languages_spoken_or_written antoine arnauld 
An episcopal polity is a hierarchical form of church governance (" ecclesiastical polity ") in which the chief local authorities are called bishops . ( The word " bishop " derives , via the British ___MASK43___ and Vulgar ___MASK43___ term "* ebiscopus "/"* biscopus ", from the Ancient ___MASK11___ " epískopos " meaning " overseer ".) It is the structure used by many of the major Christian Churches and denominations , such as the Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Church of the East , Anglican and Lutheran churches or denominations , and other churches founded independently from these lineages . France , officially the ___MASK100___ Republic , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include ___MASK100___ Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi - presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country ' s largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux . Patristics or patrology is the study of the early Christian writers who are designated Church Fathers . The names derive from the combined forms of ___MASK43___ " pater " and ___MASK11___ " patr " ( father ). The period is generally considered to run from the end of New Testament times or end of the Apostolic Age to either AD 451 ( the date of the Council of Chalcedon ) or to the 8th century Second Council of Nicaea . Antoine Arnauld ( August 6 , 1560 , Paris -- 29 December 1619 , Paris ) was a famous lawyer in the Parlement de Paris , and a Counsellor of State under Henry IV . A skilled orator , his most famous speech was in 1594 in favor of the University of Paris and against the Jesuits , decrying their lack of support for Henry IV , newly converted from Protestantism to Catholicism . He wrote a number of political pamphlets which were widely distributed . The best known of his writings is entitled Le franc et véritable discours du Roi sur le rétablissement qui lui est demandé des Jésuites ( 1602 ) . He was married to Catherine Marion de Druy and had twenty children by her , ten of whom survived him . The Sorbonne is an edifice of the ___MASK43___ Quarter , in Paris , France , which was the historical house of the former University of Paris . Today , it houses part or all of several higher education and research institutions such as Panthéon - Sorbonne University , Sorbonne Nouvelle University , Paris - Sorbonne University , Paris Descartes University , the École Nationale des Chartes and the École pratique des hautes études . Notre - Dame de Paris ( meaning " Our Lady of Paris "), also known as Notre - Dame Cathedral or simply Notre - Dame , is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris , France . The cathedral is widely considered to be one of the finest examples of ___MASK100___ Gothic architecture , and is among the largest and most well - known church buildings in the world . The naturalism of its sculptures and stained glass are in contrast with earlier Romanesque architecture . The College of Sorbonne was a theological college of the University of Paris , founded in 1253 by Robert de Sorbon ( 1201  1274 ), after whom it was named . With the rest of the Paris colleges , it was suppressed during the ___MASK100___ Revolution . It was restored in 1808 but finally closed in 1882 . In recent times it came to refer to the group of academic faculties of the University of Paris , as opposed to the professional faculties of law and medicine . It is also used to refer to the main building of the University of Paris in the 5th arrondissement of Paris , which houses several faculties created when the University was divided up into thirteen autonomous universities in 1970 . Paris ( ___MASK100___ : ) is the capital and most populous city of France . It has an area of and a population in 2013 of 2 , 229 , 621 within its administrative limits . The city is both a commune and department , and forms the centre and headquarters of the Île - de - France , or Paris Region , which has an area of and a population in 2014 of 12 , 005 , 077 , comprising 18 . 2 percent of the population of France . A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy , which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside of either theology or science . The term " philosopher " comes from the Ancient ___MASK11___ (" philosophos ") meaning " lover of wisdom ". The coining of the term has been attributed to the ___MASK11___ thinker Pythagoras ( 6th century BC ). Robert de Sorbon ( October 9 , 1201  August 15 , 1274 ) was a ___MASK100___ theologian , the chaplain of Louis IX of France , and founder of the Sorbonne college in Paris . Antoine Arnauld ( February 6 , 1612  August 8 , 1694 )  " le Grand ", as contemporaries called him , to distinguish him from his father  was a ___MASK100___ Roman Catholic theologian , philosopher , and mathematician . He was one of the leading intellectuals of the Jansenist group of Port - Royal and had a very thorough knowledge of patristics . The University of Paris , metonymically known as the Sorbonne ( its historical house ), was a university in Paris , France . Appearing around 1150 as a corporation associated with the Notre Dame de Paris cathedral school , it was the second - oldest modern university in Europe . Chartered in 1200 by King Philip II ( Philippe - Auguste ) of France and recognised in 1215 by Pope Innocent III , it was often nicknamed after its theology collegiate institution , College of Sorbonne , founded about 1257 by Robert de Sorbon . Catholicism ( from ___MASK11___ , "", " universal doctrine ") is a term which in its broadest sense refers to the beliefs and practices of Christian churches that describe themselves as " Catholic ". The Catholic Church , in it ' s official teachings and documents does not call itself or any individual Catholic Church ( parish , Cathedral , etc .) a " denomination ", but as a whole , all Catholic Churches together are part of the original church founded by Jesus Christ , whom all mainline Christian churches teach is " God , who became man ". All " officially Catholic " churches and its ministers are obligated to teach and strive to practice the same beliefs in matters of : episcopal polity , sacramental theology , apostolic succession and sacred tradition , among other things ( see Catechism of the Catholic Church ).