inception hutterite
Buddhism ( or ) is a religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha . Buddhism originated in India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE , from where it spread through much of Asia , whereafter it declined in India during the middle ages . Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : Theravada ( Pali : " The School of the Elders ") and Mahayana ( Sanskrit : " The Great Vehicle "). Buddhism is the world ' s fourth - largest religion , with over ___MASK5___ million followers or 7 % of the global population , known as Buddhists . The Amish ( Pennsylvania Dutch : " Amisch ") are a group of traditionalist Christian church fellowships with Swiss Anabaptist origins . They are closely related to , but distinct from , Mennonite churches . The Amish are known for simple living , plain dress , and reluctance to adopt many conveniences of modern technology . The history of the Amish church began with a schism in Switzerland within a group of Swiss and Alsatian Anabaptists in ___MASK49___ led by Jakob Ammann . Those who followed Ammann became known as Amish . Jakob Ammann ( also Jacob Amman , Amann ) ( ___MASK8___ February ___MASK60___  between 1712 and 1730 ) was an Anabaptist leader and namesake of the Amish religious movement . Pacifism is opposition to war , militarism , or violence . The word " pacifism " was coined by the French peace campaigner Émile Arnaud ( ___MASK38___  1921 ) and adopted by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress in Glasgow in ___MASK10___ . A related term is " ahimsa " ( to do no harm ), which is a core philosophy in Buddhism , Jainism , and Hinduism . While modern connotations are recent , having been explicated since the 19th century , ancient references abound . Hinduism is a religion , or a way of life , found most notably in India and Nepal . Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world , and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as "", " the eternal law ," or the " eternal way ," beyond human origins . Scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions , with diverse roots and no founder . This " Hindu synthesis " started to develop between ___MASK5___ BCE and 300 CE following the Vedic period ( 1500 BCE to ___MASK5___ BCE ). Andreas Rudolph Bodenstein von Karlstadt ( 148624 December ___MASK18___ ), better known as Andreas Karlstadt or Andreas Carlstadt or Karolostadt , was a German Christian theologian during the Protestant Reformation . He was born in Karlstadt , Franconia . The Catholic Church , also known as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with more than ___MASK61___ . 27 billion members worldwide . As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world , it has played a prominent role in the history of Western civilisation . Headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope , its doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments . Hutterites ( German : Hutterer ) are an ethno - religious group that is a communal branch of Anabaptists who , like the Amish and Mennonites , trace their roots to the Radical Reformation of the 16th century . Since the death of their namesake Jakob Hutter in ___MASK6___ , the beliefs of the Hutterites , especially living in a community of goods and absolute pacifism , have resulted in hundreds of years of diaspora in many countries . Nearly extinct by the 18th and 19th centuries , the Hutterites found a new home in North America . Over ___MASK33___ years their population grew from 400 to around 42 , 000 . Today , most Hutterites live in Western Canada and the upper Great Plains of the U . S . The Mennonites are Christian groups belonging to the church communities of Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons ( ___MASK44___  ___MASK97___ ) of Friesland ( which today is a province of the Netherlands ). Through his writings , Simons articulated and formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders . The early teachings of the Mennonites were founded on the belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus , which the original Anabaptist followers held to with great conviction despite persecution by the various Roman Catholic and Protestant states . Rather than fight , the majority of these followers survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their radical belief in believer ' s baptism . Over the years , Mennonites have become known as one of the historic peace churches because of their commitment to pacifism . Thomas Müntzer ( December ___MASK4___  27 May ___MASK95___ ) was a radical German preacher and theologian of the early Reformation whose opposition to both Luther and the Roman Catholic Church led to his open defiance of late - feudal authority in central Germany . Müntzer was foremost amongst those reformers who took issue with Luther  s compromises with feudal authority . He became a leader of the German peasant and plebeian uprising of ___MASK95___ , was captured after the battle of Frankenhausen , and was tortured and executed . Violence is defined by the World Health Organization as " the intentional use of physical force or power , threatened or actual , against oneself , another person , or against a group or community , which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury , death , psychological harm , maldevelopment , or deprivation ", although the group acknowledges that the inclusion of " the use of power " in its definition expands on the conventional understanding of the word . This definition involves intentionality with the committing of the act itself , irrespective of the outcome it produces . However , generally , anything that is excited in an injurious or damaging way may be described as violent even if not meant to be violence ( by a person and against a person ). Globally , violence resulted in the deaths of an estimated ___MASK61___ . 28 million people in 2013 up from ___MASK61___ . 13 million in 1990 . Of the deaths in 2013 , roughly 842 , 000 were attributed to self - harm ( suicide ), 405 , 000 to interpersonal violence , and 31 , 000 to collective violence ( war ) and legal intervention . In Africa , out of every 100 , 000 people , each year an estimated 60 . ___MASK96___ die a violent death . Corlin , past president of the American Medical Association said : " The United States leads the world  in the rate at which its children die from firearms ." He concluded : " Gun violence is a threat to the public health of our country ." For each single death due to violence , there are dozens of hospitalizations , hundreds of emergency department visits , and thousands of doctors ' appointments . Furthermore , violence often has lifelong consequences for physical and mental health and social functioning and can slow economic and social development . In 2013 , assault by firearm was the leading cause of death due to interpersonal violence , with 180 , 000 such deaths estimated to have occurred . The same year , assault by sharp object resulted in roughly 114 , 000 deaths , with a remaining 110 , 000 deaths from personal violence being attributed to other causes . Violence in many forms is preventable . There is a strong relationship between levels of violence and modifiable factors such as concentrated poverty , income and gender inequality , the harmful use of alcohol , and the absence of safe , stable , and nurturing relationships between children and parents . Strategies addressing the underlying causes of violence can be effective in preventing violence . Martin Luther ( ___MASK25___ November 1483  ___MASK14___ February 1546 ), O . S . A ., was a German professor of theology , composer , priest , monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation . Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church . He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God ' s punishment for sin could be purchased with money , proposing an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his " Ninety - five Theses " of 1517 . His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor . The Radical Reformation was the response to what was believed to be the corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Protestant movement led by Martin Luther and many others . Beginning in Germany and Switzerland in the 16th century , the Radical Reformation gave birth to many radical Protestant groups throughout Europe . The term covers both radical reformers like Thomas Müntzer , Andreas Karlstadt , groups like the Zwickau prophets and Anabaptist groups like the Hutterites and Mennonites . The Zwickau prophets were three men from Zwickau of the Radical Reformation who were possibly involved in a disturbance in nearby Wittenberg and its reformation in early ___MASK35___ .