has_part ofatumumab
Monoclonal antibodies ( mAb or moAb ) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of ___MASK66___ unique parent ___MASK25___ . Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity , in that they bind to the same epitope ( the ___MASK36___ of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody ). In contrast , polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma ___MASK25___ ( antibody secreting immune ___MASK25___ ) lineages . Bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered , by increasing the therapeutic targets of ___MASK83___ single monoclonal antibody to two epitopes . Systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ), also known simply as lupus , is an autoimmune ___MASK72___ in which the body ' s immune ___MASK4___ mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body . Symptoms vary between people and may be mild to severe . Common symptoms include painful and swollen joints , fever , chest pain , hair loss , mouth ulcers , swollen lymph nodes , feeling tired , and a red rash which is most commonly on the face . Often there are periods of illness , called flares , and periods of remission when there are few symptoms . The cause is not entirely clear . It is believed to involve hormonal , environmental , and genetic factors . Among identical twins , if ___MASK83___ is affected there is a 24 % chance the other ___MASK83___ will be as well . Female sex hormones , sunlight , smoking , vitamin D deficiency , and certain infections , are also believed to increase the risk . The mechanism involves an immune response by autoantibodies against a person ' s own tissues . These are most commonly anti - nuclear antibodies and they result in inflammation . Diagnosis can be difficult and is based on a combination of symptoms and laboratory tests . There are a number of other kinds of lupus erythematosus including discoid lupus erythematosus , neonatal lupus , and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus . There is no cure for SLE . Treatments may include NSAIDs , corticosteroids , immunosuppressants , hydroxychloroquine , and methotrexate . Alternative medicine has not been shown to affect the ___MASK72___ . Life expectancy is lower among people with SLE . SLE significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular ___MASK72___ with this being the most common cause of death . With modern treatment about 80 % of those affected survive more than 15 years . Women with lupus have pregnancies that are higher risk but are mostly successful . Rates of ___MASK72___ vary between countries from 20 to 70 per 100 , 000 . Women of childbearing age are affected about nine times more often than men . While it most commonly begins between the ages of 15 and 45 a wide range of ages can be affected . Those of African , Caribbean , and Chinese descent are at higher risk than white people . Rates of ___MASK72___ in the developing world are unclear . Lupus is Latin for " wolf ", as in the 18th century it was thought to be caused by a wolf ' s bite . Augustin Jacob Landré - Beauvais ( 1772  1840 ) was ___MASK66___ ___MASK77___ surgeon best known for his description of rheumatoid arthritis . Born in Orléans , ___MASK31___ studied under Pierre - ___MASK12___ Desault and Marie François Xavier Bichat in Paris , and then from 1792 under Jean Louis Petit in Lyon . In 1796 ___MASK31___ obtained an internship at the famed Salpêtrière Hospital , where ___MASK31___ assisted Philippe Pinel . He was appointed professor of clinical medicine at the Salpêtrière in 1799 . After the restoration , ___MASK31___ also held the professorship at the Paris polytechnic ___MASK29___ . He was removed in 1830 at the insistence of King Louis - Philippe of France . ___MASK66___ demyelinating ___MASK72___ is any ___MASK72___ of the nervous ___MASK4___ in which the myelin sheath of neurons is damaged . This damage impairs the conduction of signals in the affected nerves . In turn , the reduction in conduction ability causes deficiency in sensation , movement , cognition , or other functions depending on which nerves are involved . Inflammation ( from Latin " inflammatio ") is ___MASK36___ of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli , such as pathogens , damaged cells , or irritants , and is a protective response involving immune cells , blood vessels , and molecular mediators . The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury , clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process , and to initiate tissue repair . Life expectancy is ___MASK66___ statistical measure of the average ___MASK89___ an ___MASK98___ is expected to live , based on the year of their birth , their current age and other demographic factors including sex . The most commonly used measure of life expectancy is at birth ( LEB ), which can be defined in two ways : while " cohort " LEB is the mean length of life of an actual birth cohort ( all individuals born ___MASK66___ given year ) and can be computed only for cohorts born many decades ago , so that all their members died , " period " LEB is the mean length of life of ___MASK66___ hypothetical cohort assumed to be exposed since birth until death of all their members to the mortality rates observed at ___MASK66___ given year . ___MASK66___ bone is ___MASK66___ rigid ___MASK45___ that constitutes ___MASK36___ of the vertebrate skeleton . Bones support and protect the various organs of the body , produce red and white blood cells , store minerals , provide structure and support for the body , and enable mobility . Bones come in ___MASK66___ variety of shapes and sizes and have ___MASK66___ complex internal and external structure . They are lightweight yet strong and hard , and serve multiple functions . ___MASK66___ phosphoprotein is ___MASK66___ ___MASK97___ that is posttranslationally modified by the attachment of either ___MASK66___ single phosphate group , or ___MASK66___ complex molecule such as 5 '- phospho - ___MASK17___ , through ___MASK66___ phosphate group . The target amino acid is usually serine , threonine , or tyrosine residues ( mostly in eukaryotes ), or aspartic acid or histidine residues ( mostly in prokaryotes ). Pain is ___MASK66___ distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli , such as stubbing ___MASK66___ toe , burning ___MASK66___ finger , putting alcohol on ___MASK66___ cut , or bumping the " funny bone ". Because it is ___MASK66___ complex , subjective phenomenon , defining pain has been ___MASK66___ challenge . The International Association for the Study of Pain ' ___MASK96___ widely used definition states : " Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage , or described in terms of such damage ." In medical diagnosis , pain is regarded as ___MASK66___ symptom of an underlying condition . ___MASK78___ - lymphocyte antigen CD20 or CD20 is an activated - glycosylated phosphoprotein expressed on the surface of all ___MASK78___ - cells beginning at the pro - ___MASK78___ phase ( CD45R +, CD117 +) and progressively increasing in concentration until maturity . Psoriatic arthritis ( also arthritis psoriatica , arthropathic psoriasis or psoriatic arthropathy ) is ___MASK66___ type of inflammatory arthritis that will develop in between 6 and 42 % of people who have the chronic skin condition psoriasis . Psoriatic arthritis is classified as ___MASK66___ seronegative spondyloarthropathy . Approximately 60 % of those affected have the tissue type HLA - B27 . Ofatumumab ( trade name Arzerra , also known as HuMax - CD20 ) is ___MASK66___ fully human monoclonal antibody ( for the CD20 ___MASK97___ ) which appears to inhibit early - stage ___MASK78___ lymphocyte activation . It is FDA approved for treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia that is refractory to fludarabine and alemtuzumab ( Campath ) and has also shown potential in treating Follicular non - Hodgkin ' ___MASK96___ lymphoma , Diffuse large ___MASK78___ ___MASK25___ lymphoma , rheumatoid arthritis and relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis . Ofatumumab has also received conditional approval in Europe for the treatment of refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia . This makes ofatumumab the first marketing application for an antibody produced by Genmab , as well as the first human monoclonal antibody which targets the CD20 molecule that will be available for patients with refractory CLL . ___MASK66___ symptom ( from Greek  , " accident , misfortune , that which befalls ", from  , " I befall ", from  - " together , with " and  , " I fall ") is ___MASK66___ departure from normal ___MASK71___ or feeling which is noticed by ___MASK66___ patient , reflecting the presence of an unusual state , or of ___MASK66___ ___MASK72___ . ___MASK66___ symptom is subjective , observed by the patient , and cannot be measured directly , whereas ___MASK66___ sign is objectively observable by others . For example , paresthesia is ___MASK66___ symptom ( only the person experiencing it can directly observe their own tingling feeling ), whereas erythema is ___MASK66___ sign ( anyone can confirm that the skin is redder than usual ). Symptoms and signs are often nonspecific , but often combinations of them are at least suggestive of certain diagnoses , helping to narrow down what may be wrong . In other cases they are specific even to the ___MASK43___ of being pathognomonic . The lungs are the primary organs of respiration in humans and many other animals including ___MASK66___ few fish and some snails . In mammals and most other vertebrates , two lungs are located near the backbone on either side of the heart . Their ___MASK71___ in the respiratory ___MASK4___ is to extract oxygen from the atmosphere and transfer it into the bloodstream , and to release ___MASK54___ dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere , in ___MASK66___ process of gas exchange . Respiration is driven by different muscular systems in different species . Mammals , reptiles and birds use their musculoskeletal systems to support and foster breathing . In early tetrapods , air was driven into the lungs by the pharyngeal muscles via buccal pumping , ___MASK66___ mechanism still seen in amphibians . In humans , the primary muscle that drives breathing is the diaphragm . The lungs also provide airflow that makes vocal sounds including human speech possible . White ___MASK23___ refers to areas of the central nervous ___MASK4___ that are mainly made up of myelinated axons also called tracts . Long thought to be passive tissue , white ___MASK23___ actively affects learning and brain functions , modulating the distribution of action potentials , acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions . Alemtuzumab is ___MASK66___ drug used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( CLL ), cutaneous ___MASK40___ - cell lymphoma ( CTCL ) and ___MASK40___ - cell lymphoma under the trade names Campath , MabCampath and Campath - 1H , and in the treatment of multiple sclerosis as Lemtrada . It is also used in some conditioning regimens for bone marrow transplantation , kidney transplantation and islet cell transplantation . Physical therapy ( PT ), also known as physiotherapy , is ___MASK66___ physical medicine and rehabilitation specialty that , by using mechanical force and movements , remediates impairments and promotes mobility , ___MASK71___ , and quality of life through examination , diagnosis , prognosis , and physical intervention . It is performed by physical therapists ( known as physiotherapists in many countries ). Polyclonal antibodies ( pAbs ) are antibodies that are secreted by different ___MASK78___ ___MASK25___ lineages within the body ( whereas monoclonal antibodies come from a single ___MASK25___ lineage ). They are a collection of immunoglobulin molecules that react against a specific antigen , each identifying a different epitope . Lupus erythematosus is ___MASK66___ name given to ___MASK66___ collection of autoimmune diseases in which the human immune ___MASK4___ becomes hyperactive and attacks healthy tissues . Symptoms of these diseases can affect many different body systems , including joints , skin , kidneys , blood cells , heart , and lungs . The most common and severe form is systemic lupus erythematosus . ___MASK32___ - Martin Charcot ( 29 November 1825  16 August ___MASK27___ ) was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology . ___MASK31___ is known as " the founder of modern neurology ", and his name has been associated with at least 15 medical eponyms , including Charcot  Marie  Tooth disease and Charcot disease ( better known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , motor neurone disease , or Lou Gehrig disease ). Charcot has been referred to as " the father of French neurology and ___MASK83___ of the world ' s pioneers of neurology ". His work greatly influenced the developing fields of neurology and psychology ; modern psychiatry owes much to the work of Charcot and his direct followers . ___MASK31___ was the " foremost neurologist of late nineteenth - century France " and has been called " the Napoléon of the neuroses ". Cartilage is ___MASK66___ resilient and smooth elastic tissue , rubber - like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints , and is ___MASK66___ structural component of the rib cage , the ear , the nose , the bronchial tubes , the intervertebral discs , and many other body components . It is not as hard and rigid as bone , but it is stiffer and less flexible than muscle . The central nervous ___MASK4___ ( CNS ) is the part of the nervous ___MASK4___ consisting of the brain and spinal cord . The central nervous ___MASK4___ is so named because it integrates information it receives from , and coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric animals  that is , all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish  and it contains the majority of the nervous ___MASK4___ . Many consider the retina and the optic nerve ( 2nd cranial nerve ), as well as the olfactory nerves ( 1st ) and olfactory epithelium as parts of the CNS , synapsing directly on brain tissue without intermediate ganglia . Following this classification the olfactory epithelium is the only central nervous tissue in direct contact with the environment , which opens up for therapeutic treatments . ___MASK66___ hand is ___MASK66___ prehensile , multi - fingered ___MASK45___ located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates such as humans , chimpanzees , monkeys , and lemurs . ___MASK66___ few other vertebrates such as the koala ( which has two opposable thumbs on each " hand " and fingerprints remarkably similar to human fingerprints ) are often described as having " hands " instead of paws on their front limbs . The raccoon is usually described as having " hands " though opposable thumbs are lacking . The immune ___MASK4___ is a host defense ___MASK4___ comprising many biological structures and processes within an ___MASK98___ that protects against disease . To function properly , an immune ___MASK4___ must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the ___MASK98___ ' s own healthy tissue . In many species , the immune ___MASK4___ can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune ___MASK4___ versus the adaptive immune ___MASK4___ , or humoral immunity versus cell - mediated immunity . In humans , the blood  brain barrier , blood  cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid  brain barriers separate the peripheral immune ___MASK4___ from the neuroimmune ___MASK4___ which protects the brain . Fibromyalgia ( FM ) is ___MASK66___ medical condition characterised by chronic widespread pain and ___MASK66___ heightened pain response to pressure . Other symptoms include feeling tired to ___MASK66___ degree that normal activities are affected , sleep problems , and troubles with memory . Some people also report restless legs syndrome , bowel or bladder problems , numbness and tingling , and sensitivity to ___MASK21___ , lights or temperature . Fibromyalgia is frequently associated with depression , anxiety , and posttraumatic stress disorder . Other types of chronic pain are also frequently present . The cause of fibromyalgia is unknown ; however , it is believed to involve ___MASK66___ combination of genetic and environmental factors with half the risk attributed to each . The condition runs in families and many genes are believed to be involved . Environmental factors may include psychological stress , trauma , and certain infections . The pain appears to result from processes in the central nervous ___MASK4___ and the condition is referred to as ___MASK66___ " central sensitization syndrome ". Fibromyalgia is recognized as ___MASK66___ disorder by the US National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology . There is no specific diagnostic test . Diagnosis involves first ruling out other potential causes and verifying that ___MASK66___ set number of symptoms are present . The treatment of fibromyalgia can be difficult . Recommendations often include getting enough sleep , exercising regularly , and eating ___MASK66___ healthy diet . Cognitive behavioral therapy may also be helpful . The medications duloxetine , milnacipran , or pregabalin may be used . Use of opioid pain medication is controversial with some stating their use is poorly supported by evidence and others saying that weak opioids may be reasonable if other medications are not effective . Dietary supplements also lack evidence to support their use . While fibromyalgia can last ___MASK66___ long ___MASK89___ , it does not result in death or tissue damage . Fibromyalgia is estimated to affect 2  8 % of the population . Females are affected about twice as often as males . Rates appear similar in different areas of the world and among different cultures . Fibromyalgia was first defined in 1990 with updated criteria in 2011 . There is controversy about the classification , diagnosis , and treatment of fibromyalgia . While some feel the diagnosis of fibromyalgia may negatively affect ___MASK66___ person , other research finds it to be beneficial . The term " fibromyalgia " is from New Latin , " fibro -", meaning " fibrous tissues ", Greek  " myo -", " muscle ", and Greek  " algos ", " pain "; thus the term literally means " muscle and fibrous connective tissue pain ". Genmab ___MASK66___ / ___MASK96___ is a Danish biotechnology company , founded in February 1999 by Florian Schönharting , at the ___MASK89___ managing director of BankInvest Biomedical venture fund . Genmab is based in Copenhagen . Internationally , it operates through the subsidiaries Genmab BV in Utrecht , The Netherlands , and Genmab , Inc in Princeton , New Jersey , USA . The Company is publicly traded on the NASDAQ OMX Copenhagen ___MASK66___ / ___MASK96___ . ___MASK72___ - modifying antirheumatic drugs ( DMARDs ) is a category of otherwise unrelated drugs defined by their use in rheumatoid arthritis to slow down ___MASK72___ progression . The term is often used in contrast to non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drug ( which refers to agents that treat the inflammation but not the underlying cause ) and steroids ( which blunt the immune response but are insufficient to slow down the progression of the ___MASK72___ ). ___MASK93___ - radiation ( composed of ___MASK93___ - rays ) is a form of electromagnetic radiation . Most ___MASK93___ - rays have a wavelength ranging from 0 . 01 to 10 nanometers , corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz ( 3 × 10 Hz to 3 × 10 Hz ) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV . ___MASK93___ - ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays . In many languages , ___MASK93___ - radiation is referred to with terms meaning Röntgen radiation , after the German ( German - Dutch to be precise ) scientist Wilhelm Röntgen , who usually is credited as its discoverer , and who had named it " ___MASK93___ - radiation " to signify an unknown type of radiation . Spelling of " ___MASK93___ - ray ( s )" in the English language includes the variants " ___MASK93___ - ray ( s )", " xray ( s )", and " ___MASK93___ ray ( s )". Myelin is ___MASK66___ fatty white substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells , forming an electrically insulating layer . It is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous ___MASK4___ . It is an outgrowth of ___MASK66___ type of glial cell . In ___MASK51___ anatomy , the wrist is variously defined as ___MASK8___ ) the carpus or carpal bones , the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand ; ( 2 ) the wrist joint or radiocarpal joint , the joint between the radius and the carpus ; and ( 3 ) the anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones , thus referred to as " wrist joints ". This region also includes the carpal tunnel , the anatomical snuff box , the flexor retinaculum , and the extensor retinaculum . Islet transplantation is the transplantation of isolated islets from ___MASK66___ donor pancreas into another person . It is an experimental treatment for type ___MASK8___ diabetes mellitus . Once transplanted , the islets begin to produce insulin , actively regulating the level of glucose in the blood . Princeton is ___MASK66___ municipality with ___MASK66___ borough form of government in Mercer County , ___MASK3___ , United States , that was established in its current form on January ___MASK8___ , 2013 , through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township . As of the 2010 United States Census , the municipality ' s population was 28 , 572 , reflecting the former township ' s population of 16 , 265 , along with the 12 , 307 in the former borough . In immunology , an antigen is ___MASK66___ molecule capable of inducing an immune response on the ___MASK36___ of the host ___MASK98___ , though sometimes antigens can be ___MASK36___ of the host itself . In other words , an antigen is any substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it . Each antibody is specifically produced by the immune system to match an antigen after cells in the immune system come into contact with it ; this allows ___MASK66___ precise identification of the antigen and the initiation of ___MASK66___ tailored response . The antibody is said to " match " the antigen in the sense that it can bind to it thanks to adaptations performed to ___MASK66___ region of the antibody ; because of this , many different antibodies can be produced , with specificity to bind many different antigens while sharing the same basic structure . In most cases , an antibody can only bind one specific antigen ; in some instances , however , antibodies may bind more than one antigen . ___MASK66___ gene is ___MASK66___ locus ( or region ) of ___MASK17___ which is made up of nucleotides and is the molecular unit of heredity . The transmission of genes to an ___MASK98___ ' s offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits . Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes ( many different genes ) as well as gene  environment interactions . Some genetic traits are instantly visible , such as eye colour or number of limbs , and some are not , such as blood type , risk for specific diseases , or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life . Arthritis is ___MASK66___ term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints . Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness . Other symptoms may include redness , warmth , swelling , and decreased range of motion of the affected joints . In some types other organs are also affected . Onset can be gradual or sudden . There are over 100 types of arthritis . The most common forms are osteoarthritis ( degenerative joint ___MASK72___ ) and rheumatoid arthritis . Osteoarthritis usually occurs with age and affects the fingers , knees , and hips . Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that often affects the hands and feet . Other types include gout , lupus , fibromyalgia , and septic arthritis . They are all types of rheumatic ___MASK72___ . Treatment may include resting the joint and alternating between applying ___MASK9___ and heat . Weight loss and exercise may also be useful . Pain medications such as ibuprofen and paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) may be used . In some ___MASK66___ joint replacement may be useful . Osteoarthritis affects more than 3 . 8 % of people while rheumatoid arthritis affects about 0 . 24 % of people . Gout affects about ___MASK8___ to 2 % of the Western population at some point in their lives . In Australia about 15 % of people are affected , while in the United States more than 20 % of have ___MASK66___ type of arthritis . Overall the ___MASK72___ becomes more common with age . Arthritis is ___MASK66___ common reason that people miss work and can result in ___MASK66___ decreased quality of life . The term is from Greek " arthro -" meaning joint and "- itis " meaning inflammation . Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) is ___MASK66___ long - term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints . It typically results in warm , swollen , and painful joints . Pain and stiffness often worsen following rest . Most commonly , the wrist and hands are involved , with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the body . The ___MASK72___ may also affect other parts of the body . This may result in ___MASK66___ low red blood ___MASK25___ count , inflammation around the lungs , and inflammation around the heart . Fever and low energy may also be present . Often , symptoms come on gradually over weeks to months . While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear , it is believed to involve ___MASK66___ combination of genetic and environmental factors . The underlying mechanism involves the body ' s immune ___MASK4___ attacking the joints . This results in inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule . It also affects the underlying bone and cartilage . The diagnosis is made mostly on the basis of ___MASK66___ person ' s signs and symptoms . ___MASK93___ - rays and laboratory testing may support ___MASK66___ diagnosis or exclude other diseases with similar symptoms . Other diseases that may present similarly include systemic lupus erythematosus , psoriatic arthritis , and fibromyalgia among others . The goal of treatment is to reduce pain , decrease inflammation , and improve ___MASK66___ person ' s overall functioning . This may be helped by balancing rest and exercise , the use of splints and braces , or the use of assistive devices . Pain medications , steroids , and NSAIDs are frequently used to help with symptoms . A group of medications called ___MASK72___ - modifying antirheumatic drugs ( DMARDs ), such as hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate , may be used to try to slow the progression of ___MASK72___ . Biological DMARDs may be used when ___MASK72___ does not respond to other treatments . However , they may have ___MASK66___ greater rate of adverse effects . Surgery to repair , replace , or fuse joints may help in certain situations . Most alternative medicine treatments are not supported by evidence . RA affects between 0 . 5 and 1 % of adults in the developed world with between 5 and 50 per 100 , 000 people newly developing the condition each year . Onset is most frequent during middle age and women are affected 2 . 5 times as frequently as men . In 2013 , it resulted in 38 , 000 deaths up from 28 , 000 deaths in 1990 . The first recognized description of RA was made in 1800 by Dr . Augustin Jacob Landré - Beauvais ( 1772  1840 ) of Paris . The term " rheumatoid arthritis " is based on the Greek for watery and inflamed joints . Signs and symptoms . RA primarily affects joints , but it also affects other organs in more than 15  25 % of individuals . ___MASK79___ (, ); ) is the ___MASK20___ and most populated city of Denmark . It has a municipal population of 591 , 481 and a larger urban population of ___MASK8___ , 280 , 371 . The ___MASK79___ metropolitan area has just over 2 million inhabitants . The city is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand ; another small portion of the city is located on Amager , and is separated from Malmö , Sweden , by the strait of Øresund . The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road . Genetics is the study of genes , genetic variation , and heredity in living organisms . It is generally considered ___MASK66___ ___MASK53___ of biology , but intersects frequently with many other life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems . Kidney transplantation or renal transplantation is the ___MASK45___ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end - stage renal ___MASK72___ . Kidney transplantation is typically classified as deceased - donor ( formerly known as cadaveric ) or living - donor transplantation depending on the source of the donor ___MASK45___ . Living - donor renal transplants are further characterized as genetically related ( living - related ) or non - related ( living - unrelated ) transplants , depending on whether a biological relationship exists between the donor and recipient . Exchanges and chains are a novel approach to expand the living donor pool . In February 2012 , this novel approach to expand the living donor pool was featured on the front page of the ___MASK22___ Times in a story covering the largest chain in the world involving 60 participants organized by the National Kidney Registry . In 2014 the record for the largest chain was broken again by a swap involving 70 participants , covered by ABC News . ___MASK87___ cells , also called ___MASK87___ ___MASK78___ cells , plasmocytes , plasmacytes , or effector ___MASK78___ cells , are white ___MASK73___ cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies . They are transported by the ___MASK73___ ___MASK87___ and the lymphatic ___MASK4___ . ___MASK87___ cells originate in the bone marrow ; ___MASK78___ cells differentiate into ___MASK87___ cells that produce antibody molecules closely modeled after the receptors of the precursor ___MASK78___ cell . Once released into the ___MASK73___ and lymph , these antibody molecules bind to the target antigen ( foreign substance ) and initiate its neutralization or destruction . The spinal cord is ___MASK66___ long , thin , tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column . The ___MASK26___ and spinal cord together make up the central nervous ___MASK4___ ( CNS ). The spinal cord begins at the occipital bone and extends down to the space between the first and second lumbar vertebrae ; it does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column . It is around in men and around long in women . Also , the spinal cord has ___MASK66___ varying width , ranging from thick in the cervical and lumbar regions to thick in the thoracic area . The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord . The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of neural signals between the ___MASK26___ and the rest of the body but also contains neural circuits that can independently control numerous reflexes and central pattern generators . The spinal cord has three major functions : as ___MASK66___ conduit for motor information , which travels down the spinal cord , as ___MASK66___ conduit for sensory information in the reverse ___MASK70___ , and finally as ___MASK66___ center for coordinating certain reflexes . ___MASK34___ / stem cell growth factor receptor ( SCFR ), also known as proto - oncogene ___MASK88___ - Kit or tyrosine - protein kinase Kit or CD117 , is a receptor tyrosine kinase protein that in humans is encoded by the KIT gene . Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene . KIT was first described by the German biochemist Axel Ullrich in 1987 as the cellular homolog of the feline sarcoma viral oncogene v - kit . An epitope , also known as antigenic determinant , is the ___MASK36___ of an antigen that is recognized by the immune ___MASK4___ , specifically by antibodies , B cells , or ___MASK40___ cells . For example , the epitope is the specific piece of the antigen to which an antibody binds . The ___MASK36___ of an antibody that binds to the epitope is called a paratope . Although epitopes are usually non - self proteins , sequences derived from the host that can be recognized ( as in the case of autoimmune diseases ) are also epitopes . Multiple sclerosis ( MS ) is ___MASK66___ demyelinating ___MASK72___ in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the ___MASK26___ and spinal cord are damaged . This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous ___MASK4___ to communicate , resulting in ___MASK66___ range of signs and symptoms , including physical , mental , and sometimes psychiatric problems . Specific symptoms can include double vision , blindness in ___MASK83___ eye , muscle weakness , trouble with sensation , or trouble with coordination . MS takes several forms , with new symptoms either occurring in isolated attacks ( relapsing forms ) or building up over ___MASK89___ ( progressive forms ). Between attacks , symptoms may disappear completely ; however , permanent neurological problems often remain , especially as the ___MASK72___ advances . While the cause is not clear , the underlying mechanism is thought to be either destruction by the immune ___MASK4___ or failure of the myelin - producing cells . Proposed causes for this include genetics and environmental factors such as being triggered by ___MASK66___ viral infection . MS is usually diagnosed based on the presenting signs and symptoms and the results of supporting medical tests . There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis . Treatments attempt to improve function after an attack and prevent new attacks . Medications used to treat MS , while modestly effective , can have side effects and be poorly tolerated . Physical therapy can help with people ' s ability to function . Many people pursue alternative treatments , despite ___MASK66___ lack of evidence . The long - term outcome is difficult to predict , with good outcomes more often seen in women , those who develop the ___MASK72___ early in life , those with ___MASK66___ relapsing course , and those who initially experienced few attacks . Life expectancy is on average 5 to 10 years lower than that of an unaffected population . Multiple sclerosis is the most common autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous ___MASK4___ . In 2013 , about 2 . 3 million people were affected globally with rates varying widely in different regions and among different populations . That year about 20 , 000 people died from MS , up from 12 , 000 in 1990 . The ___MASK72___ usually begins between the ages of 20 and 50 and is twice as common in women as in men . MS was first described in 1868 by Jean - Martin Charcot . The name " multiple sclerosis " refers to the numerous scars ( sclerae  better known as plaques or lesions ) that develop on the white matter of the ___MASK26___ and spinal cord . A number of new treatments and diagnostic methods are under development .