publisher ieee transactions on information theory
The IEEE Information Theory Society ( ITS or ITSoc ), formerly the IEEE Information Theory Group , is a professional society of the ___MASK68___ ( IEEE ) focused on several aspects of information : its processing , transmission , storage , and usage ; and the " foundations of the communication process ". The Church of England ( C of E ) is the Anglican Christian state church of England . Headed by the Archbishop of Canterbury ( currently Justin Welby ) and primarily governed from London with the monarch as the supreme governor , the Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . The church dates its formal establishment as a national church to the 6th - ___MASK35___ Gregorian mission in Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury , with considerable features introduced and established during and following the ___MASK32___ Reformation in the 16th ___MASK35___ . The arXiv ( pronounced " archive ") is a repository of electronic preprints , known as e - prints , of scientific papers in the fields of mathematics , physics , astronomy , computer science , quantitative biology , statistics , and quantitative finance , which can be accessed online . In many fields of mathematics and physics , almost all scientific papers are self - archived on the arXiv repository . Begun on August 14 , 1991 , arXiv . org passed the half - million article ___MASK27___ on October 3 , 2008 , and hit a million by the end of 2014 . By 2014 the submission rate had grown to more than 8 , 000 per month . The ___MASK68___ ( IEEE , pronounced " I triple E ") is a professional association with its corporate office in New York City and its operations center in Piscataway , New Jersey . It was formed in 1963 from the amalgamation of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers . Today , it is the world ' s largest association of technical professionals with more than 400 , 000 members in chapters around the world . Its objectives are the educational and technical advancement of electrical and electronic engineering , telecommunications , computer engineering and allied disciplines . Computer science is the study of the theory , experimentation , and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers . It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the systematic study of the feasibility , structure , expression , and mechanization of the methodical procedures ( or algorithms ) that underlie the acquisition , representation , processing , storage , communication of , and access to information . An alternate , more succinct ___MASK25___ of computer science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale . A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems . IEEE Transactions on Information Theory is a monthly peer - reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Information Theory Society . It covers information theory and the mathematics of communications . It was established in 1953 as IRE Transactions on Information Theory . The editor - in - chief is Frank R . Kschischang ( University of Toronto ) . As of 2007 , the journal allows the posting of preprints on arXiv . Mathematics ( from Greek  " máthma ",  knowledge , study , learning ) is the study of topics such as quantity ( numbers ), structure , space , and change . There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and ___MASK25___ of mathematics . A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent , granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate . They were , and are still , used to establish significant organisations such as cities ( with municipal charters ) or universities and learned societies . Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment , as they have perpetual effect . Typically , a Royal Charter is produced as a high - quality work of calligraphy on vellum . The British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters . Of these about 750 remain in existence . The earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066 , making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland , followed by the ___MASK90___ in 1231 . Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown , a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity , on 7 April 2011 . The Province of Upper Canada was a part of British Canada established in 1791 by the United Kingdom , in order to govern the central third of the lands in British ___MASK67___ and to accommodate Loyalist refugees of the United States after the American Revolution . The new province remained , for the next fifty years of growth and settlement , the colonial government of the territory . In academic publishing , a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science , usually by reporting new research . There are thousands of scientific journals in publication , and many more have been published at various points in the past ( see list of scientific journals ). Most journals are highly specialized , although some of the oldest journals such as " Nature " publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields . Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed , in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal ' s standards of quality , and scientific validity . If the journal ' s editor considers the paper appropriate , at least two researchers preferably from the same field check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument , and must agree to publish it . Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines , they are actually quite different . Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually , as one would read a magazine . The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method . If they are describing experiments or calculations , they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results . Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record . Canada ( French : ) is a country in the northern half of ___MASK67___ . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from ___MASK13___ to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering , making it the world ' s second - largest country by total area and the fourth - largest country by land area . Canada ' s border with the United States is the world ' s longest land border . The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate , but southerly areas are warm in summer . Canada is sparsely populated , the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains . About four - fifths of the country ' s population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border . Its capital is Ottawa , its largest city is Toronto ; other major urban areas include Montreal , Vancouver , Calgary , Edmonton , Quebec City , Winnipeg and Hamilton . Pattern recognition is a branch of machine learning that focuses on the recognition of patterns and regularities in data , although it is in some cases considered to be nearly synonymous with machine learning . Pattern recognition systems are in many cases trained from labeled " training " data ( supervised learning ), but when no labeled data are available other algorithms can be used to discover previously ___MASK2___ patterns ( unsupervised learning ). The University of Toronto ( U of T , UToronto , or Toronto ) is a public research university in Toronto , Ontario , Canada on the grounds that surround Queen ' s Park . It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as " King ' s College ", the first institution of higher learning in the colony of Upper Canada . Originally controlled by the Church of England , the university assumed the present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution . As a collegiate university , it comprises twelve colleges , which differ in character and history , each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs . It has two satellite campuses in Scarborough and Mississauga . The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena , acquiring new knowledge , or correcting and integrating previous knowledge . To be termed scientific , a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning . The Oxford Dictionaries Online define the scientific method as " a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th ___MASK35___ , consisting in systematic observation , measurement , and experiment , and the formulation , testing , and modification of hypotheses ". Experiments need to be designed to test hypotheses . The most important part of the scientific method is the experiment . Research comprises " creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the ___MASK51___ of knowledge , including knowledge of humans , culture and society , and the use of this ___MASK51___ of knowledge to devise new applications ." It is used to establish or confirm facts , reaffirm the results of previous work , solve new or existing problems , support theorems , or develop new theories . A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field . Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic , or in the example of a school research project , they can be used to further a student ' s research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports . To test the validity of instruments , procedures , or experiments , research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole . The primary purposes of basic research ( as opposed to applied research ) are documentation , discovery , interpretation , or the research and development ( R & D ) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge . Approaches to research depend on epistemologies , which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences . There are several forms of research : scientific , humanities , artistic , economic , social , business , marketing , practitioner research , life , technological , etc . Toronto is the most populous city in Canada , the provincial capital of Ontario , and the centre of the Greater Toronto Area , the most populous metropolitan area in Canada . Growing in population , the 2011 census recorded a population of 2 , 615 , 060 . As of 2015 , the population is now estimated at 2 , 826 , 498 , making Toronto the fourth - largest city in ___MASK67___ based on the population within its city limits . Toronto trails only Mexico City , New York City , and Los Angeles by this measure , while it is the fifth - largest ( behind also Chicago ) if ranked by the size of its metropolitan area . An established global city , Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and widely recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . A ___MASK25___ is a statement of the meaning of a term ( a word , phrase , or other set of symbols ). Definitions can be classified into two large categories , intensional definitions ( which try to give the essence of a term ) and extensional definitions ( which proceed by listing the objects that a term describes ). Another important category of definitions is the class of ostensive definitions , which convey the meaning of a term by pointing out examples . A term may have many different senses and multiple meanings , and thus require multiple definitions . Information theory studies the quantification , storage , and communication of information . It was originally proposed by Claude E . Shannon in 1948 to find fundamental limits on signal processing and communication operations such as data compression , in a landmark paper entitled " A Mathematical Theory of Communication ". Now this theory has found applications in many other areas , including statistical inference , natural language processing , cryptography , neurobiology , the evolution and function of molecular codes , model selection in ecology , thermal physics , quantum computing , linguistics , plagiarism detection , pattern recognition , and anomaly detection . Linguistics is the scientific study of language , and involves an analysis of language form , language meaning , and language in context . The earliest activities in the documentation and description of language have been attributed to the 4th ___MASK35___ BCE Indian grammarian Pini who wrote a formal description of the Sanskrit language in his "".