date_of_birth titus sextius africanus
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France , the Netherlands , Germany , Luxembourg , and the North Sea . It is a small , densely populated country which covers an area of and has a population of about ___MASK79___ million people . Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe , Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups : the Dutch - speaking , mostly Flemish community , which constitutes about 59 % of the population , and the French - speaking , mostly Walloon population , which comprises 41 % of all Belgians . Additionally , there is a small group of German - speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area , and bordering Germany . The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period ( starting in ___MASK11___ BC ). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history . Often when a given Roman is described as becoming " emperor " in English , it reflects his taking of the title " Augustus " or " Caesar ". Another title often used was " imperator ", originally a military honorific . Early Emperors also used the title " princeps " ( first citizen ). Emperors frequently amassed republican titles , notably " Princeps Senatus ", " Consul " and " Pontifex Maximus ". Gaius Julius Caesar ( 13 July ___MASK21___ BC  15 March 44 BC ), known as Julius Caesar , was a Roman politician , general , and notable author of Latin prose . He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire . Gaul ( Latin : " Gallia ") was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes , encompassing present day France , Luxembourg , Belgium , most of Switzerland , Northern Italy , as well as the parts of the Netherlands , Central Italy and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine . It covered an area of ___MASK24___ , 800 mi² or ___MASK3___ , 169 km² . According to the testimony of Julius Caesar , Gaul was divided into three parts : Gallia Celtica , Belgica and Aquitania . Archaeologically , the Gauls were bearers of the La Tène culture , which extended across all of Gaul , as well as east to Raetia , Noricum , Pannonia and southwestern Germania during the 5th to 1st centuries BC . During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC , Gaul fell under Roman rule : Gallia Cisalpina was conquered in 203 BC and Gallia Narbonensis in 123 BC . Gaul was invaded after 120 BC by the Cimbri and the Teutons , who were in turn defeated by the Romans by ___MASK38___ BC . Julius Caesar finally subdued the remaining parts of Gaul in his campaigns of ___MASK39___ to 51 BC . France , officially the French Republic , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans and had a total population of almost ___MASK77___ million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi - presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country ' s largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux . Trajan ( ___MASK83___ September 538August 117 AD ) was Roman emperor from 98 to 117AD . Officially declared by the Senate " optimus princeps " (" the best ruler "), Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier - emperor who presided over the greatest military expansion in Roman history , leading the empire to attain its maximum territorial extent by the time of his death . He is also known for his philanthropic rule , overseeing extensive public building programs and implementing social welfare policies , which earned him his enduring reputation as the second of the Five Good Emperors who presided over an era of peace and prosperity in the Mediterranean world . Marcus Trebellius Maximus was a Roman politician . He was consul in AD 55 , and in ___MASK41___ served on a commission to revise the census list and tax assessments in Gaul , together with Quintus Volusius Saturninus and Titus Sextius Africanus . Saturninus and Africanus were rivals , and both hated Trebellius , who took advantage of their rivalry to get the better of them . In AD 63 , he was appointed governor of Britain . He continued the policy of consolidation followed by his immediate predecessor , and conquered no new territory . He continued the Romanisation of Britain , refounding Camulodunum after the rebellion of Boudica destroyed it . London grew in mercantile wealth under his rule . Quintus Volusius Saturninus ( ___MASK33___ - 68 / ___MASK12___ ) was a Roman Senator who lived in the Roman Empire in the 1st century . The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel in Switzerland , where thousands of objects had been deposited in the lake , as was discovered after the water level dropped in ___MASK25___ . La Tène is the type site and the term archaeologists use for the later period of the culture and art of the ancient Celts , a term that is firmly entrenched in the popular understanding , but presents numerous problems for historians and archaeologists . The culture became very widespread , and presents a wide variety of local differences . It is often distinguished from earlier and neighbouring cultures mainly by the La Tène style of Celtic art , characterized by curving " swirly " decoration , especially of metalwork . Julia Agrippina , most commonly referred to as Agrippina Minor or Agrippina the Younger , and after AD ___MASK65___ known as Julia Augusta Agrippina (" Minor "; Latin for the " younger "; ___MASK59___ November 15  19 / 23 March 59 ), was a Roman Empress and one of the more prominent women in the Julio - Claudian dynasty . She was a great - granddaughter of the Emperor Augustus , great - niece and adoptive granddaughter of the Emperor Tiberius , sister of the Emperor Caligula , niece and fourth wife of the Emperor Claudius , and mother of the Emperor Nero . Titus Sextius Africanus was a nobleman of ancient Rome who was deterred by Agrippina the Younger from marrying Junia Silana . He served as a suffect consul in 59 AD . In ___MASK23___ AD , he took the census in the provinces of Gaul , together with Quintus Volusius Saturninus and Marcus Trebellius Maximus . Saturninus and Africanus were rivals , and both hated Trebellius , who took advantage of their rivalry to get the better of them . His name occurs in a fragment of the Fratres Arvales . Titus Sextius Cornelius Africanus who served as a consul with Trajan in 112 AD , was a relation to Africanus . The Iron Age is an archaeological era , referring to a period of time in the prehistory and protohistory of the Old World ( Afro - Eurasia ) when the dominant toolmaking material was iron . It is commonly preceded by the Bronze Age in Europe and Asia with exceptions and the Stone Age in Africa . Meteoric iron has been used by humans since at least 3200 BC , but ancient iron production did not become widespread until the ability to smelt iron ore , remove impurities and regulate the amount of carbon in the alloy were developed . The start of the Iron Age proper is considered by many to fall between around ___MASK86___ BC to 600 BC , depending on the region . In most parts of the world , its end is defined by the widespread adoption of writing , and therefore marks the transition from prehistory to history . Tiberius ( ___MASK18___ November 42 BC  ___MASK18___ March 37 AD ) was a Roman Emperor from 14 AD to 37 AD . Born Tiberius Claudius Nero , a Claudian , Tiberius was the son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla . His mother divorced Nero and married Octavian , later known as Augustus , in 39 BC , making him a step - son of Octavian . The term Julio - Claudian dynasty refers to the first five Roman emperors  Augustus , Tiberius , Caligula , Claudius , and Nero  or the family to which they belonged . They ruled the Roman Empire from its formation under Augustus in the second half of the 1st century ( 44 / ___MASK34___ / 27 ) BC , until AD 68 when the last of the line , Nero , committed suicide . Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , Italy shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate ; due to its shape , it is often referred to in Italy as " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). With ___MASK41___ million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU member state . The Cimbri were an ancient people , either Germanic or Celtic who , together with the Teutones and the Ambrones , fought the Roman Republic between ___MASK71___ and 101 BC . The Cimbri were initially successful , particularly at the Battle of Arausio , in which a large Roman army was routed , after which they raided large areas in Gaul and Hispania . In 101 BC , during an attempted invasion of Italy , the Cimbri were decisively defeated by Gaius Marius , and their king , Boiorix , was killed . Some of the surviving captives are reported to have been among the rebelling Gladiators in the Third Servile War . Camulodunum ( or ), the Ancient Roman name for what is now Colchester in Essex , was an important town in Roman Britain , and the first capital of the province . It is claimed to be the oldest town in Britain . Originally the site of the Brythonic - Celtic oppidum of Camulodunon ( meaning "" The Stronghold of Camulos ""), capital of the Trinovantes and later the Catuvellauni tribes , it was first mentioned by name on coinage minted by the chieftain Tasciovanus sometime between ___MASK4___ and ___MASK19___ BC . The Roman town began life as a Roman Legionary base constructed in the AD 40s on the site of the Brythonic - Celtic fortress following its conquest by the Emperor Claudius . After the early town was destroyed during the Iceni rebellion in 60 / ___MASK99___ AD , it was rebuilt , reaching its zenith in the 2nd and 3rd centuries . During this time it was known by its official name Colonia Claudia Victricensis ('), often shortened to Colonia Victricensis "', and as " Camulodunum ", a Latinised version of its original Brythonic name . The town was home to a large classical Temple , two theatres ( including Britain ' s largest ), several Romano - British temples , Britain ' s only known chariot circus , Britain ' s first town walls , several large cemeteries and over 50 known mosaics and tessellated pavements . It may have reached a population of 30 , 000 at its height . It wasn ' t until the late 18th century that historians realised that Colchester ' s physical Brythonic ( British Celtic ) and Roman remains were the city mentioned in ancient literature as " Camulodunum ". Boudica ( alternative spellings : Boudicca , Boudicea , also known as Boadicea and in Welsh as ) ( d . AD ___MASK89___ or 61 ) was a queen of the British Celtic Iceni tribe who led an uprising against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire . The United Nations ( UN ) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co - operation . A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations , the organization was established on 24 October ___MASK100___ after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict . At its founding , the UN had 51 member states ; there are now 193 . The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan , New York City , and experiences extraterritoriality . Further main offices are situated in Geneva , Nairobi , and Vienna . The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states . Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security , promoting human rights , fostering social and economic development , protecting the environment , and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine , natural disaster , and armed conflict . Nero ( Latin : " Ner Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus "; ___MASK95___ December ___MASK48___ AD  9 June 68 AD ) was Roman Emperor from 54 to 68 , and the last in the Julio - Claudian dynasty . Nero was adopted by his great - uncle Claudius to become his heir and successor , and acceded to the throne in 54 following Claudius ' death . The Rhine (, , ) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps , forms part of the Swiss - Austrian , Swiss - Liechtenstein , Swiss - German and then the Franco - German border , then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands . The largest city on the river Rhine is Cologne , Germany , with a population of more than ___MASK99___ , 050 , 000 people . It is the second - longest river in Central and Western Europe ( after the Danube ), at about , with an average discharge of about . Noricum is the Latin name for a Celtic kingdom , or federation of tribes , that included most of modern Austria and part of Slovenia . In the first century AD , it became a province of the Roman Empire . Its borders were the Danube to the north , " Raetia " and " Vindelicia " to the west , Pannonia to the east and southeast , and " Italia " (" Venetia et Histria ") to the south . The kingdom was founded around ___MASK13___ BC , and had its capital at the royal residence at Virunum on the Magdalensberg . Northern Italy is a cultural and geographical region , without any administrative purpose , used to indicate the northern part of the Italian state , also informally referred as " Il Nord ", " Settentrione " or " Alta Italia ". It consists of ___MASK96___ regions in northern Italy : Aosta Valley , Piedmont , Liguria , Lombardy , Emilia - Romagna , Veneto , Friuli - Venezia Giulia , Trentino - Alto Adige / Südtirol . According to the 2011 census , its population was 27 , ___MASK45___ , 372 . For statistic purposes , the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica ( ISTAT ) uses the term Northwest Italy and Northeast Italy for identifying two of the five statistical regions in its reporting . These same subdivisions are used to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics ( NUTS ) regions (" NUTS ___MASK99___ regions ") within the European Union , and the Italian constituencies for the European Parliament . Raetia ( or , , also spelled Rhaetia ) was a province of the Roman Empire , named after the Rhaetian (" Raeti " or " Rhaeti ") people . It bordered on the west with the country of the Helvetii , on the east with Noricum , on the north with Vindelicia , on the west with Transalpine Gaul and on south with Venetia et Histria . It thus comprised the districts occupied in modern times by eastern and central Switzerland ( containing the Upper Rhine and Lake Constance ), southern Bavaria and the Upper Swabia , Vorarlberg , the greater part of Tirol , and part of Lombardy . Later Vindelicia ( today south - eastern Wuerttemberg and south - western Bavaria ) formed part of Raetia . The northern border of Raetia during the times of Augustus and Tiberius was the River Danube . Later the Limes Germanicus marked the northern boundary , stretching for ___MASK68___ km north of the Danube . Raetia linked to Italy across the Alps over the Reschen Pass , by the Via Claudia Augusta . The Romansh people living in Southeast Switzerland are believed to be direct descendants of the Raetians . However , the exact lineage of the Romansh ( or Romansch ) people remains incomplete . Claudius ( ___MASK99___ August 10 BC  13 October 54 AD ) was Roman emperor from 41 to 54 . A member of the Julio - Claudian dynasty , he was the son of Drusus and Antonia Minor . He was born at Lugdunum in Gaul , the first Roman Emperor to be born outside Italy . Because he was afflicted with a limp and slight deafness due to sickness at a young age , his family ostracized him and excluded him from public office until his consulship , shared with his nephew Caligula in ___MASK48___ . Caligula , properly Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ___MASK34___ August AD 12  24 January AD 41 ) was Roman emperor from AD ___MASK48___  41 . Born Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus ( not to be confused with Julius Caesar ), Caligula was a member of the house of rulers conventionally known as the Julio - Claudian dynasty . Caligula ' s biological father was Germanicus , and he was the great - nephew and adopted son of Emperor Tiberius . The young Gaius earned the nickname " Caligula " ( meaning " little soldier ' s boot ", the diminutive form of " caliga ", hob - nailed military boot ) from his father ' s soldiers while accompanying him during his campaigns in Germania . The Roman Empire ( Koine and Medieval Greek :    , tr . ) was the post - Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around ___MASK92___ AD , and the Empire ' s populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world ' s population at the time ). The ___MASK92___ - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar ' s adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian ' s power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title " Augustus ", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic . A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population . It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population . The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses ; other common censuses include agriculture , business , and traffic censuses . The United Nations defines the essential features of population and housing censuses as " individual enumeration , universality within a defined territory , simultaneity and defined periodicity ", and recommends that population censuses be taken at least every ___MASK19___ years . United Nations recommendations also cover census topics to be collected , official definitions , classifications and other useful information to co - ordinate international practice . Augustus ( ___MASK84___ September 63 BC  19 August 14 AD ) was the founder of the Roman Principate and considered the first Emperor , controlling the Roman Empire from 27 BC until his death in AD 14 .