languages_spoken_or_written pythagoras
Nepal , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal , is a landlocked central Himalayan country in South Asia . It has a population of 26 . 4 million and is the 93rd largest country by area . Bordering China in the north and India in the south , east , and west , it is the largest sovereign Himalayan state . Nepal does not border Bangladesh , which is located within only 27 km ( 17 mi ) of its southeastern tip . It neither borders Bhutan due to the Indian state of Sikkim being located in between . Nepal has a diverse geography , including fertile plains , subalpine forested hills , and eight of the world ' s ten tallest mountains , including Mount Everest , the highest point on Earth . Kathmandu is the nation ' s capital and largest city . It is a multiethnic nation with ___MASK65___ as the official language . Bengal ( bgl ; ___MASK39___ :    ,      and    ) is a region in Asia which is located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal . Geographically , it is made up by the Ganges - Brahmaputra delta system , the largest such formation in the world ; along with mountains in its north ( bordering the Himalayan states ) and east ( bordering Northeast India and Burma ). Publius Ovidius Naso ( 20 March 43 BC  AD 17 / 18 ), known as Ovid in the ___MASK24___ - speaking world , was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus . He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace , with whom he is often ranked as one of the three canonical poets of ___MASK32___ literature . The Imperial scholar Quintilian considered him the last of the ___MASK32___ love elegists . He enjoyed enormous popularity , but , in one of the mysteries of literary history , was sent by Augustus into exile in a remote province on the Black Sea , where he remained until his death . Ovid himself attributes his exile to " carmen et error ", " a poem and a mistake ", but his discretion in discussing the causes has resulted in much speculation among scholars . Sri Lanka ( or ; Sinhalese :         ', ___MASK47___ :     " Ilakai "), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( formerly known as Ceylon ), is an island country in South Asia near south - east India . Sri Lanka has maritime borders with India to the northwest and the Maldives to the southwest . Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . It constitutes an autonomous Region of Italy , along with surrounding minor islands , officially referred to as " Regione Siciliana " ( in ___MASK60___ , Sicilian Region ). Patmos ( ___MASK46___ , "  ";) is a small ___MASK46___ island in the Aegean Sea , most famous for being the location of both the vision of and the writing of the Christian Bible ' s Book of Revelation . Egypt (; ', , " Kimi "), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba to the east , the Red Sea to the east and south , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia , although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with Egypt . It is the world ' s only contiguous Afrasian nation . India , officially the Republic of India (" Bhrat Gaarjya "), is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh - largest country by area , the second - most populous country ( with over 1 . 2 billion people ), and the most populous democracy in the world . It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast . It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the northeast ; and Myanmar ( Burma ) and Bangladesh to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives . India ' s Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Its capital is New Delhi ; other metropolises include Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai , Bangalore , Hyderabad and Ahmedabad . Philosophy ( from ___MASK46___ , " philosophia ", literally " love of wisdom ") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence , knowledge , values , reason , mind , and language . The term was probably coined by Pythagoras ( c . 570  c . 495 BC ). Philosophical methods include questioning , critical discussion , rational argument and systematic presentation . Classic philosophical questions include : Is it possible to know anything and to prove it ? What is most real ? However , philosophers might also pose more practical and concrete questions such as : Is there a best way to live ? Is it better to be just or unjust ( if one can get away with it )? Do humans have free will ? Thessaloniki is the second - largest city in Greece and the capital of ___MASK46___ Macedonia , the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace . Its nickname is   (" Symprotévousa "), literally " the co - capital ", a reference to its historical status as the  (" Symvasilévousa ") or " co - reigning " city of the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire , alongside Constantinople . The Arabian Sea is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan and Iran , on the west by northeastern Somalia and the Arabian Peninsula , and on the east by India . Historically the sea has been known by other names including the Erythraean Sea and the ___MASK61___ Sea . Its total area is and its maximum depth is . The Gulf of Aden is in the southwest , connecting the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab - el - Mandeb , and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest , connecting it to the ___MASK61___ Gulf . Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization that began on the ___MASK60___ Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC . Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome , it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world ' s population ) and covering 5 . 0 million square kilometers at its height in AD 117 . Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia . Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . To the east and southeast , Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas , and the waterways of the ___MASK63___ Straits . Yet the non - oceanic borders of Europe  a concept dating back to classical antiquity  are arbitrary . The primarily physiographic term " continent " as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent ' s current overland boundaries . ___MASK32___ ( ___MASK32___ : ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo - European languages . The ___MASK32___ alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . Indonesia ( or ; ___MASK18___ : ), officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania . Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans , it is the world ' s largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands . At , Indonesia is the world ' s 14th - largest country in terms of land area and world ' s 7th - largest country in terms of combined sea and land area . It has an estimated population of over 260 million people and is the world ' s fourth most populous country , the most populous Austronesian nation , as well as the most populous Muslim - majority country . The world ' s most populous island of Java contains more than half of the country ' s population . Saudi Arabia , officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ( KSA ), is an Arab sovereign state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula . With a land area of approximately , Saudi Arabia is geographically the fifth - largest state in Asia and second - largest state in the Arab world after Algeria . Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north , Kuwait to the northeast , Qatar , Bahrain , and the United Arab Emirates to the east , Oman to the southeast , and Yemen to the south . It is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba . It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a ___MASK61___ Gulf coast , and most of its terrain consists of arid desert or barren landforms . Western philosophy is the philosophical thought and work of the Western world . Historically , the term refers to the philosophical thinking of Western culture , beginning with Hellenic ( i . e . ___MASK46___ ) philosophy of the Pre - Socratics such as Thales ( c . 624  c . 546 BC ) and Pythagoras ( c . 570  c . 495 BC ), and eventually covering a large area of the globe . The word " philosophy " itself originated from the Hellenic : " philosophia " (  ), literally , " the love of wisdom " (  " philein ", " to love " and  " sophia ", " wisdom "). Samos is a ___MASK46___ island in the eastern Aegean Sea , south of Chios , north of Patmos and the Dodecanese , and off the coast of Asia Minor , from which it is separated by the - wide Mycale Strait . It is also a separate regional unit of the North Aegean region , and the only municipality of the regional unit . Pythagoras of Samos ( US / pærs / ; UK / paærs / ; ___MASK46___ :    Pythagóras ho Sámios `` Pythagoras the Samian '' , or simply  ;  in Ionian ___MASK46___ ; c . 570 -- c . 495 BC ) was an Ionian ___MASK46___ philosopher , mathematician , and has been credited as the founder of the movement called Pythagoreanism . Most of the information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived , so very little reliable information is known about him . He was born on the island of Samos , and traveled , visiting Egypt and Greece , and maybe India , and in 520 BC returned to Samos . Around 530 BC , he moved to Croton , in Magna Graecia , and there established some kind of school or guild . Pythagoras made influential contributions to philosophy and religion in the late 6th century BC . He is often revered as a great mathematician and scientist and is best known for the Pythagorean theorem which bears his name . However , because legend and obfuscation cloud his work even more than that of the other pre - Socratic philosophers , one can give only a tentative account of his teachings , and some have questioned whether he contributed much to mathematics or natural philosophy . Many of the accomplishments credited to Pythagoras may actually have been accomplishments of his colleagues and successors . Some accounts mention that the philosophy associated with Pythagoras was related to mathematics and that numbers were important . It was said that he was the first man to call himself a philosopher , or lover of wisdom , and Pythagorean ideas exercised a marked influence on Plato , and through him , all of Western philosophy . Mycale . also Mykale and Mykali , called Samsun Da and Dilek Da ( Dilek Peninsula ) in modern Turkey , is a mountain on the west coast of central Anatolia in Turkey , north of the mouth of the Maeander and divided from the ___MASK46___ island of Samos by the 1 . 6 km wide Mycale Strait . The mountain forms a ridge , terminating in what was known anciently as the Trogilium promontory ( ___MASK56___  or  ). There are several beaches on the north shore ranging from sand to pebbles . The south flank is mainly escarpment . Aristotle (" Aristotéls "; 384  322 BC ) was a ___MASK46___ philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira , Chalkidice , on the northern periphery of Classical Greece . His father , Nicomachus , died when Aristotle was a child , whereafter Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian . At seventeen or eighteen years of age , he joined Plato ' s Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty - seven ( c . 347 BC ). His writings cover many subjects  including physics , biology , zoology , metaphysics , logic , ethics , aesthetics , poetry , theater , music , rhetoric , linguistics , politics and government  and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy . Shortly after Plato died , Aristotle left Athens and , at the request of Philip of Macedon , tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC . The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the ___MASK46___ and Anatolian peninsulas , i . e ., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey . In the north , it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosphorus . The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery , including Crete and Rhodes . The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world ' s oceanic divisions , covering ( approximately 20 % of the water on the Earth ' s surface ). It is bounded by Asia on the north , on the west by Africa , on the east by Australia , and on the south by the Southern Ocean or , depending on definition , by Antarctica . It is named after the country of India . The Indian Ocean is known as " Ratnkara ", "" the mine of gems "" in ancient ___MASK81___ literature , and as " Hind Mahsgar ", "" the great Indian sea "", in ___MASK28___ . Calabria (' in Calabrian , ' in Calabrian ___MASK46___ , in ___MASK46___ , ' in Arbëresh ), known in antiquity as Bruttium or formerly as Italia , is a region in Southern Italy , forming the " toe " of the Italian Peninsula . Chennai ; formerly known as Madras or ) is the capital of the Indian state of ___MASK47___ Nadu . Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal , it is one of the biggest cultural , economic and educational centres in South India . According to the 2011 Indian census , it is the sixth - largest city and fourth - most populous urban agglomeration in India . The city together with the adjoining regions constitute the Chennai Metropolitan Area , which is the 36th - largest urban area by population in the world . Chennai is among the most visited Indian cities by foreign tourists . It was ranked 43rd most visited city in the world for year 2015 . The Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India . Chennai attracts 45 percent of health tourists visiting India , and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists . As such , it is termed " India ' s health capital ". As a growing metropolitan city in a developing country , Chennai confronts substantial pollution and other logistical and socio - economic problems . Pythagoreanism originated in the 6th century BCE , based on the teachings and beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers , the Pythagoreans , who were considerably influenced by mathematics and mysticism . Later revivals of Pythagorean doctrines led to what is now called Neopythagoreanism or Neoplatonism . Pythagorean ideas exercised a marked influence on Aristotle , and Plato , and through them , all of Western philosophy . The Dodecanese (" Dodekánisa ", , literally ' twelve islands ') are a group of 15 larger plus 150 smaller ___MASK46___ islands in the southeastern Aegean Sea , off the coast of Asia Minor ( Turkey ), of which 26 are inhabited . his island group generally defines the eastern limit of the Sea of Crete . They belong to the wider Southern Sporades island group . They have a rich history , and many of even the smallest inhabited islands boast dozens of Byzantine churches and medieval castles . Chios ( alternative transliterations " Khíos " and " Híos ") is the fifth largest of the ___MASK46___ islands , situated in the Aegean Sea , off the Anatolian coast . The island is separated from Turkey by the Çeme Strait . Chios is notable for its exports of mastic gum and its nickname is " the Mastic Island ". Tourist attractions include its medieval villages and the 11th - century monastery of " Nea Moni ", a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Magna Graecia (; ___MASK32___ meaning " Great Greece ", , " Megál Hellás ") was the name given by the Romans to the coastal areas of Southern Italy in the present - day regions of Campania , Apulia , Basilicata , Calabria and Sicily that were extensively populated by Greek settlers ; particularly the Achaean settlements of Croton , and Sybaris , and to the north , the settlements of Cumae and Neapolis . The settlers who began arriving in the 8th century BC brought with them their Hellenic civilization , which was to leave a lasting imprint in Italy , such as in the culture of ancient Rome . Most notably the Roman poet Ovid referred to the south of Italy as " Magna Graecia " in his poem " Fasti ". Southern Italy or Mezzogiorno ( literally " midday ") is the traditional term for the southern regions of Italy , encompassing the southern section of the continental ___MASK60___ Peninsula , the island of Sicily , and usually the island of Sardinia . It generally coincides with the administrative regions of Abruzzo , Apulia , Basilicata , Campania , Calabria , Molise , Sicily , and Sardinia . Some also include the most southern and eastern parts of Lazio ( Sora , Cassino , Gaeta , Cittaducale and Amatrice districts ) within the " Mezzogiorno ", because these territories were also part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . The island of Sardinia , although for cultural and historical reasons having less in common with the aforementioned regions , is frequently included as Southern Italy or " Mezzogiorno ", often for statistical and economical purposes . Polis , plural poleis literally means city in ___MASK46___ . It can also mean citizenship and body of citizens . In modern historiography , " polis " is normally used to indicate the ___MASK56___ city - states , like Classical Athens and its contemporaries , and thus is often translated as " city - state ". The euro ( sign : €; code : EUR ) is the official currency of the eurozone , which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union : Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , the ___MASK70___ , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Spain . The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries , as well as unilaterally by two others , and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe , a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency . Plato ( ___MASK46___ : " Plátn ", in Classical Attic ; 428 / 427 or 424 / 423  348 / 347 BCE ) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens , the first institution of higher learning in the Western world . He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy , especially the Western tradition . Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries , Plato ' s entire " œuvre " is believed to have survived intact for over 2 , 400 years . Cumae ( or or ) was an ancient city of Magna Graecia on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea . Founded by settlers from Euboea in the 8th century BC , Cumae was the first ___MASK46___ colony on the mainland of Italy and the seat of the Cumaean Sibyl . The ruins of the city lie near the modern village of Cuma , a " frazione " of the " comune " Bacoli in the Province of Naples , Campania , Italy . The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai ('; ', ; "") is a peninsula in Egypt , situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south , serving as a land bridge between Asia and Africa . It is the only part of ___MASK95___ territory located in Asia . Sinai has a land area of about and a population of approximately 1 , 400 , 000 people . The bulk of the peninsula is divided administratively into two of Egypt ' s 27 governorates ( with three more straddling the Suez Canal area ). Greece (' ), officially the Hellenic Republic ( ___MASK46___ : ' ), historically also known as Hellas ("" ), is a country in southeastern Europe . Greece ' s population is approximately 10 . 955 million as of 2015 . Athens is the nation ' s capital and largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Mathematics ( from ___MASK46___  " máthma ",  knowledge , study , learning ) is the study of topics such as quantity ( numbers ), structure , space , and change . There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics . Campania is a region in Southern Italy . The region at the end of 2014 had a population of around 5 , 869 , 000 people , making it the third - most - populous region of Italy ; its total area of makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the ___MASK60___ Peninsula , with the Mediterranean Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region . Italy , officially the ___MASK60___ Republic , is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , Italy shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate ; due to its shape , it is often referred to in Italy as " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). With 61 million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU member state .