date_of_birth robert j. mcmahon
Kosovo is a disputed territory and partially recognised state in Southeast Europe that declared independence from Serbia in February ___MASK23___ as the Republic of Kosovo . Kosovo is landlocked in the central Balkan Peninsula . Its capital and largest city is Pristina . It is bordered by the Republic of Macedonia and Albania to the south , Montenegro to the west , and the uncontested territory of Serbia to the north and east . While Serbia recognises administration of the territory by Kosovo ' s elected government , it still continues to claim it as its own Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija . Rutherford Birchard Hayes ( October ___MASK70___ , ___MASK16___  January 17 , 1893 ) was the 19th President of the United States ( 1877  81 ). He became President at the end of the Reconstruction Era of the United States through a complex Compromise of 1877 . As President he ended Army support for Republican state governments in the South , promoted civil service reform , and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War and Reconstruction . Columbus is the capital and largest city of the U . S . state of Ohio . It is the 15th largest city in the United States , with a population of ___MASK73___ , 106 ( 2015 estimate ). It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ), which encompasses a ten county area . It is Ohio ' s third largest metropolitan area , behind Cleveland and Cincinnati . The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc ( the Soviet Union and its satellite states ) and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States , its NATO allies and others ). Historians do not fully agree on the dates , but a common timeframe is the period ( the second half of the 20th century ) between ___MASK41___ , the year the Truman Doctrine ( a U . S . policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism ) was announced , and ___MASK8___ , the year the Soviet Union collapsed . Title ___MASK11___ of the United States Code outlines the role of foreign relations and intercourse in the United States Code . World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ), also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from ___MASK71___ to ___MASK95___ , although related conflicts began earlier . It involved the vast majority of the world ' s nations  including all of the great powers  eventually forming two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . It was the most widespread war in history , and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries . In a state of " total war ", the major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources . Marked by mass deaths of civilians , including the Holocaust ( in which approximately 11 million people were killed ) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres ( in which approximately one million were killed , and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities . These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history . The term satellite state designates a country that is formally independent in the world , but under heavy political , economic and military influence or control from another country . The term was coined by analogy to planetary objects orbiting a larger object , such as smaller moons revolving around larger planets , and is used mainly to refer to Central and Eastern European countries of the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War or to Mongolia between ___MASK79___ and ___MASK13___ , for example . As used for Central and Eastern European countries it implies that the countries in question were " satellites " under the hegemony of the Soviet Union . In some contexts it also refers to other countries in the Soviet sphere of influence during the Cold War  such as North Korea ( especially in the years surrounding the Korean War of ___MASK59___  ___MASK51___ ) and Cuba ( particularly after it joined the Comecon in 1972 ). In Western usage , the term has seldom been applied to states other than those in the Soviet orbit . In Soviet usage , the term applied to the states in the orbit of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy . Ohio is an Eastern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States . Ohio is the 34th largest by area , the 7th most populous , and the 10th most densely populated of the ___MASK62___ United States . The state ' s capital and largest city is Columbus . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO '), also called the North Atlantic Alliance , is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on ___MASK70___ April ___MASK74___ . The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party . Three NATO members are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and are officially nuclear - weapon states : the United States , France and the United Kingdom . NATO ' s headquarters are located in Haren , Brussels , Belgium , where the Supreme Allied Commander also resides . Belgium is one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe , the newest of which , Albania and Croatia , joined in April 2009 . An additional 22 countries participate in NATO ' s Partnership for Peace program , with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes . The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70 % of the global total . Members ' defence spending is supposed to amount to 2 % of GDP . The 20th century was a century that began on January ___MASK69___ , 1901 and ended on December 31 , 2000 . It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium . It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s ( sometimes written as 19XX ), which began on January ___MASK69___ , 1900 and ended on December 31 , 1999 . The Ohio State University , commonly referred to as Ohio State or OSU , is a public university in Columbus , Ohio . Founded in ___MASK77___ as a land - grant university and ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of ___MASK29___ , the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College ( Mech ). The college began with a focus on training students in various agricultural and mechanical disciplines but was developed into a comprehensive university under the direction of Governor Rutherford B . Hayes , and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to " The Ohio State University ". It has since grown into the third - largest university campus in the United States . Along with its main campus in Columbus , Ohio State also operates a regional campus system with regional campuses in Lima , Mansfield , Marion , Newark , and Wooster . The United States has formal diplomatic relations with most nations ( all UN member states except for Bhutan , Iran , North Korea and Syria ; additionally , the US have diplomatic relations with the Holy See and with Kosovo ). The United States federal statutes relating to foreign relations can be found in Title ___MASK11___ of the United States Code . The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR " ) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from ___MASK66___ to ___MASK8___ . A union of multiple subnational republics , its government and economy were highly centralized . The Soviet Union was a one - party federation , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital . A land - grant university ( also called land - grant college or land - grant institution ) is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of ___MASK29___ and 1890 . The Ohio General Assembly is the state legislature of the U . S . state of Ohio . It consists of the 99 - member Ohio House of Representatives and the ___MASK81___ - member Ohio Senate . Both houses of the General Assembly meet at the Ohio Statehouse in Columbus . Robert J . McMahon is an American historian of the foreign relations of the United States and a leading scholar of the Cold War . He currently holds the chair of Ralph D . Mershon Distinguished Professor at Ohio State University . Iran (, also , ; ' ), also known as Persia , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (' ), is a sovereign state in Western Asia . It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia , the " de facto " Nagorno - Karabakh Republic , and Azerbaijan ; to the north by the Caspian Sea ; to the northeast by Turkmenistan ; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan ; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman ; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Comprising a land area of , it is the second - largest country in the Middle East and the 18th - largest in the world . With 82 . ___MASK88___ million inhabitants , Iran is the world ' s 17th - most - populous country . It is the only country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline . The country ' s central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , make it of great geostrategic importance . Tehran is the country ' s capital and largest city , as well as its leading economic center . The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy created to counter Soviet geopolitical spread during the Cold War . It was first announced to Congress by President Harry S . Truman on March ___MASK67___ , ___MASK41___ and further developed on July ___MASK67___ , 1948 when he pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey . American military force was usually not involved , but Congress appropriated free gifts of financial aid to support the economies and the military of Greece and Turkey . More generally , the Truman doctrine implied American support for other nations threatened by Soviet communism . The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy , and led , in ___MASK74___ , to the formation of NATO , a military alliance that is still in effect . Historians often use Truman ' s speech to date the start of the Cold War . Truman told Congress that " it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures ." Truman reasoned that because the totalitarian regimes coerced free peoples , they represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States . Truman made the plea amid the crisis of the Greek Civil War ( 1946  49 ). He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid that they urgently needed , they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region . Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals , it was necessary to help both equally even though the threat to Greece was more immediate . Historian Eric Foner argues the Truman Doctrine " set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world , no matter how undemocratic , and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union ."