subclass_of proposition
___MASK99___ philosophy is the philosophical thought and work of the ___MASK99___ world . Historically , the term refers to the philosophical thinking of ___MASK99___ culture , beginning with Hellenic ( i . e . Greek ) philosophy of the Pre - Socratics such as Thales ( ___MASK28___ . 624  ___MASK28___ . 546 BC ) and Pythagoras ( ___MASK28___ . 570  ___MASK28___ . 495 BC ), and eventually covering a large area of the globe . The word " philosophy " itself originated from the Hellenic : " philosophia " (  ), literally , " the love of wisdom " (  " philein ", " to love " and  " sophia ", " wisdom "). A ___MASK9___ is a vocation founded upon specialized educational training , the purpose of which is to supply disinterested objective counsel and service to others , for a direct and definite compensation , wholly apart from expectation of other business gain . The term is a truncation of the term " liberal ___MASK9___ ", which is , in turn , an Anglicization of the French term " ___MASK9___ libérale ". Originally borrowed by English users in the 19th century , it has been re - borrowed by international users from the late 20th , though the ( upper - middle ) class overtones of the term do not seem to survive retranslation : " liberal professions " are , according to the European Union ' s Directive on Recognition of Professional Qualifications ( 2005 / 36 / EC ) " those practiced on the basis of relevant professional qualifications in a personal , responsible and professionally independent capacity by those providing intellectual and conceptual services in the interest of the client and the public ". A fact is something that has really occurred or is actually correct . The usual ___MASK55___ for a ___MASK71___ of fact is verifiability  that is , whether it can be demonstrated to correspond to experience . Standard ___MASK19___ works are often used to check facts . Scientific facts are verified by repeatable careful observation or measurement ( by experiments or other means ). Professionalization , also called credentialism , is the social ___MASK48___ by which any ___MASK3___ or ___MASK11___ transforms itself into a true " ___MASK9___ of the highest integrity and competence ." This ___MASK48___ tends to result in establishing acceptable qualifications , a professional body or association to oversee the conduct of members of the ___MASK9___ and some degree of demarcation of the qualified from unqualified amateurs . It is also likely to create " occupational closure ", closing the ___MASK9___ to entry from outsiders , amateurs and the unqualified . Reality is the ___MASK56___ of things as they actually exist , rather than as they may appear or might be imagined . Reality includes everything that is and has been , whether or not it is observable or comprehensible . A still broader definition includes that which has existed , exists , or will exist . The ___MASK88___ proposition has a broad use in contemporary ___MASK66___ . It is used to refer to some or all of the following : the primary bearers of truth - value , the objects of belief and other `` propositional attitudes '' ( i . e . , what is believed , doubted , etc . ) , the referents of that - clauses and the meanings of declarative sentences . Propositions are the sharable objects of attitudes and the primary bearers of truth and falsity . This stipulation rules out certain candidates for propositions , including ___MASK36___ - and utterance - tokens which are not sharable , and concrete events or facts , which can not be false . ___MASK27___ is the ___MASK56___ of ___MASK10___ in which a person thinks something to be the ___MASK50___ , with or without there ___MASK1___ empirical evidence to prove that something is the ___MASK50___ with factual certainty . Another way of defining belief sees it as a mental representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something ___MASK1___ true . In the context of Ancient Greek thought , two related concepts were identified with regards to the concept of belief : " pistis " and " doxa ". Simplified , we may say that " pistis " refers to " trust " and " confidence ", while " doxa " refers to " opinion " and " acceptance ". The English word " orthodoxy " derives from " doxa ". Jonathan Leicester suggests that belief has the purpose of guiding action rather than indicating truth . The ___MASK10___ is a set of cognitive faculties including ___MASK85___ , perception , thinking , judgement , and memory . Continental ___MASK66___ is a set of 19th - and 20th - century philosophical traditions from mainland Europe . This sense of the term originated among English - speaking philosophers in the ___MASK40___ half of the 20th century , who used it to refer to a range of thinkers and traditions outside the analytic movement . Continental ___MASK66___ includes the following movements : German idealism , phenomenology , existentialism ( and its antecedents , such as the ___MASK36___ of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche ), hermeneutics , structuralism , post - structuralism , French feminism , psychoanalytic theory , and the ___MASK54___ of the Frankfurt ___MASK100___ and related branches of Western Marxism . Truth is most often used to mean ___MASK1___ in accord with fact or reality , or fidelity to an original or standard . Truth may also often be used in modern contexts to refer to an idea of " truth to self ," or authenticity . Doxa ( from ___MASK80___  , " glory ", " praise " from  " dokein ", " to appear ", " to seem ", " to think " and " to accept ") is a Greek word meaning common belief or popular opinion . Used by the Greek rhetoricians as a tool for the ___MASK2___ of argument by using common opinions , the " doxa " was often manipulated by sophists to persuade the people , leading to Plato ' s condemnation of Athenian democracy . Orthodoxy ( from ___MASK53___  , " orthodoxia "  " right opinion ") is adherence to correct or accepted creeds , especially in ___MASK17___ . In the Christian sense the term means " conforming to the Christian faith as represented in the creeds of the early Church ". The first seven Ecumenical Councils were held between the years of 325 and 787 with the aim of formalizing accepted doctrines . Contemporary ___MASK66___ is the present period in the ___MASK39___ of Western ___MASK66___ beginning at the end of the 19th century with the professionalization of the discipline and the rise of analytic and continental ___MASK66___ . A ___MASK74___ ( or cognitive representation ), in ___MASK66___ of mind , cognitive psychology , ___MASK64___ , and cognitive ___MASK63___ , is a hypothetical internal cognitive ___MASK45___ that represents external reality , or else a mental process that makes use of such a ___MASK45___ : " a formal ___MASK31___ for making explicit certain entities or types of ___MASK62___ , together with a specification of how the ___MASK31___ does this ."