place_of_death chen jieru
Sun Yat - sen ( 12 November 1866  12 ___MASK77___ 1925 ) was a Chinese physician , writer , philosopher , calligrapher and revolutionary , the first president and founding father of the Republic of ___MASK40___ . As the foremost pioneer of the Republic of ___MASK40___ , Sun is referred to as the " Father of the Nation " in the Republic of ___MASK40___ ( ROC ), ___MASK46___ , Macau and the " forerunner of democratic revolution " in People ' s Republic of ___MASK40___ ( PRC ). Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the years leading up to the Xinhai Revolution . He was appointed to serve as Provisional President of the Republic of ___MASK40___ when it was founded in 1912 . He later co - founded the Nationalist Party of ___MASK40___ , serving as its first leader . Sun was a uniting figure in post - Imperial ___MASK40___ , and he remains unique among 20th - century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait . Chinese personal names are names used by those from mainland ___MASK40___ , ___MASK46___ , Macau , Taiwan , and the Chinese diaspora overseas . Due to ___MASK40___ ' s historical dominance of East Asian culture , many names used in Korea and Vietnam are adaptations of Chinese names , or have historical roots in Chinese , with appropriate adaptation to accommodate linguistic differences . ___MASK65___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK65___ , and often referred to as the " Lion City " or the " Little Red Dot ", is a sovereign city - state in Southeast ___MASK57___ , and the world ' s only island city - state . It lies one degree ( 137 km ) north of the equator , south of the southernmost tip of continental ___MASK57___ and peninsular Malaysia , with Indonesia ' s Riau Islands to the south . ___MASK65___ ' s territory consists of a diamond - shaped main island along with 62 other islets . Since independence , extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23 % ( 130 km ), and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora , parks and gardens . The Northern Expedition , was a Kuomintang ( KMT ) military campaign , led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , from 1926  28 . Its main objective was to unify ___MASK40___ under its own control by ending the rule of the Beiyang government as well as the local warlords . It led to the end of the Warlord Era , the reunification of ___MASK40___ in 1928 and the establishment of the Nanjing government . ___MASK10___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK40___ ( ROC ), is a state in East Asia . Neighbors include ___MASK40___ ( officially the People ' s Republic of ___MASK40___ , abbreviated as PRC ) to the west , Japan to the northeast , and the Philippines to the south . ___MASK10___ is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations , and the one with the largest economy . Romanization or Latinization ( or romanisation , latinisation : see spelling differences ), in linguistics , is the conversion of writing from a different writing system to the ___MASK1___ ( Latin ) script , or a system for doing so . Methods of romanization include transliteration , for representing written text , and transcription , for representing the spoken word , and combinations of both . Transcription methods can be subdivided into " phonemic transcription ", which records the phonemes or units of semantic meaning in speech , and more strict " phonetic transcription ", which records speech sounds with precision . The Kuomintang ( or ; KMT ), often translated as the Nationalist Party of ___MASK40___ or Chinese Nationalist Party , also spelled as Guomindang ( GMD ) by its Pinyin transliteration , is a major political party in the Republic of ___MASK40___ , currently the second - largest in the country . Pinyin , or Hàny Pnyn , is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland ___MASK40___ , Malaysia , Singapore , and Taiwan . It is often used to teach Standard Chinese , which is normally written using Chinese characters . The system includes four diacritics denoting tones . Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet , and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters . Standard Chinese , also known as Modern Standard Mandarin or Standard Mandarin , also often referred to as Putonghua , Guoyu or simply Mandarin , is a standard language that is the sole official language of both ___MASK40___ and Taiwan , and also one of the four official languages of Singapore . The pronunciation of the standard is based on the Beijing dialect , its vocabulary is drawn from Mandarin dialects , and the grammar is based on literature in the modern written vernacular . Chiang Kai - shek ( October 31 , 1887  April 5 , ___MASK97___ ), also romanized as Jiang Jieshi and known as Jiang Zhongzheng , was a Chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of ___MASK40___ between 1928 and ___MASK97___ . Chiang was an influential member of the Kuomintang ( KMT ), the Chinese Nationalist Party , and was a close ally of Sun Yat - sen ' s . He became the Commandant of the Kuomintang ' s Whampoa Military Academy and took Sun ' s place as leader of the KMT , following the Canton Coup in early 1926 . Having neutralized the party ' s left wing , Chiang then led Sun ' s long - postponed Northern Expedition , conquering or reaching accommodations with ___MASK40___ ' s many warlords . Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages . In Standard Chinese , and sometimes also in English , they are called hànzì . They have been adapted to write a number of other languages including : Japanese , where they are known as " kanji ", Korean , where they are known as " hanja ", and Vietnamese in a system known as " ch Nôm ". Collectively , they are known as CJK characters . In English , they are sometimes called Han characters . Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world . By virtue of their widespread current use in East ___MASK57___ , and historic use throughout the Sinosphere , Chinese characters are among the most widely adopted writing systems in the world by number of users . The classical Latin alphabet , also known as the ___MASK1___ alphabet , is a writing system originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language . The Latin alphabet evolved from the visually similar Cumaean Greek version of the Greek alphabet , which was itself descended from the Phoenician abjad , which in turn was derived from Egyptian hieroglyphics . The Etruscans who ruled early Rome adopted the Cumaean Greek alphabet which was modified over time to become the Etruscan alphabet , which was in turn adopted and further modified by the Romans to produce the Latin alphabet . The ___MASK82___ Coup of 20 March 1926 , also known as the or the was a purge of Communist elements of the Nationalist army in Guangzhou ( then romanized as " ___MASK82___ ") undertaken by Chiang Kai - shek . The incident solidified Chiang ' s power immediately before the successful Northern Expedition , turning him into the paramount leader of the country . ___MASK67___ is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast ___MASK57___ . It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of separated by the South ___MASK40___ Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular ___MASK67___ and East ___MASK67___ ( Malaysian Borneo ). Peninsular ___MASK67___ shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East ___MASK67___ shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . The capital city is Kuala Lumpur , while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , ___MASK67___ is the 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in ___MASK67___ . Located in the tropics , ___MASK67___ is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth , with large numbers of endemic species . Mainland ___MASK40___ , also known as the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland , is the geopolitical area under the direct jurisdiction of the People ' s Republic of ___MASK40___ ( PRC ). It generally excludes the Special Administrative Regions of ___MASK46___ and Macau ; however , it usually includes Hainan . The term " mainland ___MASK40___ ", which avoids calling the area simply " ___MASK40___ " and thereby recognizing the founding of the PRC as " the " " ___MASK40___ ", was coined by the Kuomintang ( KMT ) after receiving control of Taiwan from Japan after World War II . By 1949 , the KMT - led Republic of ___MASK40___ ( ROC ) government was defeated in the Chinese Civil War in mainland ___MASK40___ and fled to the island of Taiwan where the KMT pledged to " retake the Mainland ". The KMT considers both sides of the Taiwan Strait ( including Taiwan ), as ( one ) " ___MASK40___ " and one country , whereas Taiwan ' s Democratic Progressive Party ( DPP ) considers only mainland ___MASK40___ as " ___MASK40___ " and Taiwan ( ROC ) as " Taiwan " and maintains that they are different countries . Chen Jieru ( Chinese :  ; Wade - Giles : Ch ' en Chieh - ju ; Pinyin : Chén Jiérú ; August 26 , 1906 -- January 21 , 1971 ) was the second wife of Chiang Kai - shek . Chen ' s ancestral hometown was Ningbo , Zhejiang Province , and she was born in Shanghai . She wrote a memoir which Chiang successfully suppressed during his lifetime . It was finally published in 1993 . In the memoir , Chen details how she and Chiang Kai - shek met at the home of a mutual friend in 1918 and how he pursued her , finally convincing her to marry him in late 1921 by stating that his arranged marriage with Mao Fumei was unhappy and celibate , and his liaison with Yao Yecheng was a social courtesy following her disfigurement .