country_of_citizenship gaius sosius
Marcus Terentius Varro ( 116 BC  27 BC ) was an ancient Roman scholar and ___MASK55___ . He is sometimes called Varro Reatinus to distinguish him from his younger contemporary Varro Atacinus . A was a public official in ___MASK91___ . The position served different functions depending on the period . In the Roman Kingdom , ' ( quaestors with judicial powers ) were appointed by the king to investigate and handle murders . In the ___MASK31___ , quaestors ( also pluralized ') were elected officials that supervised the state treasury and conducted audits . It was the lowest ranking position in the ' ( course of offices ). In the Roman Empire , the position , which was initially replaced by the ' ( prefect ), reemerged during the late empire as ", a position appointed by the emperor to lead the imperial council and respond to petitioners . Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ( 29 September 106 BC  28 September 48 BC ), usually known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great , was a military and political leader of the late ___MASK31___ . He came from a wealthy Italian provincial background , and his father had been the first to establish the family among the Roman nobility . Pompey ' s immense success as a general while still very young enabled him to advance directly to his first consulship without meeting the normal requirements for office . His success as a military commander in Sulla ' s Second Civil War resulted in Sulla bestowing the nickname " Magnus ", " the Great ", upon him . He was consul three times and celebrated three triumphs . A tribunal , generally , is any person or institution with authority to judge , adjudicate on , or determine claims or disputes  whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title . For example , an advocate who appears before a court with a single judge could describe that judge as ' their tribunal '. Many governmental bodies that are titled ' tribunals ' are so described to emphasize that they are not courts of normal jurisdiction . For example , the International Criminal Tribunal for ___MASK64___ is a body specially constituted under international law ; in Great Britain , employment tribunals are bodies set up to hear specific employment disputes . Private judicial bodies are also often styled ' tribunals '. The word " tribunal " is not conclusive of a body ' s function . For example , in Great Britain , the Employment Appeal Tribunal is a superior court of record . Praetor was a title granted by the government of ___MASK91___ to men acting in one of two official capacities : the commander of an army ( in the field or , less often , before the army had been mustered ); or , an elected " magistratus " ( magistrate ), assigned various duties ( which varied at different periods in Rome ' s history ). The functions of the magistracy , the " praetura " ( praetorship ), are described by the adjective : the " praetoria potestas " ( praetorian power ), the " praetorium imperium " ( praetorian authority ), and the " praetorium ius " ( praetorian law ), the legal precedents established by the " praetores " ( praetors ). " Praetorium ", as a substantive , denoted the location from which the " praetor " exercised his authority , either the headquarters of his " castra ", the courthouse ( tribunal ) of his judiciary , or the city hall of his provincial governorship . The ___MASK38___ ( Koine and Medieval Greek :    , tr . ) was the post - ___MASK31___ period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around 500 AD , and the Empire ' s populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world ' s population at the time ). The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar ' s adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian ' s power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title " Augustus ", effectively marking the end of the ___MASK31___ . Consul ( abbrev . " cos ."; Latin plural " consules ") was the title of one of the chief magistrates of the ___MASK31___ , and subsequently a somewhat significant title under the Roman Empire . The title was also used in other city states and also revived in modern states , notably in the First French Republic . The relating adjective is consular , from the " consularis ". Gaius Sosius was a Roman general and ___MASK19___ . Gaius Sosius was elected quaestor in 66 BC and praetor in 49 BC . Upon the start of the civil war , he joined the party of the Senate sometimes called optimates by modern scholars ( even though the term belongs to the era of Sulla and Marius ) . Upon the flight of Pompey to Greece , Sosius returned to Rome and submitted to Julius Caesar . After the assassination of Caesar , Sosius joined the party of Mark Antony , by whom in 38 BC he was appointed governor of Syria and Cilicia in the place of Publius Ventidius . As governor , Sosius was commanded by Antony to support Herod against Antigonus the Hasmonean , when the latter was in possession of Jerusalem . In 37 BC , he advanced against Jerusalem and after he became master of the city , Sosius placed Herod upon the throne . In return for this services , he was awarded a triumph in 34 BC , and he became consul along with Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus as his colleague in 32 BC . When civil war broke out between Antony and Octavian , Sosius espoused the cause of Antony and violently attacked Octavian in the senate , for which he was forced to flee to the east . In 31 BC , Sosius commanded a squadron in Mark Antony ' s fleet with which he managed to defeat the squadron of Taurius Rufus -- according to Dio 50 . 14 -- and put it to flight , but when the latter was reinforced by Marcus Agrippa , Sosius ' s ally Tarcondimotus I -- the king of Cilicia -- was killed and Sosius himself was forced to flee . Dio mistakenly suggests that Sosius died as well , but later affirms he was alive at the battle of Actium . At Actium , Sosius commanded the left wing of the fleet . After the battle , from which he managed to escape , his hiding place was detected and Sosius was captured and brought before Octavian but , at the intercession of Lucius Arruntius , Octavian pardoned him . He returned to Rome and completed his building project on the temple of Apollo Medicus ( begun in 34 BC ) , dedicating it in Octavian ' s name . Unknown sons , but two daughters : Sosia and Sosia Galla , possibly by an Asinia , a Nonia or an Aelia . However the name reappears with Q . Sosius Senecio , ( consul in 99 and 107 ) . and Saint Sosius ( 275 - 305 AD ) . Sosius attended the Ludi Saeculares in 17 according to an inscription CIL 6 . 32323 = ILS 5050 as a quindecimvir . Sosius appears on the Ara Pacis within the College of the quindecimviri sacris faciundis . Sulla ' s second civil war was one of a series of civil wars of ___MASK91___ . It was fought between Lucius Cornelius Sulla and Gaius Marius the younger in 82 BC . Prelude . Sulla had achieved temporary control of Rome and Marius ' s exile to Africa through his first march on Rome , but departed soon afterwards to lead the First Mithridatic War . This departure allowed Gaius Marius and his son Gaius Marius the younger to return to Rome with an army and , with Lucius Cornelius Cinna , to wrest control of Rome back from Sulla ' s supporter Gnaeus Octavius during Sulla ' s absence . Based on the orders of Marius , some of his soldiers went through Rome killing the leading supporters of Sulla , including Octavius . Their heads were exhibited in the Forum . After five days , Cinna ordered his more disciplined troops to kill Marius ' s rampaging soldiers . All told some 100 Roman nobles had been murdered . Marius declared Sulla ' s reforms and laws invalid , officially exiled Sulla and had himself elected to Sulla ' s eastern command and himself and Cinna elected consuls for the year 86 BC . Marius died a fortnight after and Cinna was left in sole control of Rome . Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix ( c . 138 BC  78 BC ), known commonly as Sulla , was a Roman general and statesman . He had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice , as well as reviving the dictatorship . Sulla was awarded a grass crown , the most prestigious Roman military honor , during the Social War . Sulla was a skillful general , achieving numerous successes in wars against different opponents , both foreign and Roman . His life was habitually included in the ancient biographical collections of leading generals and politicians , originating in the biographical compendium of famous Romans published by Marcus Terentius Varro . In Plutarch ' s " Parallel Lives " Sulla is paired with the Spartan general and strategist Lysander . Lysander ( or ; died 395 BC , , " Lýsandros ") was a Spartan admiral who commanded the Spartan fleet in the Hellespont which defeated the Athenians at Aegospotami in 405 BC . The following year , he was able to force the Athenians to capitulate , bringing the Peloponnesian War to an end ; he organized the dominion of ___MASK84___ over Greece in the last decade of his life . The Populrs (" favouring the people ", singular " populris ") were a grouping in the late ___MASK31___ which favoured the cause of the plebeians ( the commoners ), particularly the urban poor . It supported laws regarding the provision of a grain dole for the poor by the state at a subsidised price . It wanted reforms which helped the poor , particularly land redistribution for the poor to farm and debt relief . At times it also supported the extension of Roman citizenship to Rome ' s Italic allies . A popularis was a ___MASK19___ who supported this faction . The populares are regarded in modern scholarship as in opposition to the " optimates ", who are identified with the conservative interests of the patricians ( the aristocracy ) and supported the senate , which represented its interests . The optimts (" aristocrats ", singular ; also known as " bon ", " Good Men ") were the traditionalist Senatorial majority of the late ___MASK31___ . They wished to limit the power of the popular assemblies and the Tribunes of the Plebs , and to extend the power of the Senate , which was viewed as more dedicated to the interests of the aristocrats who held the reins of power . In particular , they were concerned with the rise of individual generals who , backed by the tribunate , the assemblies and their own soldiers , could shift power from the Senate and aristocracy . They were opposed by the populares . Gaius Julius Caesar ( 13 July 100 BC  15 March 44 BC ), known as Julius Caesar , was a Roman ___MASK19___ , general , and notable author of Latin prose . He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire . The ___MASK31___ was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom , traditionally dated to 509 BC , and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire . It was during this period that Rome ' s control expanded from the city ' s immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world . The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law . In ___MASK91___ , a " magistratus " was one of the highest ranking government officers , and possessed both judicial and executive powers . In other parts of the world , such as ___MASK92___ , a magistrate was responsible for administration over a particular geographic area . Today , in some jurisdictions , a magistrate is a judicial officer who hears cases in a lower court , and typically deals with more minor or preliminary matters . In other jurisdictions ( e . g ., England and ___MASK27___ ), magistrates may be volunteers without formal legal training who perform a judicial role with regard to minor matters . In the ___MASK38___ , the Latin word castrum ( plural castra ) was a building , or plot of land , used as a fortified military camp . ___MASK91___ was an Italic civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC . Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome , it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world ' s population ) and covering 5 . 0 million square kilometers at its height in AD 117 . The Grass Crown or Blockade Crown ( Latin : " corona graminea " or " corona obsidionalis ") was the highest and rarest of all military decorations in the ___MASK31___ and early Roman empire . It was presented only to a general , commander , or officer whose actions saved the legion or the entire army . One example of actions leading to awarding of a grass crown would be a general who broke the blockade around a beleaguered Roman army . The crown was made from plant materials taken from the battlefield , including grasses , flowers , and various cereals such as wheat ; it was presented to the general by the army he had saved . History . Pliny wrote about the grass crown at some length in his " Natural History " (" Naturalis Historia "): Pliny also lists the persons who by their deeds won the grass crown : Imperium is a Latin word which , in a broad sense , translates roughly as ' power to command '. In ___MASK91___ , different kinds of power or authority were distinguished by different terms . " Imperium " referred to the ability of an individual to command the military . It is not to be confused with " auctoritas " or " potestas ", different and generally inferior types of power in the ___MASK31___ and Empire . Primarily used to refer to the power that is wielded , in greater or lesser degree , by an individual to whom it is delegated , the term could also be used with a geographical connotation , designating the territorial limits of that " imperium ". Individuals given such power were referred to as curule magistrates or promagistrates . These included the curule aedile , the praetor , the censor , the consul , the magister equitum , and the dictator .