occupation fielding clarke
The ___MASK25___ is Fiji ' s highest judicial officer . The office and its responsibilities are set out in Chapter 5 of the 2013 Constitution of Fiji . The ___MASK25___ is appointed by the President on the advice of the ___MASK11___ , who is required by the Constitution to consult the Attorney - General ( Section 106 - 1 ). Under the previous 1997 Constitution , the ___MASK11___ was required to consult with the Leader of the Opposition . The appointment is permanent , until the ___MASK25___ reaches the age of 75 years ( Section 110 - 1 ). The Supreme Court of Pakistan ( SC ) (" Adlat - e - Uzma Pkistn ") is the apex court in the of Pakistan , the final arbiter of legal and constitutional disputes . The Supreme Court has a permanent seat in Islamabad . It also has a number of Branch Registries where cases are heard . The court has a number of " de jure " powers , outlined in the Constitution . Through several periods of ___MASK55___ rule and constitutional suspensions ( see Doctrine of necessity ), the court has also established itself as a " de facto " check on ___MASK55___ power . The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India , the highest constitutional court , with the power of constitutional review . Consisting of the ___MASK25___ of India and 30 other judges , it has extensive powers in the form of original , appellate and advisory jurisdictions . Common law ( also known as case law or precedent ) is law developed by judges , courts , and similar tribunals , stated in decisions that nominally decide individual cases but that in addition have precedential effect on future cases . Common law is a third branch of law , in contrast to and on equal footing with statutes which are adopted through the legislative process , and regulations which are promulgated by the executive branch . In cases where the parties disagree on what the law is , a common law court looks to past precedential decisions of relevant courts . If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past , the court is usually bound to follow the reasoning used in the ___MASK59___ decision ( a principle known as " stare decisis "). If , however , the court finds that the current dispute is fundamentally distinct from all previous cases ( called a " matter of first impression "), judges have the authority and duty to resolve the issue ( one party or the other has to win , and on disagreements of law , judges make that decision ). Resolution of the issue in one case becomes precedent that binds future courts . " Stare decisis ", the principle that cases should be decided according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar results , lies at the heart of all common law systems . A ___MASK17___ is a person who practices law , as an advocate , ___MASK13___ , attorney , counselor or solicitor or chartered legal executive . Working as a ___MASK17___ involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems , or to advance the interests of those who hire lawyers to perform legal services . The Dominican Republic is a ___MASK90___ state occupying the eastern two - thirds of the island of Hispaniola , in the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region . The western one - third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two countries . The Dominican Republic is the second - largest Caribbean nation by area ( after Cuba ) at , and 3rd by population with 10 . 08 million people , of which approximately three million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The ___MASK25___ is the presiding member of a supreme court in any of many countries with a justice system based on English common law , such as the Supreme Court of Canada , the Supreme Court of Singapore , the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong , the Supreme Court of Japan , the Supreme Court of India , the Supreme Court of Pakistan , the Supreme Court of Nepal , the Constitutional Court of South Africa , the Supreme Court of Ireland , the Supreme Court of New Zealand , the High Court of Australia , the Supreme Court of the United States , and provincial or state supreme courts . China , officially the People ' s Republic of China ( PRC ), is a unitary ___MASK90___ state in East Asia . With a population of over 1 . 381 billion , it is the world ' s most populous country . The state is governed by the Communist Party of China , and its capital is Beijing . It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , five autonomous regions , four direct - controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ), and two mostly self - governing special administrative regions ( Hong Kong and Macau ), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan . The country ' s major urban areas include Shanghai , Guangzhou , Beijing , Chongqing , Shenzhen , Tianjin and Hong Kong . China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia , and has been characterized as a potential superpower . France , officially the French Republic , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi - presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country ' s largest city and main cultural and ___MASK37___ centre . Other ___MASK19___ urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux . Tonga ( or ; Tongan : " Puleanga Fakatui o Tonga "), officially the Kingdom of Tonga , is a Polynesian ___MASK90___ state and archipelago comprising 169 islands of which 36 are inhabited . The total surface area is about scattered over of the southern Pacific Ocean . It has a population of 103 , 000 people of whom 70 % reside on the main island of Tongatapu . The Supreme Court of Nepal is the highest court in Nepal . It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all Appellate and District court . The court consists of twenty Justices and one ___MASK25___ . Fiji ((), officially the Republic of Fiji , is an island country in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about northeast of New Zealand ' s North Island . Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west , New Caledonia to the southwest , New Zealand ' s Kermadec Islands to the southeast , Tonga to the east , the Samoas and France ' s Wallis and Futuna to the northeast , and Tuvalu to the north . Guangdong ( Simplified ) is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People ' s Republic of China . Formerly romanised as Canton or Kwangtung , Guangdong surpassed Henan and Sichuan to become the most populous province in China in January 2005 , registering 79 . 1 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year ; the total population was 104 , 303 , 132 in the 2010 census , ___MASK56___ for 7 . 79 percent of Mainland China ' s population . The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are among the most populous and important cities in China . The population increase since the census has been modest , the province at 2014 end had 107 , 240 , 000 people . A ___MASK13___ ( also known as ___MASK13___ - at - law or bar - at - law ) is a type of lawyer in common law jurisdictions who works at higher levels of court . Barristers mostly specialise in courtroom ___MASK33___ and litigation . Their tasks include taking cases in superior courts and tribunals , drafting legal pleadings , researching the philosophy , hypothesis and history of law , and giving expert legal opinions . Often , barristers are also recognised as " legal scholars ". The North Island or Te Ika - a - Mui (" Mori ") is one of the two main islands of New Zealand , separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by ___MASK91___ Strait . The island ' s area is , making it the world ' s 14th - largest island . It has a population of The Constitutional Court of South Africa is a supreme constitutional court established by the Constitution of South Africa . It was originally the final appellate court for constitutional matters . Since the enactment of the Superior Courts Act in 2013 , the Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to hear any matter if it is in the interests of ___MASK53___ for it to do so . Sir Fielding Clarke ( 1851 - 1928 ) was a British colonial ___MASK13___ , civil servant and jurist . He served as Chief Justice of Fiji , Hong Kong and Jamaica . The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States . Established pursuant to Article III of the United States Constitution in 1789 , it has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and over state court cases involving issues of federal law , plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases . In the legal system of the United States , the Supreme Court is the final ___MASK45___ of federal constitutional law , although it may only act within the context of a case in which it has jurisdiction . Haiti , officially the Republic of Haiti , is a ___MASK90___ state located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea . It occupies the western three - eighths of the island , which it shares with the Dominican Republic . Haiti is in size and has an estimated 10 . 6 million people , making it the most populous country in the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) and the second - most populous country in the Caribbean as a whole . ___MASK33___ is an activity by an individual or group which aims to influence decisions within political , economic , and social systems and institutions . ___MASK33___ can include many activities that a person or organization undertakes including media campaigns , public speaking , commissioning and publishing research or conducting exit poll or the filing of an amicus brief . Lobbying ( often by lobby groups ) is a form of ___MASK33___ where a direct approach is made to legislators on an issue which plays a significant role in modern politics . Research has started to address how ___MASK33___ groups in the United States and Canada are using social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action . An island country is a country whose primary territory consists of one or more islands or parts of islands . As of 2011 , 46 ( approximately 24 %) of the 193 UN ___MASK18___ states are island countries . The Pearl River Delta ( PRD ), also known as Zhujiang Delta or Zhusanjiao , is the low - lying area surrounding the Pearl River estuary , where the Pearl River flows into the South China Sea . It is one of the most densely urbanised regions in the world and is an economic hub of China . This region is often considered an emerging megacity . The PRD is a megalopolis , with future development into a single mega metropolitan area , yet itself is at the southern end of a larger megalopolis running along the southern coast of China , which include metropolises such as Chaoshan , Zhangzhou - Xiamen , Quanzhou - Putian , and Fuzhou . The nine largest cities of PRD had a combined population of 57 . 15 million at the end of 2013 , comprising 53 . 69 % of the provincial population . According to the World ___MASK29___ Group , the PRD has become the largest urban area in the world in both size and population . East Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent , which can be defined in either geographical or ethno - cultural terms . Geographically and geopolitically , it includes China , Hong Kong , and Macao ; Mongolia and ___MASK84___ ; North and South Korea ; and Japan ; it covers about , or about 28 % of the Asian continent , about twice the area of Europe . Hong Kong , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People ' s Republic of China , is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia . Macau lies across the delta to the west , and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north . With a total land area of and a population of over 7 . 3 million of various nationalities , it ranks as the world ' s fourth most densely populated ___MASK90___ state or territory . A tribunal , generally , is any person or institution with authority to ___MASK23___ , adjudicate on , or determine claims or disputes  whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title . For example , an advocate who appears before a court with a single ___MASK23___ could describe that ___MASK23___ as ' their tribunal '. Many governmental bodies that are titled ' tribunals ' are so described to emphasize that they are not courts of normal jurisdiction . For example , the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda is a body specially constituted under international law ; in Great Britain , employment tribunals are bodies set up to hear specific employment disputes . Private judicial bodies are also often styled ' tribunals '. The word " tribunal " is not conclusive of a body ' s function . For example , in Great Britain , the Employment Appeal Tribunal is a superior court of record . Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea , consisting of the third - largest island of the Greater Antilles . The island , in area , lies about south of Cuba , and west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the nation - states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ). Jamaica is the fourth - largest island country in the Caribbean , by area . The Supreme Court of ___MASK26___ is the highest court of ___MASK26___ , the final court of appeals in the Canadian justice system . The court grants permission to between 40 and 75 litigants each year to appeal decisions rendered by provincial , territorial and federal appellate courts . Its decisions are the ultimate expression and application of Canadian law and binding upon all lower courts of ___MASK26___ , except to the extent that they are overridden or otherwise made ineffective by an Act of Parliament or the Act of a provincial legislative assembly pursuant to Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ( the notwithstanding clause ). New Zealand is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country geographically comprises two main landmasses  that of the North Island , or Te Ika - a - Mui , and the South Island , or Te Waipounamu  and numerous smaller islands . New Zealand is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal and plant life . The country ' s varied topography and its sharp ___MASK15___ peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand ' s capital city is Wellington , while its most populous city is Auckland . Cuba , officially the Republic of Cuba , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , the Gulf of Mexico , and the Atlantic Ocean meet . It is south of both the U . S . state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti , and north of Jamaica . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other ___MASK19___ cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean , with an area of , and the second - most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . A court is a tribunal , often as a government institution , with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of ___MASK53___ in civil , ___MASK63___ , and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law . In both common law and civil law legal systems , courts are the central means for dispute resolution , and it is generally understood that all persons have an ability to bring their claims before a court . Similarly , the rights of those accused of a crime include the right to present a defense before a court .