part_of crop protection
Sweet corn (" Zea mays " convar . " saccharata " ___MASK4___ . " rugosa "; also called ___MASK73___ corn and pole corn ) is a variety of maize with a high ___MASK73___ content . Sweet corn is the result of a naturally occurring recessive mutation in the genes which control conversion of ___MASK73___ to starch inside the endosperm of the corn kernel . Unlike field corn varieties , which are harvested when the kernels are dry and mature ( dent ___MASK9___ ), sweet corn is picked when immature ( milk ___MASK9___ ) and prepared and eaten as a vegetable , rather than a grain . Since the process of maturation involves converting ___MASK73___ to starch , sweet corn stores poorly and must be eaten fresh , canned , or frozen , before the kernels become tough and starchy . History . Sweet corn occurs as a spontaneous mutation in field corn and was grown by several Native American tribes . The Iroquois gave the first recorded sweet corn ( called ' Papoon ') to European settlers in 1779 . It soon became a popular food in southern and central regions of the United States . Open pollinated cultivars of white sweet corn started to become widely available in the United States in the 19th century . Two of the most enduring cultivars , still available today , are ' Country Gentleman ' ( a Shoepeg corn with small kernels in irregular rows ) and ' Stowell ' s Evergreen '. Flour corn (" Zea mays " ___MASK4___ . " amylacea ") is a ___MASK61___ of corn with a soft starchy endosperm and a thin pericarp . It is primarily used to make corn flour . A cereal is any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain ( botanically , a type of fruit called a caryopsis ), composed of the endosperm , germ , and bran . Cereal grains are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop and are therefore staple crops . Edible grains from other ___MASK85___ families , such as buckwheat ( Polygonaceae ), quinoa ( Amaranthaceae ) and chia ( Lamiaceae ), are referred to as pseudocereals . Flour is a powder made by grinding raw grains or roots and used to make many different foods . Cereal flour is the main ingredient of bread , which is a staple food for many cultures , making the availability of adequate supplies of flour a major economic and political issue at various times throughout ___MASK46___ . Wheat flour is one of the most important ingredients in Oceanic , European , South American , North American , Middle Eastern , North Indian and North African cultures , and is the defining ingredient in their styles of breads and pastries . Oryza glaberrima , commonly known as African rice , is one of the two domesticated rice ___MASK22___ . It was first domesticated and grown in West Africa , and was brought to the Americas by enslaved West African rice farmers . It is now largely a subsistence crop , rarely sold in markets even in West Africa . The ___MASK52___ is the current century of the " ___MASK84___ " ___MASK11___ , ( Latin for " in the ___MASK99___ of Our Lord [ Jesus Christ ]") in accordance with the ___MASK94___ . It began on January 1 , 2001 and will end on ___MASK18___ 31 , 2100 . It is the first century of the 3rd millennium . It is distinct from the time span known as the 2000s , which began on January 1 , 2000 and will end on ___MASK18___ 31 , 2099 . The British tonne ( British and SI ; SI symbol : t ), which is the same as the metric ton in the United States , is a non - SI metric unit of ___MASK50___ equal to 1 , 000 kilograms ; or one megagram ( Mg ); it is equivalent to approximately pounds , or 0 . 984 long tons ( imperial ). Although not ___MASK71___ of the SI " per se ", the tonne is " accepted for use with " SI units and prefixes by the International Committee for Weights and Measures , along with several other units like the bar , litre and ___MASK57___ . Mexico (, modern Nahuatl ), officially the United Mexican States , is a federal republic in the southern half of ___MASK80___ . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the ___MASK15___ ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the ___MASK64___ ___MASK63___ ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost two million square kilometers ( over 760 , 000 sq mi ), Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent nation in the world . With an estimated population of over 120 million , it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish - speaking country in the world while being the second most populous country in Latin America . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city . Other metropolises include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana and León . ___MASK85___ protection is the science and practice of managing invertebrate pests and vertebrate pests , ___MASK85___ diseases , weeds and other pest organisms that damage agricultural crops and forestry . Agricultural crops include field crops ( maize , wheat , rice , etc . ) , vegetable crops ( potatoes , cabbages , etc . ) and fruit and horticultural crops . It encompasses : Pesticide - based approaches such as herbicides , insecticides and fungicides Biological pest control approaches such as cover crops , trap crops and beetle banks Barrier - based approaches such as agrotextiles and bird netting Animal psychology - based approaches such as bird scarers Biotechnology - based approaches such as ___MASK85___ breeding and genetic modification Chemical pest control ___MASK6___ rice ( Ojibwe : Manoomin ; also called Canada rice , Indian rice , and water oats ) are four ___MASK22___ of grasses forming the ___MASK88___ Zizania , and the grain that can be harvested from them . The grain was historically gathered and eaten in both North America and ___MASK2___ . While now a delicacy in North America , the grain is eaten less in ___MASK2___ , where the plant ' s stem is used as a vegetable . ___MASK19___ , also known as first peoples , aboriginal peoples , native peoples , or autochthonous peoples , are ethnic groups who are descended from and identify with the original inhabitants of a given region , in contrast to groups that have settled , occupied or colonized the area more recently . Groups are usually described as indigenous when they maintain traditions or other aspects of an early culture that is associated with a given region . Not all ___MASK19___ share such characteristics . ___MASK19___ ___MASK66___ be settled in a given locale / region or exhibit a nomadic lifestyle across a large territory , but they are generally historically associated with a specific territory on which they depend . Indigenous societies are found in every inhabited climate zone and continent of the world . Dent corn also known as yellow dent corn , Reid ' s yellow dent corn , white dent corn , or field corn , is a ___MASK61___ of maize or corn with a high soft starch content . It received its name because of the small indentation (" dent ") at the crown of each kernel on a ripe ear of corn . It is a ___MASK61___ developed by northern Illinois farmer James L . Reid . Reid and his father , Robert Reid , moved from Brown County , Ohio to Tazewell County , Illinois in 1846 bringing with them a red corn ___MASK61___ known as " Johnny Hopkins ", and crossed it with varieties of flint corn and floury corn . Most of today ' s hybrid corn varieties and cultivars are derived from it . This ___MASK61___ won a prize at the 1893 World ' s Fair . Rice is the seed of the grass ___MASK22___ " Oryza sativa " ( Asian rice ) or " Oryza glaberrima " ( African rice ). As a cereal grain , it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large ___MASK71___ of the world ' s human ___MASK3___ , especially in ___MASK100___ . It is the agricultural commodity with the third - highest worldwide production , after sugarcane and maize , according to 2012 FAOSTAT data . Since a large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption , rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake , providing more than one - fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans . Wild rice , from which the crop was developed , may have its native range in Australia . Chinese legends attribute the domestication of rice to Shennong , the legendary emperor of ___MASK2___ and inventor of Chinese ___MASK92___ . Genetic evidence has shown that rice originates from a single domestication 8 , 200  13 , 500 years ago in the Pearl River valley region of Ancient ___MASK2___ . Previously , archaeological evidence had suggested that rice was domesticated in the Yangtze River valley region in ___MASK2___ . ___MASK2___ , officially the People ' s Republic of ___MASK2___ ( PRC ), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia . With a population of over 1 . 381 billion , it is the world ' s most populous country . The state is governed by the Communist Party of ___MASK2___ , and its capital is Beijing . It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , five autonomous regions , four direct - controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ), and two mostly self - governing special administrative regions ( Hong Kong and Macau ), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan . The country ' s major urban areas include Shanghai , Guangzhou , Beijing , Chongqing , Shenzhen , Tianjin and Hong Kong . ___MASK2___ is a great power and a major regional power within Asia , and has been characterized as a potential superpower . Flint corn (" Zea mays " ___MASK4___ . " indurata "; also known as Indian corn or sometimes calico corn ) is a variant of maize , the same ___MASK22___ as common corn . Because each kernel has a hard outer layer to protect the soft endosperm , it is likened to being hard as flint ; hence the name . Shennong ( which can be variously translated as " God Farmer " or " God Peasant "), also known as the Wugushen (  " Five Grains ' [ or Five Cereals '] God ") or also Wuguxiandi (  " First Deity of the Five Grains "), is a deity in ___MASK13___ religion , a mythical sage ruler of prehistoric ___MASK2___ . Shennong has at times been counted amongst the Three Sovereigns ( also known as " Three Kings " or " Three Patrons "), a group of deities or deified kings said to have lived some 4 , 500 years ago . Shennong has been thought to have taught the ancient ___MASK13___ not only their practices of ___MASK92___ , but also the use of herbal drugs . Shennong is among the group of variously named heroic persons and deities who have been traditionally given credit for various inventions : these include the hoe , plow ( both " leisi " style and the plowshare ), axe , digging wells , agricultural irrigation , preserving stored seeds by using boiled horse urine , the weekly farmers market , the ___MASK13___ calendar ( especially the division into the 24 " jieqi " or solar terms ), and to have refined the therapeutic understanding of taking pulse measurements , acupuncture , and moxibustion , and to have instituted the harvest thanksgiving ceremony ( Zhaji Sacrificial Rite , later known as the Laji Rite ). Popcorn is a type of corn that expands from the kernel and puffs up when heated . Popcorn is able to ___MASK38___ like amaranth grain , sorghum , quinoa , and millet . When heated , pressure builds within the kernel , and a small explosion ( or " ___MASK38___ ") is the end result . Some strains of corn are now cultivated specifically as popping corns . ___MASK39___ , officially the Commonwealth of ___MASK39___ , is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands . It is the world ' s sixth - largest country by total area . The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea , Indonesia and East Timor to the north ; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north - east ; and New Zealand to the south - east . ___MASK39___ ' s capital is Canberra , and its largest urban area is Sydney . Sugarcane , or ___MASK73___ cane , are several species of tall perennial true grasses of the genus " Saccharum ", tribe Andropogoneae , native to the warm temperate to tropical regions of South ___MASK100___ and Melanesia , and used for ___MASK73___ production . It has stout , jointed , fibrous stalks that are rich in the ___MASK73___ sucrose , which accumulates in the stalk internodes . The plant is tall . All ___MASK73___ cane species interbreed and the major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids . Sugarcane belongs to the grass family Poaceae , an economically important seed plant family that includes maize , wheat , rice , and sorghum , and many forage crops . Oryza is a ___MASK88___ of plants in the grass family . It includes the major food crop rice ( species " Oryza sativa " and " Oryza glaberrima "). Members of the ___MASK88___ grow as tall , wetland grasses , growing to 1  2 m tall ; the ___MASK88___ includes both annual and perennial species . In ___MASK78___ , a fruit is the seed - bearing structure in flowering plants ( also known as angiosperms ) formed from the ovary after flowering . GRAIN ( initially the International Coalition for Development Action or ICDA ) is a small international non - profit organisation that works to support small farmers and social movements in their struggles for ___MASK68___ - controlled and biodiversity - based food systems . SEED is a block cipher developed by the Korea Information Security Agency ( KISA ). It is used broadly throughout South Korean ___MASK95___ , but seldom found elsewhere . It gained popularity in Korea because 40 - bit encryption was not considered strong enough , so the Korea Information Security Agency developed its own standard . However , this decision has historically limited the competition of web browsers in Korea , as no major SSL libraries or web browsers supported the SEED algorithm , requiring users to use an ActiveX control in ___MASK40___ Explorer for secure web sites . Wheat (" Triticum " spp ., most commonly " T . aestivum ") is a cereal grain ( botanically , a type of fruit called a caryopsis ), originally from the Levant region but now cultivated worldwide . In 2016 , world ___MASK96___ of wheat was 749 million tonnes , making it the second most - produced cereal after maize ( 1 . 03 billion tonnes ), with more than rice ( 499 million tonnes ). Since ___MASK10___ , world ___MASK96___ of wheat and other grain crops has tripled and is expected to grow further through ___MASK26___ of the 21st Century . Maize (; " Zea mays " subsp . " mays ", from after Taíno " mahiz "), also known as corn , is a large grain ___MASK85___ first domesticated by ___MASK19___ in Mexico about 10 , 000 years ago . The six major types of corn are dent corn , flint corn , pod corn , popcorn , flour corn , and sweet corn . The ton is a unit of measure . It has a long ___MASK46___ and has acquired a number of meanings and uses over the years . It is used principally as a unit of mass . Its original use as a measurement of volume has continued in the capacity of cargo ships and in terms such as the freight ton . It can also be used as a measure of energy , for truck classification , or as a colloquial term . Oryza sativa , commonly known as Asian rice , is the ___MASK85___ ___MASK22___ most commonly referred to in English as rice . " Oryza sativa " is a grass with a genome consisting of 430Mb across 12 chromosomes . It is renowned for being easy to genetically modify , and is a model ___MASK17___ for cereal biology . In ___MASK78___ , a caryopsis ( plural caryopses ) is a type of simple dry fruit  one that is monocarpellate ( formed from a single carpel ) and indehiscent ( not opening at maturity ) and resembles an achene , except that in a caryopsis the pericarp is fused with the thin seed coat . The Levant ( ___MASK81___ :  "") is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean . In its widest historical sense , the Levant included all of the eastern Mediterranean with its islands , that is , it included all of the countries along the Eastern Mediterranean shores , extending from Greece to Cyrenaica . The term " Levant " entered English in the late 15th century from French . It derives from the Italian " Levante ", meaning " rising ", implying the rising of the sun in the east . As such , it is broadly equivalent to the ___MASK81___ term " Mashriq ", meaning " the land where the sun rises ".