located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity royal armouries
Tower ___MASK73___ is an elevated spot ___MASK42___ of the Tower of London , in the ___MASK16___ in the East End of London , just outside the City of London boundary . Military vehicles are commonly armoured ( or armored , see spelling differences ) to withstand the impact ___MASK4___ shrapnel , bullets , missiles , or shells , protecting the personnel inside from enemy fire . Such vehicles include armoured fighting vehicles like tanks , aircraft and ships . Art is a diverse range ___MASK4___ human activities in creating visual , auditory or performing artifacts ( artworks ), expressing the author ' s imaginative or technical skill , intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power . In their ___MASK48___ general form these activities include the production ___MASK4___ works ___MASK4___ art , the criticism ___MASK4___ art , the study ___MASK4___ the history ___MASK4___ art , and the aesthetic dissemination ___MASK4___ art . ___MASK95___ ___MASK55___ is the innermost part of ___MASK55___ , ___MASK23___ . There is no official definition of its area but its characteristics are understood to include a high density built environment , high land values , an elevated daytime population and a concentration of regionally , nationally and internationally significant organisations and facilities . Over ___MASK96___ a number of definitions have been used to define the scope of central ___MASK55___ for statistics , urban planning and local government . Fortifications are military constructions or buildings designed for the defense ___MASK4___ territories in warfare , and also used to solidify rule in a region during peace ___MASK96___ . Humans have constructed defensive works for many thousands ___MASK4___ years , in a variety ___MASK4___ increasingly complex designs . The term is derived from the Latin " fortis " (" strong ") and " facere " (" to make "). ___MASK43___ , also described as the Republic ___MASK4___ ___MASK43___ ('), is a sovereign state in north - western ___MASK61___ occupying about five - sixths ___MASK4___ the island ___MASK4___ ___MASK43___ . The capital and largest city is ___MASK10___ , which is located on the eastern part ___MASK4___ the island , and whose metropolitan area is home to around a third ___MASK4___ the country ' s 4 . 75 million inhabitants . The state shares its only land border with Northern ___MASK43___ , a part ___MASK4___ the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , Saint George ' s Channel to the south - ___MASK100___ , and the Irish Sea to the ___MASK100___ . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the ', consists ___MASK4___ a lower house , ', an upper house , ', and an elected President (') who serves as the largely ceremonial head ___MASK4___ state , but with some important powers and duties . The head ___MASK4___ government is the ' ( Prime Minister , literally ' Chief ', a title not used in English ), who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President , and appoints other government ministers . A siege engine is a device that is designed to break or circumvent city walls and other fortifications in siege warfare . Some have been operated close to the fortifications , while others have been used to attack from a distance . From antiquity , siege engines were constructed largely ___MASK4___ wood and tended to use mechanical advantage to fling stones and similar missiles . With the development ___MASK4___ gunpowder and improved metallurgical techniques , siege engines became artillery . Collectively , siege engines or artillery together with the necessary troops and transport vehicles to conduct a siege are referred to as a siege - train . A museum is an institution that cares for ( conserves ) a collection ___MASK4___ artifacts and other objects ___MASK4___ artistic , cultural , historical , or scientific importance and some public museums make them available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary . ___MASK48___ large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities , towns and even the countryside . Museums have varying aims , ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public . The goal ___MASK4___ serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public . The Tower ___MASK4___ ___MASK55___ , officially Her Majesty ' s Royal Palace and Fortress ___MASK4___ the Tower ___MASK4___ ___MASK55___ , is a historic castle located on the north bank ___MASK4___ the River Thames in central ___MASK55___ . It lies within the ___MASK16___ , separated from the eastern edge ___MASK4___ the square mile ___MASK4___ the City ___MASK4___ ___MASK55___ by the open space known as Tower Hill . It was founded towards the end ___MASK4___ 1066 as part ___MASK4___ the Norman Conquest ___MASK4___ England . The White Tower , which gives the entire castle its name , was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 , and was a resented symbol ___MASK4___ oppression , inflicted upon ___MASK55___ by the new ruling elite . The castle was used as a prison from 1100 ( Ranulf Flambard ) until 1952 ( Kray twins ), although that was not its primary purpose . A grand palace early in its history , it served as a royal residence . As a whole , the Tower is a complex ___MASK4___ several buildings set within two concentric rings ___MASK4___ defensive walls and a moat . There were several phases ___MASK4___ expansion , mainly under Kings Richard the Lionheart , Henry III , and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries . The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site . An armoured fighting vehicle ( AFV ) is a ___MASK70___ vehicle , protected by strong armour and generally armed with weapons , which combines operational mobility , tactical offensive , and defensive capabilities . AFVs can be wheeled or tracked . It is not uncommon for AFVs to be simply referred to as " armour ". Infantry is the general branch ___MASK4___ an army that engages in military combat on foot . As the troops who engage with the enemy in close - ranged combat , infantry units bear the largest brunt ___MASK4___ warfare and typically suffer the greatest number ___MASK4___ casualties during a military campaign . Historically , as the oldest branch ___MASK4___ the combat arms , the infantry are the tip ___MASK4___ the spear ___MASK4___ a modern army , and continually undergo training that is typically more physically demanding and psychologically stressful than that ___MASK4___ any other branch ___MASK4___ the combat arms . Common representations ___MASK4___ infantry fighting forces include the U . S . Army Infantry Branch , U . S . Marine Corps Infantry , Royal Canadian Infantry Corps , Infantry ___MASK4___ the British Army , and the Royal Australian Corps ___MASK4___ Infantry . The ___MASK91___ is the second largest of the world ' s oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth ' s surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area . It separates the " Old World " from the " New World ". Artillery is a class ___MASK4___ large military weapons built to fire munitions far beyond the range and power ___MASK4___ infantry ' s small arms . Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach fortifications , and led to heavy , fairly immobile siege engines . As technology improved , lighter , more ___MASK52___ field artillery developed for battlefield use . This development continues today ; modern self - propelled artillery vehicles are highly ___MASK52___ weapons ___MASK4___ great versatility providing the largest share ___MASK4___ an army ' s total firepower . Field artillery is a category ___MASK4___ ___MASK52___ artillery used to support armies in the field . These weapons are specialized for mobility , tactical proficiency , long range , short range and extremely long range target engagement . The ___MASK87___ Thames is a ___MASK87___ that flows through southern ___MASK23___ . At , it is the longest ___MASK87___ entirely in ___MASK23___ and the second longest in the United Kingdom , after the ___MASK87___ Severn . It also flows through Oxford ( where it is called Isis ), ___MASK57___ , Henley - on - Thames and ___MASK36___ . The lower reaches of the ___MASK87___ are called the Tideway , derived from its long tidal reach up to Teddington Lock . It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire , and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary . The Thames drains the whole of Greater London . The City ___MASK4___ ___MASK55___ is a city and county within ___MASK55___ . It constituted ___MASK48___ ___MASK4___ ___MASK55___ from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages , but the agglomeration has since grown far beyond the City ' s borders . The City is now only a tiny part ___MASK4___ the metropolis ___MASK4___ ___MASK55___ , though it remains a notable part ___MASK4___ central ___MASK55___ . Administratively , it forms one ___MASK4___ the 33 local authority districts ___MASK4___ ___MASK71___ ; however , the City ___MASK4___ ___MASK55___ is not a ___MASK55___ borough , a status reserved for the other 32 districts ( including ___MASK55___ ' s only other city , the City ___MASK4___ Westminster ). William I ( Old ___MASK75___ : " Williame I " c . 1028  9 September 1087 ), usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard , was the first ___MASK75___ ___MASK76___ of England , reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087 . A descendant of Rollo , he was Duke of ___MASK86___ ( as Duke William II ) from 1035 onward . After a long struggle to establish his power , by 1060 his hold on ___MASK86___ was secure , and he launched the ___MASK75___ conquest of England six years later . The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental lands and by difficulties with his eldest son . A projectile is any object thrown into space ( empty or not ) by the exertion ___MASK4___ a force . Although any object in motion through space ( for example a thrown baseball ) may be called a projectile , the term more commonly refers to a ranged weapon . Mathematical equations ___MASK4___ motion are used to analyze projectile trajectory . ___MASK61___ is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia . ___MASK61___ is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the ___MASK63___ , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . To the ___MASK100___ and southeast , ___MASK61___ is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas , and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Yet the non - oceanic borders of ___MASK61___  a concept dating back to classical antiquity  are arbitrary . The primarily physiographic term " continent " as applied to ___MASK61___ also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent ' s current overland boundaries . Great Britain , also known as Britain , is a large island in the ___MASK47___ ___MASK91___ off the ___MASK42___ coast of continental Europe . With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth - largest in the world . In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people , making it the world ' s third - most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan . The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it , and together these islands , along with over 1 , 000 smaller surrounding islands , comprise the British Isles archipelago . A weapon , arm , or armament is any device used with intent to inflict damage or harm to living beings , structures , or systems . Weapons are used to increase the efficacy and efficiency ___MASK4___ activities such as hunting , crime , law enforcement , self - defense , and warfare . In a broader context , weapons may be construed to include anything used to gain a strategic , material or mental advantage over an adversary . In international arms control , small arms include revolvers and pistols , rifles and carbines , assault rifles , submachine guns and light machine guns . Together with light weapons ( heavy machine guns ; hand - held grenade launchers ; portable anti - aircraft and anti - tank guns ; recoilless rifles ; portable launchers ___MASK4___ anti - aircraft and anti - tank missile systems ; and mortars ___MASK4___ calibres ___MASK4___ less than 100 mm ), they comprise the Small Arms and Light Weapons ( SALW ) protocol . Ranulf Flambard ( sometimes Ralph Flambard , Ranulph Flambard , or Ranulf Passiflamme ; c . 1060  5 September 1128 ) was a medieval ___MASK75___ Bishop ___MASK4___ ___MASK46___ and an influential government minister ___MASK4___ King William Rufus ___MASK4___ England . Ranulf was the son ___MASK4___ a priest ___MASK4___ Bayeux , ___MASK86___ , and his nickname Flambard means incendiary or torch - bearer , and may have referred to his personality . He started his career under King William I ___MASK4___ England , probably in the compilation ___MASK4___ the Domesday Book , as well as being the keeper ___MASK4___ the king ' s seal . On the death ___MASK4___ William I , Ranulf chose to serve the new king ___MASK4___ England , William Rufus . The ___MASK75___ conquest ___MASK4___ ___MASK23___ was the 11th - century invasion and occupation ___MASK4___ ___MASK23___ by an army ___MASK4___ ___MASK75___ , Breton , and French soldiers led by Duke William II ___MASK4___ ___MASK86___ , later styled as William the Conqueror . The United ___MASK72___ and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north - western coast of the European ___MASK19___ , it includes the island of Great Britain ( the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country ), the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland . Apart from this land border , the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its ___MASK67___ and the Celtic Sea to its ___MASK67___ - ___MASK67___ - west , giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of , the UK is the 78th - largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe . It is also the 21st - most populous country , with an estimated 65 . 1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the ___MASK99___ . Twin brothers Ronald " Ronnie " Kray ( 24 October 193317 March 1995 ) and Reginald " Reggie " Kray ( 24 October 19331 October 2000 ) were English gangsters who were the foremost perpetrators ___MASK4___ organised crime in the ___MASK100___ End ___MASK4___ ___MASK55___ during the 1950s and 1960s . With their gang , the Firm , the Krays were involved in armed robberies , arson , protection rackets , assaults and the murders ___MASK4___ Jack " the Hat " McVitie and George Cornell . The Celtic Sea (; ) is the area ___MASK4___ the ___MASK91___ off the south coast ___MASK4___ Ireland bounded to the ___MASK100___ by Saint George ' s Channel ; other limits include the ___MASK90___ Channel , the English Channel , and the Bay ___MASK4___ Biscay , as well as adjacent portions ___MASK4___ Wales , Cornwall , ___MASK49___ , and Brittany . The southern and western boundaries are delimited by the continental shelf , which drops away sharply . The Isles ___MASK4___ Scilly are an archipelago ___MASK4___ small islands in the sea . An armour ( spelled armor in the US ) is a protective covering that is used to prevent damage from being inflicted to an object , individual , or vehicle by direct contact weapons or projectiles , usually during ___MASK70___ , or from damage caused by a potentially dangerous environment or action ( e . g ., cycling , construction sites , etc .). Personal armour is used to protect soldiers and war animals . Vehicle armour is used on warships and armoured fighting vehicles . ___MASK50___ (; Ulster Scots : "") is a top - level constituent unit ___MASK4___ the United Kingdom in the northeast ___MASK4___ Ireland . It is variously described as a country , province , region , or " part " ___MASK4___ the United Kingdom , amongst other terms . ___MASK50___ shares a border to the south and ___MASK63___ with the Republic ___MASK4___ Ireland . In 2011 , its population was 1 , 810 , 863 , constituting about 30 % ___MASK4___ the island ' s total population and about 3 % ___MASK4___ the UK ' s population . Established by the ___MASK50___ Act 1998 as part ___MASK4___ the Good Friday Agreement , the ___MASK50___ Assembly holds responsibility for a range ___MASK4___ devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . ___MASK50___ co - operates with the Republic ___MASK4___ Ireland in some areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to " put forward views and proposals " with " determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments ". The Royal Armouries is the ___MASK80___ ' s National Museum ___MASK4___ Arms and Armour . It is the ___MASK80___ ' s oldest museum , and one ___MASK4___ the oldest museums in the world . It is also one ___MASK4___ the largest collections ___MASK4___ arms and armour in the world , comprising the UK ' s National Collection ___MASK4___ Arms and Armour , National Artillery Collection , and National Firearms Collection . Its historic base is in the Tower ___MASK4___ ___MASK55___ , but today the collection is split across three sites : From 2004 -- 15 , a limited selection ___MASK4___ items was also on display in Louisville , Kentucky , in the United States , in cooperation with the Frazier History Museum . A castle ( from ) is a type ___MASK4___ fortified structure built in ___MASK61___ and the Middle ___MASK100___ during the Middle Ages by nobility . Scholars debate the scope ___MASK4___ the word " castle ", but usually consider it to be the private fortified residence ___MASK4___ a lord or noble . This is distinct from a palace , which is not fortified ; from a fortress , which was not always a residence for nobility ; and from a fortified settlement , which was a public defence  though there are many similarities among these types ___MASK4___ construction . Usage ___MASK4___ the term has varied over ___MASK96___ and has been applied to structures as diverse as hill forts and country houses . Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built , they took on a great many forms with many different features , although some , such as curtain walls and arrowslits , were commonplace . The Irish Sea (, , , ___MASK31___ - Scots : " Airish Sea "), separates the islands ___MASK4___ Ireland and Great Britain . It is connected to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George ' s Channel , and to the Inner Seas off the ___MASK63___ Coast ___MASK4___ ___MASK66___ in the north by the North Channel . Anglesey is the largest island within the Irish Sea , followed by the Isle ___MASK4___ Man . The sea is occasionally , but rarely , referred to as the Manx Sea . A warship is a ___MASK8___ ship that is built and primarily intended for ___MASK8___ warfare . Usually they belong to the armed forces ___MASK4___ a state . As well as being armed , warships are designed to withstand damage and are usually faster and more maneuverable than merchant ships . Unlike a merchant ship , which carries cargo , a warship typically carries only weapons , ammunition and supplies for its crew . Warships usually belong to a navy , though they have also been operated by individuals , cooperatives and corporations . ___MASK43___ ( Ulster - Scots : ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its ___MASK100___ by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George ' s Channel . ___MASK43___ is the second - largest island of the ___MASK2___ , the third - largest in Europe , and the twentieth - largest on Earth . The English Channel (" the Sleeve " [ hence ] " Sea ___MASK4___ Brittany " " British Sea "), also called simply the Channel , is the body ___MASK4___ water that separates southern ___MASK23___ from northern France , and joins the southern part ___MASK4___ the North Sea to the rest ___MASK4___ the Atlantic Ocean . The ___MASK16___ is a London borough to the east of the City of London and north of the River Thames . It is in the eastern part of London and covers much of the traditional East End . It also includes much of the redeveloped Docklands region of London , including West India Docks and Canary Wharf . Many of the tallest buildings in London occupy the centre of the Isle of Dogs in the south of the borough . A part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park is in Tower Hamlets . The borough has a population of 272 , 890 , which includes one of the highest ethnic minority populations in the country and has an established British Bangladeshi business and residential community . Brick Lane ' s restaurants , neighbouring street market and shops provide the largest range of Bengali cuisine , woodwork , carpets and clothes in Europe . The local authority is Tower Hamlets London Borough Council . Self - propelled artillery ( also called ___MASK52___ artillery or locomotive artillery ) is artillery equipped with its own propulsion system to move towards its target . Within the term are covered self - propelled guns ( or howitzers ) and rocket artillery . They are high mobility vehicles , usually based on continuous tracks carrying either a large howitzer , field gun , a mortar or some form of rocket or missile launcher . They are usually used for long - range indirect bombardment support on the battlefield . The ___MASK72___ , officially Great Britain , was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800 . The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706 , ratified by the Acts of Union 1707 , which united the kingdoms of ___MASK23___ and ___MASK66___ to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands . It did not include Ireland , which remained a separate realm . The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster . The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI , King of Scots , became King of ___MASK23___ and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I , bringing about a " Union of the Crowns ". Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714 , the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover . The ___MASK47___ Sea is a marginal sea ___MASK4___ the ___MASK91___ located between Great Britain , Scandinavia , ___MASK84___ , the Netherlands , Belgium , and France . An epeiric ( or " shelf ") sea on the European continental shelf , it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north . It is more than long and wide , with an area ___MASK4___ around . A siege is a military blockade ___MASK4___ a city or fortress with the intent ___MASK4___ conquering by attrition or assault . This derives from " sedere ", Latin for " to sit ". Siege warfare is a form ___MASK4___ constant , low - intensity conflict characterized by one party holding a strong , static defensive position . Consequently , an opportunity for negotiation between combatants is not uncommon , as proximity and fluctuating advantage can encourage diplomacy . The ___MASK99___ ( EU ) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe . It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million . The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states . EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people , goods , services , and capital within the internal market , enact legislation in justice and home affairs , and maintain common policies on trade , agriculture , fisheries , and regional development . Within the Schengen Area , passport controls have been abolished . A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002 , and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency . A moat is a deep , broad ditch , either dry or filled with water , that surrounds a castle , fortification , building or town , historically to provide it with a preliminary line ___MASK4___ defence . In some places moats evolved into more extensive water defences , including natural or artificial ___MASK79___ , dams and sluices . In older fortifications , such as hillforts , they are usually referred to simply as ditches , although the function is similar . In later periods , moats or water defences may be largely ornamental . They could also act as sewerage .