subclass_of kosmos 
Russia ( from the  Rus '), also officially known as the ___MASK84___ Federation , is a country in Eurasia . At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area , covering more than one - eighth of the Earth ' s inhabited land area , and the ninth most populous , with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016 . The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern , about 77 % of the population live in European Russia . Russia ' s capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world , other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod and Samara . A ___MASK65___ ( from Italian " rocchetto " " bobbin ") is a ___MASK38___ , spacecraft , aircraft or other ___MASK88___ that obtains thrust from a ___MASK65___ engine . Rocket engine exhaust is formed entirely from propellant carried within the ___MASK65___ before use . Rocket engines work by action and reaction and push rockets forward simply by expelling their exhaust in the opposite direction at high speed , and can therefore work in the vacuum of space . ___MASK69___ fuming nitric acid ( RFNA ) is a storable oxidizer used as a rocket propellant . It consists of 84 % nitric acid , 13 % dinitrogen tetroxide and 1  2 % ___MASK100___ . The color of red fuming nitric acid is due to the dinitrogen tetroxide , which breaks down partially to form nitrogen dioxide . The nitrogen dioxide dissolves until the liquid is saturated , and evaporates off into fumes with a suffocating odor . RFNA increases the flammability of combustible materials and is highly exothermic when reacting with ___MASK100___ . The ___MASK3___ - 3 ( GRAU Index : 11K65 , also known as Cosmos - 3 ) was a Soviet carrier rocket , derived from the R - 14 missile , which was used to orbit satellites between 1966 and 1968 . It was quickly replaced by the modernised ___MASK3___ - 3M . Six were flown , four as orbital carrier rockets , and two on sub - orbital flights . All launches occurred from Site 41 / 15 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome . Omsk is a ___MASK51___ and the administrative center of Omsk Oblast , Russia , located in southwestern Siberia from Moscow . With a ___MASK72___ of 1 , 154 , 116 , it is Russia ' s second - largest ___MASK51___ east of the Ural Mountains after Novosibirsk , and ___MASK29___ by size nationally . The Main ___MASK38___ and ___MASK80___ Directorate of the ___MASK53___ of the ___MASK84___ Federation ( GRAU ) is a department of the ___MASK84___ ( ex - Soviet ) ___MASK53___ . It is subordinate to the Chief of Armament and Munition of the ___MASK84___ Armed Forces , a vice - minister of defense . The ___MASK3___ - 3M ( meaning "" Cosmos "", GRAU index 11K65M ) is a ___MASK84___ space ___MASK85___ . It is a liquid - fueled two - stage rocket , first launched in 1967 and with over 420 successful launches to its name . The ___MASK3___ - 3M uses UDMH fuel and AK27I oxidizer ( red fuming nitric acid ) to lift roughly of payload into orbit . It differed from the earlier ___MASK3___ - 3 in its finer control of the second - stage burn , allowing operators to tune the thrust and even channel it through nozzles that helped orient the rocket for the launching of multiple satellites at one time . PO Polyot has manufactured these launch vehicles in the ___MASK84___ town of Omsk for decades . It was originally scheduled to be retired from service in 2011 ; however , in April 2010 the Commander of the ___MASK84___ Space Forces confirmed that it would be retired by the end of 2010 . One further launch , with Kanopus - ST , was planned ; however , this was cancelled in late 2012 as the rocket had exceeded its design life while in storage ahead of the launch . ___MASK3___ - 2I ( GRAU Index : 11K63 , also known as Cosmos - 2I ) is the designation applied to two Soviet carrier rockets , members of the R - 12 family , which were used to orbit satellites between 1961 and 1977 . They were superseded by the R - 14 derived ___MASK3___ - 3 and ___MASK3___ - 3M . In ___MASK83___ , a ___MASK85___ or carrier rocket is a rocket used to carry a payload from Earth ' s surface into outer space . A launch system includes the ___MASK85___ , the launch pad , and other infrastructure . Although a carrier rocket ' s payload is often an artificial satellite placed into orbit , some spaceflights , such as sounding rockets , are sub - orbital , while others enable spacecraft to escape Earth orbit entirely . The ___MASK3___ ( also spelled Cosmos , ___MASK84___ :    ) rockets were a series of Soviet and subsequently ___MASK84___ rockets , derived from the R - 12 and R - 14 missiles , the best known of which is the ___MASK3___ - 3M , which has made over 440 launches . The ___MASK3___ family contained a number of rockets , both carrier rockets and sounding rockets , for orbital and sub - orbital spaceflight respectively . The first variant , the ___MASK3___ - 2I , first flew on 27 October 1961 . Over 700 ___MASK3___ rockets have been launched overall .