languages_spoken_or_written ivan padovec
Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary , one of the largest cities in the European Union and sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary . It has an area of and a population of about 1 . 8 million within the administrative limits in 2016 . It is both a city and county , and forms the centre of the Budapest Metropolitan Area , which has an area of and a population of 3 . 3 million , comprising 33 percent of the population of Hungary . Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the Danube river with the unification of Buda and Óbuda on the west bank , with Pest on the east bank on November 17 , 1873 . Count ( male ) or countess ( female ) is a title in European countries for a noble of varying status , but historically deemed to convey an approximate rank intermediate between the highest and lowest titles of nobility . The word " count " came into ___MASK80___ from the French " comte ", itself from Latin " comes " in its accusative " comitem " meaning  companion , and later  companion of the emperor , delegate of the emperor . The adjective form of the word is "". The British and Irish equivalent is an earl ( whose wife is a " countess ", for lack of an ___MASK80___ term ). Alternative names for the " count " rank in the nobility structure are used in other countries , such as " Graf " in Germany and " Hakushaku " during the Japanese Imperial era . Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia . Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . To the east and southeast , Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas , and the waterways of the ___MASK36___ Straits . Yet the non - oceanic borders of Europe  a concept dating back to classical antiquity  are arbitrary . The primarily physiographic term " continent " as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent ' s current overland boundaries . Prague is the capital and largest city of the ___MASK74___ Republic . It is the 14th largest city in the European Union . It is also the historical capital of Bohemia . Situated in the north - west of the country on the Vltava river , the city is home to about 1 . 26 million people , while its larger urban zone is estimated to have a population of nearly 2 million . The city has a temperate climate , with warm summers and chilly winters . Late ___MASK98___ is the scholarly name for the written ___MASK98___ of Late Antiquity . The ___MASK80___ dictionary definition of Late ___MASK98___ dates this period from the 3rd to the 6th centuries AD , extending in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe to the 7th century . This somewhat ambiguously defined period fits between Classical ___MASK98___ and Medieval ___MASK98___ . Although there is no scholarly consensus about exactly when Classical ___MASK98___ should end , nor exactly when Medieval ___MASK98___ should begin , Late ___MASK98___ is characterized ( with variations and disputes ) by an identifiable style . Slovakia , officially the ___MASK46___ Republic , is a landlocked country in Central Europe . It is bordered by the ___MASK74___ Republic and Austria to the west , Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south . Slovakia ' s territory spans about and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava . The official language is ___MASK46___ , a member of the Slavic language family . The Vltava is the longest river within the ___MASK74___ Republic , running southeast along the Bohemian Forest and then north across Bohemia , through eský Krumlov , eské Budjovice and Prague , and finally merging with the Elbe at Mlník . It is commonly referred to as the ___MASK74___ national river . Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria ' s primary city , with a population of about 1 . 8 million ( 2 . 6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of Austria ' s population ), and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 7th - largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest ___MASK19___ - speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro - Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it has the second largest number of ___MASK19___ speakers after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations and OPEC . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the ___MASK74___ Republic , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a sovereign state between Central Europe , Southeast Europe , and the Mediterranean . Its capital city is Zagreb , which forms one of the country ' s primary subdivisions , along with its twenty counties . Croatia covers and has diverse , mostly continental and Mediterranean climates . Croatia ' s Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands . The country ' s population is 4 . 28 million , most of whom are Croats , with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism . The Baroque ( or ) is often thought of as a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear , easily interpreted detail to produce drama , tension , exuberance , and grandeur in sculpture , painting , architecture , literature , dance , theater , and music . The style began around 1600 in Rome and Italy , and spread to most of Europe . The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the ___MASK67___ Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula and the Apennine Mountains from the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges . The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea , extending from the Strait of Otranto ( where it connects to the Ionian Sea ) to the northwest and the Po Valley . The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Greece , Italy , Montenegro and Slovenia . The Adriatic contains over 1 , 300 islands , mostly located along its eastern , ___MASK81___ , coast . It is divided into three basins , the northern being the shallowest and the southern being the deepest , with a maximum depth of . The Otranto Sill , an underwater ridge , is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas . The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the Strait of Otranto , along the eastern coast and back to the strait along the western ( ___MASK67___ ) coast . Tidal movements in the Adriatic are slight , although larger amplitudes are known to occur occasionally . The Adriatic ' s salinity is lower than the Mediterranean ' s because the Adriatic collects a third of the fresh water flowing into the Mediterranean , acting as a dilution basin . The surface water temperatures generally range from in summer to in winter , significantly moderating the Adriatic Basin ' s climate . Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice , and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality , rhythm , and a variety of vocal techniques . A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist . Singers perform music ( arias , recitatives , songs , etc .) that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments . Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians , such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists . Singers may perform as soloists , or accompanied by anything from a single instrument ( as in art song or some jazz styles ) up to a symphony orchestra or big band . Different singing styles include art music such as opera and ___MASK23___ opera , religious music styles such as gospel , traditional music styles , world music , jazz , blues and popular music styles such as pop and rock . A virtuoso ( from ___MASK67___ " virtuoso " or , " virtuous ", Late ___MASK98___ " virtuosus ", ___MASK98___ " virtus ", " virtue ", " excellence ", " skill ", or " manliness ") is an individual who possesses outstanding technical ability in a particular art or field such as fine arts , music , singing , playing a musical instrument , or composition . This word also refers to a person who has cultivated appreciation of artistic excellence , either as a connoisseur or collector . Virtuoso ' s plural form is either virtuosi or the Anglicisation , virtuosos , and the feminine forms are virtuosa and virtuose . The ___MASK74___ Republic , also known by the short name Czechia , is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west , Austria to the south , Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast . The ___MASK74___ Republic covers an area of with mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , has 10 . 5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague , with over 1 . 2 million residents . The ___MASK74___ Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and ___MASK74___ Silesia . Bohemia is the westernmost and largest historical region of the ___MASK74___ lands in the present - day ___MASK74___ Republic . In a broader meaning , Bohemia sometimes refers to the entire ___MASK74___ territory , including Moravia and ___MASK74___ Silesia , especially in a historical context , such as the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by Bohemian kings . Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe . It covers an area of , situated in the Carpathian Basin and bordered by Slovakia to the north , Romania to the east , Serbia to the south , Croatia to the southwest , Slovenia to the west , Austria to the northwest , and Ukraine to the northeast . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium - sized member state of the European Union . The official language is ___MASK47___ , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world . Hungary ' s capital and largest metropolis is Budapest , a significant economic hub , classified as an Alpha - global city . Major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Gyr . Buda is the former capital of the Kingdom of Hungary and since 1873 the western part of the current ___MASK47___ capital Budapest on the west bank of the Danube . Buda comprises about one - third of Budapest ' s complete territory and is mostly wooded and hilly . Notable landmarks include the Buda Castle and the Citadella . The ___MASK47___ president ' s residence , Sándor Palace , is also in Buda . Austria is a federal republic made up of nine states , known in ___MASK19___ as Länder ( singular Land ). Since " Land " is also the ___MASK19___ word for " country ", the term Bundesländer (" federation states "; singular Bundesland ) is often used instead to avoid ambiguity . The Constitution of Austria uses both terms . In ___MASK80___ , the term "( Bundes ) land " is commonly rendered as " state " or " province ". Ivan Eugen Padovec ( 1800 -- 1873 ) , commonly known as Johann ( Ivan ) Padowetz ( see the signature on the photo ) , born in the baroque town of Varaždin in Croatia ( known for its festivals of baroque music ) was a guitar virtuoso , who gave concerts in Zagreb , Vienna , Prague , Budapest , Hamburg , London , in Poland , Russia etc . He constructed a ten string guitar . Also , his Theoretisch - praktische Guitarrschule was published by Werner & Comp . in Vienna around 1844 . Varaždn ( or ; also known by other alternative names ) is a city in Northern Croatia , north of Zagreb . The total population is 46 , 946 , with 38 , 839 on of the city settlement itself ( 2011 ). The centre of Varaždin County is located near the Drava River , at . It is mainly known for its baroque buildings , music , textile , food and IT industry . Centrope is an Interreg IIIA project to establish a multinational region in the Central Europe encompassing four European countries : Slovakia , Austria , Hungary and ___MASK74___ Republic . Anglicisation ( or anglicization , see spelling differences ), occasionally Englishing , is the process of converting something to more " ___MASK80___ " norms . It commonly refers to the respelling of foreign words , often to a more drastic degree than romanisation . Examples of this include the German city of " Köln " anglicised to Cologne , or the Arabic word romanised as jinn or djinn ("") anglicised to " genie ". Croats are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group at the crossroads of Central Europe , Southeast Europe , and the Mediterranean Sea . Croats mainly live in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina , but are an officially recognized minority in Austria , ___MASK74___ Republic , Hungary , Italy , Montenegro , Romania , Serbia , and Slovakia . Responding to political , social and economic pressure , many Croats have migrated throughout Europe ( especially Germany , Austria , Switzerland , France and Italy ) and the Americas ( particularly the United States , Canada , Argentina , and Chile ), establishing a diaspora . Óbuda was a city in Hungary that was merged with Buda and Pest on 1 January 1873 ; it now forms part of District III - Óbuda - Békásmegyer of Budapest . The name means " Old Buda " in ___MASK47___ ( in ___MASK19___ , " Alt - Ofen "). The name in ___MASK81___ and Serbian for this city is " Stari Budim ", but the local Croat minority calls it " Obuda " ( the name " Budim " they use for the fortress in Buda ). Italy , officially the ___MASK67___ Republic , is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , Italy shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate ; due to its shape , it is often referred to in Italy as " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). With 61 million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU member state . Rome is a city and special " comune " ( named " Roma Capitale ") in Italy . Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region . With 2 , 870 , 336 residents in , it is also the country ' s largest and most populated " comune " and fourth - most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4 . 3 million residents . The city is located in the central - western portion of the ___MASK67___ Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ), along the shores of Tiber river . The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city : for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states . The Budapest Metro is the rapid transit system in the ___MASK47___ capital Budapest . It is the oldest electrified underground railway system on the European continent , and the second - oldest electrically operated underground railway in the world , predated only by the 1890 City & South London Railway ( now part of the London Underground ). Its iconic Line 1 , completed in 1896 , was declared a World Heritage Site in 2002 . A primate city ( ___MASK98___ : " prime , first rank ") is the largest city in its country or region , disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy . A ' primate city distribution ' is a rank - size distribution that has one very large city with many much smaller cities and towns , and no intermediate - sized urban centres : a King effect , visible as an outlier on an otherwise linear graph , when the rest of the data fit a power law or stretched exponential function . The ' law of the primate city ' was first proposed by the geographer Mark Jefferson in 1939 . He defines a primate city as being " at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant ." A primate city is number one in its country in most aspects , like politics , economy , media , culture and universities .