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In mathematics , ___MASK56___ science and operations ___MASK38___ , mathematical optimization , also spelled mathematical optimisation ( alternatively named mathematical programming or simply optimization or optimisation ), is the selection of a best element ( with regard to some criterion ) from some set of available alternatives . A university press is an ___MASK84___ publishing house specializing in ___MASK84___ monographs and scholarly journals . Most are nonprofit and an integral component of a large ___MASK38___ university . They publish work that has been reviewed by scholars in the field . They produce mainly scholarly works , but also often have " popular " titles , such as books on religion or on regional topics . Because scholarly books are mostly unprofitable , university presses may also publish textbooks and reference works , which tend to have larger audiences and sell more copies . Most university presses operate at a loss and are subsidized by their owners ; others are required to break even . Demand has fallen as library budgets are cut and the online ___MASK8___ of used books undercut the new book market . Many presses are experimenting with electronic publishing . Artificial intelligence ( AI ) is intelligence exhibited by machines . In ___MASK56___ science , an ideal " intelligent " machine is a flexible rational agent that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal . Colloquially , the term " artificial intelligence " is applied when a machine mimics " cognitive " functions that humans associate with other human minds , such as " learning " and " problem solving ". As machines become increasingly capable , mental facilities once thought to require intelligence are removed from the definition . For example , optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an exemplar of " artificial intelligence ", having become a routine technology . Capabilities currently classified as AI include successfully understanding human speech , competing at a high level in strategic ___MASK91___ systems ( such as Chess and Go ), self - driving cars , and interpreting complex data . Some people also consider AI a danger to humanity if it progresses unabatedly . MILAN (" milan ( e )" is French for kite ) is a European anti - tank guided missile . Design of the MILAN started in 1962 , it was ready for trials in 1971 , and was accepted for service in 1972 . It is a wire guided SACLOS ( semi - automatic command to line - of - sight ) missile , which means the sight of the launch unit has to be aimed at the target to ___MASK33___ the missile . The MILAN can be equipped with a MIRA or MILIS thermal sight to give it night - firing ability . The Université libre de Bruxelles ( ULB ) ( French for " Free University of Brussels ", though rarely translated ) is a French - speaking private ___MASK38___ university in Brussels , Belgium . It has about 24 , 200 students , 32 % of whom come from abroad , and an equally cosmopolitan staff . Gerardo Beni is a ___MASK34___ of ___MASK30___ at University of California , Riverside who , with Jin Wang , is known as the originator of the term " ' swarm intelligence ' " in the context of cellular robotics and the concept of " ' electrowetting ' ", with Susan Hackwood . He also devised , with Xuan - Li Xie , the Xie - Beni Index for measuring the validity of fuzzy clustering . A robot is a machine  especially one programmable by a ___MASK56___  capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically . Robots can be guided by an external control device or the control may be embedded within . Robots may be constructed to take on human form but most robots are machines designed to perform a task with no regard to how they look . In mathematics and ___MASK56___ science , an optimization problem is the problem of finding the " best " solution from all feasible solutions . Optimization problems can be divided into two categories depending on whether the variables are continuous or discrete . An optimization problem with discrete variables is known as a combinatorial optimization problem . In a combinatorial optimization problem , we are looking for an object such as an integer , permutation or graph from a finite ( or possibly countable infinite ) set . Problems with continuous variables include constrained problems and multimodal problems . ___MASK56___ science is the study of the theory , experimentation , and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers . It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the systematic study of the feasibility , structure , expression , and mechanization of the methodical procedures ( or algorithms ) that underlie the acquisition , representation , processing , storage , communication of , and access to information . An alternate , more succinct definition of ___MASK56___ science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale . A ___MASK56___ ___MASK98___ specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems . Swarm intelligence ( SI ) is the collective behavior of decentralized , self - organized systems , natural or artificial . The concept is employed in work on artificial intelligence . The expression was introduced by Gerardo Beni and Jing Wang in 1989 , in the context of cellular robotic systems . The expression collective behavior was first used by Robert E . Park ( 1921 ), and employed later by Herbert Blumer ( 1939 ), Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian ( 1957 ), and Neil Smelser ( 1962 ) to refer to social processes and events which do not reflect existing social structure ( laws , conventions , and institutions ), but which emerge in a " spontaneous " way . Use of the term has been expanded to include reference to cells , social animals like birds and fish , and insects including ants . Collective behavior takes many forms but generally violates societal norms ( ___MASK7___ 2000 , Locher 2002 ). Collective behavior can be tremendously destructive , as with riots or mob violence , silly , as with fads , or anywhere in between . Collective behavior is always driven by group dynamics , encouraging people to engage in acts they might consider unthinkable under typical social circumstances ( Locher 2002 ). The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in Cambridge , Massachusetts ( United States ). The Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) is a private ___MASK38___ university in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States , MIT adopted a European polytechnic university ___MASK85___ and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering . Researchers worked on computers , radar , and inertial guidance during World War II and the Cold War . Post - war defense ___MASK38___ contributed to the rapid expansion of the ___MASK10___ and campus under James Killian . The current campus opened in 1916 and extends over along the northern bank of the Charles River basin . The European Court of ___MASK78___ ( ECJ ), officially just the Court of ___MASK78___ , is the highest court in the European Union in matters of European Union law . As a part of the Court of ___MASK78___ of the European Union it is tasked with interpreting EU law and ensuring its equal application across all EU member states . The Court was established in 1952 and is based in Luxembourg . It is composed of one judge per member state  currently 28  although it normally hears cases in panels of three , five or 15 judges . The court has been led by president Koen Lenaerts since 2015 . Marco Dorigo ( born 26 August 1961 , in Milan , Italy ) is a ___MASK38___ director for the Belgian Funds for Scientific ___MASK38___ ( FNRS ) and a co - director of IRIDIA , the artificial intelligence lab of the Université Libre de Bruxelles . He is the proponent of the ant colony optimization metaheuristic ( see his book published by MIT Press in 2004 ) , and one of the founders of the swarm intelligence ___MASK38___ field . Recently he got involved with ___MASK38___ in swarm robotics : he is the coordinator of Swarm - bots : Swarms of self - assembling artefacts and of Swarmanoid : Towards humanoid robotic swarms two swarm robotics projects funded by the Future and Emerging Technologies Program of the European Commission . He is also the founding editor and editor in chief of Swarm Intelligence , the principal peer reviewed publication dedicated to reporting ___MASK38___ and new developments in this multidisciplinary field . For these contributions , in 2003 he was awarded the `` Marie Curie ___MASK38___ Excellence Award '' by the European Commission ; on 22 November 2005 , he was presented the `` FNRS - Dr A . De Leeuw - Damry - Bourlart award in Applied Sciences '' by the King of Belgium , Albert II ; and in 2007 he received the `` Cajastur International Prize for Soft Computing '' , awarded by the `` Foundation for the Advancement of Soft Computing '' . He is the recipient of an ERC Advanced Grant ( 2010 ) . Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a ___MASK51___ state in Western Europe bordered by France , the Netherlands , Germany , Luxembourg , and the North Sea . It is a small , densely populated country which covers an area of and has a population of about 11 million people . Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe , Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups : the Dutch - speaking , mostly Flemish community , which constitutes about 59 % of the population , and the French - speaking , mostly Walloon population , which comprises 41 % of all Belgians . Additionally , there is a small group of German - speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area , and bordering Germany . The European Union ( EU ) is a political and economic union of ___MASK64___ states that are located primarily in Europe . It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million . The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all ___MASK64___ states . EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people , goods , services , and capital within the internal market , enact legislation in ___MASK78___ and home affairs , and maintain common policies on trade , agriculture , fisheries , and regional development . Within the Schengen Area , passport controls have been abolished . A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002 , and is composed of 19 EU ___MASK64___ states which use the euro currency . In ___MASK56___ science and mathematical optimization , a metaheuristic is a higher - level procedure or heuristic designed to find , generate , or select a heuristic ( partial search algorithm ) that may provide a sufficiently good solution to an optimization problem , especially with incomplete or imperfect information or limited computation capacity . Metaheuristics sample a set of solutions which is too large to be completely sampled . Metaheuristics may make few assumptions about the optimization problem being solved , and so they may be usable for a variety of problems . The European Commission ( EC ) is an institution of the European Union , responsible for proposing legislation , implementing decisions , upholding the EU treaties and managing the day - to - day business of the EU . Commissioners swear an oath at the European Court of ___MASK78___ in Luxembourg , pledging to respect the treaties and to be completely independent in carrying out their duties during their mandate . In ___MASK56___ science , a search algorithm is an algorithm that retrieves information stored within some data structure . Data structures can include linked lists , arrays , search trees , hash tables , or various other storage methods . The appropriate search algorithm often depends on the data structure being searched . Searching also encompasses algorithms that query the data structure , such as the SQL SELECT command .