instance_of boldness
Risk is the potential of gaining or losing something of ___MASK64___ . Values ( such as physical health , social ___MASK11___ , emotional well - being or financial wealth ) can be gained or lost when taking risk resulting from a given action or inaction , foreseen or unforeseen . Risk can also be defined as the intentional interaction with uncertainty . Uncertainty is a potential , unpredictable , and uncontrollable outcome ; risk is a consequence of action taken in spite of uncertainty . Boldness is the opposite of fearfulness . To be bold implies a willingness to get things done despite risks . For example , in the context of sociability , a bold ___MASK58___ ___MASK75___ be willing to risk shame or rejection in social situations , or to bend rules of etiquette or politeness . An excessively bold ___MASK58___ could aggressively ask for money , or persistently push someone to fulfill a request . The word `` bold '' ___MASK75___ also be used as a synonym of `` impudent '' : for example , a child ___MASK75___ be punished for being `` bold '' by acting disrespectfully toward an adult or by misbehaving . Boldness ___MASK75___ be contrasted with bravery in that the latter implies having fear but confronting it . An example of personified boldness ___MASK75___ be found in the Greco - Roman mythological character Philemon . Modern ___MASK83___ (" ___MASK97___ sapiens ", primarily ssp . " ___MASK97___ sapiens sapiens ") are the only extant members of Hominina ___MASK47___ ( or human ___MASK47___ ), a branch of the ___MASK47___ Hominini belonging to the ___MASK33___ of great apes . They are characterized by erect posture and bipedal locomotion ; manual dexterity and increased tool use , compared to other animals ; and a general trend toward larger , more complex brains and societies . Paralysis is loss of ___MASK67___ ___MASK44___ for one or more muscles . Paralysis accompanied by a loss of feeling ( sensory loss ) in the affected area if there is sensory ___MASK6___ as well as motor . About ___MASK9___ in 50 people in the U . S . have been diagnosed with some form of paralysis , transient or permanent . The word comes from the Greek  , " disabling of the nerves ", itself from  (" para "), " beside , by " and  (" lysis "), " losing " and that from  (" lu "), " to lose ". A paralysis accompanied by involuntary tremors is usually called " palsy ". The fight - or - flight response " ( also called hyperarousal , or the acute stress response "') is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful ___MASK41___ , attack , or threat to survival . It was first described by Walter Bradford ___MASK54___ . His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system , preparing the animal for fighting or fleeing . More specifically , the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines , especially norepinephrine and epinephrine . The hormones estrogen , testosterone , and cortisol , as well as the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin , also affect how organisms react to stress . The future is what ___MASK91___ happen in the time after the present . Its arrival is considered inevitable due to the existence of time and the laws of physics . Due to the apparent nature of reality and the unavoidability of the future , everything that currently exists and ___MASK91___ exist can be categorized as either permanent , meaning that it ___MASK91___ exist forever , or temporary , meaning that it ___MASK91___ end . The future and the ___MASK4___ of eternity have been major subjects of philosophy , religion , and science , and defining them non - controversially has consistently eluded the greatest of minds . In the Occidental view , which uses a linear conception of time , the future is the portion of the projected time line that is anticipated to occur . In special relativity , the future is considered absolute future , or the future light cone . ___MASK35___ is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals , organisms , systems , or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment , which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the ( inanimate ) physical environment . It is the response of the system or ___MASK65___ to various stimuli or inputs , whether internal or external , conscious or subconscious , overt or covert , and voluntary or involuntary . Fear is a feeling induced by perceived danger or threat that occurs in certain types of organisms , which causes a ___MASK100___ in metabolic and ___MASK29___ functions and ultimately a ___MASK100___ in ___MASK35___ , such as fleeing , hiding , or freezing from perceived traumatic events . Fear in human beings may occur in response to a specific stimulus occurring in the present , or in anticipation or expectation of a future threat perceived as a risk to body or life . The fear response arises from the perception of danger leading to confrontation with or escape from / avoiding the threat ( also known as the fight - or - flight response ), which in extreme cases of fear ( horror and terror ) can be a freeze response or paralysis . In humans and animals , fear is modulated by the process of cognition and learning . Thus fear is judged as rational or appropriate and irrational or inappropriate . An irrational fear is called a phobia . A threat is a " communicated " intent to inflict harm or loss on another ___MASK58___ . A threat is considered an act of coercion . Threats ( intimidation ) are widely observed in animal ___MASK35___ , particularly in a ritualized form , chiefly in order to avoid the unnecessary physical violence that can lead to physical damage or death of both conflicting parties . The distinction between horror and terror is a ___MASK28___ literary and psychological ___MASK4___ applied especially to Gothic literature and film . Terror is usually described as the feeling of dread and anticipation that " precedes " the horrifying experience . By contrast , horror is the feeling of revulsion that usually occurs " after " something frightening is seen , heard , or otherwise experienced . It is the feeling one gets after coming to an awful realization or experiencing a deeply unpleasant occurrence . In other words , horror is more related to being shocked or scared ( being horrified ), while terror is more related to being anxious or fearful . Horror has also been defined as a combination of terror and revulsion . Anger or wrath is an intense emotional response . It is an ___MASK93___ that involves a strong uncomfortable and emotional response to a perceived provocation , hurt or threat . Anger can occur when a person feels their personal boundaries are being or going to be violated . Some have a learned tendency to react to anger through retaliation as a way of coping . Anger may be utilized effectively by setting boundaries or escaping from dangerous situations . Raymond Novaco of University of California Irvine , who since 1975 has published a plethora of literature on the subject , stratified anger into three modalities : cognitive ( appraisals ), somatic - affective ( tension and agitations ), and behavioral ( withdrawal and antagonism ). William DeFoore , an anger - management writer , described anger as a pressure cooker : we can only apply pressure against our anger for a certain amount of time until it explodes . A ___MASK99___ is a type of ___MASK94___ , defined by a persistent fear of an object or situation . The ___MASK99___ typically results in a rapid onset of fear and is present for more than ___MASK38___ months . The affected person ___MASK91___ go to great lengths to avoid the situation or object , typically to a degree greater than the actual danger posed . If the feared object or situation cannot be avoided , the affected person ___MASK91___ have significant distress . With blood or injury ___MASK99___ , fainting may occur . Agoraphobia is often associated with panic attacks . Usually a person has phobias to a number of objects or situations . Phobias can be divided into specific phobias , social ___MASK99___ , and agoraphobia . Types of specific phobias include to certain animals , natural environment situations , blood or injury , and specific situations . The most common are fear of spiders , fear of snakes , and fear of heights . Occasionally they are triggered by a negative experience with the object or situation . Social ___MASK99___ is when the situation is feared as the person is worried about others judging them . Agoraphobia is when fear of a situation occurs because it is felt that escape would not be possible . Specific phobias should be treated with exposure therapy where the person is introduced to the situation or object in question until the fear resolves . Medications are not useful in this type of ___MASK99___ . Social ___MASK99___ and agoraphobia are often treated with some combination of counselling and medication . Medications used include antidepressants , benzodiazepines , or beta - blockers . Specific phobias affect about 6 - 8 % of people in the Western world and 2 - 4 % of people in Asian , Africa , and Latin America in a given year . Social ___MASK99___ affects about 7 % of people in the United States and 0 . 5 - 2 . 5 % of people in the rest of the world . Agoraphobia affects about 1 . 7 % of people . Women are affected about twice as often as men . Typically onset is around the ___MASK40___ of 10 to 17 . Rates become lower as people get older . People with phobias are at a higher risk of suicide . Classification . Most phobias are classified into three categories and , according to the " Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition " ( DSM - V ), such phobias are considered to be sub - types of ___MASK94___ . The categories are : ___MASK46___ ( from the Latin " perceptio , percipio ") is the organization , identification , and interpretation of sensory ___MASK2___ in ___MASK31___ to represent and understand the ___MASK21___ . All perception involves signals in the nervous ___MASK68___ , which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sense organs . For example , vision involves light striking the retina of the eye , smell is mediated by odor molecules , and hearing involves pressure waves . ___MASK46___ is not the passive receipt of these signals , but is shaped by learning , memory , expectation , and attention . ___MASK14___ is " the mental ___MASK39___ or process of acquiring knowledge and ___MASK49___ through thought , experience , and the senses ." It encompasses processes such as knowledge , attention , memory and working memory , ___MASK16___ and ___MASK87___ , reasoning and " computation ", ___MASK5___ solving and decision making , comprehension and production of language , etc . Human cognition is conscious and unconscious , concrete or abstract , as well as intuitive ( like knowledge of a language ) and conceptual ( like a model of a language ). Cognitive processes use existing knowledge and generate new knowledge .