instance_of srubna culture
Poltavka ___MASK13___ , 2700  2100 BC , an early to middle Bronze ___MASK11___ ___MASK2___ of the middle Volga from about where the Don - Volga canal begins up to the Samara bend , with an easterly extension north of present Kazakhstan along the Samara River valley to somewhat west of Orenburg . Orenburg is the administrative center of Orenburg ___MASK90___ ( region ), Russia , lies on the River Ural , southeast of Moscow . Its ___MASK33___ ___MASK6___ is in the boundary of Europe and Asia . Orenburg is also very close to the border with Kazakhstan . Population : 548 , 331 ( 2010 ___MASK59___ ); 549 , 361 ( 2002 ___MASK59___ ); The Bronze ___MASK11___ is a period characterized by the use of bronze , proto - writing , and other early features of urban civilization . The Bronze ___MASK11___ is the second principal period of the three - ___MASK11___ Stone - Bronze - Iron system , as proposed in modern times by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen , for classifying and studying ancient societies . Potapovka ___MASK13___ , ca . 2500  2000 BC . A Bronze ___MASK11___ ___MASK13___ centered on the Samara bend in the middle Volga region , projecting well east into the Samara River valley . Kazakhstan ( " Qazaqstan ", " Kazakhstan "), officially the ___MASK22___ of Kazakhstan (" Qazaqstan Respwblïkas " " Respublika Kazakhstan "), is a ___MASK91___ in northern Central Asia and Eastern Europe . Kazakhstan is the world ' s largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest in the world , with an area of . Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60 % of the region ' s GDP , primarily through its oil / ___MASK42___ industry . It also has vast mineral resources . An ___MASK2___ is a recurring assemblage of artifacts from a specific time and place , which may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society . The connection between the artifacts is based on archaeologists ' understanding and interpretation and does not necessarily relate to real groups of humans in the past . The concept of ___MASK2___ is fundamental to culture - historical archaeology . The Samara is a ___MASK89___ in Russia that runs into the Volga at the ___MASK88___ of Samara . The Samara bend is a large hairpin bend of the middle Volga ___MASK89___ at the ___MASK58___ of the Samara ___MASK89___ . It is situated in Samara Oblast , Volga Federal ___MASK36___ of Russia . The Srubna ___MASK13___ ( Russian :       , Ukrainian :      , also English : Timber - grave ___MASK13___ ) was a Late Bronze ___MASK11___ ( 18th -- 12th centuries BC ) ___MASK13___ . It is a successor to the Yamna ___MASK13___ ( Pit Grave ___MASK13___ ) and the Poltavka ___MASK13___ , as well as the Potapovka ___MASK13___ . It occupied the area along and above the north shore of the Black Sea from the Dnieper eastwards along the northern base of the Caucasus to the area abutting the north shore of the Caspian Sea , west of the Ural Mountains to come up against the domain of the approximately contemporaneous and somewhat related Andronovo ___MASK13___ . The name comes from Russian c ( srub ) , `` timber framework '' , from the way graves were constructed . Animal parts were buried with the body . The economy was mixed agriculture and livestock breeding . The historical Cimmerians have been suggested as descended from this ___MASK13___ . A study on DNA variation among ancient Europeans found that , of the 6 samples extracted from Srubna ___MASK13___ sites for whom a Y - DNA hapogroup could be tested , all belonged to haplogroup R1a , and four of them to subclade R1a - Z93 , which is common among modern - day Indo - Iranians . The Srubna ___MASK13___ is succeeded by Scythians and Sarmatians in the 1st millennium BC , and by Khazars and Kipchaks in the first millennium AD .