instance_of pragati legislature party
The Licence Raj or Permit Raj (" rj ", meaning " ___MASK34___ " in ___MASK64___ ) was the elaborate ___MASK25___ of licences , regulations and accompanying red tape that were required to set up and run businesses in India between 1947 and 1990 . A ___MASK47___ is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government . The party agrees on some proposed policies and programmes , with a view to promoting the collective good or furthering their supporters ' interests . Jawaharlal Nehru ( 14 ___MASK87___ 1889  27 May 1964 ) was the first Prime Minister of ___MASK81___ and a central figure in Indian politics before and after independence . He emerged as the paramount leader of the Indian ___MASK79___ under the tutelage of Mahatma Gandhi and ruled ___MASK81___ from its establishment as an independent nation in 1947 until his death in 1964 . He is considered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation - state : a sovereign , socialist , secular , and democratic republic . He was also known as Pandit Nehru due to his roots with the Kashmiri Pandit community while many Indian children knew him as " Uncle Nehru " (" Chacha " Nehru ). A ___MASK69___ is the elected ___MASK13___ of ___MASK94___ of a sub - national ( e . g ., constituent federal ) entity . Examples include : Provinces Governor of Federal states in Nepal ; a state ( and sometimes a union territory ) in India ; a territory of Australia ; provinces of Sri Lanka or Pakistan ; Philippine autonomous regions ; or a ___MASK48___ that has attained self - governance . It is also used as the English version of the title given to the heads of governments of the Malay states without a monarchy . ___MASK81___ , officially the ___MASK16___ of ___MASK81___ (" Bhrat Gaarjya "), is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh - largest country by area , the second - most populous country ( with over ___MASK52___ . 2 billion people ), and the most populous democracy in the world . It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian ___MASK91___ on the southwest , and the ___MASK39___ of Bengal on the southeast . It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the northeast ; and Myanmar ( Burma ) and Bangladesh to the east . In the Indian Ocean , ___MASK81___ is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives . ___MASK81___ ' s Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Its capital is New Delhi ; other metropolises include Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai , Bangalore , Hyderabad and Ahmedabad . The Swatantra ___MASK62___ was an Indian conservative ___MASK47___ that existed from 1959 to 1974 . It was founded by C . Rajagopalachari in reaction to what he felt was the Jawaharlal Nehru - dominated Indian National Congress ' s increasingly socialist and statist outlook . Swatantra (" Freedom ") stood for a market - based economy with the " Licence Raj " dismantled , although it opposed " laissez faire " policies . The party was thus favoured by some traders and industrialists , but at the state - level its leadership was dominated by the traditional privileged classes such as " zamindars " ( feudal landlords ) and erstwhile princes . Located on the Right of the Indian political spectrum Swatantra was not a communal party ; its membership was not restricted on the basis of religion , unlike the Hindu - nationalist Bharatiya Jana Sangh . In 1960 , Rajagopalachari and his colleagues drafted a 21 - point manifesto detailing why Swatantra had to be formed , even though they were hitherto Congressmen and associates of Nehru during the struggle for independence . The Prime Minister was highly critical of Swatantra , dubbing the party as belonging to " the middle ages of lords , castles and zamindars ". Pragati Legislature ___MASK62___ , a political grouping in the Legislative Assembly of the Indian ___MASK17___ Orissa . PLP was formed in 1973 by the Utkal ___MASK36___ , Swatantra ___MASK62___ and others . The PLP leader Biju Patnaik , was elected as the Leader of the Opposition of the Assembly on February 9 , 1973 . His tenure as Leader of Opposition lasted until March 3 the same year . On that date President ' s Rule was introduced in the ___MASK17___ . PLP and its member organizations later merged into Bharatiya Lok Dal in the end of 1974 . Utkal ___MASK36___ was a ___MASK47___ in the Indian state of Odisha . UC was formed in 1969 when Biju Patnaik left Indian National ___MASK36___ . After the 1971 Odisha elections UC took part in the Biswanath Das ministry in the state . In 1977 Utkal ___MASK36___ merged into Janata Party . The Bharatiya Jana Sangh ( BJS ), commonly known as the Jan Sangh , was an Indian nationalist ___MASK47___ that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ), a Hindu right - wing organisation . In 1977 , it merged with several other left , centre and right parties opposed to rule of the Indian National Congress and formed the Janata Party . After the Janata Party split in 1980 , it was re - formed as the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) in 1980 , which is currently India ' s largest ___MASK47___ by primary membership and representation in Lok Sabha . Chakravarti Rajagopalachari ( 10 ___MASK96___ 1878  25 ___MASK96___ 1972 ) informally called Rajaji or C . R ., was an Indian politician , independence activist , lawyer , writer and statesman . Rajagopalachari was the last Governor - General of India . He also served as leader of the Indian National Congress , Premier of the Madras Presidency , Governor of West Bengal , Minister for Home Affairs of the Indian Union and Chief Minister of Madras state . Rajagopalachari founded the Swatantra Party and was one of the first recipients of India ' s highest civilian award , the Bharat Ratna . He vehemently opposed the use of nuclear weapons and was a proponent of world peace and disarmament . During his lifetime , he also acquired the nickname ' Mango of Krishnagiri '. The Janata ___MASK62___ ( JP or JNP ) ( translation : ___MASK97___ ' s ___MASK62___ ) was an amalgam of Indian political parties opposed to the ___MASK61___ that was imposed between ___MASK50___ and 1977 by the ___MASK94___ of India under the Prime Ministership of Indira Gandhi and her party , the Indian National ___MASK36___ ( R ). In the ___MASK46___ held after the end of the state of emergency in 1977 , the Janata party defeated ___MASK36___ ( R ) to form the first non - ___MASK36___ government in the history of the Republic of India . The Indian National ___MASK36___ ( INC , often called ___MASK36___ ), is one of two major political parties in ___MASK81___ ; the other being the Bharatiya Janata Party . Bijayananda Patnaik , popularly known as Biju Patnaik ( 5 ___MASK44___ 1916  17 ___MASK65___ 1997 ) was an Indian ___MASK3___ and ___MASK69___ of Odisha for two terms . Also revered by many in Odisha as Sher - e - Utkal "( trans . Lion of Odisha )" Odisha ( formerly Orissa ) (() is one of the 29 states of ___MASK81___ , located in the eastern coast . It is surrounded by the states of West Bengal to the north - east , Jharkhand to the north , Chhattisgarh to the west and north - west , Andhra Pradesh and Telangana to the south and south - west . Odisha has of coastline along the ___MASK39___ of Bengal on its east , from Balasore to Malkangiri . It is the 9th largest state by area , and the 3rd largest by tribal population . Odia ( formerly known as " Oriya ") is the official and most widely spoken language , spoken by 33 . 2 million according to the 2001 Census . A zamindar in the Indian ___MASK59___ was an aristocrat . The ___MASK95___ means " land owner " in Persian . Typically hereditary , zamindars held enormous tracts of land and control over their peasants , from whom they reserved the right to collect ___MASK6___ on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes . Their families carried surnames of lordship , such as Chowdhury , Khan , Sardar , Malik , Thakur , Wadero , Reddy , Thevar and Naidu . In the 19th and 20th centuries , many wealthy and influential zamindars were bestowed with princely and royal titles such as Maharaja ( Great King ), Raja ( King ) and Nawab ( Prince ). Biswanath Das ( ___MASK44___ 8 , 1889  ___MASK24___ 2 , 1984 ) was an Indian ___MASK3___ . He was the Prime Minister of Odisha ___MASK2___ of British India 1937  39 , the Governor of Uttar Pradesh 1962  67 and later the Chief Minister of Odisha 1971  72 .