main_subject the naked eye 
Direct - to - video or straight - to - video ( also known as direct - to - ___MASK51___ , direct - to - DVD , direct - to - Blu - ray , direct - to - digital , etc .) refers to the release of a film to the public immediately on home video formats rather than a theatrical release or ___MASK35___ broadcast . Because inferior sequels or prequels of larger - budget films may be released direct to video , references to direct - to - video releases are often pejorative . Direct - to - video release has also become profitable for independent filmmakers and smaller companies . Louis Clyde Stoumen ( ___MASK21___ 15 , 1917  September 13 , 1991 ), known as Lou Stoumen , was an American ___MASK74___ , film director and producer . He won two Academy Awards ; the first in 1957 for Best Documentary Short Subject (" The True Story of the Civil ___MASK84___ "), and the second in 1963 for Best Documentary Feature (""). Rollfilm or roll ___MASK24___ is any type of spool - wound photographic ___MASK24___ protected from white light exposure by a paper backing , as opposed to ___MASK24___ which is protected from exposure and wound forward in a cartridge . The term originated in contrast to sheet ___MASK24___ . Confusingly , roll ___MASK24___ was originally often referred to as " cartridge " ___MASK24___ because of its resemblance to a shotgun cartridge . The opaque backing paper allows roll ___MASK24___ to be loaded in daylight . It is typically printed with frame number markings which can be viewed through a small red window at the rear of the camera . A spool of roll ___MASK24___ is usually loaded on one side of the camera and pulled across to an identical take up spool on the other side of the shutter as exposures are made . When the roll is fully exposed , the take up spool is removed for processing and the empty spool on which the ___MASK24___ was originally wound is moved to the other side , becoming the take up spool for the next roll of ___MASK24___ . The metal - based daguerreotype process soon had some competition from the paper - based calotype negative and salt print processes invented by William Henry ___MASK17___ Talbot . Subsequent innovations reduced the required camera exposure ___MASK15___ from minutes to seconds and eventually to a small fraction of a second ; introduced new photographic media which were more economical , sensitive or convenient , including roll films for casual use by amateurs ; and made it possible to take pictures in natural ___MASK6___ as well as in black - and - white . The Naked Eye is a 1956 American documentary ___MASK24___ about the history of ___MASK68___ directed by Louis Clyde Stoumen . It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Calotype or talbotype is an early photographic process introduced in 1841 by William Henry ___MASK17___ Talbot , using paper coated with silver iodide . The term " calotype " comes from the Greek ' ( kalos ), " beautiful ", and ' ( tupos ), " impression ". A documentary ___MASK24___ is a nonfictional motion picture intended to some aspect of ___MASK58___ , primarily for the purposes of instruction , education , or maintaining a historical record . Such films were originally shot on ___MASK24___ stock  the only medium available  but now include video and digital productions that can be either direct - to - video , made into a TV show , or released for screening in cinemas . " Documentary " has been described as a " filmmaking practice , a cinematic tradition , and mode of audience reception " that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries . The ___MASK71___ Story of the Civil ___MASK84___ is a 1956 American short documentary film directed by Louis Clyde Stoumen . It won an Academy Award in 1957 for Documentary Short Subject . The Academy Film Archive preserved " The ___MASK71___ Story of the Civil ___MASK84___ " in 2005 . William Henry ___MASK17___ Talbot ( 11 February 180017 September 1877 ) was a British scientist , inventor and ___MASK68___ pioneer who invented the salted paper and calotype processes , precursors to photographic processes of the later 19th and 20th centuries . His work in the 1840s on photomechanical reproduction led to the creation of the photoglyphic engraving process , the precursor to photogravure . He was the holder of a controversial patent which affected the early development of commercial ___MASK68___ in Britain . He was also a noted ___MASK74___ who contributed to the development of ___MASK68___ as an artistic medium . He published " The Pencil of ___MASK40___ " ( 1844  46 ), which was illustrated with original salted paper prints from his calotype negatives , and made some important early photographs of Oxford , Paris , Reading , and York . The Academy Awards , or " Oscars ", is an annual American awards ceremony hosted by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) to recognize excellence in cinematic achievements in the United States ___MASK56___ as assessed by the Academy ' s voting membership . The various category winners are awarded a copy of a statuette , officially called the Academy Award of Merit , which has become commonly known by its nickname " Oscar ." The awards , first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel , are overseen by AMPAS . ___MASK24___ stock is an analog medium that is used for recording motion pictures or animation . It is a strip or sheet of transparent plastic ___MASK24___ base coated on one side with a gelatin emulsion containing microscopically small light - sensitive silver halide crystals . The sizes and other characteristics of the crystals determine the sensitivity , contrast and resolution of the ___MASK24___ . The emulsion will gradually darken if left exposed to light , but the process is too slow and incomplete to be of any practical use . Instead , a very short exposure to the image formed by a camera lens is used to produce only a very slight chemical change , proportional to the amount of light absorbed by each crystal . This creates an invisible latent image in the emulsion , which can be chemically developed into a visible photograph . In addition to visible light , all films are sensitive to X - rays and high - energy particles . Most are at least slightly sensitive to invisible ultraviolet ( UV ) light . Some special - purpose films are sensitive into the infrared ( IR ) region of the spectrum .