languages_spoken_or_written edward janczewski
Kraków , also Cracow or Krakow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland . Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region , the city dates back to the 7th century . Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of ___MASK65___ academic , cultural , and artistic life and is one of Poland ' s most important economic hubs . It was the capital of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1038 to 1569 ; the ___MASK65___  Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1795 ; the Free City of Kraków from 1815 to 1846 ; the Grand Duchy of Cracow from 1846 to 1918 ; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1998 . It has been the capital of Lesser Poland Voivodeship since 1999 . Medicine ( British ___MASK64___ ; American ___MASK64___ ) is the science and practice of the diagnosis , treatment , and prevention of disease . The word " medicine " is derived from ___MASK72___ " medicus ", meaning " a physician ". Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness . Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences , biomedical research , genetics , and medical technology to diagnose , treat , and prevent injury and disease , typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery , but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy , external splints and traction , medical devices , biologics , and ionizing radiation , amongst others . Academy of Learning ( AU ) was a primary ___MASK65___ scientific institution during the annexation of Poland established in 1871 . It was founded in Kraków as a continuation of the " Kraków Scientific Society " (" Towarzystwo Naukowe Krakowskie "). The institution began activity two years later , in 1873 . At first , it focused on scholars from Kraków , however , it soon expanded its activity to ___MASK65___ scholars from all annexed territories , along with ___MASK65___ emigration . Its main goals were to organize , support and conduct learning , plus represent ___MASK65___ scientists and scholars from all over the world . A biologist , is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of biology , the scientific study of life . Biologists involved in fundamental research attempt to explore and further explain the underlying mechanisms that govern the functioning of living matter . Biologists involved in applied research attempt to develop or improve more specific processes and understanding , in fields such as medicine , industry and agriculture . Samogitian ( Samogitian : ', ', "") is a dialect of the ___MASK49___ language , considered a separate language by some , spoken mostly in Samogitia ( in the western part of Lithuania ). Lithuania can be divided into historical and cultural regions ( called ethnographic regions ). The exact borders are not fully clear , as the regions are not official political or administrative units . They are delimited by culture , such as country traditions , traditional lifestyle , songs , tales , etc . To some extent regions correspond to the zones of ___MASK49___ language dialects . This correspondence , however , is by no means strict . For example , although the Dzkian dialect is called South Aukštaitian , it does not mean that Dzkija is part of Aukštaitija . In certain parts of some regions , dialects of other regions are spoken , while for example in Samogitia , there are three indigenous dialects ( southern , northern and western Samogitian ), some of which are subdivided into subdialects . Lesser Poland ( ___MASK65___ : " Maopolska ", ___MASK72___ : " Polonia Minor ") is a historical region (" dzielnica ") of Poland ; its capital is the city of Kraków . Lithuania ( UK and US : ), officially the Republic of Lithuania , is a country in Northern Europe . One of the three Baltic states , it is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea , to the east of Sweden and Denmark . It is bordered by Latvia to the north , Belarus to the east and south , Poland to the south , and Kaliningrad Oblast ( a ___MASK75___ exclave ) to the southwest . Lithuania has an estimated population of 2 . 9 million people , and its capital and largest city is Vilnius . Lithuanians are a Baltic people . The official language , Lithuanian , along with Latvian , is one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo - European language family . The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland ( ___MASK72___ : " Corona Regni Poloniae "), or simply the Crown , is the common name for the historic ( but unconsolidated ) Late Middle Ages territorial possessions of the King of Poland , including Poland proper . Lesser Poland Voivodeship ( in ___MASK65___ , " województwo maopolskie " ), also known as " Maopolska Voivodeship " or " Maopolska Province ", is a voivodeship ( province ), in southern Poland . It has an area of , and a population of 3 , 267 , 731 ( 2006 ). Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe , situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges ( the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains ) in the south . Bordered by Germany to the west ; the ___MASK57___ Republic and Slovakia to the south ; Ukraine and Belarus to the east ; and the Baltic Sea , Kaliningrad Oblast ( a Russian exclave ) and Lithuania to the north . The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe . With a population of over 38 . 5 million people , Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world , the 8th most populous country in Europe and the sixth most populous member of the European Union . Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , and its capital and largest city is Warsaw . Other metropolises include Kraków , Wrocaw , Pozna , Gdask and Szczecin . The term dialect ( from ___MASK72___ , , from the Ancient Greek word , , " discourse ", from , , " through " and , , " I speak ") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena : The Free , Independent , and Strictly Neutral City of Kraków ( Cracow ) with its Territory , more commonly known as either the Free City of Kraków or Republic of Kraków , was a city republic created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , which included the city of Kraków and its surrounding areas . It was controlled by its three neighbours ( Russia , Prussia , and Austria ). It was a center of agitation for an independent Poland . In 1846 , in the aftermath of the unsuccessful Kraków Uprising , it was annexed by the Austrian Empire . It was a remnant of the Duchy of Warsaw , which was partitioned between the three states in 1815 . It was an overwhelmingly ___MASK65___ - speaking city - state ; of its population 85 % were Catholics , 14 % were Jews while other religions comprised less than 1 %. The city of Kraków itself had a Jewish population reaching nearly 40 %, while the rest were almost exclusively ___MASK65___ - speaking Catholics . The Jagiellonian University ( ___MASK65___ : " Uniwersytet Jagielloski ", ___MASK72___ : " Universitas Iagellonica Cracoviensis ", also known as the University of Kraków ) is a research university in Kraków , Poland . Samogitia or Žemaitija ( Samogitian : " Žemaitj " literally " lowlands ") is one of the five ethnographic regions of Lithuania . Žemaitija is located in northwestern Lithuania . Its largest city is Šiauliai . Žemaitija has a long and distinct cultural history , reflected in the existence of the Samogitian dialect . ___MASK72___ ( ___MASK72___ : ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo - European languages . The ___MASK72___ alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . Edward Janczewski ( Edward Franciszek Janczewski - Glinka ) ( b . 14 December 1846 in Blinstrubiszki , Samogitia , d . 17 July 1918 in Kraków ) was a ___MASK65___ biologist ( taxonomist , anatomist , and morphologist ) , rector of the Jagiellonian University , and member of the Academy of Learning . He married Jadwiga Szetkiewicz ( 1856 -- 1941 ) . In 1862 , Janczewski obtained a degree at Vilna ( Wilno ) . Afterwards , he studied natural sciencies in the Jagiellonian University , and in Saint Petersburg . He became a professor of plant anatomy and physiology in 1875 at the Jagiellonian University , wherein he was rector from 1902 to 1903 , and worked there until 1913 . In 1876 , Janczewski entered to the Academy of Learning , of which he became an active member in 1885 . Janczewski was also member of other international scientific societies , among them : The National Academic Society of Cherbourg ( `` Societé Nationale Académique de Cherbourg '' ) , the Edinburgh Botanical Society , and the rench Académie des sciences . His works included the discovery of how plant roots grow and initial genetic research in the area of plants . He also researched algae and mushrooms . Probably , one of his most important works was Monographie des Groseilliers ( Geneve , 1907 ) , which contains the results of his work on genus Ribes . In that monograph , Edward Janczewski described 133 species and 21 hybrids of currants and gooseberries , according to him , approximately half of world ' s taxa . Many species were first described by him . This monograph is still one of the most important publications regarding taxonomy of genus Ribes . In the Botanic Garden of Cracow , Janczewski maintained a vast collection of different species of Ribes from all around the world . The herbarium includes species from Europe , Asia , North and South America , many of them collected by Janczewski himself . Others were obtained thanks to his worldwide contacts with herbariums , botanic gardens and scientists , such as the Mexican naturalist Fernando Altamirano . The ___MASK65___  Lithuanian Commonwealth , formally the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland , was a dualistic state , a bi - confederation , of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch , who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania . It was one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th - and 17th - century Europe . At its peak in the early 17th century , the Commonwealth spanned some and sustained a multi - ethnic population of 11 million . The union was formalized by the Union of Lublin in July 1569 , but the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were in a de - facto personal union since 1386 with the marriage of the ___MASK65___ queen Hedwig and Lithuania ' s Grand Duke Jogaila , who was crowned King " jure uxoris " Wadysaw II Jagieo of Poland . The First Partition of Poland in 1772 and the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 greatly reduced the nation ' s size and the Commonwealth disappeared as an independent state following the Third Partition of Poland in 1795 .