instance_of vasitis nodosa
Vasectomy is a surgical ___MASK22___ for male sterilization or permanent contraception . During the ___MASK22___ , the male vas deferens are severed and then tied or sealed in a manner so as to prevent sperm from entering into the ejaculate and thereby prevent fertilization . Vasectomies are usually performed in a physician ' s ___MASK78___ , medical clinic , or , when performed on an animal , in a veterinary clinic  hospitalization is not normally required as the ___MASK22___ is not complicated , the incisions small , and the necessary equipment routine . Vertebrates comprise all ___MASK75___ of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata ( chordates with backbones ). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata , with currently about 64 , 000 ___MASK75___ described . Vertebrates include the jawless ___MASK8___ and the jawed vertebrates , which include the cartilaginous ___MASK8___ ( sharks and rays ) and the bony ___MASK8___ . Latin ( Latin : ) is a classical ___MASK88___ belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo - European languages . The ___MASK50___ is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . The vas deferens ( Latin : " carrying - away vessel "; plural : vasa deferentia ), also called ductus deferens ( Latin : " carrying - away duct "; plural : ductus deferentes ), is ___MASK38___ of the male reproductive ___MASK69___ of many vertebrates ; these vasa transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in anticipation of ejaculation . Vasitis nodosa is a complication experienced in approximately 66 % of men who undergo vasectomy . It is a benign nodular thickening of the vas deferens , in which small off - shoots proliferate , infiltrating surrounding ___MASK70___ . It can be mistaken for low - grade adenocarcinoma by pathologists , and is implicated in late vasectomy failure . Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells . Specifically , a carcinoma is a cancer that begins in a ___MASK70___ that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body , and that generally arises from cells originating in the endodermal or ectodermal germ layer during embryogenesis . Ejaculation is the discharge of semen ( normally containing sperm ) from the male reproductory ___MASK47___ , usually accompanied by orgasm . It is the ___MASK92___ ___MASK49___ and natural objective of male sexual stimulation , and an essential component of natural conception . In rare cases , ejaculation occurs because of prostatic ___MASK20___ . Ejaculation may also occur spontaneously during sleep ( a nocturnal emission or " wet dream "). " Anejaculation " is the condition of being unable to ejaculate . " Dysejaculation " is an ejaculation that is painful or uncomfortable . A ___MASK91___ is an ___MASK27___ in an animal ' s body that synthesizes substances ( such as hormones ) for ___MASK71___ into the bloodstream ( endocrine ___MASK91___ ) or into cavities inside the body or its outer ___MASK53___ ( exocrine ___MASK91___ ). Sperm is the male reproductive ___MASK63___ and is derived from the Greek word (  ) " sperma " ( meaning " seed "). In the types of sexual reproduction known as anisogamy and its subtype oogamy , there is a marked difference in the ___MASK40___ of the gametes with the smaller one being termed the " male " or sperm ___MASK63___ . A uniflagellar sperm ___MASK63___ that is motile is referred to as a spermatozoon , whereas a non - motile sperm ___MASK63___ is referred to as a spermatium . Sperm cells cannot divide and have a limited life span , but after fusion with egg cells during fertilization , a new ___MASK86___ begins developing , starting as a totipotent zygote . The human sperm ___MASK63___ is haploid , so that its 23 chromosomes can join the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid ___MASK63___ . In mammals , sperm develops in the testicles and is released from the penis . It is also possible to extract sperm through TESE . Some sperm banks hold up to of sperm . Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast ___MASK70___ . Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast , a change in breast ___MASK16___ , dimpling of the ___MASK72___ , fluid coming from the nipple , or a red scaly patch of ___MASK72___ . In those with distant spread of the ___MASK20___ , there may be bone pain , swollen lymph nodes , shortness of breath , or yellow ___MASK72___ . Risk factors for developing breast cancer include being female , obesity , lack of physical exercise , drinking alcohol , hormone replacement therapy during menopause , ionizing radiation , early age at first menstruation , having children late or not at all , older age , and family history . About 5  10 % of cases are due to genes inherited from a person ' s parents , including BRCA1 and BRCA2 among others . Breast cancer most commonly develops in cells from the lining of milk ducts and the lobules that supply the ducts with milk . Cancers developing from the ducts are known as ductal carcinomas , while those developing from lobules are known as lobular carcinomas . In addition , there are more than 18 other sub - types of breast cancer . Some cancers , such as ductal carcinoma in situ , develop from pre - invasive lesions . The diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed by taking a biopsy of the concerning lump . Once the diagnosis is made , further tests are done to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the breast and which treatments it may respond to . The balance of benefits versus harms of breast cancer screening is controversial . A 2013 Cochrane review stated that it is unclear if mammographic screening does more good or harm . A 2009 review for the US Preventive Services Task Force found evidence of benefit in those 40 to 70 years of age , and the organization recommends screening every two years in women 50 to 74 years old . The medications tamoxifen or raloxifene may be used in an effort to prevent breast cancer in those who are at high risk of developing it . Surgical removal of both breasts is another preventative measure in some high risk women . In those who have been diagnosed with cancer , a number of treatments may be used , including surgery , radiation therapy , chemotherapy , hormonal therapy and targeted therapy . Types of surgery vary from breast - conserving surgery to mastectomy . Breast reconstruction may take place at the time of surgery or at a later date . In those in whom the cancer has spread to other parts of the body , treatments are mostly aimed at improving quality of life and comfort . Outcomes for breast cancer vary depending on the cancer type , extent of ___MASK20___ , and person ' s age . Survival rates in the developed world are high , with between 80 % and 90 % of those in England and the United States alive for at least 5 years . In developing countries survival rates are poorer . Worldwide , breast cancer is the leading type of cancer in women , accounting for 25 % of all cases . In 2012 it resulted in 1 . 68 million cases and 522 , 000 deaths . It is more common in developed countries and is more than 100 times more common in women than in men . The epididymis ( plural : epididymides or ) is a tube that connects a testicle to a vas deferens in the male reproductive ___MASK69___ . It is present in all male reptiles , birds , and mammals . It is a ___MASK79___ , narrow , tightly - coiled tube ( in adult humans , six to seven feet in length ) connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens . Esophageal cancer is cancer arising from the esophagus  the ___MASK33___ pipe that runs between the throat and the stomach . Symptoms often include difficulty in swallowing and weight loss . Other symptoms may include pain when swallowing , a hoarse voice , enlarged lymph nodes (" glands ") around the collarbone , a dry cough , and possibly coughing up or ___MASK13___ blood . The two main sub - types of the ___MASK20___ are esophageal squamous - cell carcinoma ( often abbreviated to ESCC ), which is more common in the developing world , and esophageal adenocarcinoma ( EAC ), which is more common in the developed world . A number of less common types also occur . Squamous - cell carcinoma arises from the epithelial cells that line the esophagus . Adenocarcinoma arises from glandular cells present in the lower third of the esophagus , often where they have already transformed to intestinal cell type ( a condition known as Barrett ' s esophagus ). Causes of the squamous - cell type include tobacco , alcohol , very hot drinks , poor diet , and chewing betel nut . The most common causes of the adenocarcinoma type are smoking tobacco , obesity , and acid reflux . The ___MASK20___ is diagnosed by biopsy done by an endoscope ( a fiberoptic camera ). Prevention includes stopping smoking and eating a healthy diet . Treatment is based on the cancer ' s stage and location , together with the person ' s general condition and individual preferences . Small localized squamous - cell cancers may be treated with surgery alone with the hope of a cure . In most other cases , chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy is used along with surgery . Larger tumors may have their growth slowed with chemotherapy and radiation therapy . In the presence of extensive ___MASK20___ or if the affected person is not fit enough to undergo surgery , palliative care is often recommended . As of 2012 , esophageal cancer is the eighth - most common cancer globally with 456 , 000 new cases during the year . It caused about 400 , 000 deaths that year , up from 345 , 000 in 1990 . Rates vary widely among countries , with about half of all cases occurring in China . It is around three times more common in men than in women . Outcomes are related to the extent of the ___MASK20___ and other medical conditions , but generally tend to be fairly poor , as diagnosis is often late . Five - year survival rates are around 13 % to 18 %. Adenocarcinoma ( plural adenocarcinomas or adenocarcinomata ) is a type of cancerous tumor that can occur in several parts of the body . It is defined as neoplasia of epithelial ___MASK70___ that has glandular origin , glandular characteristics , or both . Adenocarcinomas are part of the larger grouping of carcinomas , but are also sometimes called by more precise terms omitting the word , where these exist . Thus invasive ductal carcinoma , the most common form of breast cancer , is adenocarcinoma but does not use the term in its name  however , esophageal adenocarcinoma does to distinguish it from the other common type of esophageal cancer , esophageal squamous cell carcinoma . Several of the most common forms of cancer are adenocarcinomas , and the various sorts of adenocarcinoma vary greatly in all their aspects , so that few useful generalizations can be made about them . The ejaculatory ducts (" ductus ejaculatorii ") are paired structures in male ___MASK93___ . Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle . They pass through the prostate , and open into the urethra at the seminal colliculus . During ejaculation , semen passes through the prostate gland , enters the urethra and exits the body via the tip of the penis . The male reproductive ___MASK69___ consists of a number of ___MASK87___ organs that ___MASK95___ a role in the process of human reproduction . These organs are located on the outside of the body and within the pelvis .