located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity wao kele o puna
A caldera is a large cauldron - like depression that forms following the evacuation ___MASK56___ a magma chamber / reservoir . When large volumes ___MASK56___ magma are erupted over a short time period , structural support for the crust above the magma chamber is lost . The ground surface then collapses downward into the partially emptied magma chamber , leaving a massive depression at the surface ( from one to dozens ___MASK56___ kilometers in diameter ). Although sometimes described as a crater , the feature is actually a type ___MASK56___ sinkhole , as it is formed through subsidence and collapse rather than an explosion or impact . Only seven known caldera - forming collapses have occurred since the start ___MASK56___ the 20th century , most recently at Bárðarbunga volcano in Iceland . ___MASK29___ , otherwise known as the world , is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest ___MASK56___ the four terrestrial planets . A volcano is a rupture in the crust ___MASK56___ a planetary - mass object , such as Earth , that allows hot lava , volcanic ash , and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface . Lava is the molten ___MASK43___ expelled by a volcano during an eruption . The resulting ___MASK43___ after solidification and cooling is also called " lava ". The molten ___MASK43___ is formed in the interior ___MASK56___ some planets , including Earth , and some ___MASK56___ their satellites . The source ___MASK56___ the heat that melts the ___MASK43___ within the earth is geothermal energy . When first erupted from a volcanic vent , lava is a liquid usually at temperatures from . A seamount is a ___MASK27___ rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water ' s surface ( sea level ), and thus is not an island . Seamounts are typically formed from extinct volcanoes that rise abruptly and are usually found rising from the seafloor to in height . They are defined by oceanographers as independent features that rise to at least above the seafloor , characteristically ___MASK56___ conical form . The peaks are often found hundreds to thousands ___MASK56___ meters below the surface , and are therefore considered to be within the deep sea . During their evolution over geologic time , the largest seamounts may reach the sea surface where wave action erodes the ___MASK9___ to form a flat surface . After they have subsided and sunk below the sea surface such flat - top seamounts are called " guyots " or " tablemounts " A shield volcano is a type ___MASK56___ volcano usually built almost entirely ___MASK56___ fluid lava flows . They are named for their low profile , resembling a warrior ' s shield lying on the ground . This is caused by the highly fluid lava they erupt , which travels farther than lava erupted from stratovolcanoes . This results in the steady accumulation ___MASK56___ broad sheets ___MASK56___ lava , building up the shield volcano ' s distinctive form . The shape ___MASK56___ shield volcanoes is due to the low viscosity ___MASK56___ their mafic lava . The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago ___MASK56___ eight major islands , several atolls , numerous smaller islets , and undersea seamounts in the North ___MASK6___ , extending some from the island ___MASK56___ ___MASK22___ in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll . Formerly the group was known to Europeans and Americans as the " Sandwich Islands ", a name chosen by James Cook in honor ___MASK56___ the then First Lord ___MASK56___ the Admiralty John Montagu , 4th Earl ___MASK56___ Sandwich . The contemporary name is derived from the name ___MASK56___ the largest island , ___MASK22___ Island . Wao Kele O Puna ( Wao Kele ) is Hawaii ' s largest remaining lowland wet forest , about 15 mi ( 24 km ) ___MASK80___ ___MASK56___ the city ___MASK56___ Hilo , along the East Rift Zone ___MASK56___ Klauea volcano on the Island ___MASK56___ Hawaii . The name means the upland rainforest ___MASK56___ Puna . Puna is one ___MASK56___ 9 districts on the island . Lava from Klauea continues to flow onto forest land . In 2006 , the Trust for Public Land ( TPL ) purchased Wao Kele , ending a twenty - year struggle to prevent tapping the sizeable geothermal energy resources that lie below it . Opponents believe that the area is the home ___MASK56___ the fire goddess Pele . It is also known as the Puna Forest Reserve , located just east ___MASK56___ the Puu  vent at coordinates 19 ° 26  29 `` N 155 ° 1  23 '' W . A temperature is an objective comparative measurement ___MASK56___ hot or cold . It is measured by a thermometer . Several scales and units exist for measuring temperature , the most common being Celsius ( denoted ° C ; formerly called " centigrade "), Fahrenheit ( denoted ° F ), and , especially in science , Kelvin ( denoted K ). Mauna Loa ( or ; Hawaiian : ) is one ___MASK56___ five volcanoes that form the Island ___MASK56___ ___MASK22___ in the U . S . state ___MASK56___ ___MASK22___ in the Pacific Ocean . The largest subaerial volcano in both mass and volume , Mauna Loa has historically been considered the largest volcano on Earth . It is an active shield volcano with relatively gentle slopes , with a volume estimated at approximately , although its peak is about lower than that ___MASK56___ its neighbor , Mauna Kea . Lava eruptions from Mauna Loa are silica - poor and very fluid , and they tend to be non - explosive . ___MASK22___ is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America , having received statehood on August 21 , 1959 . ___MASK22___ is the only U . S . state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands . It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia , occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean . ___MASK22___ is the only U . S . state not located in the Americas . The Hawaiian  Emperor seamount chain is a mostly undersea ___MASK27___ range in the ___MASK6___ that reaches above sea level in ___MASK22___ . It is composed of the Hawaiian ridge , consisting of the islands of the Hawaiian chain northwest to Kure Atoll , and the Emperor Seamounts : together they form a vast underwater ___MASK27___ region of islands and intervening seamounts , atolls , shallows , banks and reefs along a line trending southeast to northwest beneath the northern ___MASK6___ . The seamount chain , containing over 80 identified undersea volcanoes , stretches over from the Aleutian Trench in the far northwest Pacific to the Loihi seamount , the youngest volcano in the chain , which lies about southeast of the Island of Hawaii . A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape ___MASK56___ its container but retains a ( nearly ) constant volume independent ___MASK56___ pressure . As such , it is one ___MASK56___ the four fundamental states ___MASK56___ matter ( the others being solid , gas , and plasma ), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape . A liquid is made up ___MASK56___ tiny vibrating particles ___MASK56___ matter , such as atoms , held together by intermolecular bonds . Water is , by far , the most common liquid on Earth . Like a gas , a liquid is able to flow and take the shape ___MASK56___ a container . Most liquids resist compression , although others can be compressed . Unlike a gas , a liquid does not disperse to fill every space ___MASK56___ a container , and maintains a fairly constant density . A distinctive property ___MASK56___ the liquid state is surface tension , leading to wetting phenomena . A rift zone is a feature ___MASK56___ some volcanoes , especially shield volcanoes , in which a linear series ___MASK56___ fissures in the volcanic edifice allows lava to be erupted from the volcano ' s flank instead ___MASK56___ from its ___MASK9___ . For example , in the currently ongoing eruption ___MASK56___ Kilauea in ___MASK22___ , lava is emitted continuously from the Puu  vent located in Kilauea ' s East Rift Zone roughly 15 km east ___MASK56___ Kilauea Crater . Rift zones tend to extend for tens ___MASK56___ kilometers radially outward from the volcanic ___MASK9___ . The accumulated lava ___MASK56___ repeated eruptions from rift zones causes these volcanoes to have an elongated shape . Perhaps the best example ___MASK56___ this is Mauna Loa , which in Hawaiian means " long mountain ". Geothermal energy is heat energy generated and stored in the ___MASK29___ . Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature ___MASK56___ matter . The geothermal energy ___MASK56___ the ___MASK29___ ' s crust originates from the original formation ___MASK56___ the planet and from radioactive decay ___MASK56___ materials ( in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions ). The geothermal gradient , which is the difference in temperature between the core ___MASK56___ the planet and its surface , drives a continuous conduction ___MASK56___ thermal energy in the form ___MASK56___ heat from the core to the surface . The adjective " geothermal " originates from the Greek roots "  ( ge )", meaning earth , and "  ( thermos )", meaning hot . Klauea is a currently active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands , and the ___MASK77___ active ___MASK56___ the five volcanoes that together form the island ___MASK56___ ___MASK22___ . Located along the southern shore ___MASK56___ the island , the volcano is between 300 , 000 and 600 , 000 years old and emerged above sea level about 100 , 000 years ago . It is the second youngest product ___MASK56___ the Hawaiian hotspot and the current eruptive center ___MASK56___ the Hawaiian  Emperor seamount chain . Because it lacks topographic prominence and its activities historically coincided with those ___MASK56___ Mauna Loa , Klauea was once thought to be a satellite ___MASK56___ its much larger neighbor . Structurally , Klauea has a large , fairly recently formed caldera at its summit and two active rift zones , one extending east and the other west , as an active fault ___MASK56___ unknown depth moving vertically an average ___MASK56___ per year .