headquarters_location south african communist party
Sub - Saharan ___MASK67___ is , geographically , the area of the continent of ___MASK67___ that lies south of the Sahara desert . According to the UN , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North ___MASK67___ , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . ___MASK76___ , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub - Saharan ___MASK67___ , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world . ___MASK67___ is the world ' s second - largest and second - most - populous continent . At about 30 . 3 million km² ( 11 . 7 million square miles ) including adjacent islands , it covers 6 % of Earth ' s total surface area and 20 . 4 % of its total land area . With 1 . 1 billion people as of 2013 , it accounts for about 15 % of the world ' s human population . The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast , the Indian Ocean to the southeast , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos . It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states ( countries ), nine territories and two " de facto " independent states with limited or no recognition . The Tripartite ___MASK4___ is an ___MASK4___ between the African National Congress ( ANC ), the Congress of South African Trade Unions ( COSATU ) and the South African Communist Party ( SACP ). The ANC holds a majority in the South African parliament , while the SACP and COSATU have not contested any democratic election in South Africa . Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma , GCB ( ___MASK12___ 12 April 1942 ) is the President of South Africa , elected by parliament following his party ' s victory in the 2009 general election . He was re - elected in the 2014 election . Lesotho , officially the Kingdom of Lesotho , is an enclaved , landlocked country in southern ___MASK67___ completely surrounded by ___MASK52___ . It is just over in size and has a population slightly over two million . Its capital and largest city is ___MASK3___ . The Eastern Hemisphere is a geographical term for the half of the earth that is east of the prime ___MASK86___ ( which crosses Greenwich , England ) and west of the antimeridian . It is also used to refer to ___MASK93___ , ___MASK71___ , Africa , and Australia , in contrast with the Western Hemisphere , which includes North and South America . This hemisphere may also be called the " Oriental Hemisphere ". In addition , it may be used in a cultural or geopolitical sense as a synonym for the " Old World ". Southern ___MASK67___ is the southernmost region of the African continent , variably defined by geography or geopolitics , and including several countries . The term " southern ___MASK67___ " or " Southern ___MASK67___ ", generally includes Angola , Botswana , Lesotho , Malawi , Mozambique , Namibia , ___MASK52___ , Swaziland , Zambia , and ___MASK21___ . From a political perspective the region is said to be unipolar with ___MASK52___ as a first regional power . Friedrich Engels ( or 28 November 1820  5 August 1895 ) was a German philosopher , social scientist , journalist , and businessman . He founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx . In 1845 , he published " The Condition of the Working Class in ___MASK85___ ", based on personal observations and research in Manchester . Social democracy is a political , social and economic ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a capitalist economy , and a policy regime involving a commitment to representative democracy , measures for income redistribution , and regulation of the economy in the general interest and welfare state provisions . Social democracy thus aims to create the conditions for capitalism to lead to greater democratic , egalitarian and solidaristic outcomes ; and is often associated with the set of socioeconomic policies that became prominent in Northern and Western ___MASK93___  particularly the Nordic model in the Nordic countries  during the latter half of the 20th century . The Old World consists of ___MASK67___ , ___MASK93___ , and ___MASK71___ , regarded collectively as the part of the world known to Europeans before contact with the Americas . It is used in the context of , and contrast with , the New World ( Americas ). ___MASK52___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK52___ ( RSA ), is the southernmost country in ___MASK67___ . It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern ___MASK67___ stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans , on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana and ___MASK21___ , and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland , and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho . ___MASK52___ is the 25th - largest country in the world by land area , and with close to 56 million people , is the world ' s 24th - most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub - Saharan African ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of ___MASK67___ ' s largest communities of European ( white ), Asian ( Indian ), and multiracial ( coloured ) ancestry . The South African Communist Party ( SACP ) is a communist party in ___MASK52___ . It was founded in 1921 , was declared illegal in 1950 , and participated in the struggle against apartheid . It is a partner of the Tripartite ___MASK4___ with the African National Congress and the Congress of South African Trade Unions ( COSATU ) and through this influences the South African government . Karl Marx ( 5 May 1818  14 March 1883 ) was a German - ___MASK12___ scientist , philosopher , economist , sociologist , journalist , and revolutionary socialist . ___MASK12___ in ___MASK24___ to a middle - class family , he later studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy . As an adult , Marx became stateless and spent much of his life in London , England , where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and published various works , the most well - known being the 1848 pamphlet " The Communist Manifesto ". His work has since influenced subsequent intellectual , economic , and political history . African Communist is the magazine of the South African Communist Party , published quarterly . The magazine was started by a group of Marxist - Leninists in 1959 . It has its headquarters in ___MASK16___ . Racial segregation is the separation of humans into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life . It may apply to activities such as eating in a restaurant , drinking from a water fountain , using a public toilet , attending school , going to the movies , riding on a bus , or in the rental or ___MASK95___ of a home or of hotel rooms . Segregation is defined by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance as " the act by which a ( natural or legal ) person separates other persons on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds without an objective and reasonable justification , in conformity with the proposed definition of discrimination . As a result , the voluntary act of separating oneself from other persons on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds does not constitute segregation ". According to the UN Forum on Minority Issues , " The creation and development of classes and schools providing education in minority languages should not be considered impermissible segregation , if the assignment to such classes and schools is of a voluntary nature ". The Bantu languages , technically the Narrow Bantu languages ( as opposed to " Wide Bantu ", a loosely defined categorization which includes other Bantoid languages ), constitute a traditional branch of the Niger  Congo languages . There are about 250 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility , though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear , and " Ethnologue " counts 535 languages . Bantu languages are spoken largely east and south of present - day ___MASK6___ , that is , in the regions commonly known as Central Africa , Southeast Africa , and Southern Africa . Parts of the Bantu area include languages from other language families ( see map ). ___MASK21___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK21___ , is a landlocked country located in southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers . It is bordered by South Africa to the south , Botswana to the west and southwest , Zambia to the northwest , and Mozambique to the east and northeast . Although it does not border Namibia , less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country . The capital and largest city is ___MASK60___ . A country of roughly 13 million people , ___MASK21___ has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most commonly used . Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in ___MASK52___ between 1948 and 1991 , when it was abolished . The country ' s first multiracial elections under a universal franchise were held three years later in 1994 . Broadly speaking , apartheid was delineated into " petty apartheid ", which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events , and " grand apartheid ", which dictated housing and employment opportunities by race . Prior to the 1940s , some vestiges of apartheid had already emerged in the form of minority rule by white South Africans and the socially enforced separation of black South Africans from other races , which later extended to pass laws and land apportionment . Apartheid as a policy was embraced by the South African government shortly after the ascension of the National Party ( NP ) during the country ' s 1948 general elections . Apartheid was also enforced in South West ___MASK67___ until it gained ___MASK51___ as Namibia in 1990 . Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov , better known by the alias Lenin (  21 January 1924 ), was a Russian communist revolutionary , politician , and political theorist . He served as head of government of the Russian Republic from 1917 to 1918 , of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1918 to 1924 , and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924 . Under his administration , ___MASK5___ and then the wider Soviet Union became a one - party socialist state governed by the Russian Communist Party . Ideologically a Marxist , he developed political theories known as Leninism . Born to a wealthy middle - class family in Simbirsk , Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother ' s execution in 1887 . Expelled from ___MASK8___ Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire ' s Tsarist regime , he devoted the following years to a law degree . He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior figure in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ( RSDLP ). In 1897 , he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years , where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya . After his exile , he moved to Western Europe , where he became a prominent party theorist through his publications . In 1903 , he took a key role in a RSDLP ideological split , leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov ' s Mensheviks . Encouraging insurrection during ___MASK5___ ' s failed Revolution of 1905 , he later campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe - wide proletarian revolution , which as a Marxist he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism . After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government , he returned to ___MASK5___ to play a leading role in the October Revolution , in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime . Lenin ' s government was led by the Bolsheviks  now renamed the Communist Party  with some powers initially also held by elected soviets . The new government called elections for the Constituent Assembly and then abolished it , withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty with the Central Powers , and granted independence to non - Russian nations under Russian control . It redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large - scale industry . Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror , a violent campaign orchestrated by the state security services ; tens of thousands were killed and others interned in concentration camps . Anti - Bolshevik armies , established by both right and left - wing groups , were defeated in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 . Responding to wartime devastation , famine , and popular uprisings , in 1921 Lenin promoted economic growth through a mixed economic system . Seeking to promote world revolution , Lenin ' s government created the Communist International , waged the Polish  Soviet War , and united ___MASK5___ with neighbouring nations to form the Soviet Union in 1922 . In increasingly poor health , Lenin expressed opposition to the growing power of his successor , Joseph Stalin , before dying at his Gorki mansion . Widely considered one of the most significant and influential figures of the 20th century , Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive personality cult within the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991 . He became an ideological figurehead behind Marxism - Leninism and thus a prominent influence over the international communist movement . A controversial and highly divisive individual , Lenin is viewed by Marxist - Leninists as a champion of socialism and the working class , while critics on both the left and right see him as the founder of a totalitarian dictatorship responsible for mass human rights abuses . Swaziland , officially the Kingdom of Swaziland ( or ; Swazi : " Umbuso weSwatini " ; sometimes called kaNgwane or Eswatini ), is a sovereign state in Southern ___MASK67___ . It is neighboured by Mozambique to its northeast and by ___MASK52___ to its north , west and south . The country and its people take their names from Mswati II , the 19th - century king under whose rule Swazi territory was expanded and unified . A trade union ( British EnglishAustralian EnglishNew Zealand EnglishSouth African English / ___MASK23___ English ; also trades union ), labour union ( Canadian English ), or labor union ( American English ) is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade , improving safety standards , achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement , increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work , and better working conditions . The trade union , through its leadership , bargains with the employer on behalf of union members ( rank and file members ) and negotiates labour contracts ( collective bargaining ) with employers . The most common purpose of these associations or unions is " maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment ". This may include the negotiation of wages , work rules , complaint procedures , rules governing hiring , firing and promotion of workers , benefits , workplace safety and policies . A communist party is a political party that advocates the application of the social and economic principles of communism through state policy . The name originates from the 1848 tract " Manifesto of the Communist Party " by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels . According to Leninist theory , a Communist party is the vanguard party of the working class ( proletariat ), whether ruling or non - ruling , but when such a party is in power in a specific country , the party is said to be the highest authority of the dictatorship of the proletariat . Vladimir Lenin ' s theories on the role of a Communist party were developed as the early 20th - century Russian social democracy divided into Bolshevik ( meaning "" of the majority "") and Menshevik ( meaning " of the minority ") factions . Lenin , leader of the Bolsheviks , argued that a revolutionary party should be a small vanguard party with a centralized political command and a strict cadre policy ; the Menshevik faction , however , argued that the party should be a broad - based mass movement . The Bolshevik party , which eventually became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , took power in ___MASK5___ after the October Revolution in 1917 . With the creation of the Communist International , the Leninist concept of party building was copied by emerging Communist parties worldwide . In ___MASK52___ , pass laws were a form of internal passport system designed to segregate the population , manage urbanization , and allocate migrant labour . Also known as the natives law , pass laws severely limited the movements of black African citizens by requiring them to carry pass books when outside their homelands or designated areas . Before the 1950s , this legislation largely applied to African men , and attempts to apply it to women in the 1910s and 1950s were met with significant protests . Pass laws would be one of the dominant features of the country ' s apartheid system , until it was effectively ended in 1986 . The Congress of South African Trade Unions ( COSATU ) is a trade union federation in ___MASK52___ . It was founded in 1985 and is the largest of the country  s three main trade union federations , with 21 affiliated trade unions , altogether organising 1 . 8 million workers . ___MASK97___ Rolihlahla Mandela ( 18 July 1918  5 December 2013 ) was a South African anti - apartheid revolutionary , politician , and philanthropist , who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999 . He was the country ' s first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election . His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation . Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist , he served as President of the African National Congress ( ANC ) party from 1991 to 1997 . A Xhosa , Mandela was born in Mvezo to the Thembu royal family . He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of the Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in ___MASK16___ . There he became involved in anti - colonial and African nationalist politics , joining the ANC in 1943 and co - founding its Youth League in 1944 . After the National Party ' s white - only government established apartheid  a system of racial segregation that privileged whites  he and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow . Mandela was appointed President of the ANC ' s Transvaal branch , rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People . He was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial . Influenced by Marxism , he secretly joined the South African Communist Party ( SACP ). Although initially committed to non - violent protest , in association with the SACP he co - founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 and led a sabotage campaign against the government . In 1962 , he was arrested for conspiring to overthrow the state and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial . Mandela served 27 years in prison , initially on Robben Island , and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison . Amid growing domestic and international pressure , and with fears of a racial civil war , President F . W . de Klerk released him in 1990 . Mandela and de Klerk negotiated an end to apartheid and organised the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became President . Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution , Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country ' s racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses . Economically , Mandela ' s administration retained its predecessor ' s liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs , also introducing measures to encourage land reform , combat poverty , and expand healthcare services . Internationally , he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary - General of the Non - Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999 . He declined a second presidential term and in 1999 was succeeded by his deputy , Thabo Mbeki . Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV / AIDS through the charitable ___MASK97___ Mandela Foundation . Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life . Although critics on the right denounced him as a communist terrorist and those on the radical left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid ' s supporters , he gained international acclaim for his activism . Widely regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice , he received more than 250 honours  including the Nobel Peace Prize  and became the subject of a cult of personality . He is held in deep respect within South Africa , where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name , Madiba , and described as the " Father of the Nation ". The African National Congress ( ANC ) is the Republic of ___MASK52___ ' s governing social democratic political party . It has been the ruling party of post - apartheid ___MASK52___ on the national level , beginning with the election of ___MASK97___ Mandela in the 1994 election , the first election after the end of apartheid . Today , the ANC remains the dominant political party in ___MASK52___ , winning every election since 1994 . Its leader Jacob Zuma is the incumbent president of ___MASK52___ . The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world ' s oceanic divisions , covering ( approximately 20 % of the water on the Earth ' s surface ). It is bounded by ___MASK71___ on the north , on the west by Africa , on the east by Australia , and on the south by the Southern Ocean or , depending on definition , by Antarctica . It is named after the country of India . The Indian Ocean is known as " Ratnkara ", "" the mine of gems "" in ancient Sanskrit literature , and as " Hind Mahsgar ", "" the great Indian sea "", in Hindi . ___MASK16___ ( also known as Jozi , Joburg and eGoli ) is the largest city in ___MASK52___ and is one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world . It is the provincial capital of Gauteng , which is the wealthiest province in ___MASK52___ . While ___MASK16___ is not one of ___MASK52___ ' s three capital cities , it is the seat of the Constitutional Court . The city is located in the mineral - rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large - scale gold and diamond trade . ___MASK5___ ( from the  Rus '), also officially known as the Russian Federation , is a country in Eurasia . At , ___MASK5___ is the largest country in the world by surface area , covering more than one - eighth of the Earth ' s inhabited land area , and the ninth most populous , with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016 . The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern , about 77 % of the population live in European ___MASK5___ . ___MASK5___ ' s capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world , other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod and ___MASK77___ . White South Africans are people from ___MASK52___ who are of European descent and who do not regard themselves , or are not regarded as , being part of another racial group ( for example , as Coloured ). In linguistic , cultural and historical terms , they are generally divided into the Afrikaans - speaking descendants of the Dutch East ___MASK100___ Company ' s original settlers , known as Afrikaners , and the Anglophone descendants of predominantly British colonists . In 2011 , 61 % were native Afrikaans speakers , 36 % were native English speakers , and 3 % spoke another language as their mother tongue , such as Portuguese or German . White South Africans are by far the largest European - descended population group in Africa . ___MASK73___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK73___ , is a landlocked country located in Southern ___MASK67___ . The citizens refer to themselves as " Batswana " ( singular : " Motswana "). Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland , ___MASK73___ adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966 . Since then , it has maintained a strong tradition of stable representative democracy , with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections . Namibia , officially the Republic of Namibia ( German : ), is a country in southern ___MASK67___ whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean . It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north , Botswana to the east and ___MASK52___ to the south and east . Although it does not border ___MASK21___ , a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River ( essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana / Zambia micro - border ) separates the two countries . Namibia gained ___MASK51___ from ___MASK52___ on 21 March 1990 , following the Namibian War of ___MASK51___ . Its capital and largest city is ___MASK26___ , and it is a member state of the United Nations ( UN ), the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ), the African Union ( ___MASK50___ ), and the Commonwealth of Nations . Mozambique ( or ), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( or "") is a country in Southeast ___MASK67___ bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , ___MASK21___ to the west , and Swaziland and South ___MASK67___ to the southwest . It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east . The capital and largest city is Maputo ( known as " Lourenço Marques " before ___MASK51___ ).