place_of_birth catherine holmes
The Supreme ___MASK50___ ___MASK1___ the United States is the highest federal court ___MASK1___ the United States . Established pursuant to Article III ___MASK1___ the United States Constitution in 1789 , it has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and over state court cases involving issues ___MASK1___ federal law , plus original jurisdiction over a small range ___MASK1___ cases . In the ___MASK39___ system ___MASK1___ the United States , the Supreme ___MASK50___ is the final interpreter ___MASK1___ federal constitutional law , although it may only act within the context ___MASK1___ a case in which it has jurisdiction . The Supreme ___MASK50___ ___MASK1___ Canada is the highest court ___MASK1___ Canada , the final court ___MASK1___ appeals in the ___MASK68___ justice system . The court grants permission to between 40 and 75 litigants each year to appeal decisions rendered by provincial , territorial and federal appellate courts . Its decisions are the ultimate expression and application ___MASK1___ ___MASK68___ law and binding upon all lower courts ___MASK1___ Canada , except to the extent that they are overridden or otherwise ___MASK75___ ineffective by an Act ___MASK1___ Parliament or the Act ___MASK1___ a provincial legislative assembly pursuant to Section 33 ___MASK1___ the ___MASK68___ Charter ___MASK1___ Rights and Freedoms ( the notwithstanding clause ). Common law ( also known as case law or precedent ) is law developed by judges , courts , and similar tribunals , stated in decisions that nominally decide individual cases but that in addition have precedential effect on future cases . Common law is a third branch ___MASK1___ law , in contrast to and on equal footing with statutes which are adopted through the legislative process , and regulations which are promulgated by the executive branch . In cases where the parties disagree on what the law is , a common law court looks to past precedential decisions ___MASK1___ relevant courts . If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past , the court is usually bound to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision ( a principle known as " stare decisis "). If , however , the court finds that the current dispute is fundamentally distinct from all previous cases ( called a " matter ___MASK1___ first impression "), judges have the authority and duty to resolve the issue ( one party or the other has to win , and on disagreements ___MASK1___ law , judges make that decision ). Resolution ___MASK1___ the issue in one case becomes precedent that binds future courts . " Stare decisis ", the principle that cases should be decided according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar results , lies at the heart ___MASK1___ all common law systems . The ___MASK94___ ( abbreviated as NT ) is a federal Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia . It shares borders with Western Australia to the west ( 129th meridian east ), South Australia to the south ( 26th parallel south ), and Queensland to the east ( 138th meridian east ). To the north , the territory is bordered by the Timor Sea , the Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria . Despite its large area  over , making it the third largest Australian federal division  it is sparsely populated . The ___MASK94___ ' s population of 244 , 000 ( 2016 ) makes it the least populous of Australia ' s eight major states and territories , having fewer than half as many people as Tasmania . The Supreme ___MASK50___ ___MASK1___ Nepal is the highest court in Nepal . It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all Appellate and District court . The court consists ___MASK1___ twenty Justices and one Chief Justice . The Supreme ___MASK50___ ___MASK1___ ___MASK12___ (  " Saik - Saibansho "; called  " Saik - ___MASK5___ " for short ), located in Hayabusach , Chiyoda , ___MASK93___ , is the highest court in ___MASK12___ . It has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Japanese constitution and decide questions ___MASK1___ national law ( including local bylaws ). It has the power ___MASK1___ judicial review ; that is , it can declare Acts ___MASK1___ the National Diet , local assemblies , and administrative actions , to be unconstitutional . Catherine Ena `` Cate '' Holmes SC ( born 12 October 1956 ) is an Australian judge , who is the current Chief Justice ___MASK1___ the Supreme Court ___MASK1___ Queensland , the highest ranking court in the Australian state ___MASK1___ Queensland . She was appointed to the Supreme Court ___MASK1___ Queensland in 2000 , to the Queensland Court ___MASK1___ Appeal in 2006 and appointed Chief Justice on 11 September 2015 . The Coral Sea is a marginal sea ___MASK1___ the South Pacific off the northeast coast ___MASK1___ ___MASK13___ , and classified as an interim Australian bioregion . A supreme ___MASK50___ is the highest ___MASK50___ within the hierarchy ___MASK1___ many ___MASK39___ jurisdictions . Other descriptions for such courts include ___MASK50___ ___MASK1___ last resort , instance ___MASK50___ , judgment ___MASK50___ , apex ___MASK50___ , and highest ___MASK50___ ___MASK1___ appeal . Broadly speaking , the decisions ___MASK1___ a supreme ___MASK50___ are not subject to further review by any other ___MASK50___ . Supreme courts typically function primarily as appellate courts , hearing appeals from decisions ___MASK1___ lower trial courts , or from intermediate - level appellate courts . The Supreme ___MASK50___ ___MASK1___ the ___MASK35___ ___MASK1___ Singapore is one ___MASK1___ the two tiers ___MASK1___ the court system in Singapore , the other tier being the State Courts . The Chief Justice is the presiding member ___MASK1___ a supreme court in any ___MASK1___ many countries with a justice system based on English common law , such as the Supreme Court ___MASK1___ Canada , the Supreme Court ___MASK1___ Singapore , the Court ___MASK1___ Final Appeal ___MASK1___ Hong Kong , the Supreme Court ___MASK1___ ___MASK12___ , the Supreme Court ___MASK1___ ___MASK57___ , the Supreme Court ___MASK1___ Pakistan , the Supreme Court ___MASK1___ Nepal , the Constitutional Court ___MASK1___ South Africa , the Supreme Court ___MASK1___ Ireland , the Supreme Court ___MASK1___ New Zealand , the High Court ___MASK1___ Australia , the Supreme Court ___MASK1___ the United States , and provincial or state supreme courts . The Supreme ___MASK50___ ___MASK1___ ___MASK57___ is the highest judicial forum and final court ___MASK1___ appeal under the Constitution ___MASK1___ ___MASK57___ , the highest constitutional court , with the power ___MASK1___ constitutional review . Consisting ___MASK1___ the Chief Justice ___MASK1___ ___MASK57___ and 30 other judges , it has extensive powers in the form ___MASK1___ original , appellate and advisory jurisdictions . The Supreme ___MASK50___ ___MASK1___ New ___MASK73___ ( in Mori : " Te Kti ___MASK56___ Nui ") is the highest court and the court ___MASK1___ last resort in New ___MASK73___ , having formally come into existence on 1 January 2004 . The court sat for the first time on 1 July 2004 . It replaced the right ___MASK1___ appeal to the Judicial Committee ___MASK1___ the Privy Council , based in London . It was created with the passing ___MASK1___ the Supreme ___MASK50___ Act 2003 , on 15 October 2003 . At the time , the creation ___MASK1___ the Supreme ___MASK50___ and the abolition ___MASK1___ appeals to the Privy Council were controversial constitutional changes in New ___MASK73___ . ___MASK13___ , officially the Commonwealth of ___MASK13___ , is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the ___MASK54___ of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands . It is the world ' s sixth - largest country by total area . The neighbouring countries are ___MASK3___ , Indonesia and East Timor to the north ; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north - east ; and New Zealand to the south - east . ___MASK13___ ' s capital is Canberra , and its largest urban area is Sydney . ___MASK72___ is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland , and the third most populous city in Australia . ___MASK72___ ' s metropolitan area has a population of 2 . 3 million , and the South East Queensland urban conurbation , centred on ___MASK72___ , encompasses a population of more than 3 . 4 million . The ___MASK72___ central business district stands on the original European settlement and is situated inside a bend of the ___MASK72___ River , about from its mouth at Moreton Bay . The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the floodplain of the ___MASK72___ River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Great Dividing Range , sprawling across several of Australia ' s most populous local government areas ( LGAs ), most centrally the City of ___MASK72___ , which is by far the most populous LGA in the nation . The demonym of ___MASK72___ is Brisbanite . ___MASK33___ ( abbreviated as QLD ) is the second - largest and third - ___MASK4___ - populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia . Situated in the north - east of the country , it is bordered by the ___MASK94___ , South Australia and New South Wales to the west , south - west and south respectively . To the east , ___MASK33___ is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean . ___MASK33___ has a population of 4 , 750 , 500 , concentrated along the coast and particularly in the state ' s South East . The state is the world ' s sixth largest sub - national entity , with an area of 1 , 852 , 642 km . The capital and largest city in the state is ___MASK72___ , Australia ' s third largest city . Often referred to as the " Sunshine State ", ___MASK33___ is home to 10 of Australia ' s 30 largest cities and is the nation ' s third largest economy . Tourism in the state , fuelled largely by its warm tropical climate , is a major industry . ___MASK37___ ( abbreviated as NSW ) is a state on the east coast of : Australia . It borders Queensland to the north , Victoria to the south , and ___MASK17___ to the west . It has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side . The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state . ___MASK37___ ' state capital is Sydney , which is also Australia ' s most populous city . , the estimated population of ___MASK37___ was 7 . 5 million , making it Australia ' s most populous state . Just under two - thirds of the state ' s population , 4 . 67 million , live in the Greater Sydney area . Inhabitants of ___MASK37___ are referred to as " New South Welshmen ". The Supreme ___MASK50___ ___MASK1___ ___MASK96___ ( SC ) (" Adlat - e - Uzma Pkistn ") is the apex court in the ___MASK1___ ___MASK96___ , the final arbiter ___MASK1___ ___MASK39___ and constitutional disputes . The Supreme ___MASK50___ has a permanent seat in Islamabad . It also has a number ___MASK1___ Branch Registries where cases are heard . The court has a number ___MASK1___ " de jure " powers , outlined in the Constitution . Through several periods ___MASK1___ military rule and constitutional suspensions ( see Doctrine ___MASK1___ necessity ), the court has also established itself as a " de facto " check on military power . The High ___MASK50___ ___MASK1___ ___MASK13___ is the supreme court in the Australian court hierarchy and the final court ___MASK1___ appeal in ___MASK13___ . It has both original and appellate jurisdiction , the power ___MASK1___ judicial review over laws passed by the Parliament ___MASK1___ ___MASK13___ and the parliaments ___MASK1___ the States , and the ability to interpret the Constitution ___MASK1___ ___MASK13___ thereby powerfully shaping the development ___MASK1___ federalism in ___MASK13___ . The ___MASK86___ is the largest ___MASK1___ the Earth ' s oceanic divisions . It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean ( or , depending on definition , to Antarctica ) in the south and is bounded by Asia and ___MASK13___ in the west and the Americas in the east . The Constitutional ___MASK50___ ___MASK1___ South Africa is a supreme constitutional court established by the Constitution ___MASK1___ South Africa . It was originally the final appellate court for constitutional matters . Since the enactment ___MASK1___ the Superior Courts Act in 2013 , the Constitutional ___MASK50___ has jurisdiction to hear any matter if it is in the interests ___MASK1___ justice for it to do so . The Supreme ___MASK50___ ___MASK1___ Ireland is the highest judicial authority in Ireland . It is a court ___MASK1___ final appeal and exercises , in conjunction with the ___MASK50___ ___MASK1___ Appeal and the High ___MASK50___ , judicial review over Acts ___MASK1___ the Oireachtas ( Irish parliament ). The Supreme ___MASK50___ also has jurisdiction to ensure compliance with the Constitution ___MASK1___ Ireland by governmental bodies and private citizens . It sits in the Four Courts in ___MASK88___ . A ___MASK50___ is a tribunal , often as a government institution , with the authority to adjudicate ___MASK39___ disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil , criminal , and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law . In both common law and civil law ___MASK39___ systems , courts are the central means for dispute resolution , and it is generally understood that all persons have an ability to bring their claims before a ___MASK50___ . Similarly , the rights of those accused of a crime include the right to present a defense before a ___MASK50___ . The Supreme ___MASK50___ ___MASK1___ Queensland is the highest court in the Australian State ___MASK1___ Queensland , and sits at the middle ___MASK1___ the Australian court hierarchy . ___MASK17___ ( abbreviated as SA ) is a state in the southern central part of Australia . It covers some of the most arid parts of the country . With a total land area of , it is the fourth - largest of Australia ' s states and territories . It has a total of 1 . 7 million people , and its population is the most highly centralised of any state in Australia , with more than 75 percent of South Australians living in the capital , Adelaide , or its environs . Other population centres in the state are relatively small .