date_of_death fritigil
Jesus (; c . ___MASK13___ BC  c . AD 30 / 33 ), also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ , was a Jewish preacher and religious leader who became the central figure of Christianity . Christians believe him to be the Son of God and the awaited Messiah ( Christ ) prophesied in the Old Testament . Virtually all modern scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed historically , although the quest for the historical Jesus has produced little agreement on the historical reliability of the Gospels and on how closely the biblical Jesus reflects the historical Jesus . Jesus was a Galilean Jew who was baptized by John the Baptist and subsequently began his own ministry , preaching his message orally and often being referred to as " rabbi ". He was arrested and tried by the Jewish authorities , and was crucified by the order of Pontius Pilate , the Roman prefect . Jesus debated fellow Jews on how to best follow God , performed healings , taught in parables and gathered followers . After his death , his followers believed he rose from the dead , and the community they formed eventually became the Christian Church . The Roman Empire ( Koine and Medieval Greek :    , tr . ) was the post - Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around ___MASK36___ AD , and the Empire ' s populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world ' s population at the time ). The ___MASK36___ - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar ' s adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian ' s power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title " Augustus ", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic . Noricum is the Latin name for a Celtic kingdom , or federation of tribes , that included most of modern Austria and part of Slovenia . In the first century AD , it became a province of the Roman Empire . Its borders were the Danube to the north , " Raetia " and " Vindelicia " to the west , Pannonia to the east and southeast , and " Italia " (" Venetia et Histria ") to the south . The kingdom was founded around ___MASK91___ BC , and had its capital at the royal residence at Virunum on the Magdalensberg . Strabo (" Strabn "; ___MASK55___ or 63 BC ) was a Greek geographer , philosopher , and historian who lived in Asia Minor during the transitional period of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire . The Old Testament is the first section of the Christian Bible , based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible ( or Tanakh ), a collection of religious writings by ancient Israelites believed by most Christians and religious Jews to be the sacred Word of God . It is the counterpart to the New Testament , the second portion of the Christian Bible . The Old Testament canon varies between Christian Churches . Protestants have a version with ___MASK40___ books . Catholics have a version with 46 books , and Eastern Orthodox , and Oriental Orthodox Churches choose the Old Testament version with 49 books . Pope Saint John Paul II , born Karol Józef Wojtya ( ___MASK5___ May 1920  2 April 2005 ), was Pope from 1978 to 2005 . He is widely known to Catholics as Saint John Paul the Great , especially in the names of institutions . The pope ( from " pappas ", a child ' s word for " father ") is the Bishop of Rome and , therefore , the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church . The primacy of the Roman bishop is largely derived from his role as the traditional successor to Saint Peter , to whom Jesus is supposed to have given the keys of Heaven and the powers of " binding and loosing ", naming him as the " rock " upon which the church would be built . The current pope is Francis , who was elected on ___MASK38___ , succeeding Benedict XVI . The Suebi ( or Suevi , Suavi ( Jordanes , Procopius ), or Suevians ) was a large group of related Germanic peoples who lived in Germania in the time of the Roman Empire . They were first mentioned by Julius Caesar in connection with his battles against Ariovistus in Gaul , around ___MASK27___ BC . While Caesar treated them as one Germanic tribe within an alliance but the largest and most warlike one , later authors , such as Tacitus , Pliny the Elder and Strabo , specified that the Suevi " do not , like the Chatti or Tencteri , constitute a single nation . They actually occupy more than half of Germania , and are divided into a number of distinct tribes under distinct names , though all generally are called Suebi ". At one time , classical ethnography had applied the name " Suevi " to so many Germanic tribes that it appeared as if , in the first centuries AD , that native name would replace the foreign name " Germans ". Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a sovereign state between Central Europe , Southeast Europe , and the Mediterranean . Its capital city is Zagreb , which forms one of the country ' s primary subdivisions , along with its twenty counties . Croatia covers and has diverse , mostly continental and Mediterranean climates . Croatia ' s Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands . The country ' s population is ___MASK13___ . 28 million , most of whom are Croats , with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism . The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribal confederation who eventually came to live in a powerful kingdom north of the Danube , coming to live in a kingdom somewhere in the region near modern Bohemia , during the peak of power of the nearby Roman empire . According to Tacitus and Strabo they were Suebian . Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC . Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome , it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with an estimated ___MASK10___ to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly ___MASK48___ % of the world ' s population ) and covering 5 . 0 million square kilometers at its height in AD 117 . The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo - European language family spoken natively by a population of approximately ___MASK36___ million people mainly in North America , Oceania , Southern Africa , and Central , Western and Northern Europe . It is the third most spoken Indo - European subdivision , behind Italic and Indo - Iranian , and ahead of Balto - Slavic languages . Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ , who serves as the focal point for the religion . It is the world ' s largest religion , with over ___MASK22___ . ___MASK13___ billion followers , or 33 % of the global population , known as Christians . Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah ( the Christ ) was prophesied in the Old Testament . Pannonia was an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube , coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy , and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia . Pannonia was located over the territory of the present - day western Hungary , eastern Austria , northern Croatia , north - western Serbia , northern Slovenia , western Slovakia and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina . Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a sovereign state situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe , covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . Relative to its small territory , it is a diverse country distinguished by a " transitional " character , situated along cultural , geographic , climatic and other boundaries . Serbia is landlocked and borders Hungary to the north ; Romania and Bulgaria to the east ; Macedonia to the south ; and Croatia , Bosnia - Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southwest ; it also claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . Serbia numbers around ___MASK62___ million residents , and its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest cities in Southeast Europe . Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia ( Slovene : , abbr .: " RS "), is a nation state in southern Central Europe , located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes . It is bordered by Italy to the west , Austria to the north , Hungary to the northeast , Croatia to the south and southeast , and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest . It covers and has a population of ___MASK22___ . 06 million . It is a parliamentary republic and a member of the United Nations , European Union , and NATO . The capital and largest city is Ljubljana . Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe . It covers an area of , situated in the Carpathian Basin and bordered by Slovakia to the north , Romania to the east , Serbia to the south , Croatia to the southwest , Slovenia to the west , Austria to the northwest , and Ukraine to the northeast . With about ___MASK37___ million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium - sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world . Hungary ' s capital and largest metropolis is Budapest , a significant economic hub , classified as an Alpha - global city . Major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Gyr . Publius ( or Gaius ) Cornelius Tacitus ( c . AD ___MASK64___  c . AD ___MASK74___ ) was a senator and an historian of the Roman Empire . The surviving portions of his two major works  the " Annals " and the " Histories " examine the reigns of the Roman emperors Tiberius , Claudius , Nero , and those who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors ( AD ___MASK90___ ). These two works span the history of the Roman Empire from the death of Augustus , in AD 14 , to the years of the First Jewish  Roman War , in AD 70 . There are substantial lacunae in the surviving texts , including a gap in the " Annals " that is four books long . The Germanic peoples ( also called Teutonic , Suebian , or Gothic in older literature ) are an ethno - linguistic Indo - European group of Northern European origin . They are identified by their use of Germanic languages , which diversified out of Proto - Germanic during the Pre - Roman Iron Age . Fritigil ( or Fritigils ) , Queen of the Marcomanni , is the last known ruler of the Germanic peoples who were at that time ( mid 4th century ) probably settled in Pannonia . She is alleged to have had her residence in the present Burgenland . Fritigil corresponded with Ambrose of Milan for the conversion of her people to Christianity . She convinced her husband to submit to Roman authority and the tribe fell under the power of a tribune according to the Notitia Dignitatum . Pope John Paul II referred to Fritigil in his letter Operosam Diem : Has quidem normas sectabatur Mediolanensis Episcopus sua etiam in catechesi , quae singulari omnino vi audientes captabat . Eam plures sunt experti . Longinqua illa regina Marcomannorum Fritigil , ipsius fama adducta , scripsit ei ut super catholica religione informaretur recepitque vicissim `` epistulam ... praeclaram in modum catechismi '' . The Roman army ( Latin : ) is a term that can in general be applied to the terrestrial armed forces deployed by the Romans throughout the duration of Ancient Rome , from the Roman Kingdom ( to c . ___MASK36___ BC ) to the Roman Republic ( ___MASK36___  31 BC ) and the Roman Empire ( 31 BC  395 / 476 AD ), and its successor the East Roman or Byzantine Empire . It is thus a term that may span approximately 2 , 000 years , during which the Roman armed forces underwent numerous permutations in composition , organisation , equipment and tactics , while conserving a core of lasting traditions . Tribunus , in English tribune , was the title of various elected officials in Ancient Rome . The two most important were the tribunes of the plebs and the military tribunes . For most of Roman history , a college of ten tribunes of the plebs acted as a check on the authority of the senate and the annual magistrates , holding the power of " ius intercessionis " to intervene on behalf of the plebeians , and veto unfavourable legislation . There were also military tribunes , who commanded portions of the Roman army , subordinate to the higher magistrates , such as the consuls and praetors , promagistrates , and their legates . Various officers within the Roman army were also known as tribunes . The title was also used for several other positions and classes in the course of Roman history .