occupation thomas macdonough
Thomas Macdonough , Jr . ( December 21 , 1783 -- November 10 , 1825 ) was an early - 19th - century American naval ___MASK8___ noted for his roles in the first Barbary War and the War of 1812 . He was the son of a ___MASK59___ ___MASK8___ , Thomas Macdonough , Sr . who lived near Middletown , Delaware . He was the sixth child from a family of ten siblings and was raised in the countryside . He entered naval life at an early age , receiving a ___MASK85___ ' s commission at the age of sixteen . Serving with Stephen Decatur at Tripoli , he was a member of `` Preble ' s Boys '' , a select group of U . S . naval officers who served under the command of Commodore Preble during the First Barbary War . Macdonough achieved fame during the War of 1812 , commanding the American naval forces that defeated the British navy at the Battle of Lake Champlain , part of the larger Battle of Plattsburgh , which helped lead to an end to that war . Napoleon Bonaparte (" Napoléon Bonaparte "; , born "" Napoleone di Buonaparte ""; 15 August 1769  5 May 1821 ) was a French ___MASK66___ and political ___MASK90___ who rose to prominence during the ___MASK72___ and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars . As Napoleon I , he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 , and again in 1815 . Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars . He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles , building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815 . One of the greatest commanders in history , his wars and campaigns are studied at ___MASK66___ schools worldwide . Napoleon ' s political and cultural legacy has ensured his status as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history . A tribute ( from Latin " tributum ", contribution ) is wealth , often in kind , that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or , as was often the case in historical contexts , of submission or allegiance . Various ancient states exacted tribute from the rulers of land which the state conquered or otherwise threatened to conquer . In case of alliances , lesser parties may pay tribute to more powerful parties as a sign of allegiance and often in order to finance projects that benefited both parties . To be called " tribute " a recognition by the payer of political submission to the payee is normally required ; the large sums , essentially protection money , paid by the later Roman and Byzantine Empires to ___MASK83___ peoples to prevent them attacking imperial territory , would not usually be termed " tribute " as the Empire accepted no inferior political position . Payments " by " a superior political entity to an inferior one , made for various purposes , are described by terms including " subsidy ". The ___MASK50___ ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States . The U . S . Navy is the largest , most capable navy in the world , with the highest combined battle fleet tonnage . The U . S . Navy has the world ' s largest aircraft carrier fleet , with ten in service , two in the reserve fleet , and three new carriers under construction . The service has 323 , 792 personnel on active duty and 108 , 515 in the Navy Reserve . It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3 , 700 aircraft in active service . ___MASK28___ - General Sir George Prévost , 1st Baronet ( 19 May 1767  5 January 1816 ) was a British Army officer and colonial administrator . Prévost wrongfully became known as the " defender of Canada " for his alleged leadership during the War of 1812 . See " Letters of Veritas " as written by various high ranking officials of the time . Born in Hackensack , New Jersey , the eldest son of Swiss French Augustine Prévost , he joined the British Army as a youth and became a captain in 1784 . Prévost served in the West Indies during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars , and was commander of St . Vincent from 1794 to 1796 . He became ___MASK28___ - ___MASK99___ of Saint Lucia from 1798 to 1802 and ___MASK99___ of Dominica from 1802 to 1805 . He is best known to history for serving as both the civilian ___MASK99___ General and the military Commander in Chief in British North America ( now part of Canada ) during the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States of America . See letters of Veritas by Sewell take note of allegations of treason around p 84 . Many concrete examples of questionnable activities , and described as a coward with no honor on p . 120 . Comments were made in writing by multiple high ranking ___MASK58___ A militia is generally an ___MASK2___ or some other type of fighting unit that is composed of non - professional fighters , citizens of a nation or subjects of a state or government who can be called upon to enter a combat situation , as opposed to a professional force of regular , full - time ___MASK58___ , or historically , members of the warrior nobility class ( e . g ., knights or samurai ). Unable to hold their own against properly trained and equipped professional forces , it is common for militias to engage in guerrilla warfare or defense instead of being used in open attacks and offensive actions . The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the ___MASK100___ ' s naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years War against the kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK ' s armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . Middletown is a town in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the town is 18 , 710 . ___MASK22___ ( abbreviated Col ., Col or COL and pronounced , similar to " kernel ") is a senior military officer rank below the general officer ranks . However , in some small military forces , such as those of Iceland or the Vatican , ___MASK22___ is the highest rank . It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations . The Barbary Wars was a series of conflicts that culminated in two wars fought at different times over the same reasons between the United States , Sweden , and the Barbary states ( the " de jure " possessions of the Ottoman Empire , but " de facto " independent , Tunis , Algiers , and Tripoli ) of North Africa in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . The Swedes having been at war with the Tripolitans since 1800 were eventually joined by the Americans . At issue was the Barbary pirates ' demand for tribute from American ___MASK69___ vessels in the Mediterranean Sea . If ships of a given country failed to pay , pirates would attack the ship and take their goods , and often enslave crew members or hold them for ransom . When Thomas Jefferson became President he refused to pay tribute and sent a United States Naval fleet to the Mediterranean ; they bombarded the various fortified pirate cities , ultimately extracting concessions of fair passage from their rulers . Both the administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison undertook actions against the Barbary States at different times . Jefferson led the first , from 1801 to 1805 , against pirates ' cities in what are today Libya , Tunisia , and Algeria . Madison directed forces for the second war in 1815 . A barrack or barracks is a building or group of buildings built to house soldiers . The English word comes via French from an old Catalan word " barraca " ( hut ), originally referring to temporary shelters or huts for various people and animals , but today barracks are usually permanent buildings for ___MASK66___ accommodation . The word may apply to separate housing blocks or to complete complexes , and the plural form often refers to a single structure and may be singular in construction . A ___MASK85___ is an officer cadet or a commissioned officer ___MASK82___ of the junior - most rank , in the Royal Navy , United States Navy , and many Commonwealth navies . Commonwealth countries which use the rank include Canada , Australia , Bangladesh , Namibia , New Zealand , South Africa , India , Pakistan , Singapore , Sri Lanka , and Kenya . The Ottoman Empire ('; Modern Turkish : ' or '), also known as the Turkish Empire , Ottoman Turkey , was an empire founded at the end of the thirteenth century in northwestern Anatolia in the vicinity of Bilecik and Söüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal ___MASK90___ Osman . After 1354 , the Ottomans crossed into Europe , and with the conquest of the Balkans the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire . The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror . Thomas Jefferson ( April 13 [ O . S . April 2 ] 1743  July 4 , 1826 ) was an American Founding ___MASK24___ who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809 . Prior thereto , he was elected the second Vice President of the United States , serving under John Adams from 1797 to 1801 . A proponent of democracy , republicanism , and individual rights motivating American colonists to break from Great Britain and form a new nation , he produced formative documents and decisions at both the state and national level . Lake Champlain ( French : " Lac Champlain ") is a natural freshwater lake in North America , mainly within the borders of the United States ( states of Vermont and New York ) but partially situated across the ___MASK16___  U . S . border in the Canadian province of Quebec . The First Barbary War ( 1801  1805 ), also known as the Tripolitanian War and the Barbary Coast War , was the first of two Barbary Wars between the United States , Sweden and the four North African states known collectively as the " Barbary States ". Three of these were nominal provinces of the Ottoman Empire , but in practice autonomous : Tripoli , Algiers , and Tunis . The fourth was the independent Sultanate of Morocco . The cause of the war was pirates from the Barbary States seizing American ___MASK69___ ships and holding the crews for ransom , demanding the U . S . pay tribute to the Barbary rulers . United States President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay this tribute , in addition the Swedes had been at war with the Tripolitans since 1800 . The ___MASK67___ ( USA ) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land - based military operations . It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution , Article 2 , Section 2 , Clause 1 and United States Code , Title 10 , Subtitle B , Chapter 301 , Section 3001 . As the largest and senior branch of the U . S . military , the modern U . S . Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775  1783 ) before the U . S . was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the ___MASK67___ on 3 June 1784 , to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The ___MASK67___ considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775 . Thomas West , 3rd and 12th Baron De La Warr ( 9 July 1577  7 June 1618 ) was an English ___MASK29___ , for whom the bay , the river , and , consequently , a Native American people and U . S . state , all later called " Delaware ", were named . " De La Warr " is pronounced " Delaware ". ___MASK8___ Cadet is a rank held by ___MASK66___ cadets during their training to become commissioned officers . In the ___MASK100___ , the rank is also used by members of University Royal Naval Units , University ___MASK8___ Training Corps and University Air Squadron . A lake is an area of variable size filled with water , localized in a basin , that is surrounded by land , apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake . Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean , and therefore are distinct from lagoons , and are also larger and deeper than ponds , though there are no ___MASK38___ or scientific definitions . Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams , which are usually flowing . Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams . A capital city ( or simply capital ) is the municipality exercising primary status in a country , state , province , or other region , usually as its seat of government . A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government ; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution . In some jurisdictions , including several countries , the different branches of government are located in different settlements . In some cases , a distinction is made between the ___MASK38___ ( constitutional ) capital and the seat of government , which is in another place . The War of 1812 was a ___MASK66___ conflict that lasted from June 1812 to February 1815 , fought between the United States of America and the ___MASK100___ , its North American colonies , and its Native American allies . Historians in the United States and Canada see it as a war in its own right , but the British often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars . By the war ' s end in early 1815 , the key issues had been resolved and peace returned with no boundary changes . The Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 - 1815 ) were a series of ___MASK61___ conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies , led by Napoleon I , against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions , primarily led and financed by the ___MASK100___ . The wars resulted from the unresolved disputes associated with the ___MASK72___ and the Revolutionary Wars , which had raged on for years before concluding with the Treaty of Amiens in 1802 . The resumption of hostilities the following year paved the way for more than a decade of constant warfare often categorized into five conflicts : the War of the Third Coalition ( 1805 ), the War of the Fourth Coalition ( 1806 - 7 ), the War of the Fifth Coalition ( 1809 ), the War of the Sixth Coalition ( 1813 ), and the War of the Seventh Coalition ( 1815 ). The Napoleonic Wars had profound consequences for global and European history , leading to the spread of nationalism and liberalism , the rise of the British Empire as the world ' s premier power , the independence movements in Latin America and the collapse of the Spanish Empire , the fundamental reorganization of German and Italian territories into larger states , and the establishment of radically new methods in warfare . Quebec ( pronounced or ) is the second - most populous province of ___MASK16___ and the only one to have a predominantly French - speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Tripoli (; Berber : " rables ") is the capital city and the largest city of Libya . Tripoli , with its metropolitan area , has a population of about 1 . 1 million people . The city is located in the northwestern part of Libya on the edge of the desert , on a point of rocky land projecting into the Mediterranean and forming a bay . Tripoli includes the Port of Tripoli and the country ' s largest ___MASK35___ and manufacturing centre . It is also the site of the University of Tripoli . The vast Bab al - Azizia barracks , which includes the former family estate of Muammar Gaddafi , is also located in the city . ___MASK22___ Gaddafi largely ruled the country from his residence in this barracks . Delaware is a state located in the Mid - Atlantic and / or Northeastern regions of the United States . It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland , to the northeast by New Jersey , and to the north by Pennsylvania . The state takes its name from Thomas West , 3rd Baron De La Warr , an English nobleman and Virginia ' s first colonial ___MASK99___ . Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi ( 20 October 2011 ), commonly known as ___MASK22___ Gaddafi , was a Libyan revolutionary , ___MASK29___ , and political theorist . He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the " Brotherly Leader " of the Great Socialist People ' s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011 . He was initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism , but he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan - Africanism . Born near Sirte , Gaddafi was the son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder . He became involved in politics while at school in Sabha , later enrolling in the Royal Military Academy , Benghazi . He founded a revolutionary cell within the military ; in 1969 , they seized power from the monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup . Gaddafi became Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council ( RCC ); he then abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic , ruling by decree . He implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya , and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments , particularly Gamal Abdel Nasser ' s Egypt . He was intent on pushing Libya towards " Islamic socialism ", introducing " sharia " as the basis for the legal system and nationalising the oil industry , using the increased revenues to bolster the military , implement social programs , and fund revolutionary militants across the world . In 1973 , he initiated a " Popular Revolution " with the formation of General People ' s Committees ( GPCs ), purported to be a system of direct democracy , but retained personal control over major decisions . He outlined his Third International Theory that year , publishing these ideas in " The Green Book ". In 1977 , Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state called the " Jamahiriya " (" state of the masses "), officially adopting a symbolic role in governance . He retained power as military commander - in - chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents . He oversaw unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad , and his support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya ' s label of " international pariah ". A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom , resulting in the 1986 U . S . bombing of Libya and United Nations - imposed economic sanctions . Gaddafi rejected his earlier ideological commitments and encouraged economic privatisation from 1999 , seeking rapprochement with Western nations while also embracing Pan - Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009  10 . Amid the Arab Spring in 2011 , an anti - Gaddafist uprising broke out in eastern Libya , led by the National Transitional Council ( NTC ) and resulting in the Libyan Civil War . NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC , bringing about the government ' s downfall . Retreating to Sirte , Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants . Gaddafi dominated Libya ' s politics for four decades and was the subject of a pervasive cult of personality . A controversial and highly divisive world figure , he was decorated with various awards and lauded for both his anti - imperialist stance and his support for Pan - Africanism and Pan - Arabism . Conversely , he was internationally condemned as a dictator and autocrat whose authoritarian administration violated the human rights of Libyan citizens and supported irredentist movements , tribal warfare , and terrorism in many other nations . The Battle of Plattsburgh , also known as the Battle of Lake Champlain , ended the final invasion of the northern states of the United States during the War of 1812 . A British ___MASK2___ under ___MASK28___ General Sir George Prévost and a naval squadron under Captain George Downie converged on the lakeside town of Plattsburgh , which was defended by New York and Vermont militia and detachments of regular troops of the ___MASK67___ , all under the command of Brigadier General Alexander Macomb , and ships commanded by Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough . Downie ' s squadron attacked shortly after dawn on 11 September 1814 , but was defeated after a hard fight in which Downie was killed . Prévost then abandoned the attack by land against Macomb ' s defences and retreated to Canada , stating that even if Plattsburgh was captured , any British troops there could not be supplied without control of the lake . George Downie ( 19 January 1778  11 September 1814 ) was a Scottish ___MASK8___ of the British Royal Navy who , during the War of 1812 , commanded a British squadron which fought an American squadron on Lake Champlain in the Battle of Plattsburgh , during which he was killed .