiki > or Hor - Pasebakhaenniut II < nowiki >[</ nowiki > Egyptian " r - p3 - sb3 -  -< n >- nwt "< nowiki >]</ nowiki >, was the last king of the Twenty - first dynasty of ___MASK64___ . His royal name means " Image of the transformations of Re " in Egyptian . Psusennes II is often considered the same person as the High - Priest of Amun known as Psusennes III . The Egyptologist Karl Jansen - Winkeln notes that an important graffito from the Temple of Abydos contains the complete titles of a king " Tyetkheperre Setepenre Pasebakhaenniut Meryamun " " who is simultaneously called the HPA ( i . e ., High Priest of Amun ) and supreme military commander ." This suggests that Psusennes was both king at Tanis and the High Priest in ___MASK99___ at the same time , meaning he did not resign his office as High Priest of Amun during his reign . The few contemporary attestations from his reign include the aforementioned graffito in Seti I ' s Abydos temple , an ostracon from Umm el - Qa ' ab , an affiliation at Karnak and his presumed burial  which consists of a gilded coffin with a royal uraeus and a Mummy , found in an antechamber of Psusennes I ' s tomb at Tanis . He was a High Priest of Amun at ___MASK99___ and the son of Pinedjem II and Istemkheb . His daughter Maatkare B was the Great Royal Wife of Osorkon I . Thutmose I ( sometimes read as " Thothmes ," " Thutmosis " or " Tuthmosis I ", meaning " Thoth - Born ") was the third pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of ___MASK64___ . He received the throne after the death of the previous king , Amenhotep I . During his reign , he campaigned deep into the Levant and Nubia , pushing the borders of ___MASK64___ farther than ever before . He also built many temples in ___MASK64___ , and a tomb for himself in the Valley of the Kings ; he is the first king confirmed to have done this ( though Amenhotep I may have preceded him ). Psusennes III was the High Priest of Amun at ___MASK99___ ( 976 BC  943 BC ) at the end of the 21st Dynasty . Little is known of this individual ; he is thought by some to be the same person as ( King ) Psusennes II . His name appears on a document found at the ' mummy cache ' DB320 which describes him as a son of the High Priest Pinedjem II . This makes him a possible candidate for Psusennes II because Pinedjem II died in Year 10 of Siamun , who was the immediate predecessor of this Pharaoh . The Nile ( " en - Nl ", " an - Nl " " P ( h ) iaro "; Ancient Egyptian : "  ' p " and " Iteru "; Biblical Hebrew :  , " Ha - Ye ' or ") is a major north - flowing river in northeastern Africa . It is generally regarded as the longest river in the world , however other conflicting sources cite a 2007 study that gave the title to the Amazon River in South America . The Nile , which is 6 , 853 km ( 4 , 258 miles ) long , is an " international " river as its water resources are shared by eleven countries , namely , ___MASK16___ , ___MASK80___ , ___MASK49___ , Burundi , Congo - Kinshasa , Kenya , Ethiopia , Eritrea , ___MASK22___ , Sudan and Egypt . In particular , the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan . The majority of Egyptologists agree on the outline and many details of the chronology of ___MASK67___ . This scholarly consensus is the so - called Conventional Egyptian chronology , which places the beginning of the Old Kingdom in the 27th century BC , the beginning of the Middle Kingdom in the 21st century BC and the beginning of the New Kingdom in the mid - 16th century BC . The Karnak Temple Complex , commonly known as Karnak , comprises a vast mix of decayed temples , chapels , pylons , and other buildings . Building at the complex began during the reign of Senusret I in the Middle Kingdom and continued into the Ptolemaic period , although most of the extant buildings date from the ___MASK92___ . The area around Karnak was the ancient Egyptian " Ipet - isut " (" The Most Selected of Places ") and the main place of worship of the eighteenth dynasty Theban Triad with the god Amun as its head . It is part of the monumental city of ___MASK99___ . The Karnak complex gives its name to the nearby , and partly surrounded , modern village of El - Karnak , north of Luxor . Nubia is a region along the Nile river located in what is today northern ___MASK81___ and southern Egypt . It was one of the earliest civilizations of ancient Africa , with a history that can be traced from at least 2000 B . C . onward ( through Nubian monuments and artifacts , as well as written records from Egypt and Rome ), and was home to one of the African empires . There were a number of large Nubian kingdoms throughout the Postclassical Era , the last of which collapsed in 1504 , when Nubia became divided between Egypt and the Sennar sultanate , resulting in the Arabization of much of the Nubian population . Nubia was again united within Ottoman Egypt in the 19th century , and within the Kingdom of Egypt from 1899 to 1956 . ___MASK67___ was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa , concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt . It is one of six civilizations to arise independently . Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3150 BC ( according to conventional Egyptian chronology ) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh Narmer ( commonly referred to as Menes ). The history of ___MASK67___ occurred in a series of stable kingdoms , separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods : the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age , the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age . Egyptology ( from " ___MASK64___ " and Greek , "- logia ". ) is the study of ancient Egyptian history , language , literature , religion , architecture and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious practices in the 4th century AD . A practitioner of the discipline is an " Egyptologist ". In Europe , particularly on the Continent , Egyptology is primarily regarded as being a philological discipline , while in North America it is often regarded as a branch of archaeology . Shoshenq C was the eldest son of the 22nd Dynasty pharaoh Osorkon I and queen Maatkare , the daughter of Psusennes II , and served as the High Priest of Amun at ___MASK99___ during his father ' s reign . Consequently , he was the most important official in Upper Egypt after the king himself . He has generally been equated with Heqakheperre Shoshenq II by the English Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen and viewed as a short - lived co - regent to his father based on the Nile God British Museum statue 8 which identifies him as the son of Osorkon I and Queen Maatkare , daughter of Hor - Psusennes but this assumption is unproven . In the statue , Shoshenq C is called `` the Master of the Two Lands '' and the formula `` beloved of Amun '' is enclosed within a royal cartouche . However , in the text of the statue , he is not given a specific throne name or prenomen , the use of a cartouche by a royal prince is attested in other periods of Egyptian history such as that of Amenmes , son of Thutmose I , and the documents depicts Shoshenq C as a simple High Priest of Amun on the side of the legs of the Nile God , rather than a king . In addition , none of Shoshenq C ' s three wives used the title `` King ' s Wife '' in any of their artifacts . More significantly , none of his 3 children ever gave their father a royal title on their own funerary objects such as a Priest Osorkon whose funerary papyri is now in the St Petersburg Museum , or the God ' s Wife Karomama - Merytmut . Finally , as Helen Jacquet - Gordon perceptively notes in her Bi Or 32 ( 1975 ) Book Review of Kenneth Kitchen ' s TIPE book , Shoshenq C ' s third child -- the Priest ( and future king ) Harsiese A does not assign royal titles to his father on a Bes - statue in Durham Museum which he dedicated to his father ' s memory . Instead , Shoshenq C is only `` designated the 1st Prophet of Amun without other ( royal ) titles . '' Hence , Jacquet Gordon ' s observation : if Shoshenq C had even `` the slightest pretensions to royal rank , his son ( Harsiese ) would not have omitted to mention ... ( this ) fact . We must therefore conclude that he ( ie : Shoshenq C ) had no such pretensions . '' All this evidence taken together suggest that the High Priest Shoshenq C was not a king in his own right and is not Shoshenq II , whose Royal tomb was found intact in Tanis . As an aside , king Shoshenq II did not include any mementos or objects which mention Osorkon I within his own tomb . This is an improbable situation if he was indeed a son of this king who predeceased -- and thus was buried by -- his father , Osorkon I . The only other king mentioned by artifacts in Shoshenq II ' s tomb was Shoshenq I . Other Dynasty 22 kings such as Takelot I , employed funerary goods naming their parents , in their own tombs . The High Priest Shoshenq C was probably succeeded in office by Iuwelot , who was also another son of Osorkon I . Shoshenq C ' s son , Harsiese , later ruled over ___MASK99___ and Middle Egypt as king Harsiese A . There is a high degree of academic uncertainty regarding the parentage of Shoshenq II : some scholars today argue that this mid - 50 ' s year old ruler was actually a younger son of Shoshenq I due to the discovery of items naming the founder of the 22nd Dynasty in his royal Tanite tomb such as `` a pectoral of the great chief of the Ma Shoshenq A , and a bracelet of Shoshenq I . '' Karl Jansen - Winkeln concludes thus : `` The commonly assumed identification of this king with the ( earlier ) HP and son of Osorkon I does not appear to be very probable . '' Other scholars including Jürgen von Beckerath and Norbert Dautzenberg view the High Priest Shoshenq C as an entirely separate ruler who ruled over ___MASK99___ and Upper Egypt as king Maatkheperre Shoshenq ; this Libyan Pharaoh had statue Cairo CG 42192 rededicated and reinscribed . They consequently distinguish him entirely from king Heqakheperre Shoshenq II at Tanis . The Twenty - First , Twenty - Second , Twenty - Third , Twenty - Fourth , and Twenty - Fifth Dynasties of ___MASK67___ are often combined under the group title , Third Intermediate Period . Pinedjem II was a High Priest of Amun at ___MASK99___ in ___MASK67___ from 990 BC to 969 BC and was the " de facto " ruler of the south of the country . He was married to his sister Isetemkheb D ( both children of Menkheperre , the High Priest of Amun at ___MASK99___ , by Isetemkheb ) and also to his niece Nesikhons , the daughter of his brother Smendes II . He succeeded Smendes II , who had a short rule . The son of Shoshenq I and his chief consort , Karomat A , Osorkon I was the second king of ___MASK64___ ' s 22nd Dynasty and ruled around 922 BC  887 BC . He succeeded his father Shoshenq I who probably died within a year of his successful 923 BC campaign against the kingdoms of Israel and Judah . Osorkon I ' s reign is known for many temple building projects and was a long and prosperous period of ___MASK64___ ' s History . His highest known date is a " Year 33 Second Heb Sed " inscription found on the bandage of Nakhtefmut ' s Mummy which held a bracelet inscribed with Osorkon I ' s praenomen : " Sekhemkheperre ". This date can only belong to Osorkon I since no other early Dynasty 22 king ruled for close to 30 years until the time of Osorkon II . Other mummy linens which belong to his reign include three separate bandages dating to his Regnal Years 11 , 12 , and 23 on the mummy of Khonsmaakheru in Berlin . The bandages are anonymously dated but definitely belong to his reign because Khonsmaakheru wore leather bands that contained a " menat - tab " naming Osorkon I . Secondly , no other king who ruled around Osorkon I ' s reign had a 23rd Regnal Year including Shoshenq I who died just before the beginning of his Year 22 . Lower ___MASK64___ ("") is the northernmost region of ___MASK64___ : the fertile Nile Delta , between Upper ___MASK64___ and the Mediterranean Sea  from El Aiyat , south of modern - day Cairo , and Dahshur . Hedjkheperre Setepenre Shoshenq I ( Egyptian " ššnq "), ( reigned c . 943 - 922 BCE )  also known as Sheshonk or Sheshonq I ( for discussion of the spelling , see Shoshenq )  was a pharaoh of ___MASK67___ and the founder of the Twenty - second Dynasty . Of ancient Libyan ( Meshwesh - Berber ) ancestry , Shoshenq I was the son of Nimlot A , Great Chief of the Ma , and his wife Tentshepeh A , a daughter of a Great Chief of the Ma herself . He is presumed to be the Shishaq mentioned in the Hebrew Bible , and his exploits are carved on the Bubastite Portal at Karnak . Heqakheperre Shoshenq II or Shoshenq IIa was a pharaoh of the 22nd dynasty of ___MASK64___ . He was the only ruler of this Dynasty whose tomb was not plundered by tomb robbers . His final resting place was discovered within an antechamber of Psusennes I ' s tomb at Tanis by Pierre Montet in 1939 . Montet removed the coffin lid of Shoshenq II on March 20 , 1939 , in the presence of king Farouk of ___MASK64___ himself . It proved to contain a large number of jewel - encrusted bracelets and pectorals , along with a beautiful hawkheaded silver coffin and a gold funerary mask . The gold facemask had been placed upon the head of the king . Montet later discovered the intact tombs of two Dynasty 21 kings  Psusennes I and Amenemope a year later in February and April 1940 respectively . Shoshenq II ' s prenomen , Heqakheperre Setepenre , means " The manifestation of Ra rules , the chosen one of Ra ." Usermaatre Setepenamun Osorkon II was the fifth pharaoh of the Twenty - second Dynasty of ___MASK67___ and the son of Takelot I and Queen Kapes . He ruled Egypt around 872 BC to 837 BC from Tanis , the capital of this Dynasty . After succeeding his father , he was faced with the competing rule of his cousin , king Harsiese A , who controlled both Thebes and the Western Oasis of Egypt . Osorkon feared the serious challenge posed by Harsiese ' s kingship to his authority but , when Harsiese conveniently died in 860 BC , Osorkon II ensured that this problem would not recur by appointing his own son Nimlot C as the next High Priest of Amun at Thebes . This consolidated the pharaoh ' s authority over Upper Egypt and meant that Osorkon II ruled over a united Egypt . Osorkon II ' s reign would be a time of large scale monumental building and prosperity for Egypt . Pharaoh is the common title of the monarchs of ___MASK67___ from the First Dynasty ( c . 3150 ) until the Macedonian conquest in 305 BC , although the actual term " Pharaoh " was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until circa 1200 BCE . King Farouk (" Frq al - Awwal ", 11 February 1920  18 March 1965 ) was the tenth ruler of ___MASK64___ from the Muhammad Ali Dynasty and the penultimate King of ___MASK64___ and the ___MASK81___ , succeeding his father , Fuad I , in 1936 . ___MASK64___ (; ', , " Kimi "), officially the Arab Republic of ___MASK64___ , is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . ___MASK64___ is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba to the east , the Red Sea to the east and south , ___MASK81___ to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies ___MASK76___ , and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia , although ___MASK76___ and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with ___MASK64___ . It is the world ' s only contiguous Afrasian nation . The University of Liverpool is a public university based in the city of Liverpool , ___MASK91___ . A member of the elite Russell Group of research - intensive universities , it was founded as a college in 1881 and gained its royal charter in 1903 with the ability to award degrees and is also known to be one of the six original " red brick " civic universities . It comprises three faculties organised into 35 departments and schools . It is a founding member of the Russell Group , the N8 Group for research collaboration and the University Management school is AACSB accredited . Kenneth Anderson Kitchen ( born in 1932 ) is a ___MASK37___ Bible scholar , Ancient Near Eastern historian , and Personal and Brunner Professor Emeritus of Egyptology and Honorary Research Fellow at the School of Archaeology , Classics and Egyptology , University of Liverpool , ___MASK91___ . He is one of the leading experts on the ancient Egyptian Ramesside Period ( i . e ., Dynasties 19 - 20 ), and the Third Intermediate Period , as well as ancient Egyptian chronology , having written over 250 books and journal articles on these and other subjects since the mid - 1950s . He has been described by " The Times " as " the very architect of Egyptian chronology ". Menmaatre Seti I ( or Sethos I as in Greek ) was a pharaoh of the ___MASK92___ Nineteenth Dynasty of ___MASK64___ , the son of Ramesses I and Sitre , and the father of Ramesses II . As with all dates in ___MASK67___ , the actual dates of his reign are unclear , and various historians claim different dates , with 1294 BC to 1279 BC and 1290 BC to 1279 BC being the most commonly used by scholars today . Amenhotep I from Ancient Egyptian " jmn - tp " or " yamnutap " meaning " Amun is satisfied " or Amenophis I from Ancient Greek  , was the second Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of ___MASK64___ . His reign is generally dated from 1526 to 1506 BC . He was a son of Ahmose I and Ahmose - Nefertari , but had at least two elder brothers , Ahmose - ankh and Ahmose Sapair , and was not expected to inherit the throne . However , sometime in the eight years between Ahmose I ' s 17th regnal year and his death , his heir apparent died and Amenhotep became crown prince . He then acceded to the throne and ruled for about 21 years . The Valley of the Kings , the " Valley of the Gates of the Kings ", is a valley in ___MASK64___ where , for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC , tombs were constructed for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom ( the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasties of ___MASK67___ ).