instance_of council of constantinople 
Constantius II ( 7 ___MASK73___ 317  3 November 361 ) was Roman Emperor from 337 to 361 . The second son of Constantine I and Fausta , he ascended to the throne with his brothers Constantine II and Constans upon their father ' s death . Constans ( c . 323  350 ) or Constans I was Roman ___MASK55___ from 337 to 350 . He defeated his brother Constantine II in 340 , but anger in the army over his personal life and preference for his barbarian bodyguards led the general Magnentius to rebel , resulting in the assassination of Constans in 350 . The Roman ___MASK91___ ( Koine and Medieval Greek :    , tr . ) was the post - Roman ___MASK22___ period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by ___MASK74___ headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean ___MASK8___ in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around 500 AD , and the ___MASK91___ ' s populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world ' s population at the time ). The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar ' s adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian ' s power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title " Augustus ", effectively marking the end of the Roman ___MASK22___ . Flavia Maxima Fausta ( 289  326 ) was a Roman Empress , daughter of the Roman ___MASK55___ Maximianus . To ___MASK13___ the ___MASK2___ between them for control of the Tetrarchy , in 307 Maximianus married her to Constantine I , who set aside his wife Minervina in her favour . Constantine and Fausta had been betrothed since 293 . In 359 , the Roman ___MASK55___ Constantius II requested a church ___MASK65___ , at Constantinople , of both the eastern and western bishops , to resolve the split at the ___MASK65___ of Seleucia . According to Socrates Scholasticus , only about 50 of the Eastern bishops , and an unspecified number of the western ones , actually attended . Acacius of Caesarea declared that the Son ( Jesus Christ ) was like the Father ( God ) `` according to the scriptures , '' as in the majority decision at Ariminum and close to the minority at Seleucia . Basil of Ancyra , Eustathius of Sebaste , and their party declared that the Son was of similar substance to the Father , as in the majority decision at Seleucia . Maris of Chalcedon , Eudoxius of Antioch , and the deacons Aëtius and Eunomius declared that the Son was of a dissimilar substance from the Father . The Heteroousians defeated the Homoiousians in an initial debate , but Constantius banished Aëtius , after which the ___MASK65___ , including Maris and Eudoxius , agreed to the homoian creed of Ariminum with minor modifications . Wulfila also attended the ___MASK65___ and endorsed the resulting creed . After the ___MASK65___ of Constantinople , the homoian bishop Acacius deposed and banished several homoiousian bishops , including Macedonius I of Constantinople , Basil , Eustathius , Eleusius of Cyzicus , Dracontius of Pergamum , Neonas of Seleucia , Sophronius of Pompeiopolis , Elpidius of Satala and Cyril of Jerusalem . At the same ___MASK45___ , Acacius also deposed and banished the Anomoean deacon Aëtius . The ___MASK65___ of Seleucia was an early ___MASK41___ ___MASK9___ at Seleucia Isauria ( now Silifke , Turkey ). Silifke (" Seleukeia ") is a ___MASK59___ and district in south - central Mersin ___MASK28___ , ___MASK34___ , west of the city of Mersin , on the west end of Çukurova . The Roman ___MASK55___ was the ruler of the Roman ___MASK91___ during the imperial ___MASK46___ ( starting in 27 BC ). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout ___MASK56___ . Often when a given Roman is described as becoming " ___MASK55___ " in English , it reflects his taking of the title " Augustus " or " Caesar ". Another title often used was " imperator ", originally a military honorific . Early Emperors also used the title " princeps " ( first citizen ). Emperors frequently amassed republican titles , notably " Princeps Senatus ", " Consul " and " Pontifex Maximus ". Princeps ( plural : principes ) is a Latin ___MASK35___ meaning " first in ___MASK45___ or order ; the first , foremost , chief , the most eminent , distinguished , or noble ; the first man , first person ." Augustus ( 23 ___MASK10___ 63 BC  19 ___MASK73___ 14 AD ) was the founder of the Roman Principate and considered the first Emperor , controlling the Roman Empire from 27 BC until his death in AD 14 . The Pontifex Maximus ( Latin , literally : " greatest pontiff " or " greatest ___MASK69___ - builder ") was the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (" Collegium Pontificum ") in ancient Rome . This was the most important position in the ancient Roman religion , open only to patricians until 254 BC , when a plebeian first occupied this post . A distinctly religious office under the early Roman Republic , it gradually became politicized until , beginning with Augustus , it was subsumed into the Imperial office . Its last use with ___MASK11___ to the emperors is in inscriptions of Gratian ( reigned 375  383 ) who , however , then decided to omit the words " pontifex maximus " from his title . Although the most influential office within Roman priesthood , the " pontifex maximus " was ranked the fifth in the ranking of the highest Roman priests (" ordo sacerdotum "), behind the " rex sacrorum " and the " flamines maiores " (" Flamen Dialis ", " Flamen Martialis ", " Flamen Quirinalis "). The Latin ___MASK35___ imperator was originally a ___MASK54___ roughly equivalent to " commander " under the Roman ___MASK22___ . Later it became a part of the titulature of the Roman Emperors as part of their cognomen . The English ___MASK35___ " emperor " derives from " imperator " via Old French " Empereür ". The Roman emperors themselves generally based their authority on multiple titles and positions , rather than preferring any ___MASK90___ ___MASK54___ . Nevertheless , " imperator " was used relatively consistently as an element of a Roman ruler ' s ___MASK54___ throughout the principate ( derived from " princeps ," from which " prince " in English is derived ) and the dominate . The princeps senatus ( plural " principes senatus ") was the first ___MASK44___ by precedence of the ___MASK17___ . Although officially out of the " ___MASK32___ honorum " and owning no " imperium ", this office brought enormous prestige to the ___MASK78___ holding it . The ___MASK19___ , also called the ___MASK93___ , are forces authorized to use deadly force , and weapons , to support the interests of the state and some or all of its citizens . The task of the ___MASK19___ is usually defined as defense of the state and its citizens , and the prosecution of war against another state . The ___MASK19___ may also have additional sanctioned and non - sanctioned functions within a ___MASK23___ , including , the ___MASK21___ of a political agenda , protecting corporate economic interests , internal population control , construction , emergency services , social ceremonies , and guarding important areas . The ___MASK19___ can also function as a discrete subculture within a larger civil ___MASK23___ , through the development of separate infrastructures , which may include housing , schools , utilities , food production and banking . A ___MASK9___ historically is a council of a church , usually convened to decide an issue of doctrine , administration or application . In modern usage , the word often refers to the governing body of a particular church , whether its members are meeting or not . It is also sometimes used to refer to a church that is governed by a ___MASK9___ .