located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity eiffel tower
The Statue ___MASK65___ ___MASK81___ ( ___MASK81___ Enlightening the World ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on ___MASK81___ Island in ___MASK17___ Harbor in ___MASK17___ City , in the United States . The copper statue , designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , a French sculptor , was built by Gustave Eiffel and dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . It was a gift to the United States from the people ___MASK65___ France . The statue is ___MASK65___ a robed female figure representing Libertas , the Roman goddess , who bears a torch and a " tabula ansata " ( a tablet evoking the law ) upon which is inscribed the date ___MASK65___ the American Declaration ___MASK65___ Independence , July 4 , 1776 . A broken chain lies at her feet . The statue is an icon ___MASK65___ freedom and ___MASK65___ the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Alexandre Gustave Eiffel ( born Bönickhausen ; 15 December 1832  27 December 1923 ) was a French civil engineer and architect . A graduate ___MASK65___ École Centrale Paris , he made his name with various bridges for the French railway network , ___MASK24___ famously the Garabit viaduct . He is best known for the world - famous Eiffel Tower , built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris , and his contribution to building the Statue ___MASK65___ Liberty in ___MASK17___ . After his retirement from engineering , Eiffel focused on research into meteorology and aerodynamics , and making significant contributions in both fields . Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon ( less than 0 . 08 %) content in contrast to cast iron ( 2 . 1 % to 4 %). It is a semi - fused mass ___MASK65___ iron with fibrous slag inclusions ( up to 2 % by weight ) which gives it a " grain " resembling wood , that is visible when it is etched or bent to the point ___MASK65___ failure . Wrought iron is tough , malleable , ductile , corrosion - resistant and easily welded . Before the development ___MASK65___ effective methods ___MASK65___ steelmaking and the availability ___MASK65___ large quantities ___MASK65___ steel , wrought iron was the ___MASK24___ common form ___MASK65___ malleable iron . A wrought product is one that has been mechnically worked by forging , extruding , rolling , hammering , etcetera , to change its form and properties . Wrought iron is a particular worked iron product that is seldom produced today as other cheaper , superior products have substituted . An observation tower is a structure used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range ___MASK65___ vision . They are usually at least tall and made from stone , iron , and wood . Many modern towers are also used as TV towers , restaurants , or churches . The towers first appeared in ___MASK67___ at the end ___MASK65___ the 18th century , and their numbers steadily increased , especially after the invention ___MASK65___ the elevator . The ___MASK66___ is the second largest of the world ' s oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth ' s surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area . It separates the " Old World " from the " New World ". The ___MASK69___ (, , ) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of ___MASK29___ in the southeastern Swiss Alps , forms part of the Swiss - Austrian , Swiss - Liechtenstein , Swiss - German and then the Franco - German border , then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands . The largest city on the river ___MASK69___ is Cologne , Germany , with a population of more than 1 , 050 , 000 people . It is the second - longest river in Central and Western Europe ( after the Danube ), at about , with an average discharge of about . A tower is a tall structure , taller than it is wide , often by a significant margin . Towers are distinguished from masts by their lack ___MASK65___ guy - wires and are therefore , along with tall buildings , self - supporting structures . ___MASK21___ is a city and special " comune " ( named " Roma Capitale ") in Italy . ___MASK21___ is the capital ___MASK65___ Italy and ___MASK65___ the ___MASK36___ region . With 2 , 870 , 336 residents in , it is also the country ' s largest and most populated " comune " and fourth - most populous city in the ___MASK84___ by population within city limits . The Metropolitan City ___MASK65___ ___MASK21___ has a population ___MASK65___ 4 . 3 million residents . The city is located in the central - western portion ___MASK65___ the Italian Peninsula , within ___MASK36___ ( Latium ), along the shores ___MASK65___ Tiber river . The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries ___MASK65___ ___MASK21___ , the only existing example ___MASK65___ a country within a city : for this reason ___MASK21___ has been often defined as capital ___MASK65___ two states . ___MASK68___ (; Niçard , classical norm , or "", nonstandard , ) is the fifth ___MASK24___ populous city in France and the capital of the Alpes - Maritimes " département ". The urban area of ___MASK68___ extends beyond the administrative city limits , with a population of about 1 million on an area of . Located in the ___MASK61___ , on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea , at the foot of the Alps , ___MASK68___ is the second - largest French city on the Mediterranean coast and the second - largest city in the Provence - Alpes - Côte d ' Azur region after Marseille . ___MASK68___ is about 13 kilometres ( 8 miles ) from the principality of ___MASK73___ , and its airport is a gateway to the principality as well . The Eiffel Tower ( / afl tar / EYE - fl TOWR ; French : tour Eiffel ( tu  fl ) listen ) is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in ___MASK2___ , ___MASK30___ . It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel , whose company designed and built the tower . Constructed in 1889 as the entrance to the 1889 World ' s Fair , it was initially criticized by some of ___MASK30___ ' s leading artists and intellectuals for its design , but has become a global cultural icon of ___MASK30___ and one of the ___MASK24___ recognisable structures in the world . The tower is the tallest structure in ___MASK2___ and the ___MASK24___ - visited paid monument in the world : 6 . 98 million people ascended it in 2011 . The tower received its 250 millionth visitor in 2010 . The tower is 324 metres ( 1 , 063 ft ) tall , about the same height as an 81 - storey building . Its base is square , 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on a side . During its construction , the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man - made structure in the world , a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in ___MASK17___ City was built in 1930 . Due to the addition of the aerial at the top of the tower in 1957 , it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5 . 2 metres ( 17 ft ) . Not including broadcast aerials , it is the second - tallest structure in ___MASK30___ , after the Millau Viaduct . The tower has three levels for visitors , with restaurants on the first and second . The top level ' s upper platform is 276 m ( 906 ft ) above the ground , the highest accessible to the public in the ___MASK84___ . Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift ( elevator ) to the first and second levels . The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps , as is the climb from the first level to the second . Although there is a staircase to the top level , it is usually only accessible by lift . The Champ de Mars is a large public greenspace in ___MASK2___ , ___MASK30___ , located in the seventh " arrondissement ", between the Eiffel Tower to the ___MASK4___ and the École Militaire to the southeast . The park is named after the Campus Martius (" Mars Field ") in Rome , a tribute to the Latin name of the Roman God of war . The name also alludes to the fact that the lawns here were formerly used as drilling and marching grounds by the French military . ___MASK30___ , officially the French Republic , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of ___MASK30___ extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the ___MASK69___ to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas ___MASK30___ include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and ___MASK82___ oceans . ___MASK30___ spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi - presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country ' s largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux . ___MASK54___ or ( more archaically ) Lyons ( or ) is a city in east - central France , in the Auvergne - Rhône - Alpes region , about from Paris and from Marseille . Inhabitants of the city are called " Lyonnais ". ___MASK34___ is a city in ___MASK46___ ___MASK30___ , in French Flanders . On the Deûle River , near ___MASK30___ ' s border with Belgium , it is the capital of the Hauts - de - ___MASK30___ region and the prefecture of the ___MASK16___ . Carbon ( from " coal ") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6 . It is nonmetallic and tetravalent  making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds . Three isotopes occur naturally , C and C being stable , while C is a radioactive isotope , decaying with a half - life ___MASK65___ about 5 , 730 years . Carbon is one ___MASK65___ the few elements known since antiquity . The École Militaire (" Military School ") is a vast complex ___MASK65___ buildings housing various military training facilities located in the ___MASK14___ , France , southeast ___MASK65___ the Champ de Mars . ___MASK2___ ( French : ) is the capital and ___MASK24___ populous city of France . It has an area of and a population in 2013 of 2 , 229 , 621 within its administrative limits . The city is both a commune and department , and forms the centre and headquarters of the Île - de - France , or ___MASK2___ Region , which has an area of and a population in 2014 of 12 , 005 , 077 , comprising 18 . 2 percent of the population of France . The Mediterranean Sea ( pronounced ) is a sea connected to the ___MASK66___ , surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land : on the north by Southern ___MASK98___ and ___MASK1___ , on the south by North Africa , and on the east by the Levant . The sea is sometimes considered a part of the ___MASK66___ , although it is usually identified as a separate body of water . Aerodynamics , from Greek  " aer " ( air ) +  ( dynamics ), is a branch ___MASK65___ fluid dynamics concerned with studying the motion ___MASK65___ air , particularly when it interacts with a solid object , such as an airplane wing . Aerodynamics is a sub - field ___MASK65___ fluid dynamics and gas dynamics , and many aspects ___MASK65___ aerodynamics theory are common to these fields . The term " aerodynamics " is often used synonymously with gas dynamics , with the difference being that " gas dynamics " applies to the study ___MASK65___ the motion ___MASK65___ all gases , not limited to air . Formal aerodynamics study in the modern sense began in the eighteenth century , although observations ___MASK65___ fundamental concepts such as aerodynamic drag have been recorded much earlier . ___MASK24___ ___MASK65___ the early efforts in aerodynamics worked towards achieving heavier - than - air flight , which was first demonstrated by Wilbur and Orville Wright in 1903 . Since then , the use ___MASK65___ aerodynamics through mathematical analysis , empirical approximations , wind tunnel experimentation , and computer simulations has formed the scientific basis for ongoing developments in heavier - than - air flight and a number ___MASK65___ other technologies . Recent work in aerodynamics has focused on issues related to compressible flow , turbulence , and boundary layers and has become increasingly computational in nature . ___MASK74___ ( Gascon Occitan : "") is a port city on the Garonne River in the ___MASK27___ department in southwestern France . ___MASK98___ is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia . ___MASK98___ is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the ___MASK71___ , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . To the ___MASK45___ and southeast , ___MASK98___ is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas , and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Yet the non - oceanic borders of ___MASK98___  a concept dating back to classical antiquity  are arbitrary . The primarily physiographic term " continent " as applied to ___MASK98___ also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent ' s current overland boundaries . A transmission tower or power tower ( electricity pylon in the ___MASK86___ , Canada and parts ___MASK65___ ___MASK98___ ) is a tall structure , usually a steel lattice tower , used to support an overhead power line . A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering  the application ___MASK65___ planning , designing , constructing , maintaining , and operating infrastructures while protecting the public and environmental health , as well as improving existing infrastructures that have been neglected . A viaduct is a bridge composed ___MASK65___ several small spans for crossing a valley , gorge , marshland or forming a flyover . The term " viaduct " is derived from the Latin " via " for ___MASK52___ and " ducere ", to lead . The ancient Romans did not use the term ; it is a modern derivation from an analogy with aqueduct . Like the Roman aqueducts , many early viaducts comprised a series ___MASK65___ arches ___MASK65___ roughly equal length . Viaducts may span land , water or both . A republic ( from ) is a sovereign state , country , or government which is organized with a form ___MASK65___ government in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power according to the rule ___MASK65___ law . In modern times , the definition ___MASK65___ a republic commonly refers to a government which excludes a monarch . Currently , 147 ___MASK65___ the world ' s 206 sovereign states use the word " republic " as part ___MASK65___ their official names ; not all ___MASK65___ these are republics in the sense ___MASK65___ having elected governments , nor do all nations with elected governments use the word " republic " in their names . The English Channel (" the Sleeve " [ hence ] " Sea ___MASK65___ Brittany " " British Sea "), also called simply the Channel , is the body ___MASK65___ water that separates southern ___MASK97___ from northern France , and joins the southern part ___MASK65___ the North Sea to the rest ___MASK65___ the Atlantic Ocean . The term cult usually refers to a social group defined by their religious , spiritual , or philosophical beliefs , or common interest in a particular personality , object or goal . The term itself is controversial and has divergent definitions in popular culture and in academia and has been an ongoing source ___MASK65___ contention among scholars across several fields ___MASK65___ study . In the sociological classifications ___MASK65___ religious movements , a cult is a social group with socially deviant or novel beliefs and practices , although this is often unclear . Other researchers present a less - organized picture ___MASK65___ cults on the basis that cults arise spontaneously around novel beliefs and practices . The word " cult " has always been controversial because it is ( in a pejorative sense ) considered a subjective term , used as an " ad hominem " attack against groups with differing doctrines or practices . Cults range in size from local groups with a few members to international organizations with millions . The euro ( sign : €; code : EUR ) is the official currency ___MASK65___ the eurozone , which consists ___MASK65___ 19 ___MASK65___ the member states ___MASK65___ the ___MASK84___ : Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Spain . The currency is also officially used by the institutions ___MASK65___ the ___MASK84___ and four other European countries , as well as unilaterally by two others , and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside ___MASK65___ Europe , a number ___MASK65___ overseas territories ___MASK65___ EU members also use the euro as their currency . The ___MASK70___ Sea is a marginal sea ___MASK65___ the ___MASK66___ located between Great Britain , Scandinavia , ___MASK67___ , the Netherlands , Belgium , and France . An epeiric ( or " shelf ") sea on the European continental shelf , it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north . It is more than long and wide , with an area ___MASK65___ around . Steel is an alloy ___MASK65___ iron and other elements , primarily carbon , that is widely used in construction and other applications because ___MASK65___ its high tensile strength and low cost . Steel ' s base metal is iron , which is able to take on two crystalline forms ( allotropic forms ), body centered cubic and face centered cubic ( FCC ), depending on its temperature . It is the interaction ___MASK65___ those allotropes with the alloying elements , primarily carbon , that gives steel and cast iron their range ___MASK65___ unique properties . In the body - centred cubic arrangement , there is an iron atom in the ___MASK47___ ___MASK65___ each cube , and in the face - centred cubic , there is one at the center ___MASK65___ each ___MASK65___ the six faces ___MASK65___ the cube . Carbon , other elements , and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement ___MASK65___ dislocations that otherwise occur in the crystal lattices ___MASK65___ iron atoms . Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study ___MASK65___ the atmosphere . The study ___MASK65___ meteorology dates back millennia , though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the 18th century . The 19th century saw modest progress in the field after weather observation networks were formed across broad regions . Prior attempts at prediction ___MASK65___ weather depended on historical data . It wasn ' t until after the elucidation ___MASK65___ the laws ___MASK65___ physics and , more particularly , the development ___MASK65___ the computer , allowing for the automated solution ___MASK65___ a great many equations that model the weather , in the latter half ___MASK65___ the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved . A lattice tower or truss tower is a freestanding framework tower . They can be used as electricity transmission towers especially for voltages above 100 kilovolts , as a radio tower ( a self - radiating tower or as a carrier for aerials ) or as an observation tower . An alloy is a mixture ___MASK65___ metals or a mixture ___MASK65___ a metal and another element . Alloys are defined by a metallic bonding character . An alloy may be a solid solution ___MASK65___ metal elements ( a single phase ) or a mixture ___MASK65___ metallic phases ( two or more solutions ). Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined stoichiometry and crystal structure . Zintl phases are also sometimes considered alloys depending on bond types ( see also : Van Arkel - Ketelaar triangle for information on classifying bonding in binary compounds ). ___MASK85___ ( pronounced or ), officially called Guiana , is an overseas department and region of ___MASK30___ , located on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas . It borders ___MASK83___ to the east and south , and Suriname to the west . Its area has a very low population density of only 3 inhabitants per km , with half of its 244 , 118 inhabitants in 2013 living in the metropolitan area of Cayenne , its capital . By land area , it is the second largest region of ___MASK30___ and the largest outermost region within the ___MASK84___ . The Garabit Viaduct (" Viaduc de Garabit " in French ) is a railway arch bridge spanning the ___MASK59___ Truyère near Ruynes - en - Margeride , ___MASK22___ , France , in the mountainous Massif Central region . The bridge was constructed between 1882 and 1884 by Gustave Eiffel , with structural engineering by Maurice Koechlin , and was opened in 1885 . It is in length and has a principal arch of span . Cast iron is a group ___MASK65___ iron - carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2 %. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature . The alloy constituents affect its colour when fractured : white cast iron has carbide impurities which allow cracks to pass straight through ; grey cast iron has graphite flakes which deflect a passing crack and initiate countless new cracks as the material breaks ; ductile cast iron has spherical graphite " nodules " which stop the crack from further progressing . Île - de - ___MASK30___ (, , " Island ___MASK65___ ___MASK30___ "), also known as the " région parisienne " (" Parisian Region "; see Etymology ), is one ___MASK65___ the 18 regions ___MASK65___ ___MASK30___ , and includes the city ___MASK65___ Paris . It covers 12012 square kilometers ( 4638 square miles ), and has its own regional council and president . It has a population ___MASK65___ 12 , 005 , 077 as ___MASK65___ January 2014 , or 18 . 2 percent ___MASK65___ the population ___MASK65___ ___MASK30___ . ___MASK11___ is the capital city ___MASK65___ the southwestern French department ___MASK65___ Haute - Garonne , as well as ___MASK65___ the Occitanie region . The city lies on the ___MASK57___ ___MASK65___ the River Garonne , from the Mediterranean Sea , from the Atlantic Ocean , and from Paris . It is the fourth - largest city in France with 466 , 297 inhabitants in January 2014 . The ___MASK11___ Metro area is , with 1 312 304 inhabitants as ___MASK65___ 2014 , France ' s 4th metropolitan area after Paris , Lyon and Marseille and ahead ___MASK65___ Lille and Bordeaux . Steelmaking is the process for producing steel from iron ore and scrap . In steelmaking , impurities such as nitrogen , silicon , phosphorus , sulfur and excess carbon are removed from the raw iron , and alloying elements such as manganese , nickel , chromium and vanadium are added to produce different grades ___MASK65___ steel . Limiting dissolved gases such as nitrogen and oxygen , and entrained impurities ( termed " inclusions ") in the steel is also important to ensure the quality ___MASK65___ the products cast from the liquid steel . The Campus Martius ( Latin for the " Field ___MASK65___ Mars ", Italian " Campo Marzio "), was a publicly owned area ___MASK65___ ___MASK38___ about in extent . In the Middle Ages , it was the ___MASK24___ populous area ___MASK65___ Rome . The IV rione ___MASK65___ Rome , Campo Marzio , which covers a smaller section ___MASK65___ the original area , bears the same name . Slag is the glass - like by - product left over after a desired metal has been separated ( i . e ., smelted ) from its raw ore . Slag is usually a mixture ___MASK65___ metal oxides and silicon dioxide . However , slags can contain metal sulfides and elemental metals . While slags are generally used to remove waste in metal smelting , they can also serve other purposes , such as assisting in the temperature control ___MASK65___ the smelting , and minimizing any ___MASK92___ - oxidation ___MASK65___ the final liquid metal product before the molten metal is removed from the furnace and used to make solid metal . Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe ( from ) and atomic number 26 . It is a metal in the first transition series . It is by mass the ___MASK24___ common element on Earth , forming much of Earth ' s outer and inner core . It is the fourth ___MASK24___ common element in the Earth ' s crust . Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high - mass stars , where it is the last element to be produced with release of energy before the violent collapse of a supernova , which scatters the iron into space .