country_of_citizenship medard boss
Psychotherapy is the use of psychological methods , particularly when based on regular personal interaction , to help a person change and overcome problems in desired ways . Psychotherapy aims to improve an individual ' s well - being and mental health , to resolve or mitigate troublesome behaviors , beliefs , compulsions , thoughts , or emotions , and to improve relationships and social skills . Certain psychotherapies are considered evidence - based for treating some diagnosed mental disorders . Martin Heidegger ( 26 September 188926 May 1976 ) was a German philosopher and a seminal thinker in the Continental tradition and philosophical hermeneutics . According to the " Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ", he is " widely acknowledged to be one of the most original and important philosophers of the 20th century ." Heidegger is best known for his contributions to phenomenology and existentialism , though as the " Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy " cautions , " his thinking should be identified as part of such philosophical movements only with extreme care and qualification ." Vienna is the capital and largest city of ___MASK96___ and one of the nine states of ___MASK96___ . Vienna is ___MASK96___ ' s primary city , with a population of about 1 . 8 million ( 2 . 6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of ___MASK96___ ' s population ), and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 7th - largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German - speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro - Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations and OPEC . The city is located in the eastern part of ___MASK96___ and is close to the borders of the ___MASK24___ , ___MASK53___ , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Moravia is a historical country in the ___MASK24___ ( forming its eastern part ) and one of the historical Czech lands , together with Bohemia and Czech Silesia . The medieval and early modern Margraviate of Moravia was a crown land of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ( from 1348 to 1918 ), an imperial state of the Holy Roman Empire ( 1004 to 1806 ), later a crown land of the Austrian Empire ( 1804 to 1867 ) and briefly also one of 17 former crown lands of the Cisleithanian part of the Austro - Hungarian Empire from 1867 to 1918 . During the early 20th century , Moravia was one of the five lands of Czechoslovakia from 1918 to 1928 ; it was then merged with Czech Silesia , and eventually dissolved by abolition of the land system in 1949 . The University of Vienna is a public university located in Vienna , ___MASK96___ . It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is one of the oldest universities in the German - speaking world . With its long and rich history , the University of Vienna has developed into one of the biggest universities in Europe , and also one of the most renowned , especially in the Humanities . It is associated with 15 Nobel prize winners and has been the academic home of a large number of figures both of historical and academic importance . A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry , the branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis , prevention , study , and treatment of mental disorders . Psychiatrists are medical doctors , unlike psychologists , and must evaluate patients to determine whether their symptoms are the result of a physical illness , a combination of physical and mental ailments , or strictly psychiatric . A physician , medical practitioner , medical doctor or simply doctor is a professional who practises medicine , which is concerned with promoting , maintaining , or restoring health through the study , diagnosis , and treatment of disease , injury , and other physical and mental impairments . Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories , types of patients and methods of treatment  known as specialities  or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals , families , and communities  known as general practice . Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the ___MASK56___ disciplines ( such as anatomy and physiology ) underlying diseases and their treatment  the " science " of medicine  and also a decent competence in its applied practice  the art or " craft " of medicine . Existentialism is a term applied to the work of certain late - 19th - and 20th - century European philosophers who , despite profound doctrinal differences , shared the belief that philosophical thinking begins with the human subject  not merely the thinking subject , but the acting , feeling , living human individual . While the predominant value of existentialist thought is commonly acknowledged to be freedom , its primary virtue is authenticity . In the view of the existentialist , the individual ' s starting point is characterized by what has been called " the existential attitude ", or a sense of disorientation , confusion , or dread in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world . Many existentialists have also regarded traditional systematic or ___MASK56___ philosophies , in both style and content , as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience . A social skill is any skill facilitating interaction and communication with others . Social rules and relations are created , communicated , and changed in verbal and nonverbal ways . The process of learning these skills is called socialization . For socialization , Interpersonal skills are essential to relate one another . Interpersonal skills are the interpersonal acts a person uses to interact with others which are related to dominance vs . submission , love vs . hate , affiliation vs . aggression , control vs . autonomy categories ( Leary , 1957 ). Positive interpersonal skills include persuasion , active listening , delegation , and stewardship among others . Social psychology is the ___MASK56___ discipline that does research related to social skills , the discipline studies how skills are learned by an individual through changes in attitude , thinking , and behavior . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( SEP ) combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy , freely accessible to Internet users . It is maintained by Stanford University . Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field , including professors from many ___MASK56___ institutions worldwide . Authors contributing to the encyclopedia give Stanford University the permission to publish the articles but retain the copyright to those articles . The United ___MASK98___ and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland , it includes the island of Great Britain ( the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country ), the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland . Apart from this land border , the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west , giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of , the UK is the 78th - largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe . It is also the 21st - most populous country , with an estimated 65 . 1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union . Docent is a title at some European universities to denote a specific ___MASK56___ appointment within a set structure of ___MASK56___ ranks below the full professor rank . Habilitation is a post - doctoral qualification or ___MASK56___ degree at some European and Central Asian , North African , and Latin American universities . It is conferred for a habilitation thesis based on independent scholarship , which was reviewed by and successfully defended before an ___MASK56___ committee in a process similar to that of a doctoral dissertation . In some countries , a habilitation degree is a required formal qualification to independently teach and examine a designated subject at the university level . Sigmund Freud ( born Sigismund Schlomo Freud ; 6 May 1856  23 September 1939 ) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis , a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst . Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg , in the Austro - Hungarian Empire . He qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna . Upon completing his habilitation in 1885 , he was appointed a docent in neuropathology and became an affiliated professor in 1902 . Freud lived and worked in Vienna , having set up his clinical practice there in 1886 . In 1938 Freud left ___MASK96___ to escape the Nazis . He died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939 . Medard Boss ( October 4 , 1903 -- December 21 , 1990 ) was a Swiss psychoanalytic psychiatrist who developed a form of psychotherapy known as Daseinsanalysis , which united the psychotherapeutic practice of psychoanalysis with the existential - phenomenological philosophy of friend and mentor Martin Heidegger . During his medical studies in Vienna , he initiated his psychoanalytic training by undergoing some psychoanalytic sessions with Sigmund Freud , an analysis he later continued at length in Zurich with Swiss psychoanalyst Hans Behn Eschenburg . Also upon his return to Zurich , he trained at Burghölzli Hospital under the supervision of the psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler . He then went on to formal psychoanalytic training at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute where his supervisory analyst was Karen Horney . While at BPI he studied with Hanns Sachs , Otto Fenichel , Wilhelm Reich , and Kurt Goldstein . He later went to London , where he worked closely with Ernest Jones for six months at the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases . Back in Zurich he was invited by Carl Gustav Jung to join a workshop with other medical doctors to study analytical psychology , an experience that lasted nearly ten years and helped Boss to see that psychoanalysis need not be limited to Freudian interpretations . It was during the 30 ' s that Boss also became acquainted with Ludwig Binswanger , who introduced Boss to the works of philosopher Martin Heidegger . During World War II , while serving in the Swiss Army , Boss began studying Heidegger ' s Being and Time and , upon the conclusion of the war , Boss contacted Heidegger , initiating a 25 - year mentoring friendship . Through his study with Heidegger , Boss came to believe that that modern medicine and psychology , premised on Cartesian philosophy and Newtonian physics , made incorrect assumptions about human beings and what it means to be human . He addressed an existential foundation for medicine and psychology two classic texts : Psychoanalysis and Daseinsanalysis ( English version , 1963 ) and Existential Foundations of Medicine and Psychology ( English translation , 1979 ) . Whereas Boss ' s older colleague Ludwig Binswanger , is recognized as the founder of the first systematic existential approach to psychiatry and psychopathology , Boss is regarded as having founded the first systematic approach to existential psychotherapy . Other significant contributions Boss made to the literature in existential psychotherapy include The Meaning and Content of Sexual Perversions ( English Translation , 1949 ) , The Analysis of Dreams ( English Translation , 1958 ) , and A Psychiatrist Discovers India ( English translation , 1965 ) . Boss saw dreams as coming from a person ' s life as a whole , not from a separate `` dream state '' . He also did not see the `` unconscious '' as a place where the denied impulses were kept , which was the way Freud presented it . Naz is a former municipality in the district of Gros - de - Vaud in the canton of Vaud in ___MASK41___ .