country_of_citizenship john craig 
The Anglican Communion is an international association of autonomous churches consisting of the Church of ___MASK83___ and national and regional Anglican churches (" provinces ") in full communion with it . Full participation in the sacramental life of each church is available to all communicant Anglicans . The United ___MASK44___ and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland , it includes the island of Great Britain ( the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country ), the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland . Apart from this land border , the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west , giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of , the UK is the 78th - largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe . It is also the 21st - most populous country , with an estimated 65 . 1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union . The River Nith is a river in South West ___MASK8___ . ___MASK8___ ( Scots : ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain . It shares a border with England to the south , and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south - west . In addition to the mainland , the country is made up of more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . ___MASK24___ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3 , 063 , 456 and has a total area of . ___MASK24___ has over of coastline and is largely mountainous , with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . The English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century ___MASK83___ by which the Church of ___MASK83___ broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church . These events were , in part , associated with the wider process of the European Protestant Reformation , a religious and political movement that affected the practice of Christianity across all of Europe during this period . Many factors contributed to the process : the decline of feudalism and the rise of nationalism , the rise of the common law , the invention of the printing press and increased circulation of the Bible , and the transmission of new knowledge and ideas among scholars , the upper and middle classes and readers in general . However , the various phases of the English Reformation , which also covered ___MASK24___ and Ireland , were largely driven by changes in government policy , to which public opinion gradually accommodated itself . The Isle of Wight is a county and the largest and second - most populous island in ___MASK83___ . It is located in the English Channel , about 4 miles ( 6 km ) off the coast of Hampshire , separated by the Solent . The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times , and is known for its mild climate , coastal scenery , and verdant landscape of fields , downland and chines . Canterbury (, or ) is a historic English cathedral city and UNESCO World Heritage Site , which lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury , a local government district of Kent , ___MASK83___ . It lies on the River Stour . A vicar ( Latin : " vicarius ") is a representative , deputy or substitute ; anyone acting " in the person of " or agent for a superior ( compare " vicarious " in the sense of " at second hand "). Linguistically , " vicar " is cognate with the English prefix " vice ", similarly meaning " deputy ". The title appears in a number of Christian ecclesiastical contexts , but also as an administrative title , or title modifier , in the ___MASK79___ . In addition , in the ___MASK21___ a local representative of the emperor , perhaps an archduke , might be styled " vicar ". ___MASK70___ , also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe . With an area of , ___MASK70___ is the largest European island and the ninth - largest in the world . In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people , making it the world ' s third - most populous island after Java in ___MASK64___ and Honshu in Japan . The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it , and together these islands , along with over 1 , 000 smaller surrounding islands , comprise the British Isles archipelago . John Craig ( 1663 -- October 11 , 1731 ) was a Scottish mathematician and theologian . Born in Dumfries and educated at the University of Edinburgh , he moved to ___MASK83___ and became a vicar in the Church of ___MASK83___ . A friend of Isaac Newton , he wrote several minor works about the new calculus . He is mainly known for his book Theologiae Christianae Principia Mathematica ( Mathematical Principles of Christian Theology ) , published in 1698 . In the aforementioned book , Craig presents a formula that describes how the probability of a historical event depends on the number of primary witnesses , on the chain of transmission through secondary witnesses , on the elapsed time and on the spatial distance . Using this formula , Craig derived that the probability of the story of Jesus would reach 0 in the year 3150 . This year he interpreted as the Second Coming of Christ because of verse 18 : 8 in the Gospel of Luke . His work was poorly received . Several later mathematicians complained about his imprecise use of probability and the unsupported derivation of his formula . Stephen Stigler , in his 1999 book ( see references , below ) gave a more favorable interpretation , pointing out that some of Craig ' s reasoning can be justified if his `` probability '' is interpreted as the log - likelihood ratio . He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1711 . Dumfriesshire or the County of Dumfries (" Siorrachd Dhùn Phris " in Gaelic ) is lieutenancy area and historic county of ___MASK8___ . Approximately 330 to 360 million people speak English as their first language . More than half of these ( 231 million ) live in the United States , followed by some 55 million in ___MASK83___ , the first place where English was spoken . Edinburgh is the capital city of ___MASK8___ and one of its 32 local government council areas . Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth ' s southern shore , it is ___MASK8___ ' s second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom . The 2014 official population estimates are 464 , 990 for the city of Edinburgh , 492 , 680 for the local authority area , and 1 , 339 , 380 for the city region as of 2014 ( Edinburgh lies at the heart of the proposed Edinburgh and South East ___MASK8___ city region ). Recognised as the capital of ___MASK8___ since at least the 15th century , Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and the seat of the monarchy in ___MASK8___ . The city is also the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of ___MASK8___ and home to national institutions such as the National Museum of ___MASK8___ , the National Library of ___MASK8___ and the Scottish National Gallery . It is the largest financial centre in the UK after London . The Celtic Sea (; ) is the area of the Atlantic Ocean off the south coast of ___MASK41___ bounded to the east by Saint George ' s Channel ; other limits include the Bristol Channel , the English Channel , and the Bay of Biscay , as well as adjacent portions of ___MASK24___ , Cornwall , Devon , and Brittany . The southern and western boundaries are delimited by the continental shelf , which drops away sharply . The Isles of Scilly are an archipelago of small islands in the sea . The ___MASK79___ ( Koine and Medieval Greek :    , tr . ) was the post - ___MASK2___ period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around 500 AD , and the Empire ' s populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world ' s population at the time ). The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar ' s adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of ___MASK95___ . Octavian ' s power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title " Augustus ", effectively marking the end of the ___MASK2___ . The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between ___MASK70___ , Scandinavia , Germany , the Netherlands , Belgium , and France . An epeiric ( or " shelf ") sea on the European continental shelf , it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north . It is more than long and wide , with an area of around . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of ___MASK83___ , the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury . The current archbishop is Justin Welby . His enthronement took place at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013 . Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury , the " Apostle to the English ", sent from Rome in the year 597 . Welby succeeded Rowan Williams . The Solway Firth is a firth that forms part of the border between ___MASK83___ and ___MASK8___ , between Cumbria ( including the Solway Plain ) and Dumfries and Galloway . It stretches from St Bees Head , just south of Whitehaven in Cumbria , to the Mull of Galloway , on the western end of Dumfries and Galloway . The Isle of Man is also very near to the firth . The firth comprises part of the Irish Sea . The Irish Sea (, , , Ulster - Scots : " Airish Sea "), separates the islands of ___MASK41___ and ___MASK70___ . It is connected to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George ' s Channel , and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of ___MASK8___ in the north by the North Channel . Anglesey is the largest island within the Irish Sea , followed by the Isle of Man . The sea is occasionally , but rarely , referred to as the Manx Sea . The Church of ___MASK83___ ( C of E ) is the Anglican Christian state church of ___MASK83___ . Headed by the Archbishop of Canterbury ( currently Justin Welby ) and primarily governed from London with the monarch as the supreme governor , the Church of ___MASK83___ is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . The church dates its formal establishment as a national church to the 6th - century Gregorian mission in Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury , with considerable features introduced and established during and following the English Reformation in the 16th century . Archduke ( feminine : Archduchess ; German : " Erzherzog ", feminine form : " Erzherzogin ") was the title borne from 1358 by the Habsburg rulers of the ___MASK4___ , and later by all senior members of that dynasty . It denotes a rank within the former Holy Roman Empire ( 962  1806 ), which was below that of Emperor and King and above that of ( debatably ) a Grand Duke , Duke and Prince . ___MASK13___ is the capital and most populous city of ___MASK83___ and the United Kingdom , as well as the most populous city proper in the European Union . Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain , ___MASK13___ has been a major settlement for two millennia . It was founded by the Romans , who named it " Londinium ". ___MASK13___ ' s ancient core , the City of ___MASK13___ , largely retains its medieval boundaries . Since at least the 19th century , " ___MASK13___ " has also referred to the metropolis around this core , historically split between Middlesex , Essex , Surrey , Kent , and Hertfordshire , which today largely makes up Greater ___MASK13___ , governed by the Mayor of ___MASK13___ and the ___MASK13___ Assembly . The ___MASK21___ was a multi - ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 . The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of ___MASK61___ , though it also came to include the Kingdom of ___MASK75___ , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the ___MASK15___ , and numerous other territories . The Isles of Scilly ( or "") are an archipelago off the south western tip of the Cornish peninsula of ___MASK70___ . It is the southernmost location in ___MASK83___ and the United Kingdom , as well as the most westerly in ___MASK83___ . Justin Portal Welby ( born 6 January 1956 ) is the 105th Archbishop of Canterbury and the most senior bishop in the Church of ___MASK83___ . Welby was the vicar of Southam , Warwickshire , and most recently was the Bishop of Durham , serving for just over a year . As Archbishop of Canterbury he is the Primate of All ___MASK83___ and the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion . Dumfries and ___MASK96___ is one of 32 unitary council areas of ___MASK8___ and is located in the western Southern Uplands . It comprises the historic counties of Dumfriesshire , Stewartry of Kirkcudbright and Wigtownshire , the latter two of which are collectively known as ___MASK96___ . The administrative centre is the town of Dumfries . The University of Edinburgh ( abbreviated as Edin . in post - nominals ), founded in 1582 , is the sixth oldest university in the English - speaking world and one of ___MASK8___ ' s ancient universities . The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city of Edinburgh , with many of the buildings in the historic Old Town belonging to the university . ___MASK83___ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with ___MASK8___ to the north and Wales to the west . The Irish Sea lies northwest of ___MASK83___ and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest . ___MASK83___ is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five - eighths of the island of Great Britain ( which lies in the North Atlantic ) in its centre and south ; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly , and the Isle of Wight . Borders are geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions , such as governments , sovereign states , federated states , and other subnational entities . Some borders  such as a state ' s internal administrative border , or inter - state borders within the Schengen Area  are often open and completely unguarded . Other borders are partially or fully controlled , and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints and border zones may be controlled . Mostly contentious , borders may even foster the setting up of buffer zones . A difference has also been established in ___MASK48___ scholarship between border and frontier , the latter denoting a state of mind rather than state boundaries . Dumfries (; possibly from ) is a market town and former royal burgh within the Dumfries and ___MASK96___ council area of ___MASK8___ . It is near the mouth of the River Nith into the Solway Firth . Dumfries was a civil parish and became the county town of the former county of Dumfriesshire . Dumfries is nicknamed " Queen of the South ". People from Dumfries are known colloquially as " Doonhamers ". The English Channel (" the Sleeve " [ hence ] " Sea of ___MASK1___ " " ___MASK89___ Sea "), also called simply the Channel , is the body of water that separates southern ___MASK83___ from northern France , and joins the southern part of the North Sea to the rest of the Atlantic Ocean .