occupation juan emilio cheyre
A ___MASK37___ ( or chief of state ) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state . In developing the current Constitution of France ( 1958 ), former French president Charles de Gaulle said the ___MASK37___ should embody " the spirit of the nation " (""). In some countries , typically those with parliamentary governments , the ___MASK37___ is a ceremonial figurehead that does not actually guide day - to - day government activities and may not even be empowered to exercise any kind of political authority ( e . g ., Queen Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom ). In other countries , the ___MASK37___ is also the head of government , such as in the U . S ., where the president is both a public figurehead and the actual highest ranking political leader who , in practice , oversees the executive branch . A commander - in - chief is the person or body that exercises supreme operational command and control of a nation ' s ___MASK88___ forces or significant elements of those forces . In the latter case , the force element is those forces within a particular region , or associated by function . As a practical term ; it refers to ___MASK88___ competencies that reside in a nation - state ' s executive leadership  either a ___MASK37___ , a head of government , a minister of defence , a national cabinet , or some other collegial body . Often , a given country ' s commander - in - chief ( if held by an official ) need not be or have been a commissioned officer or even a veteran . This follows the principle of civilian control of the ___MASK88___ . South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere , mostly in the southern hemisphere , with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere . It is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas , which is the ___MASK60___ used in nations that speak Romance languages . The reference to South America instead of other regions ( like Latin America or the Southern Cone ) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics ( in particular , the rise of Brazil ). Air ___MASK91___ Gustavo Leigh Guzmán ( September 19 , 1920  September 29 , 1999 ) was a Chilean ___MASK91___ , who represented the Air Force in the 1973 Chilean coup d ' état and , for a time , in the ruling junta that followed . Leigh was forced out of the military government in 1978 . Bolivia (; ), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country located in western - central South America . It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil , to the southeast by Paraguay , to the south by Argentina , to the southwest by Chile , and to the northwest by Peru . One - third of the country is the Andean ___MASK22___ range , with one of its largest cities and principal economic centers , El Alto , located on the Altiplano . Bolivia is one of two landlocked countries ( the other is Paraguay ) that lie outside Afro - Eurasia . Bolivia is the largest landlocked country in the Americas . An " ___MASK13___ " is someone who holds an office ( function or mandate , regardless whether it carries an actual working space with it ) in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority ( either their own or that of their superior and / or employer , public or legally private ). The ___MASK88___ , also called the armed forces , are forces authorized to use deadly force , and weapons , to support the interests of the state and some or all of its citizens . The task of the ___MASK88___ is usually defined as defense of the state and its citizens , and the prosecution of war against another state . The ___MASK88___ may also have additional sanctioned and non - sanctioned functions within a society , including , the promotion of a political agenda , protecting corporate economic interests , internal population control , construction , emergency services , social ceremonies , and guarding important areas . The ___MASK88___ can also function as a discrete subculture within a larger civil society , through the development of separate infrastructures , which may include housing , schools , utilities , food production and banking . Juan Emilio Cheyre Espinoza ( born October 10 , 1947 ) is a retired Chilean ___MASK69___ General . He was Commander - in - Chief of the Chilean ___MASK69___ from 2002 to 2006 . As Commander - in - Chief he attempted to distance the ___MASK69___ from former dictator General Augusto Pinochet , and condemned the human rights abuses of Pinochet ' s dictatorship . In 1973 he handed over a two years old child , whose parents had been murdered by the ___MASK69___ , to a nunnery . In 2003 , Cheyre as Commander - in - Chief of the ___MASK69___ issued an historically relevant document titled `` Chilean ___MASK69___ : End of a Vision , '' in which he stated that `` never again '' could the circumstances that led Chile to the collapse of its democracy be met . Cheyre was succeeded as Commander - in - Chief by ___MASK69___ General Oscar Izurieta on March 10 , 2006 . He worked later as an academic at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile . In 2013 he was appointed as president of the `` Servicio de Registro Electoral '' , but few months later he withdraw from his office as consequence of the controverse about his acts in 1973 as he handed over a child . The Chilean ___MASK69___ is the land arm of the Military of Chile . This 50 , 000 - strong ___MASK69___ ( 9 , 200 of which are conscripts ) is organized into six divisions , a special operations brigade and an air brigade . Chile , officially the Republic of Chile , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about of Antarctica , although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty . Command generally refers to the ability to " dominate an area of situation ". There are several definitions of command and control ( C2 ). According to older versions of U . S . ___MASK69___ FM 3 - 0 , C2 in a military organization is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commanding officer over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission . The term may also refer to command and control systems within a military system . Head of government is a generic term used for either the highest or second highest ___MASK13___ in the executive branch of a ___MASK74___ state , a federated state , or a self - governing colony , ( commonly referred to as countries , nations or nation - states ) who often presides over a cabinet , a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments . The term " head of government " is often differentiated from the term " ___MASK37___ ", ( e . g . as in article 7 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties , article 1 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons , including Diplomatic Agents and the United Nations protocol list ), as they may be separate positions , individuals , and / or roles depending on the country . Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte ( or ; 25 November 1915  10 December 2006 ) was a Chilean ___MASK91___ , dictator and the military ruler of Chile between 1973 and 1990 ; he remained the Commander - in - Chief of the Chilean ___MASK69___ until 1998 . He was also president of the Government Junta of Chile between 1973 and 1981 . His rule of Chile was a dictatorship . Pinochet assumed power in Chile following a United States - backed coup d ' état on 11 September 1973 that overthrew the democratically elected socialist Unidad Popular government of President Salvador Allende and ended civilian rule . Several academics have stated that the support of the United States was crucial to the coup and the consolidation of power afterward . Pinochet had been promoted to Commander - in - Chief of the ___MASK69___ by Allende on 23 August 1973 , having been its General Chief of Staff since early 1972 . In December 1974 , the ruling military junta appointed Pinochet Supreme Head of the nation by joint decree , although without the support of one of the coup ' s instigators , Air Force General Gustavo Leigh . Civilian control of the ___MASK88___ is a doctrine in ___MASK88___ and political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country ' s strategic decision - making in the hands of the civilian political leadership , rather than professional ___MASK88___ officers . The reverse situation , where professional ___MASK88___ officers control national politics , is called a ___MASK88___ dictatorship . A lack of control over the ___MASK88___ may result in a state within a state . One author , paraphrasing Samuel P . Huntington ' s writings in " The ___MASK35___ and the State ", has summarized the civilian control ideal as " the proper subordination of a competent , professional ___MASK88___ to the ends of policy as determined by civilian authority ". The Andes or Andean Mountains are the longest continental ___MASK22___ range in the world . They are a continuous range of highlands along the western edge of South America . This range is about long , about wide ( widest between 18 ° south and 20 ° south latitude ), and of an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries : Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Argentina and Chile . Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens ( 26 June 1908  11 September 1973 ) was a Chilean ___MASK47___ and ___MASK99___ , known as the first Marxist to become president of a Latin American country through open elections . A dictator is a ___MASK17___ who wields absolute power . A state ruled by a dictator is called a dictatorship . The word originated as the title of a magistrate in the Roman Republic appointed by the Senate to rule the republic in times of emergency ( see Roman dictator and " justitium ").