country_of_citizenship carpus of antioch
Geminus of Rhodes , was a Greek astronomer and mathematician , who flourished in the 1st century BC . An astronomy work of his , the " Introduction to the Phenomena ", still survives ; it was intended as an introductory astronomy book for students . He also wrote a work on mathematics , of which only fragments quoted by later authors survive . Proclus Lycaeus ( 8 February 412  17 April 485 AD ), called the Successor ( Greek , " Próklos ho Diádokhos "), was a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher , one of the last major Classical philosophers ( see Damascius ). He set forth one of the most elaborate and fully developed systems of Neoplatonism . He stands near the end of the classical development of philosophy , and was very influential on Western medieval philosophy ( Greek and Latin ). Damascius ( 458  after 538 ), known as " the last of the Neoplatonists ," was the last scholarch of the School of ___MASK25___ . He was one of the pagan philosophers persecuted by Justinian in the early 6th century , and was forced for a time to seek refuge in the Persian court , before being allowed back into the Empire . His surviving works consist of three commentaries on the works of Plato , and a metaphysical text entitled " Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles ". Antioch on the Orontes ( also Syrian Antioch ) was an ancient Greco - Roman city on the eastern side of the Orontes River . Its ruins lie near the modern city of Antakya , ___MASK70___ , and lends the modern city its name . A star is a luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity . The nearest star to ___MASK74___ is the Sun . Many other stars are visible to the naked eye from ___MASK74___ during the night , appearing as a multitude of fixed luminous points in the sky due to their immense distance from ___MASK74___ . Historically , the most prominent stars were grouped into constellations and asterisms , the brightest of which gained proper names . Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that identify the known stars and provide standardized stellar designations . However , most of the stars in the Universe , including all stars outside our galaxy , the Milky Way , are invisible to the naked eye from ___MASK74___ . Indeed , most are invisible from ___MASK74___ even through the most powerful telescopes . The Orontes (  ) or Asi ("  ") is a northward flowing river starting in ___MASK97___ and flowing through Syria and Turkey before entering the Mediterranean Sea . An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who concentrates their studies on a specific question or field outside of the scope of ___MASK74___ . They look at stars , planets , moons , comets and galaxies , as well as many other celestial objects  either in observational astronomy , in analyzing the data or in theoretical astronomy . Examples of topics or fields astronomers work on include : planetary science , solar astronomy , the origin or evolution of stars , or the formation of galaxies . There are also related but distinct subjects like physical cosmology which studies the Universe as a whole . Carpus of Antioch was an ancient Greek mathematician . It is not certain when he lived ; he may have lived any time between the 2nd century BC and the 2nd century AD . He wrote on mechanics , astronomy , and geometry . Proclus quotes from an Astronomical Treatise by Carpus concerning whether problems should come before theorems , in which Carpus may ( or may not ) have been criticising Geminus . Proclus also quotes the view of Carpus that `` an angle is a quantity , namely a distance between the lines of surfaces containing it . '' According to Pappus , Carpus made use of mathematics for practical applications . According to Iamblichus , Carpus also constructed a curve for the purpose of squaring the circle , which he calls a curve generated by a double motion . Geometry ( from the ; " geo -" " ___MASK74___ ", "- metron " " measurement ") is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape , size , relative position of figures , and the properties of space . A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer . Euclid (" Eukleids " ; fl . 300 BCE ), sometimes called Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclides of ___MASK93___ , was a Greek mathematician , often referred to as the " father of geometry ". He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I ( 323  283 BCE ). His " Elements " is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics , serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics ( especially geometry ) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century . In the " Elements ", Euclid deduced the principles of what is now called Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms . Euclid also wrote works on perspective , conic sections , spherical geometry , number theory and rigor . Physical cosmology is the study of the largest - scale structures and dynamics of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its origin , structure , evolution , and ultimate fate . Cosmology as a science originated with the Copernican principle , which implies that celestial bodies obey identical physical laws to those on ___MASK74___ , and Newtonian mechanics , which first allowed us to understand those physical laws . Physical cosmology , as it is now understood , began with the development in 1915 of Albert Einstein ' s general theory of relativity , followed by major observational discoveries in the 1920s : first , Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe contains a huge number of external galaxies beyond our own Milky Way ; then , work by Vesto Slipher and others showed that the universe is expanding . These advances made it possible to speculate about the origin of the universe , and allowed the establishment of the Big Bang Theory , by Georges Lemaitre , as the leading cosmological model . A few researchers still advocate a handful of alternative cosmologies ; however , most cosmologists agree that the Big Bang theory explains the observations better . A comet is an icy small Solar System body that , when passing close to the Sun , warms and begins to evolve gasses , a process called outgassing . This produces a visible atmosphere or coma , and sometimes also a tail . These phenomena are due to the effects of solar radiation and the solar wind acting upon the nucleus of the comet . Comet nuclei range from a few hundred metres to tens of kilometres across and are composed of loose collections of ice , dust , and small rocky particles . The coma may be up to 15 times the ___MASK74___ ' s diameter , while the tail may stretch one astronomical unit . If sufficiently bright , a comet may be seen from the ___MASK74___ without the aid of a telescope and may subtend an arc of 30 ° ( 60 Moons ) across the sky . Comets have been observed and recorded since ancient times by many cultures . Ancient ___MASK88___ was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th - 9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity ( AD ). Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era . Roughly three centuries after the Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean ___MASK88___ , Greek urban poleis began to form in the 8th century BC , ushering in the period of Archaic ___MASK88___ and colonization of the Mediterranean Basin . This was followed by the period of Classical ___MASK88___ , an era that began with the Greco - Persian Wars , lasting from the 5th to 4th centuries BC . Due to the conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia , Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea . The Hellenistic period came to an end with the conquests and annexations of the eastern Mediterranean world by the Roman Republic , which established the Roman province of Macedonia in ___MASK27___ , and later the province of Achaea during the ___MASK100___ . In planar geometry , an angle is the figure formed by two rays , called the " sides " of the angle , sharing a common endpoint , called the " vertex " of the angle . Angles formed by two rays lie in a plane , but this plane does not have to be a Euclidean plane . Angles are also formed by the intersection of two planes in Euclidean and other spaces . These are called dihedral angles . Angles formed by the intersection of two curves in a plane are defined as the angle determined by the tangent rays at the point of intersection . Similar statements hold in space , for example , the spherical angle formed by two great circles on a sphere is the dihedral angle between the planes determined by the great circles . Mechanics ( Greek ) is an area of science concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements , and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment . The scientific discipline has its origins in Ancient ___MASK88___ with the writings of Aristotle and Archimedes ( see History of classical mechanics and Timeline of classical mechanics ). During the early modern period , scientists such as Khayaam , Galileo , Kepler , and Newton , laid the foundation for what is now known as classical mechanics . It is a branch of classical physics that deals with particles that are either at rest or are moving with velocities significantly less than the speed of light . It can also be defined as a branch of science which deals with the motion of and forces on objects . ___MASK74___ , otherwise known as the world , is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets . ___MASK70___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK70___ ( Turkish : ), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia , mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe . ___MASK70___ is a democratic , secular , unitary , parliamentary republic with a diverse cultural heritage . ___MASK70___ is bordered by eight countries : ___MASK88___ to the west ; Bulgaria to the northwest ; Georgia to the northeast ; Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east ; and ___MASK10___ and Syria to the south . The Aegean Sea is to the west , the Black Sea to the north , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . The Bosphorus , the Sea of Marmara , and the Dardanelles , which together form the Turkish Straits , divide Thrace and Anatolia ; they also separate Europe and Asia . ___MASK70___ ' s location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history . ___MASK9___ , officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (""), is a country in Western Asia , bordering ___MASK97___ and the Mediterranean Sea to the west , Turkey to the north , ___MASK10___ to the east , Jordan to the south , and Israel to the southwest . ___MASK9___ ' s capital and largest city is Damascus . Archimedes of ___MASK3___ was a Greek mathematician , physicist , engineer , inventor , and astronomer . Although few details of his life are known , he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity . Generally considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time , Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying concepts of infinitesimals and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems , including the area of a circle , the surface area and volume of a sphere , and the area under a parabola . Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena . It applies mathematics , physics , and chemistry , in an effort to explain the origin of those objects and phenomena and their evolution . Objects of interest include planets , moons , stars , galaxies , and comets ; while the phenomena include supernovae explosions , gamma ray bursts , and cosmic microwave background radiation . More generally , all astronomical phenomena that originate outside ___MASK74___ ' s atmosphere are within the purview of astronomy . A related but distinct subject , physical cosmology , is concerned with the study of the Universe as a whole . Neoplatonism is a modern term used to designate a tradition of philosophy that arose in the 3rd century AD and persisted until shortly after the closing of the Platonic Academy in ___MASK25___ in AD 529 by Justinian I . Neoplatonists were heavily influenced by Plato , but also by the Platonic tradition that thrived during the six centuries which separated the first of the Neoplatonists from Plato . Aristotle (" Aristotéls "; 384  322 BC ) was a Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira , Chalkidice , on the northern periphery of Classical ___MASK88___ . His father , Nicomachus , died when Aristotle was a child , whereafter Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian . At seventeen or eighteen years of age , he joined Plato ' s Academy in ___MASK25___ and remained there until the age of thirty - seven ( c . 347 BC ). His writings cover many subjects  including physics , biology , zoology , metaphysics , logic , ethics , aesthetics , poetry , theater , music , rhetoric , linguistics , politics and government  and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy . Shortly after Plato died , Aristotle left ___MASK25___ and , at the request of Philip of Macedon , tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC . Antakya (" Anky " from , " Aniokia " " Antiócheia "), is the seat of the Hatay Province in southern ___MASK70___ .