country_of_citizenship isidore of miletus
The Empire of ___MASK33___ , more commonly known in historiography as the Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople , and known to the Byzantines as the Latin Occupation , was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the ___MASK97___ . It was established after the capture of Constantinople in 1204 and lasted until 1261 . The Latin Empire was intended to supplant the ___MASK97___ as the titular Roman Empire in the east , with a Western Roman Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors . Baldwin IX , Count of Flanders , was crowned the first Latin emperor as Baldwin I on 16 May 1204 . The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade , especially Venice , and after a short initial period of military successes it went into a steady decline . Weakened by constant warfare with the Bulgarians and the unconquered sections of the empire , it eventually fell when Byzantines recaptured Constantinople under Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261 . The last Latin emperor , Baldwin II , went into exile , but the imperial title survived , with several pretenders to it , until the 14th century . The Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See , better known as Seville Cathedral , is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Seville ( Andalusia , ___MASK24___ ). It is the largest Gothic cathedral and the third - largest church in the world . It is also the largest cathedral in the world , as the two larger churches , the Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida and St . Peter ' s Basilica , are not the seats of bishops . It was registered in 1987 by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site , along with the Alcázar palace complex and the General Archive of the Indies . " See " refers to the episcopal see , i . e ., the bishop ' s ecclesiastical jurisdiction . Justinian I ( 482 14 November 565 ), traditionally known as Justinian the Great and also Saint Justinian the Great in the Eastern Orthodox Church , was a Byzantine ( East Roman ) emperor from 527 to 565 . During his reign , Justinian sought to revive the empire ' s greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the historical ___MASK46___ . Justinian ' s rule constitutes a distinct epoch in the history of the Later ___MASK46___ , and his reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized " renovatio imperii ", or " restoration of the Empire ". Anthemius of Tralles ( Medieval Greek , " Anthémios o Trallianós ";  533 558 ) was a Greek from Tralles who worked as a geometer and architect in Constantinople , the capital of the ___MASK97___ . With Isidore of Miletus , he designed the Hagia Sophia for Justinian I . Life . Anthemius was one of the five sons of Stephanus of Tralles , a physician . His brothers were Dioscorus , Alexander , Olympius , and Metrodorus . Dioscorus followed his father ' s profession in Tralles ; Alexander did so in Rome and became one of the most celebrated medical men of his time ; Olympius became a noted lawyer ; and Metrodorus worked as a grammarian in Constantinople . The Fourth Crusade ( 1202  04 ) was a Western European armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III , originally intended to conquer Muslim - controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through ___MASK75___ . Instead , a sequence of events culminated in the Crusaders sacking the city of Constantinople , the capital of the Christian - controlled ___MASK97___ . Medieval Greek , also known as Byzantine Greek , is the stage of the Greek language between the end of Classical antiquity in the 5th - 6th centuries and the end of the Middle Ages , conventionally dated to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 . From the 7th century onwards , Greek was the only language of administration and government in the ___MASK97___ . This stage of language is thus described as Byzantine Greek . The study of the Medieval Greek language and literature is a branch of Byzantine Studies , or Byzantinology , the study of the history and culture of the ___MASK97___ . Hagia Sophia ( from the ), " Holy Wisdom "; or " Sancta Sapientia ") was a Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal basilica ( church ), later an imperial mosque , and now a museum ( Ayasofya Müzesi ) in Istanbul , ___MASK95___ . From the date of its construction in 537 AD , and until 1453 , it served as an Eastern Orthodox cathedral and seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople , except between 1204 and 1261 , when it was converted by the Fourth Crusaders to a Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire . The building was later converted into an Ottoman mosque from 29 May 1453 until 1931 . It was then secularized and opened as a museum on 1 February 1935 . Famous in particular for its massive dome , it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture and is said to have " changed the history of architecture ". It remained the world ' s largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years , until Seville Cathedral was completed in 1520 . The ___MASK46___ ( Koine and Medieval Greek :    , tr . ) was the post - ___MASK79___ period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around 500 AD , and the Empire ' s populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world ' s population at the time ). The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar ' s adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of ___MASK75___ . Octavian ' s power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title " Augustus ", effectively marking the end of the ___MASK79___ . Istanbul ( or ), historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium , is the most populous city in ___MASK95___ and the country ' s economic , cultural , and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosphorus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ), both hosting a population of around 14 . 7 million residents . Istanbul is one of the world ' s most populous cities and ranks as the world ' s 7th - largest city proper and the largest European city . ___MASK95___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK95___ ( Turkish : ), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia , mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe . ___MASK95___ is a democratic , secular , unitary , parliamentary republic with a diverse cultural heritage . ___MASK95___ is bordered by eight countries : ___MASK29___ to the west ; Bulgaria to the northwest ; Georgia to the northeast ; Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east ; and ___MASK39___ and Syria to the south . The Aegean Sea is to the west , the Black Sea to the north , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . The Bosphorus , the Sea of Marmara , and the Dardanelles , which together form the Turkish Straits , divide Thrace and Anatolia ; they also separate Europe and Asia . ___MASK95___ ' s location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history . Isidore of ___MASK59___ ( Greek :    ) was one of the two main Byzantine Greek architects ( Anthemius of Tralles was the other ) that Emperor Justinian I commissioned to design the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople from 532 - 537 . He also created the first comprehensive compilation of Archimedes ' works . Archimedes of ___MASK37___ was a Greek mathematician , physicist , engineer , inventor , and astronomer . Although few details of his life are known , he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity . Generally considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time , Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying concepts of infinitesimals and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems , including the area of a circle , the surface area and volume of a sphere , and the area under a parabola . A cathedral ( French : " cathédrale " from Latin : " cathedra ", " seat " from the Greek " kathédra " (  ), seat , bench , from " kata " " down " + " hedra " seat , base , chair ) is a Christian church which contains the seat of a bishop , thus serving as the central church of a diocese , conference , or episcopate . The counterpart term for such a church in German is " Dom " from Latin " domus ecclesiae " or " domus episcopalis "; also Italian Duomo , Dutch " Domkerk " and cognates in many other European languages . Churches with the function of " cathedral " are usually specific to those Christian denominations with an episcopal hierarchy , such as the Roman Catholic , Anglican , Orthodox , and some Lutheran and Methodist churches . Church buildings embodying the functions of a cathedral first appear in ___MASK87___ , ___MASK44___ , Spain and North Africa in the 4th century , but cathedrals did not become universal within the Western Catholic Church until the 12th century , by which time they had developed architectural forms , institutional structures and legal identities distinct from parish churches , monastic churches and episcopal residences . Byzantium (" Byzántion ") was an ancient Greek colony on the site that later became Constantinople , and later still Istanbul . Byzantium was colonised by the Greeks from ___MASK62___ in . An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who concentrates their studies on a specific question or field outside of the scope of ___MASK7___ . They look at stars , planets , moons , comets and galaxies , as well as many other celestial objects  either in observational astronomy , in analyzing the data or in theoretical astronomy . Examples of topics or fields astronomers work on include : planetary science , solar astronomy , the origin or evolution of stars , or the formation of galaxies . There are also related but distinct subjects like physical cosmology which studies the Universe as a whole . Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the ___MASK97___ , also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire . Byzantine architecture was mostly influenced by Roman and Greek architecture and later Sassanian and Islamic influences to an extent . This terminology is used by modern historians to designate the medieval Roman Empire as it evolved as a distinct artistic and cultural entity centered on the new capital of Constantinople rather than the city of Rome and environs . The empire endured for more than a millennium , dramatically influencing Medieval architecture throughout Europe and the Near East , and becoming the primary progenitor of the Renaissance and Ottoman architectural traditions that followed its collapse . Constantinople was the capital city of the Roman / ___MASK97___ ( 330  1204 and 1261  1453 ), and also of the brief Latin ( 1204  1261 ), and the later Ottoman ( 1453  1923 ) empires . It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great , after whom it was named , and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD . Classical antiquity ( also the classical era , classical period or classical age ) is a term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea , comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient ___MASK29___ and ancient Rome , collectively known as the Greco - Roman world . It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe , North Africa and Southwestern Asia . The ___MASK97___ , also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire , was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages , when its capital city was Constantinople ( modern - day Istanbul , which had been founded as Byzantium ). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 . During most of its existence , the empire was the most powerful economic , cultural , and military force in Europe . Both " ___MASK97___ " and " Eastern Roman Empire " are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm ; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the " Roman Empire " ( tr . ), or " Romania ", and to themselves as " Romans ".