ethnic_group chaya mushka schneerson
Chaya Mushka ( Moussia ) Schneerson ( March 16 , 1901 -- February 10 , 1988 ) , referred to by Lubavitchers as The Rebbetzin , was the wife of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson , the seventh and last Rebbe ( spiritual leader ) of the Chabad - Lubavitch branch of Hasidic ___MASK63___ . She was the second of three daughters of the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe , Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn . She was named after the wife of the third Lubavitcher Rebbe , Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn . Rebbetzin or Rabbanit is the title used for the wife of a rabbi , typically from the Orthodox , or Haredi , and Hasidic Jewish groups . Eastern ___MASK84___ , also known as East ___MASK84___ , is the eastern part of the ___MASK74___ continent . There is no consensus on the precise area it covers , partly because the term has a wide range of geopolitical , geographical , cultural , and socioeconomic connotations . There are " almost as many definitions of Eastern ___MASK84___ as there are scholars of the region ". A related United Nations paper adds that " every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and cultural construct ". In ___MASK63___ , a rabbi is a teacher of Torah . This title derives from the Hebrew word ' , meaning " My Master " ( irregular plural ' ), which is the way a student would address a master of Torah . The word " master " "" literally means " great one ". The 18th century lasted from January 1 , 1701 to December 31 , 1800 in the Gregorian calendar . During the 18th century , the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions . Philosophy and science increased in prominence . Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age . This dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789 -, though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror ( 1793 - 1794 ) under Maximilien Robespierre . At first , many monarchies of ___MASK84___ embraced Enlightenment ideals , but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power and formed broad coalitions for the counter - revolution . The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion , taking part in no ___MASK74___ wars from 1740 to 1768 . As a consequence the empire did not share in ___MASK84___ ' s military improvements during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 - 1763 ), causing its military to fall behind and suffer defeats against Russia in the second half of the century . ___MASK35___ , also officially known as the Russian Empire , was a state that existed from 1721 until it was overthrown by the short - lived liberal February Revolution in 1917 . One of the largest empires in world history , stretching over three continents , the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the ___MASK68___ and Mongol empires . The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers : the Swedish Empire , the ___MASK9___  Lithuanian Commonwealth , Persia and the Ottoman Empire . It played a major role in 1812  14 in defeating Napoleon ' s ambitions to control Europe , and expanded to the west and south . Menachem Mendel Schneerson ( April 5 , 1902 OS  June 12 , 1994 ), known to many as the Rebbe , was a Russian Empire - born American Orthodox Jewish rabbi , and the last Lubavitcher Rebbe . He is considered one of the most influential Jewish leaders of the 20th century . Hasidism , sometimes Hasidic ___MASK63___ , (" hasidut ", Ashkenazi pronunciation : [ asidus ]; originally , " piety ") is a Jewish religious sect . It arose as a spiritual revival movement in contemporary Western Ukraine during the 18th century and spread rapidly through Eastern Europe . Today most affiliates reside in the United States , Israel , and Britain . Israel Ben Eliezer , the " Baal Shem Tov ", is regarded as its founding father , and his disciples developed and disseminated it . Current Hasidism is a sub - group within Ultra - Orthodox (" Haredi ") ___MASK63___ and is noted for its religious conservatism and social seclusion . Israel , officially known as the State of Israel , is a country in the ___MASK82___ , on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with ___MASK64___ to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel ' s financial and technology center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state ' s sovereignty over the city of Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized . ___MASK63___ ( from , derived from Greek , originally from Hebrew , " Yehudah ", " Judah "; in Hebrew : , " Yahadut ", the distinctive characteristics of the Judean ethnos ) encompasses the religion , philosophy , culture and way of life of the ___MASK80___ . ___MASK63___ is an ancient monotheistic religion , with the Torah as its foundational text ( part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible ), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud . ___MASK63___ is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship that God established with the Children of Israel . With between 14 . 5 and 17 . 4 million adherents worldwide , ___MASK63___ is the tenth - largest religion in the world . Rebbe or , is a Yiddish word derived from the Hebrew word " rabbi ", which means " master , teacher , or mentor ". Like the title " rabbi " it refers to teachers of Torah or leaders of ___MASK63___ . Western Ukraine or West Ukraine is a geographical and historical relative term used in reference to the western territories of Ukraine . Important cities are Buchach , Chernivtsi , Drohobych , Halych ( hence - Halychyna ), Ivano - Frankivsk , Khotyn , Lutsk , Lviv , Mukacheve , Rivne , Ternopil , Uzhhorod and others . Western Ukraine is not an administrative category within Ukraine . It is defined mainly in the context of ___MASK74___ history pertaining to the 20th century wars and the ensuing period of annexations . The current oblast administration borders are almost perfectly aligned with the administrative divisions of the Second Polish Republic from before the 1939 invasion of Poland by the Soviet Union . At the onset of World War II the region was incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (  ), following mock elections which manufactured public consent for the transfer of land from occupied Poland to the Soviet Union as of October 22 , 1939 . Its historical background makes Western Ukraine uniquely different from the rest of the country , and contributes to its distinctive character of today . Yiddish ( or , " yidish "/" idish ", " Jewish ", ; in older sources    -    " Yidish - Taitsh ", Judaeo - German ) is the historical language of the ___MASK29___ . It originated during the 9th century in Central ___MASK84___ , providing the nascent Ashkenazi community with an extensive Germanic based vernacular fused with elements taken from Hebrew and Aramaic , as well as from Slavic languages and traces of Romance languages . Yiddish is written with a fully vocalized alphabet based on the Hebrew script .