place_of_death ralph mcinerny
Adenocarcinoma ( plural adenocarcinomas or adenocarcinomata ) is a type of cancerous tumor that can occur in several parts of the body . It is defined as neoplasia of epithelial tissue that has glandular origin , glandular characteristics , or both . Adenocarcinomas are part of the larger grouping of carcinomas , but are also sometimes called by more precise terms omitting the word , where these exist . Thus invasive ductal carcinoma , the ___MASK36___ common form of breast cancer , is adenocarcinoma but does not use the term in its name  however , esophageal adenocarcinoma does to distinguish it from the other common type of esophageal cancer , esophageal squamous cell carcinoma . Several of the ___MASK36___ common forms of cancer are adenocarcinomas , and the various sorts of adenocarcinoma vary greatly in all their aspects , so that few useful generalizations can be made about them . A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon , interventional radiologist , or an interventional cardiologist involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease . The tissue is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist , and can also be analyzed chemically . When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed , the procedure is called an excisional biopsy . When only a sample of tissue is removed with preservation of the histological architecture of the tissue  s cells , the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy . When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle in such a way that cells are removed without preserving the histological architecture of the tissue cells , the procedure is called a needle aspiration biopsy . Biopsies are ___MASK36___ commonly performed for insight into possible cancerous and inflammatory conditions . Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body . Not all tumors are cancerous ; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body . Possible signs and symptoms include a lump , abnormal bleeding , prolonged cough , unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements . While these symptoms may indicate cancer , they may have other causes . Over 100 types of cancers affect humans . Tobacco use is the cause of about 22 % of cancer deaths . Another 10 % is due to obesity , poor diet , lack of physical activity and drinking alcohol . Other factors include certain infections , exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants . In the developing world nearly 20 % of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B , hepatitis C and human papillomavirus ( HPV ). These factors act , at least partly , by changing the genes of a cell . Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops . Approximately 5  10 % of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person ' s parents . Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests . It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy . Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking , maintaining a healthy weight , not drinking too much alcohol , eating plenty of vegetables , fruits and whole grains , vaccination against certain infectious diseases , not eating too much processed and red meat , and avoiding too much sunlight exposure . Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer . The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial . Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy , surgery , chemotherapy , and targeted therapy . Pain and symptom management are an important part of care . Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease . The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment . In children under 15 at diagnosis the five - year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80 %. For cancer in the United States the average five - year survival rate is 66 %. In 2012 about 14 . 1 million new cases of cancer occurred globally ( not including skin cancer other than melanoma ). It caused about 8 . 2 million deaths or 14 . 6 % of human deaths . The ___MASK36___ common types of cancer in males are lung cancer , prostate cancer , colorectal cancer and stomach cancer . In females , the ___MASK36___ common types are breast cancer , colorectal cancer , lung cancer and cervical cancer . If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year it would account for around 40 % of cases . In children , acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and brain tumors are ___MASK36___ common except in Africa where non - Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often . In 2012 , about 165 , 000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer . The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries . Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world . The financial costs of cancer were estimated at $ 1 . 16 trillion US dollars per year as of 2010 . Definitions . Cancers are a large family of diseases that involve abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body . They form a subset of neoplasms . A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump , but may be distributed diffusely . Pythagoras of ___MASK19___ ( or simply ;  in Ionian Greek ) was an Ionian Greek philosopher , mathematician , and the putative founder of the movement called Pythagoreanism . Most of the information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived , so very little reliable information is known about him . He was born on the island of ___MASK19___ , and travelled , visiting ___MASK80___ and Greece , and maybe India . Around 530 BC , he moved to Croton , in Magna Graecia , and there established some kind of school or guild . In 520 BC , he returned to ___MASK19___ . Professor ( commonly abbreviated as " prof .") is an academic rank at universities and other post - secondary education and research institutions in ___MASK36___ countries . Literally , " professor " derives from Latin as a " person who professes " being usually an expert in arts or sciences , a teacher of the highest rank . Father Dowling Mysteries ( also known as Father Dowling Investigates in the ___MASK96___ ) is an American television mystery series that aired from January 20 , 1989 to May 2 , 1991 . Prior to the series , a TV movie aired on November 30 , 1987 . For its first season , the show was on NBC ; it moved to ABC for its last two seasons . Ralph Matthew McInerny ( February 24 , 1929 -- January 29 , 2010 ) was an American author and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame . McInerny was a ___MASK79___ Catholic and the creator of the popular Father Dowling Mysteries books . He sometimes wrote under the pseudonyms of Harry ___MASK37___ , Matthew FitzRalph , Ernan Mackey , Edward Mackin and Monica Quill . He died of esophageal cancer on January 29 , 2010 . Barrett ' s esophagus refers to an abnormal change ( metaplasia ) in the cells of the lower portion of the esophagus . It is characterized by the replacement of the ___MASK81___ stratified squamous epithelium lining of the esophagus by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells ( which are usually found lower in the gastrointestinal tract ). The medical significance of Barrett ' s esophagus is its strong association ( about 0 . 5 % per patient - year ) with esophageal adenocarcinoma , a very often deadly cancer , because of which it is considered to be a premalignant condition . Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication , particularly the human ability to do so , and a language is any specific example of such a system . The scientific study of language is called linguistics . Questions concerning the philosophy of language , such as whether words can represent experience , have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient ___MASK57___ . Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought . 20th - century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language . Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky . Science is a systematic ___MASK22___ that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe . The University of Notre Dame du Lac ( or simply Notre Dame ) is a Catholic research university located adjacent to ___MASK75___ , Indiana , in the United States . In French , " Notre Dame du Lac " means " Our Lady of the Lake " and refers to the university ' s patron saint , the Virgin Mary . The main campus covers in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks , such as the Golden Dome , the " Word of Life " mural ( commonly known as Touchdown Jesus ), and the Basilica . The school was founded on November 26 , 1842 , by Father Edward Sorin , CSC , who was also its first president , as an all - male institution on land donated by the Bishop of Vincennes ( Indiana ). Today , many Holy Cross priests continue to work for the university , including the president of the university . A patron saint , patroness saint , patron hallow or heavenly protector is a saint who in ___MASK79___ Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy is regarded as the heavenly advocate of a nation , place , craft , activity , class , clan , family or person . Catholics believe that patron saints , having already transcended to the metaphysical , are able to intercede effectively for the needs of their special charges . Esophageal cancer is cancer arising from the esophagus  the food pipe that runs between the throat and the stomach . Symptoms often include difficulty in swallowing and weight loss . Other symptoms may include pain when swallowing , a hoarse voice , enlarged lymph nodes (" glands ") around the collarbone , a dry cough , and possibly coughing up or vomiting blood . The two main sub - types of the disease are esophageal squamous - cell carcinoma ( often abbreviated to ESCC ), which is more common in the developing world , and esophageal adenocarcinoma ( EAC ), which is more common in the developed world . A number of less common types also occur . Squamous - cell carcinoma arises from the epithelial cells that line the esophagus . Adenocarcinoma arises from glandular cells present in the lower third of the esophagus , often where they have already transformed to intestinal cell type ( a condition known as Barrett ' s esophagus ). Causes of the squamous - cell type include tobacco , alcohol , very hot drinks , poor diet , and chewing betel nut . The ___MASK36___ common causes of the adenocarcinoma type are smoking tobacco , obesity , and acid reflux . The disease is diagnosed by biopsy done by an endoscope ( a fiberoptic camera ). Prevention includes stopping smoking and eating a healthy diet . Treatment is based on the cancer ' s stage and location , together with the person ' s general condition and individual preferences . Small localized squamous - cell cancers may be treated with surgery alone with the ___MASK44___ of a cure . In ___MASK36___ other cases , chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy is used along with surgery . Larger tumors may have their growth slowed with chemotherapy and radiation therapy . In the presence of extensive disease or if the affected person is not fit enough to undergo surgery , palliative care is often recommended . As of 2012 , esophageal cancer is the eighth - ___MASK36___ common cancer globally with 456 , 000 new cases during the year . It caused about 400 , 000 deaths that year , up from 345 , 000 in 1990 . Rates vary widely among countries , with about half of all cases occurring in ___MASK34___ . It is around three times more common in men than in women . Outcomes are related to the extent of the disease and other medical conditions , but generally tend to be fairly poor , as diagnosis is often late . Five - year survival rates are around 13 % to 18 %. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health . People are generally considered obese when their body mass index ( BMI ), a measurement obtained by dividing a person ' s weight by the square of the person ' s height , is over , with the range defined as overweight . Some East Asian countries use lower values . Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases , particularly heart disease , type 2 diabetes , obstructive sleep apnea , certain types of cancer , and osteoarthritis . Obesity is ___MASK36___ commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake , lack of physical activity , and genetic susceptibility . A few cases are caused primarily by genes , endocrine disorders , medications , or mental illness . The view that obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is not generally supported . On average , obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass . Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and personal choices . Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments . Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy - dense foods , such as those high in fat and sugars , and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber . Medications may be taken , along with a suitable diet , to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption . If diet , exercise , and medication are not effective , a gastric balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or bowel length , leading to feeling full earlier or a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food . Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide , with increasing rates in adults and children . In 2014 , 600 million adults ( 13 %) and 42 million children under the age of five were obese . Obesity is more common in women than men . Authorities view it as one of the ___MASK36___ serious public health problems of the 21st century . Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world ( particularly in the Western world ), though it was seen as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history and still is in some parts of the world . In 2013 , the American Medical Association classified obesity as a disease . Edward ___MASK89___ Sorin , C . S . C . ( February 6 , 1814  October 31 , 1893 ), a priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross , was the founder of the University of Notre Dame in ___MASK35___ and of St . Edward ' s University in ___MASK37___ , Texas . The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered in the Comcast Building ( formerly known as the GE Building ) at Rockefeller Center in ___MASK62___ City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at ___MASK100___ Plaza ), Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and soon in Philadelphia at Comcast Innovation and Technology Center . The network is part of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the " Peacock Network ", in reference to its stylized peacock logo , which was originally created in 1956 for its then - new color broadcasts and became the network ' s official emblem in 1979 . Philosophy ( from Greek , " philosophia ", literally " love of wisdom ") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence , knowledge , values , reason , mind , and language . The term was probably coined by Pythagoras ( c . 570  c . 495 BC ). Philosophical methods include questioning , critical discussion , rational argument and systematic presentation . Classic philosophical questions include : Is it possible to know anything and to prove it ? What is ___MASK36___ real ? However , philosophers might also pose more practical and concrete questions such as : Is there a best way to live ? Is it better to be just or unjust ( if one can get away with it )? Do humans have free will ? ___MASK75___ is a city in and the county seat of St . Joseph County , Indiana , United States , on the St . Joseph River near its southernmost bend , from which it derives its name . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total of 101 , 168 residents ; its Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 318 , 586 and Combined Statistical Area of 721 , 296 . It is the fourth - largest city in Indiana , serving as the economic and cultural hub of Northern Indiana . The highly ranked University of Notre Dame is located just to the north in unincorporated Notre Dame , Indiana and is an integral contributor to the region ' s economy . A lymph node or lymph ___MASK66___ , is an ovoid or kidney - shaped organ of the lymphatic system , and of the adaptive immune system , that is widely present throughout the body . They are linked by the lymphatic vessels as a part of the circulatory system . Lymph nodes are major sites of B and T lymphocytes , and other white blood cells . Lymph nodes are important for the proper functioning of the immune system , acting as filters for foreign particles and cancer cells . Lymph nodes do not have a detoxification function , which is primarily dealt with by the liver and kidneys .