place_of_birth george boas
Knowledge is a familiarity , awareness or understanding ___MASK46___ someone or something , such as facts , information , descriptions , or skills , which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving , discovering , or learning . ___MASK29___ is a state located in the Mid - Atlantic region ___MASK46___ the United States , bordering Virginia , ___MASK9___ , and Washington , D . C . to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware to its east . The state ' s largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are " Old Line State ", the " Free State ", and the " ___MASK30___ Bay State ". The state is named after Henrietta ___MASK56___ ___MASK46___ France , the wife ___MASK46___ Charles I ___MASK46___ ___MASK70___ . ___MASK44___ University ( informally ___MASK44___ ) is a public research university located in the town of ___MASK44___ , ___MASK45___ - Württemberg , Germany . Founded in 1386 on instruction of Pope Urban VI , ___MASK44___ is Germany ' s oldest university and one of the world ' s oldest surviving universities . It was the third university established in the Holy ___MASK94___ . George Boas ( / boæz / ; 28 August 1891 -- 17 March 1980 ) was a Professor ___MASK46___ Philosophy at Johns ___MASK72___ University . He received his education at Brown University , obtaining both a BA and MA in Philosophy there , after which he studied shortly at ___MASK88___ , and finally at UC Berkeley , where he earned his PhD in 1917 . In 1921 , Boas was hired at Johns ___MASK72___ by Professor A . O . Lovejoy as an historian ___MASK46___ philosophy . Boas ' tenure at ___MASK72___ was interrupted by the Second World War , in which he served as a Commander in the Naval Reserve . He retired from the school in 1956 , continuing his scholarly career with a fellowship at the Center for the Humanities at Wesleyan University and as visiting Andrew W . Mellon chair at the University ___MASK46___ Pittsburgh . Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense ___MASK46___ things , applying logic , establishing and verifying facts , and changing or justifying practices , institutions , and beliefs based on new or existing information . It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy , science , language , mathematics , and art and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic ___MASK46___ human nature . Reason , or an aspect ___MASK46___ it , is sometimes referred to as rationality . Free will is the ability to choose between different possible courses ___MASK46___ action . It is closely linked to the concepts ___MASK46___ responsibility , praise , guilt , sin , and other judgments which apply only to actions that are freely chosen . It is also connected with the concepts ___MASK46___ advice , persuasion , deliberation , and prohibition . Traditionally , only actions that are freely willed are seen as deserving credit or blame . There are numerous different concerns about threats to the possibility ___MASK46___ free will , varying by how exactly it is conceived , which is a matter ___MASK46___ some debate . Philosophy ( from Greek , " philosophia ", literally " love ___MASK46___ wisdom ") is the study ___MASK46___ general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence , knowledge , values , reason , mind , and language . The term was probably coined by Pythagoras ( c . 570  c . 495 BC ). Philosophical methods include questioning , critical discussion , rational argument and systematic presentation . Classic philosophical questions include : Is it possible to know anything and to prove it ? What is ___MASK53___ real ? However , philosophers might also pose more practical and concrete questions such as : Is there a best way to live ? Is it better to be just or unjust ( if one can get away with it )? Do humans have free will ? ___MASK41___ , officially the Federal ___MASK10___ of ___MASK41___ , is a federal parliamentary ___MASK10___ in central - western Europe . It includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With about 82 million inhabitants , ___MASK41___ is the most populous member state of the European Union . After the United States , it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world . ___MASK41___ ' s capital and largest metropolis is Berlin . Other major cities include ___MASK34___ , Munich , Cologne , Frankfurt , Stuttgart and Düsseldorf . The Johns ___MASK72___ ___MASK3___ ( JHH ) is the teaching ___MASK3___ and biomedical research facility of the Johns ___MASK72___ School of Medicine , located in Baltimore City , Maryland , U . S . It was founded in 1889 using money from a bequest by philanthropist Johns ___MASK72___ . Johns ___MASK72___ ___MASK3___ and the school of medicine are the founding institutions of modern American medicine and the birthplace of numerous medical traditions including rounds , residents and housestaff . Many medical specialties were formed at the ___MASK3___ including neurosurgery , by Harvey Cushing ; cardiac surgery by Alfred Blalock ; and pediatrics and child psychiatry , by Leo Kanner . Higher education , post - secondary education , or third level education is an optional final stage ___MASK46___ formal learning that occurs after completion ___MASK46___ secondary education . Often delivered at universities , academies , colleges , seminaries , and institutes ___MASK46___ technology , higher education is also available through certain college - level institutions , including vocational schools , trade schools , and other career colleges that award academic degrees or professional certifications . Tertiary education at non - degree level is sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education . The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions ___MASK46___ higher education in the Northeastern United States . The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context . The eight institutions are Brown University , ___MASK88___ University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University ___MASK46___ Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . The term " Ivy League " has connotations ___MASK46___ academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . A graduate school ( sometimes shortened as grad school ) is a school that awards advanced academic degrees ( i . e . master ' s and doctoral degrees ) with the general requirement that students must have earned a previous undergraduate ( bachelor ' s ) degree with a high grade point average . A distinction is typically ___MASK69___ between graduate schools ( where courses of study vary in the degree to which they provide training for a particular profession ) and professional schools , which offer specialized advanced degrees in professional fields such as medicine , nursing , business , engineering , or law . The distinction between graduate schools and professional schools is not absolute , as various professional schools offer graduate degrees ( e . g ., some nursing schools offer a master ' s degree in nursing ). Also , some graduate degrees train students for a specific profession ( e . g . an MSc or a PhD in epidemiology trains a person to be an epidemiologist ). Pythagoras ___MASK46___ ___MASK39___ ( or simply ;  in Ionian Greek ) was an Ionian Greek philosopher , mathematician , and the putative founder ___MASK46___ the movement called Pythagoreanism . Most ___MASK46___ the information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived , so very little reliable information is known about him . He was born on the island ___MASK46___ ___MASK39___ , and travelled , visiting ___MASK60___ and Greece , and maybe India . Around 530 BC , he moved to Croton , in Magna Graecia , and there established some kind ___MASK46___ school or guild . In 520 BC , he returned to ___MASK39___ . The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy , overthrew the authority ___MASK46___ Great Britain , and founded the ___MASK58___ . Daniel Coit Gilman ( July 6 , 1831  October 13 , 1908 ) was an American educator and academic . Gilman was instrumental in founding the ___MASK13___ Scientific School at Yale College , and subsequently served as the third president ___MASK46___ the University ___MASK46___ California , as the first president ___MASK46___ Johns ___MASK72___ University , and as founding president ___MASK46___ the Carnegie Institution . He was also co - founder ___MASK46___ the ___MASK66___ Trust Association , which administers the business affairs ___MASK46___ Yale ' s Skull and Bones society . Gilman served for twenty five years as president ___MASK46___ Johns ___MASK72___ ; his inauguration in 1876 has been said to mark " the starting point ___MASK46___ postgraduate education in the U . S ." The mind is a set ___MASK46___ cognitive faculties including consciousness , perception , thinking , judgement , and memory . Johns ___MASK72___ ( May 19 , 1795  December 24 , 1873 ) was an American entrepreneur , abolitionist and philanthropist of 19th - century Baltimore , Maryland . Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems ___MASK46___ communication , particularly the human ability to do so , and a language is any specific example ___MASK46___ such a system . The scientific study ___MASK46___ language is called linguistics . Questions concerning the philosophy ___MASK46___ language , such as whether words can represent experience , have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in ___MASK74___ . Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like ___MASK67___ have held that it originated from rational and logical thought . 20th - century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study ___MASK46___ language . Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky . Rhode ___MASK50___ , officially the State of Rhode ___MASK50___ and ___MASK90___ Plantations , is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . Rhode ___MASK50___ is the smallest in area , the eighth least populous , and the second most densely populated of the 50 U . S . states , following New Jersey . Its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union . Rhode ___MASK50___ is bordered by Connecticut to the west , Massachusetts to the north and east , and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode ___MASK50___ Sound and Block ___MASK50___ Sound . The state also shares a short maritime border with New York . The Johns ___MASK72___ University ( commonly referred to as Johns ___MASK72___ , JHU , or simply ___MASK72___ ) is an American private research university in Baltimore , Maryland . Founded in 1876 , the university was named for its first benefactor , the American entrepreneur , abolitionist , and philanthropist Johns ___MASK72___ . His $ 7 million bequest  of which half financed the establishment of The Johns ___MASK72___ ___MASK3___  was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States at that ___MASK36___ . Daniel Coit Gilman , who was inaugurated as the institution ' s first president on February 22 , 1876 , led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U . S . by integrating teaching and research . Adopting the concept of a graduate school from Germany ' s ancient Heidelberg University , Johns ___MASK72___ University is considered the first research university in the United States . A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy , which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside ___MASK46___ either theology or science . The term " philosopher " comes from the Ancient Greek (" philosophos ") meaning " lover ___MASK46___ wisdom ". The coining ___MASK46___ the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras ( 6th century BC ). Brown University is a private Ivy League research university in ___MASK90___ , Rhode Island , United States , founded in 1764 as " The College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and ___MASK90___ Plantations ." Brown is the seventh - oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges established before the American Revolution . Existence is commonly held to be that which objectively persists independent ___MASK46___ one ' s presence .