content: ARG DEBIAN_FRONTEND="noninteractive"
  
  # install mpich, openssh for MPI to communicate between containers
  RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends --fix-missing \
      mpich \
      libmpich-dev \
      openssh-client \
      openssh-server && \
      apt-get clean && \
      rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
  
  # Create a wrapper for MPICH to allow running as root by default
  RUN mv /usr/bin/mpirun /usr/bin/mpirun.real && \
      echo '#!/bin/bash' > /usr/bin/mpirun && \
      echo 'mpirun.real "$@"' >> /usr/bin/mpirun && \
      chmod a+x /usr/bin/mpirun
  
  # Set up SSH
  RUN mkdir -p /var/run/sshd
  
  # Allow OpenSSH to talk to containers without asking for confirmation
  RUN cat /etc/ssh/ssh_config | grep -v StrictHostKeyChecking > /etc/ssh/ssh_config.new && \
      echo "    StrictHostKeyChecking no" >> /etc/ssh/ssh_config.new && \
      mv /etc/ssh/ssh_config.new /etc/ssh/ssh_config
  