languages_spoken_or_written johannes philippus de lignamine
Reggio di Calabria ( also ; ___MASK83___ - Calabrian dialect : " Rìggiu ", Italic - ___MASK52___ of Bovesia : " Righi ", Ancient ___MASK52___ : , " Rhgion ", ___MASK46___ : " Rhgium "), commonly known as Reggio Calabria or simply Reggio in Southern Italy , is the biggest city and the most populated " comune " of Calabria , Southern Italy . It is the capital of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria and the seat of the Regional Council of Calabria . Messina ( ___MASK83___ : " Missina " ) is the capital of the ___MASK23___ Metropolitan City of Messina . It is the 3rd largest city on the island of Sicily , and the 13th largest city in Italy , with a population of more than 238 , 000 inhabitants in the city proper and about 650 , 000 in the Metropolitan City . It is located near the northeast corner of Sicily , at the Strait of Messina , opposite Villa San Giovanni on the mainland , and has close ties with Reggio Calabria . Rome is a city and special " comune " ( named " Roma Capitale ") in Italy . Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region . With 2 , 870 , 336 residents in , it is also the country ' s largest and most populated " comune " and fourth - most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4 . 3 million residents . The city is located in the central - western portion of the ___MASK23___ Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ), along the shores of Tiber river . The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city : for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states . An artist is a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum of activities related to creating art , practicing the arts or demonstrating an art . The common usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only . The term is often used in the entertainment business , especially in a business context , for musicians and other performers ( less often for actors ). " Artiste " ( the ___MASK59___ for artist ) is a variant used in ___MASK18___ only in this context . Use of the term to describe writers , for example , is valid , but less common , and mostly restricted to contexts like criticism . Latium is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire . Latium was originally a small triangle of fertile , volcanic soil on which resided the tribe of the Latins or Latians . It was located on the left bank ( east and south ) of the Tiber river , extending northward to the Anio river ( a left - bank tributary of the Tiber ) and southeastward to the Pomptina Palus ( Pontine Marshes , now the Pontine Fields ) as far south as the Circeian promontory . The right bank of the Tiber was occupied by the Etruscan city of Veii , and the other borders were occupied by Italic tribes . Subsequently , Rome defeated Veii and then its Italic neighbors , expanding Latium to the Apennine Mountains in the northeast and to the opposite end of the marsh in the southeast . The modern descendant , the ___MASK23___ " Regione " of Lazio , also called " Latium " in ___MASK46___ , and occasionally in modern English , is somewhat larger still , but not as much as double the original Latium . The ___MASK23___ Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (" Penisola appenninica ") is the central and the smallest of the three large peninsulas of Southern Europe ( between the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula ). It extends from the Po Valley in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south . The peninsula ' s shape gives it the nickname " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). Three smaller peninsulas contribute to this characteristic shape , namely Calabria ( the " toe "), Salento ( the " heel ") and Gargano ( the " spur "). The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition , commonly known as the ___MASK32___ Inquisition (" Inquisición española "), was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile . It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition , which was under Papal control . It became the most substantive of the three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition along with the Roman Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition . The " ___MASK32___ Inquisition " may be defined broadly , operating " in Spain and in all ___MASK32___ colonies and territories , which included the Canary Islands , the ___MASK32___ Netherlands , the Kingdom of Naples , and all ___MASK32___ possessions in North , Central , and South America ." The Strait of Messina ( Stretto di Messina in ___MASK23___ ) is the narrow passage between the eastern tip of Sicily ( Punta del Faro ) and the western tip of Calabria ( Punta Pezzo ) in the south of Italy . It connects the Tyrrhenian Sea to the north with the Ionian Sea to the south , within the central Mediterranean . At its narrowest point , between Torre Faro and Villa San Giovanni , it measures in width , though near the town of Messina the width is some and maximum depth is 250 m ( 830 ft ). Johannes Philippus de Lignamine ( 1420 -- ? ? ) was a ___MASK83___ printer / publisher from Messina active at Monte Cassino near Rome and a courtier to Pope Sixtus IV . He is best known for his publication of Herbarium Apuleii Platonici in 1481 . While Italy was the first country to use Johannes Gutenberg ' s new printing techniques , it was also the first country in which the German monopoly of the printing industry was lost . On 3 August 1470 the Institutio Oratoria , a book by Marcus Fabius Quintilianus ( AD30 - AD96 ) was typeset on an ___MASK23___ press operated by Johannes Philippus de Lignamine . This first edition was edited by Giovanni Antonio Campani and was based on a corrupt copy of the manuscript found by Poggio Bracciolini . Italy , officially the ___MASK23___ Republic , is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , Italy shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate ; due to its shape , it is often referred to in Italy as " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). With 61 million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU member state . Pope Sixtus IV ( 21 July 1414  12 August 1484 ), born Francesco della Rovere , was Pope from 9 August 1471 to his death in 1484 . His accomplishments as pope included building the Sistine Chapel and the creation of the Vatican Archives . A patron of the arts , the group of artists that he brought together introduced the Early Renaissance into Rome with the first masterpieces of the city ' s new artistic age . Sixtus aided the ___MASK32___ Inquisition , though he fought to prevent abuses therein , and annulled the decrees of the Council of Constance . He was famed for his nepotism and was personally involved in the infamous Pazzi conspiracy . The Tiber ( ___MASK46___ " Tiberis ", Italian "") is the third - longest river in Italy , rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia - Romagna and flowing through Umbria and Lazio , where it is joined by the Aniene river , to the Tyrrhenian Sea , between Ostia and Fiumicino . It drains a basin estimated at . The river has achieved lasting fame as the main watercourse of the city of Rome , founded on its eastern banks . Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . It constitutes an autonomous Region of Italy , along with surrounding minor islands , officially referred to as " Regione Siciliana " ( in ___MASK23___ , Sicilian Region ).