religion august czartoryski
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( HIV / AIDS ) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ). Following initial infection , a person may not notice any symptoms or may experience a brief period of influenza - like illness . Typically , this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms . As the infection progresses , it interferes more with the immune system , increasing the risk of common infections like tuberculosis , as well as other opportunistic infections , and tumors that rarely affect people who have working immune systems . These late symptoms of infection are referred to as AIDS . This stage is often also associated with weight loss . HIV is spread primarily by unprotected sex ( including anal and oral sex ), contaminated blood transfusions , hypodermic needles , and from mother to child during pregnancy , delivery , or breastfeeding . Some bodily fluids , such as saliva and tears , do not transmit HIV . Methods of prevention include safe sex , needle exchange programs , treating those who are infected , and male circumcision . Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child antiretroviral medication . There is no cure or vaccine ; however , antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near - normal life expectancy . Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made . Without treatment , the average survival time after infection is 11 years . In 2015 about 36 . 7 million people were living with HIV and it resulted in 1 . 1 million deaths . Most of those infected live in sub - Saharan Africa . Between its discovery and 2014 AIDS has caused an estimated 39 million deaths worldwide . HIV / AIDS is considered a pandemic  a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading . HIV is believed to have originated in west - central Africa during the late 19th or early 20th century . AIDS was first recognized by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) in 1981 and its cause  HIV infection  was identified in the early part of the decade . HIV / AIDS has had a great impact on society , both as an illness and as a source of discrimination . The disease also has large economic impacts . There are many misconceptions about HIV / AIDS such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non - sexual contact . The disease has become subject to many controversies involving religion including the ___MASK10___ ' s decision not to support condom use as prevention . It has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large - scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s . Tuberculosis ( TB ) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium " Mycobacterium tuberculosis " ( MTB ). Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs , but can also affect other parts of the body . Most infections do not have symptoms ; in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis . About 10 % of latent infections progress to active disease which , if left untreated , kills about half of those infected . The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood - containing sputum , fever , night sweats , and weight loss . The historical term " consumption " came about due to the weight loss . Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms . Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough , spit , speak , or sneeze . People with latent TB do not spread the disease . Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV / AIDS and in those who smoke . Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X - rays , as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids . Diagnosis of latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test ( TST ) or blood tests . Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk , early detection and treatment of cases , and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette - Guérin vaccine . Those at high risk include household , workplace , and social contacts of people with active TB . Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time . Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem with increasing rates of multiple drug - resistant tuberculosis ( MDR - TB ). One - third of the world ' s population is thought to be infected with TB . New infections occur in about 1 % of the population each year . In 2014 , there were 9 . 6 million cases of active TB which resulted in 1 . 5 million deaths . More than 95 % of deaths occurred in developing countries . The number of new cases each year has decreased since 2000 . About 80 % of people in many Asian and African countries test positive while 5  10 % of people in the United States population tests positive by the tuberculin test . Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times . Blessed August Franciszek Maria Anna Józef Kajetan Czartoryski , Duke of Vista Alegre ( 1858 -- 1893 ) was a Prince of the Polish Czartoryski family , born in Paris during the family ' s exile . A sickly child , he spent much of his youth being shuttled to various health spas . He was accompanied and tutored by a Polish patriot , Father Raphael Kalinowski , a man who was later canonized . Prince August also turned to the priesthood , and after dying at a relatively young age of tuberculosis , was himself beatified , on the path towards becoming a saint .