country_of_citizenship george kodinos
Rhetoric is the art of discourse , wherein a ___MASK11___ or speaker strives to inform , persuade or motivate particular audiences in specific situations . As a subject of formal study and a productive civic practice , rhetoric has played a central role in the European tradition . Its best known definition comes from Aristotle , who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics , and calls it " the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion ." Rhetoric typically provides heuristics for understanding , discovering , and developing arguments for particular situations , such as Aristotle ' s three persuasive audience appeals , logos , pathos , and ethos . The five canons of rhetoric , which trace the traditional tasks in designing a persuasive speech , were first codified in classical Rome : invention , arrangement , style , memory , and delivery . Along with grammar and logic ( or dialectic  see Martianus Capella ), rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse . George Kodinos or Codinus ( Greek :   ) , also Pseudo - Kodinos , kouropalates in the Byzantine court , is the reputed 14th - century author of three extant works in late Byzantine literature . Their attribution to him is merely a matter of convenience , two of them being anonymous in the manuscripts . f Kodinos himself nothing is known ; it is supposed that he lived towards the end of the 15th century . The works referred to are the following : Patria (   ) , treating of the history , topography , and monuments of Constantinople . It is divided into five sections : ( a ) the foundation of the city ; ( b ) its situation , limits and topography ; ( c ) its statues , works of art , and other notable sights ; ( d ) its buildings ; ( e ) and the construction of the Hagia Sophia . It was written in the reign of Basil II ( 976 - 1025 ) , revised and rearranged under Alexios I Komnenos ( 1081 -- 1118 ) , and perhaps copied by Codinus , whose name it bears in some ( later ) manuscripts . The chief sources are : the Patria of Hesychius Illustrius of Miletus , the anonymous Parastaseis syntomoi chronikai , and an anonymous account (  ) of St Sophia ( ed . Theodor Preger in Scriptores originum Constantinopolitanarum , fasc . i , 1901 , followed by the Patria of Codinus ) . Procopius , De Aedificiis and the poem of Paulus Silentiarius on the dedication of St . Sophia should be read in connexion with this subject . De Officiis (       K       ) , a treatise , written in an unattractive style between 1347 and 1368 , of the court and higher ecclesiastical dignities and of the ceremonies proper to different occasions , as they had evolved by the middle Palaiologan period . It should be compared with the earlier De Ceremoniis of Constantine Porphyrogenitus and other Taktika of the 9th and 10th centuries . A chronological outline of events from the beginning of the world to the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans ( called Agarenes in the manuscript title ) . It is of little value . Complete editions are ( by Immanuel Bekker ) in the Bonn Corpus scriptorum Hist . Byz . ( 1839 -- 1843 , where , however , some sections of the Patria are omitted ) , and in JP Migne , Patrologia graeca civil . ; see also Karl Krumbacher , Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur ( 1897 ) . Ancient ___MASK31___ was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th - 9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity ( AD ). Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era . Roughly three centuries after the Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean ___MASK31___ , Greek urban poleis began to form in the 8th century BC , ushering in the period of Archaic ___MASK31___ and colonization of the Mediterranean Basin . This was followed by the period of Classical ___MASK31___ , an era that began with the Greco - Persian Wars , lasting from the 5th to 4th centuries BC . Due to the conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia , Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea . The Hellenistic period came to an end with the conquests and annexations of the eastern Mediterranean world by the Roman Republic , which established the Roman province of Macedonia in ___MASK52___ , and later the province of Achaea during the Roman Empire . ___MASK99___ (" Athína " ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . ___MASK99___ dominates the Attica region and is one of the world ' s oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3 , 400 years , and its earliest human presence starting somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennia BC . Classical ___MASK99___ was a powerful city - state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus , which had been a distinct city prior to its 5th century BC incorporation with ___MASK99___ . A centre for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato ' s Academy and Aristotle ' s Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , ___MASK99___ is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . In 2015 , ___MASK99___ was ranked the world ' s 29th richest city by purchasing power and the 67th most expensive in a UBS study . Medieval Greek , also known as Byzantine Greek , is the stage of the Greek language between the end of Classical antiquity in the 5th - 6th centuries and the end of the Middle Ages , conventionally dated to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 . From the 7th century onwards , Greek was the only language of administration and government in the ___MASK43___ . This stage of language is thus described as Byzantine Greek . The study of the Medieval Greek language and literature is a branch of Byzantine Studies , or Byzantinology , the study of the history and culture of the ___MASK43___ . Justinian I ( 482 14 November 565 ), traditionally known as Justinian the Great and also Saint Justinian the Great in the Eastern Orthodox Church , was a Byzantine ( East Roman ) emperor from 527 to 565 . During his reign , Justinian sought to revive the empire ' s greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the historical ___MASK16___ . Justinian ' s rule constitutes a distinct epoch in the history of the Later ___MASK16___ , and his reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized " renovatio imperii ", or " restoration of the Empire ". Kouropalats , Latinized as curopalates or curopalata ( from "[ the one in ] charge of the palace ") and Anglicized as curopalate , was a Byzantine court title , one of the highest from the time of Emperor Justinian I ( r . 527  565 ) to that of the Komnenoi in the 12th century . The female variant , held by the spouses of the " kouropalatai ", was kouropalatissa . In the history of Europe , the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century . It began with the fall of the ___MASK20___ and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery . The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history : classical antiquity , the medieval period , and the modern period . The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early , High , and Late Middle Ages . Homer (, " Hómros ") is the name ascribed by the Ancient Greeks to the semi - legendary author of the two epic poems , the " Iliad " and the " Odyssey ", the central works of Greek literature . Many accounts of Homer ' s life circulated in classical antiquity , the most widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia , a region of central coastal Anatolia in present - day ___MASK84___ . The modern scholarly consensus is that these traditions do not have any historical value . Greek ( Modern Greek : , " elliniká ", " Greek ", , " ellinikí glóssa ", " Greek language ") is the only surviving member of the Hellenic languages branch of the Indo - European family of languages , native to ___MASK31___ , western and northeastern Asia Minor , southern Italy , Albania and Cyprus . It has the longest documented history of any living language , spanning 34 centuries of written records . Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history ; other systems , such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary , were used previously . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Armenian , Coptic , Gothic and many other writing systems . The ___MASK43___ , also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire , was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages , when its capital city was Constantinople ( modern - day Istanbul , which had been founded as Byzantium ). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 . During most of its existence , the empire was the most powerful economic , cultural , and military force in Europe . Both " ___MASK43___ " and " Eastern Roman Empire " are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm ; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the " Roman Empire " ( tr . ), or " Romania ", and to themselves as " Romans ". Byzantine literature is the Greek literature of the Middle Ages , whether written in the territory of the ___MASK43___ or outside its borders . It forms the second period in the history of Greek literature , though " popular " Byzantine literature and early Modern Greek literature , which begin in the 11th century , are indistinguishable . Characteristics . Many of the classical Greek genres , such as drama and choral lyric poetry , had been obsolete by late antiquity , and all medieval literature in the Greek language was written in an archaizing style , which imitated the writers of ancient Greece . This practice was perpetuated by a long - established system of Greek education where rhetoric was a leading subject . A typical product of this Byzantine education was the Greek Church Fathers , who shared the literary values of their pagan contemporaries . Consequently , the vast Christian literature of the 3rd to 6th centuries established a synthesis of Hellenic and Christian thought . As a result , Byzantine literature was largely written in a style of Atticistic Greek , far removed from the popular Medieval Greek that was spoken by all classes of Byzantine society in their everyday lives . In addition , this literary style was also removed from the Koine Greek language of the New Testament , reaching back to Homer and the writers of ancient Athens .