parent_taxon geastrales
The ___MASK93___ are a family of ___MASK34___ in the order Cantharellales . The family contains the chanterelles and related species , a group of ___MASK34___ that superficially resemble agarics ( gilled mushrooms ) but have smooth , wrinkled , or gill - like hymenophores ( spore - bearing undersurfaces ). Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal , forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants . Many of the ___MASK93___ , including the chanterelle (" ___MASK100___ cibarius "), the Pacific golden chanterelle (" ___MASK100___ formosus "), the horn of plenty (" Craterellus cornucopioides "), and the trumpet chanterelle (" Craterellus tubaeformis "), are not only edible , but are collected and marketed internationally on a commercial scale . ___MASK85___ is a subclass of the class Agaricomycetes of fungi . The ___MASK56___ are a diverse family of fungi belonging in what is classically known as the Phallales or cladistically as the gomphoid - phalloid clade . The family has 13 genera and 287 species . The Geastrales are an order of gasterocarpic basidiomycetes ( ___MASK34___ ) that relates to Cantharellales . The order contains the single family Geastraceae , commonly known as `` earthstars '' , which older classifications had placed in Lycoperdales , or ___MASK54___ . About 64 species are classified in this family , divided among eight genera , including the Geastrum , Myriostoma and Sphaerobolus . The Sphaerobolus are known as `` shotgun fungus '' or `` cannonball fungus '' . They colonize wood - based mulches and may throw black , sticky , spore - containing globs onto nearby surfaces . The fruit bodies of several earthstars are hygroscopic : in dry weather the `` petals '' will dry and curl up around the soft spore sac , protecting it . In this state , often the whole fungus becomes detached from the ground and may roll around as a tumbleweed does . When the weather dampens , the `` petals '' moisten and uncurl and some even curl backward lifting the spore sac up . This then allows rain or animal movement to hit the spore sac so it will puff out spores when enough moisture is present for them to germinate . ___MASK78___ is a genus of fungi in the Hydnaceae family . They are notable for their unusual spore - bearing structures of teeth rather than gills . The best known are the edible species " ___MASK78___ repandum " and " H . rufescens ". The word is derived from "( h ) udnon "/  , an Ancient Greek word for truffle . The white or buff " ___MASK78___ repandum " has a spore scatterer of still another shape . The smooth cap grows as wide as 8 inches across . The stem is off - center and is less than 2 inches long . " ___MASK78___ " has many brittle , white teeth from which the spores drop . The mushrooms of the " ___MASK78___ " group grow both on ground and on wood . Some species have teeth which hang from ascending branches , while other species have teeth which project downwards from the undersurfaces of dead wood . Most " ___MASK78___ " are safe to eat . The ___MASK82___ are a family of ___MASK34___ in the order Cantharellales . Originally the family encompassed all species of ___MASK34___ that produced basidiocarps ( fruit bodies ) having a hymenium ( spore - bearing surface ) consisting of slender , downward - hanging tapering extensions referred to as " spines " or " teeth ", whether they were related or not . This artificial but often useful grouping is now more generally called the hydnoid or tooth ___MASK34___ . In the strict , modern sense , the ___MASK82___ are limited to the genus " ___MASK78___ " and related genera , with basidiocarps having a toothed or poroid hymenium . Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal , forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants . " ___MASK78___ repandum " ( the hedgehog fungus ) is an edible species , commercially collected in some countries and often marketed under the French name " pied de mouton ". The ___MASK20___ are an order of ___MASK34___ in the class Agaricomycetes . The order includes not only the chanterelles ( Cantharellaceae ), but also some of the tooth ___MASK34___ ( Hydnaceae ), clavarioid ___MASK34___ ( Aphelariaceae and Clavulinaceae ), and corticioid ___MASK34___ ( Botryobasidiaceae ). Species within the order are variously ectomycorrhizal , saprotrophic , associated with orchids , or facultative plant pathogens . Those of economic importance include edible and commercially collected " ___MASK100___ ", " Craterellus ", and " Hydnum " species as well as crop pathogens in the genera " Ceratobasidium " and " Thanatephorus " (" Rhizoctonia "). Gleba is the fleshy spore - bearing inner mass of certain ___MASK34___ such as the puffball or stinkhorn . ___MASK100___ is a genus of popular edible mushrooms , commonly known as chanterelles . They are mycorrhizal fungi , meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants , making them very difficult to cultivate . Caution must be used when identifying chanterelles for consumption due to lookalikes , such as the Jack - O - Lantern species (" Omphalotus olearius " and others ), which can make a person very ill . Despite this , chanterelles are one of the most recognized and harvested groups of edible mushrooms . The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci , which produce spores . In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci , while in others some cells develop into sterile cells called cystidia ( basidiomycetes ) or paraphyses ( ___MASK73___ ). Cystidia are often important for microscopic identification . The subhymenium consists of the supportive hyphae from which the cells of the hymenium grow , beneath which is the hymenophoral trama , the hyphae that make up the mass of the hymenophore . ___MASK17___ is a family of ___MASK34___ , commonly known as stinkhorn mushrooms , within the order ___MASK54___ . Stinkhorns have a worldwide distribution , but are especially prevalent in tropical regions . They are known for their foul - smelling , sticky spore masses , or gleba , borne on the end of a stalk called the receptaculum . The characteristic fruiting - body structure , a single , unbranched receptaculum with an externally attached gleba on the upper part , distinguishes the ___MASK17___ from other families in the Phalalles . The spore mass typically smells of carrion or dung , and attracts flies and other insects to help disperse the spores . Although there is great diversity in body structure shape among the various genera , all species in the ___MASK17___ begin their development as oval or round structures known as " eggs ". According to a 2008 estimate , the family contains 21 genera and 77 species . The Aphelariaceae are a family of ___MASK34___ in the order Cantharellales . The family contains a small group of tropical and subtropical clavarioid ___MASK34___ , but is not well characterized and has not been the subject of published research . ___MASK64___ is a genus of generally edible ___MASK34___ similar to the closely related chanterelles , with some new species recently moved from the latter to the former . Both groups lack true gills on the underside of their caps , though they often have gill - like wrinkles and ridges . The Botryobasidiaceae are a family of ___MASK34___ in the order Cantharellales . The family contains a group of corticioid ___MASK34___ that form thin , web - like basidiocarps . Some species form asexual anamorphs producing chlamydospores . All are believed to be wood - rotting or litter - rotting saprotrophs . None is known to be of any economic importance . The ___MASK32___ are a class of ___MASK34___ in the division Basidiomycota . The taxon is roughly identical to that defined for the Homobasidiomycetes ( alternatively called holobasidiomycetes ) by Hibbett & Thorn , with the inclusion of Auriculariales and Sebacinales . It includes not only mushroom - forming ___MASK34___ , but also most species placed in the deprecated taxa Gasteromycetes and Homobasidiomycetes . Within the subdivision Agaricomycotina , which already excludes the smut and rust ___MASK34___ , the ___MASK32___ can be further defined by the exclusion of the classes Tremellomycetes and Dacrymycetes , which are generally considered to be jelly ___MASK34___ . However , a few former " jelly ___MASK34___ ", such as " Auricularia ", are classified in the ___MASK32___ . According to a 2008 estimate , ___MASK32___ include 17 orders , 100 families , 1147 genera , and about 21000 species . Modern molecular phylogenetic analyses have been since used to help define several new orders in the ___MASK32___ : Amylocorticiales , Jaapiales , Stereopsidales , and Lepidostromatales . The Lycoperdales are a now outdated order of ___MASK34___ . The order included some well - known types such as the giant puffball , the earthstars , and other tuberous ___MASK34___ . They were defined as having epigeous basidiomes , a hymenium present , one to three layers in the peridium ( outer wall ), powdery gleba , and brown spores . The ___MASK54___ are an order of fungi in the subclass ___MASK85___ . The order contains three families : the ___MASK81___ , the Gomphaceae , and the ___MASK17___ , which , according to a 2008 estimate , collectively contain 26 genera and 88 species . The ___MASK97___ are a family of ___MASK34___ in the order Cantharellales . The family is not well defined , but currently comprises species of clavarioid ( club and coral ) ___MASK34___ as well as some corticioid ( crust - and patch - forming ) ___MASK34___ . These species are nutritionally diverse , some being ectomycorrhizal , others wood - rotting saprotrophs , others lichenized , and yet others lichenicolous ( growing on or parasitizing lichens ).