country_of_citizenship tiberius gemellus
Gaius Julius Caesar ( 13 July 100 BC  15 March 44 BC ), known as Julius Caesar , was a Roman ___MASK35___ , general , and notable author of Latin prose . He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the ___MASK75___ . Claudius ( 1 August 10 BC  13 October 54 AD ) was Roman emperor from 41 to 54 . A member of the Julio - Claudian dynasty , he was the son of Drusus and Antonia Minor . He was born at Lugdunum in ___MASK19___ , the first Roman Emperor to be born outside ___MASK1___ . Because he was afflicted with a limp and slight deafness due to sickness at a young age , his family ostracized him and excluded him from public office until his consulship , shared with his nephew Caligula in 37 . Antonia Minor (" PIR " A 885 ), also known as Julia Antonia Minor , Antonia the Younger or simply Antonia ( 31 January 36 BC - September / October AD 37 ) was the younger of two daughters of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor . She was a niece of the Emperor Augustus , sister - in - law of the Emperor Tiberius , paternal grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger , mother of the Emperor Claudius , and both maternal great - grandmother and paternal great - aunt of the Emperor Nero . She was additionally the maternal great - aunt of the Empress Valeria Messalina and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix , the paternal grandmother of Claudia Antonia , Claudia Octavia , and ___MASK3___ and the maternal grandmother of Julia Livia and Tiberius Gemellus . Germania was the Roman term for the geographical region in north - central Europe inhabited mainly by ___MASK74___ . Caligula , properly Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( 31 August AD 12  24 January AD 41 ) was Roman emperor from AD 37  41 . Born Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus ( not to be confused with Julius Caesar ), Caligula was a member of the house of rulers conventionally known as the Julio - Claudian dynasty . Caligula ' s biological father was Germanicus , and he was the great - nephew and adopted son of Emperor Tiberius . The young Gaius earned the nickname " Caligula " ( meaning " little soldier ' s boot ", the diminutive form of " caliga ", hob - nailed military boot ) from his father ' s soldiers while accompanying him during his campaigns in Germania . The term Julio - Claudian dynasty refers to the first five Roman emperors  Augustus , Tiberius , Caligula , Claudius , and Nero  or the family to which they belonged . They ruled the ___MASK75___ from its formation under Augustus in the second half of the 1st century ( 44 / 31 / 27 ) BC , until AD 68 when the last of the line , Nero , committed suicide . Claudia Livia Julia ( Classical Latin : ) ( c . 13 BC  AD 31 ) was the only daughter of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor and sister of the Roman Emperor Claudius and general Germanicus , and thus the paternal aunt of the emperor Caligula and maternal great - aunt of emperor Nero , as well as the niece and daughter - in - law of Tiberius . She was named after her grandmother , Augustus ' wife Livia Drusilla , and commonly known by her family nickname Livilla (" little Livia "). She was born after Germanicus and before Claudius . Tiberius Julius Caesar Nero Gemellus , known as Tiberius Gemellus ( 10 October AD 19 -- AD 37 or 38 ) was the son of Drusus and Livilla , the grandson of the Emperor Tiberius , and the cousin of the Emperor Caligula . Gemellus is a nickname meaning `` the twin '' . His twin brother , Tiberius Claudius Caesar Germanicus II Gemellus , died in early childhood in 23 AD . Gemellus ' father Drusus died mysteriously when Gemellus was only four . It is believed that Drusus died at the hands of the Praetorian Prefect , Lucius Aelius Sejanus . His mother Livilla was either put to death or committed suicide because she had been plotting with Sejanus to overthrow Tiberius , and also because she may have worked with Sejanus to poison her husband . Little is known about Gemellus ' life , as he was largely ignored by most of the Imperial family , so much so that one of the major landmarks of his youth , the toga virilis , was n ' t celebrated until he was eighteen . The normal age to celebrate this was fourteen years . At the age of twelve Gemellus was summoned to the island of Capri where Tiberius lived , along with his cousin Caligula . Tiberius made both Caligula and Gemellus joint - heirs , but it was clear that Tiberius favored Caligula over his own grandson . Livilla had been Sejanus ' lover for a number of years before their deaths , and many including Tiberius believed that both Gemelli were really Sejanus ' sons . Tiberius died March 16 , 37 AD , and Caligula became Emperor . Caligula made Gemellus his adopted son not long afterwards , but ordered him killed in late 37 AD or early 38 AD for allegedly plotting against Caligula while he was ill . Suetonius writes that Caligula `` sent a military tribune to kill young Tiberius without warning , on the pretext that Tiberius had insulted him by taking an antidote against poison - his breath smelled of it ... young Tiberius ' breath smelled of medicine taken for a persistent cough which was gaining a hold on his lungs . '' Little has been written about Gemellus . Most of the information we know about him has been connected to material about Caligula . Germanicus ( 24 May 15 BC  10 October AD 19 ) was a member of the Julio - Claudian dynasty and a prominent general of the early ___MASK75___ . He was born in Rome , Italia , to Nero Claudius Drusus and his wife Antonia Minor . His original name at birth was either Nero Claudius Drusus after his father , or Tiberius Claudius Nero after his uncle , the second Roman emperor Tiberius . The agnomen " Germanicus " was added to his full name in 9 BC when it was posthumously awarded to his father in honour of his victories in Germania . By AD 4 he was adopted as Tiberius ' son and heir . As a result , Germanicus was adopted out of the Claudii and into the Julii . In accordance with Roman naming conventions , he adopted the name Germanicus Julius Caesar . Classical Latin is the modern term used to describe the form of the Latin language recognized as standard by writers of the late ___MASK29___ and the ___MASK75___ . In some later periods , it was regarded as " good " Latin , with later versions being viewed as debased or corrupt . The word " Latin " is now taken by default as meaning " Classical Latin ", so that , for example , modern Latin textbooks describe classical Latin . Marcus Tullius Cicero and his contemporaries of the late republic , while using " lingua Latina " and " sermo Latinus " to mean the Latin language as opposed to the Greek or other languages , and " sermo vulgaris " or " sermo vulgi " to refer to the vernacular , regarded the speech they valued most and in which they wrote as " Latinitas ", " Latinity ", with the implication of good . Sometimes it is called " sermo familiaris ", " speech of the good families ", " sermo urbanus ", " speech of the city " or rarely " sermo nobilis ", " noble speech ", but mainly besides " Latinitas " it was " Latine " ( adverb ), " in good Latin ", or " Latinius " ( comparative degree of adjective ), " good Latin ". Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus ( January 14 , 38 BC  summer of 9 BC ), born Decimus Claudius Drusus , also called Drusus Claudius Nero , Drusus , Drusus I , Nero Drusus , or Drusus the Elder was a Roman ___MASK35___ and military commander . He was a patrician Claudian on his legal father ' s side but his maternal grandmother was from a plebeian family . He was the son of Livia Drusilla and the legal stepson of her second husband , the Emperor Augustus . He was also brother of the Emperor Tiberius , father to both the Emperor Claudius and general Germanicus , paternal grandfather of the Emperor Caligula , and maternal great - grandfather of the Emperor Nero . Augustus ( 23 September 63 BC  19 August 14 AD ) was the founder of the Roman Principate and considered the first Emperor , controlling the ___MASK75___ from 27 BC until his death in AD 14 . The Roman emperor was the ruler of the ___MASK75___ during the imperial period ( starting in 27 BC ). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history . Often when a given Roman is described as becoming " emperor " in English , it reflects his taking of the title " Augustus " or " Caesar ". Another title often used was " imperator ", originally a military honorific . Early Emperors also used the title " princeps " ( first citizen ). Emperors frequently amassed republican titles , notably " Princeps Senatus ", " Consul " and " Pontifex Maximus ".