place_of_birth albert von ettingshausen
Electric power is the rate , per unit ___MASK79___ , at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit . The SI unit ___MASK51___ power is the watt , one joule per second . ___MASK79___ is the indefinite continued progress ___MASK51___ existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future . ___MASK79___ is a component quantity ___MASK51___ various measurements used to sequence events , to compare the duration ___MASK51___ events or the intervals between them , and to quantify rates ___MASK51___ change ___MASK51___ quantities in material reality or in the conscious experience . ___MASK79___ is often referred to as the fourth dimension , along with the three spatial dimensions . Albert von Ettingshausen ( 1850 -- 1932 ) was an Austrian physicist . He was professor ___MASK51___ physics at Graz University ___MASK51___ Technology , where he also taught electrical engineering . Earlier he was an assistant to Ludwig Boltzmann at the University ___MASK51___ Graz . In 1886 , he and his colleague Walther Nernst , then a PhD student at the University ___MASK51___ Graz , jointly discovered the thermoelectric phenomena now known as the Ettingshausen effect and Nernst effect . A telephone , or phone , is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly . A telephone converts sound , typically and ___MASK38___ efficiently the human voice , into electronic signals suitable for transmission via cables or other transmission media over long distances , and replays such signals simultaneously in audible form to its user . The Universe is all ___MASK51___ time and space and its contents . It includes planets , moons , minor planets , stars , galaxies , the contents ___MASK51___ intergalactic space , and all matter and energy . The size ___MASK51___ the entire Universe is unknown . In physics , energy is the property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on  or to heat  the object , and can be converted in form , but not created or destroyed . The SI unit ___MASK51___ energy is the joule , which is the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work ___MASK51___ moving it a distance ___MASK51___ 1 metre against a force ___MASK51___ 1 newton . Natural science is a branch ___MASK51___ science concerned with the description , prediction , and understanding ___MASK51___ natural phenomena , based on observational and empirical evidence . Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatability ___MASK51___ findings are used to try to ensure the validity ___MASK51___ scientific advances . The University ___MASK51___ Graz ( German : " Karl - Franzens - Universität Graz "), located in Graz , ___MASK18___ , is the largest and oldest university in Styria , as well as the second - largest and second - oldest university in ___MASK18___ . A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power . It is composed ___MASK51___ semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit . A voltage or current applied to one pair ___MASK51___ the transistor ' s terminals controls the current through another pair ___MASK51___ terminals . Because the controlled ( output ) power can be higher than the controlling ( input ) power , a transistor can amplify a signal . Today , some transistors are packaged individually , but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits . In physics , thermal conductivity ( often denoted " k ", "  ", or "  ") is the property ___MASK51___ a material to conduct heat . It is evaluated primarily in terms ___MASK51___ Fourier ' s Law for heat conduction . Electricity is a physical phenomenon associated with the presence ___MASK51___ electric charge . Although initially considered a phenomenon separate to magnetism , since the development ___MASK51___ Maxwell ' s Equations both are recognized as part ___MASK51___ a single phenomenon : electromagnetism . Various common phenomena are related to electricity , including lightning , static electricity , electric heating , electric discharges and many others . In addition , electricity is at the heart ___MASK51___ many modern technologies . In physics , a force is any interaction that , when unopposed , will change the motion ___MASK51___ an object . In other words , a force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity ( which includes to begin moving from a state ___MASK51___ rest ), i . e ., to accelerate . Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull . A force has both magnitude and direction , making it a vector quantity . It is measured in the SI unit ___MASK51___ newtons and represented by the symbol F . Statistical mechanics is a branch ___MASK51___ theoretical physics using probability theory to study the average behaviour ___MASK51___ a mechanical system , where the state ___MASK51___ the system is uncertain . Magnetism is a class ___MASK51___ physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic fields . Electric currents and the magnetic moments ___MASK51___ elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field , which acts on other currents and magnetic moments . The most familiar effects occur in ferromagnetic materials , which are strongly attracted by magnetic fields and can be magnetized to become permanent magnets , producing magnetic fields themselves . Only a few substances are ferromagnetic ; the most common ones are iron , nickel and cobalt and their alloys . The prefix "" refers to iron , because permanent magnetism was first observed in lodestone , a form ___MASK51___ natural iron ore called magnetite , FeO . Electronics is the science ___MASK51___ controlling electrical energy electrically , in which the electrons have a fundamental role . Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes , transistors , diodes , integrated circuits , associated passive electrical components , and interconnection technologies . Commonly , electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively ___MASK51___ active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements ; such a circuit is described as an electronic circuit . ___MASK93___ is the capital ___MASK51___ Styria and second - largest city in ___MASK18___ after ___MASK64___ . On 1 January 2017 , it had a population ___MASK51___ 320 , 587 ( ___MASK51___ which 286 , 686 had principal residence status ). In 2014 , the population ___MASK51___ the ___MASK93___ Larger Urban Zone who had principal residence status stood at 605 , 143 . The ___MASK93___ University ___MASK51___ Technology ( short " TU ___MASK93___ ") is the second - largest university in Styria , ___MASK18___ , after the University ___MASK51___ ___MASK93___ . ___MASK18___ has three universities ___MASK51___ technology  in ___MASK93___ , in Leoben , and in ___MASK64___ . The ___MASK93___ University ___MASK51___ Technology was founded in 1811 by Archduke John ___MASK51___ ___MASK18___ . TU ___MASK93___ is a public university . In the academic year 2015 / 16 , 18 . 1 % ___MASK51___ the students were from abroad and 22 . 8 % ___MASK51___ the students were female out ___MASK51___ the 13 , 171 students enrolled at the TU ___MASK93___ . ___MASK2___ (, Slovene /) is a state or " Bundesland ", located in the southeast ___MASK51___ ___MASK18___ . In area it is the second largest ___MASK51___ the nine Austrian federated states , covering . It borders Slovenia and the Austrian states ___MASK51___ Upper ___MASK18___ , ___MASK5___ , ___MASK89___ , Burgenland , and Carinthia . The population ( as ___MASK51___ ) was . The capital city is Graz which had 276 , 526 inhabitants at the beginning ___MASK51___ 2015 . Commercialization or commercialisation is the process ___MASK51___ introducing a new product or production method into ___MASK95___  making it available on the market . The term often connotes especially entry into the mass market ( as opposed to entry into earlier niche markets ), but it also includes a move from the laboratory into ( even limited ) ___MASK95___ . Many technologies begin in a research and development laboratory or in an inventor ' s workshop and may not be practical for commercial use in their infancy ( as prototypes ). The " development " segment ___MASK51___ the " research and development " spectrum requires time and money as systems are engineered with a view to making the product or method a paying commercial proposition . The product launch ___MASK51___ a new product is the final stage ___MASK51___ new product development - at this point advertising , sales promotion , and other marketing efforts encourage commercial adoption ___MASK51___ the product or method . Beyond commercialization ( in which technologies enter the business world ) can lie consumerization ( in which they become consumer goods , as for example when computers went from the laboratory to the enterprise and then to the home , pocket , or body ). Engineering is the application ___MASK51___ mathematics and scientific , economic , social , and practical knowledge in order to invent , innovate , design , build , maintain , research , and improve structures , machines , tools , systems , components , materials , processes , solutions , and organizations . Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann ( February 20 , 1844  September 5 , 1906 ) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher whose greatest achievement was in the development ___MASK51___ statistical mechanics , which explains and predicts how the properties ___MASK51___ atoms ( such as mass , charge , and structure ) determine the physical properties ___MASK51___ matter ( such as viscosity , thermal conductivity , and diffusion ). In the classical physics observed in everyday life , if something has mass and takes up space , it is said to be composed ___MASK51___ matter ; this includes atoms ( and thus molecules ) and anything made up ___MASK51___ these , but not other energy phenomena or waves such as light or sound . More generally , however , in ( modern ) physics , matter is not a fundamental concept because a universal definition ___MASK51___ it is elusive : elementary constituents ___MASK51___ atoms may not take up space individually , and massless particles may be composed to form objects that have mass ( even when at rest ). Archduke John ___MASK51___ ___MASK18___ ( 20 January 1782  11 May 1859 ), a member ___MASK51___ the House ___MASK51___ Habsburg - Lorraine , was an Austrian field marshal and Imperial regent (" Reichsverweser ") ___MASK51___ the emerging ___MASK66___ during the Revolutions ___MASK51___ 1848 . A physicist is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field ___MASK51___ physics , the exploration ___MASK51___ the interactions ___MASK51___ matter and energy across the physical universe . A university (" a whole ", " a corporation ") is an institution ___MASK51___ higher ( or tertiary ) education and research which grants academic degrees in various subjects . Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education . Broadcasting is the distribution ___MASK51___ audio and / or video content or other messages to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium , but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum ( radio waves ), in a one - to - many model . Broadcasting began with AM radio , which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread ___MASK51___ vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers . Before this , all forms ___MASK51___ electronic communication ( early radio , telephone , and telegraph ) were one - to - one , with the message intended for a single recipient . The term " broadcasting ", borrowed from the agricultural method ___MASK51___ sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about , was coined by either KDKA manager Frank Conrad or RCA historian George Clark around 1920 to distinguish this new activity ___MASK51___ " one - to - many " communication ; a single radio station transmitting to multiple listeners . Space is the boundless three - dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction . Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions , although modern physicists usually consider it , with ___MASK79___ , to be part ___MASK51___ a boundless four - dimensional continuum known as spacetime . The concept ___MASK51___ space is considered to be ___MASK51___ fundamental importance to an understanding ___MASK51___ the physical universe . However , disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity , a relationship between entities , or part ___MASK51___ a conceptual framework . Physics ( from , from " phúsis " " nature ") is the natural science that involves the study ___MASK51___ matter and its motion and behavior through space and time , along with related concepts such as energy and force . One ___MASK51___ the most fundamental scientific disciplines , the main goal ___MASK51___ physics is to understand how the universe behaves . An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit ( also referred to as an IC , a chip , or a microchip ) is a set ___MASK51___ electronic circuits on one small flat piece ( or " chip ") ___MASK51___ semiconductor material , normally silicon . The integration ___MASK51___ large numbers ___MASK51___ tiny transistors into a small chip resulted in circuits that are orders ___MASK51___ magnitude smaller , cheaper , and faster than those constructed ___MASK51___ discrete electronic components . The IC ' s mass production capability , reliability and building - block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption ___MASK51___ standardized ICs in place ___MASK51___ designs using discrete transistors . ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world ___MASK51___ electronics . Computers , mobile phones , and other digital ___MASK50___ appliances are now inextricable parts ___MASK51___ the structure ___MASK51___ modern societies , made possible by the small size and low cost ___MASK51___ ICs . Electromagnetism is a branch ___MASK51___ physics involving the study ___MASK51___ the electromagnetic force , a type ___MASK51___ physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles . The electromagnetic force usually exhibits electromagnetic fields such as electric fields , magnetic fields , and light and is one ___MASK51___ the four fundamental interactions ( commonly called forces ) in nature . The other three fundamental interactions are the ___MASK14___ interaction , the weak interaction , and gravitation . Electrical engineering is a field ___MASK51___ engineering that generally deals with the study and application ___MASK51___ electricity , electronics , and electromagnetism . This field first became an identifiable occupation in the later half ___MASK51___ the 19th century after commercialization ___MASK51___ the electric telegraph , the telephone , and electric power distribution and use . Subsequently , broadcasting and recording media made electronics part ___MASK51___ daily life . The invention ___MASK51___ the transistor , and later the integrated circuit , brought down the cost ___MASK51___ electronics to the point they can be used in almost any household object . An atom is the smallest constituent unit ___MASK51___ ordinary matter that has the properties ___MASK51___ a chemical element . Every solid , liquid , gas , and plasma is composed ___MASK51___ neutral or ionized atoms . Atoms are very small ; typical sizes are around 100 picometers ( a ten - billionth ___MASK51___ a meter , in the short scale ).