occupation walter marshall
South East England is the most populous of the nine ___MASK62___ regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes . It consists of Berkshire , Buckinghamshire , East Sussex , Hampshire , the Isle of Wight , Kent , Oxfordshire , Surrey and West Sussex . As with the other regions of England , apart from Greater London , the south east has no elected government . Wales is a country that is part of the ___MASK29___ and the island of Great Britain . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3 , 063 , 456 and has a total area of . Wales has over of coastline and is largely mountainous , with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Fusion power is energy generated by nuclear fusion . Fusion reactions fuse two lighter atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus . It is a ___MASK49___ area of plasma ___MASK26___ research that attempts to harness such reactions as a source of large scale sustainable energy . Fusion reactions are how stars transmute matter into energy . ___MASK26___ Today is the membership magazine of the American Institute of ___MASK26___ that was established in 1948 . It is provided to the members of ten ___MASK26___ societies , including the American Physical Society . Although its content is scientifically rigorous and up to date , it is not a true scholarly journal in the sense of being a primary vehicle for communicating new results . Rather , it is more of a hybrid magazine that informs readers about important developments in the form of overview articles written by experts , shorter review articles written internally by staff , and also discusses the latest issues and events of importance to the science community such as science politics . The ___MASK26___ community ' s main vessel for new results are the " Physical Review " suite of scientific journals published by the American Physical Society and " Applied ___MASK26___ Letters " published by the American Institute of ___MASK26___ . Walter Charles Marshall , Baron Marshall of Goring FRSCBE ( 5 March 1932 , Rumney , Cardiff -- 20 February 1996 , London ) son of Frank Marshall and Amy Pearson he studied mathematical ___MASK26___ at Birmingham University and gained a PhD there under Rudolf Peierls . In 1955 he married Ann Sheppard in Cardiff and had a son and daughter . He joined the Theoretical ___MASK26___ Division at AERE Harwell in 1954 , succeeding Brian Flowers as Head of that Division in 1960 and becoming Director of AERE in 1968 ; he eventually was appointed Chairman of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority in 1981 . Appointed a Commander of the British Empire ( CBE ) in 1973 , he was Knighted in 1982 . As a champion of nuclear power , he was appointed , in 1983 , to be chairman of the Central Electricity Generating Board . For his success in keeping the country ' s `` lights on '' during the protracted miners '' strike of 1984 - 5 , Mrs Thatcher rewarded him with a life peerage and he became Baron Marshall of Goring , of South Stoke in the County of Oxfordshire on 22 July 1985 . In 1989 , with the government ' s plan to reorganise and privatise electricity generation , the position of Chairman of the CEGB disappeared . He was made Chairman of National Power which included a large number of the coal - and oil - fired power stations and all of the nuclear power stations . National Power was a division of the CEGB until it was privatised in 1990 . This was done as he had a close association with nuclear power , from the early years . But before the privatisation process was complete , the city was not happy with the nuclear component in National Power , and it was removed from the process and placed into another state - owned company ( only to be part privatised some 5 years later ) . It was as a result of this political decision that he resigned his post as Chairman of National Power . Marshall then entered into several jobs in the private sector connected with the nuclear industry and died in 1996 . As a scientist , Marshall was recognised as one of the leading theoreticians in the atomic properties of matter and characterised by his penetrating analytical powers . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1971 . In 1977 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences . The ___MASK29___ Atomic Energy Authority is a UK government ___MASK86___ organisation responsible for the development of nuclear fusion power . It is an executive non - departmental public body of the Department for Business , Innovation and Skills . Nuclear ___MASK26___ is the field of ___MASK26___ that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions . The most commonly known application of nuclear ___MASK26___ is nuclear power generation , but the research has led to applications in many fields , including nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging , nuclear weapons , ion implantation in materials engineering , and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology . Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat , which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant . The term includes nuclear fission , nuclear decay and nuclear fusion . Presently , the nuclear fission of elements in the actinide series of the periodic table produce the vast majority of nuclear energy in the direct service of humankind , with nuclear decay processes , primarily in the form of geothermal energy , and radioisotope thermoelectric generators , in niche uses making up the rest . Owing , fundamentally , to the delayed critical fission process , Fission - electric power stations are one of the leading low ___MASK73___ power generation methods of producing electricity , and in terms of total life - cycle greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy generated , has emission values lower than " renewable energy " when the latter is taken as a single energy source . Since all electricity supplying technologies use cement , etc ., during ___MASK7___ , emissions are yet to be brought to zero . A 2014 analysis of the ___MASK73___ footprint literature by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reported that the embodied total life - cycle emission intensity of fission electricity has a median value of 12 g eq / kWh which is the lowest out of all ___MASK38___ baseload energy sources , and second lowest out of all ___MASK38___ electricity technologies known , after wind power which is an Intermittent energy source with embodied greenhouse gas emissions , per unit of energy generated of 11 g eq / kWh . Each result is contrasted with coal & fossil gas at 820 and 490 g eq / kWh . With this translating into , from the beginning of Fission - electric power station commercialization in the 1970s , having prevented the emission of about 64 billion tonnes of ___MASK73___ dioxide equivalent , greenhouse gases that would have otherwise resulted from the burning of fossil fuels in thermal power stations . There is a social debate about nuclear power . Proponents , such as the World Nuclear Association and Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy , contend that nuclear power is a safe , sustainable energy source that reduces ___MASK73___ emissions . Opponents , such as Greenpeace International and NIRS , contend that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment . Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire . With a population of 159 , 994 it is the 52nd largest city in the ___MASK29___ , and one of the fastest growing and most ethnically diverse . The city is situated from London , from Bristol , from both Southampton and Birmingham and from Reading . A ___MASK3___ is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of physics , the exploration of the interactions of matter and energy across the physical universe . Sir Rudolf Ernst Peierls , CBE ( 5 June 1907  19 September 1995 ) was a German - born British ___MASK3___ who had a major role in Britain ' s nuclear programme , and also had a role in many modern sciences . His obituary in " Physics Today " describes him as " a major player in the drama of the eruption of nuclear physics into world affairs ...". An emission intensity is the average emission rate of a given pollutant from a given source relative to the intensity of a specific activity ; for example grams of ___MASK73___ dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced , or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product ( GDP ). Emission intensities are used to derive estimates of air pollutant or greenhouse gas emissions based on the amount of fuel combusted , the number of animals in animal husbandry , on industrial production levels , distances traveled or similar activity data . Emission intensities may also be used to compare the environmental impact of different fuels or activities . The related terms emission factor and ___MASK73___ intensity are often used interchangeably , but " factors " exclude aggregate activities such as GDP , and " ___MASK73___ " excludes other pollutants . One commonly used figure is ___MASK73___ intensity per kilowatt - hour , or CIPK , which is used to compare different sources of electrical power . County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the ___MASK29___ of Great Britain and Ireland ( excluding Scotland ), to refer to a borough or a city independent of county council control . They were abolished by the Local Government Act 1972 in England and Wales , but continue in use for lieutenancy and shrievalty in Northern Ireland . In the Republic of Ireland they remain in existence but have been renamed " cities " under the provisions of the Local Government Act 2001 . The Local Government ( Wales ) Act 1994 re - introduced the term for certain " principal areas " in Wales . Scotland did not have county boroughs but instead counties of cities . These were abolished on 16 May 1975 . All four Scottish cities of the time  Aberdeen , Dundee , Edinburgh , and Glasgow  were included in this category . There was an additional category of large burgh in the Scottish system , which were responsible for all services apart from police , education and fire . In nuclear ___MASK26___ , nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles ( neutrons and / or protons ). The difference in mass between the products and reactants is manifested as the release of large amounts of energy . This difference in mass arises due to the difference in atomic " binding energy " between the atomic nuclei before and after the reaction . Fusion is the process that powers active or " main sequence " stars , or other high magnitude stars . Cardiff is the capital and largest city in Wales and the eleventh - largest city in the ___MASK29___ . The city is the country ' s chief commercial centre , the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions , the Welsh national media , and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales . The unitary authority area ' s mid - 2011 population was estimated to be 346 , 100 , while the population of the Larger Urban Zone was estimated at 861 , 400 in 2009 . The Cardiff metropolitan area makes up over a third of the total population of Wales , with a mid - 2011 population estimate of about 1 , 100 , 000 people . Cardiff is a significant tourist centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 18 . 3 million visitors in 2010 . In 2011 , Cardiff was ranked sixth in the world in National Geographic ' s alternative tourist destinations . A greenhouse gas ( abbrev . GHG ) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range . This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect . The primary greenhouse gases in Earth ' s atmosphere are water vapor , ___MASK73___ dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Without greenhouse gases , the average temperature of Earth ' s surface would be about , rather than the present average of . In the Solar System , the atmospheres of Venus , Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause a greenhouse effect . Oxfordshire ( or ; abbreviated Oxon ) is a county in South East England bordering on Warwickshire ( to the north / north - west ), Northamptonshire ( to the north / north - east ), Buckinghamshire ( to the east ), Berkshire ( to the south ), Wiltshire ( to the south - west ) and Gloucestershire ( to the west ). Gloucestershire (; abbreviated Glos .) is a county in South West England . The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills , part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn , and the entire Forest of ___MASK39___ . Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms , containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis . The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years , and sometimes exceeds 650 million years . Fossil fuels contain high percentages of ___MASK73___ and include petroleum , coal , and natural gas . Other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane . Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low ___MASK73___ : hydrogen ratios like methane , to liquids like petroleum , to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure ___MASK73___ , like anthracite coal . Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields either alone , associated with oil , or in the form of methane clathrates . Rumney is a district and community in the east of the city of Cardiff , Wales . It lies east of the Rhymney River , and is historically part of Monmouthshire . On 1 April 1938 the Cardiff Extension Act 1937 incorporated it into the county borough of Cardiff , and thus it became associated with the geographical county of Glamorgan . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is a scientific and intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations , set up at the request of ___MASK5___ governments , dedicated to the task of providing the world with an objective , scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts . It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations , the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) and the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ), and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43 / 53 . Membership of the IPCC is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP . The IPCC produces reports that support the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ), which is the main international treaty on climate change . The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to " stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [ i . e ., human - induced ] interference with the climate system ". IPCC reports cover " the scientific , technical and socio - economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human - induced climate change , its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation ." A county is a geographical region of a country used for administrative or other purposes , in certain modern nations . The term is derived from the Old French " conté " or " cunté " denoting a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a ___MASK66___ ( earl ) or a viscount . The modern French is " comté ", and its equivalents in other languages are " contea ", " contado ", " comtat ", " condado ", " Grafschaft ", " graafschap ", " Gau ", etc . ( cf . " conte ", " comte ", " conde ", " Graf "). A ___MASK73___ footprint is historically defined as " the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an < nowiki >[</ nowiki > individual , event , organisation , product < nowiki >]</ nowiki > expressed as ___MASK73___ dioxide equivalent ." A city is a large and permanent human settlement . Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town in ___MASK17___ English language meanings , many cities have a particular administrative , legal , or historical status based on local law . In nuclear ___MASK26___ and nuclear chemistry , a nuclear reaction is semantically considered to be the process in which two nuclei , or else a nucleus of an atom and a subatomic particle ( such as a proton , neutron , or high energy electron ) from outside the atom , collide to produce one or more nuclides that are different from the nuclide ( s ) that began the process . Thus , a nuclear reaction must cause a transformation of at least one nuclide to another . If a nucleus interacts with another nucleus or particle and they then separate without changing the nature of any nuclide , the process is simply referred to as a type of nuclear scattering , rather than a nuclear reaction . The Department for Business , Innovation & Skills ( BIS ) was a ministerial department of the ___MASK29___ Government created on 5 June 2009 by the merger of the Department for Innovation , Universities and Skills ( DIUS ) and the Department for Business , Enterprise and Regulatory Reform ( BERR ). It was disbanded on the creation of the Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy on 14 July 2016 . ___MASK73___ dioxide equivalent ( CDE ) and equivalent ___MASK73___ dioxide ( e and eq ) are two related but distinct measures for describing how much global warming a given type and amount of greenhouse gas may cause , using the functionally equivalent amount or concentration of ___MASK73___ dioxide as the reference . Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn ( for ) and atomic number 50 , is a post - transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table . It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite , which contains tin dioxide , SnO . Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14 , germanium and lead , and has two main oxidation states , + 2 and the slightly more stable + 4 . Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has , with 10 stable isotopes , the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table , thanks to its ___MASK84___ number of protons . It has two main allotropes : at room temperature , the stable allotrope is  - tin , a silvery - white , malleable metal , but at low temperatures it transforms into the less dense grey  - tin , which has the diamond cubic structure . Metallic tin is not easily oxidized in air . Sustainable energy is energy that is consumed at insignificant rates compared to its supply and with manageable collateral effects , especially environmental effects . Another common definition of sustainable energy is an energy system that serves the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs . The organizing principle for sustainability is sustainable development , which includes the four interconnected domains : ecology , economics , politics and culture . Sustainability ___MASK100___ is the study of sustainable development and environmental ___MASK100___ . The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements , ordered by their atomic number ( number of protons ), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties . This ordering shows " periodic trends ", such as elements with similar behaviour in the same column . It also shows four rectangular blocks with some approximately similar chemical properties . In ___MASK17___ , within one row ( period ) the elements are metals on the left , and non - metals on the right . In the ___MASK29___ , non - departmental public body ( NDPB ) is a classification applied by the Cabinet Office , Treasury , the Scottish Government and the Northern Ireland Executive to quangos ( quasi - autonomous non - governmental organisations ). NDPBs are not an integral part of any government department and carry out their work at arm ' s length from ministers , although ministers are ultimately responsible to Parliament for the activities of bodies sponsored by their department . The ___MASK29___ of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the ___MASK29___ ( UK ) or Britain , is a ___MASK76___ country in western Europe . Lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland , it includes the island of Great Britain ( the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country ), the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another ___MASK76___ statethe Republic of Ireland . Apart from this land border , the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west , giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of , the UK is the 78th - largest ___MASK76___ state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe . It is also the 21st - most populous country , with an estimated 65 . 1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union . In thermodynamics , thermal energy refers to the internal energy present in a system due to its temperature . The concept is not well - defined or broadly accepted in ___MASK26___ or thermodynamics , because the internal energy can be changed without changing the temperature , and there is no way to distinguish which part of a system ' s internal energy is " thermal ". " Thermal energy " is sometimes used loosely as a synonym for more rigorous thermodynamic quantities such as the ( entire ) internal energy of a system ; or for heat or sensible heat which are defined as types of " transfer " of energy ( just as work is another type of transfer of energy ). Heat and work depend on the way in which an energy transfer occurred , whereas internal energy is a property of the state of a system and can thus be understood even without knowing how the energy got there . In nuclear ___MASK26___ and nuclear chemistry , nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts ( lighter nuclei ). The fission process often produces free neutrons and gamma photons , and releases a very large amount of energy even by the energetic standards of radioactive decay .