Bug: [REFACTOR] accept customer details in customer object



Currently, for a payment, the `CustomerDetails` such as email, phone, name are accepted in the `PaymentsRequest` struct 
https://github.com/juspay/hyperswitch/blob/795500797d1061630b5ca493187a4e19d98d26c0/crates/api_models/src/payments.rs#L59

It is not clear that these fields are related to the customer. One may think that the fields are for a payment and one time use only. But these are stored in the `Customers` table.

A better api design would be to accept the customer details in a `customers` field in `PaymentsRequest`.

It would look something like this
```json
{
  "customer" : {
    "id": "cus_1235",
    "email" : "example@example.com"
  }
}
```
diff --git a/crates/api_models/src/payments.rs b/crates/api_models/src/payments.rs
index 173b795efa3..53ce196737a 100644
--- a/crates/api_models/src/payments.rs
+++ b/crates/api_models/src/payments.rs
@@ -45,6 +45,28 @@ pub struct BankCodeResponse {
     pub eligible_connectors: Vec<String>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Default, Debug, serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize, Clone, ToSchema)]
+pub struct CustomerDetails {
+    /// The identifier for the customer.
+    pub id: String,
+
+    /// The customer's name
+    #[schema(max_length = 255, value_type = Option<String>, example = "John Doe")]
+    pub name: Option<Secret<String>>,
+
+    /// The customer's email address
+    #[schema(max_length = 255, value_type = Option<String>, example = "johntest@test.com")]
+    pub email: Option<Email>,
+
+    /// The customer's phone number
+    #[schema(value_type = Option<String>, max_length = 10, example = "3141592653")]
+    pub phone: Option<Secret<String>>,
+
+    /// The country code for the customer's phone number
+    #[schema(max_length = 2, example = "+1")]
+    pub phone_country_code: Option<String>,
+}
+
 #[derive(
     Default,
     Debug,
@@ -114,23 +136,33 @@ pub struct PaymentsRequest {
     #[schema(default = false, example = true)]
     pub confirm: Option<bool>,
 
-    /// The identifier for the customer object. If not provided the customer ID will be autogenerated.
+    /// The details of a customer for this payment
+    /// This will create the customer if `customer.id` does not exist
+    /// If customer id already exists, it will update the details of the customer
+    pub customer: Option<CustomerDetails>,
+
+    /// The identifier for the customer object.
+    /// This field will be deprecated soon, use the customer object instead
     #[schema(max_length = 255, example = "cus_y3oqhf46pyzuxjbcn2giaqnb44")]
     pub customer_id: Option<String>,
 
-    /// description: The customer's email address
+    /// The customer's email address
+    /// This field will be deprecated soon, use the customer object instead
     #[schema(max_length = 255, value_type = Option<String>, example = "johntest@test.com")]
     pub email: Option<Email>,
 
     /// description: The customer's name
+    /// This field will be deprecated soon, use the customer object instead
     #[schema(value_type = Option<String>, max_length = 255, example = "John Test")]
     pub name: Option<Secret<String>>,
 
     /// The customer's phone number
+    /// This field will be deprecated soon, use the customer object instead
     #[schema(value_type = Option<String>, max_length = 255, example = "3141592653")]
     pub phone: Option<Secret<String>>,
 
     /// The country code for the customer phone number
+    /// This field will be deprecated soon, use the customer object instead
     #[schema(max_length = 255, example = "+1")]
     pub phone_country_code: Option<String>,
 
@@ -303,27 +335,6 @@ pub struct VerifyRequest {
     pub merchant_connector_details: Option<admin::MerchantConnectorDetailsWrap>,
 }
 
-impl From<PaymentsRequest> for VerifyRequest {
-    fn from(item: PaymentsRequest) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            client_secret: item.client_secret,
-            merchant_id: item.merchant_id,
-            customer_id: item.customer_id,
-            email: item.email,
-            name: item.name,
-            phone: item.phone,
-            phone_country_code: item.phone_country_code,
-            payment_method: item.payment_method,
-            payment_method_data: item.payment_method_data,
-            payment_token: item.payment_token,
-            mandate_data: item.mandate_data,
-            setup_future_usage: item.setup_future_usage,
-            off_session: item.off_session,
-            merchant_connector_details: item.merchant_connector_details,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
 pub enum MandateTxnType {
@@ -1478,7 +1489,12 @@ impl From<&PaymentsRequest> for MandateValidationFields {
         Self {
             mandate_id: req.mandate_id.clone(),
             confirm: req.confirm,
-            customer_id: req.customer_id.clone(),
+            customer_id: req
+                .customer
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|customer_details| &customer_details.id)
+                .or(req.customer_id.as_ref())
+                .map(ToOwned::to_owned),
             mandate_data: req.mandate_data.clone(),
             setup_future_usage: req.setup_future_usage,
             off_session: req.off_session,
diff --git a/crates/router/src/core/payments/helpers.rs b/crates/router/src/core/payments/helpers.rs
index 235ef14e7c1..badb8d948bf 100644
--- a/crates/router/src/core/payments/helpers.rs
+++ b/crates/router/src/core/payments/helpers.rs
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ pub async fn get_address_for_payment_request(
     req_address: Option<&api::Address>,
     address_id: Option<&str>,
     merchant_id: &str,
-    customer_id: &Option<String>,
+    customer_id: Option<&String>,
 ) -> CustomResult<Option<domain::Address>, errors::ApiErrorResponse> {
     let key = types::get_merchant_enc_key(db, merchant_id.to_string())
         .await
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ pub async fn get_address_for_payment_request(
                 }
                 None => {
                     // generate a new address here
-                    let customer_id = customer_id.as_deref().get_required_value("customer_id")?;
+                    let customer_id = customer_id.get_required_value("customer_id")?;
 
                     let address_details = address.address.clone().unwrap_or_default();
                     Some(
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ fn validate_new_mandate_request(
     is_confirm_operation: bool,
 ) -> RouterResult<()> {
     // We need not check for customer_id in the confirm request if it is already passed
-    //in create request
+    // in create request
 
     fp_utils::when(!is_confirm_operation && req.customer_id.is_none(), || {
         Err(report!(errors::ApiErrorResponse::PreconditionFailed {
@@ -810,6 +810,109 @@ pub async fn get_customer_from_details<F: Clone>(
     }
 }
 
+// Checks if the inner values of two options are not equal and throws appropriate error
+fn validate_options_for_inequality<T: PartialEq>(
+    first_option: Option<&T>,
+    second_option: Option<&T>,
+    field_name: &str,
+) -> Result<(), errors::ApiErrorResponse> {
+    fp_utils::when(
+        first_option
+            .zip(second_option)
+            .map(|(value1, value2)| value1 != value2)
+            .unwrap_or(false),
+        || {
+            Err(errors::ApiErrorResponse::PreconditionFailed {
+                message: format!("The field name `{field_name}` sent in both places is ambiguous"),
+            })
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+// Checks if the customer details are passed in both places
+// If so, raise an error
+pub fn validate_customer_details_in_request(
+    request: &api_models::payments::PaymentsRequest,
+) -> Result<(), errors::ApiErrorResponse> {
+    if let Some(customer_details) = request.customer.as_ref() {
+        validate_options_for_inequality(
+            request.customer_id.as_ref(),
+            Some(&customer_details.id),
+            "customer_id",
+        )?;
+
+        validate_options_for_inequality(
+            request.email.as_ref(),
+            customer_details.email.as_ref(),
+            "email",
+        )?;
+
+        validate_options_for_inequality(
+            request.name.as_ref(),
+            customer_details.name.as_ref(),
+            "name",
+        )?;
+
+        validate_options_for_inequality(
+            request.phone.as_ref(),
+            customer_details.phone.as_ref(),
+            "phone",
+        )?;
+
+        validate_options_for_inequality(
+            request.phone_country_code.as_ref(),
+            customer_details.phone_country_code.as_ref(),
+            "phone_country_code",
+        )?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Get the customer details from customer field if present
+/// or from the individual fields in `PaymentsRequest`
+pub fn get_customer_details_from_request(
+    request: &api_models::payments::PaymentsRequest,
+) -> CustomerDetails {
+    let customer_id = request
+        .customer
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|customer_details| customer_details.id.clone())
+        .or(request.customer_id.clone());
+
+    let customer_name = request
+        .customer
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|customer_details| customer_details.name.clone())
+        .or(request.name.clone());
+
+    let customer_email = request
+        .customer
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|customer_details| customer_details.email.clone())
+        .or(request.email.clone());
+
+    let customer_phone = request
+        .customer
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|customer_details| customer_details.phone.clone())
+        .or(request.phone.clone());
+
+    let customer_phone_code = request
+        .customer
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|customer_details| customer_details.phone_country_code.clone())
+        .or(request.phone_country_code.clone());
+
+    CustomerDetails {
+        customer_id,
+        name: customer_name,
+        email: customer_email,
+        phone: customer_phone,
+        phone_country_code: customer_phone_code,
+    }
+}
+
 pub async fn get_connector_default(
     _state: &AppState,
     request_connector: Option<serde_json::Value>,
diff --git a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_cancel.rs b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_cancel.rs
index 54cc83581ae..f06bf9e252a 100644
--- a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_cancel.rs
+++ b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_cancel.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsCancelRequest>
             None,
             payment_intent.shipping_address_id.as_deref(),
             merchant_id,
-            &payment_intent.customer_id,
+            payment_intent.customer_id.as_ref(),
         )
         .await?;
         let billing_address = helpers::get_address_for_payment_request(
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsCancelRequest>
             None,
             payment_intent.billing_address_id.as_deref(),
             merchant_id,
-            &payment_intent.customer_id,
+            payment_intent.customer_id.as_ref(),
         )
         .await?;
 
diff --git a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_capture.rs b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_capture.rs
index 37f2ccb9d1b..cedc9d7a6d3 100644
--- a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_capture.rs
+++ b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_capture.rs
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, payments::PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsCaptu
             None,
             payment_intent.shipping_address_id.as_deref(),
             merchant_id,
-            &payment_intent.customer_id,
+            payment_intent.customer_id.as_ref(),
         )
         .await?;
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, payments::PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsCaptu
             None,
             payment_intent.billing_address_id.as_deref(),
             merchant_id,
-            &payment_intent.customer_id,
+            payment_intent.customer_id.as_ref(),
         )
         .await?;
 
diff --git a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_complete_authorize.rs b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_complete_authorize.rs
index fd06d9a6727..6f7bb3494ec 100644
--- a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_complete_authorize.rs
+++ b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_complete_authorize.rs
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Co
             request.shipping.as_ref(),
             payment_intent.shipping_address_id.as_deref(),
             merchant_id,
-            &payment_intent.customer_id,
+            payment_intent.customer_id.as_ref(),
         )
         .await?;
         let billing_address = helpers::get_address_for_payment_request(
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Co
             request.billing.as_ref(),
             payment_intent.billing_address_id.as_deref(),
             merchant_id,
-            &payment_intent.customer_id,
+            payment_intent.customer_id.as_ref(),
         )
         .await?;
 
diff --git a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_confirm.rs b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_confirm.rs
index b136610f726..00951faee3f 100644
--- a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_confirm.rs
+++ b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_confirm.rs
@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Pa
                 field_name: "browser_info",
             })?;
 
+        let customer_details = helpers::get_customer_details_from_request(request);
+
         let token = token.or_else(|| payment_attempt.payment_token.clone());
 
         helpers::validate_pm_or_token_given(
@@ -159,7 +161,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Pa
             &payment_intent
                 .customer_id
                 .clone()
-                .or_else(|| request.customer_id.clone()),
+                .or_else(|| customer_details.customer_id.clone()),
         )?;
 
         let shipping_address = helpers::get_address_for_payment_request(
@@ -167,7 +169,10 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Pa
             request.shipping.as_ref(),
             payment_intent.shipping_address_id.as_deref(),
             merchant_id,
-            &payment_intent.customer_id,
+            payment_intent
+                .customer_id
+                .as_ref()
+                .or(customer_details.customer_id.as_ref()),
         )
         .await?;
         let billing_address = helpers::get_address_for_payment_request(
@@ -175,7 +180,10 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Pa
             request.billing.as_ref(),
             payment_intent.billing_address_id.as_deref(),
             merchant_id,
-            &payment_intent.customer_id,
+            payment_intent
+                .customer_id
+                .as_ref()
+                .or(customer_details.customer_id.as_ref()),
         )
         .await?;
 
@@ -255,13 +263,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Pa
                 ephemeral_key: None,
                 redirect_response: None,
             },
-            Some(CustomerDetails {
-                customer_id: request.customer_id.clone(),
-                name: request.name.clone(),
-                email: request.email.clone(),
-                phone: request.phone.clone(),
-                phone_country_code: request.phone_country_code.clone(),
-            }),
+            Some(customer_details),
         ))
     }
 }
@@ -472,6 +474,9 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> ValidateRequest<F, api::PaymentsRequest> for PaymentConfir
         {
             Err(errors::ApiErrorResponse::NotSupported { message: "order_details cannot be present both inside and outside metadata in payments request".to_string() })?
         }
+
+        helpers::validate_customer_details_in_request(request)?;
+
         let given_payment_id = match &request.payment_id {
             Some(id_type) => Some(
                 id_type
diff --git a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_create.rs b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_create.rs
index ee4af6244b0..b4b75cd815c 100644
--- a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_create.rs
+++ b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_create.rs
@@ -74,12 +74,14 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Pa
             )
             .await?;
 
+        let customer_details = helpers::get_customer_details_from_request(request);
+
         let shipping_address = helpers::get_address_for_payment_request(
             db,
             request.shipping.as_ref(),
             None,
             merchant_id,
-            &request.customer_id,
+            customer_details.customer_id.as_ref(),
         )
         .await?;
 
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Pa
             request.billing.as_ref(),
             None,
             merchant_id,
-            &request.customer_id,
+            customer_details.customer_id.as_ref(),
         )
         .await?;
 
@@ -256,13 +258,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Pa
                 ephemeral_key,
                 redirect_response: None,
             },
-            Some(CustomerDetails {
-                customer_id: request.customer_id.clone(),
-                name: request.name.clone(),
-                email: request.email.clone(),
-                phone: request.phone.clone(),
-                phone_country_code: request.phone_country_code.clone(),
-            }),
+            Some(customer_details),
         ))
     }
 }
@@ -423,6 +419,9 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> ValidateRequest<F, api::PaymentsRequest> for PaymentCreate
         {
             Err(errors::ApiErrorResponse::NotSupported { message: "order_details cannot be present both inside and outside metadata in payments request".to_string() })?
         }
+
+        helpers::validate_customer_details_in_request(request)?;
+
         let given_payment_id = match &request.payment_id {
             Some(id_type) => Some(
                 id_type
diff --git a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_session.rs b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_session.rs
index 3c1e9529113..5fe496aa281 100644
--- a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_session.rs
+++ b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_session.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsSessionRequest>
             None,
             payment_intent.shipping_address_id.as_deref(),
             merchant_id,
-            &payment_intent.customer_id,
+            payment_intent.customer_id.as_ref(),
         )
         .await?;
 
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsSessionRequest>
             None,
             payment_intent.billing_address_id.as_deref(),
             merchant_id,
-            &payment_intent.customer_id,
+            payment_intent.customer_id.as_ref(),
         )
         .await?;
 
diff --git a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_start.rs b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_start.rs
index c197097e7ac..5cb6613a28b 100644
--- a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_start.rs
+++ b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_start.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsStartRequest> f
             None,
             payment_intent.shipping_address_id.as_deref(),
             merchant_id,
-            &payment_intent.customer_id,
+            payment_intent.customer_id.as_ref(),
         )
         .await?;
         let billing_address = helpers::get_address_for_payment_request(
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsStartRequest> f
             None,
             payment_intent.billing_address_id.as_deref(),
             merchant_id,
-            &payment_intent.customer_id,
+            payment_intent.customer_id.as_ref(),
         )
         .await?;
 
diff --git a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_update.rs b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_update.rs
index b36fe6ea966..15ef40f34e5 100644
--- a/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_update.rs
+++ b/crates/router/src/core/payments/operations/payment_update.rs
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Pa
         };
 
         payment_attempt.payment_method = payment_method_type.or(payment_attempt.payment_method);
+        let customer_details = helpers::get_customer_details_from_request(request);
 
         let amount = request
             .amount
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Pa
                 &payment_intent
                     .customer_id
                     .clone()
-                    .or_else(|| request.customer_id.clone()),
+                    .or_else(|| customer_details.customer_id.clone()),
             )?;
         }
 
@@ -129,7 +130,10 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Pa
             request.shipping.as_ref(),
             payment_intent.shipping_address_id.as_deref(),
             merchant_id,
-            &payment_intent.customer_id,
+            payment_intent
+                .customer_id
+                .as_ref()
+                .or(customer_details.customer_id.as_ref()),
         )
         .await?;
         let billing_address = helpers::get_address_for_payment_request(
@@ -137,7 +141,10 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Pa
             request.billing.as_ref(),
             payment_intent.billing_address_id.as_deref(),
             merchant_id,
-            &payment_intent.customer_id,
+            payment_intent
+                .customer_id
+                .as_ref()
+                .or(customer_details.customer_id.as_ref()),
         )
         .await?;
 
@@ -281,6 +288,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Pa
                 .clone()
                 .map(ForeignInto::foreign_into)),
         });
+
         Ok((
             next_operation,
             PaymentData {
@@ -312,13 +320,7 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> GetTracker<F, PaymentData<F>, api::PaymentsRequest> for Pa
                 ephemeral_key: None,
                 redirect_response: None,
             },
-            Some(CustomerDetails {
-                customer_id: request.customer_id.clone(),
-                name: request.name.clone(),
-                email: request.email.clone(),
-                phone: request.phone.clone(),
-                phone_country_code: request.phone_country_code.clone(),
-            }),
+            Some(customer_details),
         ))
     }
 }
@@ -526,6 +528,9 @@ impl<F: Send + Clone> ValidateRequest<F, api::PaymentsRequest> for PaymentUpdate
         {
             Err(errors::ApiErrorResponse::NotSupported { message: "order_details cannot be present both inside and outside metadata in payments request".to_string() })?
         }
+
+        helpers::validate_customer_details_in_request(request)?;
+
         let given_payment_id = match &request.payment_id {
             Some(id_type) => Some(
                 id_type
diff --git a/crates/router/src/openapi.rs b/crates/router/src/openapi.rs
index 1ae4cce0334..9e870c5cd25 100644
--- a/crates/router/src/openapi.rs
+++ b/crates/router/src/openapi.rs
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ Never share your secret api keys. Keep them guarded and secure.
         api_models::mandates::MandateResponse,
         api_models::mandates::MandateCardDetails,
         api_models::ephemeral_key::EphemeralKeyCreateResponse,
+        api_models::payments::CustomerDetails,
         crate::types::api::admin::MerchantAccountResponse,
         crate::types::api::admin::MerchantConnectorId,
         crate::types::api::admin::MerchantDetails,

## Type of Change
<!-- Put an `x` in the boxes that apply -->

- [x] Bugfix

## Description
<!-- Describe your changes in detail -->
This PR will support sending the customer details in the `customers` object in `PaymentsRequest` in all three endpoints 
- payments-create
- payments-update
- payments-confirm

The changes are added in a backwards compatible manner, the older fields will be deprecated soon.

### Additional Changes

- [x] This PR modifies the API contract

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## Motivation and Context
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Fixes #1446  

## How did you test it?
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- Create a payment with customer details outside.
<img width="754" alt="Screenshot 2023-06-15 at 3 28 27 PM" src="https://github.com/juspay/hyperswitch/assets/48803246/e6495cd9-1bd6-4f1f-a800-73847ee6cb72">

- Create a payment with customer details in customers field.
<img width="738" alt="Screenshot 2023-06-15 at 3 27 19 PM" src="https://github.com/juspay/hyperswitch/assets/48803246/f470f949-0390-46f0-8219-310d9c93d957">

- Create ambiguity by passing the same field in both the places
<img width="1030" alt="Screenshot 2023-06-16 at 4 13 48 PM" src="https://github.com/juspay/hyperswitch/assets/48803246/985dcf41-0706-4685-afa1-f9d90a018b1e">


## Checklist
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- [x] I formatted the code `cargo +nightly fmt --all`
- [x] I addressed lints thrown by `cargo clippy`
- [x] I reviewed submitted code