place_of_birth herman bernhard lundborg
The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet is a body at Karolinska Institutet which awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and it is headquartered in the Nobel ___MASK33___ on the grounds ___MASK85___ Karolinska Institutet campus . The Nobel Assembly consists ___MASK85___ fifty professors in medical subjects at Karolinska Institutet , appointed by the faculty ___MASK85___ the Institute , and is a private organisation which is formally not part ___MASK85___ Karolinska Institutet . The main work involved in collecting nominations and screening nominees is performed by the Nobel Committee at Karolinska Institutet , which has five members . The Nobel Committee , which is appointed by the Nobel Assembly , is only empowered to recommend laureates , while the final decision rests with the Nobel Assembly . A professional is a member ___MASK85___ a profession or any person who earns their living from a specified professional activity . The term also describes the standards ___MASK85___ education and training that prepare members ___MASK85___ the profession with the particular knowledge and skills necessary to perform their specific role within that profession . In addition , ___MASK27___ professionals are subject to strict codes ___MASK85___ conduct , enshrining rigorous ethical and moral obligations . Professional standards ___MASK85___ practice and ethics for a particular field are typically agreed upon and maintained through widely recognized professional associations , such as the IEEE . Some definitions ___MASK85___ " professional " limit this term to those professions that serve some important aspect ___MASK85___ public interest and the general good ___MASK85___ society . Northern Europe is the northern part or region ___MASK85___ Europe . Although no definitive borders or definition exists for the term , geographically , Northern Europe may be considered to consist approximately ___MASK85___ all ___MASK85___ Europe above the 52nd parallel north ; which includes ( from west to east ) ___MASK27___ or all ___MASK85___ : Iceland , the ___MASK50___ ___MASK85___ Ireland , the Isle ___MASK85___ Man , the United Kingdom , the Faroe Islands , the Netherlands , ___MASK9___ , Denmark , Norway , Sweden , northern Poland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and northwest Russia . However , narrower definitions may also be used based on other geographical factors , such as climate and ecology . Greenland , geographically a part ___MASK85___ North America , is politically a part ___MASK85___ the Kingdom ___MASK85___ Denmark , and may be included depending on the definition . Knowledge is a familiarity , awareness or understanding ___MASK85___ someone or something , such as facts , information , descriptions , or skills , which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving , discovering , or learning . ___MASK49___ County (" ___MASK49___ län ") is a county or " län " on the eastern coast ___MASK85___ Sweden . It borders the counties ___MASK85___ ___MASK22___ , ___MASK79___ , Södermanland , Västmanland , Gävleborg , and the Baltic Sea . ___MASK49___ University is a research university in ___MASK49___ , Sweden , and is the oldest university in Sweden and all ___MASK85___ the Nordic countries , founded in 1477 . It ranks among the best universities in Northern Europe in international rankings . The university uses " Gratiae veritas naturae " as its motto and embraces natural sciences . Science is a systematic ___MASK88___ that builds and organizes knowledge in the form ___MASK85___ testable explanations and predictions about the universe . ___MASK47___ (" Värmlands län ") is a county or " län " in west central Sweden . It borders the Swedish counties of Dalarna , ___MASK87___ and Västra Götaland , as well as the Norwegian counties of ___MASK6___ , Akershus and Hedmark to the west . Prince Carl Philip is Duke of Värmland . The Nordic countries or Nordics are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic , where they are ___MASK27___ commonly known as ___MASK28___ ( lit ., " The North "). They consist of Denmark , Finland , Iceland , Norway , and Sweden , including their associated territories ( Greenland , the Faroe Islands , and the Åland Islands ). A profession is a vocation founded upon specialized educational training , the purpose ___MASK85___ which is to supply disinterested objective counsel and service to others , for a direct and definite compensation , wholly apart from expectation ___MASK85___ other business gain . The term is a truncation ___MASK85___ the term " ___MASK68___ profession ", which is , in turn , an Anglicization ___MASK85___ the French term " profession libérale ". Originally borrowed by English users in the 19th century , it has been ___MASK95___ - borrowed by international users from the late 20th , though the ( upper - middle ) class overtones ___MASK85___ the term do not seem to survive retranslation : " ___MASK68___ professions " are , according to the European Union ' s Directive on Recognition ___MASK85___ Professional Qualifications ( 2005 / 36 / EC ) " those practiced on the basis ___MASK85___ relevant professional qualifications in a personal , responsible and professionally independent capacity by those providing intellectual and conceptual services in the interest ___MASK85___ the client and the public ". ___MASK79___ County (" Stockholms län ") is a county or " län " ( in Swedish ) on the Baltic sea coast of Sweden . It borders Uppsala County and Södermanland County . It also borders Mälaren and the Baltic Sea . The city of ___MASK79___ is the capital of Sweden . ___MASK79___ County is divided by the historic provinces of Uppland ( Roslagen ) and Södermanland ( Södertörn ). More than one fifth of the Swedish population lives in the county . ___MASK79___ County is also one of the statistical " riksområden " ( national areas ) according to , Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics within the EU . With more than two million inhabitants , ___MASK79___ is the most densely populated county of Sweden . ___MASK86___ (; Norwegian : ( Bokmål ) or ( Nynorsk ); Sami : " Norgga "), officially the Kingdom ___MASK85___ ___MASK86___ , is a sovereign and unitary monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion ___MASK85___ the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the ___MASK92___ Jan Mayen and the archipelago ___MASK85___ Svalbard . The Antarctic Peter I ___MASK92___ and the sub - Antarctic Bouvet ___MASK92___ are dependent territories and thus not considered part ___MASK85___ the Kingdom . ___MASK86___ also lays claim to a section ___MASK85___ Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land . Until 1814 , the Kingdom included the Faroe Islands ( since 1035 ), Greenland ( 1261 ), and Iceland ( 1262 ). It also included ___MASK91___ and Orkney until 1468 . It also included the following provinces , now in Sweden : Jämtland , Härjedalen and Bohuslän . A physician , medical practitioner , medical doctor or simply doctor is a professional who practises medicine , which is concerned with promoting , maintaining , or restoring health through the study , diagnosis , and treatment ___MASK85___ disease , injury , and other physical and mental impairments . Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories , types ___MASK85___ patients and methods ___MASK85___ treatment  known as specialities  or they may assume responsibility for the provision ___MASK85___ continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals , families , and communities  known as general practice . Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge ___MASK85___ the academic disciplines ( such as anatomy and physiology ) underlying diseases and their treatment  the " science " ___MASK85___ medicine  and also a decent competence in its applied practice  the art or " craft " ___MASK85___ medicine . ___MASK57___ is a historical and cultural region in Northern Europe characterized by a common ethnocultural North Germanic heritage and mutually intelligible North Germanic languages . ___MASK73___ , officially the ___MASK50___ of ___MASK73___ , is a sovereign state in Northern Europe . A peninsula with the Gulf of ___MASK73___ to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west , the country has land borders with Sweden to the northwest , Norway to the north , and Russia to the east . Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of ___MASK73___ . ___MASK73___ is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia , which also includes Scandinavia . ___MASK73___ ' s population is 5 . 5 million ( 2014 ), staying roughly on the same level over the past two decades . The majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region . In terms of area , it is the eighth largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . Health is the level ___MASK85___ functional and metabolic efficiency ___MASK85___ a living organism . In humans it is the ability ___MASK85___ individuals or communities to adapt and self - manage when facing physical , mental or social changes . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) defined health in its broader sense in its 1948 constitution as " a state ___MASK85___ complete physical , mental , and social well - being and not merely the absence ___MASK85___ disease or infirmity ." This definition has been subject to controversy , in particular as lacking operational value , the ambiguity in developing cohesive health strategies , and because ___MASK85___ the problem created by use ___MASK85___ the word " complete ". Other definitions have been proposed , among which a recent definition that correlates health and personal satisfaction . The ear is the organ ___MASK85___ hearing and , in mammals , balance . In mammals , the ear is usually described as having three parts  the outer ear , middle ear and the inner ear . The outer ear consists ___MASK85___ the pinna and the ear canal . Since the outer ear is the only visible portion ___MASK85___ the ear in ___MASK27___ animals , the word " ear " often refers to the external part alone . The middle ear includes the tympanic cavity and the three ossicles . The inner ear sits in the bony labyrinth , and contains structures which are key to several senses : the semicircular canals , which enable balance and eye tracking when moving ; the utricle and saccule , which enable balance when stationary ; and the cochlea , which enables hearing . The ears ___MASK85___ vertebrates are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side ___MASK85___ the head , an arrangement that aids sound localisation . ___MASK87___ County is a county or " län " in central Sweden . It borders the counties of Västra Götaland , Värmland , Dalarna , ___MASK99___ , Södermanland and Östergötland . A gene is a locus ( or region ) ___MASK85___ DNA which is ___MASK35___ up ___MASK85___ nucleotides and is the molecular unit ___MASK85___ heredity . The transmission ___MASK85___ genes to an organism ' s offspring is the basis ___MASK85___ the inheritance ___MASK85___ phenotypic traits . Most biological traits are under the influence ___MASK85___ polygenes ( many different genes ) as well as gene  environment interactions . Some genetic traits are instantly visible , such as eye colour or number ___MASK85___ limbs , and some are not , such as blood type , risk for specific diseases , or the thousands ___MASK85___ basic biochemical processes that comprise life . A patient is any recipient ___MASK85___ health care services . The patient is ___MASK27___ often ill or injured and in need ___MASK85___ treatment by a advanced practice registered nurse , physiotherapist , physician , physician assistant , psychologist , podiatrist , veterinarian , or other health care provider . Väse is a locality situated in ___MASK77___ , Värmland County , Sweden with 494 inhabitants in 2010 . Physiology is the scientific study ___MASK85___ the normal function in living systems . A sub - discipline ___MASK85___ biology , its focus is in how organisms , organ systems , organs , cells , and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system . Given the size ___MASK85___ the field , it is divided into , among others , animal physiology ( including that ___MASK85___ humans ), plant physiology , cellular physiology , microbial physiology ( microbial metabolism ), bacterial physiology , and viral physiology . The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to those who make significant achievements in this discipline by the Royal Swedish Academy ___MASK85___ Sciences . In medicine , a physiologic state is one occurring from normal body function , rather than pathologically , which is centered on the abnormalities that occur in animal diseases , including humans . ___MASK7___ is a Scandinavian country in Europe . The southernmost and smallest of the Nordic countries , it is south - west of Sweden and south of Norway , and bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of ___MASK7___ is the sovereign state that comprises ___MASK7___ proper and two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . ___MASK7___ has a total area of , and a population of 5 . 7 million . The country consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , with the largest being Zealand and Funen . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The Nobel Prize (; Swedish definite form , singular : " Nobelpriset ") is a set ___MASK85___ annual international awards bestowed in a number ___MASK85___ categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition ___MASK85___ academic , cultural , and / or scientific advances . The European ___MASK37___ ( ___MASK58___ ) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe . It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million . The ___MASK58___ has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states . ___MASK58___ policies aim to ensure the free movement of people , goods , services , and capital within the internal market , enact legislation in justice and home affairs , and maintain common policies on trade , agriculture , fisheries , and regional development . Within the Schengen Area , passport controls have been abolished . A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002 , and is composed of 19 ___MASK58___ member states which use the euro currency . A medic is an umbrella term for a person involved in medicine . The following fall under this term : a physician , paramedic , medical student , and sometimes a medically - trained individual participating in the role ___MASK85___ a medic such as an emergency medical responder . ___MASK79___ ( or ) is the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic countries ; 932 , 917 people live in the municipality , approximately 1 . 5 million in the urban area , and 2 . 3 million in the metropolitan area . The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren , by the ___MASK79___ archipelago and the Baltic Sea . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by a Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the capital of ___MASK79___ County . A medical device is any instrument , apparatus , appliance , software , material , or other article  whether used alone or in combination , including the software intended by its manufacturer to be used specifically for diagnostic and / or therapeutic purposes and necessary for its proper application  intended by the manufacturer to be used for human beings for the purpose ___MASK85___ : Surgery ( from the " cheirourgik " ( composed ___MASK85___  , " hand ", and  , " work "), via , meaning " hand work ") is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and / or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury , to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas ( for example , a perforated ear drum ). Cognition is " the mental action or process ___MASK85___ acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought , experience , and the senses ." It encompasses processes such as knowledge , attention , memory and working memory , judgment and evaluation , reasoning and " computation ", problem solving and decision making , comprehension and production ___MASK85___ language , etc . Human cognition is conscious and unconscious , concrete or abstract , as well as intuitive ( like knowledge ___MASK85___ a language ) and conceptual ( like a model ___MASK85___ a language ). Cognitive processes use existing knowledge and generate new knowledge . ___MASK49___ ( older spelling " ___MASK10___ ") is the capital ___MASK85___ ___MASK49___ County and the fourth largest city ___MASK85___ Sweden , after ___MASK79___ , Gothenburg and Malmö . It had 140 , 454 inhabitants in 2010 . Psychotherapy is the use ___MASK85___ psychological methods , particularly when based on regular personal interaction , to help a person change and overcome problems in desired ways . Psychotherapy aims to improve an individual ' s well - being and mental health , to resolve or mitigate troublesome behaviors , beliefs , compulsions , thoughts , or emotions , and to improve relationships and social skills . Certain psychotherapies are considered evidence - based for treating some diagnosed mental disorders . The Baltic Sea ( ; ) is a sea ___MASK85___ the ___MASK1___ , enclosed by Scandinavia , Finland , the Baltic countries , and the North European Plain . It includes the Gulf ___MASK85___ Bothnia , the Bay ___MASK85___ Bothnia , the Gulf ___MASK85___ Finland , the Gulf ___MASK85___ ___MASK89___ , and the Bay ___MASK85___ Gdask . The sea stretches from 53 ° N to 66 ° N latitude and from 10 ° E to 30 ° E longitude . A mediterranean sea ___MASK85___ the Atlantic , with limited water exchange between the two bodies , the Baltic Sea drains through the Danish islands into the Kattegat by way ___MASK85___ the straits ___MASK85___ Øresund , the Great Belt , and the Little Belt . Karolinska Institutet ( KI , unofficially known as the Karolinska Institute and in English texts as the ( Royal ) Caroline Institute ) is a medical university in ___MASK64___ within the ___MASK79___ urban area , Sweden , and one of the largest and most prestigious medical universities in the world . The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . It consists of fifty professors from various medical disciplines at the university . Östhammar is a locality and the seat ___MASK85___ Östhammar Municipality , Uppsala County , Sweden with 4 , 534 inhabitants in 2010 . Today Östhammar Municipality is a part ___MASK85___ Uppsala County , but the area has historically been a part ___MASK85___ ___MASK79___ County . Health care or healthcare is the maintenance or improvement ___MASK85___ health via the diagnosis , treatment , and prevention ___MASK85___ disease , illness , injury , and other physical and mental impairments in human beings . Health care is delivered by health professionals ( providers or practitioners ) in allied health professions , chiropractic , physicians , physician associates , dentistry , midwifery , nursing , medicine , optometry , pharmacy , psychology , and other health professions . It includes the work done in providing primary care , secondary care , and tertiary care , as well as in public health . Herman Bernhard Lundborg ( April 7 , 1868 , Väse in ___MASK12___ , Sweden - May 9 , 1943 , Östhammar in ___MASK65___ , Sweden ) was a Swedish physician . He graduated in medicine at the Karolinska Institutet in 1895 , and received his doctorate at the Uppsala University in 1903 . He also habilitated there that year for psychiatry and neurology , and in 1915 for racial biology . For his doctoral dissertation , Lundborg researched one of the genetic progressive myoclonus epilepsies first described by Heinrich Unverricht in 1891 . Besides of given an account of the disease , he traced an affected family back to the 18th century , an analysis unique for that time . He concluded that the family had genetically degenerated because of `` unwise marriages '' . The study has been described as `` of considerable historic interest in human genetics '' . Over the years , the form of epilepsy became known as the Unverricht - Lundborg disease . He was on the editorial board of the Hereditas journal , founded 1920 , with the scope on genetics . Lundborg was extremely negative towards the Jewish people , and strongly involved with the ideology of racial hygiene . In the beginning of the 20th century , the idea that eugenics could somehow improve society in general strongly evolved . In 1922 , Sweden became the first country in the world to establish a eugenic governmental agency , the State Institute of Racial Biology , of which Lundborg was appointed as the head . Under his leadership , the institute began gathering copious statistics and photographs to map the racial make - up of about 100 , 000 Swedish people . This research later became one of the foundations under a eugenic program of the Swedish government , which consisted of both voluntary and involuntary sterilization of persons with negative genetic characteristics . The program was started in 1935 and would last until 1975 . A craft is a pastime or a profession that requires particular skills and knowledge ___MASK85___ skilled work . In a historical sense , particularly as pertinent to the Middle Ages and earlier , the term is usually applied to people occupied in small - scale production ___MASK85___ goods , or their maintenance , for example by tinkers . The traditional terms " craftsman " and " craftswoman " are nowadays often replaced by " artisan " and rarely by " craftsperson " ( craftspeople ). ___MASK93___ (" Östhammars kommun ") is a municipality in Uppsala County in east central Sweden . Its seat is located in the city ___MASK85___ Östhammar . ___MASK38___ , sometimes referred to under its Latin form " Sudermannia " or " Sudermania ", is a historical province or " landskap " on the south eastern coast ___MASK85___ Sweden . It borders ___MASK18___ , Närke , ___MASK99___ and Uppland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea . Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis , prevention , study , and treatment ___MASK85___ mental disorders . These include various abnormalities related to mood , behaviour , cognition , and perceptions . Ionizing radiation ( ionising radiation ) is radiation that carries enough energy to free electrons from atoms or molecules , thereby ionizing them . Ionizing radiation is ___MASK35___ up of energetic subatomic particles , ions or atoms moving at high speeds ( usually greater than 1 % of the speed of light ), and electromagnetic waves on the high - energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum . Other used forms ___MASK85___ the name is " Gestricia ", " Gastrikland ". Before 1900 , the spelling was officially " Gestrikland " in Swedish . ___MASK65___ is a historical province or " landskap " on the eastern coast of Sweden , just north of ___MASK79___ , the capital . It borders Södermanland , Västmanland and Gästrikland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea . It has an extremely short and strangely shaped land border with Åland , an autonomous province of Finland , on the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic . Latin ( Latin : ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch ___MASK85___ the Indo - European languages . The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . Anatomy is the branch ___MASK85___ biology concerned with the study ___MASK85___ the structure ___MASK85___ organisms and their parts . Anatomy is inherently tied to embryology , comparative anatomy , evolutionary biology , and phylogeny , as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated over immediate ( embryology ) and long ( evolution ) timescales . Human anatomy is one ___MASK85___ the basic essential sciences ___MASK85___ medicine . A disease is a particular abnormal condition , a disorder ___MASK85___ a structure or function , that affects part or all ___MASK85___ an organism . The study ___MASK85___ disease is called pathology which includes the causal study ___MASK85___ etiology . Disease is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs . It may be caused by external factors such as pathogens , or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions particularly ___MASK85___ the immune system such as an immunodeficiency , or a hypersensitivity including allergies and autoimmunity . A mental disorder , also called a mental illness or psychiatric disorder , is a diagnosis by a mental health professional ___MASK85___ a behavioral or mental pattern that may cause suffering or a poor ability to function in life . Such features may be persistent , relapsing and remitting , or occur as a single episode . Many disorders have been described , with signs and symptoms that vary widely between specific disorders . The causes ___MASK85___ mental disorders are often unclear . Theories may incorporate findings from a range ___MASK85___ fields . Mental disorders are usually defined by a combination ___MASK85___ how a person behaves , feels , perceives , or thinks . This may be associated with particular regions or functions ___MASK85___ the brain , often in a social context . A mental disorder is one aspect ___MASK85___ mental health . Cultural and religious beliefs , as well as social norms , should be taken into account when making a diagnosis . Services are based in psychiatric hospitals or in the community , and assessments are carried out by psychiatrists , clinical psychologists , and clinical social workers , using various methods but often relying on observation and questioning . Treatments are provided by various mental health professionals . Psychotherapy and psychiatric medication are two major treatment options . Other treatments include social interventions , ___MASK100___ support , and self - help . In a minority ___MASK85___ cases there might be involuntary detention or treatment . Prevention programs have been shown to reduce depression . Common mental disorders include depression , which affects about 400 million , dementia which affects about 35 million , and schizophrenia , which affects about 21 million people globally . Stigma and discrimination can add to the suffering and disability associated with mental disorders , leading to various social movements attempting to increase understanding and challenge social exclusion . The ___MASK79___ urban area is the largest and most populous ___MASK85___ the statistical localities or urban areas in Sweden . It has no administrative function ___MASK85___ its own , but constitutes a continuous built - up area , which extends into 11 municipalities in ___MASK79___ County . It contains the municipal seats ___MASK85___ 10 ___MASK85___ those . As ___MASK85___ 31 December 2010 , the population in the ___MASK79___ urban area was 1 , 372 , 565 inhabitants , the area , and the population density 3 , 597 inh / km² . ___MASK79___ urban area is not the same as Metropolitan ___MASK79___ , which is a much larger area . ___MASK99___ is a historical Swedish province , or " landskap ", in middle Sweden . It borders Södermanland , Närke , Värmland , Dalarna and Uppland . Märket (" The Mark ") is a small uninhabited skerry in the Baltic Sea between ___MASK72___ and Finland ( in the area ___MASK85___ the autonomous ___MASK26___ ), which has been divided between two sovereignties since the Treaty ___MASK85___ Fredrikshamn ___MASK85___ 1809 defined the border between ___MASK72___ and the ___MASK75___ as going through the middle ___MASK85___ the island . The westernmost land point ___MASK85___ Finland is on Märket . The Finnish side ___MASK85___ the island is part ___MASK85___ the Municipality ___MASK85___ Hammarland . The Swedish part ___MASK85___ the island is itself divided by two counties ___MASK85___ ___MASK72___ : Uppsala County ( Östhammar Municipality ) and ___MASK79___ County ( Norrtälje Municipality ). ___MASK77___ (" Karlstads kommun ") is a municipality in Värmland County in west central Sweden . Its seat is located in the city of Karlstad . ___MASK72___ , officially the Kingdom ___MASK85___ ___MASK72___ ( Swedish : ), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east , and is connected to ___MASK7___ in the southwest by a ___MASK55___ - tunnel across the Öresund . At , ___MASK72___ is the third - largest country in the European Union by area , with a total population ___MASK85___ 10 . 0 million . ___MASK72___ consequently has a low population density ___MASK85___ , with the highest concentration in the southern half ___MASK85___ the country . Approximately 85 % ___MASK85___ the population lives in urban areas . Medicine ( British English ; American English ) is the science and practice ___MASK85___ the diagnosis , treatment , and prevention ___MASK85___ disease . The word " medicine " is derived from Latin " medicus ", meaning " a physician ". Medicine encompasses a variety ___MASK85___ health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment ___MASK85___ illness . Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences , biomedical research , genetics , and medical technology to diagnose , treat , and prevent injury and disease , typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery , but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy , external splints and traction , medical devices , biologics , and ionizing radiation , amongst others . Administration . Provinces serve no administrative function in ___MASK72___ today . Instead , that function is served by counties ; however , in many instances a county has virtually the same border as the province , which is the case with ___MASK12___ and its corresponding county ___MASK47___ . The main exception is a smaller part to the southeast which belongs to ___MASK87___ County . Mälaren , historically referred to as Lake Malar in English , is the third - largest ___MASK23___ lake in Sweden ( after Vänern and Vättern ). Its area is 1 , 140 km² and its greatest depth is 64 m . Mälaren spans 120 kilometers from east to west . The lake drains , from south - west to north - east , into the Baltic Sea through the Södertälje Canal , Hammarbyslussen , Karl Johansslussen and Norrström . The easternmost bay of Mälaren , in central ___MASK79___ , is called Riddarfjärden . The lake is located in Svealand and bounded by the provinces of Uppland , Södermanland , Närke , and Västmanland . The two largest islands in Mälaren are Selaön ( 91 km² ) and Svartsjölandet ( 79 km² ). Diagnosis is the identification ___MASK85___ the nature and cause ___MASK85___ a certain phenomenon . Diagnosis is used in many different disciplines with variations in the use ___MASK85___ logic , analytics , and experience to determine " cause and effect ". In systems engineering and computer science , it is typically used to determine the causes ___MASK85___ symptoms , mitigations , and solutions .