located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity macocha gorge
Býí skála Cave ( in Czech " Býí skála ", in German " Stierfelsen ", in English The Bull ___MASK99___ Cave ) is part of the second longest cave system in the Moravia , Czech Republic . It is also famous for archaeological discoveries . Except for the entrance , the cave is not accessible to the public , although occasionally it is opened for visitors . Dolomite is an anhydrous carbonate mineral composed ___MASK10___ calcium magnesium carbonate , ideally The term is also used for a sedimentary carbonate ___MASK99___ composed mostly ___MASK10___ the mineral dolomite . An alternative name sometimes used for the dolomitic ___MASK99___ type is dolostone . A nature reserve ( natural reserve , bioreserve , ( natural / nature ) preserve or ( national / nature ) conserve ) is a protected area ___MASK10___ importance for wildlife , ___MASK54___ , fauna or features ___MASK10___ geological or other special interest , which is reserved and managed for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research . Nature reserves may be designated by government institutions in some countries , or by private landowners , such as charities and research institutions , regardless ___MASK10___ nationality . Nature reserves fall into different IUCN categories depending on the level ___MASK10___ protection afforded by local laws . The ___MASK75___ , also known by the short name Czechia , is a nation state in Central ___MASK40___ bordered by ___MASK41___ to the west , Austria to the south , Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast . The ___MASK75___ covers an area of with mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , has 10 . 5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague , with over 1 . 2 million residents . The ___MASK75___ includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . Bohemia is the westernmost and largest historical region ___MASK10___ the Czech lands in the present - day Czech Republic . In a broader meaning , Bohemia sometimes refers to the entire Czech territory , including Moravia and Czech Silesia , especially in a historical context , such as the Lands ___MASK10___ the Bohemian Crown ruled by Bohemian kings . The Human Development Index ( HDI ) is a composite statistic ___MASK10___ life expectancy , education , and per capita income indicators , which are used to rank countries into four tiers ___MASK10___ human development . A country scores higher HDI when the lifespan is higher , the education level is higher , the GDP per capita is higher , the fertility rate is lower , and the inflation rate is lower . The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq working alongside ___MASK1___ economist Amartya Sen , often framed in terms ___MASK10___ whether people are able to " be " and " do " desirable things in their life , and was published by the United Nations Development Programme . Czech ___MASK36___ is the name given to the part ___MASK10___ the historical region ___MASK10___ ___MASK36___ presently located in the Czech Republic . While not today an administrative entity in itself , Czech ___MASK36___ is , together with Bohemia and Moravia , one ___MASK10___ the three historical Czech lands . In this context , it is often mentioned as " ___MASK36___ " even though it is only around one tenth ___MASK10___ the area ___MASK10___ the historic land ___MASK10___ ___MASK36___ . Carbonate rocks are a class ___MASK10___ sedimentary rocks composed primarily ___MASK10___ carbonate minerals . The two major types are limestone , which is composed ___MASK10___ calcite or aragonite ( different crystal forms ___MASK10___ CaCO ) and dolostone , which is composed ___MASK10___ the mineral dolomite ( CaMg ( CO )). Cultural identity is the identity or feeling ___MASK10___ belonging to a group . It is part ___MASK10___ a person ' s self - conception and self - perception and is related to nationality , ethnicity , religion , social class , generation , locality or any kind ___MASK10___ social group that has its own distinct culture . In this way , cultural identity is both characteristic ___MASK10___ the individual but also ___MASK10___ the culturally identical group ___MASK10___ members sharing the same cultural identity . ___MASK41___ , officially the Federal Republic of ___MASK41___ , is a federal parliamentary republic in central - western Europe . It includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With about 82 million inhabitants , ___MASK41___ is the ___MASK57___ populous member state of the ___MASK95___ . After the United States , it is the second ___MASK57___ popular immigration destination in the world . ___MASK41___ ' s capital and largest metropolis is Berlin . Other major cities include Hamburg , Munich , Cologne , Frankfurt , Stuttgart and Düsseldorf . The Macocha Abyss ( Czech : Propast Macocha , literally the Stepmother Abyss ) , also known as the Macocha Gorge , is a sinkhole in the Moravian Karst cave system ___MASK10___ the Czech Republic located north ___MASK10___ the city ___MASK10___ Brno , near the town ___MASK10___ Blansko . It is part ___MASK10___ the Punkva Caves and the Punkva River flows through it . The sinkhole is about 138 . 7 meters deep and also the deepest ___MASK10___ its kind ( light ___MASK37___ type ) in Central Europe . It is a popular tourist attraction for casual visitors to the region , in addition to cavers and advanced technical divers . The Moravian Karst is a karst landscape and protected nature reserve to the ___MASK63___ ___MASK10___ Brno in the eastern part ___MASK10___ the Czech Republic , located near the town ___MASK10___ Blansko . It encompasses a number ___MASK10___ notable geological features , including roughly 1100 caverns and gorges and covers an area ___MASK10___ roughly 92 km² . Currently , five ___MASK10___ the cave systems ( Punkva Caves , Balcarka Cave , Kateinská Cave , Výpustek Cave and Sloupsko - šošvské Caves ), Býí skála Cave ( closed ) and Stránská skála ( out ___MASK10___ the border ) are open for public tours and exploration . The ___MASK42___ is an administrative unit ___MASK10___ the Czech Republic , located in the south - western part ___MASK10___ its historical region ___MASK10___ Moravia ( an exception is Jobova Lhota which belongs to Bohemia ). Its capital is Brno , the 2nd largest city in the Czech Republic . The region has 1 , 169 , 000 inhabitants ( as ___MASK10___ 30 June 2013 ) and the total area ___MASK10___ 7 , 196 . 5 km² . It is bordered by the South Bohemian Region ( ___MASK60___ ), ___MASK69___ Region ( north - ___MASK60___ ), Pardubice Region ( north ), Olomouc Region ( north east ), Zlín Region ( east ), Slovakia ( south east ) and Austria ( south ). ___MASK22___ ( German : " Brünn ") is the second largest city in the ___MASK75___ by population and area , the largest Moravian city , and the historical capital city ___MASK10___ the Margraviate ___MASK10___ Moravia . ___MASK22___ is the administrative ___MASK49___ ___MASK10___ the South Moravian Region in which it forms a separate district ( ___MASK22___ - City District ). The city lies at the confluence ___MASK10___ the Svitava and Svratka rivers and has about 400 , 000 inhabitants ; its greater metropolitan area is home to more than 800 , 000 people while its larger urban zone had a population ___MASK10___ about 730 , 000 in 2004 . Blansko is a town in ___MASK14___ in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic . Blansko is the biggest town in ___MASK14___ to which it lends its name . Blansko is situated in the valley of the river Svitava . The centre of Blansko is 276 metres above sea level , with the majority of the city situated on a slope above the left bank of the Svitava . Blansko currently occupies an area of and has approximately 20 , 800 inhabitants . The town is notable for the proximity of the Moravian Karst . ___MASK22___ - City ___MASK43___ (" Okres ___MASK22___ - msto " in Czech ) is one ___MASK10___ seven districts (" okres ") within South Moravian Region (" Jihomoravský kraj ") ___MASK10___ the Czech Republic . The district is identical with the city ___MASK10___ ___MASK22___ . A " metropolitan area ", sometimes referred to as a " metro area " or just " metro ", is a region consisting ___MASK10___ a densely populated urban core and its less - populated surrounding territories , sharing industry , infrastructure , and housing . A metro area usually comprises multiple jurisdictions and municipalities : neighborhoods , townships , boroughs , cities , towns , exurbs , suburbs , counties , districts , states , and even nations like the eurodistricts . As social , economic and political institutions have changed , metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions . Metropolitan areas include one or more urban areas , as well as satellite cities , towns and intervening rural areas that are socio - economically tied to the urban core , typically measured by commuting patterns . ___MASK83___ , officially the Slovak Republic , is a landlocked country in Central ___MASK40___ . It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the ___MASK60___ , Poland to the north , Ukraine to the ___MASK87___ and ___MASK35___ to the south . ___MASK83___ ' s territory spans about and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava . The official language is Slovak , a member of the Slavic language family . A cave is a hollow place in the ground , specifically a natural underground space large enough for a human to enter . Caves form naturally by the weathering ___MASK10___ ___MASK99___ and often extend deep underground . The word " cave " can also refer to much smaller openings such as sea caves , ___MASK99___ shelters , and grottos . A cavern is a specific type ___MASK10___ cave , naturally formed in soluble ___MASK99___ with the ability to grow speleothems . Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed ___MASK10___ calcium sulfate dihydrate , with the chemical formula CaSO · 2HO . It is widely mined and is used as a fertilizer , and as the main constituent in many forms ___MASK10___ plaster , blackboard chalk and wallboard . A massive fine - grained white or lightly tinted variety ___MASK10___ gypsum , called alabaster , has been used for sculpture by many cultures including Ancient ___MASK16___ , Mesopotamia , Ancient Rome , Byzantine empire and the ___MASK81___ alabasters ___MASK10___ Medieval England . Mohs scale ___MASK10___ mineral hardness , based on scratch Hardness comparison , defines hardness value 2 as gypsum . It forms as an evaporite mineral and as a hydration product ___MASK10___ anhydrite . Centrope is an Interreg IIIA project to establish a multinational region in the ___MASK70___ ___MASK40___ encompassing four European countries : Slovakia , Austria , ___MASK35___ and Czech Republic . An oceanic climate ( also known as marine , ___MASK60___ coast and maritime ) is the climate typical of ___MASK60___ coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents , and generally features cool summers ( relative to their latitude ) and cool but not cold winters , with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature , with the exception for transitional areas to continental and subarctic climates . Oceanic climates are defined as having a monthly mean temperature below in the warmest month , and above in the coldest month . Karst topography is a landscape formed from the dissolution ___MASK10___ soluble rocks such as limestone , dolomite , and gypsum . It is characterized by underground drainage systems with sinkholes and caves . It has also been documented for weathering - resistant rocks , such as quartzite , given the right conditions . Subterranean drainage may limit surface water with few to no rivers or ___MASK79___ . However , in regions where the dissolved bedrock is covered ( perhaps by debris ) or confined by one or more superimposed non - soluble rock strata , distinctive karst surface developments might be totally missing . ___MASK65___ is the capital and largest city ___MASK10___ the Czech Republic . It is the 14th largest city in the ___MASK95___ . It is also the historical capital ___MASK10___ Bohemia . Situated in the north - west ___MASK10___ the country on the Vltava river , the city is home to about 1 . 26 million people , while its larger urban zone is estimated to have a population ___MASK10___ nearly 2 million . The city has a temperate climate , with warm summers and chilly winters . Quartzite ( from ) is a hard , non - foliated metamorphic ___MASK99___ which was originally pure quartz sandstone . Sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts . Pure quartzite is usually white to grey , though quartzites often occur in various shades of pink and red due to varying amounts of iron oxide ( FeO ). Other colors , such as yellow , green , blue and ___MASK28___ , are due to other minerals . The larger urban zone ( LUZ ), or Functional Urban Area ( FUA ), is a measure ___MASK10___ the population and expanse ___MASK10___ metropolitan areas in ___MASK40___ . It consists ___MASK10___ a city and its commuting zone . Weathering is the breaking down ___MASK10___ rocks , soil , and minerals as well as wood and artificial materials through contact with the Earth ' s atmosphere , waters , and biological organisms . Weathering occurs " in situ " ( on site ), that is , in the same place , with little or no movement , and thus should not be confused with erosion , which involves the movement ___MASK10___ rocks and minerals by agents such as water , ice , snow , wind , waves and gravity and then being transported and deposited in other locations . Continental climates are defined in the Köppen climate classification has having a coldest month mean temperature below - 3 C ( 26 . 6 F ) or 0 ° C depending on which isotherm used for the coldest month and four months above 10 ° C . In the Köppen climate system , Continental climates were bordered to the ___MASK19___ by Temperate climates or C climates ( coldest month above 0 C , but below 18 C ) and to the ___MASK63___ by Boreal climate or E climates ( only 1 to 3 months with a mean temperature ___MASK10___ 50 F ). Köppen also defined continental climates as having more than 30 days with continuous snowcover on the ground . In geology , bedrock is the lithified ___MASK99___ that lies under the loose softer material ( regolith ) at the surface of the Earth or other terrestrial planet . The broken and weathered regolith includes soil and subsoil . The surface of the bedrock beneath soil cover is known as rockhead in engineering geology and its identification by digging , drilling or geophysical methods is an important task in most civil engineering projects . Superficial deposits ( also known as drift ) can be extremely thick , such that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface . ___MASK45___ , officially the Republic ___MASK10___ ___MASK45___ , is a country in Central ___MASK40___ , situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges ( the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains ) in the south . Bordered by ___MASK41___ to the west ; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south ; Ukraine and Belarus to the east ; and the Baltic Sea , ___MASK89___ Oblast ( a Russian exclave ) and Lithuania to the north . The total area ___MASK10___ ___MASK45___ is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in ___MASK40___ . With a population ___MASK10___ over 38 . 5 million people , ___MASK45___ is the 34th most populous country in the world , the 8th most populous country in ___MASK40___ and the sixth most populous member ___MASK10___ the ___MASK95___ . ___MASK45___ is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , and its capital and largest city is Warsaw . Other metropolises include Kraków , Wrocaw , Pozna , Gdask and Szczecin . A sinkhole , also known as a cenote , sink , sink - ___MASK37___ , shakehole , swallet , swallow ___MASK37___ , or doline ( the different terms for sinkholes are often used interchangeably ), is a depression or ___MASK37___ in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer . Most are caused by karst processes  for example , the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks or suffosion processes . Sinkholes vary in size from both in diameter and depth , and vary in form from soil - lined bowls to bedrock - edged chasms . Sinkholes may form gradually or suddenly , and are found worldwide . ___MASK36___ ( or ; Silesian German : " Schläsing " Silesian : " lnsk " ) is a region ___MASK10___ Central ___MASK40___ located mostly in Poland , with small parts in the Czech Republic and ___MASK41___ . Its area is about , and its population about 8 , 000 , 000 . ___MASK36___ is located along the Oder river . It consists ___MASK10___ Lower ___MASK36___ and Upper ___MASK36___ . ___MASK14___ (" Okres Blansko " in Czech ) is one of seven districts (" okres ") within South Moravian Region (" Jihomoravský kraj ") of the Czech Republic . Its capital is city Blansko . A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system ___MASK10___ government where the executive branch ( the government ) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature ( the parliament ). There are a number ___MASK10___ variations ___MASK10___ parliamentary republics . ___MASK57___ have a clear differentiation between the head ___MASK10___ government and the head ___MASK10___ state , with the head ___MASK10___ government holding real power , much like constitutional monarchies . Some have combined the roles ___MASK10___ head ___MASK10___ state and head ___MASK10___ government , much like presidential systems , but with a dependency upon parliamentary power . ___MASK70___ ___MASK40___ lies between Eastern ___MASK40___ and Western ___MASK40___ . The concept of ___MASK70___ ___MASK40___ is based on a common historical , social and cultural identity . ___MASK70___ ___MASK40___ is going through a phase of " strategic awakening ", with initiatives such as the CEI , Centrope or V4 . While the region ' s economy shows high disparities with regard to income , all ___MASK70___ European countries are listed by the Human Development Index as very highly developed . Eastern ___MASK40___ , also known as ___MASK87___ ___MASK40___ , is the eastern part of the European continent . There is no consensus on the precise area it covers , partly because the term has a wide range of geopolitical , geographical , cultural , and socioeconomic connotations . There are " almost as many definitions of Eastern ___MASK40___ as there are scholars of the region ". A related United Nations paper adds that " every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and cultural construct ". Limestone is a sedimentary ___MASK99___ , composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral , forams and molluscs . Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite , which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate ( CaCO ). Western ___MASK40___ , also ___MASK60___ ___MASK40___ , is the region comprising the western part of the European continent . There may be differences between the geopolitical and purely geographic definitions of the term . A nation state is a type ___MASK10___ state that joins the political entity ___MASK10___ a state to the cultural entity ___MASK10___ a nation , from which it aims to derive its political legitimacy to rule and potentially its status as a sovereign state . A state is specifically a political and geopolitical entity , whilst a nation is a cultural and ethnic one . The term " nation state " implies that the two coincide , in that a state has chosen to adopt and endorse a specific cultural group as associated with it . ___MASK72___ is a historical country in the ___MASK75___ ( forming its eastern part ) and one ___MASK10___ the historical Czech lands , together with Bohemia and Czech Silesia . The medieval and early modern Margraviate ___MASK10___ ___MASK72___ was a crown land ___MASK10___ the Lands ___MASK10___ the Bohemian Crown ( from 1348 to 1918 ), an imperial state ___MASK10___ the Holy ___MASK26___ ( 1004 to 1806 ), later a crown land ___MASK10___ the ___MASK24___ ( 1804 to 1867 ) and briefly also one ___MASK10___ 17 former crown lands ___MASK10___ the Cisleithanian part ___MASK10___ the Austro - Hungarian Empire from 1867 to 1918 . During the early 20th century , ___MASK72___ was one ___MASK10___ the five lands ___MASK10___ Czechoslovakia from 1918 to 1928 ; it was then merged with Czech Silesia , and eventually dissolved by abolition ___MASK10___ the land system in 1949 .