parent_taxon cramauchenia
Cramauchenia is an extinct genus member of the litoptern order of South American mammals . Cramauchenia was named by Florentino Ameghino . The name has no literal translation . Instead , it is an anagram of the name of a related genus Macrauchenia . This genus was initially discovered in the Sarmiento Formation in the Chubut Province , in ___MASK23___ , and later it was found in the Chichinales Formation in the Río Negro Province and the Cerro Bandera Formation in Neuquén , also in ___MASK23___ , in sediments assigned to the SALMA Colhuehuapian ( in the Early Miocene ) . In 1981 Soria make to C . insolita a junior synonym of C . normalis . A specimen of C . normalis was described in 2010 from Cabeza Blanca ( Chubut , ___MASK23___ ) in the Sarmiento Formation , in sediments assigned to the Deseadan SALMA ( Upper Oligocene ) . The Andes or Andean Mountains are the longest continental mountain range in the world . They are a continuous range of highlands along the western edge of South America . This range is about long , about wide ( widest between 18 ° south and 20 ° south latitude ), and of an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries : Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , ___MASK23___ and Chile . Ungulates ( pronounced ) are any members of a diverse group of primarily large mammals that includes odd - toed ungulates such as horses and rhinoceroses , and even - toed ungulates such as cattle , pigs , giraffes , camels , ___MASK90___ , and hippopotami . Most terrestrial ungulates use the tips of their toes , usually hoofed , to sustain their whole body weight while moving . The term means , roughly , " being hoofed " or " hoofed animal ". As a descriptive term , " ___MASK99___ " normally excludes cetaceans ( whales , dolphins , porpoises ), as they do not possess most of the typical morphological characteristics of ungulates , but recent discoveries indicate that they are descended from early artiodactyls . Ungulates are typically herbivorous ( though some species are omnivorous , such as pigs ), and many employ specialized gut bacteria to allow them to digest cellulose , as in the case of ruminants . They inhabit a wide range of habitats , from jungles , plains and rivers . Macrauchenia ( name meaning " long llama ", based on the now superseded Latin term for llamas , " Auchenia ", from Greek terms which literally mean " big neck ") was a long - necked and long - limbed , three - toed South American ___MASK99___ ___MASK83___ , typifying the order ___MASK47___ . The oldest fossils date back to around 7 million years ago , and " M . patachonica " disappears from the fossil record during the late Pleistocene , around 20 , 000 - 10 , 000 years ago . " M . patachonica " was the best known member of the family ___MASK58___ , and is known only from fossil finds in South America , primarily from the Lujan Formation in Argentina . The original specimen was discovered by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the " Beagle ". In life , " Macrauchenia " resembled a humpless camel with a short trunk , though it is not closely related to either camels or proboscideans . Mammals are any vertebrates within the class Mammalia ( from Latin " mamma " " breast "), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles and birds by the possession of a neocortex ( a region of the brain ), hair , three middle ear bones and mammary glands . The sister group of mammals may be the extinct " Haldanodon ." The mammals represent the only living Synapsida , which together with the ___MASK30___ form the ___MASK61___ clade . The mammals consist of the Yinotheria including monotrema and the Theriiformes including the theria . The Pampas ( from Quechua " pampa ," meaning " plain ") are fertile South American lowlands , covering more than , that include the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires , ___MASK62___ Pampa , Santa Fe , Entre Ríos and Córdoba ; most of Uruguay ; and the southernmost Brazilian State , Rio Grande do Sul . These vast plains are a natural region only interrupted by the low Ventana and Tandil hills near Bahía Blanca and Tandil ( Argentina ), with a height of and , respectively . Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . As the world ' s fifth - largest country by both ___MASK25___ and population , it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47 . 3 % of the continent ' s land ___MASK25___ . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . The Deseadan age is a period of geologic time ( 29 . 0  21 . 0 Ma ) within the Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with South American Land ___MASK83___ Ages . It follows the Tinguirirican and precedes the Colhuehuapian age . Chubut is a province in southern ___MASK23___ , situated between the 42nd parallel south ( the border with Río Negro Province ), the 46th parallel south ( bordering Santa Cruz Province ), the Andes range to the west , and the Atlantic ocean to the east . The province ' s name derives from the Tehuelche word " chupat ", meaning " transparent ," their description of the Chubut River . Chile , officially the Republic of Chile , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , ___MASK23___ to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about of Antarctica , although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty . Neuquén is the capital city of the Argentine province of Neuquén , located in the east of the province , at the confluence of the Limay and Neuquén rivers . The city and the surrounding ___MASK25___ have a population of more than 340 , 000 , making it the largest city in ___MASK85___ . A genus ( genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology . In the hierarchy of biological classification , genus comes above species and below family . In binomial nomenclature , the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus . The Santacrucian age is a period of geologic time ( 17 . 5  16 . 3 Ma ) within the Miocene epoch of the ___MASK87___ used more specifically with South American Land ___MASK83___ Ages . It follows the Colhuehuapian and precedes the Friasian age . The Tinguirirican age is a period of geologic time ( 36 . 0  29 . 0 Ma ) within the Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with South American Land ___MASK83___ Ages . It follows the Divisaderan and precedes the Deseadan age . In biology , an organism is any contiguous living system , such as an ___MASK98___ , ___MASK95___ , fungus , archaeon , or bacterium . All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli , reproduction , growth and development and homeostasis . An organism consists of one or more cells ; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism ; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism . Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms . Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs . Río Negro (" Black River ") is a province of ___MASK23___ , located at the northern edge of Patagonia . Neighboring provinces are from the south clockwise Chubut , Neuquén , Mendoza , ___MASK62___ Pampa and Buenos Aires . To the east lies the Atlantic Ocean . Uruguay , officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay , is a country in the southeastern region of South America . It borders ___MASK23___ to its west and Brazil to its north and east , with the Río de ___MASK62___ Plata ( River of Silver ) to the south and with the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast . Uruguay is home to an estimated 3 . 42 million people , of whom 1 . 8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city , Montevideo . With an area of approximately , Uruguay is geographically the second - smallest nation in South America , only larger in size than Suriname . The Chubut River is located in the ___MASK85___ region of southern ___MASK23___ . Its name comes from the Tehuelche word " chupat ", which means " transparent ". The Argentine Chubut Province , through which the river flows , is named after it . Welsh settlers called the river " Afon Camwy ," meaning " twisting river " in English . ___MASK58___ is a family in the Litopterna order of extinct South American ungulates , an animal with similarities to the camel and rhinoceros . The reduced nasal bones of their skulls suggest that they may have had a small proboscis , or trunk . Their hooves were similar to those of rhinoceroses today , with a simple ankle joint and three digits on each foot . Thus , they may have been capable of rapid directional change when running away from predators , such as large Phorusrhacid terror birds , sparassodont marsupials , and " Smilodon " saber - toothed cats . Macraucheniids probably lived in large herds to gain protection against these predators , as well as to facilitate finding mates for reproduction . ___MASK23___ , officially the Argentine Republic , is a federal republic in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with its neighbor Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of , ___MASK23___ is the eighth - largest country in the world , the second largest in Latin America , and the largest Spanish - speaking one . The country is subdivided into twenty - three provinces ( singular " provincia ") and one autonomous city (" ciudad autónoma "), Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Bolivia (; ), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country located in western - central South America . It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil , to the southeast by Paraguay , to the south by ___MASK23___ , to the southwest by Chile , and to the northwest by Peru . One - third of the country is the Andean mountain range , with one of its largest cities and principal economic centers , El Alto , located on the Altiplano . Bolivia is one of two landlocked countries ( the other is Paraguay ) that lie outside Afro - Eurasia . Bolivia is the largest landlocked country in the Americas . The Colhuehuapian age is a period of geologic time ( 21 . 0  17 . 5 Ma ) within the Miocene epoch of the ___MASK87___ used more specifically with South American Land ___MASK83___ Ages . It follows the Deseadan and precedes the Santacrucian age . The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world ' s oceans with a total ___MASK25___ of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth ' s surface and about 29 percent of its water surface ___MASK25___ . It separates the " Old World " from the " New World ". The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the ___MASK87___ Period and extends from about ( Ma ). The Miocene was named by Sir Charles Lyell . Its name comes from the Greek words (',  less ) and (',  new ) and means " less recent " because it has 18 % fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene . The Miocene follows the Oligocene Epoch and is followed by the Pliocene Epoch . Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of ___MASK23___ . The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de ___MASK62___ Plata , on the South American continent ' s southeastern coast . " Buenos aires " can be translated as " fair winds " or " good airs ", but the first one was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century , by the use of the original name " Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre ". The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation , which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts , constitutes the fourth - most populous metropolitan area in the Americas , with a population of around 17 million . ___MASK85___ is a sparsely populated region located at the southern end of South America , shared by ___MASK23___ and Chile . The region comprises the southern section of the Andes mountains as well as the deserts , steppes and grasslands east of this southern portion of the Andes . ___MASK85___ has two coasts ; a western one towards the Pacific Ocean and an eastern one towards the Atlantic Ocean . The ___MASK11___ ( from the Greek and the Latin " proboscis ") are a taxonomic order of afrotherian mammals containing one living family , ___MASK86___ , and several extinct families . This order , first described by J . Illiger in 1811 , encompasses the trunked mammals . Later proboscideans are distinguished by tusks and long , muscular trunks ; these features are less developed or absent in early proboscideans . ___MASK11___ may have produced the largest land ___MASK83___ of all time in the form of " Palaeoloxodon namadicus ", which may have weighed up to , with a shoulder height of up to , surpassing several sauropod dinosaurs . ___MASK47___ ( from " smooth heel ") is an extinct order of fossil hoofed mammals ( ungulates ) from the Cenozoic period that displayed toe reduction  three - toed forms developed ; there was even a one - toed horselike form . Binomial nomenclature ( also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature ) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts , both of which use Latin grammatical forms , although they can be based on words from other languages . Such a name is called a binomial name ( which may be shortened to just " binomial "), a binomen or a scientific name ; more informally it is also called a Latin name . The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs ; the second part identifies the species within the genus . For example , humans belong to the genus " ___MASK5___ " and within this genus to the species " ___MASK5___ sapiens ". The " formal " introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus , effectively beginning with his work " Species Plantarum " in 1753 . But Gaspard Bauhin , in as early as 1623 , had introduced in his book " Pinax theatri botanici " ( English , " Illustrated exposition of plants ") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus . " ___MASK56___ " or (  ) is a feminine first name that means " peace " in Arabic . It is also a Persian name (  ) meaning " sweetheart ". People . By surname or second name ( where known ), including bint - or Umm -: Southern Cone is a geographic region composed of the southernmost ___MASK14___ of South America , south of and around the Tropic of Capricorn . Traditionally , it covers Argentina , Chile and Uruguay , bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean , and south to the junction between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans , which is the closest continental area of Antarctica ( 1000 km ). In terms of social and political geography , the Southern Cone comprises Argentina , Chile , Uruguay , Southern Brazil and sometimes Paraguay . Florentino Ameghino ( September 18 , 1854  August 6 , 1911 ) was an Argentine naturalist , paleontologist , anthropologist and zoologist , whose fossil discoveries on the Argentine Pampas , especially on ___MASK85___ , rank with those made in the western United States during the late 19th century . Along with his two brothers  Carlos and Juan  Florentino Ameghino was one of the most important founding figures in South American paleontology . Paraguay , officially the Republic of Paraguay , is a landlocked country in central South America , bordered by ___MASK23___ to the south and southwest , Brazil to the east and northeast , and Bolivia to the northwest . Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River , which runs through the center of the country from north to south . Due to its central location in South America , it is sometimes referred to as " Corazón de Sudamérica " (" Heart of South America "). Paraguay is one of the two landlocked countries ( the other is Bolivia ) that lie outside Afro - Eurasia . Paraguay is the smallest landlocked country in the Americas . The ___MASK87___ is a geologic period and system that spans 20 . 45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( ___MASK38___ ) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period ___MASK38___ . The ___MASK87___ is sub - divided into two epochs , the earlier Miocene and the later Pliocene . Some geologists assert that the ___MASK87___ cannot be clearly delineated from the modern geological period , the Quaternary . The llama ( ___MASK21___ glama ) is a domesticated South American camelid , widely used as a meat and pack animal by Andean cultures since the Pre - Columbian era . A ___MASK12___ is an even - toed ___MASK99___ within the genus Camelus , bearing distinctive fatty deposits known as " humps " on its back . The three surviving species of ___MASK12___ are the dromedary , or one - humped ___MASK12___ (" C . dromedarius "), which inhabits the Middle East and the Horn of Africa ; the Bactrian , or two - humped ___MASK12___ (" C . bactrianus "), which inhabits Central Asia ; and the critically endangered wild Bactrian ___MASK12___ (" C . ferus ") that has limited populations in remote ___MASK14___ of northwest China and Mongolia . Bactrian camels take their name from the historical Bactria region of Central Asia ( Yam & Khomeiri , 2015 ). Both the dromedary and the Bactrian camels have been domesticated ; they provide milk , meat , hair for textiles or goods such as felted pouches , and are working animals with tasks ranging from human transport to bearing loads . The Paleogene ( or ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene ; informally Lower Tertiary ) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago ( ___MASK38___ ) to the beginning of the Neogene Period ___MASK38___ . It is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era of the present Phanerozoic Eon . The Paleogene is most notable for being the time during which mammals diversified from relatively small , simple forms into a large group of diverse animals in the wake of the Cretaceous  Paleogene extinction event that ended the preceding Cretaceous Period .