floruit alexander of aegae
The Prior Analytics is Aristotle ' s work on deductive reasoning , which is known as his syllogistic . Being one of the six extant Aristotelian writings on logic and scientific method , it is part of what later Peripatetics called the " Organon ". Modern work on Aristotle ' s logic builds on the tradition started in ___MASK18___ with the establishment by Jan Lukasiewicz of a revolutionary paradigm . The Jan Lukasiewicz approach was reinvigorated in the early 1970s in a series of papers by John Corcoran and Timothy Smiley  which inform modern translations of " Prior Analytics " by Robin Smith in 1989 and Gisela Striker in 2009 . Gaius Julius Caesar ( 13 July ___MASK89___ BC  15 March 44 BC ), known as Julius Caesar , was a Roman politician , general , and notable author of Latin prose . He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire . Alexander of Aphrodisias ( fl . ___MASK55___ AD ) was a Peripatetic philosopher and the most celebrated of the Ancient Greek commentators on the writings of Aristotle . He was a native of Aphrodisias in Caria , and lived and taught in Athens at the beginning of the 3rd century , where he held a position as head of the Peripatetic school . He wrote many commentaries on the works of Aristotle , extant are those on the " Prior Analytics ", " Topics ", " Meteorology ", " Sense and Sensibilia ", and " Metaphysics ". Several original treatises also survive , and include a work " On Fate ", in which he argues against the Stoic doctrine of necessity ; and one " On the Soul ". His commentaries on Aristotle were considered so useful that he was styled , by way of pre - eminence , " the commentator ". Plato ( Greek : " Plátn ", in Classical Attic ; 428 / 427 or ___MASK68___ / ___MASK63___  348 / 347 BCE ) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens , the first institution of higher learning in the Western world . He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy , especially the Western tradition . Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries , Plato ' s entire " œuvre " is believed to have survived intact for over 2 , 400 years . Classical Greece was a period of around ___MASK55___ years ( 5th and 4th centuries BC ) in Greek culture . This Classical period saw the annexation of much of modern - day Greece by the Persian Empire and its subsequent independence . Classical Greece had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire and on the foundations of western civilization . Much of modern Western politics , artistic thought ( architecture , sculpture ), scientific thought , theatre , literature , and philosophy derives from this period of Greek history . In the context of the art , architecture , and culture of Ancient Greece , the Classical period , sometimes called the Hellenic period , corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries BC ( the most common dates being the fall of the last Athenian tyrant in 510 BC and the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC ). The Classical period in this sense follows the Archaic period and is in turn succeeded by the Hellenistic period . Aristotle (" Aristotéls "; 384  322 BC ) was a Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira , Chalkidice , on the northern periphery of Classical Greece . His father , Nicomachus , died when Aristotle was a child , whereafter Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian . At seventeen or eighteen years of age , he joined Plato ' s Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty - seven ( c . 347 BC ). His writings cover many subjects  including physics , biology , zoology , metaphysics , logic , ethics , aesthetics , poetry , theater , music , rhetoric , linguistics , politics and government  and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy . Shortly after Plato died , Aristotle left Athens and , at the request of Philip of Macedon , tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC . Athens (" Athína " ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world ' s oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3 , ___MASK70___ years , and its earliest human presence starting somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennia BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city - state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus , which had been a distinct city prior to its 5th century BC incorporation with Athens . A centre for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato ' s Academy and Aristotle ' s Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . In 2015 , Athens was ranked the world ' s 29th richest city by purchasing power and the 67th most expensive in a UBS study . Alexander ( Greek :  ) of Aegae was a Peripatetic philosopher who flourished in Rome in the 1st century , and was a disciple of the celebrated mathematician Sosigenes of Alexandria . He was tutor to the emperor Nero . He wrote commentaries on the Categories and the De Caelo of Aristotle . Attempts in the 19th century to ascribe some of the works of Alexander of Aphrodisias to Alexander of Aegae have been shown to be mistaken . The Julian calendar , proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC ( 708 AUC ), was a reform of the Roman calendar . It took effect on 1 January 45 BC ( AUC 709 ) ( shortly before the Roman conquest of Egypt ), by edict . It was the predominant calendar in the Roman world , most of Europe , and in European settlements in the Americas and elsewhere , until it was refined and gradually replaced by the Gregorian calendar , promulgated in ___MASK84___ by Pope Gregory XIII . The Julian calendar gains against the mean tropical year at the rate of one day in 128 years . For the Gregorian the figure is one day in 3 , 030 years . The difference in the average length of the year between Julian ( 365 . 25 days ) and Gregorian ( 365 . 2425 days ) is 0 . 002 %. Sosigenes of Alexandria was a Greek astronomer who , according to Pliny the Elder , was consulted by Julius Caesar for the design of the Julian calendar .