subclass_of polysorbate
Sugar alcohols ( also called polyhydric alcohols , polyalcohols , alditols or glycitols ) are organic compounds , typically derived from ___MASK93___ , that comprise a class of polyols . Contrary to what the name may suggest , a ___MASK34___ is neither a sugar nor an alcoholic beverage . They are white , water - soluble solids that can occur naturally or be produced industrially from ___MASK93___ . They are used widely in the food industry as thickeners and sweeteners . In commercial foodstuffs , sugar alcohols are commonly used in place of table sugar ( sucrose ), often in combination with high intensity artificial sweeteners to counter the low sweetness . Xylitol is perhaps the most popular ___MASK34___ due to its similarity to sucrose in visual appearance and sweetness . Taste , gustatory ___MASK46___ , or gustation is one of the five traditional senses that belongs to the gustatory ___MASK83___ . An ___MASK75___ ( from Greek  , isomerès ; isos = " equal ", méros = " ___MASK90___ ") is a ___MASK98___ with the same molecular formula as another ___MASK98___ , but with a different chemical structure . That is , isomers contain the same number of atoms of each element , but have different arrangements of their atoms . Isomers do not necessarily share similar properties , unless they also have the same functional groups . There are two main forms of isomerism ( or ): structural isomerism ( or constitutional isomerism ) and stereoisomerism ( or spatial isomerism ). An ___MASK65___ is virtually any chemical compound that contains carbon , although a consensus definition remains elusive and likely arbitrary . Organic compounds are rare terrestrially , but of central importance because all known life is based on organic compounds . The most basic petrochemicals are considered the building blocks of organic chemistry . Sorbitan is a ___MASK27___ of isomeric organic compounds derived from the dehydration of sorbitol and is an intermediate in the conversion of sorbitol to isosorbide . Sorbitan is primarily used in the ___MASK30___ of surfactants such as polysorbates ; which are important emulsifying agents , with a total annual ___MASK68___ of more than 10000 tons in 2012 . Corn ___MASK29___ is a ___MASK87___ ___MASK29___ which is made from the starch of corn ( called maize in some countries ) and contains varying amounts of maltose and higher oligosaccharides , depending on the grade . Corn ___MASK29___ , also known as glucose ___MASK29___ to confectioners , is used in foods to soften texture , add volume , prevent crystallization of sugar , and enhance flavor . Corn ___MASK29___ is distinct from high - fructose corn ___MASK29___ ( HFCS ), which is manufactured from corn ___MASK29___ by converting a large proportion of its glucose into fructose using the enzyme D - xylose isomerase , thus producing a sweeter compound due to higher levels of fructose . A phosphate is an inorganic chemical and a ___MASK57___ of phosphoric ___MASK32___ . In organic ___MASK47___ , a phosphate , or organophosphate , is an ___MASK56___ of phosphoric ___MASK32___ . Of the various phosphoric acids and phosphates , organic phosphates are important in biochemistry and biogeochemistry ( ecology ), and inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain ___MASK24___ for use in agriculture and industry . At elevated temperatures in the ___MASK94___ state , phosphates can condense to form pyrophosphates . Isosorbide is a ___MASK8___ that is derived from glucose . Isosorbide and its two isomers , namely isoidide and isomannide , are 1 , 4 : 3 , 6 - dianhydrohexitols . It is a ___MASK91___ ___MASK94___ that is prepared from the double dehydration of sorbitol . Isosorbide is a non - toxic diol produced from biobased feedstocks , that is biodegradable and thermally stable . It is used in medicine and has been touted as a potential biofeedstock . An oil is any neutral , nonpolar ___MASK43___ that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures and is both hydrophobic ( immiscible with water , literally " water fearing ") and lipophilic ( miscible with other oils , literally " fat loving "). Oils have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are usually flammable and surface active . Surfactants are compounds that lower the ___MASK97___ tension ( or interfacial tension ) between two liquids or between a liquid and a ___MASK94___ . Surfactants may act as detergents , wetting agents , emulsifiers , foaming agents , and dispersants . An ___MASK20___ or alkanal is an ___MASK65___ containing a functional ___MASK67___ with the structure  CHO , consisting of a carbonyl center ( a carbon double - bonded to oxygen ) with the carbon atom also bonded to ___MASK21___ and to an R ___MASK67___ , which is any generic alkyl or side chain . The ___MASK67___  without R  is the ___MASK20___ ___MASK67___ , also known as the formyl ___MASK67___ . Aldehydes are common in organic chemistry . Many fragrances are aldehydes . Structure and bonding . Aldehydes feature an sp - hybridized , planar carbon center that is connected by a double bond to oxygen and a single bond to ___MASK21___ . The C  H bond is not ordinarily acidic . Because of resonance stabilization of the conjugate ___MASK42___ , an  - ___MASK21___ in an ___MASK20___ ( not shown in the picture above ) is far more acidic , with a p " K " near 15 , compared to the acidity of a typical alkane ( pKa about 50 ). This acidification is attributed to ( i ) the electron - withdrawing quality of the formyl center and ( ii ) the fact that the conjugate ___MASK42___ , an enolate anion , delocalizes its negative charge . Related to ( i ), the ___MASK20___ ___MASK67___ is somewhat polar . In enzymology , a sorbitol - 6 - phosphate ___MASK9___ is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic ___MASK82___ containing volatile aroma compounds from plants . Essential oils are also known as volatile oils , ethereal oils , aetherolea , or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted , such as oil of clove . An oil is " essential " in the sense that it contains the " essence of " the plant ' s fragrance  the characteristic fragrance of the plant from which it is derived . The term essential used here does not mean indispensable as with the terms essential amino acid or essential fatty acid which are so called since they are nutritionally required by a given living ___MASK18___ . Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular ___MASK74___ CHO . Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar . It is made during photosynthesis from ___MASK17___ and carbon dioxide , using energy from sunlight . The reverse of the photosynthesis reaction , which releases this energy , is an important source of power for ___MASK53___ . Glucose is stored as a ___MASK64___ , in plants as starch and in animals as glycogen , for times when the organism will need it . Sorbitol , less commonly known as glucitol , is a ___MASK34___ with a sweet taste which the human body metabolizes slowly . It can be obtained by reduction of glucose , changing the aldehyde group to a hydroxyl group . Most sorbitol is made from corn syrup , but it is also found in apples , pears , peaches , and prunes . It is converted to fructose by sorbitol - 6 - phosphate 2 - dehydrogenase . Sorbitol is an isomer of mannitol , another ___MASK34___ ; the two differ only in the orientation of the hydroxyl group on carbon 2 . While similar , the two sugar alcohols have very different sources in nature , melting points , and uses . Polysorbates are a ___MASK78___ of emulsifiers used in some pharmaceuticals and ___MASK12___ . They are often used in cosmetics to solubilize essential oils into water - based products . Polysorbates are oily liquids derived from PEG - ylated sorbitan ( a derivative of sorbitol ) esterified with fatty acids . Common ___MASK44___ names for polysorbates include Scattics , Alkest , Canarcel , and Tween .