place_of_birth edward collingwood
___MASK7___ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with ___MASK86___ to the north and Wales to the west . The Irish Sea lies northwest of ___MASK7___ and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest . ___MASK7___ is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five - eighths of the island of Great Britain ( which lies in the North Atlantic ) in its centre and south ; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly , and the Isle of Wight . The Royal Regiment ___MASK95___ Fusiliers ( FUSILIERS ) is an Infantry Regiment ___MASK95___ the British Army , part ___MASK95___ the Queen ' s Division . Today it is a two Battalion Regiment with the Regular First Fusiliers operating as Armoured Infantry based in Tidworth , ___MASK36___ and the Reservist Fifth Fusiliers working across the North East ___MASK95___ ___MASK7___ . There are also a number ___MASK95___ independent Reservist Fusilier sub - units based across ___MASK7___ . Whilst the Fusiliers traditionally recruited in specific counties , today as an English regiment the Fusiliers recruit nationally . The Royal Regiment ___MASK95___ Fusiliers was largely unaffected by the reforms ___MASK95___ the Infantry that were announced in December 2004 , but under the Army 2020 reduction in size ___MASK95___ the Army its Second Battalion was merged into the First in 2014 . ___MASK13___ is a metropolitan county in the North East region ___MASK95___ ___MASK7___ around the mouths ___MASK95___ the rivers ___MASK13___ . It came into existence in 1974 after the passage ___MASK95___ the Local Government Act 1972 . It consists ___MASK95___ the five metropolitan boroughs ___MASK95___ South Tyneside , ___MASK15___ , City ___MASK95___ ___MASK97___ upon Tyne , Gateshead and City ___MASK95___ Sunderland . It is bounded on the east by the North Sea , and has borders with Northumberland to the north and County ___MASK48___ to the south . The ___MASK27___ is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain , Scandinavia , ___MASK50___ , the Netherlands , Belgium , and France . An epeiric ( or " shelf ") sea on the European continental shelf , it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north . It is more than long and wide , with an area of around . Mathematics ( from Greek  " máthma ",  knowledge , study , learning ) is the study ___MASK95___ topics such as quantity ( numbers ), structure , space , and change . There is a range ___MASK95___ views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition ___MASK95___ mathematics . The Second Boer War (, " Second Freedom War "), usually known as the Boer War and also at the ___MASK24___ as the South African War , started on 11 October 1899 and ended on 31 May 1902 . Great Britain defeated two Boer nations in South Africa : the South African Republic ( Republic of Transvaal ) and the Orange Free State . Britain was aided by its Cape Colony , Colony of Natal and some native African allies . The British war effort was further supported by volunteers from the British Empire , including Southern Africa , the Australian colonies , Canada , India , and New Zealand . All other nations were neutral , but public opinion in them was largely hostile to Britain . Inside Britain and its Empire there also was a significant Opposition to the Second Boer War . World War I ( WWI or WW1 ), also known as the First World War , or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . More than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , were mobilised in one ___MASK95___ the largest wars in history . Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result ___MASK95___ the war ( including the victims ___MASK95___ a number ___MASK95___ genocides ), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication , and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare . It was one ___MASK95___ the deadliest conflicts in history , and paved the way for major political changes , including revolutions in many ___MASK95___ the nations involved . County ___MASK48___ ( locally ), occasionally Durhamshire , is a county in North East England . The county town is ___MASK48___ , a cathedral city , whilst the largest settlement is Darlington . It borders Tyne and Wear to the north east , Northumberland to the north , Cumbria to the west and North Yorkshire to the south . Historically , the county included southern Tyne and Wear , including Gateshead and Sunderland . A mathematical problem is a problem that is amenable to being represented , analyzed , and possibly solved , with the methods ___MASK95___ mathematics . This can be a real - world problem , such as computing the orbits ___MASK95___ the planets in the solar system , or a problem ___MASK95___ a more abstract nature , such as ___MASK38___ ' s problems .< br > It can also be a problem referring to the nature ___MASK95___ mathematics itself , such as Russell ' s Paradox . ___MASK100___ is a town and civil ___MASK11___ in Northumberland , England . With a population of around 27 , 000 , measured at 27 , 764 at the 2011 Census ; it was once a centre of the coal mining ___MASK46___ . The town is located some north of ___MASK97___ upon Tyne and west of the A189 . The south of the town is bordered by the River Wansbeck . The North Sea coast at Newbiggin - by - the - Sea is about from the town centre . St ___MASK30___ ' s Abbey , Melrose is a partly ruined monastery of the Cistercian order in Melrose , Roxburghshire , in the ___MASK45___ . It was founded in 1136 by Cistercian monks at the request of King David I of Scotland , and was the chief house of that order in the country until the Reformation . It was headed by the Abbot or Commendator of Melrose . Today the abbey is maintained by Historic Scotland . ___MASK35___ is a large market town in north Northumberland , England . The population at the 2011 Census was 8 , 116 . ___MASK71___ (; locally ) is a non - metropolitan county in North West ___MASK7___ . The county and ___MASK71___ County Council , its local government , came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972 . ___MASK71___ ' s county town is Carlisle , in the north of the county , and the only other major urban area is Barrow - in - Furness on the southwestern tip of the county . A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge ___MASK95___ mathematics in his / her work , typically to solve mathematical problems . The Holy ___MASK89___ of Lindisfarne is a tidal ___MASK89___ off the northeast coast of ___MASK7___ . It is also known just as Holy ___MASK89___ . It constitutes the civil ___MASK11___ of Holy ___MASK89___ in Northumberland . Holy ___MASK89___ has a recorded history from the 6th century AD . It was an important centre of Celtic Christianity under Saints Aidan of Lindisfarne , Cuthbert , Eadfrith of Lindisfarne and Eadberht of Lindisfarne . After the Viking invasions and the Norman conquest of ___MASK7___ , a priory was reestablished . A small castle was built on the ___MASK89___ in 1550 . The Fusilier Brigade was an administrative formation ___MASK95___ the British Army from 1958 to 1968 . The Brigade combined the depots ___MASK95___ the English infantry regiments designated as fusiliers . The Royal ___MASK8___ Fusiliers was an infantry regiment ___MASK95___ the British Army . Originally raised in 1674 as the 5th Regiment ___MASK95___ Foot , it was given the regional designation ' ___MASK8___ ' in 1782 and granted the distinction ___MASK95___ being a Fusilier regiment in 1836 , becoming 5th ( ___MASK8___ Fusiliers ) Regiment ___MASK95___ Foot . The regiment adopted the title ___MASK8___ Fusiliers when regimental numbers were abolished under the Childers Reforms ___MASK95___ 1881 and became the Royal ___MASK8___ Fusiliers on 3 June 1935 . ___MASK86___ ( Scots : ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain . It shares a border with England to the south , and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south - west . In addition to the mainland , the country is ___MASK91___ up of more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . World War ___MASK84___ ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ), also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 , although related conflicts began earlier . It involved the vast majority ___MASK95___ the world ' s nations  including all ___MASK95___ the great powers  eventually forming two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . It was the ___MASK14___ widespread war in history , and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries . In a state ___MASK95___ " total war ", the major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources . Marked by mass deaths ___MASK95___ civilians , including the Holocaust ( in which approximately 11 million people were killed ) and the strategic bombing ___MASK95___ industrial and population centres ( in which approximately one million were killed , and which included the atomic bombings ___MASK95___ Hiroshima and ___MASK68___ ), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities . These ___MASK91___ World War ___MASK84___ the deadliest conflict in human history . ___MASK29___ is a village in Northumberland , ___MASK7___ , situated about north - west of ___MASK35___ and from Wooler . It lies in the sheltered valley of the ___MASK29___ Burn , a tributary of the River Aln , about above sea level , in a rural conservation area set amongst rolling countryside , within of the Cheviot Hills . The village is surrounded by mainly arable farmland , moorland and woodland , including an arboretum and some commercial forestry . Lilburn Tower is a privately owned 19th century mansion house at Lilburn , near ___MASK12___ , Northumberland . The property is a Grade II * listed building and forming part ___MASK95___ the Lilburn Estate . A number ___MASK95___ discrete buildings and monuments are scattered across the grange , including the Hurlestone , Hurlestone Tower , and an astronomical observatory . ___MASK12___ is a small town in Northumberland , ___MASK7___ . It lies on the edge of the Northumberland National Park , near the Cheviot Hills . It is a popular base for walkers and is referred to as the " Gateway to the Cheviots ". As well as many shops and pubs , the town has a youth hostel , many hotels , and campsites . It lies on the St . Cuthbert ' s Way long - distance footpath between Melrose Abbey and Lindisfarne . ___MASK8___ National Park is the northernmost national park in ___MASK7___ . It covers an area of more than between the Scottish border in the north to just south of Hadrian ' s Wall , and it is one of the least populated and least visited of the National Parks . The park lies entirely within ___MASK8___ , covering about a quarter of the county . Fusiliers is a name given to various kinds ___MASK95___ soldiers ; its meaning depends on the historical context . While fusilier is derived from the 17th - century French word " fusil "  meaning a type ___MASK95___ flintlock musket  the term has been used in contrasting ways in different countries and at different times , including soldiers guarding artillery , various elite units , ordinary line infantry and other uses . A regiment is a military unit . Their role and size varies markedly , depending on the country and the arm ___MASK95___ service . Line infantry is the type ___MASK95___ infantry that composed the basis ___MASK95___ European land armies from the middle ___MASK95___ the 17th century to the middle ___MASK95___ the 19th century . For both ___MASK54___ and parade drill it consisted ___MASK95___ 2 to 4 ranks ___MASK95___ foot soldiers drawn up side by side in rigid alignment , and thereby maximizing the effect ___MASK95___ their firepower . By extension , the term came to be applied to the regular regiments " ___MASK95___ the line " as opposed to skirmishers , foot guards , militia and other special categories ___MASK95___ infantry . An arboretum ( plural : arboreta ) in a narrow sense is a collection ___MASK95___ trees only . Related collections include a fruticetum ( from the Latin " frutex ", meaning " shrub "), and a viticetum , a collection ___MASK95___ vines . More commonly , today , an arboretum is a botanical garden containing living collections ___MASK95___ woody plants intended at least partly for scientific study . An arboretum specializing in growing conifers is known as a pinetum . Other specialist arboreta include saliceta ( willows ), populeta , and querceta ( oaks ). The Royal Fusiliers ( City ___MASK95___ ___MASK63___ Regiment ) was a line infantry regiment ___MASK95___ the British Army in continuous existence for 283 years . It was known as the 7th Regiment ___MASK95___ Foot until the Childers Reforms ___MASK95___ 1881 . The Royal Fusiliers Monument , a memorial dedicated to the Royal Fusiliers who died during the First World War , stands on ___MASK77___ in the City ___MASK95___ ___MASK63___ . The River Aln ( pronounced , or ) runs through the county ___MASK95___ Northumberland in ___MASK7___ . It rises in Alnham in the Cheviot Hills and discharges into the North Sea at Alnmouth on the east coast ___MASK95___ ___MASK7___ . Sir Edward Foyle Collingwood CBE FRS FRSE DL LLD ( 17 January 1900 -- 25 October 1970 ) was an English mathematician and scientist . He was a member ___MASK95___ the Eglingham branch ___MASK95___ a prominent Northumbrian family , the son ___MASK95___ Col . Cuthbert Collingwood ___MASK95___ the ___MASK4___ Fusiliers , whose family seat was at Lilburn Tower , near Wooler , Northumberland . His great grandfather was a brother ___MASK95___ Admiral Lord Collingwood . ___MASK8___ is a county in North East ___MASK7___ . The northernmost county of ___MASK7___ , it borders Cumbria to the west , County ___MASK48___ and Tyne and Wear to the south and Scotland to the north . To the east is the North Sea coastline with a long distance path . The county town is ___MASK35___ although the county council is in Morpeth ( for the moment , as there are plans to move it to nearby Ashington ). The northernmost point of ___MASK8___ and ___MASK7___ is at Marshall Meadows Bay . A county ___MASK92___ is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a county . This term has slightly different meanings in different countries . The British Army is the principal land warfare force ___MASK95___ the United Kingdom . The force was initially administered by the War Office from ___MASK63___ , which in 1964 was subsumed into the Ministry ___MASK95___ Defence . The professional head ___MASK95___ the British Army is the Chief ___MASK95___ the General Staff . The ___MASK4___ Fusiliers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army that saw distinguished service through many centuries and wars , including the Second Boer War both World War I and World War II , and had many different titles throughout its 280 years of existence . In 1968 the regiment was amalgamated with the other regiments of the Fusilier Brigade  the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers , Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers and the Royal Fusiliers ( City of London Regiment ) to form the current Royal Regiment of Fusiliers . ___MASK21___ ___MASK7___ is one of the nine regions of ___MASK7___ that are classified at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes . It covers Northumberland , County ___MASK48___ , Tyne and Wear , and the Tees Valley . The region is home to three large conurbations : Teesside , Wearside , and Tyneside , the latter of which is the largest of the three and the eighth most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom . There are only three cities in the region ; Newcastle upon Tyne is the largest city in the region with a population of just under 280 , 000 , followed by Sunderland , both of which are located in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear . The city of ___MASK48___ is the county town of County ___MASK48___ . Other large settlements in the region include Darlington ; Gateshead ; Hartlepool ; Middlesbrough ; South Shields ; Stockton - on - Tees ; ___MASK35___ and Washington . A County town is usually the location ___MASK95___ administrative or judicial functions within the county , or it has been established over ___MASK24___ as the " de facto " main town ___MASK95___ a county . The concept ___MASK95___ a county town eventually became detached from its original meaning ___MASK95___ where the county administration or county hall is based . In fact , many county towns are no longer part ___MASK95___ the administrative county . For example , ___MASK17___ is administered by a unitary authority entirely separate from the rest ___MASK95___ Nottinghamshire . Many county towns are classified as cities , but all are referred to as county towns regardless ___MASK95___ whether city status is held or not .