instance_of exofs
Computing is any ___MASK36___ - oriented activity requiring , benefiting from , or creating a mathematical sequence of steps known as an algorithm  e . g . through computers . Computing includes designing , developing and building hardware and ___MASK82___ systems ; processing , structuring , and managing various kinds of information ; doing scientific research on and with computers ; making computer systems behave intelligently ; and creating and using communications and entertainment media . The field of computing includes computer engineering , ___MASK82___ engineering , computer science , information systems , and information technology . ___MASK23___ is " ___MASK13___ [ information ] that provides information about other ___MASK13___ ". Three distinct types of metadata exist : descriptive metadata , structural metadata , and administrative metadata . The extended ___MASK88___ ___MASK28___ , or ext , was implemented in April 1992 as the first ___MASK88___ ___MASK28___ created specifically for the Linux kernel . It has ___MASK23___ structure inspired by the traditional Unix File System ( UFS ) and was designed by Rémy Card to overcome certain limitations of the MINIX ___MASK88___ ___MASK28___ . It was the first implementation that used the virtual ___MASK88___ ___MASK28___ ( VFS ), for which support was added in the Linux kernel in version 0 . 96c , and it could handle ___MASK88___ systems up to 2 gigabytes ( GB ) in size . EXOFS ( formerly known as OSDFS ) is an object - based ___MASK88___ ___MASK28___ implemented on top of an external object store . Its name stands for `` EXtended Object File ___MASK28___ '' referring to its use of ext2 - based ___MASK23___ and object storage devices . Exofs was originally developed by Avishay Traeger for IBM HRL and was originally based on the ext2 ___MASK88___ ___MASK28___ . Since 2008 , Panasas develops and maintains Exofs on open - osd . org . Exofs has been included in the mainline Linux kernel since version 2 . 6 . 30 - rc1 . but no Linux distribution implement this with a utility for making ___MASK88___ systems in exofs for the current 3 . 0 kernel line . The ext2 or second extended filesystem is a ___MASK88___ ___MASK28___ for the Linux kernel . It was initially designed by Rémy Card as a replacement for the extended ___MASK88___ ___MASK28___ ( ext ). Having been designed according to the same principles as the Berkeley Fast File ___MASK28___ from BSD , it was the first commercial - grade filesystem for Linux . Debt , AIDS , ___MASK46___ , Africa ( ___MASK13___ ) was a multinational non - government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 ' s Bono along with Bobby Shriver and activists from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt campaign . In computing , a ___MASK88___ ___MASK28___ or filesystem is used to control how ___MASK13___ is stored and retrieved . Without a ___MASK88___ ___MASK28___ , information placed in a storage medium would be one large body of ___MASK13___ with no way to ___MASK76___ where one piece of information stops and the next begins . By separating the ___MASK13___ into pieces and giving each piece a name , the information is easily isolated and identified . Taking its name from the way paper - based information systems are named , each group of ___MASK13___ is called a " ___MASK88___ ". The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of information and their names is called a " ___MASK88___ ___MASK28___ ". The Linux ___MASK19___ is a monolithic Unix - like ___MASK5___ ___MASK10___ ___MASK19___ . The Linux ___MASK10___ is based on this ___MASK19___ and deployed on both traditional ___MASK5___ systems such as personal computers and servers , usually in the form of Linux distributions , and on various embedded devices such as routers , wireless access points , PBXes , set - top boxes , FTA receivers , smart TVs , PVRs and NAS appliances . The Android ___MASK10___ for tablet computers , smartphones and smartwatches is also based atop the Linux ___MASK19___ . While the adoption on desktop computers is low , Linux - based operating systems dominate nearly every other segment of computing , from mobile devices to mainframes . , all but two of the world ' s 500 most powerful supercomputers run Linux . The other two run AIX on IBM power 7 hardware . Linux ( pronounced or , less frequently ) is a Unix - like ___MASK5___ ___MASK10___ assembled under the model of free and open - source ___MASK82___ development and distribution . The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel , an ___MASK10___ kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 by Linus Torvalds . The Free ___MASK82___ Foundation uses the name GNU / Linux to describe the ___MASK10___ , which has led to some controversy . Rémy Card is a French ___MASK82___ developer who is noted for his contributions to the Linux kernel .