manner_of_death philippe henriot
___MASK49___ is the murder of a prominent person , often a political leader or ruler , usually for political reasons or payment . A ___MASK20___ is an execution in which a person is accused of a crime and immediately killed without benefit of a full and fair trial . Executions as the result of summary justice ( such as a drumhead court martial ) are sometimes included , but the term generally refers to capture , accusation , and execution all conducted simultaneously or within a very short period of time , and without any trial at all . Under international law , refusal to accept lawful surrender in combat ( no quarter ) is also categorized as a ___MASK20___ ( as well as ___MASK99___ ). Summary executions have been practiced by police , military , and paramilitary organizations and are frequently associated with guerrilla warfare , counter - insurgency , terrorism , and any other situation which involves a breakdown of the normal procedures for handling accused prisoners , civilian or military . World ___MASK11___ II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ), also known as the Second World ___MASK11___ , was a global ___MASK11___ that lasted from 1939 to 1945 , although related conflicts began earlier . It involved the vast majority of the world ' s nations  including all of the great powers  eventually forming two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . It was the most widespread ___MASK11___ in history , and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries . In a state of " total ___MASK11___ ", the major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the ___MASK11___ effort , erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources . Marked by mass deaths of civilians , including the Holocaust ( in which approximately 11 million people were killed ) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres ( in which approximately one million were killed , and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities . These made World ___MASK11___ II the deadliest conflict in human history . The French Resistance was the collection of French resistance movements that fought against the Nazi German occupation of France and against the collaborationist Vichy régime during the Second World ___MASK11___ . Résistance cells were small groups of armed men and women ( called the Maquis in rural areas ), who , in addition to their guerrilla warfare activities , were also publishers of underground newspapers , providers of first - hand intelligence information , and maintainers of escape networks that helped Allied soldiers and airmen trapped behind enemy lines . The men and women of the Résistance came from all economic levels and political leanings of French society , including émigrés ; academics , students , aristocrats , conservative Roman Catholics ( including priests ) and also citizens from the ranks of liberals , anarchists and communists . The Service d ' ordre légionnaire ( SOL , " Legionary Order Service ") was a collaborationist militia created by Joseph Darnand , a far right veteran from the First World ___MASK11___ . Too radical even for other supporters of the Vichy regime , it was granted its independence in January 1943 , after Operation Torch and the German occupation of the South Zone , until then dubbed " Free Zone " and controlled by Vichy . Pierre Laval himself ( supported by Marshal Philippe Pétain ) passed the law which accorded the SOL its independence and transformed it into the " Milice ", which participated in battles alongside the Nazis against the Resistance and committed numerous ___MASK11___ crimes against civilians . After the Liberation , some members of the Milice escaped to Germany , where they joined the ranks of the SS . Those who stayed behind in France faced either drumhead courts - martial , generally followed by ___MASK20___ , or simple ___MASK74___ at the hands of " résistants " and enraged civilians . The Milice française ( French Militia ), generally called the Milice , was a political paramilitary organization created on January 30 , 1943 by the Vichy regime ( with German aid ) to help fight against the French Resistance during World ___MASK11___ II . The Milice ' s formal head was Prime Minister Pierre Laval , although its Chief of operations and " de facto " leader was Secretary General Joseph Darnand . It participated in summary executions and assassinations , helping to round up Jews and " résistants " in France for deportation . It was the successor to Joseph Darnand ' s " Service d ' ordre légionnaire " ( SOL ) militia . The Milice was the Vichy regime ' s most extreme manifestation of fascism . Ultimately , Darnand envisaged the Milice as a fascist single party political movement for the French state . Philippe Henriot ( 7 January 1889 , Reims -- 28 June 1944 , Paris ) was a French poet , journalist , politician , and Minister in the French government at Vichy , where he directed propaganda broadcasts . He also joined the Milice part - time .