main_subject the devil and daniel johnston
Antidepressants are drugs used for the treatment of ___MASK54___ and other conditions , including dysthymia , anxiety disorders , obsessive compulsive disorder , eating disorders , chronic pain , neuropathic pain and , in some cases , dysmenorrhoea , snoring , migraine , attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ), ___MASK28___ , dependence , and sleep disorders . They may be prescribed alone or in combination with other medications . A ___MASK16___ , also called a mental illness or psychiatric disorder , is a diagnosis by a ___MASK30___ professional of a behavioral or mental pattern that may cause suffering or a poor ability to function in life . Such features may be persistent , relapsing and remitting , or occur as a single episode . Many disorders have been described , with signs and symptoms that vary widely between specific disorders . The causes of mental disorders are often unclear . Theories may incorporate findings from a range of fields . Mental disorders are usually defined by a combination of how a person behaves , feels , perceives , or thinks . This may be associated with particular regions or functions of the brain , often in a social context . A ___MASK16___ is one aspect of ___MASK30___ . Cultural and religious beliefs , as well as social norms , should be taken into account when making a diagnosis . Services are based in psychiatric hospitals or in the community , and assessments are carried out by psychiatrists , clinical psychologists , and clinical social workers , using various methods but often relying on observation and questioning . Treatments are provided by various ___MASK30___ professionals . Psychotherapy and psychiatric medication are two major treatment options . Other treatments include social interventions , peer support , and self - help . In a minority of cases there might be involuntary detention or treatment . Prevention programs have been shown to reduce depression . Common mental disorders include depression , which affects about 400 million , dementia which affects about 35 million , and schizophrenia , which affects about 21 million people globally . Stigma and discrimination can add to the suffering and disability associated with mental disorders , leading to various social movements attempting to increase understanding and challenge social exclusion . Mania is a state of abnormally elevated arousal , affect , and energy level , or " a state of heightened overall activation with enhanced affective expression together with lability of affect ." Although mania is often conceived as a " mirror image " to depression , the heightened mood can be either euphoric or irritable ; indeed , as the mania intensifies , irritability may become more pronounced and eventuate in ___MASK46___ . The Devil and Daniel Johnston is a 2005 documentary ___MASK11___ about the noted American ___MASK37___ Daniel Johnston . It chronicles Johnston ' s life from childhood up to the present , with an emphasis on his experiences with bipolar disorder , and how it manifested itself in demonic self - obsession . The ___MASK11___ was directed by Jeff Feuerzeig and produced by Henry S . Rosenthal . Bipolar I disorder ( BP - I ; pronounced " type one ___MASK39___ ") is a bipolar spectrum disorder characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic or mixed episode . Most patients also , at other times , have one or more depressive episodes , and all experience a hypomanic stage before progressing to full mania . Anticonvulsants ( also commonly known as antiepileptic drugs or as antiseizure drugs ) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures . Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of ___MASK39___ and borderline personality disorder , since many seem to act as mood stabilizers , and for the treatment of neuropathic pain . Anticonvulsants suppress the rapid and excessive firing of neurons during seizures . Anticonvulsants also prevent the spread of the seizure within the brain . Some investigators have observed that anticonvulsants themselves may cause reduced IQ in children . However these adverse effects must be balanced against the significant risk epileptic seizures pose to children and the distinct possibility of death and devastating neurological sequelae secondary to seizures . Anticonvulsants are more accurately called antiepileptic drugs ( abbreviated " AEDs "), and are often referred to as antiseizure drugs because they provide symptomatic treatment only and have not been demonstrated to alter the course of epilepsy . Electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT ), formerly known as electroshock therapy , and often referred to as shock treatment , is a psychiatric treatment in which seizures are electrically induced in patients to provide relief from psychiatric illnesses . The ECT procedure was first conducted in 1938 and is the only currently used form of shock therapy in psychiatry . ECT is often used with informed consent as a last line of intervention for ___MASK54___ , mania , and catatonia . ECT machines have been placed in the Class III category ( high risk ) by the United States ___MASK23___ and Drug Administration ( FDA ) since 1976 . ___MASK39___ , also known as manic depression , is a mental disorder with periods of depression and periods of elevated mood . The elevated mood is significant and is known as mania or hypomania , depending on its severity , or whether symptoms of psychosis are present . During mania , an individual behaves or feels abnormally energetic , happy , or irritable . Individuals often make poorly thought out decisions with little regard to the consequences . The need for sleep is usually reduced during manic phases . During periods of depression , there may be crying , a negative outlook on life , and poor eye contact with others . The risk of ___MASK42___ among those with the illness is high at greater than 6 percent over 20 years , while self - harm occurs in 30  40 percent . Other ___MASK30___ issues such as anxiety disorders and substance use disorder are commonly associated . The causes are not clearly understood , but both environmental and genetic factors play a role . Many genes of small effect contribute to risk . Environmental factors include a history of ___MASK65___ abuse , and long - term stress . The condition is divided into bipolar I disorder if there is at least one manic episode and bipolar II disorder if there are at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode . In those with less severe symptoms of a prolonged duration , the condition cyclothymic disorder may be diagnosed . If due to drugs or medical problems , it is classified separately . Other conditions that may present in a similar manner include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , personality disorders , schizophrenia , and substance use disorder as well as a number of medical conditions . Medical testing is not required for a diagnosis , though blood tests or medical imaging can be done to rule out other problems . Treatment commonly includes psychotherapy , as well as medications such as mood stabilizers and antipsychotics . Examples of mood stabilizers that are commonly used include lithium and various anticonvulsants . Treatment in a hospital without the individual ' s consent may be required if a person is at risk to themselves or others but refuses treatment . Severe behavioral problems may be managed with short term antipsychotics or benzodiazepines . In periods of mania it is recommended that antidepressants be stopped . If antidepressants are used for periods of depression they should be used with a mood stabilizer . Electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT ) may be helpful for those who do not respond to other treatments . If treatments are stopped , it is recommended that this be done slowly . Many individuals have financial , social or work - related problems due to the illness . These difficulties occur a quarter to a third of the time on average . The risk of ___MASK70___ from natural causes such as heart disease is twice that of the general population . This is due to poor lifestyle choices and the side effects from medications . About 3 percent of people in the United States are estimated to have bipolar disorder at some point in their life . Lower rates of around 1 percent are found in other countries . The most common age at which symptoms begin is 25 . Rates appear to be similar in females and males . The economic costs of the disorder has been estimated at $ 45 billion for the United States in 1991 . A large proportion of this was related to a higher number of missed work days , estimated at 50 per year . People with bipolar disorder often face problems with social stigma . Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by feelings of anxiety and fear . Anxiety is a worry about future events and fear is a reaction to current events . These feelings may cause physical symptoms , such as a fast heart rate and shakiness . There are a number of anxiety disorders : including generalized anxiety disorder , specific phobia , social anxiety disorder , separation anxiety disorder , agoraphobia , panic disorder , and selective mutism . The disorder differs by what results in the symptoms . People often have more than one anxiety disorder . The cause of anxiety disorders is a combination of genetic and environmental factors . Risk factors include a ___MASK84___ of child abuse , family ___MASK84___ of mental disorders , and ___MASK4___ . Anxiety disorders often occur with other mental disorders , particularly major depressive disorder , personality disorder , and substance use disorder . To be diagnosed symptoms typically need to be present at least six months , be more than would be expected for the situation , and decrease functioning . Other problems that may result in similar symptoms including hyperthyroidism , heart disease , caffeine , alcohol , or cannabis use , and withdrawal from certain drugs , among others . Without treatment , anxiety disorders tend to remain . Treatment may include lifestyle changes , counselling , and medications . Counselling is typically with a type of cognitive behavioural therapy . Medications , such as antidepressants or beta blockers , may improve symptoms . About 12 % of people are affected by an anxiety disorder in a given year and between 5 - 30 % are affected at some point in their life . They occur about twice as often in females as males , and generally begin before the age of 25 . The most common are specific phobia which affects nearly 12 % and social anxiety disorder which affects 10 % at some point in their life . They affect those between the ages of 15 and 35 the most and become less common after the age of 55 . Rates appear to be higher in the United States and Europe . Daniel Dale Johnston ( born January 22 , 1961 ) is an American singer - songwriter , ___MASK37___ , and artist . Johnston was the subject of the 2005 documentary " The Devil and Daniel Johnston ." Johnston has been diagnosed with schizophrenia . He has been regarded as an important figure in outsider , lo - fi and alternative music scenes . Psychosis is an abnormal condition of the mind that involves a " loss of contact with ___MASK87___ ". People experiencing psychosis may exhibit personality changes and thought disorder . Depending on its severity , this may be accompanied by unusual or bizarre behavior , as well as difficulty with social interaction and impairment in carrying out daily life activities . ___MASK42___ is the act of intentionally causing one ' s own death . Risk factors include mental disorders such as depression , bipolar disorder , schizophrenia , personality disorders , alcoholism , or substance misuse . Others are impulsive acts due to stress such as from financial difficulties , troubles with relationships , or from bullying . Those who have previously attempted ___MASK42___ are at higher risk for future attempts . ___MASK42___ prevention efforts include limiting access to method of ___MASK42___ , such as firearms and poisons , treating mental disorders and substance misuse , proper media reporting of ___MASK42___ , and improving economic conditions . Although crisis hotlines are common , there is little evidence for their effectiveness . The most commonly used method of ___MASK42___ varies between countries , and is partly related to the availability of effective means . Common methods include hanging , pesticide poisoning , and firearms . ___MASK42___ resulted in 842 , 000 deaths globally in 2013 ( up from 712 , 000 deaths in 1990 ). This makes it the 10th leading cause of death worldwide . Approximately 0 . 5 % to 1 . 4 % of people die by ___MASK42___ , about 12 per 100 , 000 persons per year . Three quarters of suicides globally occur in the developing world . Rates of completed suicides are generally higher in men than in women , ranging from 1 . 5 times as much in the developing world to 3 . 5 times in the developed world . ___MASK42___ is generally most common among those over the age of 70 ; however , in certain countries those aged between 15 and 30 are at highest risk . There are an estimated 10 to 20 million non - fatal attempted suicides every year . Non - fatal ___MASK42___ attempts may lead to injury and long - term disabilities . In the Western world , attempts are more common in young people and females . Views on ___MASK42___ have been influenced by broad existential themes such as religion , honor , and the meaning of life . The Abrahamic religions traditionally consider ___MASK42___ an offense towards God due to the belief in the sanctity of life . During the samurai era in Japan , a form of ___MASK42___ known as seppuku was respected as a means of making up for failure or as a form of protest . Sati , a practice outlawed by the British Raj , expected the Indian widow to kill herself on her husband ' s funeral fire , either willingly or under pressure from the family and society . ___MASK42___ and attempted ___MASK42___ , while previously illegal , are no longer in most Western countries . It remains a criminal offense in many countries . In the 20th and 21st centuries , ___MASK42___ has been used on rare occasions as a form of protest , and kamikaze and ___MASK42___ bombings have been used as a military or terrorist tactic . The word is from the Latin " suicidium ", which means " the killing of oneself ". Definitions . ___MASK42___ , also known as completed ___MASK42___ , is the " act of taking one ' s own life ". Attempted ___MASK42___ or non - fatal suicidal behavior is self - injury with the desire to end one ' s life that does not result in death . Assisted ___MASK42___ is when one individual helps another bring about their own death indirectly via providing either advice or the means to the end . This is in contrast to euthanasia , where another person takes a more active role in bringing about a person ' s death . Suicidal ideation is thoughts of ending one ' s life but not taking any active efforts to do so . Antipsychotics also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers , are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis ( including delusions , hallucinations , paranoia or disordered thought ), principally in schizophrenia and ___MASK39___ . They are increasingly being used in the management of non - psychotic disorders . Antipsychotics are usually effective in relieving symptoms of psychosis in the short term . The long - term use of antipsychotics is associated with side effects such as involuntary movement disorders and metabolic syndrome . They are also associated with increased mortality in elderly people with dementia . First - generation antipsychotics , known as typical antipsychotics , were discovered in the 1950s . Most second - generation drugs , known as atypical antipsychotics , have been developed more recently , although the first atypical antipsychotic , clozapine , was discovered in the 1960s and introduced clinically in the 1970s . Both generations of medication tend to block receptors in the brain ' s dopamine pathways , but atypicals tend to act on serotonin receptors as well . Neuroleptic , which originates from the Greek word  " neuron " (" nerve ") and  " lepsis " (" seizure " or " fit "), is a reference to neurological side effects . Medical uses . Antipsychotics are most frequently used for the following conditions : Diagnosis is the identification of the ___MASK1___ and cause of a certain phenomenon . Diagnosis is used in many different disciplines with variations in the use of logic , analytics , and experience to determine " cause and effect ". In systems engineering and computer science , it is typically used to determine the causes of symptoms , mitigations , and solutions . A mood stabilizer is a psychiatric pharmaceutical ___MASK59___ used to treat mood disorders characterized by intense and sustained mood shifts , typically ___MASK39___ type I or type II or schizophrenia . Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is a ___MASK16___ of the neurodevelopmental type . It is characterized by problems paying attention , excessive activity , or difficulty controlling behavior which is not appropriate for a person ' s age . These symptoms begin by age six to twelve , are present for more than six months , and cause problems in at least two settings ( such as school , home , or recreational activities ). In children , problems paying attention may result in poor school performance . Although it causes impairment , particularly in modern society , many children with ADHD have a good attention span for tasks they find interesting . Despite being the most commonly studied and diagnosed ___MASK16___ in children and adolescents , the exact cause is unknown in the majority of cases . It affects about 5  7 % of children when diagnosed via the DSM - IV criteria and 1  2 % when diagnosed via the ICD - 10 criteria . The World Health ___MASK91___ ( WHO ) estimated that it affected about 39 million people as of 2013 . Rates are similar between countries and depend mostly on how it is diagnosed . ADHD is diagnosed approximately three times more often in boys than in girls , although the disorder is often overlooked in girls due to their symptoms differing from those of boys . About 30  50 % of people diagnosed in ___MASK65___ continue to have symptoms into adulthood and between 2  5 % of adults have the condition . The condition can be difficult to tell apart from other disorders , as well as to distinguish from high levels of activity that are still within the normal - range . ADHD management recommendations vary by country and usually involve some combination of counseling , ___MASK52___ changes , and medications . The British guideline only recommends medications as a first - line treatment in children who have severe symptoms and for medication to be considered in those with moderate symptoms who either refuse or fail to improve with counseling , though for adults medications are a first - line treatment . Canadian and American guidelines recommend that medications and behavioral therapy be used together as a first - line therapy , except in preschool - aged children . Stimulant medication therapy is not recommended as a first - line therapy in preschool - aged children in either guideline . Treatment with stimulants is effective for up to 14 months ; however , its long term effectiveness is unclear . Adolescents and adults tend to develop coping skills which make up for some or all of their impairments . The medical literature has described symptoms similar to ADHD since the 19th century . ADHD , its diagnosis , and its treatment have been considered controversial since the 1970s . The controversies have involved clinicians , teachers , policymakers , parents , and the media . Topics include ADHD ' s causes and the use of stimulant medications in its treatment . Most healthcare providers accept ADHD as a genuine disorder in children and adults , and the debate in the scientific community mainly centers on how it is diagnosed and treated . The condition was officially known as attention deficit disorder ( ADD ) from 1980 to 1987 while before this it was known as hyperkinetic reaction of ___MASK65___ . Attention is the behavioral and cognitive process of selectively concentrating on a discrete aspect of information , whether deemed subjective or objective , while ignoring other perceivable information . It is the taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form of one out of what seem several simultaneous objects or trains of thought . Focalization , concentration of ___MASK67___ are of its essence . Attention has also been referred to as the allocation of limited processing resources . Bipolar II disorder ( BP - II ; pronounced " type two ___MASK39___ ") is a bipolar spectrum disorder ( see also ___MASK39___ ) characterized by at least one episode of hypomania and at least one episode of major depression . Diagnosis for bipolar II disorder requires that the individual must never have experienced a full manic episode ( unless it was caused by an antidepressant medication ; otherwise one manic episode meets the criteria for bipolar I disorder ). Self - harm ( SH ), also known as self - injury , is defined as the intentional , direct injuring of body tissue , done without suicidal intentions . These terms are used in the more recent ___MASK71___ in an attempt to reach a more neutral terminology . The older ___MASK71___ , especially that which predates the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM - 5 ), almost exclusively refers to self - mutilation . Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention , as well as visual representation of the ___MASK80___ of some organs or tissues ( physiology ). Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones , as well as to diagnose and treat disease . Medical imaging also establishes a database of normal anatomy and physiology to make it possible to identify abnormalities . Although imaging of removed organs and tissues can be performed for medical reasons , such procedures are usually considered part of pathology instead of medical imaging . In common speech , consent occurs when one person voluntarily agrees to the proposal or desires of another . The concept of consent has been operationalized in several major contexts , including in ___MASK57___ , ___MASK100___ and sexual relationships . Types of consent include implied consent , expressed consent , informed consent and unanimous consent . Consent as understood in legal contexts may differ from the everyday meaning . For example , a person under the legal age of sexual consent may willingly engage in a sexual act , but that consent is not valid in a legal context . Psychotherapy is the use of psychological methods , particularly when based on regular personal interaction , to help a person change and overcome problems in desired ways . Psychotherapy aims to improve an individual ' s well - being and ___MASK30___ , to resolve or mitigate troublesome behaviors , beliefs , compulsions , thoughts , or emotions , and to improve relationships and social skills . Certain psychotherapies are considered evidence - based for treating some diagnosed mental disorders . Schizophrenia is a ___MASK16___ characterized by abnormal social behavior and failure to understand what is real . Common symptoms include false beliefs , unclear or confused thinking , hearing voices that others do not , reduced social engagement and emotional expression , and a lack of motivation . People with schizophrenia often have additional ___MASK30___ problems such as anxiety disorders , major depressive illness , or substance use disorders . Symptoms typically come on gradually , begin in young adulthood , and last a long time . The causes of schizophrenia include environmental and genetic factors . Possible environmental factors include being raised in a city , cannabis use , certain infections , parental age , and poor nutrition during pregnancy . Genetic factors include a variety of common and rare genetic variants . Diagnosis is based on observed behavior , the person ' s reported experiences , and reports of others familiar with the person . During diagnosis a person ' s culture must also be taken into account . As of 2013 there is no objective test . Schizophrenia does not imply a " split personality " or " multiple personality disorder " conditions with which it is often confused in public perception . The mainstay of treatment is antipsychotic medication , along with counselling , job training , and social rehabilitation . It is unclear whether typical or atypical antipsychotics are better . In those who do not improve with other antipsychotics clozapine may be tried . In more serious situations  where there is risk to self or others  involuntary hospitalization may be necessary , although hospital stays are now shorter and less frequent than they once were . About 0 . 3  0 . 7 % of people are affected by schizophrenia during their lifetimes . In 2013 there were estimated to be 23 . 6 million cases globally . Males are more often affected than females . About 20 % of people do well , and a few recover completely . Social problems , such as long - term unemployment , poverty , and homelessness are common . The average life expectancy of people with the disorder is ten to twenty - five years less than for the general population . This is the result of increased physical health problems and a higher suicide rate ( about 5 %). In 2013 an estimated 16 , 000 people worldwide died from behavior related to , or caused by , schizophrenia .