family_name emperor duanzong
The ___MASK49___ dynasty ( 960  1279 ) was ___MASK62___ era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279 . It succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period , coincided with the ___MASK86___ and Western Xia dynasties , and was followed by the Yuan dynasty . It was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . Gunpowder , also known as ___MASK44___ powder , is the earliest known chemical explosive . It is a mixture of sulfur , charcoal , and potassium nitrate ( saltpeter ). The sulfur and charcoal act as fuels , and the saltpeter is ___MASK62___ oxidizer . Because of its burning properties and the amount of heat and gas volume that it generates , gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms and as a pyrotechnic composition in fireworks . Formulations used in blasting rock ( such as in quarrying ) are called blasting powder . Gunpowder is obsolete in modern firearms , but is still used in antique firearms because modern propellants are too powerful and could break the already fragile barrels . Emperor Lizong of ___MASK49___ ( 26 January 1205  16 November 1264 ), personal name ___MASK29___ Yun , was the 14th emperor of the ___MASK49___ dynasty in China and the fifth emperor of the Southern ___MASK49___ dynasty . He reigned from 1224 to 1264 . Although he was a descendant of the ___MASK49___ dynasty ' s founder ___MASK29___ Kuangyin ( Emperor Taizu ) and hence a member of the imperial clan , ___MASK29___ Yun was not in line to succeed to the throne as his family had no political status . Shi Miyuan , who was the chancellor for many years , collaborated with Empress Dowager Yang and brought ___MASK29___ Yun to the throne . True north ( geodetic north ) is the direction along the earth ' s surface towards the geographic North ___MASK69___ . A navy or maritime force is a fleet of waterborne military vessels ( watercraft ) and its associated naval aviation , both sea - based and land - based . It is the branch of a nation ' s armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare ; namely , lake - borne , riverine , littoral , or ocean - borne combat operations and related functions . It includes anything conducted by surface ships , amphibious ships , submarines , and seaborne aviation , as well as ancillary support , communications , training , and other ___MASK8___ ; recent developments have included space - related operations . The strategic offensive role of a navy is projection of force into areas beyond a country ' s shores ( for example , to protect sea - lanes , ferry troops , or attack other navies , ports , or shore installations ). The strategic defensive purpose of a navy is to frustrate seaborne projection - of - force by enemies . The strategic task of the navy also ___MASK17___ incorporate nuclear deterrence by use of Submarine - launched ballistic missiles . Naval operations can be broadly divided between riverine and littoral applications ( brown - water navy ), open - ocean applications ( blue - water navy ), and something in between ( green - water navy ), although these distinctions are more about strategic scope than tactical or operational division . A banknote ( often known as a bill , paper money , or simply a note ) is a type of negotiable instrument known as a promissory note , made by a bank , payable to the bearer on demand . Banknotes were originally issued by commercial banks , who were legally required to redeem the notes for legal tender ( usually gold or ___MASK43___ coin ) when presented to the chief cashier of the originating bank . These commercial banknotes only traded at face value in the market served by the issuing bank . Commercial banknotes have primarily been replaced by national banknotes issued by central banks . Emperor Dunzng ( Chinese :  ) ( 1268 -- 8 ___MASK17___ 1278 ) was the eighth and penultimate emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty of China who reigned from 1276 to 1278 and died at the age of ten . He was also known as the `` Nation Establishing Duke '' (  ) . Born Zhào Xià (  , ``  '' same as ``  '' , means ``  '' ( great ) , not `` summer '' ) , his father was sixth Southern Song Emperor Duzong . He became Prince Ji (  ) in 1274 and Prince Yi (  ) in 1276 . Enthroned as emperor at Fuzhou on 14 June 1276 , his only era took the name of Jngyán (  literally : bright flame ) . Duanzong ' s temple name means `` Final Ancestor '' . Duanzong ' s younger brother Emperor Gong of Song had been captured after the Mongol invasion of Lin ' an ( present day Hangzhou ) in 1276 . Duanzong , along with one of his younger brothers Zhào Bng (  /  ) , escaped to Fujian and established the seat of the government in Fuzhou . In 1278 , the Mongol forces were about to break through Song ' s last line of defense , forcing Duanzong to flee . Accompanied by ministers such as Lu Xiufu , Duanzong boarded a ship and fled to the province of Guangdong . Thereafter he stayed temporarily in Hong Kong where the Sung Wong Toi ( literally : Terrace of the Sung kings ) in Kowloon City commemorates this event . In March 1278 , whilst fleeing from the Mongols , Duanzong fell from a boat and almost drowned . After his rescue , he became ill and died a few months later in Gangzhou (  ) ( modern - day Lantau Island , Hong Kong ) . He was succeeded by his younger brother , Emperor Huaizong of Song . The ___MASK33___ dynasty , officially the Great ___MASK33___ , was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan , leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan . Although the Mongols had ruled territories including today ' s North China for decades , it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style , and the conquest was not complete until 1279 . His realm was , by this point , isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present - ___MASK22___ China and its surrounding areas , including modern Mongolia . It was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368 , after which its Genghisid rulers returned to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule the Northern ___MASK33___ dynasty . Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the ___MASK33___ mastered the Chinese language , while others only used their native language ( i . e . Mongolian ) and the ' Phags - pa script . The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period , also called Five Dynasties , was ___MASK62___ era of political upheaval in 10th - century imperial China . During this period , five states quickly succeeded one another in the Chinese Central Plain , while more than a dozen concurrent states were established elsewhere , mainly in south China . Emperor Duzong of ___MASK49___ ( 2 ___MASK17___ 1240  12 August 1274 ), personal name ___MASK29___ Qi , was the 15th emperor of the ___MASK49___ dynasty in China and the sixth emperor of the Southern ___MASK49___ dynasty . He was a nephew of his predecessor , Emperor Lizong , and reigned from 1264 until his death in 1274 . His birth name was ___MASK29___ Mengqi but his name was changed to ___MASK29___ Zi in 1251 and finally to ___MASK29___ Qi in 1253 after he was designated as Emperor Lizong ' s heir apparent . COMPASS is ___MASK62___ acronym for " COMP " rehensive " ASS " embler . COMPASS is any of a family of macro assembly languages on Control Data Corporation ' s 3000 series , and on the 60 - bit CDC 6000 series , 7600 and Cyber 70 and 170 series mainframe computers . While the architectures are very different , the macro and conditional assembly facilities are similar . The Western Xia , also known as the ___MASK71___ Xia Empire , the Tangut Empire and to the Tangut people and the Tibetans as Minyak , was ___MASK62___ empire which existed from 1038 to 1227 in what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Ningxia , Gansu , eastern Qinghai , northern Shaanxi , northeastern Xinjiang , southwest Inner Mongolia , and southernmost Outer Mongolia , measuring about 800 , 000 square kilometers .