educated_at guillermo calvo
___MASK91___ ( officially ___MASK91___ in the City of New York ) is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan , New York City . It was established in 1754 as King ' s College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain . Columbia is the oldest college in the state of New York and the fifth chartered institution of higher ___MASK87___ in the country , making it one of nine colonial colleges founded before the Declaration of Independence . After the American Revolutionary War , King ' s College briefly became a state entity , and was renamed ___MASK48___ in 1784 . A 1787 charter placed the institution under a private board of trustees before it was renamed ___MASK91___ in 1896 when the campus was moved from Madison Avenue to its current location in Morningside Heights occupying of land . Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities , and was the first school in the United States to grant the M . D . degree . A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent , granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate . They were , and are still , used to establish significant organisations such as cities ( with municipal charters ) or universities and learned societies . Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment , as they have perpetual effect . Typically , a Royal Charter is produced as a high - quality work of calligraphy on vellum . The British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters . Of these about 750 remain in existence . The earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066 , making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland , followed by the ___MASK56___ in 1231 . Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown , a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity , on 7 April 2011 . The City of ___MASK66___ , often called ___MASK66___ City or simply ___MASK66___ , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2015 population of 8 , 550 , 405 distributed over a land area of just , ___MASK66___ City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the state of ___MASK66___ , the city is the center of the ___MASK66___ metropolitan area , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . A global power city , ___MASK66___ City exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , its fast pace defining the term " ___MASK66___ minute ". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , ___MASK66___ is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world . Economics (, ) is a social science concerned with the factors that determine the production , distribution , and consumption of goods and services . The term " economics " comes from the Ancient Greek from (', pronounced " eekos ", " house ") and (', " custom " or " ___MASK61___ "), hence " rules of the house ( hold for good management )". ' Political economy ' was the earlier name for the subject , but economists in the late 19th century suggested " economics " as a shorter term for " economic science " to establish itself as a separate discipline outside of political science and other social sciences . Upper Manhattan denotes the most northern region of the ___MASK66___ City Borough of Manhattan . Its southern boundary has been variously defined , but 96th Street , the northern boundary of Central Park at 110th Street , 125th Street or 155th Street are some common usages . An economist is a practitioner in the social science discipline of economics . Higher ___MASK87___ is a 1995 American drama film written and directed by John Singleton , and starring an ensemble cast . The film follows the changing lives of three incoming freshmen at the fictional Columbus University : Malik Williams ( Omar Epps ), a black track star who struggles with academics ; Kristen Connor ( Kristy Swanson ), a shy and naive girl ; and Remy ( Michael Rapaport ), a lonely and confused man seemingly out of place in his new environment . The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States . The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context . The eight institutions are ___MASK33___ , ___MASK91___ , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , ___MASK39___ , the ___MASK80___ , Princeton University , and ___MASK95___ . The term " Ivy League " has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . Guillermo Antonio Calvo ( born 1941 ) is an Argentine - American economist who is Director of ___MASK91___ ' s mid - career Program in Economic Policy Management in their School of International and Public Affairs ( SIPA ) . He published significant research in macroeconomics , especially monetary economics and the economics of emerging markets and transition economies . Madison Avenue is a north - south avenue in the borough of Manhattan in ___MASK66___ City , United States , that carries northbound one - way traffic . It runs from Madison Square ( at 23rd Street ) to meet the southbound Harlem River Drive at 142nd Street . In doing so , it passes through Midtown , the Upper East Side ( including Carnegie Hill ), East Harlem , and Harlem . It is named after and arises from Madison Square , which is itself named after James Madison , the fourth President of the United States .