occupation archidamus iii
Archidamus III ( Ancient Greek :    ) , the son of Agesilaus II , was ___MASK4___ of Sparta from 360 BC to 338 BC . While still a prince , he was the eispnelas ( inspirer , or pederastic lover ) of Cleonymus , son of Sphodrias . He interceded with his own father to spare his aites ' father ' s life in a legal matter , an action which further intensified friction between Athens and Sparta . He later led the Spartan forces both before and during his rule . Archidamus headed the force sent to aid the Spartan army after its defeat by the Thebans at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC and was commander later during the fighting in the Peloponnese . He scored a victory over the Arcadians in 367 BC but was in turn defeated by them in 364 BC at Cromnus . In 362 BC he showed great courage in the defense of Sparta against the Theban commander Epaminondas . As ___MASK4___ , Archidamus supported the Phocians against Thebes in the Sacred War of 355 -- 346 . In 346 BC he went to Crete to help Lyttos in their struggle against Knossos in the Foreign War . In 343 BC , the Spartan colony Tarentum asked for Sparta ' s help in the war against the Italic populations , notably the Lucanians . In 342 BC Archidamus arrived in Italy with a fleet and an army and fought against the barbarians , but in 338 BC he was defeated and killed under the walls of Manduria . He was succeeded by his son Agis III , and was also the father of Eudamidas I and another son named Agesilaus . Agesilaus II (" Agesilaos "; c . 444  c . 360 BC ), was a Eurypontid ___MASK4___ of the Ancient Greek city - state of Sparta , ruling from approximately 400 BC to 360 BC , during most of which time he was , in Plutarch ' s words , " as good as thought commander and ___MASK4___ of all Greece ," and was for the whole of it greatly identified with his country ' s deeds and fortunes . Small in stature and lame from birth , Agesilaus became ruler somewhat unexpectedly in his mid - forties . His reign saw successful ___MASK80___ incursions into various states in Asia Minor , as well as successes in the Corinthian War ; although several diplomatic decisions resulted in Sparta becoming increasingly isolated ___MASK2___ to his death at the age of 84 in Cyrenaica . A city - state is a ___MASK100___ state that consists of a city and its dependent territories . Historically , this included cities such as Rome , Athens , Carthage , and the Italian city - states during the Renaissance  but today only a handful of ___MASK100___ city - states exist , with some disagreement as to which are city - states . A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore , Monaco , and Vatican City . Ancient Greek includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD . It is often roughly divided into the Archaic period ( 9th to 6th centuries BC ), Classical period ( 5th and 4th centuries BC ), and Hellenistic period ( 3rd century BC to the 6th century AD ). It is antedated in the second millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek . Sparta ( Doric Greek : ; Attic Greek : ) was a prominent city - state in ancient Greece . In antiquity the city - state was known as Lacedaemon , while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement on the banks of the Eurotas River in Laconia , in south - eastern Peloponnese . Around 650 BC , it rose to become the dominant ___MASK80___ land - power in ancient Greece . Plutarch (" Ploútarkhos ", ; later named , upon becoming a Roman citizen , Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ; c . AD 46  AD 120 ) was a Greek ___MASK24___ and essayist , known primarily for his " Parallel Lives " and " Moralia ". He is classified as a Middle Platonist . Plutarch ' s surviving works were written in Greek , but intended for both Greek and Roman readers . The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek ( Hellenic ) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year . At this time , Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe , Africa and Asia , experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts , exploration , literature , theatre , ___MASK44___ , music , mathematics , philosophy , and ___MASK49___ . It is often considered a period of transition , sometimes even of decadence or degeneration , compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era . The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy , Alexandrian poetry , the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism . Greek ___MASK49___ was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the ___MASK62___ Archimedes . The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco - Egyptian Serapis , eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism . In Greek mythology , Eurotas was a ___MASK4___ of Laconia , the son of ___MASK4___ Myles and grandson of Lelex , eponymous ancestor of the Leleges . He had no male heir , but he did have a daughter Sparta and wife Clete . Eurotas bequeathed the kingdom to Lacedaemon , the son of Taygete , after whom Mount Taygetus is named , and Zeus , according to Pausanias . Lacedaemon married Sparta and renamed the state after his wife . Mycenaean Greek is the most ancient attested form of the Greek language , on the Greek mainland , Crete and Cyprus in Mycenaean Greece ( 16th to 12th centuries BCE ), before the hypothesised Dorian invasion , often cited as the " terminus post quem " for the coming of the Greek language to Greece . The language is preserved in inscriptions in Linear B , a ___MASK26___ first attested on Crete before the 14th century . Most inscriptions are on clay tablets found in Knossos , in central Crete , as well as in Pylos , in the southwest of the Peloponnese . Other tablets have been found at Mycenae itself , Tiryns and Thebes and at Chania , in Western Crete . The language is named after Mycenae , one of the ___MASK57___ centres of Mycenaean Greece .