place_of_birth vivianne crowley
Eleanor " Ray " Bone ( 15 December 1911 - 21 September 2001 ) who also went under the craft name Artemis , was an influential figure in the neopagan religion ___MASK12___ Wicca . She claimed to have been initiated in 1941 by a couple ___MASK12___ hereditary witches in Cumbria . She later met and became friends with Gerald Gardner , and was initiated into Wicca , becoming the High Priestess in one ___MASK12___ his covens . She was a friend ___MASK12___ several important figures in Wicca during the modern Witchcraft revival , including " Dafo ", Jack Bracelin , Patricia Crowther , Doreen Valiente and Idries Shah . Bone was a close confidant ___MASK12___ Gardner ' s initiator Dafo , and she reported that the ___MASK84___ coven was a hereditary coven that followed the old ways ___MASK12___ the Hampshire region , and that they traced their origins to the time ___MASK12___ the death ___MASK12___ King William Rufus in the Norman era . Vivianne Crowley is an author , university lecturer , psychologist , and a High Priestess and teacher ___MASK12___ the Wiccan religion . She was initiated into the London coven ___MASK12___ Alex Sanders ( founder ___MASK12___ the Alexandrian tradition ___MASK12___ Wicca ) at the age ___MASK12___ eighteen , but later joined a Gardnerian coven in the famous Whitecroft line derived from Eleanor Bone , and so she was one ___MASK12___ few people in the seventies to be part ___MASK12___ both traditions . She founded the Wicca Study Group in London in 1988 , and became secretary ___MASK12___ the Pagan Federation the same year . Vivianne Crowley was described as `` very influential in recent developments in Wicca ... She has more ___MASK12___ less captained the bringing together ___MASK12___ the Gardnerian and Alexandrian Traditions through the process ___MASK12___ cross - initiation , where a person is initiated into both Traditions '' . Professor Ronald Hutton also has described Vivianne as `` the closest thing that Britain possessed to an informal successor to Alex Sanders . As an interfaith coordinator for the Federation , she served as the U . K . coordinator ___MASK12___ the Pagan Chaplainry Services for H . M . Prisons . In 1989 , she released her first book Wicca : The Old Religion in the New Age , which is one ___MASK12___ the most valued and widespread books on Wicca . It was revised and updated in 1996 as Wicca : The Old Religion in the New Millennium . Crowley is a Jungian psychologist who lectures on the psychology ___MASK12___ religion at King ' s College London , University ___MASK12___ London . She holds a bachelor ' s degree and Ph . D . in Psychology from the University ___MASK12___ London . She is also the adjunct professor at the Union Institute in Cincinnati , Ohio . ___MASK5___ (; locally ) is a non - metropolitan county in North West ___MASK49___ . The county and ___MASK5___ County Council , its local government , came into existence in 1974 after the passage ___MASK12___ the Local Government Act 1972 . ___MASK5___ ' s county town is Carlisle , in the north ___MASK12___ the county , and the only other major urban area is Barrow - in - Furness on the southwestern tip ___MASK12___ the county . A Craft name , also known as a magical ( or " magickal ") name is a secondary religious name often adopted by practitioners ___MASK12___ Wicca and other forms ___MASK12___ Neopagan witchcraft or magic . Craft names may be adopted as a means ___MASK12___ protecting one ' s privacy ( especially for those who are " in the broom closet "), as an expression ___MASK12___ religious devotion , or as a part ___MASK12___ an initiation ritual . It may also be used as a protective method , as it is believed by some that one ' s " true name " can be used as a taglock , to identify that person for the purpose ___MASK12___ magical activities ( predominantly curses ). ___MASK98___ (; abbreviated Hants , archaically known as the County ___MASK12___ Southampton ) is a county on the southern coast ___MASK12___ England in the United Kingdom . The county town ___MASK12___ ___MASK98___ is Winchester , the former capital city ___MASK12___ England . ___MASK98___ is the most populous ceremonial county in the United Kingdom ( excluding the metropolitan counties ) with almost half ___MASK12___ the county ' s population living within the South ___MASK98___ conurbation which includes the cities ___MASK12___ Southampton and Portsmouth . The larger South ___MASK98___ metropolitan area has a population ___MASK12___ 1 , 547 , 000 . ___MASK98___ is notable for housing the birthplaces ___MASK12___ the Royal Navy , British Army , and Royal Air Force . It is bordered by Dorset to the west , Wiltshire to the north - west , Berkshire to the north , ___MASK29___ to the north - east , and West Sussex to the east . The southern boundary is the coastline ___MASK12___ the English Channel and the Solent , facing the Isle ___MASK12___ Wight . The ___MASK84___ coven were an alleged group of Neopagan witches or Wiccans who met around the area of the ___MASK84___ in southern England during the 1930s and 1940s . According to his own claims , in September 1939 , a British occultist named Gerald Gardner was initiated into the coven , and subsequently used its beliefs and practices as a basis from which he formed the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca . Gardner described some of his experiences with the coven in his published books " Witchcraft Today " ( 1954 ) and " The Meaning of Witchcraft " ( 1959 ), although on the whole revealed little about it , saying he was respecting the privacy of its members . Meanwhile , another occultist , Louis Wilkinson , corroborated Gardner ' s claims by revealing in an interview with the writer Francis X . King that he too had encountered the coven , and expanded on some of the information that Gardner had provided about them . A new religious movement ( NRM ) is a religious community or spiritual group ___MASK12___ modern origins , which has a peripheral place within its society ' s dominant religious culture . NRMs can be novel in origin or part ___MASK12___ a wider religion , in which case they are distinct from pre - existing denominations . Religious studies scholars contextualize the rise ___MASK12___ NRMs in modernity , relating it as a product ___MASK12___ and answer to modern processes ___MASK12___ secularization , globalization , detraditionalization , fragmentation , reflexivity , and individualization . Some NRMs deal with the challenges posed by the modernizing world by embracing individualism whereas others seek tightly knit collective means . Many have their own unique scriptures , while others reinterpret existing texts . Wicca , also termed Pagan Witchcraft , is a contemporary Pagan new religious movement . It was developed in ___MASK49___ during the first half ___MASK12___ the 20th century and was introduced to the public in 1954 by Gerald Gardner , a retired British civil servant . Wicca draws upon a diverse set ___MASK12___ ancient pagan and 20th century hermetic motifs for its theological structure and ritual practices . Idries Shah (, ; 16 June 1924  23 November 1996 ), also known as Idris Shah , né Sayed Idries el - Hashimi ( Arabic :    ) and by the pen name Arkon Daraul , was an author and teacher in the Sufi ___MASK61___ who wrote over three dozen books on topics ranging from psychology and spirituality to travelogues and culture studies . A ritual " is a sequence ___MASK12___ activities involving gestures , words , and objects , performed in a sequestered place , and performed according to set sequence ." Rituals may be prescribed by the traditions ___MASK12___ a community , including a religious community . Rituals are characterized but not defined by formalism , traditionalism , invariance , rule - governance , sacral symbolism , and performance . ___MASK49___ is a country that is part ___MASK12___ the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west . The Irish Sea lies northwest ___MASK12___ ___MASK49___ and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest . ___MASK49___ is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five - eighths ___MASK12___ the island ___MASK12___ Great Britain ( which lies in the North Atlantic ) in its centre and south ; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles ___MASK12___ Scilly , and the Isle ___MASK12___ Wight . Doreen Edith Dominy Valiente ( 4 January 1922  1 September 1999 ) was an English Wiccan who was responsible for writing much ___MASK12___ the early religious liturgy within the tradition ___MASK12___ Gardnerian Wicca . An author and poet , she also published five books dealing with Wicca and related esoteric subjects .