occupation john curwen
Sarah Ann Glover ( 13 November 1785  20 October 1867 ) was an English ___MASK90___ who invented the Norwich sol - fa system . Tonic sol - fa ( or " Tonic sol - fah ") is a pedagogical technique for teaching sight - singing , invented by Sarah Ann Glover ( 1785  1867 ) of Norwich , England and popularised by John Curwen who adapted it from a number of earlier musical systems . It uses a system of musical notation based on movable do solfège , whereby every tone is given a name according to its relationship with other tones in the key : the usual staff notation is replaced with anglicized solfège syllables ( e . g . " do , re , mi , fa , sol , la , ti , do ") or their abbreviations (" d , ___MASK1___ , m , f , s , l , t , d "). "" Do "" is chosen to be the tonic of whatever key is being used ( thus the terminology " moveable Do "). The original solfège sequence started with " Ut " which later became " Do ". London is the capital and most populous city of England and the ___MASK26___ , as well as the most populous city proper in the European Union . Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . It was founded by the Romans , who named it " Londinium ". London ' s ancient core , the City of London , largely retains its medieval boundaries . Since at least the 19th century , " London " has also referred to the metropolis around this core , historically split between Middlesex , Essex , Surrey , Kent , and Hertfordshire , which today largely makes up Greater London , governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . Bloomsbury is an area in the West End , central London , forming part of the London Borough of Camden and located between Euston Road and Holborn . It was developed by the Russell family in the 17th and 18th centuries into a fashionable residential area . It is notable for its array of garden squares , ___MASK59___ connections ( exemplified by the Bloomsbury Group ), and numerous cultural , educational and health - care institutions . Although Bloomsbury was not the first area of London to have acquired a formal square , Bloomsbury Square , laid out in 1660 by Thomas Wriothesley , 4th Earl of Southampton , as Southampton Square was the first square to be named as such . Much of the district was planned and built by James Burton . Music appreciation is teaching people what to listen for and how to understand what they are hearing in different types of music . In North America , music appreciation courses often focus on Western art music , commonly called " Classical music ". Usually music appreciation classes involve some history lessons to explain why people of a certain era liked the music that they did . " Appreciation ," in this context , means the understanding of the value and merit of different styles of music . Music appreciation classes also typically include information about the composers , the instruments and ensembles , and the different styles of music from an era . Music appreciation courses are widely available in universities and colleges . Typically , these courses are designed for non - music majors . A significant part of music appreciation courses is listening to recordings of musical pieces or excerpts from pieces such as symphonies , ___MASK94___ arias and concertos . In some music appreciation classes , the class may go out to hear a live musical performance by an orchestra or chamber music group . The Orwell Prize , based at ___MASK40___ , is a British prize for political writing of outstanding quality . Two prizes are awarded each year : one for a book and one for ___MASK100___ ; between 2009 and 2012 , a third prize was awarded for blogging . In each case , the winner is the short - listed entry which comes closest to George Orwell ' s own ambition to " make political writing into an art ". Reverend John Curwen ( 1816 -- 1880 ) was an English Congregationalist ___MASK46___ , and founder of the Tonic sol - fa system of music education with the help of Sarah Ann Glover . He was educated at Wymondley College ( subsequently Coward College ) and University College London . The Royal Free Hospital ( also known simply as the Royal Free ) is a ___MASK18___ teaching hospital in Hampstead , London . The hospital is part of the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust , which is a member of the UCL Partners academic health science centre and also runs services at Barnet Hospital , Chase Farm Hospital and a number of other sites . ___MASK40___ ( UCL ) is a public ___MASK60___ university in London , England , and a constituent college of the federal University of London . It is the largest postgraduate institution in the UK by enrollment and is regarded as one of the world ' s leading multidisciplinary ___MASK60___ universities . Established in 1826 as London University by founders inspired by the radical ideas of Jeremy Bentham , UCL was the first university institution to be established in London , and the first in England to be entirely secular and to admit students regardless of their ___MASK12___ . UCL also makes the contested claims of being the third - oldest university in England and the first to admit women . In 1836 UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London , which was granted a royal charter in the same year . It has grown through mergers , including with the Institute of Neurology ( in 1997 ), the Royal Free Hospital Medical School ( in 1998 ), the Eastman Dental Institute ( in 1999 ), the School of Slavonic and East European Studies ( in 1999 ), the School of Pharmacy ( in 2012 ) and the Institute of Education ( in 2014 ). UCL has its main campus in the Bloomsbury area of central London , with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals elsewhere in central London and a satellite campus in Doha , Qatar . UCL is organised into 11 constituent faculties , within which there are over 100 departments , institutes and ___MASK60___ centres . UCL operates several culturally significant museums and manages collections in a wide range of fields , including the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology and the Grant Museum of ___MASK8___ and Comparative Anatomy , and administers the annual Orwell Prize in political writing . In 2015 / 16 , UCL had around 38 , 300 students and 12 , 000 staff ( including around 7 , 100 academic staff and 840 professors ) and had a total income of £ 1 . 36 billion , of which £ 530 million was from ___MASK60___ grants and contracts . UCL ranks highly in national and international league tables and its graduates rank among the most employable in the world . UCL alumni include the " Father of the Nation " of each of India , Kenya and Mauritius , the founders of Ghana , modern Japan and Nigeria , the inventor of the telephone , and one of the co - discoverers of the structure of DNA . UCL academics discovered five of the naturally occurring noble gases , co - discovered hormones , invented the vacuum tube , and made several foundational advances in modern statistics . There are at least 29 Nobel Prize winners and 3 Fields medalists amongst UCL ' s alumni and current and former staff . UCL is a member of numerous academic organisations , including the Russell Group , and is part of UCL Partners , the world ' s largest academic health science centre , and the ' golden triangle ' of ___MASK60___ - intensive English universities . The Grant Museum of ___MASK8___ and Comparative Anatomy is a natural history museum that is part of University College London in London , England . It was established by Robert Edmond Grant in 1828 as a teaching collection of zoological specimens and material for dissection . On his death Grant left his own collection to the museum . In 1875 Edwin Ray Lankester added to the museum collection . Later lecturer curators include W . F . R . Weldon ( 1860  1906 ), Edward Alfred Minchin , an embryologist named J . P . Hill and a palaeontologist named D . M . S . Watson . After 1948 the museum was under the care of professional curators . UCL Partners is an ___MASK19___ health science centre located in London , England . It is the largest ___MASK19___ health science centre in the world , treats more than 1 . 5 million patients each year , has a combined annual turnover of around £ 2 billion and includes around 3 , 500 scientists , senior researchers and consultants . Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound and silence , which exist in time . The common elements of music are pitch ( which governs melody and harmony ), rhythm ( and its associated concepts tempo , meter , and articulation ), dynamics ( loudness and softness ), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture ( which are sometimes termed the " color " of a musical sound ). Different styles or types of music may emphasize , de - emphasize or omit some of these elements . Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to ___MASK32___ ; there are solely instrumental pieces , solely vocal pieces ( such as songs without instrumental accompaniment ) and pieces that combine singing and instruments . The word derives from Greek  (" mousike "; " art of the Muses "). In its most ___MASK44___ form , the activities describing music as an art form include the production of works of music ( songs , tunes , symphonies , and so on ), the criticism of music , the study of the history of music , and the aesthetic examination of music . Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies . Common sayings such as " the harmony of the spheres " and " it is music to my ears " point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to . However , 20th - century ___MASK62___ John Cage thought that any sound can be music , saying , for example , " There is no noise , only sound ." An ___MASK19___ health science ( s ) centre ( AHSC ; also known as an ___MASK19___ health science ( s ) system , an ___MASK19___ health science ( s ) partnership or an ___MASK19___ medical centre ) is a partnership between one or more universities and healthcare providers focusing on ___MASK60___ , clinical services , education and training . AHSCs are intended to ensure that ___MASK54___ breakthroughs lead to direct clinical benefits for patients . The organisational structures that comprise an AHSC can take a variety of forms , ranging from simple partnerships to , less frequently , fully integrated organisations with a single management board . The Russell Group is a self - selected association of twenty - four public ___MASK60___ universities in the ___MASK26___ . The group is headquartered in London and was established in 1994 to represent its members ' interests , principally to government and parliament ; nineteen smaller British ___MASK60___ universities formed the 1994 Group in response , which has since dissolved . In 2010 , Russell Group members received approximately two - thirds of all university ___MASK60___ grant and contract income in the ___MASK26___ . The group is widely perceived as representing the best universities in the country . The University of London is a collegiate ___MASK60___ university located in London , England , consisting of 18 constituent colleges , nine ___MASK60___ institutes and a number of central bodies . A royal charter is a formal document issued by a ___MASK5___ as letters patent , granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate . They were , and are still , used to establish significant organisations such as cities ( with municipal charters ) or universities and learned societies . Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment , as they have perpetual effect . Typically , a Royal Charter is produced as a high - quality work of calligraphy on vellum . The British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters . Of these about 750 remain in existence . The earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066 , making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland , followed by the University of Cambridge in 1231 . Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown , a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity , on 7 April 2011 . ___MASK45___ of the Nation is an honorific title given to a man considered the driving force behind the establishment of his country , state , or nation . Pater Patriae ( plural Patres Patriae ), also seen as " Parens Patriae ", was a Roman honorific meaning " ___MASK45___ of the Fatherland ", bestowed by the Senate on heroes , and later on emperors . In monarchies , the ___MASK5___ was often considered the " father / mother of the nation " or as a patriarch to guide his family . This concept is expressed in the Divine Right espoused in some monarchies , while in others it is codified into constitutional law as in Spain , where the ___MASK5___ is considered the personification and embodiment , the symbol of the unity and permanence of the nation . In Thailand , the ___MASK5___ is given the same recognition , and demonstrated loyalty is enforced with severe criminal statutes . Culture can be defined in numerous ways . In the words of ___MASK50___ E . B . Tylor , it is " that complex whole which includes knowledge , belief , art , morals , law , custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a ___MASK79___ of society ." Alternatively , in a contemporary variant , " Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices , discourses and material expressions , which , over time , express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common ." In music , solfège or solfeggio , also called sol - fa , solfa , solfeo , among many names , is a music education method used to ___MASK4___ pitch and sight singing of Western music . Solfège is a form of solmization , and though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably , the systems used in other music cultures such as " swara ", " durar mufaalt " and " Jianpu " are discussed in their respective articles . Jeremy Bentham ( 15 February 1748 [ O . S . 4 February 1747 ]  6 June 1832 ) was an English ___MASK51___ , jurist , and social reformer . He is regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism . England is a country that is part of the ___MASK26___ . It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west . The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five - eighths of the island of Great Britain ( which lies in the North Atlantic ) in its centre and south ; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly , and the Isle of Wight . Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth , development , functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses . DNA and RNA are nucleic acids ; alongside proteins , lipids and complex carbohydrates ( polysaccharides ), they are one of the four ___MASK18___ types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life . Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix . A ___MASK60___ university is a university that expects all its tenured and tenure - track ___MASK92___ to continuously engage in ___MASK60___ , as opposed to merely requiring it as a condition of an initial appointment or tenure . Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative ___MASK60___ and the prestige of their brand names . On the one hand , ___MASK60___ universities strive to recruit ___MASK92___ who are the most brilliant minds in their disciplines in the world , and their students enjoy the opportunity to learn from such experts . On the other hand , new students are often disappointed to realize their undergraduate courses at ___MASK60___ universities are overly academic and fail to provide vocational training with immediate " real world " applications ; but many employers value degrees from ___MASK60___ universities because they know that such coursework develops fundamental skills like critical thinking . The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology in London is part of ___MASK40___ Museums & Collections . The museum contains over 80 , 000 objects and ranks among some of the world ' s leading collections of Egyptian and Sudanese material . It ranks behind only the collections of the Cairo Museum , The British Museum and the Ägyptisches Museum , Berlin in number and quality of items . A hormone ( from the Greek participle ) is any ___MASK79___ of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate ___MASK97___ and behaviour . Hormones have diverse chemical structures , mainly of 3 classes : eicosanoids , steroids , and amino acid derivatives ( amines , peptides , and proteins ). The glands that secrete hormones comprise the endocrine signaling system . The term hormone is sometimes extended to include chemicals produced by cells that affect the same cell ( autocrine or intracrine signalling ) or nearby cells ( paracrine signalling ). Music education is a field of study associated with the teaching and learning of music . It touches on all learning domains , including the psychomotor domain ( the development of skills ), the cognitive domain ( the acquisition of knowledge ), and , in particular and significant ways , the affective domain ( the learner ' s willingness to receive , internalize , and share what is learned ), including music appreciation and sensitivity . Music training from preschool through post - secondary education is common in most nations because involvement with music is considered a fundamental component of human culture and behavior . Music , like language , is an accomplishment that distinguishes humans as a species . Central London is the innermost part of London , England . There is no ___MASK3___ definition of its area but its characteristics are understood to include a high density built environment , high land values , an elevated daytime population and a concentration of regionally , nationally and internationally significant organisations and facilities . Over time a number of definitions have been used to define the scope of central London for statistics , ___MASK69___ and local government .