occupation anatoly lieven
The euro ( sign : €; code : EUR ) is the ___MASK36___ currency of the eurozone , which consists of 19 of the ___MASK78___ states of the European Union : Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Spain . The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries , as well as unilaterally by two others , and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe , a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency . ___MASK97___ Petersburg is Russia ' s second - largest city after Moscow , with five million inhabitants in 2012 , and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea . It is politically incorporated as a federal subject ( a federal city ). Situated on the Neva River , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea , it was founded by ___MASK13___ Peter the Great on May . In 1914 , the name was changed from ___MASK97___ Petersburg to Petrograd , in 1924 to Leningrad , and in 1991 back to ___MASK97___ Petersburg . Between 1713  1728 and 1732  1918 , ___MASK97___ Petersburg was the imperial capital of Russia . In 1918 , the central government bodies moved to Moscow . The Bolsheviks , originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki ( derived from  " bol ' shinstvo ", " majority ", literally meaning " one of the majority ") were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ( RSDLP ) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903 . The RSDLP was a ___MASK40___ socialist political party formed in 1898 in Minsk ( Belarus ) to unite the various ___MASK40___ organisations of the Russian Empire into one party . Russia ( from the  Rus '), also officially known as the Russian Federation , is a country in Eurasia . At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area , covering more than one - eighth of the Earth ' s inhabited land area , and the ninth most populous , with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016 . The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern , about 77 % of the population live in European Russia . Russia ' s capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world , other ___MASK28___ urban centers include ___MASK97___ Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod and Samara . Prince Anatoly Pavlovich Lieven , ( Russian :      ) , ( 1872 , ___MASK97___ Petersburg -- 1937 ) was a Baltic German prince of the Lieven family who commanded a counter - ___MASK40___ White movement during the Russian Civil War in Latvia known after him as the Liventsy ( Latvian : Lvenieši ) . Lieven developed tensions with general Pavel Bermondt - Avalov when the former forbade his men to fight the Estonian Army in Vidzeme , unlike the rest of the Baltische Landeswehr . His detachment only performed rear security duties for the Landeswehr during the campaign . After the civil war Lieven became a Latvian citizen and a manufacturer of bricks . He was active in the anticommunist movement and led a detachment of the Brotherhood of Russian Truth . Belarus ( lat . ',      ), officially the Republic of Belarus , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia ( though this name is no longer used in Belarus itself , even in Russian language ), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , ___MASK3___ to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40 % of its is forested . Its strongest economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern - day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ), the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish  Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . The Workers ' and Peasants ' Red ___MASK44___ (: RKKA , frequently shortened in Russian to ; KA , in English : Red ___MASK44___ also in critical literature and folklore of that epoch - Red Horde , ___MASK44___ of Work ) was the ___MASK44___ and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , and after 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . The ___MASK44___ was established immediately after the 1917 October Revolution ( Red October or Bolshevik Revolution ). The Bolsheviks raised an ___MASK44___ to oppose the military confederations ( especially the various groups collectively known as the White ___MASK44___ ) of their adversaries during the Russian Civil War . Beginning in February 1946 , the Red ___MASK44___ , along with the Soviet Navy , embodied the main component of the Soviet Armed Forces ; taking the official name of " Soviet ___MASK44___ ", until its dissolution in December 1991 . Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel or Vrangel (" Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel " April 25 , 1928 ) was an ___MASK27___ in the Imperial Russian Army and later commanding general of the anti - Bolshevik White Army in Southern Russia in the later stages of the Russian Civil War . After his side lost the civil war in 1920 , he left Russia and became one of the most prominent exiled White émigrés . The White movement and its ___MASK42___ arm the White ___MASK44___ (  i /   , " Belaya Armiya "), also known as the White Guard (  i /   , " Belaya Gvardiya ") or the Whites (  and  , " White Guardsmen "), was a loose confederation of Anti - Communist forces that fought the Bolsheviks (  , " Majority "), also known as the " Reds ", in the Russian Civil War ( 1917  1922 / 3 ) and , to a lesser extent , continued operating as militarized associations both outside and within Russian borders until roughly the Second World War . Lithuania ( UK and US : ), officially the Republic of Lithuania , is a country in Northern Europe . One of the three Baltic states , it is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea , to the east of Sweden and Denmark . It is bordered by Latvia to the north , Belarus to the east and south , Poland to the south , and Kaliningrad Oblast ( a Russian exclave ) to the southwest . Lithuania has an estimated population of 2 . 9 million people , and its capital and largest city is Vilnius . Lithuanians are a Baltic people . The ___MASK36___ language , Lithuanian , along with Latvian , is one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo - European language family . Latvia , officially the Republic of Latvia , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe , one of the three Baltic states . It is bordered by Estonia to the north , Lithuania to the south , Russia to the east , and Belarus to the southeast , as well as a maritime border to the west alongside Sweden . Latvia has 1 , 957 , 200 inhabitants and a territory of . The country has a temperate seasonal climate . The terms Baltic region , Baltic Rim countries , and Baltic Rim refer to slightly different combinations of countries in the ___MASK79___ area surrounding the Baltic Sea . The Green armies , Green ___MASK44___ ( Russian : "   "), or Greens ( Russian : "  ") were armed ___MASK23___ groups which fought against all governments in the Russian Civil War of 1917  22 . They fought to protect their communities from requisitions or reprisals carried out by third parties . At times associated with the Socialist - ___MASK40___ Party ( by far the largest grouping of the Russian Constituent Assembly elected in 1917 ), the Green Armies had at least tacit support throughout much of Russia . However , the Green Armies ' primary base , the peasantry , were largely reluctant to wage an active campaign during the Russian Civil War . Its strength during the civil war has been measured at 40 , 000 men . Peter the Great , Peter I or Peter Alexeyevich (  ) ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May ( O . S . 27 April ) 1682 until his death , jointly ruling before 1696 with his elder half - brother , Ivan V . Through a number of successful wars he expanded the Tsardom into a much larger empire that became a ___MASK28___ European power . He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern , scientific , westernized , and based on The Enlightenment . Peter ' s reforms made a lasting impact on Russia and many institutions of Russian government trace their origins to his reign . The Russian Civil War was a multi - party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the Russian Revolutions of 1917 , as many factions vied to determine Russia ' s political future . The two largest combatant groups were the Red ___MASK44___ , fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism , and the loosely allied forces known as the White ___MASK44___ , which included diverse interests favoring monarchism , capitalism and alternative forms of socialism , each with democratic and antidemocratic variants . In addition , rival militant socialists and nonideological Green armies fought against both the Bolsheviks and the Whites . Eight foreign nations intervened against the Red ___MASK44___ , notably the Allied Forces and the pro - German armies . The Red ___MASK44___ defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in ___MASK3___ and the army led by Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia in 1919 . The remains of the White forces commanded by Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel were beaten in Crimea and evacuated in late 1920 . Lesser battles of the war continued on the periphery for two more years , and minor skirmishes with the remnants of the White forces in the Far East continued well into 1923 . Armed national resistance in Central Asia was not completely crushed until 1934 . There were an estimated 7 , 000 , 000 - 12 , 000 , 000 casualties during the war , mostly civilians . The Russian Civil War has been described by some as the greatest national catastrophe that Europe had yet seen . Russia , also officially known as the Russian Empire , was a state that existed from 1721 until it was overthrown by the short - lived liberal February Revolution in 1917 . One of the largest empires in world history , stretching over three continents , the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires . The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers : the Swedish Empire , the Polish  Lithuanian Commonwealth , Persia and the Ottoman Empire . It played a ___MASK28___ role in 1812  14 in defeating Napoleon ' s ambitions to control Europe , and expanded to the west and south . A ___MASK97___ , also historically known as a hallow , is a term used for a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness or likeness to God . Depending on the context and denomination , the term also retains its original Christian meaning , as any believer who is " in Christ " and in whom Christ dwells , whether in Heaven or on Earth . In Anglican , Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Lutheran , and Oriental Orthodox doctrine , all of their faithful deceased in Heaven are considered to be saints , but some are considered worthy of greater honor or emulation ; official ecclesiastical recognition , and consequently veneration , is given to some saints through the process of canonization in the Catholic Church or glorification in the Eastern Orthodox Church . The Gulf of Finland is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea . It extends between Finland ( to the north ) and Estonia ( to the south ) all the way to ___MASK97___ Petersburg in Russia , where the river Neva drains into it . Other major cities around the gulf include Helsinki and Tallinn . The eastern parts of the Gulf of Finland belong to Russia , and some of Russia ' s most important oil harbours are located farthest in , near ___MASK97___ Petersburg ( including Primorsk ). As the seaway to ___MASK97___ Petersburg , the Gulf of Finland has been and continues to be of considerable strategic importance to Russia . Some of the environmental problems affecting the Baltic Sea are at their most pronounced in the shallow gulf . The Crimean Peninsula (" Krymskiy poluostrov ;" , " Kryms ' ky pivostriv "), also known simply as Crimea ( " Krym " " Krym "), is a ___MASK28___ land mass on the northern coast of the Black Sea that is almost completely surrounded by both the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov to the northeast . The peninsula is located south of the Ukrainian region of Kherson and west of the Russian region of Kuban . It is connected to Kherson Oblast by the Isthmus of Perekop and is separated from Kuban by the Strait of Kerch . The Arabat Spit is located to the northeast , a narrow strip of land that separates a system of lagoons named Sivash from the Sea of Azov . Northern Europe is the northern part or region of Europe . Although no definitive borders or definition exists for the term , geographically , Northern Europe may be considered to consist approximately of all of Europe above the 52nd parallel north ; which includes ( from west to east ) most or all of : Iceland , the Republic of Ireland , the Isle of Man , the ___MASK8___ , the Faroe Islands , the Netherlands , northern Germany , Denmark , Norway , Sweden , northern Poland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and northwest Russia . However , narrower definitions may also be used based on other geographical factors , such as climate and ecology . Greenland , geographically a part of North America , is politically a part of the Kingdom of Denmark , and may be included depending on the definition .