country_of_citizenship pope boniface vi
___MASK22___ , officially ___MASK22___ State or the State of ___MASK22___ , is a walled enclave within the city of Rome . With an area of approximately 44 hectares ( 110 acres ), and a population of 842 , it is the smallest State in the world by both area and population , but formally it is not sovereign , sovereignty being held by the ___MASK99___ , the only entity of public international law that has diplomatic relations with almost every country in the world . The Cadaver Synod ( also called the Cadaver Trial ) is the name commonly given to the posthumous ecclesiastical trial of Pope Formosus , held in the Basilica of St . John Lateran in Rome during January of 897 . The trial was conducted by the successor , Pope Stephen VI ( sometimes called Stephen VII ), to Formosus ' successor , Pope Boniface VI . Stephen accused Formosus of perjury and of having acceded to the papacy illegally . At the end of the trial , Formosus was pronounced guilty and his papacy retroactively declared null . Remote context . The Cadaver Synod and related events took place during a period of political instability in ___MASK60___ . This period , which lasted from the middle of the 9th century to the middle of the 10th century , was marked by a rapid succession of pontiffs . Often , these brief papal reigns were the result of the political machinations of local Roman factions , about which few sources survive . Pontificate is the form of government used in the ___MASK22___ The word come to English from French and do in other words simply means " Papacy " or "" To perform the functions of the Pope or other high official in the Church ."" Since there is only one Bishop of Rome , or Pope is " pontificate " sometimes also used to describe the era of a Pope . It must not be confused with the ___MASK99___ , which since ancient times equals the episcopal see of Rome , while the Pontificate in the ___MASK22___ is " the type of government used there ", and is neither a kingdom nor a republic . Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints . Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness . Other symptoms may include redness , warmth , swelling , and decreased range of motion of the affected joints . In some types other organs are also affected . Onset can be gradual or sudden . There are over 100 types of arthritis . The most common forms are osteoarthritis ( degenerative joint disease ) and rheumatoid arthritis . Osteoarthritis usually occurs with age and affects the fingers , knees , and hips . Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that often affects the hands and feet . Other types include gout , lupus , fibromyalgia , and septic arthritis . They are all types of rheumatic disease . Treatment may include resting the joint and alternating between applying ice and heat . Weight loss and exercise may also be useful . Pain medications such as ibuprofen and paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) may be used . In some a joint replacement may be useful . Osteoarthritis affects more than 3 . 8 % of people while rheumatoid arthritis affects about 0 . 24 % of people . Gout affects about 1 to 2 % of the Western population at some point in their lives . In ___MASK17___ about 15 % of people are affected , while in the United States more than 20 % of have a type of arthritis . Overall the disease becomes more common with age . Arthritis is a common reason that people miss work and can result in a decreased quality of life . The term is from Greek " arthro -" meaning joint and "- itis " meaning inflammation . The ( plural : "") is a basic administrative division in ___MASK60___ , roughly equivalent to a township or municipality . In ecclesiastical heraldry , papal coats of arms ( those of individual popes ) and those of the ___MASK99___ and Vatican City State include an image of crossed keys to represent the metaphorical keys of the office of Saint Peter , the keys of heaven , or the keys of the kingdom of Heaven , that , according to Roman Catholic teaching , Jesus promised to Saint Peter , empowering him to take binding actions . In the Gospel of Matthew , Jesus says to Peter , " I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven , and whatever you bind on Earth shall be bound in heaven , and whatever you loose on Earth shall be loosed in heaven ." The keys of heaven or keys of Saint Peter are seen as a symbol of papal authority : " Behold he [ Peter ] received the keys of the kingdom of heaven , the power of binding and loosing is committed to him , the care of the whole Church and its government is given to him [ cura ei totius Ecclesiae et principatus committitur ( Epist ., lib . V , ep . xx , in P . L ., LXXVII , 745 )]". ___MASK9___ is the region of central western ___MASK60___ in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire . ___MASK9___ was originally a small triangle of fertile , volcanic soil on which resided the tribe of the Latins or Latians . It was located on the left bank ( east and south ) of the Tiber river , extending northward to the Anio river ( a left - bank tributary of the Tiber ) and southeastward to the Pomptina Palus ( Pontine Marshes , now the Pontine Fields ) as far south as the Circeian promontory . The right bank of the Tiber was occupied by the Etruscan city of Veii , and the other borders were occupied by Italic tribes . Subsequently , Rome defeated Veii and then its Italic neighbors , expanding ___MASK9___ to the Apennine Mountains in the northeast and to the opposite end of the marsh in the southeast . The modern descendant , the Italian " Regione " of Lazio , also called " ___MASK9___ " in Latin , and occasionally in modern English , is somewhat larger still , but not as much as double the original ___MASK9___ . Rome is a city and special " comune " ( named " Roma Capitale ") in ___MASK60___ . Rome is the capital of ___MASK60___ and of the Lazio region . With 2 , 870 , 336 residents in , it is also the country ' s largest and most populated " comune " and fourth - most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4 . 3 million residents . The city is located in the central - western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ), along the shores of Tiber river . The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city : for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states . The pope ( from " pappas ", a child ' s word for " father ") is the Bishop of Rome and , therefore , the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church . The primacy of the Roman bishop is largely derived from his role as the traditional successor to Saint Peter , to whom Jesus is supposed to have given the keys of Heaven and the powers of " binding and loosing ", naming him as the " rock " upon which the church would be built . The current pope is Francis , who was elected on 13 March 2013 , succeeding Benedict XVI . Pope Boniface VI ( Latin : Bonifatius VI ; died April 896 ) was Pope in April 896 . He was a native of Rome . His election came about as a result of riots soon after the death of Pope Formosus . Prior to his reign , he had twice incurred a sentence of deprivation of orders as a subdeacon and as a priest . After a pontificate of fifteen days , he is said by some to have died of the gout , by others to have been forcibly ejected to make way for Stephen VI , the candidate of the Spoletan party . At a synod in Rome held by John IX in 898 , his election was pronounced null and void . The ___MASK99___ is the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome , the episcopal see of the Pope , and an independent sovereign entity . It serves as the central point of reference for the Catholic Church everywhere and the focal point of communion due to its position as the pre - eminent episcopal see of the universal church . It traces its origin to the 1st century during the apostolic era , when Saint Peter arrived in Rome to evangelise and formed a significant early Christian community of believers there . Today , it is responsible for the governance of all Catholics , organised in their Particular Churches , Patriarchates and religious institutes . Heaven , the heavens or seven heavens , is common religious , cosmological , or transcendent place where beings such as gods , angels , jinn , saints , or venerated ancestors are said to originate , be enthroned , or to live . According to the beliefs of some religions , heavenly beings can descend to ___MASK19___ or incarnate , and earthly beings can ascend to Heaven in the afterlife , or in exceptional cases enter Heaven alive . Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a red , tender , hot , and swollen joint . Pain typically comes on rapidly in less than twelve hours . The joint at the base of the big toe is affected in about half of cases . It may also result in tophi , kidney stones , or urate nephropathy . Gout is due to elevated levels of uric acid in the blood . This occurs due to a combination of diet and genetic factors . At high levels , uric acid crystallizes and the crystals deposit in joints , tendons and surrounding tissues , resulting in an attack of gout . Gout occurs more commonly in those who eat a lot of meat , drink a lot of beer , or are overweight . Diagnosis of gout may be confirmed by seeing the crystals in joint fluid or tophus . Blood uric acid levels may be normal during an attack . Treatment with nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ), steroids , or colchicine improves symptoms . Once the acute attack subsides , levels of uric acid can be lowered via lifestyle changes and in those with frequent attacks , allopurinol or probenecid provides long - term prevention . Taking vitamin C and eating a diet high in low fat dairy products may be preventive . Gout affects about 1 to 2 % of the Western population at some point in their lives . It has become more common in recent decades . This is believed to be due to increasing risk factors in the population , such as metabolic syndrome , longer life expectancy and changes in diet . Older males are most commonly affected . Gout was historically known as " the disease of kings " or " rich man ' s disease ". It has been recognized at least since the time of the ancient Egyptians . Pope Formosus ( birth name unknown ; c . 8164 April 896 ) was Pope from 6 October 891 to his death in 896 . His brief reign as Pope was troubled , and his remains were exhumed and put on trial in the Cadaver Synod . Lazio (; ) is one of the 20 administrative regions of ___MASK60___ , situated in the central peninsular section of the country . With almost 5 . 9 million residents and a GDP of more than 170 billion euros , Lazio is the second most populated region of ___MASK60___ ( having approximately the same in population as Campania ), and has the second largest economy of the nation . Its capital is Rome , capital and largest city of ___MASK60___ . The Tiber ( Latin " Tiberis ", Italian "") is the third - longest river in ___MASK60___ , rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia - Romagna and flowing through Umbria and Lazio , where it is joined by the Aniene river , to the Tyrrhenian Sea , between Ostia and Fiumicino . It drains a basin estimated at . The river has achieved lasting fame as the main watercourse of the city of Rome , founded on its eastern banks . ___MASK60___ , officially the Italian Republic , is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , ___MASK60___ shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . ___MASK60___ covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate ; due to its shape , it is often referred to in ___MASK60___ as " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). With 61 million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU member state .