occupation silvo plut
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and failure to understand what is real . Common symptoms include false beliefs , unclear or confused thinking , hearing voices that others do not , reduced social engagement and emotional expression , and a lack of motivation . People with schizophrenia often have additional mental health problems such as anxiety disorders , ___MASK21___ depressive illness , or substance use disorders . Symptoms typically come on gradually , begin in young adulthood , and last a long time . The causes of schizophrenia include environmental and genetic factors . Possible environmental factors include being raised in a city , cannabis use , certain infections , parental age , and poor nutrition during pregnancy . Genetic factors include a variety of common and rare genetic variants . Diagnosis is based on observed behavior , the person ' s reported experiences , and reports of others familiar with the person . During diagnosis a person ' s culture must also be taken into account . As of 2013 there is no objective test . Schizophrenia does not imply a " split personality " or " multiple personality disorder " conditions with which it is often confused in public perception . The mainstay of treatment is antipsychotic medication , along with counselling , job training , and social rehabilitation . It is unclear whether typical or atypical antipsychotics are better . In those who do not improve with other antipsychotics clozapine may be tried . In more serious situations  where there is risk to self or others  involuntary hospitalization may be necessary , although hospital stays are now shorter and less frequent than they once were . About 0 . 3  0 . 7 % of people are affected by schizophrenia during their lifetimes . In 2013 there were estimated to be 23 . 6 million cases globally . Males are more often affected than females . About 20 % of people do well , and a few recover completely . Social problems , such as long - term unemployment , poverty , and homelessness are common . The average life expectancy of people with the disorder is ten to twenty - five years less than for the general population . This is the result of increased physical health problems and a higher suicide rate ( about 5 %). In 2013 an estimated 16 , 000 people worldwide died from behavior related to , or caused by , schizophrenia . In Japanese , they are usually referred to as or . According to ___MASK31___ William Scott Wilson : " In Chinese , the character  was originally a verb meaning " to wait upon " or " accompany persons " in the upper ranks of society , and this is also true of the original term in Japanese , saburau . In both countries the terms were nominalized to mean " those who serve in close attendance to the ___MASK13___ ", the pronunciation in Japanese changing to saburai . According to Wilson , an early reference to the word " ___MASK100___ " appears in the Kokin Wakash ( 905  914 ), the first imperial anthology of poems , completed in the first part of the 10th century . A punishment is the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual , meted out by an authority  in contexts ranging from child discipline to ___MASK57___ law  as a response and deterrent to a particular action or behaviour that is deemed undesirable or unacceptable . The reasoning may be to condition a child to avoid self - endangerment , to impose social conformity ( in particular , in the contexts of compulsory education or military discipline ), to defend norms , to protect against future harms ( in particular , those from violent crime ), and to maintain the law  and respect for rule of law  under which the social group is governed . Punishment may be self - inflicted as with self - flagellation and mortification of the flesh in the religious setting , but is most often a form of social coercion . Attempted murder is a crime of attempt in various jurisdictions . Bipolar disorder , also known as manic depression , is a mental disorder with periods of depression and periods of elevated mood . The elevated mood is significant and is known as mania or hypomania , depending on its severity , or whether symptoms of psychosis are present . During mania , an individual behaves or feels abnormally energetic , happy , or irritable . Individuals often make poorly thought out decisions with little regard to the consequences . The need for sleep is usually reduced during manic phases . During periods of depression , there may be crying , a negative outlook on life , and poor eye contact with others . The risk of suicide among those with the illness is high at greater than 6 percent over 20 years , while self - harm occurs in 30  40 percent . Other mental health issues such as anxiety disorders and substance use disorder are commonly associated . The causes are not clearly understood , but both environmental and genetic factors play a role . Many genes of small effect contribute to risk . Environmental factors include a history of childhood abuse , and long - term stress . The condition is divided into bipolar I disorder if there is at least one manic episode and bipolar II disorder if there are at least one hypomanic episode and one ___MASK21___ depressive episode . In those with less severe symptoms of a prolonged duration , the condition cyclothymic disorder may be diagnosed . If due to drugs or medical problems , it is classified separately . Other conditions that may present in a similar manner include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , personality disorders , schizophrenia , and substance use disorder as well as a number of medical conditions . Medical testing is not required for a diagnosis , though blood tests or medical imaging can be done to rule out other problems . Treatment commonly includes psychotherapy , as well as medications such as mood stabilizers and antipsychotics . Examples of mood stabilizers that are commonly used include lithium and various anticonvulsants . Treatment in a hospital without the individual ' s consent may be required if a person is at risk to themselves or others but refuses treatment . Severe behavioral problems may be managed with short term antipsychotics or benzodiazepines . In periods of mania it is recommended that antidepressants be stopped . If antidepressants are used for periods of depression they should be used with a mood stabilizer . Electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT ) may be helpful for those who do not respond to other treatments . If treatments are stopped , it is recommended that this be done slowly . Many individuals have financial , social or work - related problems due to the illness . These difficulties occur a quarter to a third of the time on average . The risk of death from natural causes such as heart disease is twice that of the general population . This is due to poor lifestyle choices and the side effects from medications . About 3 percent of people in the United States are estimated to have bipolar disorder at some point in their life . Lower rates of around 1 percent are found in other countries . The most common age at which symptoms begin is 25 . Rates appear to be similar in females and males . The economic costs of the disorder has been estimated at $ 45 billion for the United States in 1991 . A large proportion of this was related to a higher number of missed work days , estimated at 50 per year . People with bipolar disorder often face problems with social stigma . , officially , abbreviated as , and used as a verb as , were suicide attacks by ___MASK34___ aviators from the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II , designed to destroy warships more effectively than was possible with conventional attacks . During World War II , about 3 , 860 " kamikaze " pilots died , and about 19 % of " kamikaze " attacks managed to hit a ship . The Federal Bureau of Investigation , or FBI , is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States , which simultaneously serves as the nation ' s prime federal ___MASK83___ agency . Operating under the jurisdiction of the U . S . Department of Justice , the FBI is concurrently a member of the U . S . Intelligence Community and reports to both the ___MASK43___ and the ___MASK38___ of National Intelligence . A leading U . S . counterterrorism , counterintelligence , and ___MASK57___ investigative organization , the FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes . The British Raj ( from " rj ", literally , " rule " in Hindustani ) was the rule of the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947 . The rule is also called Crown rule in India , or direct rule in India . The region under British control was commonly called India in contemporaneous usage , and included areas directly administered by the ___MASK99___ , which were collectively called British India , and those ruled by indigenous rulers , but under British tutelage or paramountcy , and called the princely states . The resulting political union was also called the Indian Empire and after 1876 issued passports under that name . As India , it was a of the League of Nations , a participating nation in the Summer Olympics in 1900 , 1920 , 1928 , 1932 , and 1936 , and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945 . Probation in ___MASK57___ law is a period of supervision over an offender , ordered by a court instead of serving time in prison . ___MASK57___ law is the body of law that relates to crime . It regulates social conduct and proscribes whatever is threatening , harmful , or otherwise endangering to the property , health , safety , and moral welfare of people . It includes the punishment of people who violate these laws . ___MASK57___ law varies according to jurisdiction , and differs from civil law , where emphasis is more on dispute resolution and victim compensation than on punishment . Abrahamic religions , emphasizing and tracing their common origin to the tribal ___MASK45___ Abraham or recognizing a spiritual tradition identified with him , are one of the ___MASK21___ divisions in comparative religion ( along with Indian , Iranian , and East Asian religions ). Judaism , Christianity and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents . Japan (" Nippon " or " Nihon " ; formally "" or " Nihon - koku ", means " State of Japan ") is a ___MASK84___ island nation in Eastern Asia . Located in the Pacific Ocean , It is lying off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland ( east of China , Korea , Russia ) and stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and near Taiwan in the southwest . A ___MASK50___ is a person who typically murders three or more people , usually in service of abnormal psychological gratification , with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant break ( a " cooling off period ") between them . Different authorities apply different criteria when designating serial killers ; while most set a threshold of three murders , others extend it to four or lessen it to two . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ), for example , defines serial killing as " a series of two or more murders , committed as separate events , usually , but not always , by one offender ___MASK26___ alone ". In ___MASK55___ and ethics , inviolability or sanctity of life is a principle of implied protection regarding aspects of sentient life which are said to be holy , sacred , or otherwise of such value that they are not to be violated . This applies to both animals and humans because they are holy and worthy of life . ___MASK57___ justice is the system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control , deterring and mitigating crime , or sanctioning those who violate laws with ___MASK57___ penalties and rehabilitation efforts . Those accused of crime have some protections against abuse of investigatory and prosecution powers . The meaning of life , or the answer to the question " What is the meaning of life ?", pertains to the significance of living or existence in ___MASK80___ . Many other related questions include " Why are we here ?", " What is life all about ?", and " What is the purpose of existence ?" or even " Does life exist at all ?" There have been a large number of proposed answers to these questions from many different cultural and ideological backgrounds . The search for life ' s meaning has produced much philosophical , scientific , theological , and metaphysical speculation throughout history . Different people and cultures believe different things for the answer to this question . ___MASK82___ disability ( ID ), also known as ___MASK80___ learning disability , and mental retardation ( MR ), is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired ___MASK82___ and adaptive functioning . It is defined by an IQ score under 70 in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday , ___MASK80___ living . Once focused almost entirely on cognition , the definition now includes both a component relating to mental functioning and one relating to individuals ' functional skills in their environments . As a result of this focus on the person ' s abilities in practice , a person with an unusually low IQ may not be considered to have intellectually disability . ___MASK82___ disability is subdivided into syndromic ___MASK82___ disability , in which ___MASK82___ deficits associated with other medical and behavioral signs and symptoms are present , and non - syndromic ___MASK82___ disability , in which ___MASK82___ deficits appear without other abnormalities . Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome are examples of syndromic ___MASK82___ disabilities . ___MASK82___ disability affects about 2  3 % of the ___MASK80___ population . Seventy - five to ninety percent of the affected people have mild ___MASK82___ disability . Non - syndromic or idiopathic cases account for 30  50 % of cases . About a quarter of cases are caused by a genetic disorder , and about 5 % of cases are inherited from a person ' s parents . Cases of unknown cause affect about 95 million people as of 2013 . A correctional facility , detention center , gaol ( Australia , New Zealand , Republic of Ireland , UK ), jail ( US , ___MASK24___ ), penitentiary , prison , or remand centre is a facility in which inmates are forcibly confined and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state as a form of punishment after being convicted of crimes . Prisons are most commonly used within a ___MASK57___ justice system : people charged with crimes may be imprisoned until they are brought to trial ; those pleading or being found guilty of crimes at trial may be sentenced to a specified period of imprisonment . Besides their use for punishing civil crimes , jails and prisons are frequently used by authoritarian regimes . The word authority ( derived from the Latin word " auctoritas ") can be used to mean the right to exercise power given by the State ( in the form of government , judges , ___MASK8___ officers , etc .), or by ___MASK16___ knowledge of an area ( someone that can be an authority on a subject ). Coercion is the practice of forcing another party to act in an involuntary manner by use of intimidation or threats or some other form of pressure or force . It involves a set of various types of forceful actions that violate the free will of an individual to induce a desired response , for example : a bully demanding lunch money to a ___MASK79___ or the ___MASK79___ gets beaten . These actions can include , but are not limited to , extortion , blackmail , torture , threats to induce favors or even sexual assault . In law , coercion is codified as a duress crime . Such actions are used as leverage , to force the victim to act in a way contrary to their own interests . Coercion may involve the actual infliction of physical pain / injury or psychological harm in order to enhance the credibility of a threat . The threat of further harm may lead to the cooperation or obedience of the person being coerced . A crisis hotline is a phone number people can call to get immediate emergency telephone counseling , usually by trained volunteers . The first such service was founded in England in 1953 and such hotlines have existed in most ___MASK21___ cities of the English speaking world at least since the mid - 1970s . Initially set up to help those contemplating suicide , many have expanded their mandate to deal more generally with emotional crises . Similar hotlines operate to help people in other circumstances , including rape victims , bullying victims , runaway children , human trafficking victims , and people who identify as LGBT or intersex . Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one ' s own death . Risk factors include mental disorders such as depression , bipolar disorder , schizophrenia , personality disorders , alcoholism , or substance misuse . Others are impulsive acts due to stress such as from financial difficulties , troubles with relationships , or from bullying . Those who have previously attempted suicide are at higher risk for future attempts . Suicide prevention efforts include limiting access to method of suicide , such as firearms and poisons , treating mental disorders and substance misuse , proper media reporting of suicide , and improving economic conditions . Although crisis hotlines are common , there is little evidence for their effectiveness . The most commonly used method of suicide varies between countries , and is partly related to the availability of effective means . Common methods include hanging , pesticide poisoning , and firearms . Suicide resulted in 842 , 000 deaths globally in 2013 ( up from 712 , 000 deaths in 1990 ). This makes it the 10th leading cause of death worldwide . Approximately 0 . 5 % to 1 . 4 % of people die by suicide , about 12 per 100 , 000 persons per year . Three quarters of suicides globally occur in the developing world . Rates of completed suicides are generally higher in men than in women , ranging from 1 . 5 times as much in the developing world to 3 . 5 times in the developed world . Suicide is generally most common among those over the age of 70 ; however , in certain countries those aged between 15 and 30 are at highest risk . There are an estimated 10 to 20 million non - fatal attempted suicides every year . Non - fatal suicide attempts may lead to injury and long - term disabilities . In the Western world , attempts are more common in young people and females . Views on suicide have been influenced by broad existential themes such as ___MASK55___ , honor , and the meaning of life . The Abrahamic religions traditionally consider suicide an offense towards God due to the belief in the sanctity of life . During the samurai era in Japan , a form of suicide known as seppuku was respected as a means of making up for failure or as a form of protest . Sati , a practice outlawed by the British Raj , expected the Indian widow to kill herself on her husband ' s funeral fire , either willingly or under pressure from the family and society . Suicide and attempted suicide , while previously illegal , are no longer in most Western countries . It remains a ___MASK57___ offense in many countries . In the 20th and 21st centuries , suicide has been used on rare occasions as a form of protest , and kamikaze and suicide bombings have been used as a military or terrorist tactic . The word is from the Latin " suicidium ", which means " the killing of oneself ". Definitions . Suicide , also known as completed suicide , is the " act of taking one ' s own life ". Attempted suicide or non - fatal suicidal behavior is self - injury with the desire to end one ' s life that does not result in death . Assisted suicide is when one individual helps another bring about their own death indirectly via providing either advice or the means to the end . This is in contrast to euthanasia , where another person takes a more active role in bringing about a person ' s death . Suicidal ideation is thoughts of ending one ' s life but not taking any active efforts to do so . Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse , especially the unlawful killing of another human being with malice aforethought . This state of mind may , depending upon the jurisdiction , distinguish murder from other forms of unlawful homicide , such as manslaughter . Manslaughter is a killing committed in the absence of " malice ", brought about by reasonable provocation , or diminished capacity . " Involuntary " manslaughter , where it is recognized , is a killing that lacks all but the most attenuated guilty intent (" mens rea "), recklessness . ___MASK1___ is a ___MASK12___ and law reform organisation based in the ___MASK99___ . It is the British section of the International Commission of Jurists , the international ___MASK12___ organisation of lawyers devoted to the legal protection of ___MASK12___ worldwide . Consequently , members of ___MASK1___ are predominantly barristers and solicitors , judges , legal academics , and law students . Silvo Plut ( May 29 , 1968 -- April 28 , 2007 ) was a Slovenian ___MASK50___ . He was sentenced to 30 years in prison for the murder of Ljubica Ular and the attempted murder of her husband Miro Ular on February 24 , 2006 . Plut had been released on probation after 13 years in prison for the 1990 rape and murder of a former schoolmate , Marjanca Matjaši . He committed suicide in his prison cell on April 28 , 2007 . Bullying is the use of force , threat , or coercion to abuse , intimidate , or aggressively dominate others . The behavior is often repeated and habitual . One essential prerequisite is the perception , by the bully or by others , of an imbalance of social or physical power , which distinguishes bullying from conflict . Behaviors used to assert such domination can include verbal harassment or threat , physical assault or coercion , and such acts may be directed repeatedly towards particular targets . Rationalizations for such behavior sometimes include differences of social class , race , ___MASK55___ , gender , sexual orientation , appearance , behavior , body language , personality , reputation , lineage , strength , size or ability . If bullying is done by a group , it is called mobbing . </ div > War is a state of armed conflict between societies . It is generally characterized by extreme aggression , destruction , and mortality , using regular or irregular ___MASK34___ forces . An absence of war is usually called " peace ". Warfare refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war , or of wars in general . Total war is warfare that is not restricted to purely legitimate ___MASK34___ targets , and can result in massive civilian or other non - combatant casualties . Assisted suicide is suicide committed with the aid of another person , sometimes a ___MASK40___ . The term is often used interchangeably with ___MASK40___ - assisted suicide ( PAS ), which involves a ___MASK2___ " knowingly and intentionally providing a person with the knowledge or means or both required to commit suicide , including counseling about lethal doses of drugs , prescribing such lethal doses or supplying the drugs ." An attempt to commit a crime occurs if a ___MASK57___ has an intent to commit a crime and takes a substantial step toward completing the crime , but for reasons not intended by the ___MASK57___ , the final resulting crime does not occur . Attempt to commit a particular crime is a crime , usually considered to be of the same or lesser gravity as the particular crime that never ended up happening . Attempt is a type of inchoate crime , a crime that is not fully developed . The crime of attempt has two elements , intent and some conduct toward completion of the crime . Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration perpetrated against a person without that person ' s consent . The act may be carried out by physical force , coercion , abuse of authority or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent , such as one who is unconscious , incapacitated , has an ___MASK82___ disability or is below the legal age of consent . The term " rape " is sometimes used interchangeably with the term " sexual assault ." A mental disorder , also called a mental illness or psychiatric disorder , is a diagnosis by a mental ___MASK15___ of a behavioral or mental pattern that may cause suffering or a poor ability to function in life . Such features may be persistent , relapsing and remitting , or occur as a single episode . Many disorders have been described , with signs and symptoms that vary widely between specific disorders . The causes of mental disorders are often unclear . Theories may incorporate findings from a range of fields . Mental disorders are usually defined by a combination of how a person behaves , feels , perceives , or thinks . This may be associated with particular regions or functions of the brain , often in a social context . A mental disorder is one aspect of mental health . Cultural and ___MASK4___ beliefs , as well as social norms , should be taken into account when making a diagnosis . Services are based in psychiatric hospitals or in the community , and assessments are carried out by psychiatrists , clinical psychologists , and clinical social workers , using various methods but often relying on observation and questioning . Treatments are provided by various mental health professionals . Psychotherapy and psychiatric medication are two major treatment options . Other treatments include social interventions , peer support , and self - help . In a minority of cases there might be involuntary detention or treatment . Prevention programs have been shown to reduce depression . Common mental disorders include depression , which affects about 400 million , dementia which affects about 35 million , and schizophrenia , which affects about 21 million people globally . Stigma and discrimination can add to the suffering and disability associated with mental disorders , leading to various social movements attempting to increase understanding and challenge social exclusion . In common speech , consent occurs when one person voluntarily agrees to the proposal or desires of another . The concept of consent has been operationalized in several ___MASK21___ contexts , including in law , medicine and sexual relationships . Types of consent include implied consent , expressed consent , informed consent and unanimous consent . Consent as understood in legal contexts may differ from the everyday meaning . For example , a person under the legal age of sexual consent may willingly engage in a sexual act , but that consent is not valid in a legal context . Modern humans (" Homo sapiens ", primarily ssp . " Homo sapiens sapiens ") are the only extant members of Hominina tribe ( or human tribe ), a branch of the tribe Hominini belonging to the family of great apes . They are characterized by erect posture and bipedal locomotion ; manual dexterity and increased tool use , compared to other animals ; and a ___MASK80___ trend toward larger , more complex brains and societies . Hanging is the suspension of a person by a noose or ligature around the neck . The " Oxford English Dictionary " states that hanging in this sense is " specifically to put to death by suspension by the neck ", though it formerly also referred to crucifixion and death by impalement in which the body would remain " hanging ". Hanging has been a common method of capital punishment since medieval times , and is the ___MASK92___ execution method in numerous countries and regions . The first account of execution by hanging was in Homer ' s " Odyssey ". In this specialised meaning of the common word " hang ", the past and past participle is " hanged " instead of " hung ". SiN is a first - person shooter video ___MASK32___ developed by Ritual ___MASK41___ and published by Activision in late 1998 . The ___MASK32___ was later released over Steam platform on April 5 , 2006 , either as a standalone product , or bundled together with its sequel , " SiN Episodes ". It was also released , along with its expansion pack "" on GOG . com on January 30 , 2014 , DRM - free and fixed for modern hardware . It based on a modified version of the id Tech 2 engine .