occupation christoph schappeler
Huldrych Zwingli or Ulrich Zwingli ( 1 January 1484  11 October 1531 ) was a ___MASK67___ of the Reformation in Switzerland . Born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system , he attended the University of Vienna and the University of Basel , a scholarly center of Renaissance humanism . He continued his studies while he served as a ___MASK37___ in Glarus and later in Einsiedeln , where he was influenced by the writings of Erasmus . Martin Luther ( 10 November 1483  18 February 1546 ), O . S . A ., was a German ___MASK47___ of theology , ___MASK24___ , ___MASK5___ , ___MASK35___ and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation . Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church . He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God ' s punishment for sin could be purchased with money , proposing an ___MASK88___ discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his " Ninety - five Theses " of 1517 . His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman ___MASK55___ Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the ___MASK55___ . John Calvin (; born : 10 July 150927 May 1564 ) was an influential French ___MASK58___ and pastor during the Protestant Reformation . He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism , aspects of which include the doctrines of predestination and of the absolute sovereignty of God in salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation , in which doctrines Calvin was influenced by and elaborated upon the Augustinian and other early Christian traditions . Various Congregational , Reformed , and Presbyterian churches , which look to Calvin as the chief expositor of their beliefs , have spread throughout the world . The Thirty Years ' War was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648 . It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history , as well as the deadliest European ___MASK33___ war , resulting in eight million casualties . Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire , it gradually developed into a more ___MASK91___ conflict involving most of the great powers . These states employed relatively large mercenary armies , and the war became less about religion and more of a continuation of the France  Habsburg rivalry for European political pre - eminence . In the 17th century , ___MASK33___ beliefs and practices were a much larger influence on an average European than they are today . During that era , almost everyone was vested on one side of the dispute or another , which was also closely tied to people ' s ethnicities and loyalties , as ___MASK33___ beliefs affected ideas of the legitimacy of the political status of rulers . The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster , effectively ending the European wars of ___MASK78___ . These treaties ended the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618  1648 ) in the Holy Roman Empire , and the Eighty Years ' War ( 1568  1648 ) between Spain and the Dutch Republic , with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic . Protestant Reformers were those theologians , churchmen and statesmen whose careers , works and actions brought about the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century . Historically speaking , " Protestant " was the name given to those theologians , magnates and delegations present at the Holy Roman Imperial Diet of Speyer in 1529 who protested the revocation of the suspension , granted at a ___MASK99___ Diet of Speyer in 1526 , of Edict of Worms of 1521 , which had outlawed Martin Luther and his followers . A schism ( pronounced , or , less commonly ) is a division between people , usually belonging to an organization , movement , or ___MASK33___ denomination . The word is most frequently applied to a split in what had previously been a single ___MASK33___ body , such as the East  West Schism or the Great Western Schism . It is also used of a split within a non - ___MASK33___ organization or movement or , more broadly , of a separation between two or more people , be it brothers , friends , lovers , etc . The Protestant Reformation , often referred to simply as the Reformation ( from Latin " reformatio ", " restoration , renewal "), was a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin , Huldrych Zwingli , and other early Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe . Timing most commonly used for this period is from 1517 ( the Ninety - five Theses are published by Martin Luther ) to 1648 ( Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years ' War ). Christoph Schappeler ( 1472 -- August 25 , 1551 ) was a German ___MASK33___ figure , the preacher at St . Martin ' s in Memmingen during the early 16th century , during the Protestant Reformation and the German Peasants ' War . He tended to side with the poor , causing the senate to regulate his sermons in 1516 . However , by 1521 the climate had changed such that the senate was giving him support . When he was excommunicated in 1524 , the senate refused to follow the bishop ' s order to have him banished . It is believed that Schappeler and Sebastian Lotzer wrote The Twelve Articles : The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed in early 1525 . Within two months of its initial publication in Memmingen , twenty - five thousand copies of the Twelve Articles had spread throughout Europe . The Twelve Articles was a ___MASK33___ petition that utilized Luther ' s ideas to appeal for peasants ' rights . The Ninety - five Theses or Disputation on the Power of Indulgences are a list of propositions for an ___MASK88___ disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther , professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg , Germany . They advance Luther ' s positions against what he saw as abusive practices by preachers selling plenary indulgences , which were certificates believed to reduce the temporal punishment for sins committed by the purchasers themselves or their loved ones in purgatory . In the " Theses ", Luther claimed that the repentance required by Christ in order for sins to be forgiven involves inner spiritual repentance rather than the system of sacramental confession of the Catholic Church . He argued that indulgences lead Christians to avoid true repentance and sorrow for sin , believing that they can forgo it by purchasing an indulgence . They also , according to Luther , discourage Christians from giving to the poor and performing other acts of mercy , believing that indulgence certificates were more spiritually valuable . Though Luther claimed that his positions on indulgences accorded with those of the pope , the " Theses " challenge a fourteenth - century papal bull stating that the pope could use the treasury of merit and the good deeds of past saints to forgive temporal punishment for sins . The " Theses " are framed as propositions to be argued in debate rather than necessarily representing Luther ' s opinions , but Luther later clarified his views in the " Explanations of the Disputation Concerning the Value of Indulgences ".