country treaty of tolentino
The pope ( from " pappas ", a child ' s word for " father ") is the Bishop of Rome and , therefore , the leader of the ___MASK24___ Catholic Church . The primacy of the Roman bishop is largely derived from his role as the traditional successor to Saint Peter , to whom Jesus is supposed to have given the keys of Heaven and the powers of " binding and loosing ", naming him as the " rock " upon which the church would be built . The current pope is Francis , who was elected on 13 March 2013 , succeeding Benedict XVI . ___MASK84___ (; ) is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy , situated in the central peninsular section of the country . With almost 5 . 9 million residents and a GDP of more than 170 billion euros , ___MASK84___ is the second most populated region of Italy ( having approximately the same in population as Campania ), and has the second largest economy of the nation . Its capital is Rome , capital and largest city of Italy . The Battle of Rivoli ( 14  15 January 1797 ) was a key victory in the French campaign in ___MASK12___ against ___MASK16___ . Napoleon Bonaparte ' s 23 , 000 Frenchmen defeated an attack of 28 , 000 Austrians under " Feldzeugmeister " Jozsef Alvinczi , ending ___MASK16___ ' s fourth and final attempt to relieve the Siege of Mantua . Rivoli further demonstrated Napoleon ' s brilliance as a military commander and led to French occupation of northern ___MASK12___ . In the history of ___MASK78___ , the First Republic , officially the ___MASK25___ , was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution . The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon , although the form of the government changed several times . This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy , the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror , the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory , and , finally , the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon ' s rise to power . ___MASK82___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK82___ ( Slovene : , abbr .: " RS "), is a nation state in southern Central Europe , located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes . It is bordered by ___MASK12___ to the west , ___MASK16___ to the north , Hungary to the northeast , Croatia to the south and southeast , and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest . It covers and has a population of 2 . 06 million . It is a parliamentary republic and a member of the United Nations , ___MASK5___ , and NATO . The capital and largest city is Ljubljana . The coup of 18 Brumaire brought General Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of ___MASK78___ , and , in the view of most historians , ended the French Revolution . This bloodless " coup d ' état " overthrew the Directory , replacing it with the French Consulate . This occurred on 9 November 1799 , which was 18 Brumaire , Year VIII under the French Republican Calendar . The War of the First Coalition ( 1792  1797 ) was the first attempt by the European monarchies to defeat the French First Republic . ___MASK78___ declared war on the ___MASK77___ of ___MASK16___ on 20 April 1792 . In July 1792 , an army under the Duke of Brunswick and composed mostly of Prussians joined the Austrian side and invaded ___MASK78___ . Ravenna ( also locally ) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna , in the Emilia - Romagna region of ___MASK62___ . It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire from 402 until that empire collapsed in 476 . It then served as the capital of the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths until it was re - conquered in 540 by the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire . Afterwards , the city formed the centre of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna until the invasion of the Lombards in 751 , after which it became the seat of the Kingdom of the Lombards . Cesena is a city and " comune " in the Emilia - Romagna region of ___MASK62___ , south of Ravenna and west of Rimini , on the Savio River , co - chief of the Province of Forlì - Cesena . It is at the foot of the Apennines , and about from the Adriatic Sea . ___MASK12___ , officially the ___MASK67___ , is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , ___MASK12___ shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , ___MASK16___ , Slovenia , San Marino and ___MASK81___ . ___MASK12___ covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate ; due to its shape , it is often referred to in ___MASK12___ as " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). With 61 million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU member state . A mediterranean climate or dry summer climate is the climate typical of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin . The lands around the Mediterranean Sea form the largest area where this climate type is found , but it also is found in most of coastal ___MASK88___ , in parts of Western and ___MASK42___ , in southwestern South Africa , sections of Central Asia , and in central Chile . The euro ( sign : €; code : EUR ) is the official currency of the eurozone , which consists of 19 of the member states of the ___MASK5___ : Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Italy , Latvia , ___MASK36___ , ___MASK64___ , Malta , the Netherlands , Portugal , ___MASK89___ , Slovenia , and Spain . The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the ___MASK5___ and four other European countries , as well as unilaterally by two others , and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe , a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency . The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of sweeping military conflicts , lasting from 1792 until 1802 , resulting from the French Revolution . They pitted the French First Republic against Britain , ___MASK16___ and several other monarchies . They are divided in two periods : the War of the First Coalition ( 1792  97 ) and the War of the Second Coalition ( 1798  1802 ). Initially confined to Europe , the fighting gradually assumed a global dimension as the political ambitions of the Revolution expanded . After a decade of constant warfare and aggressive diplomacy , France had succeeded in seizing and conquering a wide array of territories , from the Italian Peninsula and the ___MASK96___ in Europe to the Louisiana Territory in North America . French success in these conflicts ensured the spread of revolutionary principles over much of Europe . Mantua (; Emilian and Latin : " Mantua ") is a city and commune in ___MASK20___ , ___MASK12___ , and capital of the province of the same name . The War of the Second Coalition ( 1798  1802 ) was the second war on revolutionary ___MASK78___ by the European monarchies , led by Britain , ___MASK16___ and Russia , and including the Ottoman Empire , Portugal and Naples . Their goal was to contain the spread of chaos from ___MASK78___ , which was bankrupt after its expenditures in support of the American War of Independence . They failed to overthrow the revolutionary regime and French territorial gains since 1793 were confirmed . The Allies formed a new alliance and attempted to roll back ___MASK78___ ' s previous military conquests . The Coalition did very well in 1799 , but Russia pulled out . Napoleon took charge in ___MASK78___ in late 1799 , and he and his generals defeated the Coalition . In the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801 , ___MASK78___ held all of its previous gains and obtained new lands in Tuscany , Italy , while ___MASK16___ was granted Venetia and the Dalmatian coast . Britain and ___MASK78___ signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802 , bringing an interval of peace in Europe that lasted for 14 months . By May 1803 Britain and ___MASK78___ were again at war and in 1805 Britain assembled the Third Coalition to resume the war against ___MASK78___ . Romagna ( Romagnol : " Rumâgna ") is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south - eastern portion of present - day Emilia - Romagna . Traditionally , it is limited by the Apennines to the south - west , the Adriatic to the east , and the rivers Reno and Sillaro to the north and west . The region ' s major cities include Cesena , Faenza , Forlì , Imola , Ravenna , Rimini and City of ___MASK93___ ( ___MASK93___ is a landlocked state inside the Romagna historical region ). The region has been recently formally expanded with the transfer of seven comuni ( Casteldelci , Maiolo , Novafeltria , Pennabilli , San Leo , Sant ' Agata Feltria , Talamello ) from the Marche region , which are a small number of comuni where Romagnolo dialect is spoken . Etymology . The name " Romagna " comes from the Latin name " Romània ", which originally was the generic name for " land inhabited by Romans ", and first appeared on Latin documents in the 5th century . It later took on the more detailed meaning of " territory subjected to Eastern Roman rule ", whose citizens called themselves Romans (" Romani " in Latin ; " Romàioi " in Greek ). Thus the term " Romània " came to be used to refer to the territory administered by the Exarchate of Ravenna in contrast to other parts of Northern Italy under Lombard rule , named " Langobardia " or " Lombardy ". " Romània " later became " Romandìola " in Vulgar Latin , meaning " little Romània ", which became " Romagna " in modern times . History . Prehistory . A number of archaeological sites in the region , such as Monte Poggiolo , show that Romagna has been inhabited since the Paleolithic age . The Territory of Louisiana or Louisiana Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the ___MASK73___ that existed from July 4 , 1805 , until June 4 , 1812 , when it was renamed the Missouri Territory . Monte Poggiolo is a hill near Forlì , ___MASK12___ in the Emilia - Romagna area . The hill overlooks the Montone River valley from an elevation of 212 m . The City of ___MASK93___ (" Italian ": Città di ___MASK93___ ), also known simply as ___MASK93___ or locally as Città , is the capital city of the Republic of ___MASK93___ located on the Italian peninsula , near the Adriatic Sea . The city has a population of 4 , 128 . It is on the western slopes of ___MASK93___ ' s highest point , Monte Titano . The Committee of Public Safety  created in April 1793 by the National Convention and then restructured in July 1793  formed the " de facto " executive government in ___MASK78___ during the Reign of Terror ( 1793  94 ), a stage of the French Revolution . The Committee of Public Safety succeeded the previous Committee of General Defence ( established in January 1793 ) and assumed its role of protecting the newly established republic against foreign attacks and internal rebellion . As a wartime measure , the Committee  composed at first of nine , and later of twelve , members  was given broad supervisory powers over military , judicial , and legislative efforts . It was formed as an administrative body to supervise and expedite the work of the executive bodies of the Convention and of the government ministers appointed by the Convention . As the Committee tried to meet the dangers of a coalition of European nations and counter - revolutionary forces within the country , it became more and more powerful . Imola ( Romagnol : " Jômla / Jemula ") is a town and " comune " in the Metropolitan City of Bologna , located on the river Santerno , in the Emilia - Romagna region of ___MASK62___ . The town is traditionally considered the western entrance to the historical region Romagna . The French Revolution was a period of far - reaching social and political upheaval in ___MASK78___ that lasted from 1789 until 1799 , and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire . The Revolution overthrew the monarchy , established a republic , experienced violent periods of political turmoil , and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond . Inspired by liberal and radical ideas , the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history , triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies . Through the Revolutionary Wars , it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the ___MASK55___ . Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history . The Treaty of Tolentino was a peace treaty between Revolutionary ___MASK78___ and the ___MASK1___ , signed on 19 February 1797 and imposing terms of surrender on the Papal side . The signatories for ___MASK78___ were the French Directory ' s Ambassador to the Holy See , François Cacault , and the rising General Napoleon Bonaparte and opposite them four representatives of Pius VI ' s Curia . It was part of the events following the invasion of Italy in the early stages of the French Revolutionary Wars . Having defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Mantua , at the Arcola Bridge and in the Battle of Rivoli , Napoleon had no more enemies in ___MASK62___ and was able to devote himself to the ___MASK1___ . Following nine months of negotiations between ___MASK78___ and the ___MASK1___ , in February 1797 9 , 000 French soldiers invaded the Papal Romagna Region , leaving the Pope no choice but to accept the French terms . ___MASK58___ , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic in Europe . It consists of 26 cantons , and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities . The country is situated in Western - Central Europe , and is bordered by ___MASK12___ to the south , ___MASK78___ to the west , ___MASK4___ to the north , and ___MASK16___ and Liechtenstein to the east . ___MASK58___ is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps , the Swiss Plateau and the Jura , spanning an area of . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are to be found : among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva . ___MASK65___ was an Italic civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC . Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome , it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient ___MASK52___ with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the ___MASK52___ ' s population ) and covering 5 . 0 million square kilometers at its height in AD 117 . ___MASK81___ , officially ___MASK81___ State or the State of ___MASK81___ , is a walled enclave within the city of Rome . With an area of approximately 44 hectares ( 110 acres ), and a population of 842 , it is the smallest State in the ___MASK52___ by both area and population , but formally it is not sovereign , sovereignty being held by the Holy See , the only entity of public international law that has diplomatic relations with almost every country in the ___MASK52___ . The Exarchate of Ravenna or of ___MASK12___ was a center of Byzantine ( East Roman ) power in ___MASK12___ , from 584 to 751 , when the last exarch was put to death by the Lombards . ___MASK93___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK93___ , also known as the Most Serene Republic of ___MASK93___ , is an enclaved microstate surrounded by Italy , situated on the Italian Peninsula on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains . Its size is just over , with a population of 33 , 562 . Its capital is the City of ___MASK93___ and its largest city is Dogana . ___MASK93___ has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe . ___MASK78___ , officially the ___MASK25___ , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of ___MASK78___ extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the ___MASK7___ . Overseas ___MASK78___ include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . ___MASK78___ spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi - presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country ' s largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux . The Mediterranean Sea ( pronounced ) is a sea connected to the ___MASK7___ , surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land : on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia , on the south by North Africa , and on the east by the Levant . The sea is sometimes considered a part of the ___MASK7___ , although it is usually identified as a separate body of water . Forlì ( Romagnol dialect : " Furlè "; Latin : " Forum Livii ") is a " comune " and city in Emilia - Romagna , ___MASK62___ , and is the capital of the province of Forlì - Cesena . It is the central city of Romagna . Rimini ( Romagnol dialect : " Rémin "; Latin : " Ariminum ") is a city of 146 , 606 inhabitants in the Emilia - Romagna region of ___MASK62___ and capital city of the Province of Rimini . It is located on the Adriatic Sea , on the coast between the rivers Marecchia ( the ancient " Ariminus ") and Ausa ( ancient " Aprusa "). It is one of the most famous seaside resorts in Europe , thanks to its sandy beach , over 1 , 000 hotels , and thousands of bars , restaurants and discos . The first bathing establishment opened in 1843 . An art city with ancient Roman and Renaissance monuments , Rimini is the hometown of the famous film director Federico Fellini as well . A curia , plural curiae , is an assembly , council , or court , in which public , official , or religious issues are discussed and decided . In ___MASK65___ , the populace was divided into 30 curiae , which met in order to confirm the election of magistrates , witness the installation of priests , the making of wills , and adoptions . Lesser curiae existed for other purposes . The word " curia " also came to denote the places of assembly , especially the senate . Similar institutions existed in other towns and cities of ___MASK12___ . In medieval times , a king ' s council was often referred to as a " curia ". Today , the most famous curia is the Curia of the Roman Catholic Church which assists the Roman Pontiff in the hierarchical government of the Church . ___MASK62___ is a cultural and geographical region , without any administrative purpose , used to indicate the northern part of the Italian state , also informally referred as " Il Nord ", " Settentrione " or " Alta Italia ". It consists of 8 regions in ___MASK62___ : Aosta Valley , Piedmont , Liguria , Lombardy , Emilia - Romagna , Veneto , Friuli - Venezia Giulia , Trentino - Alto Adige / Südtirol . According to the 2011 census , its population was 27 , 213 , 372 . For statistic purposes , the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica ( ISTAT ) uses the term Northwest Italy and Northeast Italy for identifying two of the five statistical regions in its reporting . These same subdivisions are used to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics ( NUTS ) regions (" NUTS 1 regions ") within the ___MASK5___ , and the Italian constituencies for the European Parliament . Umbria , is a region of historic and modern central ___MASK12___ . It is the only Italian region having neither a coastline nor a border with other countries . It includes the Lake Trasimeno , Marmore ' s Falls , and is crossed by the River Tiber . The regional capital is Perugia . Umbria is known for its landscapes , traditions , history , culinary delights , artistic legacy , and influence on culture . The Directory was a five - member committee which governed ___MASK78___ from 1795 , when it replaced the Committee of Public Safety , until it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 8  9 November 1799 ) and replaced by the Consulate . It gave its name to the final four years of the French Revolution . The ___MASK96___ is a coastal region in western Europe , consisting especially of the Netherlands and Belgium , and the low - lying delta of the Rhine , Meuse , Scheldt , and Ems rivers where much of the land is at or below sea level . This wide area of Western Europe roughly stretches from French Gravelines and Dunkirk at its southwestern point , to the area of Dutch Delfzijl and German Eastern Frisia at its northeastern point , and to Luxembourg and French Thionville in the southeast . The Sillaro ( Latin " Silarus ") is a long Italian stream , whose headwaters are by the village of Piancaldoli ( Firenzuola , province of ___MASK59___ ), in Tuscany . It runs northeast through the city of Castel San Pietro Terme , Province of Bologna in Emilia Romagna . The river runs through a short extension of the province of Ravenna extending into the province of Bologna before re - entering the province of Bologna . It then forms the border between the province of Ferrara and the province of Ravenna for a short distance before entering the province of Ferrara . The river ends as a tributary of the Reno River by the village of San Biagio di Argenta and near where the Idice enters the Reno . Historically its course formed the boundary between Emilia and Romagna . The ___MASK1___ , officially the State of the Church were territories in the Italian Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope , from the 8th century until 1870 . They were among the major states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Italian Peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont - ___MASK47___ . At their zenith , they covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio ( which includes Rome ), Marche , Umbria and Romagna , and portions of Emilia . These holdings were considered to be a manifestation of the temporal power of the pope , as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy . Emilia - Romagna (, Romagnol : " Emélia - Rumâgna ") is an administrative Region of Northeast ___MASK12___ , comprising the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna . Its capital is Bologna . It has an area of , and about 4 . 4 million inhabitants . Marche , or The Marches , is one of the twenty regions of ___MASK12___ . The name of the region derives from the plural name of " marca ", originally referring to the medieval March of Ancona and nearby marches of Camerino and Fermo . The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (" Penisola appenninica ") is the central and the smallest of the three large peninsulas of Southern Europe ( between the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula ). It extends from the Po Valley in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south . The peninsula ' s shape gives it the nickname " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). Three smaller peninsulas contribute to this characteristic shape , namely ___MASK79___ ( the " toe "), Salento ( the " heel ") and Gargano ( the " spur "). ___MASK20___ ( Lombard : " Lombardia ", ) is one of the twenty administrative regions of ___MASK12___ , in the northwest of the country , with an area of 23 , 844 square kilometres ( 9 , 206 sq mi ). About 10 million people , forming one - sixth of ___MASK12___ ' s population , live in ___MASK20___ and about a fifth of ___MASK12___ ' s GDP is produced in the region , making it the most populous and richest region in the country and one of the richest regions in Europe . Milan , ___MASK20___ ' s capital , is the second - largest city and the largest metropolitan area in ___MASK12___ .