part_of 3dldf
WEB is a ___MASK68___ programming system created by Donald E . Knuth as the first implementation of what he called " literate programming ": the idea that one could create ___MASK36___ as works of literature , by embedding source code inside descriptive text , rather than the reverse ( as is common practice in most programming languages ), in an order that is convenient for exposition to human readers , rather than in the order demanded by the compiler . Free ___MASK36___ , freedom - respecting ___MASK36___ , or ___MASK36___ libre is computer ___MASK36___ distributed under terms that allow the ___MASK36___ users to run the ___MASK36___ for any purpose as well as to study , change , and distribute the ___MASK36___ and any adapted versions . Free ___MASK36___ is a matter of ___MASK74___ , not price : users , individually or collectively , are free to do what they want with it , including the freedom to redistribute the ___MASK36___ free of charge , or to sell it , or charge for related services such as support or warranty for profit . CWEB is a ___MASK68___ programming system created by Donald Knuth and Silvio Levy as a follow - up to Knuth ' s WEB literate programming system , using the ___MASK67___ programming language ( and to a lesser extent the ___MASK67___ ++ and Java programming languages ) instead of Pascal . Generic programming is a style of ___MASK68___ programming in which algorithms are written in terms of types " to - be - specified - later " that are then " instantiated " when needed for specific types provided as parameters . This approach , pioneered by ML in 1973 , permits writing common functions or types that differ only in the set of types on which they operate when used , thus reducing duplication . Such ___MASK36___ entities are known as " generics " in Ada , Delphi , Eiffel , Java , ___MASK67___ #, F #, Objective - ___MASK67___ , Swift , and Visual Basic . NET ; " parametric polymorphism " in ML , Scala , Haskell ( the Haskell community also uses the term " generic " for a related but somewhat different concept ) and Julia ; " templates " in ___MASK67___ ++ and D ; and " parameterized types " in the influential 1994 book " Design Patterns ". The authors of " Design Patterns " note that this technique , especially when combined with delegation , is very powerful but also quote the following An ___MASK8___ ( OS ) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs . All computer programs , excluding firmware , require an ___MASK8___ to function . ___MASK68___ Modern is the original family of typefaces used by the typesetting program TeX . It was created by Donald Knuth with his Metafont program , and was most recently updated in 1992 . ___MASK68___ Modern , or variants of it , remains very widely used in scientific publishing , especially in disciplines that make frequent use of mathematical notation . ___MASK68___ programming ( often shortened to programming ) is a process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable ___MASK68___ programs . Programming involves activities such as analysis , developing understanding , generating algorithms , verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption , and implementation ( commonly referred to as coding ) of algorithms in a target programming language . Source code is written in one or more programming languages . The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate performing a specific task or solving a given problem . The process of programming thus often requires expertise in many different subjects , including knowledge of the application domain , specialized algorithms , and formal ___MASK38___ . Literate programming is a programming paradigm introduced by Donald Knuth in which a program is given as an explanation of the program ___MASK38___ in a natural language , such as English , interspersed with snippets of macros and traditional source code , from which a compilable source code can be generated . The ___MASK73___ is a free software , mass collaboration project , announced on September 27 , 1983 , by Richard Stallman at MIT . Its aim is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and computing devices , by collaboratively developing and providing software that is based on the following freedom rights : users are free to run the software , share it ( copy , distribute ), study it and modify it . GNU software guarantees these freedom - rights legally ( via its license ), and is therefore free software ; the use of the word " free " always being taken to refer to freedom . A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of ___MASK29___ in his / her ___MASK15___ , typically to solve mathematical problems . ___MASK67___ ++ ( pronounced " cee plus plus ") is a general - purpose programming language . It has imperative , object - oriented and generic programming features , while also providing facilities for low - level memory manipulation . TeX ( or , see below ) is a typesetting ___MASK79___ ( or " formatting ___MASK79___ ") designed and mostly written by Donald Knuth and released in 1978 . Together with the Metafont language for font description and the ___MASK68___ ___MASK55___ of typefaces , TeX was designed with two main goals in mind : to allow anybody to produce high - quality books using minimal effort , and to provide a ___MASK79___ that would give exactly the same results on all computers , at any point in time . TeX is free ___MASK36___ , which has made it more accessible to a wider range of users . ___MASK98___ , officially Leland Stanford Junior University , is a private research university in Stanford , California , adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco . Its campus is one of the largest in the United States . Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere . A ___MASK88___ is a formal ___MASK68___ language designed to communicate instructions to a ___MASK66___ , particularly a ___MASK68___ . Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a ___MASK66___ or to express algorithms . Donald Ervin Knuth (; born ___MASK56___ 10 , 1938 ) is an American ___MASK68___ scientist , mathematician , and professor emeritus at ___MASK98___ . Metafont is a description ___MASK50___ used to define vector fonts . It is also the ___MASK24___ of the interpreter that executes Metafont code , generating the bitmap fonts that can be embedded into e . g . PostScript . Metafont was devised by Donald Knuth as a counterpart to his TeX typesetting ___MASK79___ . In ___MASK68___ ___MASK36___ , a general - purpose programming language is a programming language designed to be used for writing ___MASK36___ in a wide ___MASK100___ of application domains ( a general - purpose language ). In many ways a general - purpose language only has this status because it does not include language constructs designed to be used within a specific application domain ( e . g ., a page description language contains constructs intended to make it easier to write programs that control the layout of text and graphics on a page ). MetaPost refers to both a ___MASK88___ and the interpreter of the MetaPost ___MASK88___ . Both are derived from Donald Knuth ' s Metafont language and interpreter . MetaPost produces diagrams in the PostScript ___MASK88___ from a geometric / algebraic description . The language shares Metafont ' s declarative syntax for manipulating lines , curves , points and geometric transformations . However , In ___MASK25___ , a typeface ( also known as font ___MASK19___ ) is a set of one or more fonts each composed of glyphs that share common design features . Each font of a typeface has a specific weight , style , condensation , width , slant , italicization , ornamentation , and designer or foundry ( and formerly size , in metal fonts ). For example , " ITC Garamond Bold Condensed Italic " means the bold , condensed - width , italic version of ITC Garamond . It is a different font from " ITC Garamond Condensed Italic " and " ITC Garamond Bold Condensed ," but all are fonts within the same typeface , " ITC Garamond ." ITC Garamond is a different typeface from " Adobe Garamond " or " Monotype Garamond ." ( These are all alternative updates or digitisations of the typeface Garamond , originally created in the ___MASK27___ .) There are thousands of different typefaces in existence , with new ones being developed constantly . GNU 3DLDF is a GNU ___MASK36___ package for three - dimensional technical drawing . Currently , its only form of output is MetaPost code . GNU 3DLDF is written in ___MASK67___ ++ using the CWEB package created by Donald Knuth and Silvio Levy . It is intended , among other things , to provide a convenient way of creating 3D graphics for inclusion in TeX documents and to fit in with the `` family '' of programs associated with TeX . It was written by Laurence D . Finston . 3DLDF stands for `` 3D '' plus the initials of the author ( LDF ) . This name was chosen because the author considered it unlikely that it would clash with the name of any other ___MASK36___ package for 3D graphics . In metal typesetting , a font is a particular size , weight and style of a ___MASK51___ . Each font was a matched set of type , one piece ( called a " sort ") for each glyph , and a ___MASK51___ consisting of a range of fonts that shared an overall ___MASK93___ . GNU is an ___MASK8___ and an extensive collection of computer software . GNU is composed wholly of free software , most of which is licensed under the ___MASK73___ ' s own GPL .