languages_spoken_or_written lao she
___MASK62___ , also known as Modern Standard Mandarin or Standard Mandarin , also often referred to as Putonghua , Guoyu or simply Mandarin , is a standard language that is the sole official language of both China and Taiwan , and also one of the four official languages of Singapore . The pronunciation of the standard is based on the Beijing dialect , its vocabulary is drawn from Mandarin dialects , and the grammar is based on literature in the modern written vernacular . Rickshaw Boy or Camel Xiangzi is a novel by the ___MASK75___ author Lao She about the life of a fictional Beijing rickshaw man . It is considered a classic of 20th - century ___MASK75___ literature . Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text , images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper . As a method of printing on cloth , the earliest surviving examples from China date to before 220 AD , and woodblock printing remained the most common East Asian method of printing books and other texts , as well as images , until the 19th century . " Ukiyo - e " is the best known type of ___MASK24___ woodblock art print . Most European uses of the technique for printing images on paper are covered by the art term woodcut , except for the block - books produced mainly in the 15th century . It was a traditional technique used by Mhadav . Pi Sheng ( 990  1051 AD ) was the ___MASK75___ inventor of the world ' s first movable type technology . Pi Sheng ' s system was made of ___MASK75___ porcelain and was invented between 1041 and 1048 during the Song dynasty . The Tang dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . It is generally regarded as a high point in ___MASK75___ civilization , and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture . Its territory , acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers , rivaled that of the Han dynasty , and the Tang capital at Chang ' an ( present - day Xi ' an ) was the most populous city in the world . The Beijing dialect , also known as Pekingese , is the dialect of Mandarin spoken in the urban area of Beijing , China . It is the phonological basis of ___MASK62___ , which is the official language in the People ' s Republic of China and Republic of China and one of the official languages in Singapore . Lu Xun , formerly also romanized Lu Hsün , was the pen name of Zhou Shuren ( 25 September 1881  19 October 1936 ), a leading figure of modern ___MASK75___ literature . Writing in Vernacular ___MASK75___ as well as Classical ___MASK75___ , Lu Xun was a short story writer , editor , translator , literary critic , essayist , and poet . In the 1930s he became the titular head of the League of Left - Wing Writers in Shanghai . Lao She ( ___MASK75___ :  ; February 3 , 1899 -- August 24 , 1966 ) was a noted ___MASK75___ novelist and dramatist . He was one of the most significant figures of 20th - century ___MASK75___ literature , and best known for his novel Rickshaw Boy and the play Teahouse (  ) . He was of Manchu ethnicity , and his works are known especially for their vivid use of the Beijing dialect . The Song dynasty ( 960  1279 ) was an era of ___MASK75___ history that began in 960 and continued until 1279 . It succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period , coincided with the Liao and Western Xia dynasties , and was followed by the Yuan dynasty . It was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first ___MASK75___ government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China  then known as the  for 276 years ( 1368  1644 ) following the collapse of the Mongol - led Yuan dynasty . The Ming , described by some as " one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history ," was the last imperial dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han ___MASK75___ . Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng ( who established the Shun dynasty , soon replaced by the Manchu - led Qing dynasty ), regimes loyal to the Ming throne  collectively called the Southern Ming  survived until 1683 . The history of ___MASK75___ literature extends thousands of years , from the earliest recorded dynastic court archives to the mature vernacular fiction novels that arose during the Ming Dynasty to entertain the masses of literate ___MASK75___ . The introduction of widespread woodblock printing during the Tang Dynasty ( 618  907 ) and the invention of movable type printing by Bi Sheng ( 990  1051 ) during the Song Dynasty ( 960  1279 ) rapidly spread written knowledge throughout China . In more modern times , the author Lu Xun ( 1881  1936 ) is considered the founder of " baihua " literature in China .