country novempopulania
The Principate is the name sometimes given to the first period of the ___MASK42___ from the beginning of the reign of Augustus in about 30 BC to the Crisis of the Third Century in 284 AD , after which it evolved into the so - called " Dominate ". The Crisis of the Third Century , also known as Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis ( AD 235  284 ), was a period in which the ___MASK42___ nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasion , civil war , plague , and economic depression . The Crisis began with the assassination of Emperor Severus Alexander by his own troops in 235 , initiating a 50 - year period in which there were at least 26 claimants to the title of Emperor , mostly prominent Roman army generals , who assumed imperial power over all or part of the Empire . The same number of men became accepted by the Roman Senate as emperor during this period and so became legitimate emperors . Gascon is a dialect of Occitan . It is mostly spoken in Gascony and Béarn in southwestern ___MASK78___ ( in parts of the following French " départements ": Pyrénées - Atlantiques , Hautes - Pyrénées , Landes , Gers , Gironde , Lot - et - Garonne , Haute - Garonne , and Ariège ) and in the Aran Valley of Catalonia . It has about 250 , 000 speakers ___MASK47___ . The Indo - European languages are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects . There are about 445 living Indo - European languages , according to the estimate by " Ethnologue ", with over two - thirds ( 313 ) of them belonging to the Indo - Iranian branch . The most widely spoken Indo - European languages by native speakers are Spanish , English , Hindustani ( ___MASK46___ and Urdu ), Portuguese , Bengali , Russian , Persian and Punjabi , each with over 100 million speakers . Today , 46 % of the human population speaks an Indo - European language natively , by far the highest of any language family . Gallia Lugdunensis ( French : Gaule Lyonnaise ) was a province of the ___MASK42___ in what is now the modern country of ___MASK78___ , part of the Celtic territory of ___MASK48___ formerly known as Celtica . It is named after its capital Lugdunum ( today ' s Lyon ), possibly Roman Europe ' s major city west of Italy , and a major imperial mint . Outside Lugdunum was the Condate Altar , where representatives of the Three Gauls met to celebrate the cult of " Rome and Augustus ". The Pyrenees (, , , , or ) is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between ___MASK78___ and Spain . Reaching a height of altitude at the peak of Aneto , the range separates the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe , and extends for about from the Bay of Biscay ( Cap Higuer ) to the Mediterranean Sea ( Cap de Creus ). Novempopulania ( Latin for `` country of the nine peoples '' ) was one of the provinces created by Diocletian out of Gallia Aquitania , being also called Aquitania Tertia . The area of Novempopulania was historically the first one to receive the name of Aquitania , as it was here where the original Aquitani dwelt primarily . The territory extended within the triangular area outlined by the River Garonna , the Pyrenees and the ocean , as described by Caesar in De bello gallico for Gallia Aquitania . In his work , Caesar describes the Aquitani as being different in language and body make - up from their northerly neighbours and more similar to the Iberians . Yet province Aquitania was enlarged by Augustus , and it began to signify a larger and more diverse territory . Gaius Julius Caesar ( 13 July 100 BC  15 March 44 BC ), known as Julius Caesar , was a Roman politician , general , and notable author of Latin prose . He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the ___MASK29___ and the rise of the Roman Empire . A natural border is a border between states or their subdivisions which is concomitant with natural formations such as rivers , mountain ranges , or deserts . The " doctrine of natural boundaries " developed in Western culture in the 17th century being based upon the " natural " ideas of Rousseau and developing concepts of nationalism . The similar concept in ___MASK20___ developed earlier from natural zones of control . Cap de Creus is a peninsula and a headland located at the far northeast of ___MASK11___ , some south from the French border . The cape lies in the municipal area of Cadaqués , and the nearest large town is Figueres , capital of the Alt Empordà and birthplace of Salvador Dalí . Cap de Creus is the easternmost point of ___MASK11___ and therefore of mainland ___MASK37___ and the Iberian Peninsula . Hispania was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula . Under the Republic , Hispania was divided into two provinces : Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior . During the Principate , Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces , Baetica and Lusitania , while Hispania Citerior was renamed Tarraconensis . Subsequently , the western part of Tarraconensis was split off , first as Hispania Nova , later renamed Callaecia ( or Gallaecia , whence modern ___MASK51___ ). From Diocletian ' s Tetrarchy ( AD 284 ) onwards , the south of remaining Tarraconensis was again split off as Carthaginensis , and probably then too the Balearic Islands and all the resulting provinces formed one civil diocese under the " vicarius " for the Hispaniae ( that is , the Celtic provinces ). The name , Hispania , was also used in the period of Visigothic rule . Gallia Narbonensis ( Latin for " ___MASK48___ of Narbonne ", from its chief settlement ) was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence , in southern France . It was also known as Provincia Nostra (" our Province "), from its having been the first Roman province north of the Alps , and as Gallia Transalpina (" Transalpine ___MASK48___ "), distinguishing it from Cisalpine ___MASK48___ in ___MASK64___ . It became a Roman province in the late 2nd century BC . Its boundaries were roughly defined by the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Cévennes and Alps to the north and west . The western region of Gallia Narbonensis was known as Septimania . Hispania Tarraconensis was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania . It encompassed much of the Mediterranean coast of modern ___MASK37___ along with the central plateau . Southern ___MASK37___ , the region now called Andalusia , was the province of " Hispania Baetica ". On the Atlantic west lay the province of Lusitania , partially coincident with modern - day ___MASK34___ . The Bay of Biscay ( Basque : " Bizkaiko Golkoa ," ) is a gulf of the northeast ___MASK96___ located south of the Celtic Sea . It lies along the western coast of France from Brest south to the Spanish border , and the northern coast of Spain west to Cape Ortegal . Strabo (" Strabn "; 64 or 63 BC ) was a Greek geographer , philosopher , and historian who lived in Asia Minor during the transitional period of the ___MASK29___ into the Roman Empire . Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia . Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the ___MASK96___ to the west , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . To the east and southeast , Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas , and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Yet the non - oceanic borders of Europe  a concept dating back to classical antiquity  are arbitrary . The primarily physiographic term " continent " as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent ' s current overland boundaries . ___MASK37___ , officially the Kingdom of ___MASK37___ , is a sovereign state largely located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe , with two large archipelagos , the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands off the North African Atlantic coast , two cities Ceuta and Melilla in the North African mainland and several small islands in the Alboran Sea near the Moroccan coast . Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with ___MASK26___ ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the ___MASK96___ . It is the only European country to have a border with an African country ( Morocco ) and its African territory accounts for nearly 5 % of its population , mostly in the Canary Islands but also in Ceuta and Melilla . ___MASK48___ ( Latin : " Gallia ") was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes , encompassing present day France , ___MASK69___ , Belgium , most of Switzerland , ___MASK64___ , as well as the parts of the Netherlands , Central Italy and Germany on the ___MASK15___ of the Rhine . It covered an area of 190 , 800 mi² or 494 , 169 km² . According to the testimony of Julius Caesar , ___MASK48___ was divided into three parts : Gallia Celtica , Belgica and Aquitania . Archaeologically , the Gauls were bearers of the La Tène culture , which extended across all of ___MASK48___ , as well as east to Raetia , Noricum , Pannonia and southwestern Germania during the 5th to 1st centuries BC . During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC , ___MASK48___ fell under Roman rule : Gallia Cisalpina was conquered in 203 BC and Gallia Narbonensis in 123 BC . ___MASK48___ was invaded after 120 BC by the Cimbri and the Teutons , who were in turn defeated by the Romans by 103 BC . Julius Caesar finally subdued the remaining parts of ___MASK48___ in his campaigns of 58 to 51 BC . Latin ( Latin : ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo - European languages . The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . The Garonne (; in Occitan , Catalan , Portuguese and Spanish : " Garona "; or " Garunna ") is a river in southwest ___MASK78___ and northern Spain , with a length of . It flows into the ___MASK96___ at Bordeaux . The Aquitanian language was spoken on both sides of the western Pyrenees in ancient Aquitaine ( approximately between the Pyrenees and the Garonne , the region later known as Gascony ) and in the areas south of the Pyrenees in the valleys of the ___MASK72___ before the Roman conquest . It probably survived in Aquitania until the Early Middle Ages . Aneto is the highest mountain in the Pyrenees and in Aragon , and ___MASK37___ ' s third - highest mountain , reaching a height of . It stands in the Spanish province of Huesca , the northernmost of all three Aragonese provinces , 4 miles south of the French border . It forms the southernmost part of the Maladeta massif . It is also still locally known as " Pic de Néthou " in French , that name and its variants having been in general use until the beginning of the 20th century . The Battle of the Margus was fought in July 285 between the armies of Roman Emperors Diocletian and Carinus in the valley of the Margus River ( today Great Morava ) in Moesia ( present day ___MASK40___ ). ___MASK78___ , officially the ___MASK41___ , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of ___MASK78___ extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the ___MASK96___ . Overseas ___MASK78___ include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . ___MASK78___ spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi - presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country ' s largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux . Gascony ( Gascon : " Gasconha " ) is an area of southwest ___MASK78___ that was part of the " Province of Guyenne and Gascony " prior to the French Revolution . The region is vaguely defined , and the distinction between Guyenne and Gascony is unclear ; by some they are seen to overlap , while others consider Gascony a part of Guyenne . Most definitions put Gascony east and south of Bordeaux . The Aquitanians ( Latin : Aquitani ) were a people living in what is now southern Aquitaine and southwestern Midi - Pyrénées , ___MASK78___ , called Gallia Aquitania by the Romans in the region between the Pyrenees , the ___MASK96___ , and the Garonne , present - day southwestern ___MASK78___ . They were an ancient non - Indo - European population that lived in the northern slopes of the Pyrenees . They spoke the Aquitanian language , related to Old Basque . Classical authors such as Julius Caesar and Strabo clearly distinguish them from the other peoples of Gaul and Hispania ( the Iberian Peninsula ). With the process of Romanization , in the centuries of Roman Empire , they adopted the Latin Language ( Vulgar Latin ) and Roman civilization . Their old language , the Aquitanian language , was the substrate for the Gascon language ( one of the Romance languages ) spoken in Gascony . Aquitaine ( Poitevin - Saintongeais : " Aguiéne "), archaic " Guyenne "/" Guienne " ( Occitan : " Guiana ") was a traditional region of ___MASK78___ , and was an administrative region of ___MASK78___ until 1 January 2016 . It is now part of the new region Nouvelle - Aquitaine . It is situated in the south - western part of Metropolitan ___MASK78___ , along the ___MASK96___ and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain . It is composed of the five departments of Dordogne , Lot - et - Garonne , Pyrénées - Atlantiques , Landes and Gironde . In the Middle Ages , Aquitaine was a kingdom and a duchy , whose boundaries fluctuated considerably . Maximian ( c . 250  c . July 310 ) was Roman Emperor from 286 to 305 . He was " Caesar " from 285 to 286 , then " Augustus " from 286 to 305 . He shared the latter title with his co - emperor and superior , Diocletian , whose political brain complemented Maximian ' s military brawn . Maximian established his residence at Trier but spent most of his time on campaign . In the late summer of 285 , he suppressed rebels in ___MASK48___ known as the Bagaudae . From 285 to 288 , he fought against Germanic tribes along the Rhine frontier . Together with Diocletian , he launched a scorched earth campaign deep into Alamannic territory in 288 , temporarily relieving the Rhine provinces from the threat of Germanic invasion . The Iberian Peninsula , also known as ___MASK68___ , is located in the southwest corner of Europe . The peninsula is principally divided between ___MASK34___ and Spain , comprising most of their territory . It also includes Andorra and a small part of France along the peninsula ' s northeastern edge , as well as ___MASK26___ on its south coast , a small peninsula which forms an overseas territory of the United Kingdom . With an area of approximately , it is the second largest European peninsula , after the Scandinavian . The Mediterranean Sea ( pronounced ) is a sea connected to the ___MASK96___ , surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land : on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia , on the south by North Africa , and on the east by the Levant . The sea is sometimes considered a part of the ___MASK96___ , although it is usually identified as a separate body of water . Midi - Pyrénées ( Occitan : " Miègjorn - Pirenèus " or " Mieidia - Pirenèus ") is a former administrative region of ___MASK78___ . Since 1 January 2016 , it is part of the new region Occitanie . It was the largest region of Metropolitan ___MASK78___ by area , larger than the ___MASK62___ or Denmark . The ___MASK42___ ( Koine and Medieval Greek :    , tr . ) was the post - ___MASK29___ period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around 500 AD , and the Empire ' s populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world ' s population at the time ). The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar ' s adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of ___MASK99___ . Octavian ' s power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title " Augustus ", effectively marking the end of the ___MASK29___ . Gallia Aquitania , also known as Aquitaine or Aquitaine ___MASK48___ , was a province of the ___MASK42___ . It lies in present - day southwest France , where it gives its name to the modern region of Aquitaine . It was bordered by the provinces of Gallia Lugdunensis , Gallia Narbonensis , and Hispania Tarraconensis . A Gallus ( pl . Galli ) was a eunuch priest of the Phrygian goddess Cybele and her consort Attis , whose worship was incorporated into the state religious practices of ___MASK10___ . Augustus ( 23 September 63 BC  19 August 14 AD ) was the founder of the Roman Principate and considered the first Emperor , controlling the ___MASK42___ from 27 BC until his death in AD 14 . Diocletian , born Diocles ( 244  312 ), was a Roman emperor from 284 to 305 . Born to a family of low status in the Roman province of Dalmatia , Diocletian rose through the ranks of the military to become cavalry commander to the Emperor Carus . After the deaths of Carus and his son Numerian on campaign in Persia , Diocletian was proclaimed emperor . The title was also claimed by Carus ' other surviving son , Carinus , but Diocletian defeated him in the Battle of the Margus . Diocletian ' s reign stabilized the empire and marks the end of the Crisis of the Third Century . He appointed fellow officer Maximian as Augustus , co - emperor , in 286 . The Roman emperor was the ruler of the ___MASK42___ during the imperial period ( starting in 27 BC ). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history . Often when a given Roman is described as becoming " emperor " in English , it reflects his taking of the title " Augustus " or " Caesar ". Another title often used was " imperator ", originally a military honorific . Early Emperors also used the title " princeps " ( first citizen ). Emperors frequently amassed republican titles , notably " Princeps Senatus ", " Consul " and " Pontifex Maximus ". The ___MASK96___ is the second largest of the world ' s oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth ' s surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area . It separates the " Old World " from the " New World ".