has_part caryophyllene
___MASK26___ ___MASK28___ , sometimes known as a bloom or blossom , is the reproductive structure found in plants that are floral ( plants of the division Magnoliophyta , also called angiosperms ). The biological function of a ___MASK28___ is to effect reproduction , usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs . Flowers may facilitate outcrossing ( fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population ) or allow selfing ( fusion of sperm and egg from the same ___MASK28___ ). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization ( parthenocarpy ). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop . Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals , so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen . After fertilization , the ovary of the ___MASK28___ develops into fruit containing seeds . In general use , herbs are any plants used for food , flavoring , medicine , or fragrances for their savory or aromatic properties . Culinary use typically distinguishes herbs from spices . " Herbs " refer to the leafy green or flowering parts of ___MASK26___ ___MASK12___ ( either fresh or dried ), while " spices " are produced from other parts of the ___MASK12___ ( usually dried ), including seeds , berries , bark , roots and fruits . Terpenes are ___MASK26___ large and diverse class of organic compounds , produced by ___MASK26___ variety of plants , particularly conifers , though also by some insects such as termites or swallowtail butterflies , which emit terpenes from their osmeteria . They often have ___MASK26___ strong ___MASK70___ and may protect the plants that produce them by deterring herbivores and by attracting predators and parasites of herbivores . The difference between terpenes and terpenoids is that terpenes are hydrocarbons , whereas terpenoids contain additional functional groups . Hops are the flowers ( also called seed cones or strobiles ) of the hop ___MASK12___ " Humulus lupulus ." They are used primarily as a flavoring and stability agent in beer , to which they impart bitter , zesty , or citric flavours ; though they are also used for various purposes in other beverages and herbal medicine . The hop ___MASK12___ is a vigorous , climbing , herbaceous perennial , usually trained to grow up strings in a ___MASK3___ called a hopfield , hop garden ( nomenclature in the South of England ), or hop yard ( in the West Country and U . S .) when grown commercially . Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world , with different types being used for particular styles of beer . Recorded ___MASK31___ or written ___MASK31___ is a historical narrative based on a written record or other documented communication . Recorded ___MASK31___ can be contrasted with other narratives of the past , such as mythological , oral or archeological traditions . Isoprene , or 2 - ___MASK45___ - ___MASK71___ , 3 - butadiene , is a common organic compound with the formula CH = ___MASK40___ ( CH )- CH = CH . In its pure form , it is a colorless volatile liquid . Isoprene is produced by many plants , and its polymers are the main component of natural rubber . ___MASK40___ . G . Williams named the compound in 1860 after obtaining it from thermal decomposition ( pyrolysis ) of natural rubber ; he correctly deduced the empirical formula CH . In biology , ___MASK26___ species ( abbreviated sp ., with the plural form species abbreviated spp .) is the basic unit of biological classification and ___MASK26___ taxonomic rank . ___MASK26___ species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring , typically by sexual ___MASK42___ . While this definition is often adequate , looked at more closely it is often problematic . For example , in ___MASK26___ species complex , the boundaries between closely related species become unclear or disappear altogether . Other ways of defining species include similarity of ___MASK90___ , ___MASK10___ , or ecological niche . The presence of locally adaptive traits may further subdivide species into infraspecific taxa such as subspecies . An ___MASK96___ is a concentrated hydrophobic ___MASK29___ containing volatile aroma compounds from plants . Essential oils are also known as volatile oils , ethereal oils , aetherolea , or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted , such as oil of clove . An oil is " essential " in the sense that it contains the " essence of " the plant ' s fragrance  the characteristic fragrance of the plant from which it is derived . The term essential used here does not mean indispensable as with the terms essential amino acid or essential fatty acid which are so called since they are nutritionally required by a given living ___MASK5___ . Caryophyllene / kærioflin / , or (  ) -  - caryophyllene , is ___MASK26___ natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that is ___MASK26___ constituent of many essential oils , especially clove oil , the oil from the stems and flowers of ___MASK63___ ( cloves ) , the ___MASK96___ of hemp Cannabis sativa , rosemary Rosmarinus oficinalis , and hops . It is usually found as ___MASK26___ mixture with isocaryophyllene ( the cis double bond isomer ) and  - humulene ( obsolete name :  - caryophyllene ) , ___MASK26___ ring - opened isomer . Caryophyllene is notable for having ___MASK26___ cyclobutane ring , ___MASK26___ rarity in nature . Caryophyllene is ___MASK2___ of the chemical compounds that contributes to the spiciness of black pepper . Beta - caryophyllene was shown to be selective agonist of cannabinoid receptor type - 2 ( CB2 ) and to exert significant cannabimimetic antiinflammatory effects in mice . Antinociceptive , neuroprotective , anxiolytic and antidepressant and anti - alcoholism activity have been uncovered . Because the widespread ___MASK12___ natural product beta - caryophyllene is an FDA approved food additive and ingested daily with food it is the first dietary cannabinoid . Whether this compound is able to modulate inflammatory processes in humans via the endocannabinoid system is yet unknown . Beta - caryophyllene does not bind to the centrally expressed cannabinoid receptor type - ___MASK71___ ( CB1 ) and therefore does not exert psychotomimetic effects . The first total synthesis of caryophyllene in 1964 by E . J . Corey was considered ___MASK2___ of the classic demonstrations of the possibilities of synthetic organic chemistry at the time . Caryophyllene oxide , in which the olefin of caryophyllene has become an epoxide , is the component responsible for cannabis identification by drug - sniffing dogs and is also an approved food flavoring . Cannabis is ___MASK26___ genus of flowering ___MASK12___ that includes three species ( and seven taxa ) or subspecies , " sativa ", " indica ", and " ruderalis ". The ___MASK12___ is indigenous to central ___MASK19___ and the Indian subcontinent . ___MASK26___ genus ( genera ) is ___MASK26___ taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology . In the hierarchy of biological classification , genus comes above species and below ___MASK44___ . In binomial nomenclature , the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus . ___MASK98___ of clove , also known as clove ___MASK98___ , is an ___MASK96___ extracted from the clove plant , " Syzygium aromaticum ". It has the CAS number 8000 - 34 - 8 . Officinalis , or officinale , is ___MASK26___ Medieval Latin epithet denoting substances or organisms  mainly plants  with uses in medicine and herbalism . It commonly occurs as ___MASK26___ specific epithet - the ___MASK14___ term of ___MASK26___ two - ___MASK86___ botanical name . Officinalis is used to modify masculine and feminine nouns , while officinale is used for neuter nouns . Etymology . The word " officinalis " literally means " of or belonging to an " officina "", the storeroom of ___MASK26___ monastery , where medicines and other necessaries were kept . " Officina " was ___MASK26___ contraction of " opificina ", from " opifex " ( gen . " opificis ") " worker , maker , doer " ( from " opus " " work ") + -" fex ", -" ficis ", " ___MASK2___ who does ," from " facere " " do , perform ". When Linnaeus invented the binomial system of nomenclature , he gave the specific name " officinalis ", in the 1735 ( 1st Edition ) of his Systema Naturae , to plants ( and sometimes animals ) with an established medicinal , culinary , or other use . Beer is the world ' ___MASK37___ oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drink ; it is the third most popular drink overall , after ___MASK58___ and ___MASK9___ . The production of beer is called brewing , which involves the fermentation of starches , mainly derived from cereal grains  most commonly malted barley , although wheat , maize ( corn ), and rice are widely used . Most beer is flavoured with hops , which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative , though other flavourings such as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included . The fermentation process causes a natural carbonation effect , although this is often removed during processing , and replaced with forced carbonation . Some of humanity ' ___MASK37___ earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer : the Code of Hammurabi included laws regulating beer and beer parlours , and " The Hymn to Ninkasi ", a prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer , served as both a prayer and as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people . An aroma - compound , also known as an odorant , aroma , fragrance , or flavor , is ___MASK26___ ___MASK99___ that has ___MASK26___ ___MASK75___ or ___MASK70___ . A chemical - compound has ___MASK26___ ___MASK75___ or ___MASK70___ when it is sufficiently volatile to be transported to the olfactory ___MASK66___ in the upper - part of the nose . In organic ___MASK87___ , the cycloalkanes ( also called naphthenes , but distinct from naphthalene ) are the monocyclic saturated hydrocarbons . In other words , a cycloalkane consists only of hydrogen and ___MASK53___ atoms arranged in a structure containing a single ring ( possibly with side chains ), and all of the ___MASK53___ - ___MASK53___ bonds are single . Cycloalkanes are named analogously to their normal alkane counterparts of the same ___MASK53___ count : cyclopropane , cyclobutane , cyclopentane , cyclohexane , etc . The larger cycloalkanes , with more than 20 ___MASK53___ atoms are typically called " cycloparaffins ". In botany , an ___MASK52___ is a plant that has leaves throughout the year , always green . This contrasts with deciduous plants , which completely lose their foliage during the winter or dry season . There are many different kinds of ___MASK52___ plants , both trees and shrubs . Evergreens include : An essential amino acid , or indispensable amino acid , is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized " de novo " ( from scratch ) by the ___MASK5___ , and thus must be supplied in its diet . The nine amino acids humans cannot synthesize are phenylalanine , valine , threonine , tryptophan , methionine , leucine , isoleucine , lysine , and histidine ( i . e ., F V T W ___MASK50___ L I K ___MASK81___ ). Liquified ___MASK93___ ( sometimes referred to as ___MASK29___ ___MASK93___ ) is a ___MASK93___ that has been turned into a ___MASK29___ by cooling or compressing it . Examples of liquified gases include ___MASK29___ air , liquefied natural ___MASK93___ , and liquefied petroleum ___MASK93___ . In biological classification , subspecies ( abbreviated " subsp ." or " ssp ."; " plural ": " subspecies ") is either ___MASK26___ taxonomic rank subordinate to species , or ___MASK26___ taxonomic unit in that rank . ___MASK26___ subspecies cannot be recognized independently : ___MASK26___ species will either be recognized as having no subspecies at all or at least two ( including any that are extinct ). The Indian subcontinent or the subcontinent , also called Indian continent , is ___MASK26___ southern region of ___MASK19___ , mostly situated on the Indian Plate and projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas . Geologically , the Indian subcontinent is related to the land mass that rifted from Gondwana and merged with the Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago . Geographically , it is the peninsular region in south - central ___MASK19___ delineated by the Himalayas in the north , the Hindu Kush in the west , and the Arakanese in the east . Politically , the Indian subcontinent usually includes Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan and Sri Lanka . The flowering plants ( angiosperms ), also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta , are the most diverse ___MASK24___ of land plants , with 416 families , approx . 13 , 164 known genera and ___MASK26___ total of ___MASK40___ . 295 , 383 known species . Like gymnosperms , angiosperms are seed - producing plants ; they are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers , endosperm within the seeds , and the production of fruits that contain the seeds . Etymologically , angiosperm means ___MASK26___ plant that produces seeds within an enclosure , in other words , ___MASK26___ fruiting plant . The term " angiosperm " comes from the Greek composite word (" angeion ", " case " or " casing ", and " sperma ", " seed ") meaning " enclosed seeds ", after the enclosed condition of the seeds . Cyclobutane is ___MASK26___ cycloalkane and organic compound with the formula ( CH ). Cyclobutane is ___MASK26___ colourless ___MASK93___ and commercially available as ___MASK26___ liquefied ___MASK93___ . Derivatives of cyclobutane are called cyclobutanes . Cyclobutane itself is of no commercial or biological significance , but more complex derivatives are important in biology and biotechnology . Cannabaceae is ___MASK26___ small ___MASK44___ of flowering plants . As now circumscribed , the ___MASK44___ includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera , including " Cannabis " ( hemp , marijuana ), " Humulus " ( hops ) and " Celtis " ( hackberries ). " Celtis " is by far the largest genus , containing about 100 species . Sesquiterpenes are ___MASK26___ class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and have the Molecular formula CH . Like monoterpenes , sesquiterpenes may be acyclic or contain rings , including many unique combinations . Biochemical modifications such as oxidation or rearrangement produce the related sesquiterpenoids . Cannabis sativa is an annual ___MASK6___ in the " Cannabis " genus , a species of the Cannabaceae ___MASK44___ . People have cultivated " Cannabis sativa " throughout recorded ___MASK31___ as a source of industrial fibre , seed oil , food , recreation , religious and spiritual moods , and medicine . Each part of the plant is harvested differently , depending on the purpose of its use . The species was first classified by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 . Central ___MASK19___ or Middle ___MASK19___ is the core region of the Asian continent and stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north . It is also colloquially referred to as " the ' stans " ( as the six countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix "- stan ", meaning " land of ") and is within the scope of the wider Eurasian continent . Rosmarinus officinalis , commonly known as ___MASK49___ , is ___MASK26___ woody , perennial ___MASK64___ with fragrant , ___MASK52___ , needle - like leaves and white , pink , purple , or blue flowers , native to the Mediterranean region . Essential fatty acids , or EFAs , are fatty acids that humans and other animals ___MASK95___ ingest because the body requires them for good health but cannot synthesize them . An ___MASK98___ is any neutral , nonpolar ___MASK74___ that is ___MASK26___ viscous ___MASK29___ at ambient temperatures and is both hydrophobic ( immiscible with ___MASK58___ , literally " ___MASK58___ fearing ") and lipophilic ( miscible with other oils , literally " ___MASK35___ loving "). Oils have ___MASK26___ high ___MASK53___ and hydrogen content and are usually flammable and surface active . Humulus lupulus ( common hop or hop ) is ___MASK26___ species of flowering ___MASK12___ in the Cannabaceae ___MASK44___ , native to Europe , western ___MASK19___ and North America . It is ___MASK26___ dioecious , perennial , herbaceous climbing ___MASK12___ which sends up new shoots in early spring and dies back to ___MASK26___ cold - hardy rhizome in autumn . Strictly speaking it is ___MASK26___ bine rather than ___MASK26___ vine , using its own shoots to act as supports for new growth . Carl Linnaeus ( 23 May 1707  10 January 1778 ), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné , was ___MASK26___ Swedish botanist , physician , and zoologist , who formalised the modern ___MASK66___ of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature . He is known by the epithet " father of modern taxonomy ". Many of his writings were in Latin , and his name is rendered in Latin as ( after 1761 Carolus ___MASK26___ Linné ). An organic compound is virtually any ___MASK99___ that contains ___MASK53___ , although a consensus definition remains elusive and likely arbitrary . Organic compounds are rare terrestrially , but of central importance because all known life is based on organic compounds . The most basic petrochemicals are considered the building blocks of organic chemistry . The West Country is ___MASK26___ loosely defined area of south western ___MASK8___ , often regarded as encompassing the historic counties of Cornwall , Devon , Dorset , Somerset , and the City and County of Bristol , while the counties of Gloucestershire and Wiltshire , and the Isles of Scilly , are also often included . Some usages of the term include wider areas , while others are more specific , though with little consistency of definition .