genre caffeine 
The Mayor of London is an elected politician who , along with the London Assembly of 25 members , is accountable for the strategic ___MASK64___ of Greater London . The current mayor is Sadiq Khan , who took up office on 9 May 2016 . The position had been held by Ken Livingstone from the creation of the role on 4 May 2000 until he was defeated in 2008 by Boris Johnson , who served two terms before being succeeded by Khan . Political ___MASK11___ is a significant part of ___MASK11___ that specializes in gaining ___MASK90___ from politics ; it has also been used with subversive intent where political speech and dissent are forbidden by a regime , as a method of advancing political arguments where such arguments are expressly forbidden . ___MASK11___ is a ___MASK87___ of literature , and sometimes graphic and performing arts , in which vices , follies , abuses , and shortcomings are held up to ridicule , ideally with the intent of shaming individuals , corporations , ___MASK64___ , or ___MASK28___ itself into improvement . Although satire is usually meant to be humorous , its greater purpose is often constructive social ___MASK70___ , using wit to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in ___MASK28___ . ___MASK87___ ( or ; from French " ___MASK87___ " , " kind " or " sort ", from Latin " genus " ( stem " gener -"), Greek  , " gés ") The desires , wants , and thinking of the majority of the people  or the collective opinion of the people of a ___MASK28___ or state on an issue or problem  is called public opinion . The English term " public opinion " dates back to the seventeenth century work by John Locke , " An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ", which contains an early consideration of the importance of public opinion in the ordering of politics . The term was derived from the French word " l ' opinion ", which was first used in 1588 by Michel de Montaigne . Mena Alexandra Suvari ( born February 13 , 1979 ) is an American actress , ___MASK83___ designer and model . Shortly after beginning her career as a model , Suvari appeared in guest roles on such 1990s television shows as " Boy Meets World " and " High Incident ". Garfield is an American ___MASK5___ created by Jim Davis . Published since 1978 , it chronicles the life of the title character , the ___MASK27___ Garfield , Jon , his owner , and Jon ' s dog , Odie . As of 2013 , it was syndicated in roughly 2 , 580 newspapers and journals , and held the Guinness World Record for being the world ' s most widely syndicated ___MASK5___ . Laughter is a physical reaction in humans and some other species of primate , consisting typically of rhythmical , often audible contractions of the diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system . It is a response to certain external or internal stimuli . Laughter can arise from such activities as being tickled , or from humorous stories or thoughts . Most commonly , it is considered a visual expression of a number of positive emotional states , such as joy , mirth , happiness , ___MASK22___ , etc . On some occasions , however , it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment , apology , or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh . Age , ___MASK75___ , education , language , and culture are all factors as to whether a person ___MASK34___ experience laughter in a given situation . The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American commercial broadcast ___MASK43___ network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered in the Comcast Building ( formerly known as the GE Building ) at Rockefeller Center in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at Universal City Plaza ), Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and soon in Philadelphia at Comcast Innovation and Technology Center . The network is part of the Big Three ___MASK43___ networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the " Peacock Network ", in ___MASK51___ to its stylized peacock logo , which was originally created in 1956 for its then - new color broadcasts and became the network ' s official emblem in 1979 . This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a ___MASK49___ Series . In early Primetime Emmy Award ceremonies , the supporting categories were not always genre , or even gender , specific . Beginning with the 22nd Primetime Emmy Awards , supporting actresses in ___MASK49___ have competed alone . However , these dramatic performances often included actresses from miniseries , telefilms , and guest performers competing against main cast competitors . Such instances are marked below : The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign ___MASK92___ in ___MASK26___ Europe . Lying off the north - ___MASK26___ coast of the European mainland , it includes the island of Great Britain ( the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole ___MASK92___ ), the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland . Apart from this land border , the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west , giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of , the UK is the 78th - largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe . It is also the 21st - most populous ___MASK92___ , with an estimated 65 . 1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth most densely populated ___MASK92___ in the European Union . Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek ___MASK97___ from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th - 9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity ( AD ). Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era . Roughly three centuries after the Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece , Greek urban poleis began to form in the 8th century BC , ushering in the period of Archaic Greece and colonization of the Mediterranean Basin . This was followed by the period of Classical Greece , an era that began with the Greco - Persian Wars , lasting from the 5th to 4th centuries BC . Due to the conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia , Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea . The Hellenistic period came to an end with the conquests and annexations of the eastern Mediterranean world by the Roman Republic , which established the Roman province of Macedonia in Roman Greece , and later the province of Achaea during the Roman Empire . Theatre or ___MASK100___ is a collaborative form of fine ___MASK66___ that uses live performers , typically actors or actresses , to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place , often a stage . The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture , speech , ___MASK52___ , music , and dance . Elements of ___MASK66___ , such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality , presence and immediacy of the experience . The specific place of the performance is also named by the word " theatre " as derived from the Ancient Greek  ( théatron , " a place for viewing "), itself from  ( theáomai , " to see ", " to watch ", " to observe "). The European Union ( EU ) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe . It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million . The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states . EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people , goods , services , and capital within the internal market , enact legislation in justice and home affairs , and maintain common policies on trade , ___MASK86___ , fisheries , and regional development . Within the Schengen Area , passport controls have been abolished . A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002 , and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency . Michael ___MASK40___ " Mike " Vogel ( born July 17 , 1979 ) is an American actor and former model . Vogel began acting in 2001 , and has since appeared in several films and series , including " The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ", " The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants ", " Grind ", " Poseidon ", " Blue Valentine ", " The Help ", " Bates Motel ", " Cloverfield " and " Under the Dome ". Cloverfield is a 2008 American ___MASK88___ monster ___MASK84___ film directed by Matt Reeves , produced by J . J . Abrams and Bryan Burk , and written by Drew Goddard . It is the first film in the " Cloverfield " franchise . Before settling on an official title , the film was marketed as " 01 - 18 - 08 ". The film , which is presented as ___MASK88___ shot with a home camcorder , follows six young New York City residents fleeing from a gigantic monster and various other smaller creatures that attack the city while they are having a farewell party . The film was well received by critics and it earned $ 170 . 8 million at the box office against a $ 25 million budget . USA Network ( commonly referred to as simply USA ) is an American ___MASK79___ cable and satellite ___MASK43___ channel that is owned by the NBCUniversal Cable division of NBCUniversal , itself a subsidiary of Comcast . Once a minor player in ___MASK79___ cable , the network has steadily gained popularity due to its original programming ; USA also broadcasts syndicated reruns of current and former " network ___MASK43___ " ( i . e ., broadcast ) series and theatrically - released feature films , as well as limited sports programming . London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom , as well as the most populous city proper in the European Union . Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . It was founded by the Romans , who named it " Londinium ". London ' s ancient core , the City of London , largely retains its medieval boundaries . Since at least the 19th century , " London " has also referred to the metropolis around this core , historically split between Middlesex , Essex , Surrey , Kent , and Hertfordshire , which today largely makes up Greater London , governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . A medical ___MASK49___ is a television program in which events center upon a hospital , an ambulance staff , or any medical environment and most medical episodes are one hour long and set in a hospital . Most current medical dramatic programming go beyond the events pertaining to the characters ' jobs and portray some aspects of their personal lives . A typical medical ___MASK49___ might have a storyline in which two doctors fall in love . Communications theorist Marshall McLuhan , in his on the nature of media , predicted success for this particular genre on TV because the medium " creates an obsession with bodily welfare ". A film , also called a movie , motion picture , theatrical film or photoplay , is a series of still images which , when shown on a screen , creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon . This ___MASK30___ causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession . The process of filmmaking is both an ___MASK66___ and an industry . A film is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera ; by photographing drawings or miniature models using ___MASK67___ techniques ; by means of CGI and computer animation ; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other visual effects . The Ugly Truth is a 2009 American ___MASK62___ film starring Katherine Heigl and Gerard Butler . The film was released in North America on July 24 , 2009 by Columbia Pictures . Stand - up ___MASK76___ is a ___MASK53___ style in which a comedian performs in front of a live audience , usually speaking directly to them . The performer is commonly known as a ___MASK53___ , stand - up ___MASK53___ , stand - up comedian , or simply a stand - up . In stand - up ___MASK76___ , the comedian usually recites a grouping of humorous stories , jokes and one - liners typically called a ___MASK74___ , routine , or act . Some stand - up comedians use props , music , or magic tricks to " enhance " their acts . Stand - up ___MASK76___ is often performed in ___MASK76___ clubs , bars and pubs , nightclubs , neo - burlesques , colleges and theatres . Outside of live performance , stand - up is often distributed commercially via television , DVD , CD and the internet . Hertfordshire ( often abbreviated Herts ) is a county in southern England , bordered by Bedfordshire to the north , Cambridgeshire to the north - east , Essex to the east , Buckinghamshire to the west and Greater London to the south . For ___MASK64___ statistical purposes , it is placed in the East of England region . England is a ___MASK92___ that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west . The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The ___MASK92___ covers five - eighths of the island of Great Britain ( which lies in the North Atlantic ) in its centre and south ; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly , and the Isle of Wight . Breckin Erin Meyer ( born May 7 , 1974 ) is an American actor , voice actor , ___MASK35___ , writer , producer and drummer known for roles in films such as " Clueless ", " Road Trip ", " Rat Race " and the " Garfield " series . Isobel Katherine " Izzie " Stevens , M . D . is a fictional character from the medical ___MASK49___ television series " Grey ' s Anatomy ", which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes , and was portrayed by actress Katherine Heigl from 2005 to 2010 . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , Izzie worked her way up to resident level , while her relationships with her colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ), Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ), George O ' Malley ( T . R . Knight ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) formed a focal point of the series . 27 Dresses is a 2008 ___MASK7___ directed by Anne Fletcher and written by Aline Brosh McKenna . The film stars Katherine Heigl and ___MASK40___ Marsden . The film was released January 10 , 2008 in Australia and opened in the United States on January 18 . Caffeine is a 2006 ___MASK76___ starring Marsha Thomason , Mena Suvari , Breckin Meyer , Katherine Heigl , and Mike Vogel . It revolves around relationships of the staff and patrons of the quirky Black ___MASK27___ Cafe in London one day . Katherine Marie Heigl ( born November 24 , 1978 ) is an American actress , film producer and former ___MASK83___ model . She played Izzie Stevens on ABC ' s medical ___MASK49___ " Grey ' s Anatomy " from 2005 to 2010 , a role for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a ___MASK49___ Series in 2007 . She has also starred in films , such as "", " The Nut Job ", " Knocked Up ", " 27 Dresses ", " The Ugly Truth ", " Killers ", " Life As We Know It " and " New Year ' s Eve ", Jenny ' s Wedding . She played the main character in the television series " State of Affairs " from 2014 to 2015 . High Incident is a police ___MASK49___ series produced by DreamWorks Television for the ABC network . The show was created by Steven Spielberg , Michael Pavone , Eric Bogosian , and Dave Alan Johnson . It first aired on March 4 , 1996 , running a total of 32 episodes . Grey ' s Anatomy is an American medical ___MASK49___ television series that premiered on American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) as a mid - season replacement on March 27 , 2005 . The series focuses on the fictional lives of surgical interns , residents , and attendings as they gradually evolve into seasoned doctors , while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships . The title is a ___MASK95___ on " Gray ' s Anatomy ", a human anatomy textbook by Henry Gray . The show ' s premise originated with Shonda Rhimes , who serves as an executive producer , along with Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , and Allan Heinberg . Although the show is set in Seattle at the fictional Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital ( Formerly Seattle Grace - Mercy West ) it is primarily filmed in Los Angeles , California . The show was originally titled " Complications " following the complicated medical procedures and personal lives of the cast . ___MASK43___ or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome ( black - and - white ), or in color , and in two or three dimensions and sound . It can refer to a ___MASK43___ set , a ___MASK43___ program (" TV show "), or the medium of ___MASK43___ transmission . ___MASK43___ is a mass medium , for entertainment , education , news , and ___MASK57___ . In a modern sense , ___MASK76___ ( from the , " kmidía ") refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , ___MASK43___ , film , and stand - up ___MASK76___ . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical ___MASK87___ of Greek ___MASK76___ can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a " ___MASK28___ of Youth " and a " ___MASK28___ of the Old ". A revised view characterizes the essential agon of ___MASK76___ as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Marsha Lisa Thomason ( born 19 January 1976 ) is an English ___MASK43___ and film actress who is best known for playing Nessa Holt in the first two seasons of the NBC series " Las Vegas ", Naomi Dorrit on the ABC series " Lost ", and FBI agent Diana Berrigan on the USA Network series " White Collar ". Knocked Up is a 2007 American ___MASK62___ film written , directed , and co - produced by Judd Apatow , and starring Seth Rogen , Katherine Heigl , Paul Rudd , and Leslie Mann . It follows the repercussions of a drunken one - night stand between a slacker and a just - promoted media personality that results in an unintended pregnancy . Boy Meets World is an American ___MASK43___ sitcom that chronicles the coming - of - age events and everyday life - lessons of Cory Matthews ( portrayed by Ben Savage ). The show follows Cory and his friends and ___MASK48___ through seven seasons , from his middle school days as a pre - pubescent ___MASK99___ to his life in college as a married man . The show aired from 1993 to 2000 on ABC , part of the network ' s TGIF lineup . The entire series has since been released on DVD , as well as on iTunes . A sequel titled " Girl Meets World ", focusing on Cory and Topanga and their teen daughter Riley , ran on Disney Channel from June 27 , 2014 to January 20 , 2017 . Irony , in its broadest sense , is a rhetorical device , literary technique , or event in which what appears , on the surface , to be the case , differs radically from what is actually the case . Irony may be divided into categories such as verbal , ___MASK63___ , and situational . Verbal , ___MASK63___ , and situational irony are often used for emphasis in the assertion of a truth . The ironic form of simile , used in sarcasm , and some forms of litotes can emphasize one ' s meaning by the deliberate use of language which states the opposite of the truth , denies the contrary of the truth , or drastically and obviously understates a factual connection . Agon ( Classical Greek ) is an ancient Greek term for a struggle or contest . This could be a contest in athletics , in chariot or ___MASK9___ ___MASK82___ , or in music or literature at a public festival in ancient Greece .