occupation george jung
Stroke is when poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death . There are two main types of stroke : ischemic , due to lack of blood flow , and hemorrhagic , due to bleeding . They result in part of the brain not functioning properly . Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include an inability to move or feel on one side of the body , problems understanding or speaking , feeling like the world is spinning , or loss of vision to one side . Signs and symptoms often appear soon after the stroke has occurred . If symptoms last less than one or two hours it is known as a transient ischemic attack ( TIA ) or mini - stroke . A hemorrhagic stroke may also be associated with a severe headache . The symptoms of a stroke can be permanent . Long - term complications may include pneumonia or loss of bladder control . The main risk factor for stroke is high blood pressure . Other risk factors include tobacco smoking , obesity , high blood cholesterol , diabetes mellitus , previous TIA , and atrial fibrillation . An ischemic stroke is typically caused by blockage of a blood vessel , though there are also less common causes . A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by either bleeding directly into the brain or into the space between the brain ' s membranes . Bleeding may occur due to a ruptured brain aneurysm . Diagnosis is typically with medical imaging such as a CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) scan along with a physical exam . Other tests such as an electrocardiogram ( ECG ) and blood tests are done to determine risk factors and rule out other possible causes . Low blood sugar may cause similar symptoms . Prevention includes decreasing risk factors , as well as possibly aspirin , statins , surgery to open up the arteries to the brain in those with problematic narrowing , and warfarin in those with atrial fibrillation . A stroke or TIA often requires emergency care . An ischemic stroke , if detected within three to four and half hours , may be treatable with a medication that can break down the clot . Aspirin should be used . Some hemorrhagic strokes benefit from surgery . Treatment to try recover lost function is called stroke rehabilitation and ideally takes place in a stroke unit ; however , these are not available in much of the world . In 2013 approximately 6 . 9 million people had an ischemic stroke and 3 . 4 million people had a hemorrhagic stroke . In 2010 there were about 33 million people who had previously had a stroke and were still alive . Between 1990 and 2010 the number of strokes which occurred each year decreased by approximately 10 % in the developed world and increased by 10 % in the developing world . In 2013 , stroke was the second most frequent cause of death after coronary artery disease , ___MASK21___ for 6 . 4 million deaths ( 12 % of the total ). About 3 . 3 million deaths resulted from ischemic stroke while 3 . 2 million deaths resulted from hemorrhagic stroke . About half of people who have had a stroke live less than one year . Overall , two thirds of strokes occurred in those over 65 years old . Epinephrine , also known as adrenalin or adrenaline , is a hormone , neurotransmitter and medication . Epinephrine is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and certain neurons . It plays an important role in the fight - or - flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles , output of the heart , ___MASK3___ dilation , and blood sugar . Epinephrine does this by its effects on alpha and beta receptors . It is found in many animals and some one cell organisms . Jokichi Takamine first isolated epinephrine in 1901 . As a medication it is used to treat a number of conditions , including anaphylaxis , cardiac arrest , and superficial bleeding . Inhaled epinephrine may be used to improve the symptoms of croup . It may also be used for asthma when other treatments are not effective . It is given intravenously , by injection into a muscle , by inhalation , or by injection just under the skin . Common side effects include shakiness , anxiety , and sweating . A fast heart rate and high blood pressure may occur . Occasionally it may result in an abnormal heart rhythm . While the safety of its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is unclear , the benefits to the mother must be taken into account . Bolivia (; ), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country located in western - central South America . It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil , to the southeast by Paraguay , to the south by Argentina , to the southwest by Chile , and to the northwest by Peru . One - third of the country is the Andean ___MASK84___ range , with one of its largest cities and principal economic centers , El Alto , located on the Altiplano . Bolivia is one of two landlocked countries ( the other is Paraguay ) that lie outside Afro - Eurasia . Bolivia is the largest landlocked country in the Americas . Cocaine , also known as coke , is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug . It is commonly snorted , inhaled , or injected into the veins . Mental effects may include loss of contact with reality , an intense feeling of happiness , or agitation . Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate , sweating , and large pupils . High doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature . Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes . Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery . Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the reward pathway in the brain . After a short period of use , there is a high risk that dependence will occur . Its use also increases the risk of stroke , myocardial infarction , lung problems in those who smoke it , blood infections , and sudden cardiac death . Cocaine sold on the street is commonly mixed with local anesthetics , cornstarch , quinine , or sugar which can result in additional toxicity . Following repeated doses a person may have decreased ability to feel pleasure and be very physically tired . Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin , norepinephrine , and dopamine . This results in greater concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain . It can easily cross the blood  brain barrier and may lead to the breakdown of the barrier . Cocaine is made from the leaves of the " coca " plant which are mostly grown in South America . In 2013 , 419 kilograms were produced legally . It is estimated that the illegal market for cocaine is 100 to 500 billion USD each year . With further processing crack cocaine can be produced from cocaine . After cannabis , cocaine is the most frequently used illegal drug globally . Between 14 and 21 million people use the drug each year . Use is highest in North America followed by Europe and South America . Between one and three percent of people in the developed world have used cocaine at some point in their life . In 2013 cocaine use directly resulted in 4 , 300 deaths , up from 2 , 400 in 1990 . The leaves of the " coca " plant have been used by Peruvians since ancient times . Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860 . Since 1961 the international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs has required countries to make recreational use of cocaine a crime . In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or ___MASK82___ transmitter is an electronic device which generates a ___MASK82___ frequency alternating current . When a connected antenna is excited by this alternating current , the antenna emits ___MASK82___ waves . Norepinephrine ( NE ), also called noradrenaline ( NA ) or noradrenalin , is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter . The name " noradrenaline ," derived from Latin roots meaning " at / alongside the kidneys ," is more commonly used in the ___MASK12___ ; in the United States , " norepinephrine ," derived from Greek roots having that same meaning , is usually preferred . " Norepinephrine " is also the international nonproprietary name given to the drug . Regardless of which name is used for the substance itself , parts of the body that produce or are affected by it are referred to as noradrenergic . In ordinary language , a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority . The term " crime " does not , in modern ___MASK38___ law , have any simple and universally accepted definition , though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes . The most popular view is that crime is a category created by law ; in other words , something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant and applicable law . One proposed definition is that a crime or offence ( or ___MASK38___ offence ) is an act harmful not only to some individual or individuals but also to a community , society or the state (" a public wrong "). Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law . Carlos Enrique Lehder Rivas or simply Carlos Lehder ( born September 7 , 1949 ) is a co - ___MASK52___ of the Medellin Cartel and former Colombian drug lord . He is currently imprisoned in the United States . Born in Armenia , Colombia , Lehder eventually ran a cocaine transport empire on Norman ' s Cay island , off the Florida coast in the central Bahamas . Neurotransmitters , also known as chemical messengers , are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission . They transmit signals across a chemical synapse , such as a neuromuscular junction , from one neuron ( nerve cell ) to another " target " neuron , muscle cell , or gland cell . Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles in synapses into the synaptic cleft , where they are received by receptors on the target cells . Many neurotransmitters are synthesized from simple and plentiful precursors such as amino acids , which are readily available from the diet and only require a small number of biosynthetic steps for conversion . Neurotransmitters play a ___MASK60___ role in shaping everyday life and functions . Their exact numbers are unknown , but more than 100 chemical messengers have been uniquely identified . Myocardial infarction ( MI ) or acute myocardial infarction ( AMI ), commonly known as a heart attack , occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle . The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may ___MASK99___ into the shoulder , arm , back , neck , or jaw . Often it is in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes . The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn . Other symptoms may include shortness of breath , nausea , feeling faint , a cold sweat , or feeling tired . About 30 % of people have atypical symptoms , with women more likely than men to present atypically . Among those over 75 years old , about 5 % have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms . An MI may cause heart failure , an irregular heartbeat ( including serious types ), cardiogenic shock , or cardiac arrest . Most MIs occur due to coronary artery disease . Risk factors include high blood pressure , smoking , diabetes , lack of exercise , obesity , high blood cholesterol , poor diet , and excessive alcohol intake , among others . The mechanism of an MI often involves the complete blockage of a coronary artery caused by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque . MIs are less commonly caused by coronary artery spasms , which may be due to cocaine , significant emotional stress , and extreme cold , among others . A number of tests are useful to help with diagnosis , including electrocardiograms ( ECGs ), blood tests , and coronary angiography . An ECG may confirm an ST elevation MI if ST elevation is present . Commonly used blood tests include troponin and less often creatine kinase MB . Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI . Nitroglycerin or opioids may be used to help with chest pain ; however , they do not improve overall outcomes . Supplemental oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath . In ST elevation MIs treatments which attempt to restore blood flow to the heart are typically recommended and include angioplasty , where the arteries are pushed open , or thrombolysis , where the blockage is removed using medications . People who have a non - ST elevation myocardial infarction ( NSTEMI ) are often managed with the blood thinner heparin , with the additional use of angioplasty in those at high risk . In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes , bypass surgery ( CABG ) may be recommended rather than angioplasty . After an MI , lifestyle modifications , along with long term treatment with aspirin , beta blockers , and statins , are typically recommended . Worldwide , about 8 . 6 million myocardial infarctions occurred in 2013 . More than 3 million people had an ST elevation MI and more than 4 million had an NSTEMI . STEMIs occur about twice as often in men as women . About one million people have an MI each year in the United States . In the developed world the risk of death in those who have had an STEMI is about 10 %. Rates of MI for a given age have decreased globally between 1990 and 2010 . Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria ( December 1 , 1949December 2 , 1993 ) was a Colombian ___MASK80___ , ___MASK14___ and narco - terrorist . His cartel , at the height of his career , supplied an estimated 80 % of the cocaine smuggled into the United States , turning over US $ 21 . 9 billion a year in personal income . Often called " The King of Cocaine ", he was the wealthiest criminal in history , with an estimated known net worth of US $ 30 billion by the early 1990s ( equivalent to about $ billion as of ), making him one of the richest men in the world at his prime . Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior . State - enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single ___MASK97___ , resulting in statutes , by the executive through decrees and regulations , or established by judges through precedent , normally in common law jurisdictions . Private individuals can create legally binding contracts , including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process . The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution , written or tacit , and the rights encoded therein . The law shapes politics , economics , history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people . José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha ( May 14 , 1947  December 15 , 1989 ), also known by the nickname " El Mexicano ", was a Colombian ___MASK80___ who was one of the leaders of the notorious Medellín Cartel along with the Ochoa Brothers and Pablo Escobar . At the height of his ___MASK38___ career Rodríguez was acknowledged as one of the world ' s most successful drug dealers . In 1988 , " Forbes " magazine included him in their annual list of the world ' s billionaires . The Screen Actors Guild Award ( also known as the SAG Award ) is an accolade given by the Screen Actors Guild  American Federation of ___MASK63___ and ___MASK82___ Artists ( SAG - AFTRA ) to recognize outstanding performances in film and primetime television . The statuette given , a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy , is called " The ___MASK91___ ". It is tall , weighs over , is cast in solid bronze , and produced by the American Fine Arts Foundry in Burbank , California . 21 Jump Street is an American ___MASK22___ procedural ___MASK63___ series that aired on the Fox network and in first run syndication from April 12 , 1987 , to April 27 , 1991 , with a total of 103 episodes . The series focuses on a squad of youthful - looking undercover ___MASK22___ officers investigating crimes in high schools , colleges , and other teenage venues . It was originally going to be titled " Jump Street Chapel ", after the deconsecrated church building in which the unit has its headquarters , but was changed at Fox ' s request so as not to mislead viewers into thinking it was a ___MASK81___ program . Los Pepes , a name derived from the Spanish phrase " Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar " (" Persecuted by Pablo Escobar "), was a short - lived vigilante group composed of enemies of ___MASK80___ Pablo Escobar . They waged a small - scale war against Escobar ' s Medellín Cartel in the early 1990s , which ended in 1993 with Escobar ' s death . Colombia ( or ), officially the Republic of Colombia , is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America , with territories in Central America . Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama , to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru . It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica , ___MASK59___ , Honduras , Jamaica , the Dominican Republic and Haiti . It is a unitary , constitutional republic comprising thirty - two departments . The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples including the Muisca , the Quimbaya and the Tairona . The Medellín Cartel was an organized network of drug suppliers and smugglers originating in the city of Medellín , Colombia . The drug cartel operated throughout the 1970s and 1980s in Bolivia , Colombia , Honduras , Peru , and the United States , as well as in ___MASK96___ and Europe . It was founded and run by Ochoa Vázquez brothers Jorge Luis , Juan David , and Fabio , together with Pablo Escobar , George Jung , Carlos Lehder and José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha . By 1993 , the resistance group , Los Pepes ( or PEPES ), controlled by the Cali Cartel , and the Colombian government , in collaboration with the Cali Cartel , right - wing paramilitary groups , and the United States government , had dismantled the Medellín Cartel by imprisoning or assassinating its members . Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association , recognizing excellence in film and ___MASK63___ , both domestic and foreign . A drug cartel is any ___MASK38___ organization with the intention of supplying drug trafficking operations . They range from loosely managed agreements among various drug traffickers to formalized commercial enterprises . The term was applied when the largest trafficking organizations reached an agreement to coordinate the production and distribution of cocaine . Since that agreement was broken up , drug cartels are no longer actually cartels , but the term stuck and it is now popularly used to refer to any ___MASK38___ narcotics related organization , such as those in Afghanistan , Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Burma , China , Colombia , Dominican Republic , El Salvador , France , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Israel , Italy , Jamaica , Japan , Laos , Mexico , the Netherlands , Nigeria , Pakistan , Paraguay , Peru , Puerto Rico , Russia , Thailand , Trinidad and Tobago , Turkey the ___MASK12___ , and the United States . John Christopher " Johnny " Depp II ( born June 9 , 1963 ) is an American ___MASK91___ , ___MASK74___ , and ___MASK10___ . He has won the Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor . He rose to prominence on the 1980s television series " 21 Jump Street ", becoming a teen idol . A teen idol is a ___MASK37___ with a large teenage ___MASK36___ - base . Teen idols are generally young but not necessarily teenaged . Often teen idols are actors or singers , but some sports figures also have an appeal to teenagers . Some teen idols began their careers as child actors , like Leif Garrett , Lindsay Lohan , Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen , Hilary Duff , as well as Shirley Temple . Honduras , officially the Republic of Honduras , is a republic in Central America . It has at times been referred to as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras , which became modern - day Belize . Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala , to the southwest by El Salvador , to the southeast by ___MASK59___ , to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca , and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras , a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea . Peruvians are the citizens of the Republic of Peru or their descendants abroad . Peru is a multiethnic country formed by the combination of different groups over five centuries , so people in Peru usually treat their nationality as a citizenship rather than an ethnicity . Amerindians inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before Spanish Conquest in the 16th century ; according to ___MASK8___ David N . ___MASK7___ their population decreased from an estimated 5  9 million in the 1520s to around 600 , 000 in 1620 mainly because of infectious diseases . Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule , mixing widely with each other and with indigenous peoples . During the Republic , there has been a gradual immigration of European people ( specially from Spain and Italy , and in a less extent from France , the Balkans , Great Britain and Germany ). Japanese and Chinese arrived in large numbers at the end of nineteenth century . ___MASK96___ ( French : ) is a country in the northern half of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering , making it the world ' s second - largest country by total area and the fourth - largest country by land area . ___MASK96___ ' s border with the United States is the world ' s longest land border . The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate , but southerly areas are warm in summer . ___MASK96___ is sparsely populated , the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains . About four - fifths of the country ' s population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border . Its capital is Ottawa , its largest city is Toronto ; other ___MASK60___ urban areas include Montreal , Vancouver , Calgary , Edmonton , Quebec City , Winnipeg and Hamilton . A correctional facility , detention center , gaol ( Australia , New Zealand , Republic of Ireland , UK ), jail ( US , ___MASK96___ ), penitentiary , prison , or remand centre is a facility in which inmates are forcibly confined and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state as a form of punishment after being convicted of crimes . Prisons are most commonly used within a ___MASK38___ justice system : people charged with crimes may be imprisoned until they are brought to trial ; those pleading or being found guilty of crimes at trial may be sentenced to a specified period of imprisonment . Besides their use for punishing civil crimes , jails and prisons are frequently used by authoritarian regimes . A pen ( Latin : " penna ", feather ) is a writing implement used to apply ink to a surface , such as paper , for writing or ___MASK86___ . Historically , reed pens , quill pens , and dip pens were used , with a nib dipped in ink . Ruling pens allow precise adjustment of line width , and still find a few specialized uses , but technical pens such as the Rapidograph are more commonly used . Modern types also include ballpoint , rollerball , fountain , and felt or ceramic tip pens . George Jacob Jung ( born August 6 , 1942 ) , nicknamed `` Boston George '' and `` El Americano '' , was a ___MASK60___ player in the cocaine trade in the United States in the 1970s and early 1980s . Jung was a part of the Medellín Cartel , which was responsible for up to 89 percent of the cocaine smuggled into the United States . He specialized in the smuggling of cocaine from Colombia on a large scale . His life story was portrayed in the biopic Blow ( 2001 ) , starring Johnny Depp . Jung was released from prison on June 2 , 2014 , after serving nearly 20 years for drug - smuggling . Borders are geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions , such as governments , ___MASK62___ states , federated states , and other subnational entities . Some borders  such as a state ' s internal administrative border , or inter - state borders within the Schengen Area  are often open and completely unguarded . Other borders are partially or fully controlled , and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints and border zones may be controlled . Mostly contentious , borders may even foster the setting up of buffer zones . A difference has also been established in academic scholarship between border and frontier , the latter denoting a state of mind rather than state boundaries . Heart rate is the speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions of the heart per minute ( bpm ). The heart rate can vary according to the body ' s physical needs , including the need to absorb oxygen and excrete ___MASK71___ dioxide . It is usually equal or close to the pulse measured at any peripheral point . Activities that can provoke change include physical exercise , sleep , anxiety , stress , illness , and ingestion of drugs . The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 is an international treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific ( nominally narcotic ) drugs and of drugs with similar effects except under licence for specific purposes , such as medical treatment and ___MASK53___ . As noted below , its ___MASK60___ effects included updating the Paris Convention of 13 July 1931 to include the vast number of synthetic opioids invented in the intervening thirty years and a mechanism for more easily including new ones . From 1931 to 1961 , most of the families of synthetic opioids had been developed , including drugs in whatever way related to methadone , pethidine , morphinans and dextromoramide and related drugs ; ___MASK53___ on fentanyls and piritramide was also nearing fruition at that point . South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere , mostly in the southern hemisphere , with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere . It is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas , which is the ___MASK93___ used in nations that speak Romance languages . The reference to South America instead of other regions ( like Latin America or the Southern Cone ) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics ( in particular , the rise of Brazil ). Smuggling is the illegal transportation of objects , substances , information or people , such as out of a house or buildings , into a prison , or across an international border , in violation of applicable laws or other regulations .