basic_form_of_government hafsid dynasty
A monarch is the sovereign head of state in a ___MASK50___ . A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state , or others may wield that power on behalf of the monarch . Typically a monarch either personally inherits the lawful right to exercise the state ' s sovereign rights ( often referred to as " the throne " or " the crown ") or is selected by an established process from a family or cohort eligible to provide the nation ' s monarch . Alternatively , an individual may become monarch by conquest , acclamation or a combination of means . A monarch usually reigns for life or until abdication . Sudan (" as - Sdn ", ), also known as North Sudan and officially the ___MASK97___ of the Sudan (" Jumhriyyat as - Sdn "), is a country in Northern Africa . It is bordered by Egypt to the north , the Red Sea , Eritrea , and Ethiopia to the east , South Sudan to the south , the Central African ___MASK97___ to the southwest , Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest . It is the third largest country in Africa . The River Nile divides the country into eastern and western halves . Before the Sudanese Civil War , South Sudan was part of Sudan but broke away in 2011 . Its predominant religion is Islam . Mauritania ('; or Soninke : " Murutaane "; Pulaar : " Moritani "), officially the ___MASK28___ of Mauritania , is a country in the Maghreb region of western Africa . It is the eleventh largest country in Africa and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west , Morocco and the remnants of Western Sahara in the north , Algeria in the northeast , Mali in the east and southeast , and Senegal in the southwest . Algeria (' " Dzayer "), officially the People ' s Democratic ___MASK97___ of Algeria , is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast . Its capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the country ' s far north . With an area of , Algeria is the tenth - largest country in the world , and the largest in Africa . Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia , to the east by Libya , to the west by Morocco , to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory , Mauritania , and Mali , to the southeast by Niger , and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea . The country is a semi - ___MASK3___ consisting of 48 provinces and 1 , 541 communes ( counties ). Abdelaziz Bouteflika has been President since 1999 . A ___MASK97___ ( from ) is a sovereign state , country , or government which is organized with a form of government in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power according to the rule of law . In modern times , the definition of a ___MASK97___ commonly refers to a government which excludes a monarch . Currently , 147 of the world ' s 206 sovereign states use the word " ___MASK97___ " as part of their official names ; not all of these are republics in the sense of having elected governments , nor do all nations with elected governments use the word " ___MASK97___ " in their names . A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family , usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics . The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a " house "; which may be styled " royal ", " princely ", " comital ", etc ., depending upon the chief or present title borne by its members . Historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states , such as Ancient Egypt , the Carolingian ___MASK41___ and Imperial China , using a framework of successive dynasties . As such , the term " dynasty " may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events , trends , and artifacts of that period (" a Ming - dynasty vase "). The word " dynasty " itself is often dropped from such adjectival references (" a Ming vase "). The Carolingian ___MASK41___ ( 800  888 ) was a large ___MASK41___ in western and central Europe during the early Middle Ages . It was ruled by the Carolingian dynasty , which had ruled as kings of the Franks since 751 and as kings of the Lombards of Italy from 774 . In 800 , the Frankish king Charlemagne was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III in an effort to revive the Roman ___MASK41___ in the west during a vacancy in the throne of the eastern Roman ___MASK41___ . After a civil war ( 840  43 ) following the death of Emperor Louis the Pious , the ___MASK41___ was divided into autonomous kingdoms , with one king still recognised as emperor , but with little authority outside his own kingdom . The unity of the ___MASK41___ and the hereditary right of the Carolingians continued to be acknowledged . Ifriqiya or Ifriqiyah ("") or el - Maghrib el - Adna ( Lower West ) was the area during medieval history that comprises what is today Tunisia , Tripolitania ( western Libya ) and the Constantinois ( eastern Algeria ); all part of what was previously included in the Africa Province of the Roman ___MASK41___ . The Hafsids ( Arabic :   al - afiyn ) were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Berber descent who ruled Ifriqiya ( western Libya , Tunisia , and eastern Algeria ) from 1229 to 1574 . Tunisia ('; ), officially the ___MASK97___ of Tunisia (') is the northernmost country in Africa , covering . Its northernmost point , Cape Angela , is the northernmost point on the African continent . It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest , Libya to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east . Tunisia ' s population was estimated to be just under 11 million in 2014 . Tunisia ' s name is derived from its capital city , Tunis , which is located on Tunisia ' s northeast coast . Mali , officially the ___MASK97___ of Mali , is a landlocked country in Africa . Mali is the eighth - largest country in Africa , with an area of just over . The population of Mali is 14 . 5 million . Its capital is Bamako . Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert , while the country ' s southern part , where the majority of inhabitants live , features the Niger and Senegal rivers . The country ' s economy centers on agriculture and fishing . Some of Mali ' s prominent natural resources include gold , being the third largest producer of gold in the African continent , and salt . About half the population lives below the international poverty line of $ 1 . 25 ( U . S .) a day . A majority of the population ( 90 %) are Muslims . The Roman ___MASK41___ ( Koine and Medieval Greek :    , tr . ) was the post - Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around 500 AD , and the ___MASK41___ ' s populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world ' s population at the time ). The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar ' s adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian ' s power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title " Augustus ", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic . Niger ( or ), officially the ___MASK97___ of Niger , is a landlocked country in Western Africa , named after the Niger River . Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast , Chad to the east , Nigeria and Benin to the south , Burkina Faso and Mali to the west , and Algeria to the northwest . Niger covers a land area of almost 1 , 270 , 000 km , making it the largest country in West Africa , with over 80 percent of its land area covered by the Sahara Desert . The country ' s predominantly Islamic population of about 19 million is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the country . The capital city is Niamey , located in the far - southwest corner of Niger . Egypt (; ', , " Kimi "), officially the Arab ___MASK97___ of Egypt , is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba to the east , the Red Sea to the east and south , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia , although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with Egypt . It is the world ' s only contiguous Afrasian nation . Libya ("") is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa , bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , Egypt to the east , Sudan to the southeast , Chad and Niger to the south , and Algeria and Tunisia to the west . The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania , Fezzan and Cyrenaica . With an area of almost , Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa , and is the 16th largest country in the world . Libya has the 10th - largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world . Chad ('), officially the ___MASK97___ of Chad ('), is a landlocked country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Libya to the north , Sudan to the east , the Central African ___MASK97___ to the south , Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest and Niger to the west . It is the fifth largest country in Africa in terms of area .