country_of_citizenship francis bacon
The scientific revolution is a concept used by historians to describe the emergence of modern science during the early modern period , when developments in mathematics , physics , astronomy , biology ( including human anatomy ) and transformed the views of society about nature . The scientific revolution took place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18th century , influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment . While its dates are debated , the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus ' s " De revolutionibus orbium coelestium " (" On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ") is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution . Nicolaus Copernicus (; 19 February 1473  24 May 1543 ) was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the ___MASK55___ at the center of the universe , likely independently of Aristarchus of Samos , who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier . The position of Lord High Steward is the first of the Great Officers of State in ___MASK50___ , nominally ranking above the Lord Chancellor . ___MASK50___ and ___MASK43___ is a legal jurisdiction covering ___MASK50___ and ___MASK43___ , two of the four countries of the United Kingdom , which form the constitutional successor to the former ___MASK79___ and follow a single legal system , known as English law . De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (" On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ") is the seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the Renaissance astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1473  1543 ). The book , first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg , ___MASK95___ , offered an alternative model of the universe to Ptolemy ' s geocentric system , which had been widely accepted since ancient times . Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena . It applies mathematics , physics , and chemistry , in an effort to explain the origin of those objects and phenomena and their evolution . Objects of interest include planets , moons , stars , galaxies , and comets ; while the phenomena include supernovae explosions , gamma ray bursts , and cosmic microwave background radiation . More generally , all astronomical phenomena that originate outside ___MASK55___ ' s atmosphere are within the purview of astronomy . A related but distinct subject , physical cosmology , is concerned with the study of the Universe as a whole . Francis Bacon , 1st Viscount St Alban PC KC ( / bekn / ; 22 January 1561 -- 9 April 1626 ) was an English philosopher , statesman , scientist , jurist , orator , and author . He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of ___MASK50___ . After his death , he remained extremely influential through his works , especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution . Bacon has been called the father of empiricism . His works argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon inductive and careful observation of events in nature . Most importantly , he argued this could be achieved by use of a skeptical and methodical approach whereby scientists aim to avoid misleading themselves . While his own practical ideas about such a method , the Baconian method , did not have a long lasting influence , the general idea of the importance and possibility of a skeptical methodology makes Bacon the father of scientific method . This marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science , the practical details of which are still central in debates about science and methodology today . Bacon was generally neglected at court by Queen Elizabeth , but after the ascension of King James I in 1603 , Bacon was knighted . He was later created Baron Verulam in 1618 and Viscount St . Alban in 1621 . Because he had no heirs , both titles became extinct upon his death in 1626 , at 65 years of age . Bacon died of pneumonia , with one account by John Aubrey stating that he had contracted the condition while studying the effects of freezing on the preservation of meat . Her Majesty ' s Government ( HMG ), commonly referred to as the UK government or ___MASK24___ government , is the central government of the United ___MASK73___ and Northern Ireland . The Lord Chancellor , formally the Lord High Chancellor of ___MASK44___ , is a senior functionary in the government of the United Kingdom . They are appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister . The Lord Chancellor is the second highest ranking of the Great Officers of State , ranking after only the Lord High Steward . Prior to the Union there were separate Lords Chancellor for ___MASK50___ and ___MASK43___ and for Scotland . The Renaissance was a period in European history , from the 14th to the 17th century , regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history . It started as a cultural movement in ___MASK8___ in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe , marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age .