date_of_birth albert hofmann
A prodrug is a medication or compound that , after administration , is metabolized ( i . e ., converted within the body ) into a pharmacologically active drug . Inactive prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive medications that are metabolized into an active form within the body . Instead of administering a drug directly , a corresponding prodrug might be used instead to improve how a medicine is absorbed , distributed , metabolized , and excreted ( ADME ). Prodrugs are often designed to improve bioavailability when a drug itself is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract . A prodrug may be used to improve how selectively the drug interacts with cells or processes that are not its intended target . This reduces adverse or unintended effects of a drug , especially important in treatments like chemotherapy , which can have severe unintended and undesirable side effects . History . Many herbal extracts historically used in medicine contain glycosides ( sugar derivatives ) of the active agent , which are hydrolyzed in the intestines to release the active and more bioavailable aglycone . For example , salicin is a  - D - glucopyranoside that is cleaved by esterases to release salicylic acid . Aspirin , acetylsalicylic acid , first made by Felix Hoffmann at Bayer in ___MASK71___ , is a synthetic prodrug of salicylic acid . However , in other cases , such as codeine and morphine , the administered drug is enzymatically activated to form sugar derivatives ( morphine - glucuronides ) that are more active than the parent compound . The Convention on Psychotropic Substances of ___MASK90___ is a United Nations treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamine - type stimulants , barbiturates , benzodiazepines , and psychedelics signed in Vienna , Austria on 21 February ___MASK90___ . The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 could not ban the many newly discovered psychotropics , since its scope was limited to drugs with cannabis , coca , and opium - like effects . Lysergic acid , also known as - lysergic acid and (+)- lysergic acid , is a precursor for a wide range of ergoline alkaloids that are produced by the ergot fungus and found in the seeds of " Turbina corymbosa " ( ololiuhqui ), " Argyreia nervosa " ( Hawaiian Baby Woodrose ), and " Ipomoea tricolor " ( morning glories , tlitliltzin ). Amides of lysergic acid , lysergamides , are widely used as pharmaceuticals and as psychedelic drugs ( LSD ). Lysergic acid received its name as it was a product of the lysis of various ergot alkaloids . Psilocin ( also known as ___MASK77___ - HO - DMT , psilocine , psilocyn , or psilotsin ) is a substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a serotonergic psychedelic substance . It is present in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated counterpart psilocybin . Psilocin is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances . The mind - altering effects of psilocin are highly variable and subjective and resemble those of LSD and DMT . Ipomoea tricolor ( grannyvine or morning glory ) is a species of flowering plant in the family Convolvulaceae , native to the New World tropics , and widely cultivated and naturalised elsewhere . It is an herbaceous annual or perennial twining liana growing to tall . The leaves are spirally arranged , ___MASK83___  ___MASK98___ cm long with a 1 . ___MASK15___  6 cm long petiole . The flowers are trumpet - shaped , in diameter , most commonly blue with a white to golden yellow centre . Albert Hofmann ( January ___MASK25___ , 1906 -- April 29 , 2008 ) was a Swiss scientist known best for being the first person to synthesize , ingest , and learn of the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD ) . Hofmann was also the first person to isolate , synthesize , and name the principal psychedelic mushroom compounds psilocybin and psilocin . He authored more than 100 scientific articles and numerous books , including LSD : Mein Sorgenkind ( LSD : My Problem Child ) . In 2007 , he shared first place , alongside Tim Berners - Lee , in a list of the 100 greatest living geniuses , published by The Telegraph newspaper . Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number ___MASK32___ . The second - lightest of the halogens , it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them . Chlorine is a yellow - green gas at room temperature . It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent : among the elements , it has the highest electron affinity and the third - highest electronegativity , behind only oxygen and fluorine . Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations , sweating , shaking , shortness of breath , numbness , or a feeling that something bad is going to happen . The maximum degree of symptoms occurs within minutes . Typically they last for about ___MASK50___ minutes but the duration can vary from seconds to hours . There may be a fear of losing control or chest pain . Panic attacks themselves are not dangerous . Panic attacks can occur due to number of disorders including panic disorder , social anxiety disorder , post traumatic stress disorder , drug use , depression , and medical problems . They can either be triggered or occur unexpectedly . Risk factors include smoking and psychological stress . Diagnosis should involve ruling out other conditions that can produce similar symptoms including hyperthyroidism , hyperparathyroidism , heart disease , lung disease , and drug use . Treatment of panic attacks should be directed at the underlying cause . In those with frequent attacks , counselling or medications may be used . Breathing training and muscle relaxation techniques may also help . Those affected are at a higher risk of suicide . In Europe about ___MASK83___ % of the population has a panic attack in a given year while in the United States they affect about ___MASK25___ %. They are more common in females than males . They often begin during puberty or early adulthood . Children and older people are less commonly affected . Mescaline , or ___MASK83___ , ___MASK77___ , ___MASK15___ - trimethoxyphenethylamine , is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class , known for its hallucinogenic effects comparable to those of LSD and psilocybin . Lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD ), also known as acid , is a psychedelic drug known for its psychological effects . This may include altered awareness of the surroundings , perceptions , and feelings as well as sensations and images that seem real though they are not . It is used mainly as a recreational drug and for spiritual reasons . LSD is typically either swallowed or held under the tongue . It is often sold on blotter paper , a sugar cube , or gelatin . It can also be injected . LSD is not addictive . However , adverse psychiatric reactions such as anxiety , paranoia , and delusions are possible . LSD is in the ergoline family . LSD is sensitive to oxygen , ultraviolet light , and chlorine , though it may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at low temperature . In pure form it is odorless and clear or white in color . As little as ___MASK55___  30 micrograms can produce an effect . LSD was first made by Albert Hofmann in Switzerland in 1938 from ergotamine , a chemical from the fungus ergot . The laboratory name for the compound was the acronym for the German " Lyserg - säure - diäthylamid ", followed by a sequential number : LSD - ___MASK61___ . Hofmann discovered its psychedelic properties in ___MASK19___ . LSD was introduced as a commercial medication under the trade - name Delysid for various psychiatric uses in 1947 . In the 1950s , officials at the U . S . Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) thought the drug might be useful for mind control and chemical warfare and tested the drug on young servicemen and students , and others without their knowledge . The subsequent recreational use by youth culture in the Western world as part of 1960s counterculture resulted in its prohibition . Albert Hofmann ( ___MASK84___  29 April 2008 ) was a Swiss scientist known best for being the first person to synthesize , ingest , and learn of the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD ). Hofmann was also the first person to isolate , synthesize , and name the principal psychedelic mushroom compounds psilocybin and psilocin . He authored more than 100 scientific articles and numerous books , including " LSD : Mein Sorgenkind " (" LSD : My Problem Child "). In 2007 , he shared first place , alongside Tim Berners - Lee , in a list of the 100 greatest living geniuses , published by " The Telegraph " newspaper . Sir Timothy John Berners - Lee ( born ___MASK65___ June ___MASK95___ ), also known as TimBL , is an English computer scientist , best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web . He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989 , and he implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) client and server via the Internet sometime around mid - November of that same year . Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound produced by more than ___MASK8___ species of mushrooms , collectively known as psilocybin mushrooms . The most potent are members of the genus " Psilocybe ", such as " P . azurescens ", " P . semilanceata ", and " P . cyanescens ", but psilocybin has also been isolated from about a dozen other genera . As a prodrug , psilocybin is quickly converted by the body to psilocin , which has mind - altering effects similar , in some aspects , to those of LSD , mescaline , and DMT . In general , the effects include euphoria , visual and mental hallucinations , changes in perception , a distorted sense of time , and spiritual experiences , and can include possible adverse reactions such as nausea and panic attacks . Ergoline is a chemical compound whose structural skeleton is contained in a diverse range of alkaloids . Ergoline derivatives are used clinically for the purpose of vasoconstriction ( ___MASK15___ - HT receptor agonists  ergotamine ) and in the treatment and alleviation of migraines ( used with caffeine ) and Parkinson ' s disease . Some ergoline alkaloids found in ergot fungi are implicated in the condition ergotism , which causes convulsive and gangrenous symptoms . Others are psychedelic substances , including LSD and some alkaloids in " Argyreia nervosa ", " Ipomoea tricolor " and related species . The World Wide Web ( abbreviated WWW or the Web ) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators ( URLs ), interlinked by hypertext links , and can be accessed via the Internet . English scientist Tim Berners - Lee invented the World Wide Web in ___MASK3___ . He wrote the first web browser computer program in ___MASK85___ while employed at CERN in Switzerland . An amide ( or or ), also known as an acid amide , is a compound with the functional group RE ( O ) NR  ( R and R  refer to H or organic groups ). Most common are carboxamides ( organic amides ) (" n " = ___MASK31___ , E = C , " x " = ___MASK31___ ), but many other important types of amides are known , including phosphoramides (" n " = 2 , E = P , " x " = ___MASK31___ and many related formulas ) and sulfonamides ( E = S , " x " = 2 ). The term amide refers both to " classes of compounds " and to the " functional group " ( RE ( O ) NR ) within those compounds .