main_subject small pieces loosely joined
The concept of a web resource is primitive in the web ___MASK42___ , and is used in the definition of its fundamental elements . The term was first introduced to refer to targets of uniform resource locators ( URLs ), but its definition has been further extended to include the referent of any uniform resource identifier ( RFC 3986 ), or internationalized resource identifier ( RFC 3987 ). In the Semantic Web , abstract resources and their semantic properties are described using the ___MASK48___ of languages based on Resource Description Framework ( RDF ). Measurement is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event , which can be compared with other objects or events . The scope and application of a measurement is dependent on the context and discipline . In the natural sciences and engineering , measurements do not apply to nominal properties of objects or events , which is consistent with the guidelines of the " International vocabulary of metrology " published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures . However , in other fields such as ___MASK33___ as well as the social and behavioral sciences , measurements can have multiple levels , which would include nominal , ordinal , interval , and ratio scales . Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references ( hyperlinks ) to other text which the reader can immediately access , or where text can be revealed progressively at multiple levels of detail ( also called StretchText ). Hyper < wbr > text documents are interconnected by hyperlinks , which are typically activated by a mouse click , keypress sequence or by touching the screen . Apart from text , the term " hyper < wbr > text " is also sometimes used to describe tables , images , and other presentational content forms with integrated hyperlinks . Hyper < wbr > text is one of the key underlying concepts of the World Wide Web , where Web pages are often written in the Hypertext Markup ___MASK73___ ( HTML ). As implemented on the Web , hypertext enables the easy - to - use publication of information over the ___MASK66___ . Modern humans (" Homo sapiens ", primarily ssp . " ___MASK3___ ") are the only extant members of Hominina tribe ( or human tribe ), a branch of the tribe Hominini belonging to the family of great apes . They are characterized by erect posture and bipedal locomotion ; manual dexterity and increased tool use , compared to other animals ; and a general trend toward larger , more complex brains and societies . Homo is the genus that comprises the species " Homo sapiens ", which includes modern humans , as well as several extinct species classified as ancestral to or closely related to modern humans , most notably " Homo erectus ". The genus is between 2 and 3 million years old , taken to emerge with the appearance of " Homo habilis ". It is derived from the genus " Australopithecus ", which itself had previously split from the lineage of " Pan ", the chimpanzees . Taxonomically , " Homo " is the only genus assigned to the subtribe Hominina which , with the subtribes Australopithecina and Panina , comprise the tribe Hominini ( see evolutionary ___MASK84___ below ). All species of the genus " Homo " plus those species of the australopithecines that arose " after " the split from " Pan " are called hominins . Classical ___MASK25___ refers to theories of ___MASK25___ that predate modern , more complete , or more widely applicable theories . If a currently accepted theory is considered to be " modern ," and its introduction represented a major paradigm shift , then the previous theories , or new theories based on the older paradigm , will often be referred to as belonging to the realm of " classical " ___MASK25___ . The brain is an ___MASK68___ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals . The brain is located in the head , usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision . The brain is the most complex ___MASK68___ in a vertebrate ' s body . In a human , the cerebral cortex contains approximately 15  33 billion neurons , each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons . These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons , which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells . A philosopher is someone who practices ___MASK90___ , which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside of either ___MASK31___ or science . The term " philosopher " comes from the Ancient Greek (" philosophos ") meaning " lover of wisdom ". The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras ( 6th century BC ). Perception ( from the Latin " perceptio , percipio ") is the ___MASK99___ , identification , and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment . All perception involves signals in the nervous system , which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sense organs . For example , vision involves light striking the retina of the eye , smell is mediated by odor molecules , and hearing involves pressure waves . Perception is not the passive receipt of these signals , but is shaped by learning , ___MASK70___ , expectation , and attention . ___MASK88___ is a cultural system of behaviors and practices , world views , sacred texts , holy places , ethics , and societal organisation that relate humanity to what an anthropologist has called " an order of existence ". Different religions may or may not contain various elements , ranging from the " divine ", " sacred things ", " faith ", a " ___MASK34___ being or ___MASK34___ beings " or " some sort of ultimacy and transcendence that will provide norms and power for the rest of life ." ___MASK24___ is the process of facilitating learning , or the acquisition of knowledge , skills , values , beliefs , and habits . Educational methods include storytelling , discussion , teaching , training , and directed research . ___MASK24___ frequently takes place under the guidance of educators , but learners may also educate themselves . ___MASK24___ can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks , feels , or acts may be considered educational . The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy . Knowledge is a familiarity , awareness or understanding of someone or something , such as facts , information , descriptions , or skills , which is acquired through experience or ___MASK24___ by perceiving , discovering , or learning . The European ___MASK99___ for Nuclear Research ( French : " Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire "), known as CERN ( derived from the name "" Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire ""; see " ___MASK50___ "), is a European research organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world . Established in 1954 , the organization is based in a northwest suburb of Geneva on the Franco  Swiss border , and has 22 member states . Israel is the only non - European country granted full membership . In ___MASK25___ , mass is a property of a physical body . It is the measure of an object ' s resistance to acceleration ( a change in its state of motion ) when a net force is applied . It also determines the strength of its mutual gravitational attraction to other bodies . The basic SI unit of mass is the kilogram ( kg ). Understanding is a psychological process related to an abstract or physical object , such as a person , situation , or message whereby one is able to think about it and use concepts to deal adequately with that object . Understanding is a relation between the knower and an object of understanding . Understanding implies abilities and dispositions with respect to an object of knowledge sufficient to support intelligent behavior . Space is the boundless three - dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction . Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions , although modern physicists usually consider it , with ___MASK47___ , to be part of a boundless four - dimensional continuum known as spacetime . The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe . However , disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity , a relationship between entities , or part of a conceptual framework . Attention is the behavioral and cognitive process of selectively concentrating on a discrete aspect of information , whether deemed subjective or objective , while ignoring other perceivable information . It is the taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form of one out of what seem several simultaneous objects or trains of thought . Focalization , concentration of ___MASK87___ are of its essence . Attention has also been referred to as the allocation of limited processing resources . In ___MASK25___ , energy is the property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on  or to heat  the object , and can be converted in form , but not created or destroyed . The SI unit of energy is the joule , which is the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton . In the classical ___MASK25___ observed in ___MASK5___ , if something has mass and takes up space , it is said to be composed of matter ; this includes atoms ( and thus molecules ) and anything made up of these , but not other energy phenomena or waves such as light or sound . More generally , however , in ( modern ) ___MASK25___ , matter is not a fundamental concept because a universal definition of it is elusive : elementary constituents of atoms may not take up space individually , and massless particles may be composed to form objects that have mass ( even when at rest ). The Universe is all of ___MASK47___ and space and its contents . It includes planets , moons , minor planets , stars , galaxies , the contents of intergalactic space , and all matter and energy . The size of the entire Universe is unknown . In ___MASK25___ , a wave is an oscillation accompanied by a transfer of energy that travels through a medium ( space or mass ). Frequency refers to the addition of ___MASK47___ . " Wave motion " transfers energy from one point to another , which displace particles of the transmission medium  that is , with little or no associated mass transport . Waves consist , instead , of oscillations or vibrations ( of a physical quantity ), around almost fixed locations . A concept is an abstract idea representing the fundamental characteristics of what it represents . Concepts arise as abstractions or generalisations from experience or the result of a transformation of existing ideas . The concept is instantiated ( reified ) by all of its actual or potential instances , whether these are things in the real world or other ideas . Concepts are treated in many if not most disciplines both explicitly , such as in ___MASK95___ , ___MASK98___ , ___MASK90___ , etc ., and implicitly , such as in mathematics , physics , etc . In informal use the word " concept " often just means any idea , but formally it involves the abstraction component . These concepts are then stored in long term memory In metaphysics , and especially ontology , a concept is a fundamental category of existence . In contemporary ___MASK90___ , there are at least three prevailing ways to understand what a concept is : A code of conduct is a set of rules outlining the social norms and rules and responsibilities of , or proper practices for , an individual , party or ___MASK99___ . Related concepts include ethical , honor , moral codes and religious laws . Information is that which informs . In other words , it is the answer to a question of some kind . It is thus related to data and knowledge , as data represents values attributed to parameters , and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or abstract concepts . As it regards data , the information ' s ___MASK43___ is not necessarily coupled to an observer ( it exists beyond an event horizon , for example ), while in the case of knowledge , the information requires a cognitive observer . Animals are multicellular , eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia ( also called Metazoa ). The ___MASK27___ kingdom emerged as a basal clade within Apoikozoa as a sister of the choanoflagellates . Sponges are the most basal clade of animals . Animals are motile , meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives . Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop , although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later in their lives . All animals are heterotrophs : they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance . In ___MASK25___ and mathematics , the dimension of a mathematical space ( or object ) is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it . Thus a line has a dimension of one because only one coordinate is needed to specify a point on itfor example , the point at 5 on a number line . A surface such as a plane or the surface of a cylinder or sphere has a dimension of two because two coordinates are needed to specify a point on itfor example , both a latitude and longitude are required to locate a point on the surface of a sphere . The inside of a cube , a cylinder or a sphere is three - dimensional because three coordinates are needed to locate a point within these spaces . Description is one of four rhetorical modes ( also known as " modes of discourse "), along with exposition , argumentation , and narration . Each of the rhetorical modes is present in a variety of forms and each has its own purpose and conventions . The act of description may be related to that of definition . Description is also the ___MASK36___ - writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story . Definition : The pattern of development that presents a word picture of a thing , a person , a situation , or a series of events . Sir Timothy John Berners - Lee ( born 8 June 1955 ), also known as TimBL , is an ___MASK60___ computer scientist , best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web . He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989 , and he implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) client and server via the ___MASK66___ sometime around mid - November of that same year . ___MASK25___ ( from , from " phúsis " " ___MASK71___ ") is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and ___MASK47___ , along with related concepts such as energy and force . One of the most fundamental scientific disciplines , the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves . ___MASK90___ ( from Greek , " philosophia ", literally " love of wisdom ") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence , knowledge , values , reason , mind , and language . The term was probably coined by Pythagoras ( c . 570  c . 495 BC ). Philosophical methods include questioning , critical discussion , rational argument and systematic presentation . Classic philosophical questions include : Is it possible to know anything and to prove it ? What is most real ? However , philosophers might also pose more practical and concrete questions such as : Is there a best way to live ? Is it better to be just or unjust ( if one can get away with it )? Do humans have free will ? The nervous system is the part of an ___MASK27___ ' s body that coordinates its actions and transmits signals to and from different parts of its body . Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago . In vertebrate species it consists of two main parts , the central nervous system ( CNS ) and the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord . The PNS consists mainly of nerves , which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons , that connect the CNS to every other part of the body . Nerves that transmit signals from the brain are called " motor " or " efferent " nerves , while those nerves that transmit information from the body to the CNS are called " sensory " or " afferent ". Most nerves serve both functions and are called " mixed " nerves . The PNS is divided into a ) somatic and b ) autonomic nervous system , and c ) the enteric nervous system . Somatic nerves mediate voluntary movement . The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems . The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy , while the parasympathetic nervous system is activated when organisms are in a relaxed state . The enteric nervous system functions to control the gastrointestinal system . Both autonomic and enteric nervous systems ___MASK30___ involuntarily . Nerves that exit from the cranium are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves . The Hominini is a taxonomical tribe of the subfamily Homininae ; it comprises three subtribes : Hominina , with its one genus " Homo "; Australopithecina , comprising at least three extinct genera ( see inset at bottom right ); and Panina , with its one genus " Pan ", the chimpanzees ( see the evolutionary ___MASK84___ below ). Members of the human clade , that is , the Hominina , including " Homo " and those species of the australopithecines that arose " after " the split from the chimpanzees , are called homininans . Not all homininans are directly related to the emergence of early " Homo ". A modern cladogram is given by The ___MASK66___ is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the ___MASK66___ protocol suite ( TCP / IP ) to link devices worldwide . It is a " network of networks " that consists of private , public , academic , business , and government networks of local to global scope , linked by a broad array of electronic , wireless , and optical networking technologies . The ___MASK66___ carries an extensive range of information resources and services , such as the inter - linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web ( WWW ), electronic mail , telephony , and peer - to - peer networks for file sharing . ___MASK47___ is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future . ___MASK47___ is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events , to compare the duration of events or the intervals between them , and to quantify rates of change of quantities in material reality or in the conscious experience . ___MASK47___ is often referred to as the fourth dimension , along with the three spatial dimensions . Culture can be defined in numerous ways . In the words of anthropologist E . B . Tylor , it is " that complex whole which includes knowledge , belief , ___MASK57___ , morals , ___MASK37___ , custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society ." Alternatively , in a contemporary variant , " Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices , discourses and material expressions , which , over time , express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common ." The retina (, , pl . retinae , ; from Latin " rte ", meaning " net ") is the third and inner coat of the eye which is a light - sensitive layer of tissue . The optics of the eye create an image of the visual world on the retina ( through the cornea and lens ), which serves much the same ___MASK30___ as the film in a camera . Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical events that ultimately trigger nerve impulses . These are sent to various visual centres of the brain through the fibres of the optic nerve . Neural retina typically refers to three layers of neural cells ( photo receptor cells , bipolar cells , and ganglion cells ) within the retina , while the entire retina refers to these three layers plus a layer of pigmented epithelial cells . In ___MASK25___ , sound is a vibration that propagates as a typically audible mechanical wave of pressure and displacement , through a transmission medium such as air or water . In physiology and ___MASK98___ , sound is the " reception " of such waves and their " perception " by the brain . Humans can hear sound waves with frequencies between about 20 Hz and 20 kHz . Sound above 20 kHz is ultrasound and below 20 Hz is infrasound . Other animals have different hearing ranges . A computer program is a collection of instructions that performs a specific task when executed by a computer . A computer requires programs to ___MASK30___ , and typically executes the program ' s instructions in a central processing unit . In particle ___MASK25___ , a massless particle is a particle whose invariant mass is theoretically zero . the two known massless particles were gauge bosons : the photon ( carrier of electromagnetism ) and the gluon ( carrier of the strong force ). However , gluons are never observed as free particles , since they are confined within hadrons . Neutrinos were , until recently , thought to be either massless or have a small mass . However , because neutrinos change flavour as they travel , at least two of the types of neutrinos must have mass . This was proven by Canadian scientist Arthur B . McDonald and Japanese scientist Takaaki Kajita , which resulted in their sharing of the Nobel prize in ___MASK25___ 2015 . The past is a term used to indicate the totality of events which occurred before a given point in ___MASK47___ . The past is contrasted with and defined by the present and the future . The concept of the past is derived from the linear fashion in which human observers experience ___MASK47___ , and is accessed through memory and recollection . In addition , human beings have recorded the past since the advent of written language . Learning is the act of acquiring new , or modifying and reinforcing existing , knowledge , behaviors , skills , values , or preferences which may lead to a potential change in synthesizing information , depth of the knowledge , attitude or behavior relative to the type and range of experience . The ability to learn is possessed by humans , animals , plants and some machines . Progress over ___MASK47___ tends to follow a learning curve . Learning does not happen all at once , but it builds upon and is shaped by previous knowledge . To that end , learning may be viewed as a process , rather than a collection of factual and procedural knowledge . Learning produces changes in the organism and the changes produced are relatively permanent . In ___MASK25___ , spacetime is any mathematical ___MASK92___ that combines space and time into a single interwoven continuum . Since 300 BCE , the spacetime of our universe has historically been interpreted from a Euclidean space perspective , which regards space as consisting of three dimensions , and time as consisting of one dimension , the " fourth dimension ". By combining space and time into a single manifold called Minkowski space in 1908 , physicists have significantly simplified a large number of physical theories , as well as described in a more uniform way the workings of the universe at both the supergalactic and subatomic levels . The present ( or here and now ) is the ___MASK47___ that is associated with the events perceived directly and in the first ___MASK47___ , not as a recollection ( perceived more than once ) or a speculation ( predicted , hypothesis , uncertain ). It is a period of ___MASK47___ between the past and the future , and can vary in meaning from being an instant to a day or longer . In radiocarbon dating , the " present " is defined as AD 1950 . A conceptual framework is an analytical tool with several variations and contexts . It is used to make conceptual distinctions and organize ideas . Strong conceptual frameworks capture something real and do this in a way that is easy to remember and apply . Isaiah Berlin used the metaphor of a " ___MASK64___ " and a " hedgehog " to make conceptual distinctions in how important philosophers and authors view the world . Berlin describes hedgehogs as those who use a single idea or organizing principle to view the world ( such as ___MASK8___ , Blaise Pascal , Fyodor Dostoyevsky , Plato , Henrik Ibsen and ___MASK26___ ). Foxes , on the other hand , incorporate a type of pluralism and view the world through multiple , sometimes conflicting , lenses ( examples include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , James Joyce , ___MASK6___ , Aristotle , Herodotus , Molière , Honoré de Balzac ). David Weinberger ( born 1950 ) is an American technologist , professional speaker , and commentator , probably best known as co - author of the Cluetrain Manifesto ( originally a website , and eventually a book , which has been described as " a primer on ___MASK66___ marketing " ). Weinberger ' s work focuses on how the ___MASK66___ is changing human relationships , communication , knowledge and society . A tribe is viewed , developmentally or historically , as a social group existing before the development of , or outside , states . A tribe is a group of distinct people , dependent on their land for their livelihood , who are largely self - sufficient , and not integrated into the national society . It is perhaps the term most readily understood and used by the general public . Stephen Corry , director of Survival International , an organisation dedicated to indigenous rights , defines tribal people as those who "... have followed ways of ___MASK77___ for many generations that are largely self - sufficient , and are clearly different from the mainstream and dominant society ." This definition , however , would not apply in countries in the Middle East such as ___MASK2___ , where the entire population is a member of one tribe or another , and tribalism itself is dominant and mainstream . In ___MASK62___ , a sequence is an enumerated collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed . Like a set , it contains members ( also called " elements ", or " terms "). The number of elements ( possibly infinite ) is called the " length " of the sequence . Unlike a set , order matters , and exactly the same elements can appear multiple times at different positions in the sequence . Formally , a sequence can be defined as a ___MASK30___ whose domain is either the set of the natural numbers ( for infinite sequences ) or the set of the first " n " natural numbers ( for a sequence of finite length " n "). The position of an element in a sequence is its " rank " or " index "; it is the integer from which the element is the image . It depends on the context or of a specific convention , if the first element has index 0 or 1 . When a symbol has been chosen for denoting a sequence , the " n " th element of the sequence is denoted by this symbol with " n " as subscript ; for example , the " n " th element of the Fibonacci sequence is generally denoted " F ". A message is a discrete unit of ___MASK16___ intended by the source for consumption by some recipient or group of recipients . A message may be delivered by various means , including courier , telegraphy , carrier pigeon and electronic bus . A message can be the content of a broadcast . An interactive exchange of messages forms a conversation . A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same ___MASK73___ . Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous , and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy . The word comes from Ancient Greek " sýn " (" with ") and " ónoma " (" name "). An example of synonyms are the words " begin ", " start ", " commence ", " initiate ", " fun ", " pleasing " . Words can be synonymous when meant in certain senses , even if they are not synonymous in all of their senses . For example , if one talks about a " long ___MASK47___ " or an " extended ___MASK47___ ", " long " and " extended " are synonymous within that context . Synonyms with exact meaning share a seme or denotational sememe , whereas those with inexactly similar meanings share a broader denotational or connotational sememe and thus overlap within a semantic field . Some academics call the former type cognitive synonyms to distinguish them from the latter type , which they call near - synonyms . Latin ( Latin : ) is a classical ___MASK73___ belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo - European languages . The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . Small Pieces Loosely Joined : A Unified Theory of the Web is a book by David Weinberger published by Perseus Publishing in 2002 ( ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0543 - 5 ) . The book ' s central premise is that the world wide web has significantly altered humanity ' s understanding or perception of the concepts of space , matter , ___MASK47___ , perfection , public , knowledge , and ___MASK19___ , each of which comprises the title of a chapter in the book . The web , Weinberger writes , `` is enabling us to rediscover what we ' ve always known about being human : we are connected creatures in a connected world about which we care passionately . '' ___MASK43___ is commonly held to be that which objectively persists independent of one ' s presence . Experience is the knowledge or mastery of an event or subject gained through involvement in or exposure to it . Terms in ___MASK90___ such as " empirical knowledge " or "" a posteriori " knowledge " are used to refer to knowledge based on experience . A person with considerable experience in a specific field can gain a reputation as an expert . The concept of experience generally refers to know - how or procedural knowledge , rather than propositional knowledge : on - the - job training rather than book - learning . A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds . Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge . However , in quantum ___MASK25___ , organic chemistry , and biochemistry , the term " molecule " is often used less strictly , also being applied to polyatomic ions . The World Wide Web ( abbreviated WWW or the Web ) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators ( URLs ), interlinked by hypertext links , and can be accessed via the ___MASK66___ . English scientist Tim Berners - Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989 . He wrote the first web browser computer program in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland . ___MASK19___ ( from the Latin "" " manner , character , proper behavior ") is the differentiation of intentions , decisions , and actions between those that are distinguished as proper and those that are improper . ___MASK19___ can be a body of standards or principles derived from a code of conduct from a particular philosophy , religion , or culture , or it can derive from a standard that a person believes should be universal . ___MASK19___ may also be specifically synonymous with " goodness " or " rightness ". The future is what will happen in the ___MASK47___ after the present . Its arrival is considered inevitable due to the existence of ___MASK47___ and the laws of physics . Due to the apparent nature of reality and the unavoidability of the future , everything that currently exists and will exist can be categorized as either permanent , meaning that it will exist forever , or temporary , meaning that it will end . The future and the concept of eternity have been major subjects of ___MASK90___ , religion , and science , and defining them non - controversially has consistently eluded the greatest of minds . In the Occidental view , which uses a linear conception of ___MASK47___ , the future is the portion of the projected ___MASK47___ line that is anticipated to occur . In special relativity , the future is considered absolute future , or the future light cone .