parent_taxon veluticeps
A clamp connection is a hook - like structure formed by growing hyphal cells of certain ___MASK23___ . It is created to ensure each cell , or segment of hypha separated by septa ( cross walls ), receives a set of differing nuclei , which are obtained through mating of hyphae of differing sexual types . It is used to create genetic variation within the hypha much like the mechanisms found in crozier during sexual reproduction . Heliocybe is an agaric genus closely allied to " ___MASK11___ " and the bracket fungus , " Gloeophyllum ", all of which cause brown rot of wood . Heliocybe sulcata , the type and sole species , is characterized by thumb - sized , tough , revivable , often dried , mushroom fruitbodies , with a tanned symmetric pileus that is radially cracked into a cartoon sun - like pattern of arranged scales and ridges , distant serrated lamellae , and a scaly central stipe . Microscopically it differs from " ___MASK11___ " by the absence of clamp connections . Like " ___MASK11___ ", it produces abundant , conspicuous pleurocystidia . " Heliocybe sulcata " typically fruits on decorticated , sun - dried and cracked wood , such as fence posts and rails , vineyard trellises in Europe , branches in slash areas , and semi - arid areas such on sagebrush or on naio branches in rain shadow areas of Hawaii , or in open pine forests . An agaric or is a type of mushroom fungus fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus ( cap ) that is clearly differentiated from the stipe ( stalk ), with lamellae ( gills ) on the underside of the pileus . " Agaric " can also refer to a basidiomycete species characterized by an agaric - type fruiting body . Archaically agaric meant ' tree - fungus ' ( after Latin " agaricum "); however , that changed with the Linnaean interpretation in 1753 when Linnaeus used the generic name " ___MASK25___ " for gilled mushrooms . ___MASK11___ is a genus of wood - decaying agarics with tough ( leathery to woody ) fruit bodies composed of dimitic tissue , serrated lamella edges , and nonamyloid white binucleate basidiospores among other features . It was segregated from " Lentinus " in the broad taxonomic sense , hence the derivation of the name . Biologically " ___MASK11___ " species produce a brown rot type of decay of wood , whereas " Lentinus " causes a white rot . Molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that the two genera are unrelated . " ___MASK11___ " is phylogenetically allied to other brown rot genera such as " Gloeophyllum ", " Heliocybe ", and " Veluticeps ". A new order , the ___MASK85___ , has been described for these fungi . " Heliocybe " had been placed in synonymy but it differs phylogenetically and anatomically by the lack of clamp connections that all " ___MASK11___ " produce on their generative hyphae . The genus ___MASK94___ is characterized by the production of leathery to corky tough , brown , shaggy - topped , revivable fruitbodies lacking a stipe and with a lamellate to daedaleoid or poroid fertile hymenial surfaces . The hyphal system is dimitic to trimitic . The genus is further characterized by the production of a brown rot of wood . Phylogenetically , it along with several other brown rot ___MASK77___ , " ___MASK11___ ", " Heliocybe ", and " Veluticeps " form an order called the ___MASK85___ . Sagebrush is a common name applied generally to several woody and herbaceous species of plants in the genus " ___MASK19___ ". The best known sagebrush is the shrub " ___MASK19___ tridentata ". Sagebrushes are native to the North American west . A rain shadow is a dry ___MASK57___ on the leeward side of a mountainous ___MASK57___ ( away from the wind ). The mountains block the passage of rain - producing weather systems and cast a " shadow " of dryness behind them . Wind and moist air is drawn by the prevailing winds towards the top of the mountains , where it condenses and precipitates before it crosses the top . The air , without much moisture left , advances behind the mountains creating a drier side called the " rain shadow ". The ___MASK85___ are a phylogenetically defined order of wood - decay fungi that is characterized by the ability to produce a brown rot of wood . It includes a single , identically defined family , the Gloeophyllaceae , in which are included the genera " Gloeophyllum ", " Neolentinus ", " Heliocybe ", and " Veluticeps ". Paraphyses are erect sterile filament - like support structures occurring among the reproductive apparatuses of ___MASK23___ , ferns , and mosses . Veluticeps is a small genus of wood - rot ___MASK23___ characterized by the production of resupinate to bracket shaped , perennial , tough , brown fruitbodies , that blacken when KOH solution is applied , and with a smooth to warted or cracked fertile undersurface . They cause a brown rot of wood . Cystidia in the hymenium are characteristically mostly in fascicles . The genus may be monotypic if Columnocystis is excluded . Phylogenetically , the type species , V . berkeleyi , groups with several other brown rot genera such as Neolentinus , Heliocybe , and Gloeophyllum . Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America , having received statehood on August 21 , 1959 . Hawaii is the only U . S . state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands . It is the northernmost island group in ___MASK92___ , occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean . Hawaii is the only U . S . state not located in the Americas . ___MASK21___ is a genus of ___MASK23___ in the family Polyporaceae . There are 40 species in the genus , which have a widespread distribution , especially in subtropical regions . ___MASK77___ is one of two large divisions that , together with the ___MASK63___ , constitute the subkingdom ___MASK86___ ( often referred to as the " higher ___MASK23___ ") within the kingdom ___MASK23___ . The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci , which produce spores . In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci , while in others some cells develop into sterile cells called cystidia ( basidiomycetes ) or paraphyses ( ___MASK18___ ). Cystidia are often important for microscopic identification . The subhymenium consists of the supportive hyphae from which the cells of the hymenium grow , beneath which is the hymenophoral trama , the hyphae that make up the mass of the hymenophore .