country_of_citizenship galdan boshugtu khan
Tibetan Buddhism is the body of Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of ___MASK51___ , the regions surrounding the Himalayas and much of Central Asia . It derives from the latest stages of Indian Buddhism and preserves " the Tantric status quo of eighth - century India ." Tibetan Buddhism aspires to Buddhahood or rainbow body . Dzungaria ( also spelled Zungharia ) is a geographical region in northwest ___MASK95___ corresponding to the northern half of Xinjiang , also known as Beijiang . Bounded by the Tian Shan mountain range to the south and the Altai Mountains to the north , it covers approximately , extending into western Mongolia and eastern Kazakhstan . Formerly the term could cover a wider area , conterminous with the Dzungar Khanate , a state led by the native Oirats in the 18th century which was based in the area . The Kazakhs ( also spelled Kazaks , Qazaqs , , ; the English name is transliterated from Russian ) are a Turkic people who mainly inhabit the southern part of Eastern Europe Ural mountains and northern parts of Central Asia ( largely ___MASK83___ , but also found in parts of Uzbekistan , ___MASK95___ , Russia and Mongolia ), the region also known as Eurasian sub - continent . Kazakh identity is of medieval origin and was strongly shaped by the foundation of the Kazakh Khanate between 1456 and 1465 , when several tribes under the rule of the sultans Zhanibek and Kerey departed from the Khanate of Abu ' l - Khayr Khan . The Han Chinese , Han people or simply Han (  ; pinyin : " Hànzú ", literally " Han ethnicity " or " Han ethnic group "; or  ; pinyin : " Hànrén ", literally " Han people ") are an ethnic group native to East Asia . They constitute approximately 92 % of the population of ___MASK95___ , 95 % of Taiwan ( Han Taiwanese ), 76 % of Singapore , 23 % of Malaysia and about 18 % of the global population . Han Chinese are the world ' s largest ethnic group with over 1 . 3 billion people . The Mongols (" Mongolchuud ") are an East - Central Asian ethnic group native to ___MASK13___ and ___MASK95___ ' s Inner ___MASK13___ Autonomous Region . They also live as minorities in other regions of ___MASK95___ ( e . g . Xinjiang ), as well as in Russia . Mongolian people belonging to the Buryat and Kalmyk subgroups live predominantly in the Russian federal subjects of Buryatia and Kalmykia . Esen Taishi ( d . 1455 ) was a powerful Oirat Taishi and " de facto " ruler of the Northern Yuan in 15th century ___MASK13___ . He is best known for capturing the Zhengtong Emperor of the Ming dynasty in 1450 after the Battle of Tumu Fortress and briefly reuniting the Mongols . The Four Oirat reached the peak of their power under his rule . The ___MASK94___ , officially the Great Yuan , was the empire or ruling dynasty of ___MASK95___ established by Kublai Khan , leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan . Although the Mongols had ruled territories including today ' s North ___MASK95___ for decades , it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style , and the conquest was not complete until 1279 . His ___MASK47___ was , by this point , isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present - day ___MASK95___ and its surrounding areas , including modern Mongolia . It was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of ___MASK95___ and lasted until 1368 , after which its Genghisid rulers returned to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule the Northern ___MASK94___ . Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language , while others only used their native language ( i . e . Mongolian ) and the ' Phags - pa script . Qinghai , formerly known in English as Kokonur , is a province of the People ' s Republic of ___MASK95___ located in the northwest of the country . As one of the largest province - level administrative divisions of ___MASK95___ by area , the province is ranked fourth - largest in size , but has the third - smallest population . The Kagyu , Kagyü , or Kagyud school , also known as the "" Oral Lineage "" or " Whispered Transmission " school , is today regarded as one of six main schools (" chos lugs ") of Himalayan or Tibetan Buddhism , the other five being the Nyingma , Sakya , Jonang , Gelug and Bon . Along with the Sakya and Gelug schools , the Kagyu tradition is classified as one of the Sarma or " New Transmission " schools of Vajrayna founded during the second diffusion of Buddhism into ___MASK51___ ( diffusing the so - called " New Tantras "). It is a Red Hat sect along with the Nyingma and Sakya . The Gelug , Gelug - pa , dGe Lugs Pa , dge - lugs - pa or Dgelugspa is the newest of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism . It was founded by Je Tsongkhapa ( 1357  1419 ), a philosopher and Tibetan religious leader . The first monastery he established was named Ganden , and to this day the Ganden Tripa is the nominal head of the school , though its most influential figure is the Dalai Lama . Allying themselves with the Mongols as a powerful patron , the Gelug emerged as the pre - eminent Buddhist school in ___MASK51___ since the end of the 16th century . The Tümed ( Tumad , " The many or ten thousands " derived from Tumen ) are a Mongol subgroup . They live in Tumed Left Banner , district of Hohhot and Tumed Right Banner , district of Baotou . Most engage in sedentary agriculture , living in mixed communities in the suburbs of Huhhot . Part of them live along Hulun Buir , Inner ___MASK13___ . There are the Tumeds in the soums of Mandal - Ovoo , Bulgan , Tsogt - Ovoo , Tsogttsetsii , Manlai , Khurmen , Bayandalai and Sevrei of Umnugovi Aimag , ___MASK13___ . The classical Mongolian script ( in Mongolian script : " Mongol biig "; in Mongolian Cyrillic :   " Mongol bichig "), also known as Hudum Mongol bichig , was the first writing system created specifically for the Mongolian language , and was the most successful until the introduction of Cyrillic in 1946 . Derived from Sogdian , Mongolian is a true alphabet , with separate letters for consonants and vowels . The Mongolian script has been adapted to write languages such as Oirat and Manchu . Alphabets based on this classical vertical script are used in Inner ___MASK13___ and other parts of ___MASK95___ to this day to write Mongolian , Xibe and , experimentally , Evenki . Choros Erdeniin Galdan ( 1644 -- 1697 , Mongolian :    , IPA : ( kalta bot an ) , in Mongolian script :    Galdan bošotu qaan ) was a Dzungar - Oirat Khan of the Dzungar Khanate . As fourth son of Erdeni Batur , founder of the Dzungar Khanate , Galdan was a descendant of Esen Taishi , the powerful Oirat Khan of the Northern ___MASK94___ who united the western Mongols in the 15th century . Galdan ' s mother Yum Aga was a daughter of Güshi Khan , the first Khoshut - Oirat King of ___MASK51___ . ___MASK67___ (; " ___MASK67___ "), officially the Kyrgyz Republic (" Krgz Respublikas "; " Kyrgyzskaya Respublika "), formerly known as Kirghizia , is a country in Central Asia . Landlocked and mountainous , ___MASK67___ is bordered by ___MASK83___ to the north , Uzbekistan to the west and southwest , Tajikistan to the southwest and ___MASK95___ to the east . Its capital and largest city is Bishkek . ___MASK13___ ( Mongolian : [" Monggol Ulus "] in Mongolian script ; [" Mongol Uls "] in Mongolian Cyrillic ) is a landlocked unitary sovereign state in East Asia . Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of ___MASK62___ , and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state . It is sandwiched between ___MASK95___ to the south and Russia to the north . While it does not share a border with Kazakhstan , ___MASK13___ is separated from it by only . The Dzungar Khanate , also written as the ___MASK17___ , was an Oirat khanate on the Eurasian Steppe . It covered the area called Dzungaria and stretched from the west end of the Great Wall of China to present - day Kazakhstan , and from present - day Kyrgyzstan to southern Siberia . Most of this area today is part of the Xinjiang autonomous region in China , Kazakhstan , and Kyrgyzstan . The Dzungar Khanate was the last major nomadic empire left from the Mongol Empire . Güshi Khan ( also spelled Gushri Khan , 1582  14 January 1655 ) was a Khoshut prince and leader of the ___MASK11___ , who supplanted the Tumed descendants of Altan Khan as the main benefactor of the Dalai Lama and the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism . In 1637 , Güshi Khan defeated a rival Mongol prince Choghtu Khong Tayiji , a Kagyu follower , near Qinghai Lake and established his khanate in ___MASK51___ over the next years . His military assistance to the Gelug school enabled the 5th Dalai Lama to establish political control over ___MASK51___ . Choros or Tsoros was the ruling clan of the Dzungars and Dörbet Oirat and once ruled the whole Four Oirat . They founded the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th century . Their chiefs reckoned their descent from a boy nourished by a sacred tree . Asia is ___MASK40___ ' s largest and most populous continent , located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe . Asia covers an area of , about 30 % of ___MASK40___ ' s total land area and 8 . 7 % of the ___MASK40___ ' s total surface area . The continent , which has long been home to the majority of the human population , was the site of many of the first civilizations . Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population , but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4 . 4 billion people . The Eurasian Steppe , also called the Great Steppe or the steppes , is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands , savannas , and shrublands biome . It stretches from ___MASK58___ , ___MASK7___ through Ukraine , Russia , Kazakhstan , Xinjiang and Mongolia to Manchuria , with one major exclave located mostly in Hungary , the Puszta . The ___MASK34___ , officially the Great Qing , also called the Qing Empire or the Manchu dynasty , was the last imperial dynasty of ___MASK95___ , ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief , abortive restoration in 1917 . It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of ___MASK95___ . The Qing multi - cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state . Erdeni Batur ( in modern Mongolian :  , Erdenebaatar ; d . 1653 ) was a Choros - Oirat prince generally considered to be the founder of the Dzungar Khanate , centered in the Dzungaria region , currently in north - westernmost part of ___MASK95___ . Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso was the Fifth Dalai Lama : a key religious and temporal leader of ___MASK51___ who lived from 1617 to 1682 . Gyatso is credited with unifying all ___MASK51___ after a protracted era of civil wars . As an independent head of state , he established diplomatic relations with ___MASK95___ and other regional countries and also met early European explorers . Gyatso  who wrote 24 volumes ' worth of scholarly and religious works on a wide range of subjects  was the first Dalai Lama to wield effective temporal and spiritual power over all ___MASK51___ , and is often referred to simply as the Great Fifth . Early life . To understand the context within which the Dalai Lama institution came to hold temporal power in ___MASK51___ during the lifetime of the fifth , it may be helpful to review not just the early life of Lobsang Gyatso but also the world into which he was born , as Künga Migyur . The Hui people ( Xiao ' erjing : ; Dungan :  , " Xuejzw ") are a Chinese ethnic group which is composed predominantly of adherents of the Muslim faith and found throughout ___MASK95___ , though they are concentrated mainly in the Northwestern provinces of the country and the Zhongyuan . According to a 2011 census , ___MASK95___ is home to approximately 10 . 5 million Hui people , the majority of whom are Chinese - speaking practitioners of Islam , though some practice other religions . The ___MASK29___ was the ruling dynasty of ___MASK95___  then known as the  for 276 years ( 1368  1644 ) following the collapse of the Mongol - led Yuan dynasty . The Ming , described by some as " one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history ," was the last imperial dynasty in ___MASK95___ ruled by ethnic Han Chinese . Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng ( who established the Shun dynasty , soon replaced by the Manchu - led Qing dynasty ), regimes loyal to the Ming throne  collectively called the Southern Ming  survived until 1683 . The ___MASK3___ ( Mongolian : " Mongolyn Ezent Güren " ; Mongolian Cyrillic :    also (" Horde ") in Russian chronicles ) existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history . Originating in the steppes of Central Asia , the ___MASK3___ eventually stretched from Central Europe to the Sea of Japan , extending northwards into Siberia , eastwards and southwards into the Indian subcontinent , Indochina , and the Iranian plateau , and westwards as far as the Levant and Arabia . The Tibetan Plateau , also known in ___MASK95___ as the Qinghai  Tibet Plateau or the Qingzang Plateau or Himalayan Plateau , is a vast elevated plateau in Central Asia and East Asia , covering most of the Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province in western ___MASK95___ , as well as part of Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir state of India . It stretches approximately north to south and east to west . With an average elevation exceeding , the Tibetan Plateau is sometimes called " the Roof of the World " and is the world ' s highest and largest plateau , with an area of ( about five times the size of Metropolitan France ). Sometimes termed the Third Pole , the Tibetan Plateau contains the headwaters of the drainage basins of most of the streams in surrounding regions . Its tens of thousands of glaciers and other geographical and ecological features serve as a " water tower " storing water and maintaining flow . The impact of global warming on the Tibetan Plateau is of intense scientific interest . The Mongolian language ( in Mongolian script : , '; in Mongolian Cyrillic : , ') is the official language of ___MASK13___ and largest - known member of the Mongolic language family . The number of speakers across all its dialects may be 10 million , including the vast majority of the residents of ___MASK13___ and many of the Mongolian residents of the Inner ___MASK13___ Autonomous Region . In ___MASK13___ , the Khalkha dialect , written in Cyrillic ( and at times in Latin for social networking ), is predominant , while in Inner ___MASK13___ , the language is dialectally more diverse and is written in the traditional Mongolian script . In the discussion of grammar to follow , the variety of Mongolian treated is Standard Khalkha Mongolian ( i . e ., the standard written language as formalized in the writing conventions and in the school grammar ), but much of what is to be said is also valid for vernacular ( spoken ) Khalkha and for other Mongolian dialects , especially Chakhar . Mount Everest , also known in ___MASK92___ as Sagarmth and in ___MASK95___ as Chomolungma /  , is earth ' s highest mountain . Its peak is above sea level . Mount Everest is in the Mahalangur Range . The international border between ___MASK95___ ( Tibet Autonomous Region ) and ___MASK92___ runs across Everest ' s summit point . Its massif includes neighbouring peaks Lhotse , ; Nuptse , , and Changtse , . ___MASK83___ ( " Qazaqstan ", " ___MASK83___ "), officially the Republic of ___MASK83___ (" Qazaqstan Respwblïkas " " Respublika ___MASK83___ "), is a transcontinental country in northern Central Asia and Eastern Europe . ___MASK83___ is the world ' s largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest in the world , with an area of . ___MASK83___ is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60 % of the region ' s GDP , primarily through its oil / gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Qinghai Lake , Kokonor ( Mongolian : ) or Tsongon Po ( Tibetan : ) is the largest lake in the People ' s Republic of ___MASK95___ . Located in Qinghai province on an endorheic basin , Qinghai Lake is classified as a saline and alkaline lake . Qinghai Lake has a surface area of ; an average depth of , and a maximum depth of as measured in 2008 . The current Chinese name " Qinghai ," the older Mongolian name " Kokonor ", and the Tibetan name translate to " Green Sea ", " Blue Lake " and " Teal Sea ", respectively . Qinghai Lake is located about west of the provincial capital of Xining ( Tib : Ziling      ) at above sea level in a hollow of the Tibetan plateau . Twenty - three rivers and streams empty into Qinghai Lake , most of them seasonal . Five permanent streams provide 80 % of total influx . The Northern ___MASK94___ , or simply the Northern Yuan , was the Mongol regime based in ___MASK13___ homeland after the fall of the ___MASK94___ in ___MASK95___ in 1368 , until the emergence of the Qing dynasty founded by the Manchus in the 17th century . The Northern ___MASK94___ began with the end of Mongol rule in ___MASK95___ and retreat of the Mongols to the Mongolian steppe , and this period was marked by factional struggles and the often only nominal role of the Great Khan . The SASM / GNC / SRC romanization of Tibetan , commonly known as Tibetan pinyin , is the official transcription system for the Tibetan language in the People ' s Republic of ___MASK95___ for personal names and place names . It is based on the Lhasa dialect of Standard Tibetan and reflects the pronunciation except that it does not mark tone . It is used within ___MASK95___ as an alternative to the Wylie transliteration for writing Tibetan in the Latin script within academic circles ; Wylie transliteration ( with a " v " replacing the apostrophe ) is more commonly used . ___MASK95___ , officially the People ' s Republic of ___MASK95___ ( PRC ), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia . With a population of over 1 . 381 billion , it is the world ' s most populous country . The state is governed by the Communist Party of ___MASK95___ , and its capital is Beijing . It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , five autonomous regions , four direct - controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ), and two mostly self - governing special administrative regions ( Hong Kong and Macau ), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan . The country ' s major urban areas include Shanghai , Guangzhou , Beijing , Chongqing , Shenzhen , Tianjin and Hong Kong . ___MASK95___ is a great power and a major regional power within Asia , and has been characterized as a potential superpower . ___MASK51___ ( Tibetan Pinyin : " boe ", ; / i t  s¹ /) is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa , Qiang , and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people . ___MASK51___ is the highest region on ___MASK40___ , with an average elevation of . The highest elevation in ___MASK51___ is Mount Everest , ___MASK40___ ' s highest mountain , rising 8 , 848 m ( 29 , 029 ft ) above sea level . The Tibetan people are an ethnic group that is native to ___MASK51___ . They number an estimate of 7 . 8 million . Significant Tibetan minorities also live outside of ___MASK51___ Autonomous Region ( TAR ) in ___MASK95___ , and in India , Nepal , and Bhutan . Lhoba ( Lo , Klo , Glo ) is any of a diverse amalgamation of Sino - Tibetan - speaking tribespeople living in and around Pemako , a region in southeastern ___MASK51___ including Mainling , Medog , Zayü counties of Nyingchi Prefecture and Lhünzê County of Lhoka ( Shannan ) Prefecture . The term is of obscure , though probably Standard Tibetan , in origin and is largely promulgated by the Chinese government , which officially recognises Lhoba as one of the 56 ethnic groups in ___MASK95___ . Siberia is an extensive geographical region , and by the broadest definition is also known as North Asia . Siberia has historically been a part of ___MASK61___ since the 17th century . The Dörbet (" Dörwd " " Dörwöd ", , lit . "" the Fours "" also known in English as the " Derbet ") is the second largest subgroup of Mongol people in modern ___MASK13___ and was formerly one of the major tribes of the Four Oirat confederation in the 15th - 18th centuries . In early times , the Dörbet and the Dzungars were ruled by collateral branches of the Choros . The Dörbets are distributed among the western provinces of ___MASK13___ , Kalmykia , and in a small portion in Heilongjiang , ___MASK95___ . In modern - day ___MASK13___ , the Dörbets are centered in Uvs Province . The Khoshut ( Mongolian :  , Hod , literally " bannermen ," from Middle Mongolian " qosighu " " flag , banner ") are one of the four major tribes of the Oirat people . Originally , Khoshuuds were one of the Khorchin tribes in southeastern ___MASK13___ , but in the mid - 15th century they migrated to western ___MASK13___ to become an ally of Oirats to counter central Mongolian military power . Their ruling family Galwas was the Hasarid - Khorchins who were deported by the Western Mongols . Inner ___MASK13___ ( Mongolian : [" Öbür Monggol "] in Mongolian script , and " Övör Mongol " in Mongolian Cyrillic ), officially Inner ___MASK13___ Autonomous Region or Nei Mongol Autonomous Region , is an autonomous region of the People ' s Republic of ___MASK95___ , located in the north of the country , containing most of ___MASK95___ ' s border with ___MASK13___ ( the rest of the ___MASK95___ - ___MASK13___ border is taken up by the Xinjiang autonomous region and Gansu province ) and a small section of the border with Russia . Its capital is Hohhot , and other major cities include Baotou , Chifeng , and Ordos .