instance_of neomodern
Robert Charles Venturi , Jr . ( born ___MASK32___ ___MASK73___ , 1925 ) is an American architect , founding ___MASK87___ of the firm Venturi , Scott Brown and Associates , and one of the major architectural figures in the twentieth century . Together with his wife and partner , Denise Scott Brown , he helped to shape the way that architects , planners and students experience and think about architecture and the American built environment . Their buildings , planning , theoretical writings , and teaching have also contributed to the expansion of discourse about architecture . Modern ___MASK79___ or modernist ___MASK79___ is a ___MASK8___ applied to a group of styles of ___MASK79___ which emerged in the first half of the 20th ___MASK78___ and became dominant after World War II . It was based upon new technologies of ___MASK82___ , particularly the use of glass , ___MASK74___ and reinforced concrete ; and upon a rejection of the traditional neoclassical ___MASK79___ and Beaux - Arts styles that were popular in the 19th ___MASK78___ . High - tech ___MASK79___ , also known as Late Modernism or Structural Expressionism , is an ___MASK71___ that emerged in the 1970s , incorporating elements of high - tech industry and technology into building design . High - tech ___MASK79___ appeared as a revamped modernism , an extension of those previous ideas helped by even more technological advances . This category serves as a bridge between modernism and post - modernism ; however , there remain gray areas as to where one category ends and the other begins . In the 1980s , high - tech ___MASK79___ became more difficult to distinguish from post - modern ___MASK79___ . Some of its themes and ideas were later absorbed into the style of Neo - Futurism art and architectural movement . Charles - Édouard Jeanneret , known as Le Corbusier ( ___MASK28___ 6 , 1887  ___MASK33___ 27 , 1965 ), was a Swiss - French architect , designer , painter , urban planner , writer , and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture . He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930 . His career spanned ___MASK83___ decades ; he constructed buildings in Europe , Japan , India , and North and South America . Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a ___MASK45___ paradigm or set of assumptions , but instead draws upon multiple theories , styles , or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject , or applies different theories in particular cases . However , this is often without conventions or rules dictating how or which theories were combined . Neomodern or neomodernist ___MASK98___ is a reaction to the complexity of postmodern ___MASK79___ and eclecticism , seeking greater simplicity . Postmodern ___MASK79___ is a ___MASK15___ or movement which emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against the austerity , formality , and lack of ___MASK38___ of modern ___MASK79___ , particularly in the international ___MASK15___ advocated by Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe . The movement was given a doctrine by the architect and architectural theorist Robert Venturi in his 1966 ___MASK91___ " Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture ". The ___MASK15___ flourished from the 1980s through the 1990s , particularly in the work of Venturi , Philip Johnson , Charles Moore and Michael Graves . In the late 1990s it divided into a multitude of new tendencies , including high - tech ___MASK79___ , neo - classicism and deconstructivism . Deconstructivism is a movement of postmodern ___MASK79___ which appeared in the 1980s , which gives the impression of the fragmentation of the constructed ___MASK47___ . It is characterized by an absence of harmony , continuity , or symmetry . Its name comes from the idea of " Deconstruction ", a form of semiotic analysis developed by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida . Architects whose work is often described as deconstructionism ( though in many cases the architects themselves reject the label ) include Peter Eisenman , Frank Gehry , Zaha Hadid , Rem Koolhaas , Daniel Libeskind , Bernard Tschumi , and Coop Himmelb ( l ) au . Philip Cortelyou Johnson ( ___MASK20___ 8 , 1906  ___MASK31___ ___MASK73___ , 2005 ) was an American architect , best known for his works of Modern architecture , including the Glass House in New Canaan , Connecticut , and his works of postmodern architecture , particularly 550 Madison Avenue ( Formerly the ATT & T Building and then the Sony Building ), designed with John Burgee . In 1978 he was awarded an American Institute of Architects Gold Medal and in 1979 the first Pritzker Architecture Prize . In ___MASK7___ and philosophy , a paradigm is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns , including theories , research methods , postulates , and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a ___MASK61___ . ___MASK79___ ( Latin " architectura ", from the Greek  " arkhitekton " " ___MASK5___ ", from  - " chief " and  " builder ") is both the process and the product of ___MASK39___ , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures . Architectural works , in the material form of buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art . Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements . Ludwig Mies ___MASK80___ der Rohe ( born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies ; March 27 , 1886  ___MASK33___ 17 , 1969 ) was a German - American architect . He is commonly referred to and was addressed as Mies , his surname . Along with Le Corbusier , Walter Gropius and Frank Lloyd Wright , he is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of modernist architecture . Michael Graves ( ___MASK20___ 9 , 1934  March 12 , 2015 ) was an American ___MASK5___ . Identified as one of The New York ___MASK83___ , as well as Memphis Group , Graves was known first for his contemporary building designs and some prominent public commissions that became iconic examples of Postmodern architecture , such as the Portland Building and Denver ___MASK75___ . His recognition grew through designing domestic products sold by premium Italian housewares maker Alessi , and later low - cost new designs at stores such as Target and J . C . Penney in the United States . He was a representative of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture and formerly designed postmodern buildings , and was recognized as a major influence in all three movements .