place_of_death konstanty adam czartoryski
The Duchy of ___MASK75___ was a Polish state established by Napoleon I in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit . The duchy was held in personal union by one of Napoleon ' s allies , King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony . Following Napoleon ' s failed invasion of Russia , the duchy was occupied by Prussian and Russian troops until 1815 , when it was formally partitioned between the two countries at the Congress of ___MASK25___ . It covered central and eastern part of present Poland and minor parts of present Lithuania and Belarus . A personal ___MASK29___ is the combination of two or more states that have the same monarch while their boundaries , laws , and interests remain distinct . It differs from a federation in that each constituent state has an independent government , whereas a unitary state is united by a central government . The ruler in a personal ___MASK29___ does not need to be a hereditary monarch . Prince Konstanty Adam Czartoryski ( October 28 , 1777 -- April 24 , 1866 ) was a Polish nobleman . Colonel since 1809 in the Duchy of ___MASK75___ and Brigadier General since 1815 in Congress Poland . ___MASK91___ Augustus I ( full name : " ___MASK91___ Augustus Joseph Maria Anthony John Nepomuk Aloysius Xavier " ; 23 December ___MASK84___  5 May 1827 ) was King of Saxony ( 1805  1827 ) from the House of Wettin . He was also Elector ___MASK91___ Augustus III (" Friedrich ___MASK74___ III .") of Saxony ( 1763  1806 ) and Duke ___MASK91___ Augustus I of ___MASK75___ ( 1807  1813 ). The Congress of ___MASK25___ ( German : " Wiener Kongress ") was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich , and held in ___MASK25___ from November 1814 to June 1815 , though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814 . The objective of the Congress was to provide a long - term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars . The goal was not simply to restore old boundaries but to resize the main powers so they could balance each other off and remain at peace . The leaders were conservatives with little use for republicanism or revolution , both of which threatened to upset the status quo in Europe . France lost all its recent conquests , while Prussia , Austria and Russia made major territorial gains . Prussia added smaller German states in the west , Swedish Pomerania and 60 % of the Kingdom of Saxony ; Austria gained Venice and much of northern Italy . Russia gained parts of Poland . The new Kingdom of the Netherlands had been created just months before , and included formerly Austrian territory that in 1830 became Belgium . The immediate background was Napoleonic France ' s defeat and surrender in May 1814 , which brought an end to twenty - five years of nearly continuous war . Negotiations continued despite the outbreak of fighting triggered by Napoleon ' s dramatic return from exile and resumption of power in France during the Hundred Days of March  July 1815 . The Congress ' s " Final Act " was signed nine days before his final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815 . The Constitution of the Kingdom of ___MASK57___ was granted to the ' Congress ' Kingdom of ___MASK57___ by the King of ___MASK57___ , ___MASK72___ I of ___MASK14___ , who was obliged to issue a constitution to the newly recreated Polish state under his domain as specified by the Congress of ___MASK25___ . It was considered among the most liberal constitutions of its time ; however , it was never fully respected by the government . It was modified during the November Uprising by the revolutionary government and discarded afterwards by the victorious Russian authorities . The Kingdom of ___MASK57___ , informally known as Congress ___MASK57___ or Russian ___MASK57___ , was created in 1815 by the Congress of ___MASK25___ as a sovereign state of the Russian part of ___MASK57___ connected by personal union with the Russian Empire under the Constitution of the Kingdom of ___MASK57___ until 1832 . Then , it was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century , made an official part of the Russian Empire in 1867 , and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in 1915 with the theoretically existing Regency Kingdom of ___MASK57___ . ___MASK89___ Bonaparte (" Napoléon Bonaparte "; , born "" Napoleone di Buonaparte ""; 15 ___MASK74___ 1769  5 May 1821 ) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars . As ___MASK89___ I , he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 , and again in 1815 . ___MASK89___ dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars . He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles , building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815 . One of the greatest commanders in history , his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide . ___MASK89___ ' s political and cultural legacy has ensured his status as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history . The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by ___MASK89___ I of France in the town of Tilsit in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland . The first was signed on 7 July , between Tsar ___MASK72___ I of ___MASK14___ and ___MASK89___ I of France , when they met on a raft in the middle of the Neman River . The second was signed with ___MASK35___ on 9 July . The treaties were made at the expense of the Prussian king , who had already agreed to a truce on 25 June after the Grande Armée had pursued him to the easternmost frontier of his realm . In Tilsit , he ceded about half of his pre - war territories . ___MASK14___ ( from the  Rus '), also officially known as the Russian Federation , is a country in Eurasia . At , ___MASK14___ is the largest country in the world by surface area , covering more than one - eighth of the Earth ' s inhabited land area , and the ninth most populous , with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016 . The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern , about 77 % of the population live in European ___MASK14___ . ___MASK14___ ' s capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world , other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod and ___MASK80___ . The ___MASK11___ Powers , consisting of Germany , , the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria  hence also known as the Quadruple ___MASK33___  was one of the two main factions during World War I ( 1914  18 ). It faced and was defeated by the Allied Powers that had formed around the Triple Entente , after which it was dissolved . The Kingdom of ___MASK35___ was a German kingdom that constituted the state of ___MASK35___ between 1701 and 1918 and included parts of present - day Germany , Poland , Russia , ___MASK8___ , Denmark , Belgium and the Czech Republic . It was the driving force behind the unification of Germany in 1871 and was the leading state of the ___MASK92___ until its dissolution in 1918 . Although it took its name from the region called ___MASK35___ , it was based in the Margraviate of Brandenburg , where its capital was Berlin . ___MASK8___ ( UK and US : ), officially the Republic of ___MASK8___ , is a country in Northern Europe . One of the three Baltic states , it is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea , to the east of Sweden and Denmark . It is bordered by Latvia to the north , Belarus to the east and south , Poland to the south , and Kaliningrad Oblast ( a Russian exclave ) to the southwest . ___MASK8___ has an estimated population of 2 . 9 million people , and its capital and largest city is Vilnius . Lithuanians are a Baltic people . The official language , Lithuanian , along with Latvian , is one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo - European language family . ___MASK57___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK57___ , is a country in Central Europe , situated between the Baltic ___MASK39___ in the north and two mountain ranges ( the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains ) in the south . Bordered by Germany to the west ; the Czech Republic and ___MASK38___ to the south ; Ukraine and Belarus to the east ; and the Baltic ___MASK39___ , Kaliningrad Oblast ( a Russian exclave ) and Lithuania to the north . The total area of ___MASK57___ is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe . With a population of over 38 . 5 million people , ___MASK57___ is the 34th most populous country in the world , the 8th most populous country in Europe and the sixth most populous member of the European Union . ___MASK57___ is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , and its capital and largest city is Warsaw . Other metropolises include Kraków , Wrocaw , Pozna , Gdask and Szczecin . ___MASK69___ ( lat . ',      ), officially the Republic of ___MASK69___ , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia ( though this name is no longer used in ___MASK69___ itself , even in Russian language ), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by ___MASK14___ to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and ___MASK8___ and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40 % of its is forested . Its strongest economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern - day ___MASK69___ , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ), the Grand Duchy of ___MASK8___ , the Polish  Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . ___MASK14___ , also officially known as the ___MASK68___ , was a state that existed from 1721 until it was overthrown by the short - lived liberal February Revolution in 1917 . One of the largest empires in world history , stretching over three continents , the ___MASK68___ was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires . The rise of the ___MASK68___ happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers : the Swedish Empire , the Polish  Lithuanian Commonwealth , Persia and the ___MASK3___ . It played a major role in 1812  14 in defeating ___MASK89___ ' s ambitions to control Europe , and expanded to the west and south .