place_of_birth kazimierz kordylewski
An astronomer is a scientist in the field ___MASK17___ astronomy who concentrates their studies on a specific question or field outside ___MASK17___ the scope ___MASK17___ Earth . They look at stars , planets , moons , comets and galaxies , as well as many other celestial objects  either in observational astronomy , in analyzing the data or in theoretical astronomy . Examples ___MASK17___ topics or fields astronomers work on include : planetary science , solar astronomy , the origin or evolution ___MASK17___ stars , or the formation ___MASK17___ galaxies . There are also related but distinct subjects like physical cosmology which studies the Universe as a whole . ___MASK42___ ( German and , known also by other alternative names ) is the ___MASK44___ ___MASK17___ the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland . Located near the Baltic Sea , it is a major seaport and Poland ' s seventh - largest city . As ___MASK17___ June 2011 , the population was 407 , 811 . The Polish  Lithuanian Commonwealth , formally the Kingdom ___MASK17___ Poland and the ___MASK23___ , after 1791 the Commonwealth ___MASK17___ Poland , was a dualistic state , a bi - confederation , ___MASK17___ Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch , who was both the King ___MASK17___ Poland and the Grand Duke ___MASK17___ Lithuania . It was one ___MASK17___ the largest and most populous countries ___MASK17___ 16th - and 17th - century Europe . At its peak in the early 17th century , the Commonwealth spanned some and sustained a multi - ethnic population ___MASK17___ 11 million . The union was formalized by the Union ___MASK17___ Lublin in July 1569 , but the Crown ___MASK17___ the Kingdom ___MASK17___ Poland and the ___MASK23___ were in a de - facto personal union since 1386 with the marriage ___MASK17___ the Polish queen Hedwig and Lithuania ' s Grand Duke Jogaila , who was crowned King " jure uxoris " Wadysaw II Jagieo ___MASK17___ Poland . The First Partition ___MASK17___ Poland in 1772 and the Second Partition ___MASK17___ Poland in 1793 greatly reduced the nation ' s size and the Commonwealth disappeared as an independent state following the Third Partition ___MASK17___ Poland in 1795 . ___MASK60___ , officially the ___MASK43___ of ___MASK60___ , is a country in Central Europe , situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges ( the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains ) in the south . Bordered by Germany to the west ; the Czech ___MASK43___ and Slovakia to the south ; Ukraine and Belarus to the east ; and the Baltic Sea , ___MASK69___ Oblast ( a Russian exclave ) and Lithuania to the north . The total area of ___MASK60___ is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe . With a population of over 38 . 5 million people , ___MASK60___ is the 34th most populous country in the world , the 8th most populous country in Europe and the sixth most populous member of the European Union . ___MASK60___ is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , and its capital and largest city is Warsaw . Other metropolises include Kraków , Wrocaw , ___MASK68___ , Gdask and Szczecin . The Crown ___MASK17___ the Kingdom ___MASK17___ Poland ( Latin : " Corona Regni Poloniae "), or simply the Crown , is the common name for the historic ( but unconsolidated ) Late Middle Ages territorial possessions ___MASK17___ the ___MASK84___ ___MASK17___ Poland , including Poland proper . ___MASK25___ ( tr . ) is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe , bordered by ___MASK34___ to the east and northeast , Belarus to the northwest , Poland and ___MASK73___ to the west , ___MASK47___ , Romania , and Moldova to the southwest , and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast , respectively . ___MASK25___ is currently in territorial dispute with ___MASK34___ over the ___MASK65___ which ___MASK34___ annexed in 2014 but which ___MASK25___ and ___MASK20___ of the international community recognise as Ukrainian . Including Crimea , ___MASK25___ has an area of , making it the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . It has a population of about 44 . 5 million , making it the 32nd ___MASK20___ populous country in the world . ___MASK45___ , also Cracow or Krakow , is the second largest and one ___MASK17___ the oldest cities in Poland . Situated on the Vistula River in the ___MASK92___ region , the city dates back to the 7th century . ___MASK45___ has traditionally been one ___MASK17___ the leading centres ___MASK17___ Polish academic , cultural , and artistic life and is one ___MASK17___ Poland ' s ___MASK20___ important economic hubs . It was the capital ___MASK17___ the Crown ___MASK17___ the Kingdom ___MASK17___ Poland from 1038 to 1569 ; the Polish  Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1795 ; the Free City ___MASK17___ ___MASK45___ from 1815 to 1846 ; the Grand Duchy ___MASK17___ Cracow from 1846 to 1918 ; and ___MASK45___ Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1998 . It has been the capital ___MASK17___ ___MASK53___ since 1999 . Physical cosmology is the study ___MASK17___ the largest - scale structures and dynamics ___MASK17___ the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its origin , structure , evolution , and ultimate fate . Cosmology as a science originated with the Copernican principle , which implies that celestial bodies obey identical physical laws to those on Earth , and Newtonian mechanics , which first allowed us to understand those physical laws . Physical cosmology , as it is now understood , began with the development in 1915 ___MASK17___ ___MASK66___ Einstein ' s general theory ___MASK17___ relativity , followed by major observational discoveries in the 1920s : first , Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe contains a huge number ___MASK17___ external galaxies beyond our own Milky Way ; then , work by Vesto Slipher and others showed that the universe is expanding . These advances ___MASK58___ it possible to speculate about the origin ___MASK17___ the universe , and allowed the establishment ___MASK17___ the Big Bang Theory , by Georges Lemaitre , as the leading cosmological model . A few researchers still advocate a handful ___MASK17___ alternative cosmologies ; however , most cosmologists agree that the Big Bang theory explains the observations better . A star is a luminous sphere ___MASK17___ plasma held together by its own gravity . The nearest star to Earth is the Sun . Many other stars are visible to the naked eye from Earth during the night , appearing as a multitude ___MASK17___ fixed luminous points in the sky due to their immense distance from Earth . Historically , the ___MASK20___ prominent stars were grouped into constellations and asterisms , the brightest ___MASK17___ which gained proper names . Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that identify the known stars and provide standardized stellar designations . However , ___MASK20___ ___MASK17___ the stars in the Universe , including all stars outside our galaxy , the Milky Way , are invisible to the naked eye from Earth . Indeed , ___MASK20___ are invisible from Earth even through the ___MASK20___ powerful telescopes . ___MASK85___ Europe lies between Eastern Europe and Western Europe . The concept ___MASK17___ ___MASK85___ Europe is based on a common historical , social and cultural identity . ___MASK85___ Europe is going through a phase ___MASK17___ " strategic awakening ", with initiatives such as the CEI , Centrope or V4 . While the region ' s economy shows high disparities with regard to income , all ___MASK85___ European countries are listed by the Human Development Index as very highly developed . ___MASK45___ Voivodeship , refers to several historical Voivodeships ___MASK17___ Poland in the surrounding regions , with the city ___MASK17___ ___MASK45___ as its capital . 1975 - 1998 . ___MASK45___ Voivodeship 1975 - 1998 also named ( 1975  84 ) ___MASK45___ Metropolitan Voivodeship ("") was a unit ___MASK17___ administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975  1998 , superseded by ___MASK53___ . President ___MASK17___ the ___MASK45___ City was also the voivodeship governor . Observational astronomy is a division ___MASK17___ the astronomical science that is concerned with recording data , in contrast with theoretical astrophysics , which is mainly concerned with finding out the measurable implications ___MASK17___ physical models . It is the practice ___MASK17___ observing celestial objects by using telescopes and other astronomical apparatus . ___MASK69___ Oblast (" Kaliningradskaya oblast ") is a federal subject of the Russian Federation that is located on the coast of the Baltic Sea . As an oblast , its constitutional status is equal to each of the other 84 federal subjects . Its administrative center is the city of ___MASK69___ , formerly known as ___MASK2___ . It is the only Baltic port in the Russian Federation that remains ice - free in winter . According to the 2010 census , it had a population of 941 , 873 . ___MASK6___ (, ; ) is the largest city in western Poland . It is on the River Oder in the Silesian Lowlands ___MASK17___ Central Europe , roughly 350 kilometres ( 220 mi ) from the Baltic Sea to the north and 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from the Sudeten Mountains to the south . ___MASK6___ is the historical capital ___MASK17___ Silesia and Lower Silesia . Today , it is the capital ___MASK17___ the Lower Silesian Voivodeship . At various times in history , it has been part ___MASK17___ the Kingdom ___MASK17___ Poland , ___MASK48___ , ___MASK47___ , the ___MASK57___ , ___MASK37___ and Germany . It became part ___MASK17___ Poland in 1945 , as a result ___MASK17___ the border changes after the Second World War . The population ___MASK17___ ___MASK6___ in 2016 was 637 , 075 making it the fourth - largest city in Poland and the main city ___MASK17___ ___MASK6___ agglomeration . ___MASK74___ ( UK and US : ), officially the ___MASK43___ of ___MASK74___ , is a country in Northern Europe . One of the three Baltic states , it is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea , to the east of Sweden and Denmark . It is bordered by Latvia to the north , Belarus to the east and south , Poland to the south , and ___MASK69___ Oblast ( a Russian exclave ) to the southwest . ___MASK74___ has an estimated population of 2 . 9 million people , and its capital and largest city is Vilnius . Lithuanians are a Baltic people . The official language , Lithuanian , along with Latvian , is one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo - European language family . Kazimierz Kordylewski ( born 11 October 1903 in Posen - 11 March 1981 in ___MASK45___ , Poland ) was a Polish astronomer . In 1956 he claimed the discovery ___MASK17___ the Kordylewski clouds which are believed to be large transient concentrations ___MASK17___ dust at the Trojan points ___MASK17___ the Earth - Moon system . The existence ___MASK17___ the clouds is still contested . He studied ad Posen University and Jagiellonian University with a PhD in 1932 . The Grand Duchy ___MASK17___ Cracow was created after the incorporation ___MASK17___ the Free City ___MASK17___ Cracow into Austria on November 16 , 1846 . The title ___MASK17___ Grand Duke ___MASK17___ Cracow was just a part ___MASK17___ the official titulary ___MASK17___ the Emperor ___MASK17___ Austria in 1846  1918 . ___MASK73___ , officially the Slovak ___MASK43___ , is a landlocked country in Central Europe . It is bordered by the Czech ___MASK43___ and Austria to the west , Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east and ___MASK47___ to the south . ___MASK73___ ' s territory spans about and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava . The official language is Slovak , a member of the Slavic language family . Earth , otherwise known as the world , is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest ___MASK17___ the four terrestrial planets . The Czech ___MASK43___ , also known by the short name Czechia , is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west , Austria to the south , Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast . The Czech ___MASK43___ covers an area of with mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary ___MASK43___ , has 10 . 5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague , with over 1 . 2 million residents . The Czech ___MASK43___ includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . The Baltic Sea ( ; ) is a sea ___MASK17___ the ___MASK24___ , enclosed by Scandinavia , Finland , the Baltic countries , and the North European Plain . It includes the Gulf ___MASK17___ Bothnia , the Bay ___MASK17___ Bothnia , the Gulf ___MASK17___ Finland , the Gulf ___MASK17___ ___MASK81___ , and the Bay ___MASK17___ Gdask . The sea stretches from 53 ° N to 66 ° N latitude and from 10 ° E to 30 ° E longitude . A mediterranean sea ___MASK17___ the Atlantic , with limited water exchange between the two bodies , the Baltic Sea drains through the Danish islands into the Kattegat by way ___MASK17___ the straits ___MASK17___ Øresund , the Great Belt , and the Little Belt . ___MASK92___ ( Polish : " Maopolska ", Latin : " Polonia Minor ") is a historical region (" dzielnica ") of Poland ; its capital is the city of Kraków . The Free , Independent , and Strictly Neutral City ___MASK17___ Kraków ( Cracow ) with its Territory , more commonly known as either the Free City ___MASK17___ Kraków or ___MASK43___ ___MASK17___ Kraków , was a city ___MASK43___ created by the Congress ___MASK17___ ___MASK64___ in 1815 , which included the city ___MASK17___ Kraków and its surrounding areas . It was controlled by its three neighbours ( Russia , Prussia , and Austria ). It was a center ___MASK17___ agitation for an independent Poland . In 1846 , in the aftermath ___MASK17___ the unsuccessful Kraków Uprising , it was annexed by the Austrian Empire . It was a remnant ___MASK17___ the Duchy ___MASK17___ Warsaw , which was partitioned between the three states in 1815 . It was an overwhelmingly Polish - speaking city - state ; ___MASK17___ its population 85 % were Catholics , 14 % were Jews while other religions comprised less than 1 %. The city ___MASK17___ Kraków itself had a Jewish population reaching nearly 40 %, while the rest were almost exclusively Polish - speaking Catholics . ___MASK53___ ( in Polish , " województwo maopolskie " ), also known as " Maopolska Voivodeship " or " Maopolska Province ", is a voivodeship ( province ), in southern Poland . It has an area of , and a population of 3 , 267 , 731 ( 2006 ). The European ___MASK88___ ( ___MASK14___ ) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe . It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million . The ___MASK14___ has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states . ___MASK14___ policies aim to ensure the free movement of people , goods , services , and capital within the internal market , enact legislation in justice and home affairs , and maintain common policies on trade , agriculture , fisheries , and regional development . Within the Schengen Area , passport controls have been abolished . A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002 , and is composed of 19 ___MASK14___ member states which use the euro currency . ___MASK7___ (; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city ___MASK17___ Poland . It stands on the Vistula River in east - central Poland , roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains . Its population is estimated at 1 . 750 million residents within a greater metropolitan area ___MASK17___ 3 . 105 million residents , which makes ___MASK7___ the 9th ___MASK20___ - populous capital city in the European Union . The city limits cover , while the metropolitan area covers . The Sudetes are a mountain range in ___MASK85___ Europe , also known in English ( from their names in German and Czech / Polish ) as the Sudeten or Sudety mountains . ___MASK79___ ( lat . ',      ), officially the ___MASK43___ of ___MASK79___ , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia ( though this name is no longer used in ___MASK79___ itself , even in Russian language ), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40 % of its is forested . Its strongest economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern - day ___MASK79___ , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ), the ___MASK23___ , the Polish  Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . A unitary state is a state governed as a single power in which the ___MASK85___ government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions ( sub - national units ) exercise only the powers that the ___MASK85___ government chooses to delegate . The majority ___MASK17___ states in the world have a unitary system ___MASK17___ government . ___MASK17___ the 193 UN member states , 165 ___MASK17___ them are governed as unitary states . ___MASK68___ ( known also by other historical names ) is a city on the Warta river in west - central Poland , in the Greater Poland region . It is best known for its renaissance Old Town , destroyed during World War II and then rebuilt , and Ostrów Tumski Cathedral . Today , ___MASK68___ is an important cultural and business centre and one of Poland ' s most populous regions with many regional customs such as Jarmark witojaski , traditional Saint Martin ' s croissants and a local dialect . Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena . It applies mathematics , physics , and chemistry , in an effort to explain the origin ___MASK17___ those objects and phenomena and their evolution . Objects ___MASK17___ interest include planets , moons , stars , galaxies , and comets ; while the phenomena include supernovae explosions , gamma ray bursts , and cosmic microwave background radiation . More generally , all astronomical phenomena that originate outside Earth ' s atmosphere are within the purview ___MASK17___ astronomy . A related but distinct subject , physical cosmology , is concerned with the study ___MASK17___ the Universe as a whole . A comet is an icy small Solar System body that , when passing close to the Sun , warms and begins to evolve gasses , a process called outgassing . This produces a visible atmosphere or coma , and sometimes also a tail . These phenomena are due to the effects ___MASK17___ solar radiation and the solar wind acting upon the nucleus ___MASK17___ the comet . Comet nuclei range from a few hundred metres to tens ___MASK17___ kilometres across and are composed ___MASK17___ ___MASK99___ collections ___MASK17___ ice , dust , and small rocky particles . The coma may be up to 15 times the Earth ' s diameter , while the tail may stretch one astronomical unit . If sufficiently bright , a comet may be seen from the Earth without the aid ___MASK17___ a telescope and may subtend an arc ___MASK17___ 30 ° ( 60 Moons ) across the sky . Comets have been observed and recorded since ancient times by many cultures . Theoretical astronomy is the use ___MASK17___ the analytical models ___MASK17___ physics and chemistry to describe astronomical objects and astronomical phenomena . A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that The term " planet " is ancient , with ties to history , astrology , science , mythology , and religion . Several planets in the Solar System can be seen with the naked eye . These were regarded by many early cultures as divine , or as emissaries ___MASK17___ deities . As scientific knowledge advanced , human perception ___MASK17___ the planets changed , incorporating a number ___MASK17___ disparate objects . In 2006 , the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) officially adopted a resolution defining planets within the Solar System . This definition is controversial because it excludes many objects ___MASK17___ planetary mass based on where or what they orbit . Although eight ___MASK17___ the planetary bodies discovered before 1950 remain " planets " under the modern definition , some celestial bodies , such as ___MASK3___ , Pallas , Juno and Vesta ( each an object in the solar asteroid belt ), and Pluto ( the first trans - Neptunian object discovered ), that were once considered planets by the scientific community , are no longer viewed as such . The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a mountain range system forming an arc roughly long across ___MASK85___ and Eastern Europe , making them the second - longest mountain range in Europe ( after the Scandinavian Mountains ). ___MASK39___ ( German : ) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast . It is the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship , Poland ' s principal seaport and is also the centre of the country ' s fourth - largest metropolitan area . The Universe is all ___MASK17___ ___MASK26___ and space and its contents . It includes planets , moons , minor planets , stars , galaxies , the contents ___MASK17___ intergalactic space , and all matter and energy . The size ___MASK17___ the entire Universe is unknown .