date_of_death marcomer
Noricum is the Latin name for a Celtic kingdom , or federation of tribes , that included most of modern Austria and part of Slovenia . In the first century AD , it became a province of the Roman Empire . Its borders were the Danube to the north , " Raetia " and " Vindelicia " to the west , Pannonia to the east and southeast , and " Italia " (" Venetia et Histria ") to the south . The kingdom was founded around ___MASK21___ BC , and had its capital at the royal residence at Virunum on the Magdalensberg . Cleopatra VII Philopator ( ___MASK89___  August 12 , 30 BC ), known to history simply as Cleopatra , was the last active pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt , briefly survived as pharaoh by her son Caesarion . After her reign , Egypt became a province of the recently established Roman Empire . Gaius Julius Caesar ( ___MASK15___ July ___MASK83___ BC  15 March 44 BC ), known as Julius Caesar , was a Roman politician , general , and notable author of Latin prose . He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire . The Battle of Actium was the decisive confrontation of the Final War of the Roman Republic , a naval engagement between Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra on ___MASK11___ September ___MASK74___ BC , on the Ionian Sea near the promontory of Actium , in the Roman province of Epirus Vetus in Greece . Octavian ' s fleet was commanded by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa , while Antony ' s fleet was supported by the power of Queen Cleopatra of Ptolemaic Egypt . The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period ( starting in ___MASK28___ BC ). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history . Often when a given Roman is described as becoming " emperor " in English , it reflects his taking of the title " Augustus " or " Caesar ". Another title often used was " imperator ", originally a military honorific . Early Emperors also used the title " princeps " ( first citizen ). Emperors frequently amassed republican titles , notably " Princeps Senatus ", " Consul " and " Pontifex Maximus ". Magnus Maximus ( ca . ___MASK14___  August 28 , 388 ) was Western Roman Emperor from 383 to 388 . The Rhine (, , ) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps , forms part of the Swiss - Austrian , Swiss - Liechtenstein , Swiss - German and then the Franco - German border , then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands . The largest city on the river Rhine is Cologne , Germany , with a population of more than ___MASK54___ , 050 , 000 people . It is the second - longest river in Central and Western Europe ( after the Danube ), at about , with an average discharge of about . Marcus Antonius ( Latin : ; January ___MASK24___ , August ___MASK54___ , 30 BC ), commonly known in English as Mark or Marc Antony , was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire . Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in central - western Europe . It includes ___MASK65___ constituent states , covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With about 82 million inhabitants , Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union . After the United States , it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world . Germany ' s capital and largest metropolis is Berlin . Other major cities include Hamburg , Munich , Cologne , Frankfurt , Stuttgart and Düsseldorf . Constantinople was the capital city of the Roman / Byzantine Empire ( ___MASK13___  ___MASK43___ and 1261  ___MASK90___ ), and also of the brief Latin ( ___MASK43___  1261 ), and the later Ottoman ( ___MASK90___  1923 ) empires . It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great , after whom it was named , and dedicated on 11 May ___MASK13___ AD . The Roman Republic was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom , traditionally dated to ___MASK97___ BC , and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire . It was during this period that Rome ' s control expanded from the city ' s immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world . Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic in Europe . It consists of ___MASK4___ cantons , and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities . The country is situated in Western - Central Europe , and is bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps , the Swiss Plateau and the Jura , spanning an area of . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are to be found : among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva . The Iron Age is an archaeological era , referring to a period of time in the prehistory and protohistory of the Old World ( Afro - Eurasia ) when the dominant toolmaking material was iron . It is commonly preceded by the Bronze Age in Europe and Asia with exceptions and the Stone Age in Africa . Meteoric iron has been used by humans since at least 3200 BC , but ancient iron production did not become widespread until the ability to smelt iron ore , remove impurities and regulate the amount of carbon in the alloy were developed . The start of the Iron Age proper is considered by many to fall between around ___MASK16___ BC to ___MASK91___ BC , depending on the region . In most parts of the world , its end is defined by the widespread adoption of writing , and therefore marks the transition from prehistory to history . The Roman Empire ( Koine and Medieval Greek :    , tr . ) was the post - Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around ___MASK62___ AD , and the Empire ' s populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world ' s population at the time ). The ___MASK62___ - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar ' s adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian ' s power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title " Augustus ", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic . Marcomer ( Marcomeres , Marchomer , Marchomir ) was a Frankish leader ( dux ) in the late 4th century who invaded the Roman Empire in the year ___MASK94___ , when the usurper and leader of the whole of Roman Gaul , Magnus Maximus was surrounded in Aquileia by Theodosius I . The invasion is documented by Gregory of Tours who cited the now lost work of Sulpicius Alexander . According to this account Marcomer , Sunno and Genobaud invaded the Roman provinces Germania and Belgia in Gaul . They broke through the lines , killed many people , destroyed the most fruitful lands and made the city Cologne panic . After this raid , the main body of the Franks moved back over the Rhine with their booty . Some of the Franks remained in the Belgian woods . When the Roman generals Magnus Maximus , Nanninus and Quintinus heard the news in Trier , they attacked those remaining Frankish forces and killed many of them . After this engagement Quintinus crossed the Rhine to punish the Franks in their own country , however his army was surrounded and beaten . Some Roman soldiers drowned in the marshes , others were killed by Franks , few made it back to their Empire . Nanninus and Quintinus were replaced by Charietto and Syrus , who were again confronted by an attack of unidentified Franks . Later , after the fall of Magnus Maximus , Marcomer and Sunno held a short meeting about the recent attacks with the Frank Arbogastes , who was a general ( magister militum ) in the Roman army . The Franks delivered hostages as usual , and Arbogastes returned to his winter quarters in Trier . A couple of years later when Arbogastes had seized power and the West Roman army was nearly completely in the hands of Frankish mercenaries , he crossed the Rhine with a Roman army into Germania , because he hated his own kin . Marcomer was seen as leader with Chatti and Ampsivarii but the two did not engage . Later we hear from the poet Claudian that Marcomer was arrested by Romans and banned to a villa in Tuscany . His brother Sunno crossed the Rhine and tried to settle himself as leader of the band of Marchomir , however he was killed by his own people . According to the later Liber Historiae Francorum , Marcomer tried to unite the Franks after the death of Sunno . He proposed that the Franks should live under one king and proposed his own son Pharamond ( whose earliest mention is in this work , and who is considered mythological by scholars ) for the kingship . This source does not relate whether Marcomer succeeded , but from other later sources that recall the account of Liber Historiae Francorum , the impression may be gained that Pharamond was regarded as the first king of the Franks . However , modern scholars , such as Edward James , do not accept this account in the Liber Historiae Francorum as historical , because Marcomer is called the son of the Trojan king Priam . Traditionally Marcomer is also known as Marcomir VI , a descendent of King Priam Podarces of Troy by Priam ' s son Helenus from whom the Kings of Cimmerian Bosporus descend . Clovis I , according to Gregory of Tours , had several other rulers or kings killed in order to manipulate control and increase his territory , and through his machinations dethroned other leaders such as the Frankish counts of Triër , but even he was not the single Frankish king , for tribes as the Thuringii , Chamavi and Bructeri continued their own structures . After Clovis ' death , his empire was divided again amongst his sons who ruled simultaneously over different areas . Rome is a city and special " comune " ( named " Roma Capitale ") in Italy . Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region . With ___MASK11___ , ___MASK59___ , ___MASK80___ residents in , it is also the country ' s largest and most populated " comune " and fourth - most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of ___MASK48___ . 3 million residents . The city is located in the central - western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ), along the shores of Tiber river . The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city : for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states . Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France , the Netherlands , Germany , Luxembourg , and the North Sea . It is a small , densely populated country which covers an area of and has a population of about 11 million people . Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe , Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups : the Dutch - speaking , mostly Flemish community , which constitutes about ___MASK75___ % of the population , and the French - speaking , mostly Walloon population , which comprises 41 % of all Belgians . Additionally , there is a small group of German - speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area , and bordering Germany . Northern Italy is a cultural and geographical region , without any administrative purpose , used to indicate the northern part of the Italian state , also informally referred as " Il Nord ", " Settentrione " or " Alta Italia ". It consists of ___MASK93___ regions in northern Italy : Aosta Valley , Piedmont , Liguria , Lombardy , Emilia - Romagna , Veneto , Friuli - Venezia Giulia , Trentino - Alto Adige / Südtirol . According to the 2011 census , its population was 27 , ___MASK35___ , ___MASK49___ . For statistic purposes , the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica ( ISTAT ) uses the term Northwest Italy and Northeast Italy for identifying two of the five statistical regions in its reporting . These same subdivisions are used to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics ( NUTS ) regions (" NUTS 1 regions ") within the European Union , and the Italian constituencies for the European Parliament . Raetia ( or , , also spelled Rhaetia ) was a province of the Roman Empire , named after the Rhaetian (" Raeti " or " Rhaeti ") people . It bordered on the west with the country of the Helvetii , on the east with Noricum , on the north with Vindelicia , on the west with Transalpine Gaul and on south with Venetia et Histria . It thus comprised the districts occupied in modern times by eastern and central Switzerland ( containing the Upper Rhine and Lake Constance ), southern Bavaria and the Upper Swabia , Vorarlberg , the greater part of Tirol , and part of Lombardy . Later Vindelicia ( today south - eastern Wuerttemberg and south - western Bavaria ) formed part of Raetia . The northern border of Raetia during the times of Augustus and Tiberius was the River Danube . Later the Limes Germanicus marked the northern boundary , stretching for ___MASK66___ km north of the Danube . Raetia linked to Italy across the Alps over the Reschen Pass , by the Via Claudia Augusta . The Romansh people living in Southeast Switzerland are believed to be direct descendants of the Raetians . However , the exact lineage of the Romansh ( or Romansch ) people remains incomplete . The Cimbri were an ancient people , either Germanic or Celtic who , together with the Teutones and the Ambrones , fought the Roman Republic between ___MASK68___ and 101 BC . The Cimbri were initially successful , particularly at the Battle of Arausio , in which a large Roman army was routed , after which they raided large areas in Gaul and Hispania . In 101 BC , during an attempted invasion of Italy , the Cimbri were decisively defeated by Gaius Marius , and their king , Boiorix , was killed . Some of the surviving captives are reported to have been among the rebelling Gladiators in the Third Servile War . Flavius Eugenius ( died ___MASK3___ September 394 ) was a usurper in the Western Roman Empire ( ___MASK92___  394 ) against Emperor Theodosius I . Though himself a Christian , he was the last Emperor to support Roman polytheism . Gaul ( Latin : " Gallia ") was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes , encompassing present day France , Luxembourg , Belgium , most of Switzerland , Northern Italy , as well as the parts of the Netherlands , Central Italy and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine . It covered an area of ___MASK77___ , 800 mi² or ___MASK55___ , ___MASK70___ km² . According to the testimony of Julius Caesar , Gaul was divided into three parts : Gallia Celtica , Belgica and Aquitania . Archaeologically , the Gauls were bearers of the La Tène culture , which extended across all of Gaul , as well as east to Raetia , Noricum , Pannonia and southwestern Germania during the 5th to 1st centuries BC . During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC , Gaul fell under Roman rule : Gallia Cisalpina was conquered in ___MASK39___ BC and Gallia Narbonensis in 123 BC . Gaul was invaded after ___MASK18___ BC by the Cimbri and the Teutons , who were in turn defeated by the Romans by ___MASK64___ BC . Julius Caesar finally subdued the remaining parts of Gaul in his campaigns of ___MASK40___ to 51 BC . France , officially the French Republic , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans and had a total population of almost ___MASK95___ million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi - presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country ' s largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux . The Roman Senate was a political institution in ancient Rome . It was one of the most enduring institutions in Roman history , being established in the first days of the city ( traditionally founded in ___MASK60___ BC ). It survived the overthrow of the kings in 509 BC , the fall of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC , the division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD , the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD , and the barbarian rule of Rome in the 5th , 6th , and 7th centuries . Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , Italy shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate ; due to its shape , it is often referred to in Italy as " lo Stivale " ( the Boot ). With ___MASK56___ million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU member state . Aquileia ( Venetian : Aquieja / Aquiegia , ) is an ancient Roman city in Italy , at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons , about from the sea , on the river Natiso ( modern Natisone ), the course of which has changed somewhat since Roman times . Today , the city is small ( about 3 , ___MASK62___ inhabitants ), but it was large and prominent in Antiquity as one of the world ' s largest cities with a population of 100 , 000 in the 2nd century AD . and is one of the main archeological sites of Northern Italy . The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel in Switzerland , where thousands of objects had been deposited in the lake , as was discovered after the water level dropped in ___MASK98___ . La Tène is the type site and the term archaeologists use for the later period of the culture and art of the ancient Celts , a term that is firmly entrenched in the popular understanding , but presents numerous problems for historians and archaeologists . The culture became very widespread , and presents a wide variety of local differences . It is often distinguished from earlier and neighbouring cultures mainly by the La Tène style of Celtic art , characterized by curving " swirly " decoration , especially of metalwork . Theodosius I ( 11 January ___MASK86___  ___MASK10___ ), also known as Theodosius the Great , was Roman Emperor from AD 379 to AD 395 . Theodosius was the last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western halves of the Roman Empire . On accepting his elevation , he campaigned against Goths and other barbarians who had invaded the empire . He failed to kill , expel , or entirely subjugate them , and after the Gothic War , they established a homeland south of the Danube , in Illyricum , within the empire ' s borders . He fought two destructive civil wars , in which he defeated the usurpers Magnus Maximus and Eugenius at great cost to the power of the empire . Augustus ( ___MASK87___ September 63 BC  19 August 14 AD ) was the founder of the Roman Principate and considered the first Emperor , controlling the Roman Empire from 27 BC until his death in AD 14 .