located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity illescas peninsula
___MASK80___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK80___ , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by ___MASK8___ and Colombia , in the east by ___MASK73___ , in the southeast by ___MASK5___ , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . ___MASK80___ is an extremely biodiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . ___MASK73___ , officially the Federative Republic of ___MASK73___ , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . As the world ' s fifth - largest country by both area and population , it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , ___MASK73___ has a coastline of . It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47 . 3 % of the continent ' s land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes ___MASK73___ one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . The Arctic ( or ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part ___MASK18___ Earth . The Arctic consists ___MASK18___ the Arctic Ocean , adjacent seas , and parts ___MASK18___ ___MASK30___ ( United States ), Canada , Finland , Greenland ( Denmark ), Iceland , Norway , Russia , and Sweden . Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover , with predominantly treeless permafrost - containing tundra . Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places . The ___MASK12___ is the largest of the Earth ' s oceanic divisions . It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean ( or , depending on definition , to Antarctica ) in the south and is bounded by Asia and ___MASK37___ in the west and the Americas in the ___MASK55___ . Illescas is a peninsula in northwestern ___MASK80___ . It forms the southern boundary of the Sechura Bay , the largest bay in ___MASK80___ . Sechura Bay also includes the northernmost portion of the Pacific Ocean that is under the influence of the ___MASK80___ - Chile or ___MASK49___ Current . The Illescas Peninsula is located in the department of Piura , and is scarcely inhabited . Part of Illescas was declared a reserved zone . Illescas is also the name given to the highest point of the peninsula ( 500 m . ) , the Cerro Illescas . The Southern Ocean , also known as the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean , comprises the southernmost waters ___MASK18___ the World Ocean , generally taken to be south ___MASK18___ 60 ° S latitude and encircling Antarctica . As such , it is regarded as the fourth - largest ___MASK18___ the five principal oceanic divisions : smaller than the Pacific , Atlantic , and ___MASK87___ Oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean . This ocean zone is where cold , northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer subantarctic waters . ___MASK37___ , officially the Commonwealth of ___MASK37___ , is a country comprising the ___MASK58___ of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands . It is the world ' s sixth - largest country by total area . The neighbouring countries are ___MASK14___ , Indonesia and ___MASK55___ Timor to the north ; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north - ___MASK55___ ; and New Zealand to the south - ___MASK55___ . ___MASK37___ ' s capital is Canberra , and its largest urban area is Sydney . ___MASK5___ (; ), officially known as the Plurinational State of ___MASK5___ , is a landlocked country located in western - central South America . It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil , to the southeast by Paraguay , to the south by Argentina , to the southwest by Chile , and to the northwest by Peru . One - third of the country is the Andean mountain range , with one of its largest cities and principal economic centers , El Alto , located on the Altiplano . ___MASK5___ is one of two landlocked countries ( the other is Paraguay ) that lie outside Afro - Eurasia . ___MASK5___ is the largest landlocked country in the Americas . Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind - driven motion ___MASK18___ dense , cooler , and usually nutrient - rich water towards the ocean surface , replacing the warmer , usually nutrient - depleted surface water . The nutrient - rich upwelled water stimulates the growth and reproduction ___MASK18___ primary producers such as phytoplankton . Due to the biomass ___MASK18___ phytoplankton and presence ___MASK18___ cool water in these regions , upwelling zones can be identified by cool sea surface temperatures ( SST ) and high concentrations ___MASK18___ chlorophyll - a . The ___MASK49___ Current is a cold , low - salinity ocean current that flows north along the west coast of South America from the southern tip of Chile to northern Peru . Also called the Peru Current , it is an eastern boundary current flowing in the direction of the equator , and can not extend 1 , 000 kilometers offshore . The ___MASK49___ Current Large Marine Ecosystem ( LME ), named after the Prussian naturalist Alexander von ___MASK49___ , is one of the major upwelling systems of the world , supporting an extraordinary abundance of marine life . Upwelling occurs off Peru year - round but off Chile only during the spring and summer , because of the displacement of the subtropical center of high pressure during the winter The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest ___MASK18___ the world ' s five major oceans . The International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) recognizes it as an ocean , although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea , classifying it a mediterranean sea or an estuary ___MASK18___ the ___MASK88___ . Alternatively , the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost part ___MASK18___ the all - encompassing World Ocean . The Equator usually refers to an imaginary line on the ___MASK64___ ' s surface equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole , dividing the ___MASK64___ into the ___MASK36___ Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere . The Equator is about long ; some 78 . 7 % lies across water and 21 . 3 % over land . ___MASK43___ ( or ), officially the Republic ___MASK18___ ___MASK43___ , is a transcontinental country largely situated in the ___MASK33___ ___MASK18___ South America , with territories in Central America . ___MASK43___ shares a border to the ___MASK33___ with Panama , to the east with Venezuela and ___MASK73___ and to the south with Ecuador and Peru . It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica , ___MASK35___ , Honduras , Jamaica , the Dominican Republic and Haiti . It is a unitary , constitutional republic comprising thirty - two departments . The territory ___MASK18___ what is now ___MASK43___ was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples including the Muisca , the Quimbaya and the Tairona . ___MASK78___ is a landlocked province in the ___MASK32___ in northwestern ___MASK80___ . Its capital , the city of ___MASK78___ , is also the regional capital . The province is the ___MASK74___ populous in the region as well as its center of economic activity . The Andes or Andean Mountains are the longest continental ___MASK100___ range in the world . They are a continuous range ___MASK18___ highlands along the western edge ___MASK18___ South America . This range is about long , about wide ( widest between 18 ° south and 20 ° south latitude ), and ___MASK18___ an average height ___MASK18___ about . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries : Venezuela , Colombia , ___MASK8___ , Peru , ___MASK5___ , Argentina and Chile . An ecosystem is a community ___MASK18___ living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components ___MASK18___ their environment ( things like air , water and mineral soil ), interacting as a system . These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows . As ecosystems are defined by the network ___MASK18___ interactions among organisms , and between organisms and their environment , they can be ___MASK18___ any size but usually encompass specific , limited spaces ( although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem ). An ocean current is a continuous , directed movement ___MASK18___ seawater generated by forces acting upon this mean flow , such as breaking waves , wind , the Coriolis effect , cabbeling , temperature and salinity differences , while tides are caused by the gravitational pull ___MASK18___ the Sun and Moon . Depth contours , shoreline configurations , and interactions with other currents influence a current ' s direction and strength . ___MASK68___ ( US English , UK English or ) is ___MASK64___ ' s southernmost continent . It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region ___MASK18___ the Southern Hemisphere , almost entirely south ___MASK18___ the Antarctic Circle , and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean . At , it is the fifth - largest continent . For comparison , ___MASK68___ is nearly twice the size ___MASK18___ ___MASK37___ . About 98 % ___MASK18___ ___MASK68___ is covered by ice that averages in thickness , which extends to all but the northernmost reaches ___MASK18___ the Antarctic Peninsula . ___MASK91___ America is a continent located in the western hemisphere , mostly in the southern hemisphere , with a relatively small portion in the ___MASK36___ hemisphere . It is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas , which is the model used in nations that speak Romance languages . The reference to ___MASK91___ America instead of other regions ( like Latin America or the Southern Cone ) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics ( in particular , the rise of ___MASK73___ ). ___MASK64___ , otherwise known as the world , is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest ___MASK18___ the four terrestrial planets . ___MASK38___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK38___ , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the ___MASK55___ and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders ___MASK80___ to the north , ___MASK5___ to the northeast , Argentina to the ___MASK55___ , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . ___MASK38___ also claims about of Antarctica , although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty . ___MASK24___ was a historic state originating out of the Duchy of ___MASK24___ and the Margraviate of Brandenburg , and centred on the region of ___MASK24___ . For centuries , the House of ruled ___MASK24___ , successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well - organised and effective army . ___MASK24___ , with its capital in and from 1701 in Berlin , shaped the history of Germany . In 1871 , German states united to create the ___MASK99___ under Prussian leadership . In November 1918 , the monarchies were abolished and the nobility lost its political power during the German Revolution of 1918  19 . The Kingdom of ___MASK24___ was thus abolished in favour of a republic  the Free State of ___MASK24___ , a state of Germany from 1918 until 1933 . From 1933 , ___MASK24___ lost its independence as a result of the Prussian coup , when the Nazi regime was successfully establishing its ' laws in pursuit of a unitary state . With the end of the Nazi regime , the division of Germany into allied - occupation zones and the separation of its territories east of the line , which were incorporated into Poland and the Soviet Union , the State of ___MASK24___ ceased to exist de facto in 1945 . ___MASK24___ existed "" until its formal liquidation by the Allied Control Council Enactment No . 46 of 25 February 1947 . An ocean ( the sea ___MASK18___ classical antiquity ) is a body ___MASK18___ saline water that composes much ___MASK18___ a planet ' s hydrosphere . On Earth , an ocean is one ___MASK18___ the major conventional divisions ___MASK18___ the World Ocean , which covers almost 71 % ___MASK18___ its surface . These are , in descending order by area , the Pacific , Atlantic , ___MASK87___ , Southern ( Antarctic ), and Arctic Oceans . The word " sea " is often used interchangeably with " ocean " in American English but , strictly speaking , a sea is a body ___MASK18___ saline water ( generally a division ___MASK18___ the world ocean ) partly or fully enclosed by land . The Americas , also collectively called America , encompass the totality ___MASK18___ the continents ___MASK18___ North America and South America . Together they make up ___MASK74___ ___MASK18___ Earth ' s western hemisphere and comprise the " New World ". ___MASK78___ is a coastal region in northwestern ___MASK80___ . The region ' s capital is ___MASK78___ and its largest port cities , Paita and Talara , are also among the ___MASK74___ important in ___MASK80___ . The area is known for its tropical and dry beaches . The Amazon ___MASK50___ ( or ; Spanish and ) in ___MASK91___ America is the largest river by discharge ___MASK18___ water in the world , and according to some experts , the longest in length . The headwaters ___MASK18___ the Apurímac ___MASK50___ on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century as the Amazon  s ___MASK74___ distant source , until a 2014 study found it to be the Cordillera Rumi Cruz at the headwaters ___MASK18___ the Mantaro ___MASK50___ in Peru . The Mantaro and Apurímac confluence , and with other tributaries form the Ucayali ___MASK50___ , which in turn confluences with the Marañón ___MASK50___ upstream ___MASK18___ Iquitos , Peru , to form what countries other than ___MASK73___ consider to be the main stem ___MASK18___ the Amazon . Brazilians call this section the Solimões ___MASK50___ above its confluence with the Rio Negro to form what Brazilians call the Amazon at the Meeting ___MASK18___ Waters at Manaus , the river ' s largest city . ___MASK8___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK8___ ( which literally translates as " Republic of the Equator "), is a representative democratic republic in northwestern South America , bordered by Colombia on the north , Peru on the east and south , and the Pacific Ocean to the west . ___MASK8___ also includes the ___MASK11___ in the Pacific , about west of the mainland . The Amazon ___MASK26___ is the part ___MASK18___ South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries . The Amazon drainage ___MASK26___ covers an area ___MASK18___ about , or roughly 40 percent ___MASK18___ the South American continent . It is located in the countries ___MASK18___ ___MASK5___ , Brazil , Colombia , Ecuador , Guyana , Peru , Suriname and Venezuela . The Antarctic ( US English , UK English or and or ) is a polar region , specifically the region around the ___MASK64___ ' s South Pole , opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole . The Antarctic comprises in the strict sense the continent ___MASK18___ Antarctica and the island territories located on the Antarctic Plate . In a broader sense the Antarctic region include the ice shelves , waters , and island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south ___MASK18___ the Antarctic Convergence , a zone approximately wide varying in latitude seasonally . The region covers some 20 % ___MASK18___ the Southern Hemisphere , ___MASK18___ which 5 . 5 % ( 14 million km ) is the surface area ___MASK18___ the Antarctic continent itself . All ___MASK18___ the land and ice shelves south ___MASK18___ 60 ° S latitude are administrated under the Antarctic Treaty System . In a biogeographic sense , the Antarctic ecozone is one ___MASK18___ eight ecozones ___MASK18___ the ___MASK64___ ' s land surface . ___MASK78___ is a city in northwestern ___MASK80___ . It is the capital of the ___MASK32___ and the ___MASK78___ Province . The population is 377 , 496 . Asia is ___MASK64___ ' s largest and ___MASK74___ populous continent , located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass ___MASK18___ Eurasia with the continent ___MASK18___ Europe . Asia covers an area ___MASK18___ , about 30 % ___MASK18___ ___MASK64___ ' s total land area and 8 . 7 % ___MASK18___ the ___MASK64___ ' s total surface area . The continent , which has long been home to the majority ___MASK18___ the human population , was the site ___MASK18___ many ___MASK18___ the first civilizations . Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population , but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent ___MASK18___ 4 . 4 billion people . Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved ___MASK23___ content ___MASK18___ a body ___MASK18___ water ( see also soil salinity ). Salinity is an important factor in determining many aspects ___MASK18___ the chemistry ___MASK18___ natural waters and ___MASK18___ biological processes within it , and is a thermodynamic state variable that , along with temperature and pressure , governs physical characteristics like the density and heat capacity ___MASK18___ the water . Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von ___MASK49___ ( 14 September 1769  6 May 1859 ) was a Prussian geographer , naturalist , explorer , and influential proponent of Romantic philosophy and science . He was the younger brother of the Prussian minister , philosopher , and linguist Wilhelm von ___MASK49___ ( 1767  1835 ). ___MASK49___ ' s quantitative work on botanical geography laid the foundation for the field of biogeography . ___MASK49___ ' s advocacy of long - term systematic geophysical measurement laid the foundation for modern geomagnetic and meteorological monitoring .