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Robert Farris Thompson ( born December 30 , 1932 , El Paso , Texas ) is an ___MASK82___ historian and writer specialising in the art of Africa and the Afro - Atlantic world . He has been a member of the faculty at Yale University since 1965 and currently serves as the Colonel John Trumbull Professor of the History of Art . Thompson coined the term " black Atlantic " in his 1983 book " Flash of the Spirit : African and Afro - ___MASK82___ Art and Philosophy " - the expanded subject of Paul Gilroy ' s book " The Black Atlantic ". Hip hop is a subcultural art movement that was formed during the early 1970s primarily by African - ___MASK82___ and Afro Puerto Rican youths residing in the South Bronx in New York City . Art historian Robert Farris Thompson describes the demographics of the youth that characterize the South Bronx in the early 1970s as " English - speaking blacks from ___MASK42___ " like Grandmaster Flash , " black Jamaicans " like DJ Kool Herc , " thousands of Nuyoricans ", who introduced the rhythms from Salsa ( music ), as well as Afro conga and bonga drums , as well as many who emulated the sounds of Tito Puente and Willie Colón with existing styles of musical styles from jazz to funk associated with African Americans prior to the 1970s . Hip hop music became popular outside of the African - ___MASK82___ community in the late 1980s . After the rise of new media platforms and Web 2 . 0 technology of the Internet , fans would primarily consume the musical genre through social networking sites ( SNS ) beginning with Myspace evolving to notable mobile apps like YouTube , Worldstarhiphop , SoundCloud , and Spotify . Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans , United States , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Since the 1920s jazz age , jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression . It emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles , all linked by the common bonds of African ___MASK82___ and European ___MASK82___ musical parentage with a performance orientation . Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes , call and response vocals , polyrhythms and improvisation . Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression , and in African - ___MASK82___ music traditions including blues and ragtime , as well as European military band music . Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States , different cultures have contributed their own experience and styles to the art form as well . Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as " one of America ' s original art forms ". Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid - 1960s when African ___MASK82___ musicians created a rhythmic , danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music , jazz , and rhythm and blues ( R & B ). Funk de - emphasizes melody and chord progressions used in other related genres and brings a strong rhythmic groove of a bass line played by an electric bassist and a drum part played by a drummer to the foreground . Funk songs are often based on an extended vamp on a single chord , distinguishing them from R & B and soul songs , which are built on complex chord progressions . Funk uses the same richly - colored extended chords found in bebop jazz , such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths , or dominant seventh chords with altered ninths . Eek - A - Mouse ( born Ripton Joseph Hylton , 19 November 1957 , Kingston , ___MASK29___ ) is a Jamaican reggae musician . He is one of the early artists to be described as a " singjay ". Nkrumah " Jah " Thomas ( b . 1955 , Kingston , ___MASK29___ ) is a reggae deejay and record producer who first came to prominence in the 1970s , later setting up his own " Midnight Rock " and " Nura " labels . Joseph Saddler ( born January 1 , 1958 ), better known as Grandmaster Flash , is a Bajan - ___MASK82___ hip hop recording artist and DJ . He is considered to be one of the pioneers of hip - hop DJing , cutting , and mixing . Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007 , becoming the first hip hop act to be honored . The Stop the Violence Movement was begun by rapper KRS - One in 1987 in response to violence in the hip hop and African ___MASK82___ communities . Spotify is a music , podcast , and video streaming service launched in October 2008 , developed by startup Spotify AB in Stockholm , ___MASK12___ . It provides digital rights management - protected content from record labels and media companies . Spotify is a freemium service , meaning that basic services are free with advertisements , with additional features , such as improved streaming quality , offered via paid subscriptions . Linval Thompson ( born 12 October 1954 , Kingston , ___MASK29___ ) is a Jamaican reggae and dub musician and record producer . Raggamuffin music , usually abbreviated as ragga , is a subgenre of dancehall and reggae music , in which the instrumentation primarily consists of electronic music . Similar to hip hop , sampling often serves a prominent role in raggamuffin music . Dancehall is a genre of Jamaican popular music that originated in the late 1970s . Initially dancehall was a more sparse version of reggae than the roots style , which had dominated much of the 1970s . Two of the biggest stars of the early dancehall era were Yellowman and Eek - a - Mouse . Dancehall brought a new generation of producers , including Linval Thompson , Gussie Clarke and Jah Thomas . In the mid - 1980s , digital instrumentation became more prevalent , changing the sound considerably , with digital dancehall ( or " ragga ") becoming increasingly characterized by faster rhythms . ( The word " bashment ", a term originating in the 1990s , was used to describe a particularly good dance ; for example " to go to a bashment dance ". In the Dancehall vernacular , " bashment " is therefore an adjective instead of a noun .) Ernesto Antonio " Tito " Puente ( April 20 , 1923  May 31 , 2000 ) was an ___MASK82___ musician , songwriter and record producer . The son of native Puerto Ricans Ernest and Ercilia Puente , living in New York City ' s Spanish Harlem community , Puente is often credited as " The Musical Pope ", " El Rey de los Timbales " ( The King of the Timbales ) and " The King of Latin Music ". He is best known for dance - oriented mambo and Latin jazz compositions that endured over a 50 - year career . He and his music appear in many films such as " The Mambo Kings " and Fernando Trueba ' s " Calle 54 ". He guest - starred on several television shows , including " Sesame Street " and " The Simpsons " two - part episode " Who Shot Mr . Burns ?". Clive Campbell ( born 16 April 1955 ), better known by his stage name DJ Kool Herc , is a Jamaican - ___MASK82___ DJ who is credited with originating hip hop music in the early 1970s in The Bronx , New York City . His playing of hard funk records of the sort typified by James Brown was an alternative both to the violent gang culture of the Bronx and to the nascent popularity of disco in the 1970s . Campbell began to isolate the instrumental portion of the record , which emphasized the drum beat  the " break " and switch from one break to another . Lawrence Parker ( born August 20 , 1965 ), better known by his stage names KRS - One , and Teacha , is an ___MASK82___ rapper and occasional producer from The Bronx , New York City , New York . KRS - One rose to prominence as part of the group Boogie Down Productions , which he formed with DJ Scott La Rock in the mid 1980s . Following the release of the group ' s debut album , " Criminal Minded ", La Rock was shot dead , but KRS - One continued the group , effectively as a solo project . He began releasing records under his own name in 1993 . KRS - One is politically active , having started the Stop the Violence Movement , after the death of Scott La Rock . YouTube is an ___MASK82___ video - sharing website headquartered in San Bruno , California . The service was created by three former PayPal employees  Chad Hurley , Steve Chen , and Jawed Karim  in February 2005 . In November 2006 , it was bought by Google for US $ 1 . 65 billion . YouTube now operates as one of Google ' s subsidiaries . The site allows users to upload , view , rate , share , add to favorites , report and comment on videos , and it makes use of WebM , H . 264 / MPEG - 4 AVC , and Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user - generated and corporate media videos . Available content includes video clips , TV show clips , music videos , short and documentary films , audio recordings , movie trailers and other content such as video blogging , short original videos , and educational videos . ___MASK29___ is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea , consisting of the third - largest island of the Greater Antilles . The island , in area , lies about south of Cuba , and west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the nation - states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ). ___MASK29___ is the fourth - largest island country in the Caribbean , by area . Reggae is a music genre that originated in ___MASK29___ in the late 1960s . The term also denotes the modern popular music of ___MASK29___ and its diaspora . A 1968 single by Toots and the Maytals " Do the Reggay " was the first popular song to use the word " reggae ," effectively naming the genre and introducing it to a global audience . While sometimes used in a broad sense to refer to most types of popular Jamaican dance music , the term " reggae " more properly denotes a particular music style that was strongly influenced by traditional mento as well as American jazz and rhythm and blues , especially the New Orleans R & B practiced by Fats Domino and Allen Toussaint , and evolved out of the earlier genres ska and rocksteady . Reggae usually relates news , social gossip , and political comment . Reggae spread into a commercialized jazz field , being known first as  Rudie Blues , then  Ska , later  Blue Beat , and  Rock Steady . It is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat , and the offbeat rhythm section . The immediate origins of reggae were in ska and rock steady ; from the latter , reggae took over the use of the bass as a percussion instrument . Dallion Priest , better known as Mad Lion , is a dancehall , ragga musician and rapper . He frequently collaborates with fellow hip hop artist KRS - One . His awards include the 1994 Source Award as Reggae Artist of the Year , and the 1995 Source Award as Reggae Hip - Hop Artist of the Year . Scott Monroe Sterling ( March 2 , 1962  August 27 , 1987 ), known by the stage name DJ Scott La Rock , was an ___MASK82___ hip hop disc jockey ( DJ ) and music producer from the Bronx borough of New York City . He is perhaps best known as a founding member of the East Coast hip hop group Boogie Down Productions .