is_a_list_of list of asian countries by gdp per capita
This is a list of Asian countries by GDP per capita at Purchasing Power Parity . All figures are from the 2014 International Monetary Fund and World ___MASK74___ list published in April 2015 . In production , research , retail , and accounting , a cost is the value of ___MASK78___ that has been used up to produce something , and hence is not available for use anymore . In business , the cost may be one of acquisition , in which case the amount of ___MASK78___ expended to acquire it is counted as cost . In this case , ___MASK78___ is the input that is gone in order to acquire the thing . This acquisition cost may be the sum of the cost of production as incurred by the original producer , and further costs of transaction as incurred by the acquirer over and above the price paid to the producer . Usually , the price also includes a mark - up for profit over the cost of production . International trade is the exchange of ___MASK41___ , goods , and services across international borders or territories . It is the exchange of goods and services among nations of the world . In most countries , such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product ( GDP ). While international trade has existed throughout history ( for example Uttarapatha , Silk ___MASK86___ , Amber ___MASK86___ , salt roads ), its economic , social , and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries . The " International Monetary Fund " ( IMF ) is an international ___MASK31___ headquartered in Washington , D . C ., of " 189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation , secure financial stability , facilitate international trade , promote high employment and sustainable economic growth , and reduce poverty around the world ." Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes , it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment ___MASK94___ . It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises . Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota ___MASK94___ from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow ___MASK78___ . , the fund had SDR 477 billion ( about $ 668 billion ). John Maynard Keynes , 1st ___MASK44___ Keynes (; 5 June 1883  21 April 1946 ), was a British economist . His ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments . He built on and greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles , and is widely considered to be one of the most influential economists of the 20th century and the founder of modern macroeconomics . His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics and its various offshoots . The balance of payments , also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated BoP , of a ___MASK65___ is the record of all economic transactions between the residents of the ___MASK65___ and the rest of the world in a particular period ( over a quarter of a year or more commonly over a year ). These transactions are made by individuals , firms and government bodies . Thus the balance of payments includes all external visible and non - visible transactions of a ___MASK65___ . It is an important issue to be studied , especially in international financial management field , for a few reasons . First , the balance of payments provides detailed information concerning the demand and supply of a ___MASK65___ ' s currency . For example , if the United States imports more than it exports , then this means that the supply of dollars is likely to exceed the demand in the foreign exchanging market , " ceteris paribus ". One can thus infer that the U . S . dollar would be under pressure to depreciate against other currencies . On the other hand , if the United States exports more than it imports , then the dollar would be likely to appreciate . Second , a ___MASK65___ ' s balance - of - payment data may signal its potential as a business partner for the rest of the world . If a ___MASK65___ is grappling with a major balance - of - payment difficulty , it may not be able to expand imports from the outside world . Instead , the ___MASK65___ may be tempted to impose measures to restrict imports and discourage capital outflows in order to improve the balance - of - payment situation . On the other hand , a ___MASK65___ experiencing a significant balance - of payment surplus would be more likely to expand imports , offering marketing opportunities for foreign enterprises , and less likely to impose foreign exchange restrictions . Third , balance - of - payments data can be used to evaluate the performance of the ___MASK65___ in international economic competition . Suppose a ___MASK65___ is experiencing trade deficits year after year . This trade data may then signal that the ___MASK65___ ' s domestic industries lack international competitiveness . To interpret balance - of - payments data properly , it is necessary to understand how the balance of payments account is constructed . These transactions include payments for the ___MASK65___ ' s exports and imports of goods , services , financial capital , and financial transfers . It is prepared in a single currency , typically the domestic currency for the ___MASK65___ concerned . Sources of funds for a nation , such as exports or the receipts of loans and investments , are recorded as positive or surplus items . Uses of funds , such as for imports or to invest in foreign countries , are recorded as negative or deficit items . Harry Dexter White ( October 9 , 1892  August 16 , 1948 ) was an American economist and senior U . S . Treasury department official . Working closely with the Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau , Jr ., he helped set American financial policy toward the Allies of World ___MASK45___ II while at the same time he passed numerous secrets to the Soviet Union . He was the senior American official at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference , that established the postwar economic order . He dominated the conference and imposed his vision of post - ___MASK45___ financial institutions over the objections of John Maynard Keynes , the British representative . At Bretton Woods , White was a major architect of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank . The Bretton Woods Conference , formally known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference , was the gathering of 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations at the Mount Washington ___MASK33___ , situated in Bretton Woods , New Hampshire , United States , to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II . Theories that invoke purchasing power parity ( PPP ) assume that in some circumstances ( for example , as a long - run tendency ) it would cost exactly the same number of , for example , US dollars to buy euros and then to use the proceeds to buy a market basket of goods as it would cost to use those dollars directly in purchasing the market basket of goods . Washington , D . C ., formally the ___MASK56___ of Columbia and commonly referred to as " Washington ", " the ___MASK56___ ", or simply " D . C .", is the ___MASK41___ of the United States . Purchasing power ( sometimes retroactively called adjusted for inflation ) is the number of goods or services that can be purchased with a unit of currency . For example , if one had taken one unit of currency to a store in the 1950s , it is probable that it would have been possible to buy a greater number of items than would today , indicating that one would have had a greater purchasing power in the 1950s . Currency can be either a ___MASK42___ money , like gold or silver , or fiat money emitted by government sanctioned agencies . Traditionally , the purchasing power of money depended heavily upon the local value of gold and silver , but was also made subject to the availability and demand of certain goods on the market . Most modern fiat currencies like US dollars are traded against each other and ___MASK42___ money in the secondary market for the purpose of international transfer of payment for goods and services . As Adam Smith noted , having money gives one the ability to " command " others ' labor , so purchasing power to some extent is power over other people , to the extent that they are willing to trade their labor or goods for money or currency .