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Réunion (; previously " Île Bourbon ") is an island and region of ___MASK59___ in the Indian Ocean , east of ___MASK39___ and southwest of ___MASK88___ . , it had a population of 844 , 994 . It is the most prosperous island in the Indian Ocean , having the highest GDP per capita in the region . Ancient Greek includes the forms of Greek used in ancient ___MASK3___ and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD . It is often roughly divided into the Archaic period ( 9th to 6th centuries BC ), Classical period ( 5th and 4th centuries BC ), and Hellenistic period ( 3rd century BC to the 6th century AD ). It is antedated in the second millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek . Changuu Island ( also known as Kibandiko , Prison or Quarantine Island ) is a small island 5 . 6 km north - west of Stone Town , Unguja , ___MASK12___ . The island is around 800m long and 230m wide at its broadest point . The island saw use as a prison for rebellious slaves in 1860s and also functioned as a coral mine . The British First Minister of ___MASK12___ , Lloyd Mathews , purchased the island in 1893 and constructed a prison complex there . No prisoners were ever housed on the island and instead it became a quarantine station for yellow fever cases . The station was only occupied for around half of the year and the rest of the time it was a popular holiday destination . More recently the island has become a government - owned tourist resort and houses a collection of endangered Aldabra giant tortoises which were originally a gift from the British governor of the Seychelles . Africa is the ___MASK26___ ' s second - largest and second - most - populous continent . At about 30 . 3 million km² ( 11 . 7 million square miles ) including adjacent islands , it covers 6 % of Earth ' s total surface area and 20 . 4 % of its total land area . With 1 . 1 billion people as of 2013 , it accounts for about 15 % of the ___MASK26___ ' s human population . The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast , the Indian Ocean to the southeast , and the ___MASK66___ to the west . The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos . It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states ( countries ), nine territories and two " de facto " independent states with limited or no recognition . Unguja ( also referred to as ___MASK12___ Island or simply ___MASK12___ , in Ancient Greek Menuthias , "  " - as mentioned in The " Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ", in Greek :     -) is the largest and most populated island of the ___MASK12___ archipelago , in ___MASK22___ . The Aldabra Group are part of the Outer Islands of the ___MASK2___ , lying in the southwest of the island nation , from the capital , Victoria , on Mahé Island . ___MASK56___ , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha is a British Overseas Territory located in the South Atlantic and consisting of the island of ___MASK56___ , ___MASK13___ and the archipelago of Tristan da Cunha . Aedes aegypti , the yellow fever mosquito , is a mosquito that can spread dengue fever , chikungunya , Zika fever , Mayaro and yellow fever viruses , and other diseases . The mosquito can be recognized by white markings on its legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the upper surface of its thorax . This mosquito originated in Africa , but is now found in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the ___MASK26___ . The average wing length of female " Ae . aegypti " mosquitoes varies greatly ( 1 . 67  3 . 83 mm in a Peruvian habitat ). ___MASK39___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK39___ , and previously known as the Malagasy Republic , is an island country in the Indian Ocean , off the coast of Southeast Africa . The nation comprises the island of ___MASK39___ ( the fourth - largest island in the world ), and numerous smaller peripheral islands . Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana , ___MASK39___ split from the Indian peninsula around 88 million years ago , allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation . Consequently , ___MASK39___ is a biodiversity hotspot ; over 90 % of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth . The island ' s diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats . Stone Town , also known as Mji Mkongwe ( Swahili for " old town "), is the old part of ___MASK12___ City , the main city of ___MASK12___ , in ___MASK22___ . ( The newer portion of the city is known as Ng ' ambo , Swahili for ' the other side '). Stone Town is located on the western coast of Unguja , the main island of the ___MASK12___ Archipelago . Former capital of the ___MASK12___ Sultanate , and flourishing centre of the spice trade as well as the slave trade in the 19th century , it retained its importance as the main city of ___MASK12___ during the period of the British protectorate . When Tanganyika and ___MASK12___ joined each other to form the United Republic of ___MASK22___ , ___MASK12___ kept a semi - autonomous status , with Stone Town as its local government seat . The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the ___MASK26___ ' s oceanic divisions , covering ( approximately 20 % of the water on the Earth ' s surface ). It is bounded by Asia on the north , on the west by Africa , on the east by ___MASK20___ , and on the south by the Southern Ocean or , depending on definition , by ___MASK67___ . It is named after the country of India . The Indian Ocean is known as " Ratnkara ", "" the mine of gems "" in ancient Sanskrit literature , and as " Hind Mahsgar ", "" the great Indian sea "", in Hindi . Aedes is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropical and subtropical zones , but now found on all continents except ___MASK67___ . Some species have been spread by human activity . " Aedes albopictus ", a most invasive species , was recently spread to the New World , including the ___MASK93___ , by the used - tire trade . First described and named by German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1818 , the generic name comes from the Ancient Greek  , " ads ", meaning " unpleasant " or " odious ". The type species for " Aedes " is " Aedes cinereus ". Some species of this genus transmit serious diseases , including dengue fever , yellow fever , the Zika virus , and chikungunya . In Polynesia , the species " Aedes polynesiensis " is responsible for the transmission of human lymphatic filariasis . Sir Lloyd William Mathews , ( 7 March 1850  11 October 1901 ) was a British naval officer , politician and abolitionist . Mathews joined the Royal Navy as a cadet at the age of 13 and progressed through the ranks to lieutenant . He was involved with the Third Anglo - Ashanti War of 1873  4 , afterwards being stationed in East Africa for the suppression of the slave trade . In 1877 he was seconded from the navy to Sultan Barghash of ___MASK12___ in order to form a European - style army ; he would remain in the employment of the government of ___MASK12___ for the rest of his life . His army quickly reached 6 , 300 men and was used in several expeditions to suppress the slave trade and rebellions against the ___MASK12___ government . Corals are marine invertebrates in the class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria . They typically live in compact colonies of many identical individual polyps . The group includes the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton . The ___MASK12___ Archipelago consists of several islands lying off the coast of East Africa in the Indian Ocean . There are four main islands , three primary islands with human populations , a fourth coral island that serves as an essential breeding ground for seabirds , plus a number of smaller islets that surround them and an isolated tiny islet . Ng ' ambo ( literally , " The Other Side "; sometimes also referred to as the " New City ") is one of the two main parts comprising ___MASK12___ City , the capital of ___MASK12___ , the other being the historical Stone Town . Ng ' ambo is much larger and more modern than Stone Town , with office buildings and large apartment blocks , as well as slum areas . Ng ' ambo and Stone Town are divided by Creek Road . Tanganyika was a sovereign state that existed from 9 December 1961 until 22 April 1964 , first gaining independence from the ___MASK35___ as a Commonwealth realm , then becoming a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations exactly a year later . After signing the Articles of Union on April 22 , on 26 April 1964 , Tanganyika officially joined with the People ' s Republic of ___MASK12___ and Pemba to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and ___MASK12___ , a new state that changed its name to the United Republic of ___MASK22___ within a year . It was situated between the Indian Ocean and the African Great Lakes of Lake Victoria , Lake Nyasa and Lake Tanganyika . ___MASK99___ is a country that is part of the ___MASK35___ and the island of Great Britain . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3 , 063 , 456 and has a total area of . ___MASK99___ has over of coastline and is largely mountainous , with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . The ___MASK58___ ('), officially the Union of the ___MASK58___ ( Comorian : " Udzima wa Komori ," , '), is a sovereign archipelago island nation in the Indian Ocean located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel off the eastern coast of Africa between northeastern Mozambique and northwestern Madagascar . Other countries near the ___MASK58___ are ___MASK22___ to the northwest and the Seychelles to the northeast . Its capital is Moroni , on Grande Comore . The Union of the ___MASK58___ has three official languages  Comorian , Arabic and French . The religion of the majority of the population is Islam . ___MASK6___ (; Shimaore : " Maore ") is an insular department and region of France officially named " Département de ___MASK6___ ". It consists of a main island , Grande - Terre ( or Maore ), a smaller island , Petite - Terre ( or Pamanzi ), and several islets around these two . The archipelago is located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Southeast Africa , between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique . Aldabra is the ___MASK26___ ' s second - largest coral atoll . It is situated in the Aldabra Group of islands in the Indian Ocean that are part of the Outer Islands of the ___MASK2___ , with a distance of southwest of the capital , Victoria , on Mahé Island . An island or isle is any piece of sub - continental land that is surrounded by water . Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets , skerries , cays or keys . An island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait , and a small island off the coast may be called a holm . A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago , e . g . the ___MASK18___ . The spice trade refers to the trade between historical civilizations in Asia , Northeast Africa and Europe . Spices such as cinnamon , cassia , cardamom , ginger , pepper , and turmeric were known and used in antiquity for commerce in the Eastern ___MASK26___ . These spices found their way into the ___MASK1___ before the beginning of the Christian era , where the true sources of these spices were withheld by the traders and associated with fantastic tales . Early writings and stone age carvings of neolithic age obtained indicates that ___MASK32___ ' s southwest coastal port Muziris , in ___MASK38___ , had established itself as a major spice trade centre from as early as 3000 B . C , which marked the beginning of the spice trade . ___MASK38___ , referred to as the land of spices or as the " Spice Garden of ___MASK32___ ", was the place traders and explorers wanted to reach , including Christopher Columbus , Vasco da Gama , and others . The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the ___MASK35___ ' s naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years War against the kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK ' s armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . Yellow fever is an acute viral disease . In most cases , symptoms include fever , chills , loss of appetite , nausea , muscle pains particularly in the back , and headaches . Symptoms typically improve within five days . In some people within a day of improving , the fever comes back , abdominal pain occurs , and liver damage begins causing yellow skin . If this occurs , the risk of bleeding and kidney problems is also increased . The disease is caused by the yellow fever virus and is spread by the bite of an infected female mosquito . It infects only humans , other primates , and several species of mosquitoes . In cities , it is spread primarily by mosquitoes of the " Aedes aegypti " type . The virus is an RNA virus of the genus " Flavivirus ". The disease may be difficult to tell apart from other illnesses , especially in the early stages . To confirm a suspected case , blood sample testing with polymerase chain reaction is required . A safe and effective vaccine against yellow fever exists and some countries require vaccinations for travelers . Other efforts to prevent infection include reducing the population of the transmitting mosquito . In areas where yellow fever is common and vaccination is uncommon , early diagnosis of cases and immunization of large parts of the population is important to prevent outbreaks . Once infected , management is symptomatic with no specific measures effective against the virus . The second and more severe phase results in death in up to half of people without treatment . Yellow fever causes 200 , 000 infections and 30 , 000 deaths every year , with nearly 90 % of these occurring in Africa . Nearly a billion people live in an area of the ___MASK26___ where the disease is common . It is common in tropical areas of South America and Africa , but not in Asia . Since the 1980s , the number of cases of yellow fever has been increasing . This is believed to be due to fewer people being immune , more people living in cities , people moving frequently , and changing climate . The disease originated in Africa , from where it spread to South America through the slave trade in the 17th century . Since the 17th century , several major outbreaks of the disease have occurred in the Americas , Africa , and Europe . In the 18th and 19th centuries , yellow fever was seen as one of the most dangerous infectious diseases . In 1927 yellow fever virus became the first human virus to be isolated . ___MASK23___ ( Scots : ) is a country that is part of the ___MASK35___ and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain . It shares a border with England to the south , and is otherwise surrounded by the ___MASK66___ , with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south - west . In addition to the mainland , the country is made up of more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . Zanj ( from zang , meaning " Land of the Blacks " ) was a name used by medieval Muslim geographers to refer to both a certain portion of Southeast Africa ( primarily the Swahili Coast ), and to the area ' s Bantu inhabitants . This word is also the origin of the place name " ___MASK12___ ". South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere , mostly in the southern hemisphere , with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere . It is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas , which is the model used in nations that speak Romance languages . The reference to South America instead of other regions ( like Latin America or the Southern Cone ) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics ( in particular , the rise of ___MASK48___ ). ___MASK12___ ( Zanjibr ), is a semi - autonomous part of ___MASK22___ in East Africa . It is composed of the ___MASK12___ Archipelago in the Indian Ocean , off the coast of the mainland , and consists of many small islands and two large ones : Unguja ( the main island , referred to informally as ___MASK12___ ) and Pemba . The capital is ___MASK12___ City , located on the island of Unguja . Its historic centre is Stone Town , which is a World Heritage Site . A ___MASK26___ Heritage Site is a landmark which has been officially recognized by the United Nations , specifically by UNESCO . Sites are selected on the basis of having cultural , historical , scientific or some other form of significance , and they are legally protected by international treaties . UNESCO regards these sites as being important to the collective interests of humanity . ___MASK88___ , officially the Republic of ___MASK88___ , is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about off the southeast coast of the African continent . The country includes the island of ___MASK88___ , Rodrigues [ east ], and the outer islands ( Agaléga , St . Brandon and two disputed territories ). The islands of ___MASK88___ and Rodrigues ( southwest ) form part of the Mascarene Islands , along with nearby Réunion , a French overseas department . The area of the country is 2 , 040 km . The capital and largest city is Port Louis . ___MASK88___ was a British colonial possession from 1810 to 1968 , the year of its independence . The government uses English as the main language . The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea or Periplus of the Red Sea is a Greco - Roman periplus , written in Greek , describing navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice along the coast of the Red Sea , and others along Northeast Africa and the Sindh and South western ___MASK32___ . The text has been ascribed to different dates between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE , but a mid - 1st century date is now the most commonly accepted . While the author is unknown , it is clearly a firsthand description by someone familiar with the area and is nearly unique in providing accurate insights into what the ancient European world knew about the lands around the Indian Ocean . ___MASK22___ , officially the United Republic of ___MASK22___ , is a country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region . Parts of the country are in Southern Africa . It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north ; Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Zambia , Malawi , and Mozambique to the south ; and by the Indian Ocean to the east . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa ' s highest mountain , is in northeastern ___MASK22___ . ___MASK2___ (; French : ), officially the Republic of ___MASK2___ ( Creole : " Repiblik Sesel "), is an archipelago and country in the Indian Ocean . The 115 - island country , whose capital is Victoria , lies east of mainland East Africa . Other nearby island countries and territories include ___MASK58___ , Mayotte ( region of France ), Madagascar , Réunion ( region of France ) and Mauritius to the south . With a population of roughly 92 , 000 , it has the smallest population of any sovereign African country ; however , it does have a larger population than the British overseas territory Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha . An ocean ( the sea of classical antiquity ) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet ' s hydrosphere . On Earth , an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the ___MASK26___ Ocean , which covers almost 71 % of its surface . These are , in descending order by area , the Pacific , Atlantic , Indian , Southern ( ___MASK75___ ), and Arctic Oceans . The word " sea " is often used interchangeably with " ocean " in American English but , strictly speaking , a sea is a body of saline water ( generally a division of the world ocean ) partly or fully enclosed by land . A first minister is one of a variety of terms for the leader of a government cabinet , which is a term currently used to refer to the political leader of a devolved national government , such as the devolved administrations of ___MASK23___ , Wales , and Northern ___MASK51___ , or of a dependent territory . Northern ___MASK51___ (; Ulster Scots : "") is a top - level constituent unit of the ___MASK35___ in the northeast of ___MASK51___ . It is variously described as a country , province , region , or " part " of the ___MASK35___ , amongst other terms . Northern ___MASK51___ shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of ___MASK51___ . In 2011 , its population was 1 , 810 , 863 , constituting about 30 % of the island ' s total population and about 3 % of the UK ' s population . Established by the Northern ___MASK51___ Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement , the Northern ___MASK51___ Assembly holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . Northern ___MASK51___ co - operates with the Republic of ___MASK51___ in some areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to " put forward views and proposals " with " determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments ". Mosquitoes are small , midge - like flies that constitute the family Culicidae . Females of most species are ectoparasites , whose tube - like mouthparts ( called a proboscis ) pierce the hosts ' skin to consume blood . The word " mosquito " ( formed by " mosca " and diminutive "- ito ") is Spanish for " little fly ". Thousands of species feed on the blood of various kinds of hosts , mainly vertebrates , including mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , and even some kinds of fish . Some mosquitoes also attack invertebrates , mainly other arthropods . Though the loss of blood is seldom of any importance to the victim , the saliva of the mosquito often causes an irritating rash that is a serious nuisance . Much more serious though , are the roles of many species of mosquitoes as vectors of diseases . In passing from host to host , some transmit extremely harmful infections such as malaria , yellow fever , Chikungunya , West Nile virus , dengue fever , filariasis , Zika virus and other arboviruses , rendering it the deadliest animal family in the ___MASK26___ . ___MASK12___ City ( or ___MASK12___ Town , often simply referred to as ___MASK12___ ) is the capital and largest city of ___MASK12___ , in ___MASK22___ . It is located on the west coast of Unguja , the main island of the ___MASK12___ Archipelago , roughly due north of Dar es Salaam across the ___MASK12___ Channel . It also serves as the capital of the ___MASK12___ Urban / West Region , and qualifies as a district , formally known as ___MASK12___ Urban District . In 2002 its population was 205 , 870 .