medical_condition boris verlinsky
Headache is the symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck . It occurs in migraines , tension - type headaches , and cluster headaches . Frequent headaches can affect relationships and employment . There is also an increased risk of ___MASK11___ in those with severe headaches . Headaches can occur as a result of many conditions whether serious or not . There are a number of different classification systems for headaches . The most well - recognized is that of the International Headache Society . Causes of headaches may include fatigue , sleep deprivation , stress , the effects of medications , the effects of recreational drugs , viral infections , loud noises , common colds , head injury , rapid ingestion of a very cold food or beverage , and dental or sinus issues . Treatment of a headache depends on the underlying cause , but commonly involves pain medication . Some form of headache is one of the most commonly experienced of all physical discomforts . About half of adults have a headache in a given year . Tension headaches are the most common affecting about 1 . 6 billion people ( 21 . 8 % of the population ) followed by migraine headaches which affect about 848 million ( 11 . 7 %). Cause . There are more than two hundred types of headaches . Some are harmless and some are life - threatening . The description of the headache and findings on neurological examination , determine whether additional tests are needed and what treatment is best . ___MASK65___ is a group of neurological diseases characterized by epileptic seizures . Epileptic seizures are episodes that can vary from brief and nearly undetectable to long periods of vigorous shaking . These episodes can result in physical injuries including occasionally broken bones . In ___MASK65___ , seizures tend to recur , and have no immediate underlying cause . Isolated seizures that are provoked by a specific cause such as ___MASK56___ are not deemed to represent ___MASK65___ . People with ___MASK65___ in some areas of the world experience stigma due to the condition . The cause of most cases of ___MASK65___ is unknown , although some people develop ___MASK65___ as the result of brain injury , stroke , brain tumors , infections of the brain , and birth defects . Known genetic mutations are directly linked to a small proportion of cases . Epileptic seizures are the result of excessive and abnormal nerve cell activity in the cortex of the brain . The diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions that might cause similar symptoms such as fainting and determining if another cause of seizures is present such as alcohol withdrawal or electrolyte problems . This may be partly done by imaging the brain and performing blood tests . ___MASK65___ can often be confirmed with an electroencephalogram ( EEG ), but a normal test does not rule out the condition . ___MASK65___ that occurs as a result of other issues may be preventable . Seizures are controllable with medication in about 70 % of cases . Inexpensive options are often available . In those whose seizures do not respond to medication , then surgery , neurostimulation , or dietary changes may be considered . Not all cases of ___MASK65___ are lifelong , and many people improve to the point that treatment is no longer needed . As of 2013 about 22 million people have ___MASK65___ . Nearly 80 % of cases occur in the developing world . In 2013 it resulted in 116 , 000 deaths up from 112 , 000 deaths in 1990 . ___MASK65___ is more common in older people . In the developed world , onset of new cases occurs most frequently in babies and the elderly . In the developing world onset is more common in older children and young adults , due to differences in the frequency of the underlying causes . About 5  10 % of people will have an unprovoked seizure by the age of 80 , and the chance of experiencing a second seizure is between 40 and 50 %. In many areas of the world those with ___MASK65___ either have restrictions placed on their ability to drive or are not permitted to drive until they are free of seizures for a specific length of time . The word ___MASK65___ is from . Cognitive deficit or cognitive impairment is an inclusive term to describe any characteristic that acts as a barrier to the cognition process . The term may describe deficits in global intellectual performance , as with intellectual disabilities ; it may describe specific deficits in cognitive abilities ( learning disorders , ___MASK57___ ); or it may describe drug - induced cognitive / memory impairment , such as that seen with alcohol , glucocorticoids , and the benzodiazepines . It usually refers to a durable characteristic , as opposed to altered level of consciousness , which may be acute and reversible . Cognitive deficits may be congenital or caused by environmental factors such as brain injuries , neurological disorders , or mental illness . Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) within the brain . This typically causes increased pressure inside the skull . Older people may have headaches , double vision , poor balance , urinary incontinence , personality changes , or mental impairment . In babies there may be a rapid increase in head size . Other symptoms may include ___MASK48___ , sleepiness , seizures , and downward pointing of the eyes . Hydrocephalus can occur due to birth defects or be acquired later in life . Associated birth defects include neural tube defects and those that result in aqueductal stenosis . Other causes include meningitis , brain tumors , traumatic brain injury , intraventricular hemorrhage , and subarachnoid hemorrhage . There are four types of hydrocephalus : communicating , non - communicating , ex - vacuo , and normal pressure . Diagnosis is typically by examination and medical imaging . Hydrocephalus is typically treated by the surgical placement of a shunt system . A procedure called a third ventriculostomy may be an option in a few people . Complications from shunts may include overdrainage , underdrainage , mechanical failure , infection , or obstruction . This may require replacement . Outcomes are variable ; however , many live normal lives . Without treatment death may occur . About one to two per 1 , 000 newborns have hydrocephalus . Rates in the developing world may be more . Normal pressure hydrocephalus is estimated to affect about 5 per 100 , 000 people with rates increasing with age . Description of hydrocephalus by Hippocrates date back more than 2000 years . The word " hydrocephalus " is . Fever , also known as pyrexia and febrile response , is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body ' s temperature set - point . There is not a single agreed - upon upper limit for normal temperature with sources using values between . The increase in set - point triggers increased muscle contraction and causes a feeling of cold . This results in greater heat production and efforts to conserve heat . When the set - point temperature returns to normal , a person feels hot , becomes flushed , and may begin to sweat . Rarely a fever may trigger a febrile seizure . This is more common in young children . Fevers do not typically go higher than . A fever can be caused by many medical conditions ranging from the not serious to potentially serious . This includes viral , bacterial and parasitic infections such as the common cold , urinary tract infections , meningitis , ___MASK58___ and appendicitis among others . Non - infectious causes include vasculitis , deep vein thrombosis , side effects of medication , and cancer among others . It differs from hyperthermia , in that hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature over the temperature set - point , due to either too much heat production or not enough heat loss . Treatment to reduce fever is generally not required . Treatment of associated pain and inflammation , however , may be useful and help a person rest . Medications such as ibuprofen or paracetamol may help with this as well as lower temperature . Measures such as putting a cool damp cloth on the forehead and having a slightly warm bath are not useful and may simply make a person more uncomfortable . Children younger than three months require medical attention , as might people with serious medical problems such as a compromised immune system or people with other symptoms . Hyperthermia does require treatment . Fever is one of the most common medical signs . It is part of about 30 % of healthcare visits by children and occurs in up to 75 % of adults who are seriously sick . While fever is a useful defense mechanism , treating fever does not appear to worsen outcomes . Fever is viewed with greater concern by parents and healthcare professionals than it usually deserves , a phenomenon known as fever phobia . ___MASK63___ is the invasion of an organism ' s body tissues by disease - causing agents , their multiplication , and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce . Infectious disease , also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease , is illness resulting from an ___MASK63___ . Infections are caused by infectious agents including viruses , viroids , prions , bacteria , nematodes such as parasitic roundworms and pinworms , arthropods such as ticks , mites , fleas , and lice , fungi such as ringworm , and other macroparasites such as tapeworms and other helminths . Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord , known collectively as the meninges . The most common symptoms are fever , headache and neck stiffness . Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness , ___MASK48___ , and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises . Young children often exhibit only nonspecific symptoms , such as irritability , drowsiness , or poor feeding . If a rash is present , it may indicate a particular cause of meningitis ; for instance , meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria may be accompanied by a characteristic rash . The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses , bacteria , or other microorganisms , and less commonly by certain drugs . Meningitis can be life - threatening because of the inflammation ' s proximity to the brain and spinal cord ; therefore , the condition is classified as a medical emergency . A lumbar puncture diagnoses or excludes meningitis . A needle is inserted into the spinal canal to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ), that envelops the brain and spinal cord . The CSF is examined in a medical laboratory . Some forms of meningitis are preventable by immunization with the meningococcal , mumps , pneumococcal , and Hib vaccines . Giving antibiotics to people with significant exposure to certain types of meningitis may also be useful . The first treatment in acute meningitis consists of promptly giving antibiotics and sometimes antiviral drugs . Corticosteroids can also be used to prevent complications from excessive inflammation . Meningitis can lead to serious long - term consequences such as ___MASK85___ , epilepsy , hydrocephalus , or cognitive deficits , especially if not treated quickly . In 2013 meningitis occurred in about 16 million people worldwide . This resulted in 303 , 000 deaths  down from 464 , 000 deaths in 1990 . With appropriate treatment the risk of death in bacterial meningitis is less than 15 %. Outbreaks of bacterial meningitis occur between December and June each year in an area of sub - Saharan Africa known as the meningitis belt . Smaller outbreaks may also occur in other areas of the world . The word meningitis is from Greek  " méninx ", " membrane " and the medical suffix "- itis ", " inflammation ". Boris Markovich Verlinsky ( 8 January 1888 in Bakhmut , Ukraine -- 30 October 1950 in Moscow , Soviet Union ) was a Ukrainian - Russian International Master of chess . He was one of the top Soviet players of the 1920s . Verlinsky was deaf as a result of Meningitis as a youngster . Mumps , also known as epidemic parotitis , is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus . Initial signs and symptoms often include fever , muscle pain , headache , and feeling tired . This is then usually followed by painful swelling of one or both parotid salivary glands . Symptoms typically occur 16 to 18 days after exposure and resolve after seven to ten days . Symptoms in adults are often more severe than in children . About a third of people have mild or no symptoms . Complications may include infections of the covering of the brain ( 15 percent ), pancreatitis ( four percent ), permanent ___MASK85___ , and painful testicular swelling which uncommonly results in infertility . Women may develop ovarian swelling but this does not increase the risk of infertility . Mumps is highly contagious and spreads rapidly among people living in close quarters . The virus is transmitted by respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person . Only humans get and spread the disease . People are infectious to each other from about seven days before the start of symptoms to about eight days after . Once an infection has run its course , a person is typically immune for life . Reinfection is possible but the ensuing infection tends to be mild . Diagnosis is usually suspected due to parotid swelling and can be confirmed by isolating the virus on a swab of the parotid duct . Testing for IgM antibodies in the blood is simple and may be useful ; however , it can be falsely negative in those who have been immunized . Mumps is preventable by two doses of the mumps vaccine . Most of the developed world includes it in their immunization programs , often in combination with measles , rubella , and varicella vaccine . Countries that have low immunization rates may see an increase in cases among older age groups and thus worse outcomes . There is no specific treatment . Efforts involve controlling symptoms with pain medication such as paracetamol ( acetaminophen ). Intravenous immunoglobulin may be useful in certain complications . Hospitalization may be required if meningitis or pancreatitis develops . About one per ten thousand people who are infected die . Without immunization about 0 . 1 percent to one percent of the population are affected per year . Widespread vaccination has resulted in a more than 90 percent decline in rates of disease . Mumps is more common in the developing world where vaccination is less common . Outbreaks , however , may still occur in a vaccinated population . Before the introduction of a vaccine , mumps was a common childhood disease worldwide . Larger outbreaks of disease would typically occur every two to five years . Children between the ages of five and nine were most commonly affected . Among immunized populations often those in their early 20s are affected . Around the equator it often occurs all year round while in the more northerly and southerly regions of the world it is more common in the winter and spring . Painful swelling of the parotid glands and testicles was described by Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE .