field_of_work the death of the author
___MASK4___ is the study of various aspects of humans within past and present societies . Social ___MASK4___ and cultural ___MASK4___ study the norms and values of societies . Linguistic ___MASK4___ studies how language affects social life . Biological or physical ___MASK4___ studies the biological development of humans . The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain , Scandinavia , Germany , the Netherlands , Belgium , and France . An epeiric ( or " shelf ") sea on the European continental shelf , it connects to the ocean through the ___MASK57___ Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north . It is more than long and wide , with an area of around . World War I ( WWI or WW1 ), also known as the First World War , or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . More than 70 million ___MASK49___ personnel , including 60 million Europeans , were mobilised in one of the largest wars in ___MASK7___ . Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war ( including the victims of a number of genocides ), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication , and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare . It was one of the deadliest conflicts in ___MASK7___ , and paved the way for major political changes , including revolutions in many of the nations involved . Evaluation is a systematic determination of a subject ' s merit , worth and significance , using criteria governed by a set of standards . It can assist an organization , program , project or any other intervention or initiative to assess any aim , realisable concept / proposal , or any alternative , to help in decision - making ; or to ascertain the degree of achievement or value in regard to the aim and objectives and results of any such ___MASK52___ that has been completed . The primary purpose of evaluation , in addition to gaining insight into prior or existing initiatives , is to enable reflection and assist in the identification of future change . ___MASK95___ , in its broadest sense , is any single body of written works . More restrictively , it is ___MASK70___ considered as an art form , or any single ___MASK70___ deemed to have artistic or intellectual value , often due to deploying language in ways that differ from ordinary usage . Its Latin root " literatura "/" litteratura " ( derived itself from " littera ": " letter " or " handwriting ") was used to refer to all written accounts , though contemporary definitions extend the term to include texts that are spoken or sung ( oral literature ). ___MASK95___ can be classified according to whether it is ___MASK77___ or non - ___MASK77___ and whether it is poetry or prose ; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel , short story or drama ; and works are often categorized according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations ( genre ). A ___MASK11___ is someone who practices philosophy , which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside of either theology or science . The term " ___MASK11___ " comes from the Ancient Greek (" philosophos ") meaning " lover of wisdom ". The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras ( 6th century BC ). Terence Hanbury " Tim " White ( 29 May 1906  17 January 1964 ) was an ___MASK57___ author best known for his sequence of Arthurian novels , " The Once and Future King ", first published together in 1958 . One of his most memorable stories is the first of that series , " The Sword in the Stone ", published as a stand - alone book in 1938 . In ___MASK14___ , anthropology and linguistics , structuralism is the methodology that elements of human culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger , overarching system or structure . It works to uncover the structures that underlie all the things that humans do , think , perceive , and feel . Alternatively , as summarized by ___MASK11___ Simon Blackburn , structuralism is " the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations . These relations constitute a structure , and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract culture ". A critic is a professional who communicates an assessment and an opinion of various forms of creative works such as ___MASK81___ , ___MASK95___ , ___MASK61___ , cinema , theater , ___MASK86___ , architecture , and food . Critics may also take as their subject social or government policy . Critical judgments , whether derived from critical thinking or not , weigh up a range of factors , including an assessment of the extent to which the item under review achieves its purpose and its creator ' s intention and a knowledge of its context . They may also include a positive or negative personal response . Paris ( ___MASK12___ : ) is the capital and most populous city of France . It has an area of and a population in 2013 of 2 , 229 , 621 within its administrative limits . The city is both a commune and department , and forms the centre and headquarters of the Île - de - France , or Paris Region , which has an area of and a population in 2014 of 12 , 005 , 077 , comprising 18 . 2 percent of the population of France . " Le Morte d ' Arthur " was first published in 1485 by William Caxton , and is today perhaps one of the best - known work of Arthurian ___MASK95___ in ___MASK57___ . Many modern Arthurian writers have used Malory as their principal source , including T . H . White in his popular " The Once and Future King " and Tennyson in " The Idylls of the King ". `` The Death of the ___MASK96___ '' ( ___MASK12___ : La mort de l ' auteur ) is a 1967 essay by the ___MASK12___ literary critic and theorist Roland Barthes . Barthes ' s essay argues against traditional literary criticism ' s practice of incorporating the intentions and biographical context of an author in an interpretation of a text , and instead argues that ___MASK70___ and creator are unrelated . The title is a pun on Le Morte d ' Arthur , a 15th - century compilation of smaller Arthurian legend stories , written by several anonymous authors with heavy reinterpretation by the editor , Sir Thomas Malory . As a result , the final text of Le Morte d ' Arthur is ultimately the work of several authors across several centuries , and thus the style of analysis Barthes criticizes in his essay is difficult , if not impossible , to apply . The essay ' s first ___MASK57___ - language publication was in the American journal Aspen , no . 5 - 6 in 1967 ; the ___MASK12___ debut was in the magazine Manteia , no . 5 ( 1968 ) . The essay later appeared in an anthology of Barthes ' s essays , Image - Music - Text ( 1977 ) , a book that also included his `` From Work To Text '' . Roland Gérard Barthes ( 12 November 1915  26 March 1980 ) was a ___MASK12___ literary theorist , ___MASK11___ , linguist , critic , and semiotician . Barthes ' ideas explored a diverse range of fields and he influenced the development of schools of theory including structuralism , semiotics , social theory , design theory , anthropology and post - structuralism . Life . Roland Barthes was born on 12 November 1915 in the town of Cherbourg in Normandy . His father , naval officer Louis Barthes , was killed in a battle during World War I in the North Sea before Barthes ' first birthday . His mother , Henriette Barthes , and his aunt and grandmother raised him in the village of Urt and the city of Bayonne . When Barthes was eleven , his family moved to Paris , though his attachment to his provincial roots would remain strong throughout his life . ___MASK73___ in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for analyzing literature . However , literary scholarship since the 19th century often includes  in addition to , or even instead of ___MASK73___ in the strict sense  considerations of intellectual history , moral philosophy , social prophecy , and other interdisciplinary themes which are of relevance to the way humans interpret meaning . In humanities in modern academia , the latter style of scholarship is an outgrowth of critical theory and is often called simply " theory ." As a consequence , the word " theory " has become an umbrella term for a variety of scholarly approaches to reading texts . Many of these approaches are informed by various strands of Continental philosophy and sociology . Semiotics ( from ) ( also called semiotic studies ; not to be confused with the Saussurean tradition called semiology which is a part of semiotics ) is the study of meaning - making , the study of sign processes and meaningful ___MASK50___ . This includes the study of signs and sign processes ( semiosis ), indication , designation , likeness , analogy , allegory , metonymy , metaphor , symbolism , signification , and ___MASK50___ . Idylls of the King , published between 1859 and 1885 , is a cycle of twelve narrative poems by the ___MASK57___ poet Alfred , Lord Tennyson ( 1809  1892 ; Poet Laureate from 1850 ) which retells the legend of King Arthur , his knights , his love for Guinevere and her tragic betrayal of him , and the rise and fall of Arthur ' s kingdom . The whole work recounts Arthur ' s attempt and failure to lift up mankind and create a perfect kingdom , from his coming to power to his death at the hands of the traitor Mordred . Individual poems detail the deeds of various knights , including Lancelot , Geraint , Galahad , and Balin and Balan , and also Merlin and the Lady of the Lake . There is little transition between Idylls , but the central figure of Arthur links all the stories . The poems were dedicated to the late Albert , Prince Consort . The " Idylls " are written in blank verse . Tennyson ' s descriptions of nature are derived from observations of his own surroundings , collected over the course of many years . The dramatic narratives are not an epic either in structure or tone , but derive elegiac sadness in the style of the idylls of Theocritus . " Idylls of the King " is often read as an allegory of the societal conflicts in Britain during the mid - Victorian era . Normandy ( pronounced , Norman : " Normaundie ", from Old ___MASK12___ " Normanz ", plural of " Normant ", originally from the word for " northman " in several Scandinavian languages ) is one of the regions of France , roughly corresponding to the historical Duchy of Normandy . ___MASK37___ ( or literary studies ) is the study , evaluation , and interpretation of ___MASK95___ . Modern literary criticism is often influenced by ___MASK73___ , which is the philosophical discussion of ___MASK95___ ' s goals and methods . Though the two activities are closely related , literary critics are not always , and have not always been , theorists . William Caxton ( c . 1422  c . 1491 ) was an ___MASK57___ merchant , diplomat , writer and printer . He is thought to be the first Englishman to introduce a printing press into England , in 1476 , and was the first ___MASK57___ retailer of printed books . ___MASK34___ theory refers to understanding the methods , strategies , ___MASK22___ and analysis of the practice of design . Post - structuralism is a label formulated by American academics to denote the heterogeneous works of a series of mid - 20th - century ___MASK12___ and continental philosophers and critical theorists who came to international prominence in the 1960s and 1970s . The Once and Future King is an Arthurian fantasy ___MASK100___ written by Terence Hanbury White . It was first published in 1958 , and is mostly a composite of earlier works written between 1938 and 1941 . The central theme is an ___MASK15___ of human nature regarding power and justice , as the boy Arthur becomes king and attempts to quell the prevalent " might makes right " attitude with his idea of chivalry .