field_of_work arion
Arion ( / æri . n / ; Greek :  ) was a kitharode in ancient Greece , a Dionysiac ___MASK94___ credited with inventing the dithyramb : `` As a literary composition for chorus dithyramb was the creation of Arion of Corinth , '' The islanders of Lesbos claimed him as their native son , but Arion found a patron in Periander , tyrant of Corinth . Although notable for his musical inventions , Arion is chiefly remembered for the fantastic myth of his kidnapping by pirates and miraculous rescue by dolphins , a folktale motif . Herodotus ( 1 , 23 ) says `` Arion was second to none of the lyre - players in his time and was also the first man we know of to compose and name the dithyramb and teach it in Corinth '' . However J . H . Sleeman observes of the dithyramb , or circular chorus , `` It is first mentioned by Archilochus ( c 665 BC ) ... Arion flourished at least 50 years later ... probably gave it a more artistic form , adding a chorus of 50 people , personating satyrs ... who danced around an altar of Dionysus . He was doubtless the first to introduce the dithyramb into Corinth '' . Arion is also associated with the origins of tragedy : of Solon John the Deacon reports : `` Arion of Methymna first introduced the drama ( i . e . action ) of tragedy , as Solon indicated in his poem entitled Elegies `` . Herodotus (" Hródotos ") was a Greek ___MASK39___ who was born in Halicarnassus in the Persian Empire ( modern - day Bodrum , Turkey ) and lived in the fifth century BC ( 484  425 BC ), a contemporary of Socrates . He is widely referred to as " The Father of ___MASK34___ " ( first conferred by Cicero ); he was the first ___MASK39___ known to have broken from Homeric tradition to treat historical subjects as a method of investigation  specifically , by collecting his materials systematically and critically , and then arranging them into a historiographic narrative . " The Histories " is the only work which he is known to have produced , a record of his " inquiry " ( or " historía ") on the origins of the Greco - Persian Wars , including a wealth of geographical and ethnographical information . Some of his stories were fanciful and others inaccurate ; yet he states that he was reporting only what was told to him and was often correct in his information . Despite Herodotus ' historical significance , little is known of his personal ___MASK34___ . A ___MASK94___ is a person who writes ___MASK65___ . Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others . A ___MASK94___ may simply be a ___MASK75___ of ___MASK65___ , or may perform their art to an audience . Turkey , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : ), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia , mainly in Anatolia in Western ___MASK92___ , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe . Turkey is a democratic , secular , unitary , parliamentary republic with a diverse ___MASK17___ . Turkey is bordered by eight countries : Greece to the west ; Bulgaria to the northwest ; Georgia to the northeast ; Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east ; and Iraq and Syria to the south . The Aegean Sea is to the west , the Black Sea to the north , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . The Bosphorus , the Sea of Marmara , and the Dardanelles , which together form the Turkish Straits , divide Thrace and Anatolia ; they also separate Europe and ___MASK92___ . Turkey ' s location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history . Periander ( died c . 587 BC ), was the Second Tyrant of the Cypselid dynasty that ruled over Corinth . Periander  s rule brought about a prosperous time in Corinth  s ___MASK34___ , as his administrative skill made Corinth one of the wealthiest city states in Greece . Several accounts state that Periander was a cruel and harsh ruler , but others claim that he was a fair and just king who worked to ensure that the distribution of wealth in Corinth was more or less even . He is often considered one of the Seven Sages of Greece , men of the 6th century BC who were renowned for centuries for their wisdom . ( The other Sages were most often considered to be Thales , Solon , Cleobulus , Chilon , Bias , and Pittacus .) Bodrum is a district and a port city in Mula Province , in the southwestern Aegean Region of Turkey . It is located on the southern coast of Bodrum Peninsula , at a point that checks the entry into the Gulf of Gökova , and is also the center of the eponymous district . The city was called Halicarnassus of Caria in ancient times and was famous for housing the Mausoleum of Mausolus , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Bodrum Castle , built by the Knights Hospitaller in the 15th century , overlooks the harbour and the marina . The castle grounds include a ___MASK55___ of Underwater ___MASK12___ and hosts several cultural festivals throughout the year . The city had a population of 36 , 317 in 2012 . Plato ( Greek : " Plátn ", in Classical Attic ; 428 / 427 or 424 / 423  348 / 347 BCE ) was a ___MASK81___ in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens , the first institution of higher learning in the Western world . He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy , especially the Western tradition . Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries , Plato ' s entire " œuvre " is believed to have survived intact for over 2 , 400 years . The Roman Empire ( Koine and Medieval Greek :    , tr . ) was the post - Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , ___MASK64___ and ___MASK92___ . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around 500 AD , and the Empire ' s populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world ' s population at the time ). The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar ' s adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian ' s power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title " Augustus ", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic . Alexander III of Macedon ( 20 / 21 July 356 BC  10 / 11 June 323 BC ), commonly known as Alexander the Great (" Aléxandros ho Mégas " ), was a king (" basileus ") of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty . Born in Pella in 356 BC , Alexander succeeded his father , Philip II , to the throne at the age of twenty . He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented ___MASK23___ campaign through ___MASK92___ and northeast Africa , and by the age of thirty he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world , stretching from Greece to northwestern India . He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history ' s most successful ___MASK23___ commanders . A tyrant ( Greek , " tyrannos "), in its modern ___MASK86___ usage , is an absolute ruler unrestrained by ___MASK35___ or person , or one who has usurped legitimate sovereignty . Often described as a cruel character , a tyrant defends his position by oppressive means , tending to control almost everything in the state . The original Greek term , however , merely meant an authoritarian sovereign without reference to character , bearing no pejorative connotation during the Archaic and early Classical periods . However , it was clearly a negative word to Plato , a Greek ___MASK81___ , and on account of the decisive influence of philosophy on politics , its negative connotations only increased , continuing into the Hellenistic period . Traditional stories , or stories about traditions , differ from both ___MASK98___ and nonfiction in that the importance of transmitting the story ' s worldview is generally understood to transcend an immediate need to establish its categorization as imaginary or factual . In the academic circles of literature , religion , history , and anthropology , categories of traditional story are important terminology to identify and interpret stories more precisely . Some stories belong in multiple categories and some stories do not fit into any category . In Ancient Rome , a province ( Latin : " provincia ", pl . " provinciae ") was the basic , and , until the Tetrarchy ( 293 AD ), largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire ' s territorial possessions outside of Italy . The word " province " in modern ___MASK86___ has its origins in the term used by the Romans . Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring . As a measure , fertility rate is the number of offspring born per mating pair , individual or population . Fertility differs from fecundity , which is defined as the " potential " for reproduction ( influenced by gamete ___MASK13___ , fertilization and carrying a pregnancy to term ) . A lack of fertility is infertility while a lack of fecundity would be called sterility . The Early ___MASK29___ ( or early medieval period ) marked the start of the ___MASK29___ of European ___MASK34___ , lasting from the 6th to the 10th century C . E . The Early ___MASK29___ followed the decline of the Western Roman Empire and preceded the ___MASK83___ ( c . 10th to 13th centuries ). The Early ___MASK29___ largely overlap with Late Ant1iquity . The term " Late Antiquity " is used to emphasize elements of continuity with the Roman Empire , while " Early ___MASK29___ " is used to emphasize developments characteristic of the later medieval period . The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek ( Hellenic ) ___MASK34___ and Mediterranean ___MASK34___ between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic ___MASK59___ the following year . At this time , Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe , Africa and ___MASK92___ , experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts , exploration , literature , theatre , architecture , music , mathematics , philosophy , and science . It is often considered a period of transition , sometimes even of decadence or degeneration , compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era . The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy , Alexandrian poetry , the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism . Greek Science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes . The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco - Egyptian Serapis , eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism . Roman Greece as described here is the period of Greek ___MASK34___ affecting its subsequent constituent Roman provinces that followed the Roman victory over the Corinthians , at the Battle of Corinth ( 146 BC ), until the adoption of the city of Byzantium by the Emperor Constantine as the capital of the Roman Empire ( as Nova Roma , later Constantinople ) in AD 330 . Solon (" Sóln ", ; BC ) was an Athenian statesman , lawmaker , and ___MASK94___ . He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political , economic , and moral decline in archaic Athens . His reforms failed in the short term , yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian ___MASK72___ . He wrote ___MASK65___ for pleasure , as patriotic propaganda , and in defense of his constitutional reforms . Archilochus (" Arkhilokhos "; c . 680  c . 645 BC ) was a Greek lyric ___MASK94___ from the island of Paros in the Archaic period . He is celebrated for his versatile and innovative use of poetic meters , and is the earliest known Greek author to compose almost entirely on the theme of his own emotions and experiences . Marcus Tullius Cicero ( " Kikern "; 3 January 106 BC  7 December 43 BC ) was a Roman ___MASK81___ , politician , lawyer , orator , political theorist , consul , and constitutionalist . He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order , and is considered one of Rome ' s greatest orators and prose stylists . Central ___MASK92___ or Middle ___MASK92___ is the core region of the Asian continent and stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north . It is also colloquially referred to as " the ' stans " ( as the six countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix "- stan ", meaning " land of ") and is within the scope of the wider Eurasian continent . Mycenaean Greece ( or Mycenaean civilization ) was the last phase of the Bronze Age in Ancient Greece ( c . 1600  1100 BC ). It represents the first advanced civilization in mainland Greece , with its palatial states , urban organization , works of ___MASK3___ and ___MASK33___ system . Among the centers of power that emerged , the most notable were those of Pylos , Tiryns , Midea in the Peloponnese , Orchomenos , Thebes , Athens in Central Greece and Iolcos in Thessaly . The most prominent site was Mycenae , in Argolid , to which the ___MASK1___ of this era owes its name . Mycenaean and Mycenaean - influenced settlements also appeared in Epirus , Macedonia , on islands in the Aegean Sea , on the coast of ___MASK92___ Minor , the Levant , Cyprus and Italy . A civilization , or civilisation ( see spelling differences ), is any complex society characterized by urban development , social stratification , symbolic ___MASK51___ forms ( typically , ___MASK33___ systems ), and a perceived separation from and domination over the ___MASK22___ by a cultural elite . Civilizations are intimately associated with and often further defined by other socio - politico - economic characteristics , including centralization , the domestication of both humans and other organisms , specialization of labour , culturally ingrained ideologies of progress and supremacism , monumental architecture , taxation , societal dependence upon farming as an agricultural practice , and expansionism . Wine ( from Latin " vinum ") is an alcoholic beverage made from fermented grapes . These grapes are generally " Vitis vinifera ," or a hybrid with " Vitis labrusca " or " Vitis rupestris ". Grapes are fermented without the addition of sugars , acids , enzymes , water , or other nutrients . Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide . Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different styles of wine . These variations result from the complex interactions between the biochemical development of the ___MASK58___ , the reactions involved in fermentation , the terroir , and the production process . Many countries enact legal appellations intended to define styles and qualities of wine . These typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes , as well as other aspects of wine production . Homer (, " Hómros ") is the name ascribed by the Ancient Greeks to the semi - legendary ___MASK9___ of the two epic poems , the " Iliad " and the " Odyssey ", the central works of Greek ___MASK79___ . Many accounts of Homer ' s life circulated in classical antiquity , the most widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia , a region of central coastal Anatolia in present - day Turkey . The modern scholarly consensus is that these traditions do not have any historical value . Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek ___MASK34___ from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th - 9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity ( AD ). Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era . Roughly three centuries after the Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece , Greek urban poleis began to form in the 8th century BC , ushering in the period of Archaic Greece and colonization of the Mediterranean Basin . This was followed by the period of Classical Greece , an era that began with the Greco - Persian Wars , lasting from the 5th to 4th centuries BC . Due to the conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia , Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central ___MASK92___ to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea . The Hellenistic period came to an end with the conquests and annexations of the eastern Mediterranean world by the Roman Republic , which established the Roman province of Macedonia in Roman Greece , and later the province of Achaea during the Roman Empire . The Mediterranean Sea ( pronounced ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean , surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land : on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia , on the south by North ___MASK64___ , and on the east by the Levant . The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean , although it is usually identified as a separate body of water . Archaic Greece was the period in Greek ___MASK34___ lasting from the eighth century BC to the second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC , following the Greek Dark Ages and succeeded by the Classical period . The period began with a massive increase in the Greek population and a series of significant changes which rendered the Greek world at the end of the eighth century as entirely unrecognisable from the perspective of the beginning of that century . According to Anthony Snodgrass , the Archaic period in ancient Greece was bounded by two revolutions in the Greek world . It began with a " structural revolution " which " drew the political map of the Greek world " and established the poleis , the distinctively Greek city - states , and ended with the intellectual revolution of the Classical period . A myth is any traditional story consisting of events that are ostensibly historical , though often supernatural , explaining the origins of a cultural practice or natural phenomenon . The word " myth " is derived from the Greek word mythos , which simply means " story ". ___MASK90___ can refer either to the study of myths , or to a body or collection of myths . Myth can mean ' sacred story ', ' traditional narrative ' or ' tale of the gods '. A myth also can be a story to explain why something exists . The Late Bronze Age collapse was a Dark Age transition period in the Aegean Region , Southwestern ___MASK92___ and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age , a transition historians believe was violent , sudden and culturally disruptive . The palace economy of the Aegean Region and Anatolia that characterised the Late Bronze Age broke down to the isolated village cultures of the Greek Dark Ages . The Greek Dark Age , also called Greek Dark Ages , Homeric Age ( named for the fabled ___MASK94___ , Homer ) or Geometric period ( so called after the characteristic Geometric art of the time ), is the period of Greek ___MASK34___ from the end of the Mycenaean palatial civilization around 1100 BC to the first signs of the Greek poleis , city states , in the 9th century BC . Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years ( 5th and 4th centuries BC ) in Greek ___MASK1___ . This Classical period saw the annexation of much of modern - day Greece by the Persian Empire and its subsequent independence . Classical Greece had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire and on the foundations of western civilization . Much of modern Western politics , artistic thought ( architecture , sculpture ), scientific thought , theatre , literature , and ___MASK76___ derives from this period of Greek ___MASK34___ . In the context of the art , architecture , and ___MASK1___ of Ancient Greece , the Classical period , sometimes called the Hellenic period , corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries BC ( the most common dates being the fall of the last Athenian tyrant in 510 BC and the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC ). The Classical period in this sense follows the Archaic period and is in turn succeeded by the Hellenistic period . The Seven Sages ( of Greece ) or Seven Wise Men ( Greek :    , " hoi hepta sophoi "; c . 620  550 BC ) was the title given by ancient Greek tradition to seven early - 6th - century BC philosophers , statesmen , and ___MASK35___ - givers who were renowned in the following centuries for their wisdom . The dithyramb (" dithurambos ") was an ancient Greek ___MASK68___ sung and danced in honor of Dionysus , the god of wine and fertility ; the term was also used as an epithet of the god : Plato , in " The Laws ", while discussing various kinds of music mentions " the birth of Dionysos , called , I think , the dithyramb ." Plato also remarks in the " Republic " that dithyrambs are the clearest example of ___MASK65___ in which the poet is the only speaker . Cleobulus (" Kleoboulos ho Lindios "; fl . 6th century BC ) was a Greek ___MASK94___ and a native of Lindos . He is one of the Seven Sages of Greece . ___MASK65___ ( the term derives from a variant of the Greek term , " poiesis ", " making ") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language  such as phonaesthetics , sound symbolism , and metre  to evoke meanings in addition to , or in place of , the prosaic ostensible meaning . Dionysus (" Dionysos ") is the god of the ___MASK58___ harvest , winemaking and wine , of ritual madness , fertility , theatre and religious ecstasy in ancient Greek ___MASK85___ and myth . Wine played an important role in Greek ___MASK1___ , and the cult of Dionysus was the main religious focus for its unrestrained consumption . He may have been worshipped as early as c . 1500  1100 BC by Mycenean Greeks ; traces of Dionysian - type cult have also been found in ancient Minoan Crete . His origins are uncertain , and his cults took many forms ; some are described by ancient sources as Thracian , others as Greek . In some cults , he arrives from the east , as an Asiatic foreigner ; in others , from Ethiopia in the South . He is a god of epiphany , " the god that comes ", and his " foreignness " as an arriving outsider - god may be inherent and essential to his cults . He is a major , popular figure of Greek mythology and ___MASK85___ , becoming increasingly important over time , and included in some lists of the twelve Olympians , as the last of their number , and the only god born from a mortal mother . His festivals were the driving force behind the development of Greek theatre . A ___MASK68___ is a type of song , usually religious , specifically written for the purpose of adoration or prayer , and typically addressed to a deity or deities , or to a prominent figure or personification . The word " ___MASK68___ " derives from Greek (" hymnos "), which means " a song of praise ". A ___MASK75___ of hymns is known as a hymnodist . The singing of hymns is called hymnody . Collections of hymns are known as hymnals or ___MASK68___ books . Hymns may or may not include instrumental accompaniment . ___MASK90___ refers variously to the collected myths of a group of people or to the study of such myths . Myths are the stories people tell to explain ___MASK78___ , ___MASK34___ and customs .