Recalling Iraq before civil war engulfs it, he writes of the lies Americans told themselves: “They believed them because it was convenient — and because not to believe them was too horrifying to think about.”  The near-complete American failure to understand Iraq is still evident five and a half years into the war. I have seen firsthand the dearth of Arabic speakers in the United States embassy. Still, the concrete implications of cultural ignorance pack a subtle, yet powerful punch. Mr. Filkins describes the Tigris River Park, a $1.5 million American project in Baghdad. An effort of misplaced good will, the new park deprived Iraqis of several favored soccer fields in favor of a “curvy, S-shaped sidewalk.” It is a small incident — no explosions or casualties — but it speaks volumes.  This is not, however, a book about finger pointing. Nor is it about policy failures or prescriptions. The author portrays and sympathizes with the men and women facing impossible challenges in Iraq.  A pamphlet discovered in Ramadi in May 2005 lists 105 insurgent groups that have claimed responsibility for attacks. American soldiers must greet Iraqis at times with smiles and at other times with the barrel of a gun, perhaps without knowing which is appropriate until it is too late.  A lieutenant colonel grapples with balancing what he was trained to do — fight — and what he has been ordered to do: rebuild. “Sometimes I wish there were more people who knew more about nation-building,” the colonel admits in a stinging indictment of our institutional preparedness for the Iraq War and for nation-building in general.  Later a pair of soldiers under his command go to prison for pushing two Iraqis into the Tigris River, one of whom drowned. Another American who refused orders to join them later reflects on his tour in Iraq, saying that “the gray area in the middle” is where the grimmer business of war occurs. That dissenter is serving a two-year prison sentence for robbing a Comfort Inn in Ohio after leaving the military.  Mr. Filkins wonders, as too few Americans have, about “not only what the Americans were doing to Iraq, but what Iraq was doing to the Americans.” As more brave men and women return home and face formidable challenges adjusting to civilian life, this is a question all Americans are duty bound to consider.  This book is also deeply and brutally personal. In Fallujah the author and a photographer head to a bombed-out minaret to photograph a dead insurgent. Two marines precede them to secure the minaret, and one, Lance Corporal William L. Miller, 22, of Pearland, Tex., is shot dead. Mr. Filkins tries to make sense of it: “Your photographer needed a corpse for the newspaper, so you and a bunch of marines went out to get one. Then suddenly it’s there, the warm liquid on your face, the death you’ve always avoided, smiling back at you like it knew all along. Your fault.” Another marine attempts to console him, saying, “That’s what happens in war.”  As for the situation today, Mr. Filkins describes early signs of the Sunni awakening. An Islamic Army of Iraq insurgent, Abu Marwa, kills two Syrian members of Al Qaeda in Iraq to avenge the murder of his uncle. He delivers their blood in vials to his widowed aunt. “She drank the blood of the Syrians,” Abu Marwa says. “You see. We were for revenge. She was filled with rage.” These are haunting words amid claims of “victory” in Iraq.  They recall Mr. Filkins’s sketch of Kabul in 1998, where, at a public execution, he hears over loudspeakers: “In revenge there is life.” This maxim is as foreign to American ears as the concept of a forever war.  Illustrated. 368 pages. Alfred A. Knopf. $25.  Lee H. Hamilton is president and director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington. He served as co-chairman of the Iraq Study Group.  A version of this review appears in print on , on Page E34 of the New York edition with the headline: Outside the Green Zone, the Human Dimension. Today's Paper|Subscribe
Dexter Filkins’s courageous, at times even foolhardy, reporting from beyond Baghdad’s Green Zone reveals the human side of war.