shares_border_with staten island
___MASK31___ is the tidal strait separating the boroughs of Staten ___MASK96___ and Brooklyn in ___MASK83___ City . It connects the Upper ___MASK83___ Bay and Lower ___MASK83___ Bay and forms the principal channel by which the Hudson River empties into the Atlantic Ocean . It has long been considered to be the maritime " gateway " to ___MASK83___ City and historically has been one of the most important entrances into the harbors of the Port of ___MASK83___ and New Jersey . The ___MASK30___ of ___MASK83___ and New Jersey is the port district of the ___MASK83___ - Newark metropolitan area , encompassing the region within approximately a radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument . It includes the system of navigable waterways in the estuary along of shoreline in the vicinity of ___MASK83___ City and northeastern New Jersey , as well as the region ' s airports and supporting rail and roadway distribution networks . Considered one of the largest natural harbors in the world , the port is by tonnage the third largest in the United States and the busiest on the East Coast . The ___MASK54___ is a river that flows from ___MASK79___ to south primarily through eastern ___MASK83___ in the United States . The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate ___MASK83___ , flows through the Hudson Valley , and eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean , between ___MASK83___ City and Jersey City . The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and ___MASK83___ , and further ___MASK79___ between ___MASK83___ counties . The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord , which formed during the most recent period of North American glaciation , estimated at 26 , 000 to 13 , 300 years ago . Tidal waters influence the Hudson ' s flow from as ___MASK52___ as Troy . The Staten ___MASK96___ Peace Conference was a brief meeting held in the hope of bringing an end to the American Revolutionary War . The conference took place on September 11 , 1776 , at Billop Manor , the residence of Colonel Christopher Billop , on Staten ___MASK96___ , ___MASK83___ . The participants were the British Admiral Lord Richard Howe , and members of the Second Continental Congress John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , and Edward Rutledge . Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 , 1790 ) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States . Franklin was a renowned polymath and a leading author , printer , political theorist , politician , freemason , postmaster , scientist , inventor , civic activist , statesman , and diplomat . ___MASK10___ a scientist , he was a ___MASK94___ figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity . ___MASK10___ an inventor , he is known for the lightning rod , bifocals , and the Franklin stove , among other inventions . He facilitated many civic organizations , including Philadelphia ' s fire department and The University of Pennsylvania , an Ivy League institution . Raritan Bay is a bay located at the southern portion of Lower ___MASK83___ Bay between the U . S . states of ___MASK83___ and New Jersey and is part of the ___MASK83___ Bight . The bay is bounded on the northwest by ___MASK83___ ' s Staten Island , on the west by Perth Amboy , New Jersey , on the south by the Raritan Bayshore communities of Monmouth County , New Jersey , and on the east by Sandy Hook Bay . The bay is named after the Raritans , a branch of the Lenape tribe who lived in the vicinity of the bay for thousands of years prior to the arrival of Dutch colonists in the 17th century . Giovanni da Verrazzano ( sometimes also incorrectly spelled " Verrazano ") ( 1485  1528 ) was an Italian explorer of ___MASK79___ America , in the service of King ___MASK29___ I of ___MASK35___ . The ___MASK3___ is the second largest of the world ' s oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth ' s surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area . It separates the " Old World " from the " New World ". The Kill Van Kull is a tidal strait between Staten ___MASK96___ , ___MASK83___ , and Bayonne , New Jersey , in the United States . Approximately long and wide , it connects Newark Bay with Upper ___MASK83___ Bay . The Robbins Reef Light marks the eastern end of the Kill , Bergen Point its western end . Spanned by the Bayonne Bridge , it is one of the most heavily travelled waterways in the Port of ___MASK83___ and New Jersey . Jersey (; Jèrriais : " Jèrri " [ ri ]), officially the Bailiwick of Jersey ( Jèrriais : " Bailliage dé Jèrri "), is a Crown dependency of the ___MASK74___ , ruled by the Crown in right of Jersey , off the coast of ___MASK84___ , France . Jersey was part of the Duchy of ___MASK84___ , whose dukes went on to become kings of England from 1066 . After ___MASK84___ was lost by the kings of England in the 13th century , and the ducal title surrendered to France , Jersey and the other Channel Islands remained attached to the English crown . ___MASK64___ is the largest city in the Commonwealth of ___MASK80___ and the fifth - ___MASK8___ populous city in the United States , with an estimated population of 1 , 567 , 442 and more than 6 million in the seventh - largest metropolitan statistical area , . ___MASK64___ is the economic and cultural anchor of the Delaware Valleya region located in the Northeastern United States at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers with 7 . 2 million people residing in the eighth - largest combined statistical area in the United States . The Continental Congress , also known ___MASK10___ the Philadelphia Congress , was a convention of delegates called together from the Thirteen Colonies which became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution . ___MASK14___ Point is a point of land that lends its name to the adjacent neighborhood in Bayonne in ___MASK33___ , New Jersey , United States . The point is located on the north side of Kill van Kull at Newark Bay . It is the section of the city closest to the Bayonne Bridge . Historically the term has been used more broadly as synonymous with Constable Hook , from which it is geographically separated at Port Johnson . A ___MASK30___ is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land . ___MASK30___ locations are selected to optimize access to land and navigable water , for commercial demand , and for shelter from wind and waves . ___MASK61___ with deeper water are rarer , but can handle larger ships . Since ___MASK61___ throughout history handled every kind of traffic , support and storage facilities vary widely , may extend for miles , and dominate the local economy . Some ___MASK61___ have an important military role . The Arthur Kill , also known ___MASK10___ the Staten Island Sound , is a tidal strait and a kill between Staten Island , a borough of ___MASK83___ City , and Union and Middlesex counties in northern New Jersey . It is a major navigational channel of the Port of ___MASK83___ and New Jersey in the United States . A ___MASK12___ was historically the main residence of the lord of the manor . The house formed the administrative centre of a manor in the European feudal system ; within its great hall were held the lord ' s manorial courts , communal meals with manorial tenants and great banquets . The term is today loosely applied to various country houses , frequently dating from the late medieval era , which formerly housed the gentry . The ___MASK83___ metropolitan area , also referred to as the Tri - State Area , includes the most populous city in the United States ( ___MASK83___ City ); Long Island and the Mid - and Lower Hudson Valley in the state of ___MASK83___ ; the five largest cities in New Jersey ( Newark  the largest city in New Jersey  Jersey City , Paterson , Elizabeth , and Edison ) and their vicinities ; six of the seven largest cities in Connecticut ( Bridgeport  the largest city in Connecticut  New Haven , Stamford , Waterbury , ___MASK98___ , and Danbury ) and their vicinities ; and five counties in northeastern Pennsylvania . ___MASK80___ ( ___MASK80___ German : " Pennsylvaani "), officially the Commonwealth of ___MASK80___ , is a state located in the northeastern and Mid - Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The commonwealth borders ___MASK44___ to the southeast , ___MASK16___ to the south , ___MASK66___ to the ___MASK99___ , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , ___MASK83___ to the north , and New Jersey to the east . ___MASK83___ Bay is the collective term for the marine areas surrounding the entrance of the Hudson River into the Atlantic Ocean . Its two largest components are Upper ___MASK83___ Bay and Lower ___MASK83___ Bay , which are connected by The Narrows . The first European to discover the area was Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 . ___MASK44___ is a state located in the Mid - Atlantic and / or Northeastern regions of the United States . It is bordered to the ___MASK4___ and ___MASK97___ by Maryland , to the northeast by New Jersey , and to the north by Pennsylvania . The state takes its name from Thomas ___MASK97___ , 3rd Baron De La Warr , an English nobleman and Virginia ' s first colonial governor . Newark Bay is a tidal bay at the confluence of the ___MASK22___ and Hackensack Rivers in northeastern New Jersey . It is home to the Port Newark - Elizabeth Marine Terminal , the largest container shipping facility in Port of ___MASK83___ and New Jersey , the third largest and one of the busiest in the United States . An estuary , it is periodically dredged to accommodate ocean - going ships . In the study of human settlements , an urban agglomeration is an extended city or town area comprising the built - up area of a central place (" usually a municipality ") and any suburbs linked by continuous urban area . INSEE , the French Statistical Institute , uses the term " unité urbaine ", which means continuous urbanized area . However , because of differences in definitions of what does and does not constitute an " agglomeration ", ___MASK10___ well ___MASK10___ variations and limitations in statistical or geographical methodology , it can be problematic to compare different agglomerations around the world . It may not be clear , for instance , whether an area should be considered to be a satellite and part of an agglomeration , or a distinct entity in itself . Conference House ___MASK25___ is a ___MASK25___ in the Tottenville section of Staten ___MASK96___ , ___MASK83___ , one of the boroughs of ___MASK83___ City . The ___MASK25___ is named after the historic Conference House a c . 1680 stone manor house in which a peace conference was initiated on September 11 , 1776 by Lord Howe representing the British Crown with representatives of the Continental Congress including Benjamin Franklin , in an effort to halt the American Revolution . The Conference House is available for tours . The area of the ___MASK25___ was once part of Bentley Manor owned by the Billop family . The Henry Hogg Biddle house constructed between 1845 and 1853 is another historic structure in the ___MASK25___ . The Northeastern United States , also referred to ___MASK10___ the American Northeast or simply the Northeast , is a geographical region of the United States of America bordered to the north by Canada , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by the Southern United States , and to the west by the Midwestern United States . The Northeast is one of the four regions defined by the Census Bureau for the collection and analysis of statistics . The Census Bureau - defined region has a total area of with of that being land mass . Though lacking a unified cultural identity , the Northeastern region is the nation ' s ___MASK8___ economically developed , densely populated , and culturally diverse region . Of the nation ' s four census regions , the Northeast is the second ___MASK8___ urban , with 85 percent of its population residing in urban areas , led by the West with 90 percent . Lower ___MASK83___ Bay is a section of ___MASK83___ Bay south of the Narrows , the relatively narrow strait between the shores of Staten Island and Brooklyn . The southern end of the bay opens directly to the Atlantic Ocean between two spits of land , Sandy Hook , New Jersey , and Rockaway , Queens , on Long Island . The southern portion between Staten Island and New Jersey , at the mouth of the Raritan River , is named Raritan Bay . The Hudson Canyon , the ancient riverbed of the Hudson River which existed during the last ice age when the ocean levels were lower , extends southeast from Lower ___MASK83___ Bay for hundreds of miles into the Atlantic Ocean . The nearby part of the Atlantic Ocean between New Jersey and Long Island is the ___MASK83___ Bight . Staten ___MASK96___ / stætn alnd / is one of the five boroughs ( counties ) of ___MASK83___ City , in the state of ___MASK83___ , in the United States . In the southwest of the city , Staten ___MASK96___ is the southernmost part of both the city and state of ___MASK83___ , with Conference House Park at the southern tip of the island and the state . The borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull , and from the rest of ___MASK83___ by ___MASK83___ Bay . With a 2014 Census - estimated population of 473 , 279 , Staten ___MASK96___ is the least populated of the boroughs but is the third - largest in area at 58 sq mi ( 150 km2 ) . The borough is coextensive with Richmond County , and until 1975 was officially the Borough of Richmond . Its flag was later changed to reflect this , though the official seal remains unchanged . Staten ___MASK96___ has been sometimes called `` the forgotten borough '' by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government . The North Shore -- especially the neighborhoods of St . George , Tompkinsville , Clifton , and Stapleton -- is the most urban part of the island ; it contains the officially designated St . George Historic District and the St . Paul ' s Avenue - Stapleton Heights Historic District , which feature large Victorian houses . The East Shore is home to the 2 . 5 - mile ( 4 km ) F . D . R . Boardwalk , the fourth - longest in the world . The South Shore , site of the 17th - century Dutch and French Huguenot settlement of developed rapidly beginning in the 1960s and 1970s ; it is mostly suburban in character . The West Shore is the least populated and most industrial part of the island . Motor traffic can reach the borough from Brooklyn via the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge and from New Jersey via the Outerbridge Crossing , Goethals Bridge , and Bayonne Bridge . Staten ___MASK96___ has Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) bus lines and a MTA rapid transit line , the Staten ___MASK96___ Railway , which runs from the ferry terminal at St . George to Tottenville . Staten ___MASK96___ is the only borough that is not connected to the ___MASK83___ City Subway system . The free Staten ___MASK96___ Ferry connects the borough to Manhattan and is a popular tourist attraction , providing views of the Statue of Liberty , Ellis ___MASK96___ , and Lower Manhattan . Staten ___MASK96___ had the Fresh Kills Landfill , which was the world ' s largest landfill at one point before closing in 2001 , although it was temporarily reopened that year to receive debris from the September 11 attacks . The landfill is being redeveloped as Freshkills Park , an area devoted to restoring habitat ; the park will become ___MASK83___ City ' s second largest public park when completed . ___MASK93___ is a state in the Northeastern United States and mid - Atlantic regions of the United States . It is bordered on the north and ___MASK39___ by ___MASK83___ , on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Pennsylvania , and on the southwest by Delaware . ___MASK93___ is the fourth - smallest state but the 11th - most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States . ___MASK93___ lies entirely within the combined statistical areas of ___MASK83___ City and Philadelphia and is the third - wealthiest U . S . state by per capita income as of 2014 . A combined statistical area ( CSA ) is composed of adjacent metropolitan ( MSA ) and micropolitan statistical areas ( µSA ) in the United States and Puerto Rico that can demonstrate economic or social linkage . The United States Office of Management and Budget defines a CSA ___MASK10___ consisting of various combinations of adjacent metropolitan and micropolitan areas with economic ties measured by commuting patterns . These areas that combine retain their own designations ___MASK10___ metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areas within the larger combined statistical area . Headquarters ( HQ ) denotes the location where ___MASK8___ , if not all , of the important functions of an organization are coordinated . In the United States , the corporate headquarters represents the entity at the center or the top of a corporation taking full responsibility for managing all business activities . In the UK , the term head office is ___MASK8___ commonly used for the HQs of large corporations . The term is also used regarding military organizations . The Conference House ( also known ___MASK10___ " Billop House ") was built before 1680 and is located near the southernmost tip of ___MASK83___ State on Staten Island , which became known ___MASK10___ " Billop ' s Point " in the 18th century . The Staten Island Peace Conference was held here on September 11 , 1776 , which unsuccessfully attempted to end the American Revolutionary War . The house , a National and ___MASK83___ City Landmark , is the only pre - Revolutionary manor house still surviving in ___MASK83___ City . It is located at Conference House Park overlooking Raritan Bay . The house is also located within the Ward ' s Point Conservation Area , separately added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . Research comprises " creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge , including knowledge of humans , culture and society , and the use of ___MASK81___ stock of knowledge to devise new applications ." It is used to establish or confirm facts , reaffirm the results of previous work , solve new or existing problems , support theorems , or develop new theories . A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field . Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic , or in the example of a school research project , they can be used to further a student ' s research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports . To test the validity of instruments , procedures , or experiments , research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project ___MASK10___ a whole . The primary purposes of basic research ( ___MASK10___ opposed to applied research ) are documentation , discovery , interpretation , or the research and development ( R & D ) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge . Approaches to research depend on epistemologies , which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences . There are several forms of research : scientific , humanities , artistic , economic , social , business , marketing , practitioner research , life , technological , etc . Upper ___MASK83___ Bay , or Upper Bay , is the traditional heart of the Port of ___MASK83___ and New Jersey , and often called ___MASK83___ Harbor . It is enclosed by the ___MASK83___ City boroughs of Manhattan , Brooklyn , and Staten Island and the ___MASK33___ , New Jersey municipalities of Jersey City and Bayonne . The City of ___MASK83___ , often called ___MASK83___ City or simply ___MASK83___ , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2015 population of 8 , 550 , 405 distributed over a land area of just , ___MASK83___ City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the state of ___MASK83___ , the city is the center of the ___MASK83___ metropolitan area , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . A global power city , ___MASK83___ City exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , its fast pace defining the term " ___MASK83___ minute ". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , ___MASK83___ is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world . The Bayonne Bridge is an arch bridge spanning the Kill Van Kull connecting Bayonne , ___MASK93___ with Staten ___MASK96___ , ___MASK83___ City . It carries NY 440 and NJ 440 . The supported roadway carries two lanes of motor traffic in each direction , as well as a walkway that is temporarily closed for reconstruction . The roadway deck could accommodate an expansion for either two traffic lanes or two light - rail lanes . The headquarters of the United Nations is a complex in ___MASK83___ City designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer . The complex has served as the official headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1952 . It is located in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan , on spacious grounds overlooking the East River . Its borders are First Avenue on the west , East 42nd Street to the south , East 48th Street on the north and the East River to the east . The term " Turtle Bay " is occasionally used as a metonym for the UN headquarters or for the United Nations as a whole . A strait is a naturally formed , narrow , typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water . ___MASK8___ commonly it is a channel of water that lies between two land masses . Some straits are not navigable , for example because they are too shallow , or because of an unnavigable reef or archipelago . The Robbins Reef Light Station is a sparkplug lighthouse located off Constable Hook in Bayonne , ___MASK33___ , New Jersey , United States , along the west side of Main Channel , Upper New York Bay . The tower and integral keepers quarters were built in 1883 . It replaced an octagonal granite tower built in 1839 . The U . S . Coast Guard owned and operated the light station until the 2000s . The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy , overthrew the authority of Great Britain , and founded the ___MASK49___ .