Her supporters counter by pointing to a piece that details Kagan's strong criticism of judicial decisions that are reached without the proper grounding in law and precedent.  Those still trying to make up their minds about President Obama's choice for the high court will find fodder for both positions in the same document, her thesis as a 22-year-old student at Oxford.  Such is the process as senators, interest groups and the media try to piece together a portrait of the solicitor general's views from scraps of speeches, scholarly articles and actions as a member of two Democratic administrations.  Because Kagan, 50, has never been a judge and has not published a major work since 2001, her record lacks the "paper trail" that other nominees in recent years have had. But it also seems at times contradictory, or at least ambiguous.  For instance, Obama praised Kagan in her role as solicitor general for defending the federal law, struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional, that greatly restricted corporate spending on political campaigns. But experts poring over Kagan's writings on the First Amendment say they raise questions about whether she might agree with conservative critics of the law she was defending.  And civil libertarians are concerned about Kagan's writings on executive power and her testimony about the government's ability to hold terrorism suspects indefinitely. They might be heartened by the fact that she signed a 2005 letter to senators that said only "dictatorships" strip courts of the power to review claims of people the government has detained.  The vast majority of the thousands of pages Kagan turned over to the Senate Judiciary Committee last week had been handed in last year, when the Senate confirmed her as the government's chief appellate lawyer and representative before the Supreme Court. So anything new -- such as her thesis, written before she started law school -- is now being searched for clues.  There was something for both sides. Because judges are also "participants in American life," Kagan wrote, they "will often try to mold and steer the law in order to promote certain ethical values and achieve certain social ends. Such activity is not necessarily wrong or invalid."  On the other hand, she quickly added, "no court should make or justify its decisions solely by reference to the demands of social justice. . . . Judicial decisions must be based, above all else, on law and reason."  Eugene Volokh, a law professor at the University of California at Los Angeles, said it is not surprising that those interested in the court want to know as much as they can about the nominees. The legal blog he oversees, which draws many conservative and libertarian commentators, churns with analysis of the Kagan nomination.  But Volokh said people have been "spoiled" by recent appointments. Many of those justices came with long judicial records; others had spent their lives in scholarly research or activism. Antonin Scalia and Ruth Bader Ginsburg, for instance, "had paper trails that tell you exactly where they'll be" as justices, he said.
Some of Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan's detractors found a passage in her writings that they say endorses the view that a judge's work is outcome-based, influenced by personal opinion and experience.