occupation james a. mcnamara
Los Angeles ( Spanish for " The Angels "), officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L . A ., is the second - most populous city in the United States ( after New York City ), the most populous city in California and the county seat of Los Angeles County . Situated in Southern California , Los Angeles is known for its mediterranean climate , ethnic ___MASK94___ , sprawling metropolis , and as a major center of the American ___MASK67___ industry . Los Angeles lies in a large coastal basin surrounded on three sides by mountains reaching up to and over . A ___MASK79___ , also known in the U . S . as a dental surgeon , is a surgeon who specializes in dentistry  the diagnosis , prevention , and treatment of diseases and conditions of the oral cavity . The ___MASK79___ ' s supporting team aids in providing oral health services . The dental team includes dental assistants , dental hygienists , dental technicians , and in some states , dental therapists . Phrenology is a pseudomedicine primarily focused on measurements of the human skull , based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind , and that certain brain areas have localized , specific functions or modules . Although both of those ideas have a basis in reality , phrenology extrapolated beyond empirical knowledge in a way that departed from ___MASK85___ . Developed by German ___MASK26___ Franz Joseph Gall in 1796 , the discipline was very popular in the 19th century , especially from about 1810 until 1840 . The principal British centre for phrenology was Edinburgh , where the Edinburgh Phrenological Society was established in 1820 . The skull is a bony structure that forms the head of the ___MASK80___ in most vertebrates . It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain . The skull is composed of two parts : the cranium and the mandible . In the human these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial ___MASK80___ that includes the mandible as its largest bone . The skull forms the anterior most portion of the ___MASK80___ and is a product of cephalisation  housing the brain , and several sensory structures such as the eyes , ears , nose , and mouth . In the human these sensory structures are part of the facial ___MASK80___ . Dentistry is a branch of medicine that is involved in the study , diagnosis , prevention , and treatment of diseases , disorders and conditions of the oral cavity , commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa , and of adjacent and related structures and tissues , particularly in the maxillofacial ( jaw and facial ) area . Although primarily associated with teeth among the ___MASK40___ public , the field of dentistry or dental medicine is not limited to teeth but includes other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temperomandibular and other supporting structures . The term dentistry comes from odontology ( from Ancient Greek  ( odoús , " tooth "))  the study of the structure , development , and abnormalities of the teeth . Because of their substantial overlap in concept , dentistry is often also understood to subsume the now largely defunct medical specialty of stomatology ( the study of the mouth and its disorders and diseases ) for which reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain regions . San Diego ( Spanish for " ___MASK77___ Didacus ") is a major city in California , United States . It is in San Diego County , on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California , approximately south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . The San Francisco Peninsula is a peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area that separates San Francisco Bay from the Pacific Ocean . On its northern tip is the City and County of San Francisco . Its southern base is in northern Santa Clara County , including the cities of Palo Alto , ___MASK28___ View and Los Altos . Most of the Peninsula is occupied by San Mateo County , between San Francisco and Santa Clara counties , and including the cities and towns of Atherton , Belmont , Brisbane , Burlingame , Colma , Daly City , East Palo Alto , El Granada , Foster City , Hillsborough , Half Moon Bay , La Honda , Menlo Park , Millbrae , Pacifica , Portola Valley , Redwood City , San Bruno , San Carlos , San Mateo , South San Francisco , and Woodside . Physiognomy ( from the Gk . " physis " meaning " nature " and " gnomon " meaning " ___MASK32___ " or " ___MASK72___ ") is the assessment of a person ' s character or personality from his or her outer appearance , especially the face . The term can also refer to the ___MASK40___ appearance of a person , object , or terrain , without reference to its implied characteristics , as in the physiognomy of an individual plant ( see plant life - form ) or of a plant community ( see vegetation ). Radiography is an imaging technique that uses electromagnetic radiation other than visible light , specifically X - rays , to view the internal structure of a non - uniformly composed and opaque object ( i . e . a non - transparent object of varying density and composition ) such as the human body . To create the image , a heterogeneous beam of X - rays is produced by an X - ray generator and is projected toward the object . A certain amount of X - ray is absorbed by the object , which is dependent on the particular density and composition of that object . The X - rays that pass through the object are captured behind the object by a detector ( either photographic film or a digital detector ). The detector can then provide a superimposed 2D representation of all the object ' s internal structures . Contrast radiography uses a radiocontrast ___MASK75___ , a type of contrast medium , to make the structures of interest stand out visually from their background , whereas plain radiography does not . Each type is best suited to certain indications . In tomography , the X - ray source and detector move to blur out structures not in the focal plane . Conventional tomography is rarely used now having been replaced by CT . Computed tomography ( CT scanning ), unlike flat film tomography , generates 3D representations used for ___MASK99___ - assisted reconstruction . ( Sometimes people say " plain radiography " when they mean nontomographic radiography .) Oral & Maxillofacial surgery ( OMS or OMFS ) specializes in treating many diseases , injuries and defects in the head , neck , face , jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the Oral ( mouth ) and Maxillofacial ( jaws and face ) region . It is an internationally recognized surgical specialty . In some countries around the world , including the United States , ___MASK47___ , Australia , Sweden and Israel , it is a recognized specialty of dentistry ; in others , such as the UK and most of Europe , it is recognized as both a specialty of medicine and dentistry and a dual degree in medicine and dentistry is compulsory . Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention , as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues ( ___MASK51___ ). Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones , as well as to diagnose and treat disease . Medical imaging also establishes a database of normal anatomy and ___MASK51___ to make it possible to identify abnormalities . Although imaging of removed organs and tissues can be performed for medical reasons , such procedures are usually considered part of pathology instead of medical imaging . The City of New York , often called New York City or simply New York , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2015 population of 8 , 550 , 405 distributed over a land area of just , New York City is also the most densely populated ___MASK65___ city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . A global power city , New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , ___MASK15___ , technology , education , and ___MASK67___ , its fast pace defining the term " New York minute ". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world . Cephalometric analysis is the clinical application of cephalometry . It is analysis of the dental and skeletal relationships in the head . It is frequently used by dentists , orthodontists , and oral and maxillofacial surgeons as a treatment planning tool . The San Francisco Bay Area ( referred to locally as the Bay Area ) is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco and San Pablo estuaries in Northern California . The region encompasses the ___MASK65___ cities and metropolitan areas of San Jose , San Francisco , and Oakland , along with smaller urban and rural areas . The Bay Area ' s nine counties are Alameda , Contra Costa , Marin , Napa , San Francisco , San Mateo , Santa Clara , Solano , and Sonoma . Home to approximately 7 . 65 million people , the nine - county Bay Area contains many cities , towns , airports , and associated regional , state , and national parks , connected by a network of roads , highways , railroads , bridges , tunnels and commuter rail . The combined statistical area of the region is the second - largest in California ( after the Greater Los Angeles area ), the fifth - largest in the United States , and the 43rd - largest urban area in the world . The United Nations ( UN ) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co - operation . A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations , the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict . At its founding , the UN had 51 ___MASK41___ states ; there are now 193 . The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan , New York City , and experiences extraterritoriality . Further main offices are situated in Geneva , Nairobi , and Vienna . The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its ___MASK41___ states . Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security , promoting human rights , fostering social and economic development , protecting the environment , and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine , natural disaster , and armed conflict . Cephalometry is the study and measurement of the head , usually the human head , especially by medical imaging such as radiography . Craniometry , the measurement of the cranium ( skull ), is a large subset of cephalometry . Cephalometry also has a history in Phrenology , which is the study of personality and character as well as Physiognomy , which is the study of facial features . Cephalometry as applied in a comparative anatomy context informs biological anthropology . In clinical contexts such as dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery , cephalometric analysis helps in treatment and ___MASK15___ ; cephalometric landmarks guide surgeons in planning and operating . James A . McNamara , Jr . ( born in San Francisco ) is an American - trained , board certified , orthodontist . He is known for his development of McNamara analysis , one of the more popular methods of cephalometric analysis in cephalometry . San Francisco ( SF ) ( Spanish for ___MASK77___ Francis ) officially the City and County of San Francisco , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . It is the birthplace of the United Nations . Located at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula , San Francisco is about in area , making it the smallest county  and the only consolidated city - county  within the state of California . With a density of about 18 , 451 people per square mile ( 7 , 124 people per km ), San Francisco is the most densely settled large city ( population greater than 200 , 000 ) in California and the second - most densely populated major city in the United States after New York City . San Francisco is the fourth - most populous city in California , after Los Angeles , San Diego , and San Jose , and the 13th - most populous city in the United States  with a census - estimated 2015 population of 864 , 816 . The city and its surrounding areas are known as the San Francisco Bay Area , and are a part of the larger OMB - designated San Jose - San Francisco - Oakland combined statistical area , the fifth most populous in the nation with an estimated population of 8 . 7 million .