publication_date julius caesar 
Koninklijke Philips N . V . ( Royal Philips , commonly known as Philips ) is a Dutch technology company headquartered in Amsterdam with primary divisions focused in the areas of electronics , healthcare and lighting . It was founded in Eindhoven in ___MASK13___ , by Gerard Philips and his father Frederik . It is one of the largest electronics companies in the world and employs around 105 , 000 people across more than 60 countries . Uli Edel ( born ___MASK10___ April 1947 ) is a German film and television director , best known for his work on films such as " Last Exit to Brooklyn " and " Body of Evidence ." David Suchet , CBE (; born ___MASK36___ May ___MASK75___ ) is an English actor , known for his work on British stage and television . He played Edward Teller in the TV serial " Oppenheimer " and received the RTS and BPG awards for his performance as Augustus Melmotte in the ___MASK91___ British serial " The Way We Live Now ". For his role as Agatha Christie ' s detective Hercule Poirot in " Agatha Christie ' s Poirot ", he received a 1991 British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) nomination . The Roman Republic was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom , traditionally dated to 509 BC , and ending in ___MASK73___ BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire . It was during this period that Rome ' s control expanded from the city ' s immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world . Compact disc ( CD ) is a digital optical disc data storage format released in ___MASK21___ and co - developed by Philips and Sony . The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data ( CD - ROM ). Several other formats were further derived from these , including write - once audio and data storage ( CD - R ), rewritable media ( CD - RW ), Video Compact Disc ( VCD ), Super Video Compact Disc ( SVCD ), Photo CD , PictureCD , CD - i , and Enhanced Music CD . Audio CD players have been commercially available since October ___MASK21___ , when the first commercially available CD player was released in Japan . In computing and optical disc recording technologies , an optical disc ( OD ) is a flat , usually circular disc which encodes binary data ( bits ) in the form of pits ( binary value of 0 or off , due to lack of reflection when read ) and lands ( binary value of ___MASK70___ or on , due to a reflection when read ) on a special material ( often aluminium ) on one of its flat surfaces . The encoding material sits atop a thicker substrate ( usually polycarbonate ) which makes up the bulk of the disc and forms a dust defocusing layer . The encoding pattern follows a continuous , spiral path covering the entire disc surface and extending from the innermost track to the outermost track . The data is stored on the disc with a laser or stamping machine , and can be accessed when the data path is illuminated with a laser diode in an optical disc drive which spins the disc at speeds of about 200 to ___MASK47___ , 000 RPM or more , depending on the drive type , disc format , and the distance of the read head from the center of the disc ( inner tracks are read at a higher disc speed ). Most optical discs exhibit a characteristic iridescence as a result of the diffraction grating formed by its grooves . This side of the disc contains the actual data and is typically coated with a transparent material , usually lacquer . The reverse side of an optical disc usually has a printed label , sometimes made of paper but often printed or stamped onto the disc itself . Unlike the 3 - inch floppy disk , most optical discs do not have an integrated protective casing and are therefore susceptible to data transfer problems due to scratches , fingerprints , and other environmental problems . Greece (' ), officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : ' ), historically also known as Hellas ("" ), is a country in southeastern Europe . Greece ' s population is approximately ___MASK81___ . 955 million as of 2015 . Athens is the nation ' s capital and largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland , it includes the island of Great Britain ( the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country ), the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland . Apart from this land border , the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west , giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of , the UK is the 78th - largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe . It is also the 21st - most populous country , with an estimated 65 . ___MASK70___ million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union . Richard St John Harris ( ___MASK70___ October 1930  25 October ___MASK76___ ) was an Irish actor , singer , songwriter , producer , director and writer . He appeared on stage and in many films , appearing as Frank Machin in " This Sporting Life ", and King Arthur in the 1967 film " Camelot " and the subsequent 1981 revival of the show . He played an aristocrat and prisoner in " A Man Called Horse " ( 1970 ), a gunfighter in Clint Eastwood ' s Western film " Unforgiven " ( 1992 ), Emperor Marcus Aurelius in " Gladiator " ( 2000 ), and Albus Dumbledore in the first two " Harry Potter " films : " the Philosopher ' s Stone " ( 2001 ) and " the Chamber of Secrets " ( ___MASK76___ ). Harris had a top ten hit in the United Kingdom and United States with his 1968 recording of Jimmy Webb ' s song " MacArthur Park ". Romania is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe . It borders the Black Sea , Bulgaria , Ukraine , Hungary , Serbia , and Moldova . It has an area of and a temperate - continental climate . With ___MASK86___ . 94 million inhabitants , the country is the seventh - most - populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city , Bucharest , with its ___MASK70___ , 883 , 425 inhabitants is the sixth - largest city in the EU . The Kingdom of Great Britain , officially Great Britain , was a sovereign state in western Europe from ___MASK70___ May 1707 to 31 December 1800 . The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706 , ratified by the Acts of Union 1707 , which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands . It did not include Ireland , which remained a separate realm . The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster . The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI , King of Scots , became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I , bringing about a " Union of the Crowns ". Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714 , the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover . The Last Days of Lehman Brothers is a British television film , first broadcast on BBC Two and BBC HD on Wednesday ___MASK20___ September ___MASK4___ . Filmed in London , it was written by Craig Warner and directed by Michael Samuels . It was shown as part of the BBC ' s " Aftershock " season , a selection of programmes marking the first anniversary of the collapse of the American investment bank Lehman Brothers . It featured James Cromwell , Ben Daniels , Corey Johnson , Michael Landes and James Bolam . Marcus Aurelius ( 26 April 121  ___MASK79___ March 180 AD ) was Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 AD . He ruled with Lucius Verus as co - emperor from 161 until Verus ' death in 169 . Marcus Aurelius was the last of the so - called Five Good Emperors . He was a practitioner of Stoicism , and his untitled writing , commonly known as the " Meditations ", is the most significant source of the modern understanding of ancient Stoic philosophy . Craig Warner ( born ___MASK9___ April 1964 ) is a multiple award - winning playwright and screenwriter who lives and works in Suffolk , England . He wrote " The Queen ' s Sister " for Channel ___MASK47___ , which was nominated for several BAFTA awards ( including Best Single Drama ), " Maxwell " for BBC2 , which garnered a Broadcasting Press Guild Award nomination for Best Single Drama and won David Suchet an International Emmy for Best Actor , and " The Last Days of Lehman Brothers ", for which Warner was longlisted for a BAFTA Craft Award for Best Writer , and which won him the award for Best Writer at the Seoul International Drama Awards in 2010 . He wrote the mini - series " Julius Caesar " for Warner Bros ., which gained Warner a Writers Guild Award nomination for Best Original Long - Form Drama , and he performed an extensive uncredited rewrite on " The Mists of Avalon ", also for Warner Bros ., which was nominated for a Writers Guild Award and nine Emmys , including Best Mini - series . Warner wrote the screenplay for " Codebreaker ", a film about Alan Turing . Gaius Julius Caesar ( ___MASK87___ July 100 BC  15 March 44 BC ), known as Julius Caesar , was a Roman politician , general , and notable author of Latin prose . He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire . This Sporting Life is a ___MASK1___ British feature film based on the ___MASK77___ novel of the same name by David Storey , which won the ___MASK77___ Macmillan Fiction Award . It recounts the story of a rugby league footballer , Frank Machin , in Wakefield , a mining area of Yorkshire , whose romantic life is not as successful as his sporting life . Storey , a former professional rugby league footballer , also wrote the screenplay . DVD ( an abbreviation of " digital versatile disc " or " digital video disc ") is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips , Sony , Toshiba , and Panasonic in ___MASK2___ . The medium can store any kind of digital data and is widely used for software and other computer files as well as video programs watched using DVD players . DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions . The Roman Empire ( Koine and Medieval Greek :    , tr . ) was the post - Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around 500 AD , and the Empire ' s populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly ___MASK17___ % of the world ' s population at the time ). The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar ' s adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian ' s power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title " Augustus ", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic . Unforgiven is a ___MASK69___ American revisionist Western film directed by Clint Eastwood and written by David Webb Peoples . The film portrays William Munny , an aging outlaw and killer who takes on one more job years after he had turned to farming . A dark Western that deals frankly with the uglier aspects of violence and how complicated truths are distorted into simplistic myths about the Old West , it stars Eastwood in the lead role , with Gene Hackman , Morgan Freeman and Richard Harris . Eastwood stated that the film would be his last Western for fear of repeating himself or imitating someone else ' s work . Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City , with a Census - estimated ___MASK36___ , 636 , 735 residents in ___MASK53___ . It borders the borough of Queens at the southwestern end of Long Island . Since 1896 , Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County , the most populous county in the U . S . state of New York , and the second - most densely populated county in the United States , after the county of New York ( which is coextensive with the borough of Manhattan ). Northern Ireland (; Ulster Scots : "") is a top - level constituent unit of the United Kingdom in the northeast of Ireland . It is variously described as a country , province , region , or " part " of the United Kingdom , amongst other terms . Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland . In ___MASK67___ , its population was ___MASK70___ , 810 , 863 , constituting about 30 % of the island ' s total population and about 3 % of the UK ' s population . Established by the Northern Ireland Act ___MASK51___ as part of the Good Friday Agreement , the Northern Ireland Assembly holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . Northern Ireland co - operates with the Republic of Ireland in some areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to " put forward views and proposals " with " determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments ". Julius Caesar is a 2003 mini - series about the life of Julius Caesar . It was directed by Uli Edel , and written by Peter Pruce and Craig Warner . It is a dramatization of the life of Julius Caesar through 82 BC to his death in 44 BC . It is of note that it is mostly historically accurate and being one of the last two films of Richard Harris being released in the year of his death . The series was originally broadcast on TNT in two parts , airing June 29 and 30 , 2003 , and involved location shooting in Malta and Bulgaria . Run time is 178 minutes and the DVD has a making of featurette . The slogan is His Time Has Come . It was released on DVD , in 2004 in the United States and in ___MASK15___ in the United Kingdom . The film was nominated for 2 Emmys and currently has a ___MASK29___ . 8 out of 10 stars with nearly two thousand votes on IMDB . Tunisia ('; ), officially the Republic of Tunisia (') is the northernmost country in Africa , covering . Its northernmost point , Cape Angela , is the northernmost point on the African continent . It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest , Libya to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east . Tunisia ' s population was estimated to be just under ___MASK10___ million in ___MASK7___ . Tunisia ' s name is derived from its capital city , Tunis , which is located on Tunisia ' s northeast coast . The Internet Movie Database ( abbreviated IMDb ) is an online database of information related to films , television programs and video games , including cast , production crew , fictional characters , biographies , plot summaries , trivia and reviews , operated by IMDb . com , Inc ., a subsidiary of Amazon . com . Ireland , also described as the Republic of Ireland ('), is a sovereign state in north - western Europe occupying about five - sixths of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern part of the island , and whose metropolitan area is home to around a third of the country ' s ___MASK47___ . 75 million inhabitants . The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , Saint George ' s Channel to the south - east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the ', consists of a lower house , ', an upper house , ', and an elected President (') who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the ' ( Prime Minister , literally ' Chief ', a title not used in English ), who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President , and appoints other government ministers . Clinton " Clint " Eastwood Jr . ( born May 31 , ___MASK64___ ) is an American actor , filmmaker , musician , and political figure . After earning success in the Western TV series " Rawhide ", he rose to international fame with his role as the Man with No Name in Sergio Leone ' s " Dollars " trilogy of spaghetti Westerns during the 1960s , and as antihero cop Harry Callahan in the five " Dirty Harry " films throughout the 1970s and 1980s . These roles , among others , have made Eastwood an enduring cultural icon of masculinity . Malta , officially known as the Republic of Malta , is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea . It lies south of Italy , east of Tunisia , and north of Libya . The country covers just over , with a population of just under 450 , 000 , making it one of the world ' s smallest and most densely populated countries . The capital of Malta is Valletta , which at 0 . ___MASK66___ km , is the smallest national capital in the European Union . Malta has two official languages : Maltese and English . The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world ' s oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately ___MASK17___ percent of the Earth ' s surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area . It separates the " Old World " from the " New World ". Sony Corporation is the electronics business unit and the parent company of the Sony Group , which is engaged in business through its four operating components  electronics ( video games , network services and medical business ), motion pictures , music and financial services . These make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world . Sony ' s principal business operations include Sony Corporation , Sony Pictures Entertainment , Sony Interactive Entertainment , Sony Music Entertainment , Sony Mobile ( formerly Sony Ericsson ) and Sony Financial . Sony is among the Semiconductor sales leaders by year and as of ___MASK48___ , the fourth - largest television manufacturer in the world , after Samsung Electronics , LG Electronics and TCL . Valletta is the capital city of Malta , colloquially known as Il - Belt ( lit . " The City ") in Maltese . Geographically , it is located in the South Eastern Region , in the central - eastern portion of the main island of Malta having its western coast with access to the Marsamxett Harbour and its eastern coast in the Grand Harbour . The historical city has a population of ___MASK29___ , 444 ( as of March 2014 ), while the metropolitan area around it has a population of 393 , 938 . Valletta is the southernmost capital of Europe and the second southernmost capital of the European Union after Nicosia . An island country is a country whose primary territory consists of one or more islands or parts of islands . As of ___MASK67___ , 46 ( approximately ___MASK88___ %) of the ___MASK41___ UN member states are island countries . Jimmy Layne Webb ( born August ___MASK16___ , ___MASK75___ ) is an American songwriter , composer , and singer . He has written numerous platinum - selling songs , including " Up , Up and Away ", " By the Time I Get to Phoenix ", " Wichita Lineman ", " Galveston ", " The Worst That Could Happen ", " All I Know ", and " MacArthur Park ". He has had successful collaborations with Glen Campbell , Michael Feinstein , The 5th Dimension , Art Garfunkel , and Richard Harris . In addition , his compositions have been performed by many popular contemporary artists , including America , Johnny Cash , Rosemary Clooney , Joe Cocker , Judy Collins , John Denver , Amy Grant , Isaac Hayes , Thelma Houston , Billy Joel , Tom Jones , Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge , Rod McKuen , Linda Ronstadt , R . E . M ., Carly Simon , Nina Simone , Frank Sinatra , Barbra Streisand , Donna Summer , The Supremes , James Taylor , The Temptations , Dionne Warwick , and Larry Coryell (" The Real Great Escape "). Toshiba was founded in ___MASK12___ as Tokyo Shibaura Electric K . K . through the merger of Shibaura Seisaku - sho ( founded in 1875 ) and Tokyo Denki ( founded in 1890 ). The company name was officially changed to Toshiba Corporation in ___MASK31___ . Toshiba made a large number of corporate acquisitions during its history , including of Semp in 1977 , of Westinghouse Electric LLC , a nuclear energy company in 2006 , of Landis + Gyr in 2011 , and of IBM ' s point - of - sale business in 2012 . The European Union ( EU ) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe . It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million . The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states . EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people , goods , services , and capital within the internal market , enact legislation in justice and home affairs , and maintain common policies on trade , agriculture , fisheries , and regional development . Within the Schengen Area , passport controls have been abolished . A monetary union was established in ___MASK11___ and came into full force in ___MASK76___ , and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency . Alan Mathison Turing ( ___MASK63___ June 1912  7 June 1954 ) was an English computer scientist , mathematician , logician , cryptanalyst and theoretical biologist . He was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science , providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine , which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer . Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence . Amazon . com ( or ), often simply Amazon , is an American electronic commerce and cloud computing company , founded on July ___MASK44___ , ___MASK95___ , by Jeff Bezos and based in Seattle , Washington . It is the largest Internet - based retailer in the world by total sales and market capitalization . Amazon . com started as an online bookstore , later diversifying to sell DVDs , Blu - rays , CDs , video downloads / streaming , MP3 downloads / streaming , audiobook downloads / streaming , software , video games , electronics , apparel , furniture , food , toys , and jewelry . The company also produces consumer electronics  notably , Amazon Kindle e - readers , Fire tablets , and Fire TV  and is the world ' s largest provider of cloud infrastructure services ( IaaS ). Amazon also sells certain low - end products like USB cables under its in - house brand AmazonBasics . Great Britain , also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe . With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth - largest in the world . In ___MASK67___ the island had a population of about 61 million people , making it the world ' s third - most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan . The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it , and together these islands , along with over ___MASK70___ , 000 smaller surrounding islands , comprise the British Isles archipelago . The Queen ' s Sister is a ___MASK15___ British television movie directed by Simon Cellan Jones . The teleplay by Craig Warner is a semi - fictionalized account of the life of Princess Margaret , the younger sister of Queen Elizabeth II , from ___MASK74___ until the mid - 1970s . It was produced by Touchpaper Television , part of the RDF Media Group , and was broadcast by Channel ___MASK47___ . It has been released on DVD by BBC Video . Bulgaria ( tr . '), officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( tr . '), is a country in southeastern Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . With a territory of , Bulgaria is Europe ' s 16th - largest country . Channel ___MASK47___ is a British public - service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 ___MASK49___ . Although largely commercially self - funded , it is ultimately publicly owned ; originally a subsidiary of the Independent Broadcasting Authority ( IBA ), the station is now owned and operated by Channel Four Television Corporation , a public corporation of the Department for Culture , Media & Sport , which was established in 1990 and came into operation in 1993 . With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010 , Channel ___MASK47___ became a UK - wide TV channel for the first time .