publisher ieee transactions on evolutionary computation
Research comprises " creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the ___MASK12___ of knowledge , including knowledge of humans , culture and society , and the use of this ___MASK12___ of knowledge to devise new applications ." It is used to establish or confirm facts , reaffirm the results of previous work , solve new or existing problems , support theorems , or develop new theories . A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field . Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic , or in the example of a school research project , they can be used to further a student ' s research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports . To test the validity of instruments , procedures , or experiments , research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole . The primary purposes of basic research ( as opposed to applied research ) are documentation , discovery , interpretation , or the research and development ( R & D ) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge . Approaches to research depend on epistemologies , which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences . There are several forms of research : scientific , humanities , artistic , economic , social , business , marketing , practitioner research , life , technological , etc . In academic publishing , a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science , usually by reporting new research . There are thousands of scientific journals in publication , and many more have been published at various points in the past ( see list of scientific journals ). Most journals are highly specialized , although some of the oldest journals such as " Nature " publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields . Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed , in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal ' s standards of quality , and scientific validity . If the journal ' s editor considers the paper appropriate , at least two researchers preferably from the same field check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument , and must agree to publish it . Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines , they are actually quite different . Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually , as one would read a magazine . The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method . If they are describing experiments or calculations , they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results . Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record . The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena , acquiring new knowledge , or correcting and integrating previous knowledge . To be termed scientific , a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning . The Oxford Dictionaries Online define the scientific method as " a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th ___MASK41___ , consisting in systematic observation , measurement , and experiment , and the formulation , testing , and modification of hypotheses ". Experiments need to be designed to test hypotheses . The most important part of the scientific method is the experiment . Web of Science ( previously known as Web of Knowledge ) is an online subscription - based scientific citation indexing service originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI ), now maintained by Clarivate Analytics ( previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of ___MASK14___ ), that provides a comprehensive citation search . It gives access to multiple databases that reference cross - disciplinary research , which allows for in - depth exploration of specialized sub - fields within an academic or scientific discipline . IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation is a bimonthly peer - reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society . It covers evolutionary computation and related areas including nature - inspired algorithms , population - based methods , and optimization where selection and variation are integral , and hybrid systems where these paradigms are combined . The editor - in - chief is Kay Chen Tan ( National University of Singapore ) . According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 5 . 545 . The Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI ) was founded by Eugene Garfield in 1960 . It was acquired by Thomson Scientific & Healthcare in 1992 , and became known as Thomson ISI . It is now a part of the Intellectual Property & Science business of ___MASK14___ . The IEEE Computational Intelligence Society is a professional society of the ___MASK7___ ( IEEE ) focussing on " the theory , design , application , and development of biologically and linguistically motivated computational paradigms emphasizing neural networks , connectionist systems , genetic algorithms , evolutionary programming , fuzzy systems , and hybrid intelligent systems in which these paradigms are contained ". The impact factor ( IF ) or Journal impact factor ( JIF ) of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal . It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field ; journals with higher impact factors are often deemed to be more important than those with lower ones . The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield , the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information . Impact factors are calculated yearly starting from 1975 for those journals that are listed in the " Journal Citation Reports ". The Science Citation Index ( SCI ) is a citation index originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI ) and created by Eugene Garfield . It was officially launched in 1964 . It is now owned by Clarivate Analytics ( previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of ___MASK14___ ). The larger version ( Science Citation Index Expanded ) covers more than 8 , 500 notable and significant journals , across 150 disciplines , from 1900 to the present . These are alternatively described as the world ' s leading journals of science and technology , because of a rigorous selection process . In computer science , soft computing ( sometimes referred to as computational intelligence , though CI does not have an agreed ___MASK49___ ) is the use of inexact solutions to computationally hard tasks such as the solution of NP - complete problems , for which there is no known algorithm that can compute an exact solution in polynomial time . Soft computing differs from conventional ( hard ) computing in that , unlike hard computing , it is tolerant of imprecision , uncertainty , partial truth , and approximation . In effect , the role model for soft computing is the human mind . Artificial intelligence ( AI ) is intelligence exhibited by machines . In computer science , an ideal " intelligent " machine is a flexible rational agent that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of ___MASK21___ at some goal . Colloquially , the term " artificial intelligence " is applied when a machine mimics " cognitive " functions that humans associate with other human minds , such as " learning " and " problem solving ". As machines become increasingly capable , mental facilities once thought to require intelligence are removed from the ___MASK49___ . For example , optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an exemplar of " artificial intelligence ", having become a routine technology . Capabilities currently classified as AI include successfully understanding human speech , competing at a high level in strategic game systems ( such as Chess and Go ), self - driving cars , and interpreting complex data . Some people also consider AI a danger to humanity if it progresses unabatedly . In computer science , evolutionary computation is a family of algorithms for global optimization inspired by biological evolution , and the subfield of artificial intelligence and soft computing studying these algorithms . In technical terms , they are a family of population - based trial and error problem solvers with a metaheuristic or stochastic optimization character . Computer science is the study of the theory , experimentation , and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers . It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the systematic study of the feasibility , structure , expression , and mechanization of the methodical procedures ( or algorithms ) that underlie the acquisition , representation , processing , storage , communication of , and access to information . An alternate , more succinct ___MASK49___ of computer science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale . A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems . The ___MASK7___ ( IEEE , pronounced " I triple E ") is a professional association with its corporate office in New York City and its operations center in Piscataway , New Jersey . It was formed in 1963 from the amalgamation of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers . Today , it is the world ' s largest association of technical professionals with more than 400 , 000 members in chapters around the world . Its objectives are the educational and technical advancement of electrical and electronic engineering , telecommunications , computer engineering and allied disciplines . The word stochastic is an adjective in ___MASK22___ that describes something that was randomly determined . The word first appeared in ___MASK22___ to describe a mathematical object called a stochastic process , but now in mathematics the terms stochastic process and random process are considered interchangeable . The word , with its current definition meaning random , came from German , but it originally came from the Greek word "  " (" stokhos ", " aim "). Trial and error is a fundamental method of problem solving . It is characterised by repeated , varied attempts which are continued until ___MASK21___ , or until the agent stops trying . ___MASK14___ Corporation is a multinational mass media and information firm with operational headquarters at 3 Times Square in Manhattan , New York City . The firm was founded in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , where its legal domicile offices are located at 333 Bay Street in Downtown Toronto . ___MASK14___ shares maintain a dual listing on the New York ___MASK12___ Exchange ( NYSE : TRI ) and the Toronto ___MASK12___ Exchange ( TSX : TRI ). Journal Citation Reports ( JCR ) is an annual publication by Clarivate Analytics ( previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of ___MASK14___ ). It has been integrated with the Web of Science and is accessed from the Web of Science - Core Collections . It provides information about academic journals in the sciences and social sciences , including impact factors . The " JCR " was originally published as a part of " Science Citation Index ". Currently , the " JCR ", as a distinct service , is based on citations compiled from the " Science Citation Index Expanded " and the " Social Science Citation Index ".