place_of_death george frederick barker
___MASK15___ is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of ___MASK45___ . The Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) population of 2 , 659 , 937 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second - largest in Pennsylvania after ___MASK41___ and the 20th - largest in the U . S . Located at the confluence of the ___MASK40___ and Monongahela rivers , which form the Ohio River , ___MASK15___ is known as both " the Steel City " for its more than 300 steel - related businesses , and as the " City of Bridges " for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclines , a pre - revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest . The mineral - rich ___MASK40___ Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginia , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . A congressional charter is a law passed by the United States Congress that states the ___MASK46___ , authority , and activities of a group . Congress issued federal charters from 1791 until 1992 under Title 36 of the United States Code . A professional is a member of a profession or any person who earns their living from a specified professional activity . The term also describes the standards of education and training that prepare members of the profession with the particular knowledge and skills necessary to perform their specific role within that profession . In addition , ___MASK36___ professionals are subject to strict codes of conduct , enshrining rigorous ethical and moral obligations . Professional standards of practice and ethics for a particular field are typically agreed upon and maintained through widely recognized professional associations , such as the IEEE . Some definitions of " professional " limit this term to those professions that serve some important aspect of public interest and the general good of society . A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds . The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between atoms with opposite charges , or through the sharing of electrons as in the covalent bonds . The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably ; there are " strong bonds " or " primary bond " such as metallic , covalent or ionic bonds and " weak bonds " or " secondary bond " such as Dipole - dipole interaction , the ___MASK61___ dispersion force and hydrogen bonding . The University of ___MASK15___ ( commonly referred to as Pitt ) is a state - related research university located in ___MASK15___ , Pennsylvania . In 1787 after the American Revolutionary War , it was founded on the edge of the American frontier as the ___MASK15___ Academy . It developed and was renamed as Western University of Pennsylvania by a change to its charter in 1819 . After surviving two devastating fires and various relocations within the area , the school moved to its current location in the Oakland neighborhood of the city ; it was renamed as the University of ___MASK15___ in 1908 . For ___MASK36___ of its history , Pitt was a private institution , until 1966 when it became part of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . ___MASK2___ , D . C ., formally the District of ___MASK75___ and commonly referred to as " ___MASK2___ ", " the District ", or simply " D . C .", is the capital of the United States . Geology ( from the Ancient Greek  , " g ", i . e . " earth " and - o , "- logia ", i . e . " study of , discourse ") is an earth science comprising the study of solid Earth , the rocks of which it is composed , and the processes by which they change . Geology can also refer generally to the study of the solid features of any terrestrial planet ( such as the geology of the Moon or ___MASK85___ ). The pope ( from " pappas ", a child ' s word for " father ") is the ___MASK95___ of ___MASK78___ and , therefore , the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church . The primacy of the ___MASK17___ bishop is largely derived from his role as the traditional successor to Saint Peter , to whom Jesus is supposed to have given the keys of Heaven and the powers of " binding and loosing ", naming him as the " rock " upon which the church would be built . The current pope is Francis , who was elected on 13 March 2013 , succeeding Benedict XVI . The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States . The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context . The eight institutions are Brown University , ___MASK75___ University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University of Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . The term " Ivy League " has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . The Universe is all of time and space and its contents . It includes planets , moons , minor planets , stars , galaxies , the contents of intergalactic space , and all matter and energy . The size of the entire Universe is ___MASK14___ . The American Philosophical Society ( APS ), founded in 1743 and located in ___MASK41___ , is an eminent scholarly organization of international reputation that promotes useful knowledge in the sciences and humanities through excellence in scholarly research , professional meetings , publications , library resources , and community outreach . Considered the first learned society in the United States , it has played an important role in American cultural and intellectual life for over 270 years . Point State Park ( locally known as The Point ) is a ___MASK20___ state park on in Downtown ___MASK15___ , ___MASK45___ , ___MASK20___ , USA , at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers , forming the Ohio River . A county seat is an administrative center , seat of government , or capital city of a county or civil ___MASK44___ . The term is used in the United States , Canada , Romania , ___MASK70___ and Taiwan . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , county towns have a similar function . ___MASK62___ Medical School ( HMS ) is the graduate medical school of ___MASK62___ University . It is located in the Longwood Medical Area of the ___MASK46___ Hill neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . The ___MASK53___ River , which streams westward from Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , to Cairo , Illinois , is the largest tributary , by volume , of the Mississippi River in the United States . At the confluence , the ___MASK53___ is considerably bigger than the Mississippi ( ___MASK53___ at Cairo : 281 , 500 cu ft / s ( 7 , 960 m / s ); Mississippi at Thebes : 208 , 200 cu ft / s ( 5 , 897 m / s )) and , thus , is hydrologically the main stream of the whole river system , including the Allegheny River further upstream . Physiology is the scientific study of the ___MASK76___ function in living systems . A sub - discipline of biology , its focus is in how organisms , organ systems , organs , cells , and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system . Given the size of the field , it is divided into , among others , animal physiology ( including that of humans ), plant physiology , cellular physiology , microbial physiology ( microbial metabolism ), bacterial physiology , and viral physiology . The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to those who make significant achievements in this discipline by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . In medicine , a physiologic state is one occurring from ___MASK76___ body function , rather than pathologically , which is centered on the abnormalities that occur in animal diseases , including humans . A prime minister is the ___MASK36___ senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government , often in a parliamentary or semi - presidential system . In many systems , the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet , and allocates posts to members within the government . In ___MASK36___ systems , the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet . In a minority of systems , notably in semi - presidential systems of government , a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state . In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system , the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch . In such systems , the head of state or the head of state ' s official representative ( i . e . the monarch , president , or governor - general ) usually holds a largely ceremonial position , although often with reserve powers . Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action , where a drug can be broadly defined as any man - made , natural , or endogenous ( from within body ) molecule which exerts a biochemical and / or physiological effect on the cell , tissue , organ , or organism ( sometimes the word pharmacon is used as a term to encompass these endogenous and exogenous bioactive species ). More specifically , it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect ___MASK76___ or abnormal biochemical function . If substances have medicinal properties , they are considered pharmaceuticals . The American Journal of Science ( AJS ) is the ___MASK80___ ' s longest - running scientific journal , having been published continuously since its conception in 1818 by Professor Benjamin Silliman , who edited and financed it himself . Until 1880 , it was also known as the " American Journal of Science and Arts ", but its focus was always on natural sciences and especially on geology and related subjects . The Commonwealth System of Higher Education is a statutory designation by the Commonwealth of ___MASK20___ that confers " state - related " status on four universities located within the state . The designation establishes the schools as an " instrumentality of the commonwealth " and provides each university with annual , non - preferred financial appropriations in exchange offering tuition discounts to students that are residents of ___MASK20___ and a minority state - representation on each school ' s board of trustees . Legally , however , the universities remain separate and private entities , operating under their own charters , governed by independent boards of trustees , and with its assets under their own ownership and control thereby retaining much of the ___MASK16___ and individuality of private institutions , both administratively and academically . It is the only public - private hybrid system of higher education in the United States that is so construed , although Cornell University , the University of Delaware , and Rutgers University represent alternative types of public - private university hybrids . The colonial colleges are nine institutions of higher education chartered in the American Colonies before the ___MASK80___ became a sovereign nation after the American Revolution . These nine have long been considered together , notably in the survey of their origins in the 1907 " The ___MASK25___ History of English and American Literature ". Seven of the nine colonial colleges are part of the Ivy League athletic conference : Harvard , Yale , Penn , Princeton , ___MASK75___ , Brown , and Dartmouth . ( The eighth member of the Ivy League , Cornell University , was founded in 1865 .) Science is a systematic ___MASK83___ that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe . The University of ___MASK20___ ( commonly known as ___MASK34___ or UPenn ) is a private , Ivy League university located in ___MASK41___ , ___MASK20___ , United States . Incorporated as " The Trustees of the University of ___MASK20___ ", ___MASK34___ is one of 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and one of the nine original colonial colleges . Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition , structure , properties and change of matter . Chemistry includes topics such as the properties of individual atoms , how atoms form chemical bonds to create chemical compounds , the interactions of substances through intermolecular forces that give matter its general properties , and the interactions between substances through chemical reactions to form different substances . A physician , medical practitioner , medical doctor or simply doctor is a professional who practises medicine , which is concerned with promoting , maintaining , or restoring health through the study , diagnosis , and treatment of disease , injury , and other physical and mental impairments . Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories , types of patients and methods of treatment  known as specialities  or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals , families , and communities  known as general practice . Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines ( such as anatomy and physiology ) underlying diseases and their treatment  the " science " of medicine  and also a decent competence in its applied practice  the art or " craft " of medicine . A combined statistical area ( CSA ) is composed of adjacent metropolitan ( MSA ) and micropolitan statistical areas ( µSA ) in the United States and ___MASK54___ that can demonstrate economic or social linkage . The United States Office of Management and Budget defines a CSA as consisting of various combinations of adjacent metropolitan and micropolitan areas with economic ties measured by commuting patterns . These areas that combine retain their own designations as metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areas within the larger combined statistical area . ___MASK41___ is the largest city in the Commonwealth of ___MASK20___ and the fifth - ___MASK36___ populous city in the United States , with an estimated population of 1 , 567 , 442 and more than 6 million in the seventh - largest metropolitan statistical area , . ___MASK41___ is the economic and cultural anchor of the Delaware Valleya region located in the Northeastern United States at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers with 7 . 2 million people residing in the eighth - largest combined statistical area in the United States . ___MASK87___ ( pronounced ) is the capital and ___MASK36___ populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States . ___MASK87___ is also the seat of Suffolk County , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city proper covers with an estimated population of 667 , 137 in 2015 , making it the largest city in ___MASK65___ and the 23rd ___MASK36___ populous city in the United States . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater ___MASK87___ , a Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) home to a census - estimated 4 . 7 million people in 2014 and ranking as the tenth - largest such area in the country . Alternately , as a Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ), this wider commuting region is home to some 8 . 1 million people , making it the sixth - largest as such in the United States . ___MASK73___ University ( NYU ) is a private nonprofit research university based in ___MASK73___ City . Founded in 1831 , NYU is considered one of the world ' s most influential research universities . University rankings compiled by " Times Higher Education ", " U . S . News & World Report ", and the " Academic Ranking of World Universities " all rank NYU amongst the top 32 universities in the world . NYU is a fundamental part of the creativity , energy and vibrancy that is Manhattan , located with its core in Greenwich Village , and its campuses based throughout ___MASK73___ City . NYU is also a world - class university , operating NYU Abu Dhabi and NYU Shanghai , and 11 global academic centers in Accra , Berlin , Buenos Aires , Florence , London , Madrid , Paris , Prague , Sydney , Tel Aviv , and Washington , D . C . Structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system , or the object or system so organized . Material structures include man - made objects such as buildings and machines and natural objects such as biological organisms , minerals and chemicals . Abstract structures include data structures in computer science and musical form . Types of structure include a hierarchy ( a ___MASK82___ of one - to - many relationships ), a network featuring many - to - many links , or a lattice featuring connections between components that are neighbors in space . Benjamin Silliman ( ___MASK96___ 8 , 1779  November 24 , 1864 ) was an early American chemist and science educator . He was one of the first American professors of science , at Yale College , the first person to distill petroleum in America , and a founder of the " American Journal of Science ", the oldest continuously published scientific journal in the United States . ___MASK62___ University is a private Ivy League research university in ___MASK25___ , Massachusetts , established in 1636 , whose history , influence , and wealth have made it one of the world ' s ___MASK36___ prestigious universities . A patient is any recipient of health care services . The patient is ___MASK36___ often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a advanced practice registered nurse , physiotherapist , physician , physician assistant , psychologist , podiatrist , veterinarian , or other health care provider . The American Chemical Society ( ACS ) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry . Founded in 1876 at ___MASK73___ University , the ACS currently has more than 158 , 000 members at all degree levels and in all fields of chemistry , chemical engineering , and related fields . It is the world ' s largest scientific society by membership . The ACS is a 501 ( c )( 3 ) non - profit organization and holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Its headquarters are located in Washington , D . C ., and it has a large concentration of staff in Columbus , Ohio . Physics ( from , from " phúsis " " nature ") is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time , along with related concepts such as energy and force . One of the ___MASK36___ fundamental scientific disciplines , the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves . Appalachia is a cultural region in the Eastern United States that stretches from the Southern Tier of ___MASK73___ to northern Alabama , Mississippi and Georgia . While the Appalachian Mountains stretch from Belle Isle ( Newfoundland and Labrador ) in Canada to Cheaha Mountain in Alabama , the cultural region of Appalachia typically refers only to the central and southern portions of the range . As of the 2010 United States Census , the region was home to approximately 25 million people . In physics , energy is the property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on  or to heat  the object , and can be converted in form , but not created or destroyed . The SI unit of energy is the joule , which is the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 ___MASK35___ . In academic publishing , a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science , usually by reporting new research . There are thousands of scientific journals in publication , and many more have been published at various points in the past ( see list of scientific journals ). ___MASK36___ journals are highly specialized , although some of the oldest journals such as " Nature " publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields . Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed , in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal ' s standards of quality , and scientific validity . If the journal ' s editor considers the paper appropriate , at least two researchers preferably from the same field check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument , and must agree to publish it . Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines , they are actually quite different . Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually , as one would read a magazine . The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method . If they are describing experiments or calculations , they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results . Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record . A terrestrial planet , telluric planet , or rocky planet is a planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals . Within the Solar System , the terrestrial planets are the inner planets closest to the Sun , i . e . Mercury , ___MASK63___ , Earth , and Mars . The terms " terrestrial planet " and " telluric planet " are derived from Latin words for Earth (" Terra " and " Tellus "), as these planets are , in terms of composition , " Earth - like ". Ancient Greek includes the forms of Greek used in ancient ___MASK89___ and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD . It is often roughly divided into the Archaic period ( 9th to 6th centuries BC ), Classical period ( 5th and 4th centuries BC ), and Hellenistic period ( 3rd century BC to the 6th century AD ). It is antedated in the second millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek . ___MASK20___ ( ___MASK20___ German : " Pennsylvaani "), officially the Commonwealth of ___MASK20___ , is a state located in the northeastern and Mid - Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The commonwealth borders ___MASK18___ to the southeast , ___MASK1___ to the south , ___MASK94___ to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , ___MASK73___ to the north , and New Jersey to the east . George Frederick Barker ( 1835 -- 1910 ) was an American physician and scientist . He graduated at the Yale Scientific School in 1858 . He was successively chemical assistant in ___MASK62___ Medical School in 1858 -- 1859 and 1860 -- 1861 , professor of chemistry and geology in Wheaton ( Ill . ) College . In 1864 he became the Professor of Natural Science at the Western University of ___MASK20___ , now known as the University of ___MASK15___ , where he undertook experiments to produce electric light by passing the current through a resisting filament which he claimed was `` the first steady electric light generated in ___MASK15___ , if not in the country '' . He subsequently went to Yale as a professor of physiological chemistry and toxicology , and later was a professor of physics at the University of ___MASK20___ , in 1879 -- 1900 , when he became emeritus professor . He served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1879 ; president of the American Chemical Society ; vice - president of the American Philosophical Society for 10 years ; a member of the United States Electrical Commission ; and for several years an associate editor of the American Journal of Science . He lectured in many cities and wrote a Text - Book of Elementary Chemistry ( 1870 ) ; a Physics ( 1892 ) ; etc . ___MASK4___ is the capital and largest city of the U . S . state of ___MASK53___ . It is the 15th largest city in the United States , with a population of 850 , 106 ( 2015 estimate ). It is the core city of the ___MASK4___ , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ), which encompasses a ten county area . It is ___MASK53___ ' s third largest metropolitan area , behind Cleveland and ___MASK3___ . A profession is a vocation founded upon specialized educational training , the purpose of which is to supply disinterested objective counsel and service to others , for a direct and definite compensation , wholly apart from expectation of other business gain . The term is a truncation of the term " ___MASK26___ profession ", which is , in turn , an Anglicization of the French term " profession libérale ". Originally borrowed by English users in the 19th century , it has been ___MASK8___ - borrowed by international users from the late 20th , though the ( upper - middle ) class overtones of the term do not seem to survive retranslation : " ___MASK26___ professions " are , according to the European Union ' s Directive on Recognition of Professional Qualifications ( 2005 / 36 / EC ) " those practiced on the basis of relevant professional qualifications in a personal , responsible and professionally independent capacity by those providing intellectual and conceptual services in the interest of the client and the public ". The Association of American Universities ( AAU ) is an international organization of leading research universities devoted to maintaining a strong system of academic research and education . It consists of 60 universities in the United States ( both public and private ) and two universities in ___MASK58___ . ___MASK53___ is an Eastern state in the ___MASK67___ region of the United States . ___MASK53___ is the 34th largest by area , the 7th most populous , and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 United States . The state ' s capital and largest city is Columbus . Toxicology ( from the Ancient Greek words  " toxikos " " poisonous " and  " logos ") is a branch of biology , chemistry , and medicine ( more specifically pharmacology ) concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms . It also studies the harmful effects of chemical , biological and physical agents in biological systems that establishes the extent of damage in living organisms . The relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism is of high significance in toxicology . Factors that influence chemical toxicity include the dosage ( and whether it is acute or chronic ); the route of exposure , the species , age , sex and environment . Emeritus , in its current usage , is an adjective used to designate a retired professor , pastor , ___MASK95___ , pope , president , prime minister , or other person . Professor ( commonly abbreviated as " prof .") is an academic rank at universities and other post - secondary education and research institutions in ___MASK36___ countries . Literally , " professor " derives from Latin as a " person who professes " being usually an expert in arts or sciences , a teacher of the highest rank . The American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) is an American international non - profit organization with the stated goals of promoting cooperation among scientists , defending scientific ___MASK16___ , encouraging scientific responsibility , and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity . It is the world ' s largest general scientific society , with over 120 , 000 members , and is the publisher of the well - known scientific journal " Science ," which had a weekly circulation of 138 , 549 in 2008 . The ___MASK40___ Mountain Range  also spelled Alleghany , Allegany and , informally , the Alleghenies  is part of the vast Appalachian Mountain Range of the eastern United States and Canada where it posed a significant barrier to land travel in less technologically advanced eras . It is a barrier range that has a northeast  southwest orientation and runs for about 400 miles ( 640 km ) from north - central ___MASK20___ , through western Maryland and eastern ___MASK94___ , to southwestern Virginia .