named_after hepatic artery proper
The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct ( which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the ___MASK46___ ) and the left hepatic duct ( which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the ___MASK46___ ). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct . The duct is usually 6  8 cm length . In ___MASK94___ anatomy , the superior mesenteric artery ( SMA ) arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta , just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk , and supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum through two - thirds of the transverse ___MASK99___ , as well as the pancreas . The abdomen ( less formally called the belly , ___MASK15___ , tummy or midriff ) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax ( chest ) and pelvis , in humans and in other vertebrates . The region occupied by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity . In arthropods it is the posterior tagma of the body ; it follows the thorax or cephalothorax . The abdomen stretches from the thorax at the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvis at the pelvic brim . The pelvic brim stretches from the lumbosacral joint ( the intervertebral disc between ___MASK34___ and S1 ) to the pubic symphysis and is the edge of the pelvic inlet . The space above this inlet and under the thoracic diaphragm is termed the abdominal cavity . The boundary of the abdominal cavity is the abdominal wall in the front and the peritoneal surface at the rear . In ___MASK94___ anatomy , the hepatic veins are the veins that drain de - oxygenated blood from the ___MASK46___ into the inferior vena cava . There are usually three upper hepatic veins draining from the left , middle , and right parts of the ___MASK46___ . These are larger than the group of lower hepatic veins that can number from six to twenty . All of the hepatic veins drain into the inferior vena cava . In vertebrates the ___MASK80___ ( also gall bladder , biliary vesicle or cholecyst ) is a small organ where bile ( a fluid produced by the ___MASK46___ ) is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine . Humans can live without a ___MASK80___ . The surgical removal of the ___MASK80___ is called a cholecystectomy . The hepatic artery proper ( also proper hepatic artery ) , arises from the common hepatic artery and runs alongside the portal vein and the common bile duct to form the portal triad . A branch of the common hepatic artery -- the gastroduodenal artery gives off the small supraduodenal artery to the duodenal bulb . Then the right gastric artery comes off and runs to the left along the lesser curvature of the ___MASK15___ to meet the left gastric artery , which is a branch of the celiac trunk . It subsequently bifurcates into the right and left hepatic arteries . Of note , the right and left hepatic arteries may demonstrate variant anatomy . A misplaced right hepatic artery may arise from the superior mesenteric artery ( SMA ) and a misplaced left hepatic artery may arise from the left gastric artery . The cystic artery generally comes off of the right hepatic artery . The pancreas is a glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates . In humans , it is located in the abdominal cavity behind the ___MASK15___ . It is an endocrine gland producing several important hormones , including insulin , glucagon , somatostatin , and pancreatic polypeptide which circulate in the blood . The pancreas is also a digestive organ , secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine . These enzymes help to further break down the carbohydrates , proteins , and lipids in the chyme . The pancreas is also known as mixed gland . The portal vein or hepatic portal vein is a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract , ___MASK80___ , pancreas and spleen to the ___MASK46___ . This blood is rich in nutrients that have been extracted from food , and the ___MASK46___ processes these nutrients ; it also filters toxins that may have been ingested with the food . 75 % of total ___MASK46___ blood flow is through the portal vein , with the remainder coming from the hepatic artery proper . The blood leaves the ___MASK46___ to the heart in the hepatic veins . Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts . Anatomy is inherently tied to embryology , comparative anatomy , evolutionary biology , and phylogeny , as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated over immediate ( embryology ) and long ( evolution ) timescales . ___MASK94___ anatomy is one of the basic essential sciences of medicine . The ___MASK15___ is a muscular , hollow , dilated part of the gastrointestinal tract that functions as an important organ in the digestive system . The ___MASK15___ is present in many animals including vertebrates , echinoderms , insects ( mid - gut ), and molluscs . In humans and many other vertebrates it is involved in the second phase of digestion , following mastication ( chewing ). The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the ___MASK94___ body . There are three major types of blood vessels : the arteries , which carry the blood away from the heart ; the capillaries , which enable the actual exchange of ___MASK10___ and chemicals between the blood and the tissues ; and the veins , which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart . The word " vascular ", meaning relating to the blood vessels , is derived from the Latin " vas ", meaning vessel . A few structures ( such as cartilage and the lens of the ___MASK13___ ) do not contain blood vessels and are labeled . Gastrointestinal is an adjective meaning " of or pertaining to the ___MASK15___ and intestines ". A tract is a collection of related anatomic structures or a series of connected body organs . The heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals , which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system . Blood provides the body with ___MASK45___ and nutrients , as well as assists in the removal of metabolic wastes . The heart is located between the lungs , in the middle compartment of the chest . In humans , other mammals , and birds , the heart is divided into four chambers : upper left and right atria ; and lower left and right ventricles . Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the " right heart " and their left counterparts as the " left heart ". Fish in contrast have two chambers , an atrium and a ventricle , while reptiles have three chambers . In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves , which prevent backflow . The heart is enclosed in a protective sac , the pericardium , which also contains a small amount of fluid . The wall of the heart is made ___MASK76___ of three layers : epicardium , myocardium , and endocardium . The heart pumps blood with a rhythm determined by a group of pacemaking cells in the sinoatrial node . These generate a current that causes contraction of the heart , traveling through the atrioventricular node and along the conduction system of the heart . The heart receives blood low in ___MASK45___ from the systemic circulation , which enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae and passes to the right ventricle . From here it is pumped into the pulmonary circulation , through the lungs where it receives ___MASK45___ and gives off carbon dioxide . Oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium , passes through the left ventricle and is pumped out through the aorta to the systemic circulation  where the ___MASK45___ is used and metabolized to carbon dioxide . The heart beats at a resting rate close to 72 beats per minute . Exercise temporarily increases the rate , but lowers resting heart rate in the long term , and is good for heart health . Cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) are the most common cause of death globally as of 2008 , accounting for 30 % of deaths . Of these more than three quarters are a result of coronary artery disease and stroke . Risk factors include : smoking , being overweight , little exercise , high cholesterol , high blood pressure , and poorly controlled diabetes , among others . Cardiovascular diseases frequently have no symptoms or may cause chest pain or shortness of breath . Diagnosis of heart disease is often done by the taking of a medical history , listening to the heart - sounds with a stethoscope , ECG , and ultrasound . Specialists who focus on diseases of the heart are called cardiologists , although many specialties of medicine may be involved in treatment . Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and ___MASK45___ to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells . The common bile duct , sometimes abbreviated CBD , is a duct in the gastrointestinal tract of organisms that have a gall bladder . It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct ( from the gall bladder ). It is later joined by the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater . There , the two ducts are surrounded by the muscular sphincter of Oddi . A portal triad ( also known as portal field , portal area , or portal tract ) is a distinctive arrangement in the ___MASK46___ . It is a component of the hepatic lobule . It consists of the following five structures : The ___MASK46___ is a vital organ of vertebrates and some other animals . In the human , it is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen , below the diaphragm . The ___MASK46___ has a wide range of functions , including detoxification of various metabolites , protein synthesis , and the production of biochemicals necessary for digestion . The celiac ( or coeliac ) artery , also known as the celiac trunk , or truncus coeliacus , is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta . It is ___MASK68___ . 25 cm in length . Branching from the aorta at thoracic vertebra 12 ( T12 ) in humans , it is one of three anterior / midline branches of the abdominal aorta ( the others are the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries ). The transverse ___MASK99___ is the longest and most movable part of the ___MASK99___ . It crosses the abdomen from the ascending ___MASK99___ at the hepatic or right colic flexure with a downward convexity to the descending ___MASK99___ where it curves sharply on itself beneath the lower end of the spleen forming the splenic or left colic flexure . In its course , it describes an arch , the concavity of which is directed backward and a little upward . Toward its splenic end there is often an abrupt U - shaped curve which may descend lower than the main curve . The right gastric artery arises above the pylorus from the proper hepatic artery or less frequently from the common hepatic artery , descends to the pyloric end of the ___MASK15___ , and passes from right to left along its lesser curvature , supplying it with branches , and anastomosing with the left gastric artery . The ___MASK20___ is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates , including mammals , reptiles , and birds . In fish , the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear , and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of ___MASK20___ . In mammals the ___MASK20___ may be the principal site for ___MASK69___ absorption . The esophagus ( American ___MASK43___ ) or oesophagus ( British ___MASK43___ ) (/ sfs /), commonly known as the food pipe or gullet , is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes , aided by peristaltic contractions , from the pharynx to the ___MASK15___ . The esophagus is a fibromuscular tube , about 25 centimetres long in adults , which travels behind the trachea and heart , passes through the diaphragm and empties into the uppermost region of the ___MASK15___ . During swallowing , the epiglottis tilts backwards to prevent food from going down the larynx and lungs . The word " esophagus " is the Greek word for " gullet ". The spleen ( from Greek " spln ") is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates . Similar in structure to a large lymph ___MASK56___ , it acts primarily as a blood filter . The pancreatic duct , or duct of Wirsung ( also , the major pancreatic duct due to the existence of an accessory pancreatic duct ), is a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juice provided from the exocrine pancreas which aids in digestion . The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater , after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the ___MASK20___ at the major duodenal papilla . There are many anatomical variants reported but these are quite rare . The cystic artery supplies oxygenated blood to the ___MASK80___ and cystic duct . The duodenal bulb is the portion of the ___MASK20___ which is closest to the ___MASK15___ . It normally has a length of about ___MASK4___ centimeters . The duodenal bulb begins at the pylorus and ends at the neck of the gallbladder . It is located posterior to the ___MASK46___ and the gallbladder , and superior to the pancreatic head . The gastroduodenal artery , portal vein , and common bile duct lie just behind it . The distal part of the bulb is located retroperitoneally . It abuts the Pyloric sphincter . In anatomy , the gastroduodenal artery is a small blood vessel in the abdomen . It supplies blood directly to the pylorus ( distal part of the ___MASK15___ ) and proximal part of the duodenum , and indirectly to the pancreatic head ( via the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries ). The pylorus ( or ), or pyloric part , connects the ___MASK15___ to the duodenum . The pylorus is considered as having two parts , the " pyloric antrum " ( opening to the body of the ___MASK15___ ) and the " pyloric canal " ( opening to the duodenum ). The " pyloric canal " ends as the " pyloric orifice ", which marks the junction between the ___MASK15___ and the duodenum . The orifice is surrounded by a sphincter , a band of muscle , called the " pyloric sphincter ". The word " pylorus " comes from Greek  , via Latin . The word " pylorus " in Greek means " gatekeeper ", related to " gate " and is thus linguistically related to the word " pylon ". In ___MASK94___ anatomy , the left gastric artery arises from the celiac artery and runs along the superior portion of the lesser curvature of the ___MASK15___ . Branches also supply the lower esophagus . The left gastric artery anastomoses with the right gastric artery , which runs right to left . The cystic duct is the short duct that joins the ___MASK80___ to the common bile duct . It usually lies next to the cystic artery . It is of variable length . It contains ' spiral valves of Heister ', which do not provide much resistance to the flow of bile . The common hepatic artery is a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the ___MASK46___ , pylorus of the stomach , duodenum and pancreas . Bile or gall is a dark ___MASK26___ to yellowish brown fluid , produced by the ___MASK46___ of most vertebrates , that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine . In humans , bile is produced continuously by the ___MASK46___ ( ___MASK46___ bile ), and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder ( gallbladder bile ). After eating , this stored bile is discharged into the duodenum . The composition of gallbladder bile is 97 % water , 0 . 7 % bile salts , 0 . 2 % bilirubin , 0 . 51 % fats ( cholesterol , fatty acids and lecithin ), and 200 meq / l inorganic salts .