instance_of sri lankan chetties
Affirmative ___MASK8___ ( known as reservation in ___MASK30___ and Nepal and positive discrimination in the UK ; also known in a narrower context as employment equity in Canada and South Africa ) is the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer or have suffered from discrimination within a culture . Often , these people are disadvantaged for historical reasons , such as oppression or ___MASK97___ . Historically and internationally , support for affirmative ___MASK8___ has sought to achieve goals such as bridging inequalities in employment and pay , increasing access to education , promoting diversity , and redressing apparent past wrongs , harms , or hindrances . The nature of affirmative ___MASK8___ policies varies from region to region . Some countries , such as ___MASK30___ , use a quota ___MASK37___ , whereby a certain percentage of ___MASK36___ jobs , political positions , and school vacancies must be reserved for members of a certain group . In some other regions where quotas are not used , minority group members are given preference or special consideration in selection processes . ___MASK27___ is a form of ___MASK20___ characterized by endogamy , hereditary transmission of a lifestyle which often includes an occupation , status in a ___MASK72___ , and customary social interaction and exclusion . Its paradigmatic ethnographic example is the division of Indian ___MASK2___ into rigid social groups , with roots in India ' s ancient history and persisting until today . However , the economic significance of the caste system in India has been declining as a result of urbanization and affirmative action programs . A subject of much scholarship by sociologists and anthropologists , the Indian caste system is sometimes used as an analogical basis for the study of caste - like social divisions existing outside India . The term is also applied to non - human populations like ants and bees . Social ___MASK96___ is a major category of academic disciplines , concerned with ___MASK2___ and the relationships among individuals within a ___MASK2___ . It in turn has many branches , each of which is considered a " social ___MASK96___ ". The main social sciences include economics , political ___MASK96___ , human geography , ___MASK48___ , and sociology . In a wider sense , social ___MASK96___ also includes some fields in the humanities such as anthropology , archaeology , jurisprudence , history , and linguistics . The term is also sometimes used to refer specifically to the field of sociology , the original ' ___MASK96___ of ___MASK2___ ', established in the 19th century . A more detailed list of sub - disciplines within the social sciences can be found at Outline of social ___MASK96___ . Interdependence is the mutual reliance between ___MASK14___ or more groups . This ___MASK71___ differs from the reliance in a dependent ___MASK3___ , where some members are dependent and some are not . There can be various degrees of interdependence . Sri Lankan Chetties , also known as Colombo Chetties , Colombo Chittis or Colombo Hetties , are a formerly endogamous Sri Lankan ___MASK81___ or ___MASK27___ . In the social sciences , a ___MASK81___ has been defined as ___MASK14___ or more ___MASK52___ who interact with one another , share similar characteristics , and collectively have a sense of unity . Other theorists disagree however , and are wary of definitions which stress the importance of interdependence or objective similarity . Instead , researchers within the social identity tradition generally define it as " a group is defined in terms of those who identify themselves as members of the group ". Regardless , social groups come in a myriad of sizes and varieties . For example , a ___MASK2___ can be viewed as a large ___MASK81___ . A ___MASK2___ is a group of people involved in persistent social interaction , or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory , typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations . Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships ( social relations ) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions ; a given ___MASK2___ may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members . In the social sciences , a larger ___MASK2___ often evinces stratification or dominance patterns in subgroups . Endogamy is the ___MASK33___ of marrying within a specific ___MASK18___ , class , or social group , rejecting others on such a basis as being unsuitable for ___MASK73___ or for other close personal relationships . ___MASK20___ is a ___MASK2___ ' s categorization of people into socioeconomic strata , based upon their occupation and income , wealth and social status , or derived power ( social and political ). As such , stratification is the relative social position of persons within a social group , category , geographic region , or social unit . In modern Western societies , social stratification typically is distinguished as three social classes : ( i ) the upper class , ( ii ) the middle class , and ( iii ) the lower class ; in turn , each class can be subdivided into strata , e . g . the upper - stratum , the middle - stratum , and the lower stratum . Moreover , a social stratum can be formed upon the bases of kinship or caste , or both . The ___MASK27___ ___MASK37___ in India is the paradigmatic ethnographic example of ___MASK27___ . It has origins in ancient India , and was transformed by various ruling elites in medieval , early - modern , and , modern India , especially the Mughal Empire and the British Raj . It is today the basis of educational and job reservations in India . It consists of two different concepts , " varna " and " jti ", which may be regarded as different levels of analysis of this ___MASK37___ .