parent_taxon nenga
In botany , phyllotaxis or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of leaves on a ___MASK14___ stem ( from Ancient Greek " phýllon " " leaf " and " táxis " " arrangement "). Phyllotactic spirals form a distinctive class of patterns in nature . India , officially the Republic of India (" Bhrat Gaarjya "), is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh - largest country by ___MASK97___ , the second - most populous country ( with over 1 . 2 billion people ), and the most populous democracy in the world . It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast . It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the northeast ; and Myanmar ( Burma ) and Bangladesh to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives . India ' s Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Its capital is New Delhi ; other metropolises include Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai , Bangalore , Hyderabad and Ahmedabad . A flower , sometimes known as a bloom or blossom , is the reproductive structure found in plants that are floral ( plants of the division ___MASK73___ , also called angiosperms ). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction , usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs . Flowers may facilitate outcrossing ( fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population ) or allow selfing ( fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower ). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization ( parthenocarpy ). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop . Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals , so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen . After fertilization , the ovary of the flower develops into fruit containing seeds . The ___MASK39___ are a botanical family of perennial climbers , shrubs , acaules and trees commonly known as palm trees ( owing to historical usage , the family is alternatively called Palmae ). They are flowering plants , a family in the monocot order Arecales . Currently 181 genera with around 2600 species are known , most of them restricted to tropical , subtropical , and warm temperate climates . Most palms are distinguished by their large , compound , evergreen leaves , known as fronds , arranged at the top of an unbranched stem . However , palms exhibit an enormous diversity in physical characteristics and inhabit nearly every type of habitat within their range , from rainforests to deserts . In botany , shoots consist of stems including their appendages , the leaves and lateral buds , flowering stems and flower buds . The new growth from seed germination that grows upward is a shoot where leaves will develop . In the spring , perennial ___MASK14___ shoots are the new growth that grows from the ground in herbaceous plants or the new stem or flower growth that grows on woody plants . Connation in plants is the developmental fusion of organs of the same type , for example , petals to one another to form a tubular corolla . This is in contrast to adnation , the fusion of dissimilar organs . Such organs are described as connate or adnate , respectively . When like organs that are usually well separated are placed next to each other , but not actually connected , they are described as connivent ( that is the case for anthers in several genera , such as " ___MASK86___ "). ___MASK48___ (.) is a genus of about 50 species of palms in the family ___MASK39___ , found in humid tropical forests from China and India , across Southeast Asia to Melanesia . The generic name " ___MASK48___ " is derived from a name used locally on the Malabar Coast of India . Sperm is the male reproductive cell and is derived from the Greek word (  ) " sperma " ( meaning " seed "). In the types of sexual reproduction known as anisogamy and its subtype oogamy , there is a marked difference in the size of the gametes with the smaller one being termed the " male " or sperm cell . A uniflagellar sperm cell that is motile is referred to as a spermatozoon , whereas a non - motile sperm cell is referred to as a spermatium . Sperm cells cannot divide and have a limited life span , but after fusion with egg cells during fertilization , a new organism begins developing , starting as a totipotent zygote . The ___MASK99___ sperm cell is haploid , so that its 23 chromosomes can join the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid cell . In mammals , sperm develops in the testicles and is released from the penis . It is also possible to extract sperm through TESE . Some sperm banks hold up to of sperm . Indonesia ( or ; Indonesian : ), officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania . Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans , it is the world ' s largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands . At , Indonesia is the world ' s 14th - largest country in terms of land ___MASK97___ and world ' s 7th - largest country in terms of combined sea and land ___MASK97___ . It has an estimated population of over 260 million people and is the world ' s fourth most populous country , the most populous Austronesian nation , as well as the most populous Muslim - majority country . The world ' s most populous island of Java contains more than half of the country ' s population . A subregion is a part of a larger region or continent and is usually based on location . ___MASK32___ directions , such as south or southern , are commonly used to define a subregion . Binomial nomenclature ( also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature ) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts , both of which use Latin grammatical forms , although they can be based on words from other languages . Such a name is called a binomial name ( which may be shortened to just " binomial "), a binomen or a scientific name ; more informally it is also called a Latin name . The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs ; the second part identifies the species within the genus . For example , humans belong to the genus " ___MASK3___ " and within this genus to the species " ___MASK3___ sapiens ". The " formal " introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus , effectively beginning with his work " Species Plantarum " in 1753 . But Gaspard Bauhin , in as early as 1623 , had introduced in his book " Pinax theatri botanici " ( English , " Illustrated exposition of plants ") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus . ___MASK26___ is a genus of flowering plant in the ___MASK39___ family , native to New Guinea and to eastern and southern Asia ( India , China , Indonesia , Philippines , Indonesia , etc .). In botany , a fruit is the seed - bearing structure in flowering plants ( also known as ___MASK91___ ) formed from the ovary after flowering . Asia is Earth ' s largest and most populous continent , located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe . Asia covers an ___MASK97___ of , about 30 % of Earth ' s total land ___MASK97___ and 8 . 7 % of the Earth ' s total surface ___MASK97___ . The continent , which has long been home to the majority of the human population , was the site of many of the first civilizations . Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population , but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4 . 4 billion people . The flowering plants ( ___MASK91___ ), also known as Angiospermae or ___MASK73___ , are the most diverse group of land plants , with 416 families , approx . 13 , 164 known genera and a total of c . 295 , 383 known species . Like gymnosperms , ___MASK91___ are seed - producing plants ; they are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers , endosperm within the seeds , and the production of fruits that contain the seeds . Etymologically , angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure , in other words , a fruiting plant . The term " angiosperm " comes from the Greek composite word (" angeion ", " case " or " casing ", and " sperma ", " seed ") meaning " enclosed seeds ", after the enclosed condition of the seeds . Endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization . It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch , though it can also contain oils and protein . This can make endosperm a source of nutrition in the ___MASK99___ diet . For example , wheat endosperm is ground into flour for bread ( the rest of the grain is included as well in whole wheat flour ), while barley endosperm is the main source of sugars for beer production . Other examples of endosperm that forms the bulk of the edible portion are coconut " meat " and coconut " water ", and corn . Some plants , such as orchids , lack endosperm in their seeds . Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands . It is the world ' s sixth - largest country by total ___MASK97___ . The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea , Indonesia and East Timor to the north ; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north - east ; and New Zealand to the south - east . Australia ' s capital is Canberra , and its largest urban ___MASK97___ is Sydney . A genus ( genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology . In the hierarchy of biological classification , genus comes above species and below family . In binomial nomenclature , the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus . The gymnosperms are a group of seed - producing plants that includes conifers , cycads , " ___MASK98___ ", and gnetophytes . The term " gymnosperm " comes from the Greek composite word "  " (  gymnos , " naked " and  sperma , " seed "), meaning " naked seeds ", after the unenclosed condition of their seeds ( called ovules in their unfertilized state ). Their naked condition stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants ( ___MASK91___ ), which are enclosed within an ovary . Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves , often modified to form cones , or at the end of short stalks as in " ___MASK98___ ". An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches . Morphologically , it is the part of the shoot of ___MASK77___ where flowers are formed and which is accordingly modified . The modifications can involve the length and the nature of the internodes and the phyllotaxis , as well as variations in the proportions , compressions , swellings , adnations , connations and reduction of main and secondary axes . Inflorescence can also be defined as the reproductive portion of a ___MASK14___ that bears a cluster of flowers in a specific pattern . Nenga is a monoecious genus of flowering ___MASK14___ in the palm endemic to Southeast Asia , commonly called pinang palm . N . gajah is the aberration in the genus with its short internodes , marcescent leaves and interfoliar inflorescence , a combination of traits seen in a few species of the closely related ___MASK26___ and Areca palms . The genus name is based on a corruption of a Javanese term for a ___MASK14___ now classified within ___MASK26___ . China , officially the People ' s Republic of China ( PRC ), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia . With a population of over 1 . 381 billion , it is the world ' s most populous country . The state is governed by the Communist Party of China , and its capital is Beijing . It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , five autonomous regions , four direct - controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ), and two mostly self - governing special administrative regions ( Hong Kong and Macau ), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan . The country ' s major urban ___MASK30___ include Shanghai , Guangzhou , Beijing , Chongqing , Shenzhen , Tianjin and Hong Kong . China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia , and has been characterized as a potential superpower . Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia , consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China , east of India , west of New Guinea and north of Australia . The region lies near the intersection of geological plates , with heavy seismic and volcanic activity . Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions : In biology , an organism is any contiguous living system , such as an ___MASK63___ , ___MASK14___ , fungus , archaeon , or bacterium . All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli , reproduction , growth and development and homeostasis . An organism consists of one or more cells ; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism ; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism . Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms . Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs .