instance_of impact factor
___MASK70___ Citation Reports ( JCR ) is an annual publication by Clarivate Analytics ( previously the Intellectual ___MASK80___ and Science business of Thomson Reuters ). It has been integrated with the Web of Science and is accessed from the Web of Science - Core Collections . It provides information about academic journals in the sciences and social sciences , including impact factors . The " JCR " was originally published as a part of " Science Citation Index ". Currently , the " JCR ", as a distinct service , is based on citations compiled from the " Science Citation Index Expanded " and the " Social Science Citation Index ". The impact factor ( IF ) of an academic ___MASK70___ is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to recent articles published in that ___MASK70___ . It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a ___MASK70___ within its field , with journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than those with lower ones . The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield , the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information . Impact factors are calculated yearly starting from 1975 for those journals that are indexed in the ___MASK70___ Citation Reports . ___MASK12___ is statistical analysis of written publications , such as books or articles . Bibliometric methods are frequently used in the field of library and information science , including scientometrics . For instance , ___MASK12___ are used to provide quantitative analysis of academic literature or for evaluating budgetary spending . Citation analysis is a commonly used bibliometric method which is based on constructing the citation graph , a network or graph representation of the citations between documents . Many research fields use bibliometric methods to explore the impact of their field , the impact of a set of researchers , or the impact of a particular paper . ___MASK12___ also has a wide range of other applications , such as in descriptive linguistics , the development of thesauri , and evaluation of reader usage . Annual publications , more often called simply annuals , are periodical publications appearing regularly once per ___MASK60___ . Although exact definitions may vary , types of annuals include : Calendars and almanacs , directories , yearbooks , annual reports , proceedings and transactions , and literary annuals . A weekly or monthly ___MASK23___ may produce an " Annual " featuring similar materials to the regular ___MASK23___ . Some encyclopedias have published annual supplements that essentially summarize the news of the past ___MASK60___ , similar to some newspaper yearbooks . An academic or scholarly ___MASK70___ is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published . Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation , scrutiny and discussion of research . They are usually peer - reviewed or refereed . Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research , review articles , and book reviews . The purpose of an academic ___MASK70___ , according to the first editor of the world ' s oldest academic ___MASK70___ Henry Oldenburg , is to give researchers a venue to " impart their knowledge to one another , and contribute what they can to the Grand design of improving natural knowledge , and perfecting all Philosophical Arts , and Sciences ." Eugene Garfield ( born ___MASK78___ 16 , 1925 ) is an American linguist and businessman , one of the founders of ___MASK12___ and scientometrics . The ___MASK34___ Citation Index ( SCI ) is a citation index originally produced by the ___MASK49___ for Scientific Information ( ISI ) and created by Eugene Garfield . It was officially launched in 1964 . It is now owned by Clarivate Analytics ( previously the Intellectual ___MASK80___ and ___MASK34___ business of Thomson Reuters ). The larger version ( ___MASK34___ Citation Index Expanded ) covers more than 8 , 500 notable and significant journals , across 150 disciplines , from 1900 to the present . These are alternatively described as the world ' s leading journals of science and technology , because of a rigorous selection process . A review ___MASK45___ is an ___MASK45___ that summarizes the current state of ___MASK66___ on a topic . A review ___MASK45___ surveys and summarizes previously published studies , rather than reporting new facts or analysis . Review articles are sometimes also called survey articles or , in news publishing , overview articles . Academic publications that specialize in review articles are known as review journals . Scientometrics is the ___MASK11___ of measuring and analysing ___MASK34___ , technology and innovation . Major research issues include the measurement of impact , ___MASK65___ sets of articles to investigate the impact of journals and institutes , understanding of scientific citations , mapping scientific fields and the production of indicators for use in policy and management contexts . In practice there is a significant overlap between scientometrics and other scientific fields such as ___MASK12___ , information systems , information ___MASK34___ and ___MASK34___ of ___MASK34___ policy . Broadly , a ___MASK55___ is a ___MASK65___ to a published or unpublished source ( not always the original source ). More precisely , a ___MASK55___ is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the ___MASK55___ appears . Generally the combination of both the in - body ___MASK55___ and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a ___MASK55___ ( whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not ). References to ___MASK47___ , machine - readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nanopublications , a form of microattribution . Thomson Reuters ___MASK56___ is a multinational ___MASK58___ media and ___MASK71___ firm with operational headquarters at 3 Times Square in Manhattan , New York City . The firm was founded in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , where its legal domicile offices are located at 333 ___MASK36___ Street in Downtown Toronto . Thomson Reuters shares maintain a dual listing on the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE : TRI ) and the Toronto Stock Exchange ( TSX : TRI ). Web of ___MASK34___ ( previously known as Web of Knowledge ) is an online subscription - based scientific citation indexing ___MASK33___ originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI ), now maintained by Clarivate Analytics ( previously the Intellectual ___MASK80___ and ___MASK34___ business of Thomson Reuters ), that provides a comprehensive citation search . It gives access to multiple databases that reference cross - disciplinary research , which allows for in - depth exploration of specialized sub - fields within an academic or scientific discipline . ___MASK65___ is a relation between objects in which one object designates , or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to , another object . The first object in this relation is said to " refer to " the second object . The second object , the one to which the first object refers , is called the " referent " of the first object . Henry Oldenburg ( also Henry Oldenbourg ) ( c . 1619 as Heinrich Oldenburg  5 ___MASK78___ 1677 ) was a German theologian known as a diplomat , a natural philosopher and as the creator of scientific ___MASK8___ review . He was one of the foremost intelligencers of Europe of the seventeenth century , with a network of correspondents to rival those of Fabri de Peiresc , Marin Mersenne and Ismaël Boulliau . At the foundation of the Royal ___MASK88___ he took on the task of foreign correspondence , as the first Secretary . The ___MASK49___ for Scientific Information ( ISI ) was founded by Eugene Garfield in 1960 . It was acquired by Thomson Scientific & Healthcare in 1992 , and became known as Thomson ISI . It is now a ___MASK77___ of the Intellectual ___MASK80___ & Science business of Thomson Reuters .