place_of_birth adeimantus 
The Peloponnesian War ( 431  404 BC ) was an ancient Greek war fought by ___MASK29___ and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta . Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases . In the first phase , the Archidamian War , Sparta launched repeated invasions of Attica , while ___MASK29___ took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the coast of the Peloponnese and attempt to suppress signs of unrest in its empire . This period of the war was concluded in 421 BC , with the signing of the Peace of Nicias . That treaty , however , was soon undermined by renewed fighting in the Peloponnese . In 415 BC , ___MASK29___ dispatched a massive expeditionary force to attack Syracuse in Sicily ; the attack failed disastrously , with the destruction of the entire force , in 413 BC . This ushered in the final phase of the war , generally referred to either as the Decelean War , or the Ionian War . In this phase , Sparta , now receiving support from Persia , supported rebellions in ___MASK29___ ' subject states in the Aegean Sea and Ionia , undermining ___MASK29___ ' empire , and , eventually , depriving the city of naval supremacy . The destruction of ___MASK29___ ' fleet at Aegospotami effectively ended the war , and ___MASK29___ surrendered in the following year . Corinth and Thebes demanded that ___MASK29___ should be destroyed and all its citizens should be enslaved , but Sparta refused . An academy ( Attic Greek :  ; Koine Greek  ) is an institution ___MASK46___ secondary education , higher learning , research , or honorary membership . Old Comedy (" archaia ") is the first period ___MASK46___ the ancient Greek comedy , according to the canonical division by the Alexandrian grammarians . The most important Old Comic playwright is Aristophanes  whose works , with their daring political commentary and abundance ___MASK46___ sexual innuendo , effectively define the genre today . Aristophanes satirized and lampooned the most prominent personalities and institutions ___MASK46___ his time , as can be seen , for example , in his scurrilous portrayal ___MASK46___ Socrates in " The Clouds ", and in his racy anti - war farce " Lysistrata ". Aristophanes was only one ___MASK46___ a large number ___MASK46___ comic poets , however , working in ___MASK29___ in the late 5th century BC ; his biggest rivals were Hermippus and Eupolis . The CYCLADES computer network was a French research network created in the early 1970s . It was one ___MASK46___ the pioneering networks experimenting with the concept ___MASK46___ packet switching , and was developed to explore alternatives to the ARPANET design . It supported general local network research . The Frogs ("", " Frogs "; Latin : " Ranae ", often abbreviated " Ran .") is a comedy written by the Ancient Greek playwright Aristophanes . It was performed at the Lenaia , one ___MASK46___ the Festivals ___MASK46___ Dionysus in ___MASK29___ , in 405 BC , and received first place . Classical ___MASK45___ was a period ___MASK46___ around 200 years ( 5th and 4th centuries BC ) in Greek culture . This Classical period saw the annexation ___MASK46___ much ___MASK46___ modern - day ___MASK45___ by the Persian Empire and its subsequent independence . Classical ___MASK45___ had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire and on the foundations ___MASK46___ western civilization . Much ___MASK46___ modern Western politics , artistic thought ( architecture , sculpture ), scientific thought , theatre , literature , and philosophy derives from this period ___MASK46___ Greek history . In the context ___MASK46___ the art , architecture , and culture ___MASK46___ Ancient ___MASK45___ , the Classical period , sometimes called the Hellenic period , corresponds to most ___MASK46___ the 5th and 4th centuries BC ( the most common dates being the fall ___MASK46___ the last Athenian tyrant in 510 BC and the death ___MASK46___ Alexander the Great in 323 BC ). The Classical period in this sense follows the Archaic period and is in turn succeeded by the Hellenistic period . Aristophanes ( or ; c . 446  c . 386 BC ), son ___MASK46___ Philippus , ___MASK46___ the deme Kydathenaion , was a comic playwright ___MASK46___ ancient ___MASK29___ . Eleven ___MASK46___ his forty plays survive virtually complete . These , together with fragments ___MASK46___ some ___MASK46___ his other plays , provide the only real examples ___MASK46___ a genre ___MASK46___ comic drama known as Old Comedy , and are used to define it . Lysander ( or ; died 395 BC , , " Lýsandros ") was a Spartan admiral who commanded the Spartan ___MASK68___ in the Hellespont which defeated the Athenians at Aegospotami in 405 BC . The following year , he was able to force the Athenians to capitulate , bringing the Peloponnesian War to an end ; he organized the dominion ___MASK46___ Sparta over Greece in the last decade ___MASK46___ his life . Adeimantus ( / ædimænts / ; Greek :  ) , son ___MASK46___ Leucolophides , an Athenian , was one ___MASK46___ the commanders with Alcibiades in the expedition against Andros in 407 BC . He was again appointed one ___MASK46___ the Athenian generals after the Battle ___MASK46___ Arginusae in 406 BC , and continued in office until the Battle ___MASK46___ Aegospotami in 404 BC , where he was one ___MASK46___ the commanders , and was taken prisoner . He was the only one ___MASK46___ the Athenian prisoners who was not put to death , because he had opposed the decree for cutting off the right hands ___MASK46___ the Lacedaemonians who might be taken in the battle . He was accused by many ___MASK46___ treachery in this battle , and was afterwards impeached by Conon . Aristophanes speaks ___MASK46___ Adeimantus in The Frogs , which was acted in the year ___MASK46___ the battle , as one whose death was wished for ; and he also calls him , apparently out ___MASK46___ jest , the son ___MASK46___ Leucolophus , that is , `` White Crest '' . In Plato ' s Protagoras , Adeimantus is also spoken ___MASK46___ as present on that occasion . Cleinias , father ___MASK46___ Alcibiades , brother ___MASK46___ Axiochus , and member ___MASK46___ the Alcmaeonidae family , was an Athenian who married Deinomache , the daughter ___MASK46___ Megacles , and became the father ___MASK46___ the famous Alcibiades . Plutarch tells us that he traced his family line back to Eurysaces , the son ___MASK46___ Telamonian Ajax . He greatly distinguished himself in the Battle ___MASK46___ Artemisium in 480 BC . Cleinias died at the Battle ___MASK46___ Coronea in 447 BC . A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form ___MASK46___ a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface ___MASK46___ the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action ___MASK46___ rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . The ___MASK60___ Battle ___MASK46___ Aegospotami took place in 405 BC and was the last major battle ___MASK46___ the Peloponnesian War . In the battle , a Spartan fleet under Lysander destroyed the Athenian navy . This effectively ended the war , since ___MASK29___ could not import grain or communicate with its empire without control ___MASK46___ the sea . ___MASK5___ or Evia ( Modern Greek :  , " Evvoia " " Eúboia ") is the second - largest Greek island in area and population , after Crete . The narrow Euripus Strait separates it from Boeotia in mainland Greece . In general outline it is a long and narrow , seahorse - shaped island ; it is about long , and varies in breadth from to . Its geographic orientation is from northwest to southeast , and it is traversed throughout its length by a mountain range , which forms part ___MASK46___ the chain that bounds Thessaly on the east , and is continued south ___MASK46___ ___MASK5___ in the lofty islands ___MASK46___ Andros , Tinos and Mykonos . An archipelago , sometimes called an ___MASK100___ group or ___MASK100___ chain , is a chain , cluster or collection ___MASK46___ islands . The word " archipelago " is derived from the Greek "  -  arkhi -" (" chief ") and "   pélagos " (" sea ") through the Italian " arcipelago ". In Italian , possibly following a tradition ___MASK46___ antiquity , the Archipelago ( from medieval Greek "*  " and Latin " archipelagus ") was the proper name for the Aegean Sea and , later , usage shifted to refer to the Aegean Islands ( since the sea is remarkable for its large number ___MASK46___ islands ). It is now used to refer to any ___MASK100___ group or , sometimes , to a sea containing a small number ___MASK46___ scattered islands . The Western world or the West is a term usually referring to different nations , depending on the context , ___MASK81___ often including at least part ___MASK46___ Europe . There are many accepted definitions about what they all have in common . The Western world is also known as the Occident ( from Latin : " occidens " " sunset , West ", as contrasted with Orient ). Callicratidas was a Spartan ___MASK60___ commander in the Peloponnesian War . In 406 BC , he was sent to the Aegean to take command ___MASK46___ the Spartan fleet from Lysander , the first navarch . ___MASK86___ , also called Chora (  , " main town "), is a town and a former municipality on the ___MASK100___ ___MASK46___ ___MASK86___ , in the Cyclades , Greece . Since the 2011 local government reform it is part ___MASK46___ the municipality ___MASK86___ , ___MASK46___ which it is a municipal unit , and shares the ___MASK100___ ___MASK46___ ___MASK86___ with the municipal units ___MASK46___ Korthio and Ydrousa . Conon ( before 444 BC  after 394 BC ) was an Athenian general at the end ___MASK46___ the Peloponnesian War , who led the Athenian naval forces when they were defeated by a Peloponnesian fleet in the crucial Battle ___MASK46___ Aegospotami ; later he contributed significantly to the restoration ___MASK46___ ___MASK29___ ' political and military power . ___MASK12___ ( Greek : " Plátn ", in Classical Attic ; 428 / 427 or 424 / 423  348 / 347 BCE ) was a philosopher in Classical ___MASK45___ and the founder ___MASK46___ the Academy in ___MASK29___ , the first institution ___MASK46___ higher learning in the Western world . He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development ___MASK46___ philosophy , especially the Western tradition . Unlike nearly all ___MASK46___ his philosophical contemporaries , ___MASK12___ ' s entire " œuvre " is believed to have survived intact for over 2 , 400 years . The Lenaia was an annual Athenian festival with a dramatic competition . It was one ___MASK46___ the lesser festivals ___MASK46___ ___MASK29___ and Ionia in ancient Greece . The Lenaia took place in ___MASK29___ in the month ___MASK46___ Gamelion , roughly corresponding to January . The festival was in honour ___MASK46___ Dionysos Lenaios . " Lenaia " probably comes from "" lenos "" ' wine - press ' or from "" lenai "", another name for the Maenads ( the female worshippers ___MASK46___ Dionysos ). Alcibiades , son ___MASK46___ Cleinias , from the deme ___MASK46___ Scambonidae ( Greek : , transliterated " Alkibiáds Kleiníou Skambníds "; c . 450  404 BC ), was a prominent Athenian statesman , orator , and general . He was the last famous member ___MASK46___ his mother ' s aristocratic family , the Alcmaeonidae , which fell from prominence after the Peloponnesian War . He played a major role in the second half ___MASK46___ that conflict as a strategic advisor , military commander , and politician . In Ancient ___MASK45___ , a deme or demos was a suburb ___MASK46___ ___MASK29___ or a subdivision ___MASK46___ Attica , the region ___MASK46___ ___MASK45___ surrounding ___MASK29___ . Demes as simple subdivisions ___MASK46___ land in the countryside seem to have existed in the 6th century BC and earlier , but did not acquire particular significance until the reforms ___MASK46___ Cleisthenes in 508 BC . In those reforms , enrollment in the citizen - lists ___MASK46___ a deme became the requirement for citizenship ; prior to that time , citizenship had been based on membership in a phratry , or family group . At this same time , demes were established in the city ___MASK46___ ___MASK29___ itself , where they had not previously existed ; in all , at the end ___MASK46___ Cleisthenes ' reforms , Attica was divided into 139 demes to which one should add Berenikidai , established in 224 / 223 BC , Apollonieis ( 201 / 200 BC ) and Antinoeis ( 126 / 127 ). The establishment ___MASK46___ demes as the fundamental units ___MASK46___ the state weakened the gene , or aristocratic family groups , that had dominated the phratries . A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy , which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside ___MASK46___ either theology or science . The term " philosopher " comes from the Ancient Greek (" philosophos ") meaning " lover ___MASK46___ wisdom ". The coining ___MASK46___ the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras ( 6th century BC ). The ___MASK60___ Battle ___MASK46___ Arginusae took place in 406 BC during the Peloponnesian War near the city ___MASK46___ Canae in the Arginusae islands , east ___MASK46___ the island ___MASK46___ Lesbos . In the battle , an Athenian fleet commanded by eight strategoi defeated a Spartan fleet under Callicratidas . The battle was precipitated by a Spartan victory which led to the Athenian fleet under Conon being blockaded at Mytilene ; to relieve Conon , the Athenians assembled a scratch force composed largely ___MASK46___ newly constructed ships manned by inexperienced crews . This inexperienced fleet was thus tactically inferior to the Spartans , but its commanders were able to circumvent this problem by employing new and unorthodox tactics , which allowed the Athenians to secure a dramatic and unexpected victory . Aegospotami (   ) or Aegospotamos ( i . e . " Goat Streams ") is the ancient Greek name for a small river issuing into the Hellespont ( Modern Turkish " ___MASK17___ Boaz "), northeast ___MASK46___ Sestos . An ___MASK100___ or isle is any piece ___MASK46___ sub - continental land that is surrounded by water . Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets , skerries , cays or keys . An ___MASK100___ in a river or a lake ___MASK100___ may be called an eyot or ait , and a small ___MASK100___ off the coast may be called a holm . A grouping ___MASK46___ geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago , e . g . the ___MASK31___ . ___MASK86___ is the northernmost ___MASK100___ ___MASK46___ the Greek Cyclades archipelago , approximately south east ___MASK46___ Euboea , and about north ___MASK46___ Tinos . It is nearly long , and its greatest breadth is . Its surface is for the most part mountainous , with many fruitful and well - watered valleys . The municipality , which includes the ___MASK100___ ___MASK86___ and several small , uninhabited islands , has an area ___MASK46___ . The largest towns are ___MASK86___ ( town ), Gavrio , Batsi , and Ormos Korthiou . Latin ( Latin : ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch ___MASK46___ the Indo - European languages . The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . ___MASK29___ (" Athína " ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . ___MASK29___ dominates the Attica region and is one of the world ' s oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3 , 400 years , and its earliest human presence starting somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennia BC . Classical ___MASK29___ was a powerful city - state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus , which had been a distinct city prior to its 5th century BC incorporation with ___MASK29___ . A centre for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato ' s Academy and Aristotle ' s Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , ___MASK29___ is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . In 2015 , ___MASK29___ was ranked the world ' s 29th richest city by purchasing power and the 67th most expensive in a UBS study . Korthio is a former municipality on the ___MASK100___ ___MASK46___ Andros , in the Cyclades , Greece . Since the 2011 local government reform it is part ___MASK46___ the municipality Andros , ___MASK46___ which it is a municipal unit . Its population was 1 , 948 inhabitants at the 2011 census , and its land area is 81 . 918 km² . It shares the ___MASK100___ ___MASK46___ Andros with the municipal unit ___MASK46___ Andros and Ydrousa . ___MASK37___ is a Greek island situated in the ___MASK53___ . It is located in the Cyclades archipelago . In antiquity , ___MASK37___ was also known as Ophiussa ( from " ophis ", Greek for snake ) and Hydroessa ( from " hydor ", Greek for water ). The closest islands are Andros , Delos , and Mykonos . It has a land area ___MASK46___ and a 2011 census population ___MASK46___ 8 , 636 inhabitants . ___MASK22___ , sometimes referred to as " Mytilini " after its capital , is a Greek ___MASK100___ located in the northeastern ___MASK53___ . It has an area ___MASK46___ with ___MASK46___ coastline , making it the third largest ___MASK100___ in Greece . It is separated from Turkey by the narrow Mytilini Strait and in late Palaeolithic / Mesolithic times was joined to the Anatolian mainland before the end ___MASK46___ the last glacial period . ___MASK82___ ("" ) is an ancient city founded in the ___MASK9___ BC . ___MASK82___ is the capital and port ___MASK46___ the island ___MASK46___ Lesbos and also the capital ___MASK46___ the North Aegean Region . The seat ___MASK46___ governor ___MASK46___ the North Aegean Region is ___MASK82___ . ___MASK82___ is also one ___MASK46___ 13 municipalities ( counties ) on the island ___MASK46___ Lesbos . ___MASK82___ is built on the southeast edge ___MASK46___ the island . It is also the seat ___MASK46___ a metropolitan bishop ___MASK46___ the Orthodox church . In classical antiquity , the Arginusae (" Arginóusai "; also  " Arginóussai ") were three islands off the Dikili ___MASK41___ on the coast ___MASK46___ modern - day Turkey , famous as the site ___MASK46___ the Battle ___MASK46___ Arginusae . They were also collectively referred to as Canaea after the city ___MASK46___ Canae on the largest island . Today two ___MASK46___ the islands remain , while the third and largest has become attached to the mainland as a promontory near the modern village ___MASK46___ Bademli : The Alcmaeonidae or Alcmaeonids were a powerful noble family ___MASK46___ ancient ___MASK29___ , a branch ___MASK46___ the Neleides who claimed descent from the mythological Alcmaeon , the great - grandson ___MASK46___ Nestor . ___MASK72___ ( Doric Greek : ; Attic Greek : ) was a prominent city - state in ancient Greece . In antiquity the city - state was known as Lacedaemon , while the name ___MASK72___ referred to its main settlement on the banks ___MASK46___ the Eurotas River in Laconia , in south - eastern Peloponnese . Around 650 BC , it rose to become the dominant military land - power in ancient Greece . Dionysus (" Dionysos ") is the god ___MASK46___ the grape harvest , winemaking and wine , ___MASK46___ ritual madness , fertility , theatre and religious ecstasy in ancient Greek religion and myth . Wine played an important role in Greek culture , and the cult ___MASK46___ Dionysus was the main religious focus for its unrestrained consumption . He may have been worshipped as early as c . 1500  1100 BC by Mycenean Greeks ; traces ___MASK46___ Dionysian - type cult have also been found in ancient Minoan Crete . His origins are uncertain , and his cults took many forms ; some are described by ancient sources as Thracian , others as Greek . In some cults , he arrives from the east , as an Asiatic foreigner ; in others , from Ethiopia in the South . He is a god ___MASK46___ epiphany , " the god that comes ", and his " foreignness " as an arriving outsider - god may be inherent and essential to his cults . He is a major , popular figure ___MASK46___ Greek mythology and religion , becoming increasingly important over time , and included in some lists ___MASK46___ the twelve Olympians , as the last ___MASK46___ their number , and the only god born from a mortal mother . His festivals were the driving force behind the development ___MASK46___ Greek theatre .