instance_of abo blood group system
Proteins ( or ) are large biomolecules , or macromolecules , consisting of one or more long chains of amino ___MASK24___ residues . Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms , including catalysing metabolic reactions , DNA replication , responding to stimuli , and transporting molecules from one ___MASK33___ to another . Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids , which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes , and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three - dimensional ___MASK82___ that determines its activity . ___MASK98___ ___MASK12___ is a soft ___MASK12___ that composes muscles in animal bodies , and gives rise to muscles ' ability to ___MASK17___ . This is opposed to other components or tissues in muscle such as tendons or perimysium . It is formed during embryonic development through a process known as myogenesis . Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains ( glycans ) covalently attached to polypeptide ___MASK52___ - chains . The carbohydrate is attached to the ___MASK74___ in a cotranslational or ___MASK53___ . This process is known as glycosylation . Secreted extracellular proteins are often glycosylated . The International ___MASK61___ of Blood Transfusion ( ISBT ) is a ___MASK35___ , founded in 1935 , which aims to promote the study of blood transfusion , and to spread the know - how about the manner in which blood transfusion medicine and science best can serve the patient ' s interests . The society ' s central office is in Amsterdam , and there are around 1700 members in 97 countries . Currently , the President is Mr . Ravi Reddy . In immunology , an ___MASK25___ is a ___MASK90___ capable of inducing an immune response on the part of the host organism , though sometimes antigens can be part of the host itself . In other words , an ___MASK25___ is any substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it . Each antibody is specifically produced by the immune system to match an ___MASK25___ after cells in the immune system come into contact with it ; this allows a precise identification of the ___MASK25___ and the initiation of a tailored response . The antibody is said to " match " the ___MASK25___ in the sense that it can bind to it thanks to adaptations performed to a region of the antibody ; because of this , many different antibodies can be produced , with specificity to bind many different antigens while sharing the same basic structure . In most cases , an antibody can only bind one specific ___MASK25___ ; in some instances , however , antibodies may bind more than one ___MASK25___ . ___MASK76___ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an ___MASK76___ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient , to replace a damaged or missing ___MASK76___ . The donor and recipient ___MASK37___ be at the same ___MASK33___ , or organs ___MASK37___ be transported from a donor site to another ___MASK33___ . Organs and / or tissues that are transplanted within the same person ' s body are called autografts . Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allografts . Allografts can either be from a living or cadaveric source . The blood vessels are the ___MASK56___ of the circulatory ___MASK97___ that transports blood throughout the ___MASK85___ . There are three major types of blood vessels : the arteries , which carry the blood away from the heart ; the capillaries , which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues ; and the veins , which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart . The word " vascular ", meaning relating to the blood vessels , is derived from the Latin " vas ", meaning vessel . A few structures ( such as cartilage and the lens of the eye ) do not contain blood vessels and are labeled . The ABO blood ___MASK21___ ___MASK97___ is the most important blood type ___MASK97___ ( or blood ___MASK21___ ___MASK97___ ) in human blood transfusion . Found on platelets , epithelium , and cells other than erythrocytes , AB antigens ( as with other serotypes ) can also cause an adverse immune response to organ transplantation . The associated anti - A and anti - B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies , which are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances , such as food , bacteria , and viruses . ABO blood types are also present in some other animals , for example rodents and apes , such as chimpanzees , bonobos , and gorillas . Nervous ___MASK12___ or Nerve ___MASK12___ is the main ___MASK12___ component of the two parts of the nervous ___MASK97___ ; the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous ___MASK97___ ( CNS ), and the branching peripheral nerves of the peripheral nervous ___MASK97___ ( PNS ), which regulates and controls bodily functions and activity . It is composed of neurons , or nerve cells , which receive and transmit impulses , and neuroglia , also known as glial cells or more commonly as just " glia " ( from the Greek , meaning glue ), which assist the propagation of the nerve impulse as well as providing nutrients to the neuron . The ___MASK89___ ___MASK18___ is defined by International Society of Blood Transfusion as systems in the human species where cell - surface antigens  in particular , those on blood cells  are " controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them ", and include the common ABO and Rh - ( Rhesus ) antigen systems , as well as many others ; thirty - five major human systems are identified as of November 2014 . In addition to the ABO and Rh systems , the antigens expressed on blood cell membrane surfaces include 346 red blood cell antigens and 33 platelet antigens , as defined serologically . The genetic basis for most of these antigens lie in 45 red blood cell and 6 platelet genes . An individual , for example , can be AB RhD positive , and at the same time M and N positive in the MNS system , K positive in the Kell system , and Le or Le positive in the Lewis system , where these and many of the systems are named for patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were first detected . Animals are multicellular , eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia ( also called Metazoa ). The ___MASK31___ kingdom emerged as a basal ___MASK92___ within Apoikozoa as a sister of the choanoflagellates . Sponges are the most basal ___MASK92___ of animals . Animals are motile , meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives . Their body ___MASK20___ eventually becomes fixed as they develop , although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later in their lives . All animals are heterotrophs : they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance . Blood transfusion is generally the ___MASK38___ of receiving blood or blood products into one ' s circulation intravenously . Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood . Early transfusions used whole blood , but modern medical ___MASK63___ commonly uses only components of the blood , such as red blood cells , white blood cells , plasma , clotting factors , and platelets . A blood type ( also called a blood ___MASK21___ ) is a ___MASK59___ of blood based on the presence and absence of antibodies and also based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the ___MASK67___ of red blood cells ( RBCs ). These antigens may be proteins , carbohydrates , glycoproteins , or glycolipids , depending on the blood ___MASK21___ system . Some of these antigens are also present on the ___MASK67___ of other types of cells of various tissues . Several of these red blood cell ___MASK67___ antigens can stem from one allele ( or an alternative version of a ___MASK44___ ) and collectively form a blood ___MASK21___ system . Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents . A total of 35 ___MASK18___ are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion ( ISBT ). The two most important ones are ABO and the RhD antigen ; they determine someone ' s blood type ( A , B , AB and O , with +,  or Null denoting RhD status ). Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic ___MASK75___ . Their role is to maintain stability of the ___MASK39___ and to facilitate cellular recognition . The carbohydrates are found on the outer surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes . They extend from the phospholipid bilayer into the aqueous environment outside the cell where it acts as a recognition site for specific chemicals as well as helping to maintain the stability of the ___MASK39___ and attaching cells to one another to form tissues Platelets , also called thrombocytes ( thromb - + - cyte , " blood clot ___MASK23___ "), are a ___MASK66___ of blood whose function ( along with the coagulation factors ) is to stop bleeding by clumping and clotting blood vessel injuries . Platelets have no ___MASK23___ nucleus : they are fragments of cytoplasm that are derived from the megakaryocytes of the ___MASK34___ marrow , and then enter the circulation . These unactivated platelets are biconvex discoid ( lens - shaped ) structures , 2  3 µm in greatest diameter . Platelets are found only in mammals , whereas in other animals ( e . g . birds , amphibians ) thrombocytes circulate as intact mononuclear cells . Connective ___MASK12___ ( CT ) is one of the four types of biological ___MASK12___ that supports , connects or separates different types of tissues and organs in the body . It develops from the mesoderm . The other three types are epithelial , muscle , and nervous ___MASK12___ . Connective ___MASK12___ is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body , including the nervous ___MASK97___ . In the central nervous ___MASK97___ , the three outer membranes ( the meninges ) that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective ___MASK12___ . A blood ___MASK62___ is any ___MASK66___ of the blood which is collected from a donor for use in a blood transfusion . Whole blood is uncommonly used in transfusion ___MASK8___ ; most blood products consist of specific processed components such as red blood cells , blood plasma , or platelets . A carbohydrate is a biological ___MASK90___ consisting of carbon ( C ), hydrogen ( H ) and oxygen ( O ) atoms , usually with a hydrogen  oxygen atom ratio of 2 : 1 ( as in water ); in other words , with the empirical formula ( where " m " could be different from " n "). Some exceptions exist ; for example , deoxyribose , a sugar component of DNA , has the empirical formula CHO . Carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon ; structurally it is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones . An allele (/ lil /) is the variant form of a given ___MASK44___ . Sometimes , different alleles can result in different observable phenotypic traits , such as different pigmentation . However , most genetic variations result in little or no observable variation . Blood is a ___MASK94___ in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells . Red blood cells ( RBCs ), also called erythrocytes , are the most common type of ___MASK3___ and the vertebrate ' s ___MASK68___ means of delivering oxygen ( O ) to the body tissues  via blood flow through the circulatory system . RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs , or gills of fish , and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body ' s capillaries . In ___MASK86___ , a ___MASK80___ ( abbreviated sp ., with the plural form ___MASK80___ abbreviated spp .) is the basic unit of ___MASK26___ and a taxonomic rank . A ___MASK80___ is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile ___MASK65___ , typically by sexual reproduction . While this definition is often adequate , looked at more closely it is often problematic . For example , in a ___MASK80___ complex , the boundaries between closely related ___MASK80___ become unclear or disappear altogether . Other ways of defining ___MASK80___ include similarity of DNA , morphology , or ecological niche . The presence of locally adaptive traits may further subdivide ___MASK80___ into infraspecific taxa such as subspecies . Epithelium (" epi -" + " thele " + "- ium ") is one of the ___MASK40___ basic types of animal ___MASK12___ , along with connective ___MASK12___ , muscle ___MASK12___ and nervous ___MASK12___ . Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body .