location wind wave
In biology , an organism is any contiguous living system , such as an animal , plant , fungus , archaeon , or bacterium . All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli , reproduction , growth and development and homeostasis . An organism consists of one or more cells ; when it has one ___MASK35___ it is known as a unicellular organism ; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism . Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms . Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs . Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of ___MASK78___ ' s streams , lakes , and oceans , and the fluids of most living organisms . Its chemical formula is HO , meaning that its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms , that are connected by covalent bonds . Water strictly refers to the liquid state of that substance , that prevails at standard ambient temperature and pressure ; but it often refers also to its solid state ( ice ) or its gaseous state ( steam or water vapor ). It also occurs in nature as snow , glaciers , ice packs and icebergs , clouds , fog , dew , aquifers , and atmospheric humidity . Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale . On the surface of the ___MASK78___ , wind consists of the bulk movement of air . In outer space , solar wind is the movement of gases or charged particles from the Sun through space , while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical elements from a planet ' s atmosphere into space . Winds are commonly classified by their spatial scale , their speed , the types of forces that cause them , the regions in which they occur , and their effect . The strongest observed winds on a planet in the Solar System occur on Neptune and Saturn . Winds have various aspects , an important one being its velocity ; another the density of the gas involved ; another its energy content or wind energy . A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a ( nearly ) constant volume independent of pressure . As such , it is one of the four fundamental states of matter ( the others being solid , gas , and plasma ), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape . A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of matter , such as atoms , held together by intermolecular bonds . Water is , by far , the most common liquid on ___MASK78___ . Like a gas , a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container . Most liquids resist compression , although others can be compressed . Unlike a gas , a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container , and maintains a fairly constant density . A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension , leading to wetting phenomena . ___MASK72___ , deep space , or just space , is the void that exists between celestial bodies , including ___MASK78___ . It is not completely empty , but consists of a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles , predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation , magnetic fields , neutrinos , dust and cosmic rays . The baseline temperature , as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang , is 2 . 7 kelvins ( K ) ( 270 . 45 ° C ;  454 . 81 ° F ). Plasma with a number density of less than one hydrogen atom per cubic metre and a temperature of millions of kelvins in the space between galaxies accounts for most of the baryonic ( ordinary ) matter in outer space ; local concentrations have condensed into stars and galaxies . In most galaxies , observations provide evidence that 90 % of the mass is in an unknown form , called dark matter , which interacts with other matter through gravitational but not electromagnetic forces . Data indicates that the majority of the mass - energy in the observable universe is a poorly understood vacuum energy of space which astronomers label dark energy . Intergalactic space takes up most of the volume of the Universe , but even galaxies and star systems consist almost entirely of empty space . The Sun is the star at the ___MASK60___ of the Solar System . It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma , with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process .< ref name =" doi10 . 1146 / annurev - astro - 081913 - 040012 "></ ref > It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth . Its diameter is about 109 times that of Earth , and its mass is about 330 , 000 times that of Earth , accounting for about 99 . 86 % of the total mass of the Solar System . About three quarters of the Sun ' s mass consists of hydrogen (~ 73 %); the rest is mostly helium (~ 25 %), with much smaller quantities of heavier elements , including oxygen , carbon , neon , and iron . Petroleum ( from : " rock " + " oleum ": " oil ". ) is a naturally occurring , yellow - to - black liquid found in geological formations beneath the ___MASK78___ ' s surface , which is commonly refined into various types of fuels . Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional distillation . Red is the color at the longer - wavelengths end of the ___MASK69___ of visible light next to orange , at the opposite end from violet . Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620  740 nanometers . Light with a longer wavelength than red but shorter than terahertz radiation and microwave is called infrared . Oceanography ( compound of the Greek words  meaning " ocean " and  meaning " write "), also known as oceanology , is the study of the physical and the biological aspects of the ocean . It is an ___MASK78___ science covering a wide range of topics , including ecosystem dynamics ; ocean currents , waves , and geophysical fluid dynamics ; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor ; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries . These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within : astronomy , biology , chemistry , climatology , geography , geology , hydrology , meteorology and physics . Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past . An ocean ( the sea of classical antiquity ) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet ' s hydrosphere . On ___MASK78___ , an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean , which covers almost 71 % of its surface . These are , in descending order by area , the Pacific , Atlantic , Indian , Southern ( Antarctic ), and Arctic Oceans . The word " sea " is often used interchangeably with " ocean " in American English but , strictly speaking , a sea is a body of saline water ( generally a division of the world ocean ) partly or fully enclosed by land . Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium point . The word comes from Latin " vibrationem " (" shaking , brandishing "). The oscillations may be periodic , such as the motion of a pendulum  or random , such as the movement of a tire on a gravel ___MASK2___ . Fog consists of visible cloud water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the ___MASK78___ ' s surface . Fog can be considered a type of low - lying cloud and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water , topography , and wind conditions . In turn , fog has affected many human activities , such as shipping , travel , and warfare . In meteorology , a cloud is an aerosol comprising a visible mass of minute liquid droplets or frozen crystals , both of which are made of water or various chemicals . The droplets or particles are suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body . On ___MASK78___ , clouds are formed by the saturation of air in the homosphere ( which includes the troposphere , stratosphere , and mesosphere ). The air may be cooled to its dew point by a variety of atmospheric processes or it may gain moisture ( usually in the form of water vapor ) from an adjacent source . Nephology is the science of clouds which is undertaken in the cloud physics branch of meteorology . Weather is the state of the atmosphere , to the degree that it is hot or cold , wet or dry , calm or stormy , clear or cloudy . Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere , just below the stratosphere . Weather refers to day - to - day temperature and precipitation activity , whereas climate is the term for the statistics of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time . When used without qualification , " weather " is generally understood to mean the weather of ___MASK78___ . Oscillation is the repetitive variation , typically in time , of some measure about a ___MASK90___ value ( often a point of equilibrium ) or between two or more different states . The term " vibration " is precisely used to describe mechanical oscillation . Familiar examples of oscillation include a swinging pendulum and alternating current power . In physics , energy is the property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on  or to heat  the object , and can be converted in form , but not created or destroyed . The SI unit of energy is the joule , which is the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 ___MASK17___ . A stream is a ___MASK57___ with a current , confined within a bed and banks . Depending on its location or certain characteristics , a stream may be referred to as a " bayou ", " beck ", " branch ", " brook ", " burn ", " creek ", " crick ", " ghyll ", " gill ", " kill ", " lick ", " mill race ", " race ", " rill ", " river ", " rivulet ", " run ", " runnel ", " streamage ", " syke ", or " wash ". In fluid dynamics , wind waves , or wind - generated waves , are surface waves that occur on the free surface of oceans , seas , lakes , rivers , and canals or even on small puddles and ponds . They result from the wind blowing over an area of fluid surface . Waves in the oceans can travel thousands of miles before reaching land . Wind waves range in size from small ripples , to waves over 100 ft ( 30 m ) high . When directly generated and affected by local winds , a wind wave system is called a wind sea . After the wind ceases to blow , wind waves are called swells . More generally , a swell consists of wind - generated waves that are not significantly affected by the local wind at that time . They have been generated elsewhere or some time ago . Wind waves in the ocean are called ocean surface waves . Wind waves have a certain amount of randomness : subsequent waves differ in height , duration , and shape with limited predictability . They can be described as a stochastic process , in combination with the physics governing their generation , growth , propagation and decay -- as well as governing the interdependence between flow quantities such as : the water surface movements , flow velocities and water pressure . The key statistics of wind waves ( both seas and swells ) in evolving sea states can be predicted with wind wave models . Although waves are usually considered in the water seas of ___MASK78___ , the hydrocarbon seas of Titan may also have wind - driven waves . The Southern Ocean , also known as the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean , comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean , generally taken to be south of 60 ° S latitude and encircling Antarctica . As such , it is regarded as the fourth - largest of the five principal oceanic divisions : smaller than the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans but larger than the ___MASK96___ . This ocean zone is where cold , northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer subantarctic waters . The world is the planet ___MASK78___ and all life upon it , including human civilization . In a philosophical context , the world is the whole of the physical Universe , or an ontological world . In a theological context , the " world " is the material or the profane sphere , as opposed to the celestial , spiritual , transcendent or sacred . The " end of the world " refers to scenarios of the final end of human history , often in religious contexts . Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second - largest in the Solar System , after Jupiter . It is a gas giant with an average radius about nine times that of ___MASK78___ . Although it has only one - eighth the average density of ___MASK78___ , with its larger volume Saturn is just over 95 times more massive . Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture ; its astronomical symbol () represents the god ' s sickle . Classical antiquity ( also the classical era , classical period or classical age ) is a term for a long period of cultural history centered on the ___MASK20___ , comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient ___MASK73___ and ancient Rome , collectively known as the Greco - Roman world . It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe , North Africa and Southwestern ___MASK97___ . The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere , pedosphere , geosphere , hydrosphere , and atmosphere of the ___MASK78___ . Along with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle , the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to make the ___MASK78___ capable of sustaining life ; it describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere , including carbon sinks . In physics , a free surface is the surface of a fluid that is subject to zero parallel shear stress , such as the boundary between two homogeneous fluids , for example liquid water and the air in the ___MASK78___ ' s atmosphere . Unlike liquids , gases cannot form a free surface on their own . Fluidized / liquified solids , including slurries , granular materials , and powders may form a free surface . The water cycle , also known as the hydrological cycle , describes the continuous movement of water on , above and below the surface of the ___MASK78___ . The mass of water on ___MASK78___ remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice , fresh water , saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables . The water moves from one reservoir to another , such as from river to ocean , or from the ocean to the atmosphere , by the physical processes of evaporation , condensation , precipitation , infiltration , surface runoff , and subsurface flow . In doing so , the water goes through different phases : liquid , solid ( ice ) and vapor . A chemical element or element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei ( i . e . the same atomic number , " Z "). There are 118 elements that have been identified , of which the first 94 occur naturally on ___MASK78___ with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements . There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radioactive isotopes , which decay over time into other elements . Iron is the most abundant element ( by mass ) making up ___MASK78___ , while oxygen is the most common element in the ___MASK78___ ' s crust . Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System . In the Solar System , it is the fourth - largest planet by diameter , the third - most - massive planet , and the densest giant planet . Neptune is 17 times the mass of ___MASK78___ and is slightly more massive than its near - twin Uranus , which is 15 times the mass of ___MASK78___ and slightly larger than Neptune . Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164 . 8 years at an average distance of . It is named after the Roman god of the sea and has the astronomical symbol , a stylised version of the god Neptune ' s trident . Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8 . It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as other compounds . By mass , oxygen is the third - most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . At standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula . This is an important part of the atmosphere and diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20 . 8 % of the ___MASK78___ ' s atmosphere . Additionally , as oxides the element makes up almost half of the ___MASK78___ ' s crust . The World Ocean or global ocean ( colloquially the sea or the ocean ) is the interconnected system of ___MASK78___ ' s oceanic waters , and comprises the bulk of the hydrosphere , covering almost 71 % of ___MASK78___ ' s surface , with a total volume of 1 . 332 billion cubic kilometers ( 351 quintillion US gallons ). A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land . More broadly , " the sea " is the interconnected system of ___MASK78___ ' s salty , oceanic waters  considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions . The sea moderates ___MASK78___ ' s climate and has important roles in the water cycle , carbon cycle , and nitrogen cycle . Although the sea has been traveled and explored since prehistory , the modern scientific study of the sea  oceanography  dates broadly to the British " Challenger " expedition of the 1870s . The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections  including the International Hydrographic Organization ' s four named oceans ( the Atlantic , Pacific , Indian , and Arctic ) and the Southern Ocean ; smaller , second - order sections , such as the Mediterranean , are known as " seas ". The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere and terrestrial and marine ecosystems . The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes . Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation , ammonification , nitrification , and denitrification . The majority of ___MASK78___ ' s atmosphere ( 78 %) is nitrogen , making it the largest pool of nitrogen . However , atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use , leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems . The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes , including primary production and decomposition . Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion , use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers , and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle . ___MASK78___ , otherwise known as the world , is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets . In physics , fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid flow  the science of fluids ( liquids and gases ) in motion . It has several subdisciplines itself , including aerodynamics ( the study of air and other gases in motion ) and hydrodynamics ( the study of liquids in motion ). Fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications , including calculating forces and moments on aircraft , determining the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines , predicting weather patterns , understanding nebulae in interstellar space and modelling fission weapon detonation . Some of its principles are even used in traffic engineering , where traffic is treated as a continuous fluid , and crowd dynamics . In physics , a wave is an oscillation accompanied by a transfer of energy that travels through a medium ( space or mass ). Frequency refers to the addition of time . " Wave motion " transfers energy from one point to another , which displace particles of the transmission medium  that is , with little or no associated mass transport . Waves consist , instead , of oscillations or vibrations ( of a physical quantity ), around almost fixed locations .