content: {-# LANGUAGE Unsafe #-}
  {-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude
             , MagicHash
             , UnboxedTuples
    #-}
  {-# OPTIONS_HADDOCK hide #-}
  
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  -- |
  -- Module      :  GHC.IO.Unsafe
  -- Copyright   :  (c) The University of Glasgow 1994-2002
  -- License     :  see libraries/base/LICENSE
  --
  -- Maintainer  :  cvs-ghc@haskell.org
  -- Stability   :  internal
  -- Portability :  non-portable (GHC Extensions)
  --
  -- Unsafe IO operations
  --
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  module GHC.IO.Unsafe (
      unsafePerformIO, unsafeInterleaveIO,
      unsafeDupablePerformIO, unsafeDupableInterleaveIO,
      noDuplicate,
    ) where
  
  import GHC.Base
  
  
  {-|
  This is the \"back door\" into the 'IO' monad, allowing
  'IO' computation to be performed at any time.  For
  this to be safe, the 'IO' computation should be
  free of side effects and independent of its environment.
  
  If the I\/O computation wrapped in 'unsafePerformIO' performs side
  effects, then the relative order in which those side effects take
  place (relative to the main I\/O trunk, or other calls to
  'unsafePerformIO') is indeterminate.  Furthermore, when using
  'unsafePerformIO' to cause side-effects, you should take the following
  precautions to ensure the side effects are performed as many times as
  you expect them to be.  Note that these precautions are necessary for
  GHC, but may not be sufficient, and other compilers may require
  different precautions:
  
    * Use @{\-\# NOINLINE foo \#-\}@ as a pragma on any function @foo@
          that calls 'unsafePerformIO'.  If the call is inlined,
          the I\/O may be performed more than once.
  
    * Use the compiler flag @-fno-cse@ to prevent common sub-expression
          elimination being performed on the module, which might combine
          two side effects that were meant to be separate.  A good example
          is using multiple global variables (like @test@ in the example below).
  
    * Make sure that the either you switch off let-floating (@-fno-full-laziness@), or that the
          call to 'unsafePerformIO' cannot float outside a lambda.  For example,
          if you say:
          @
             f x = unsafePerformIO (newIORef [])
          @
          you may get only one reference cell shared between all calls to @f@.
          Better would be
          @
             f x = unsafePerformIO (newIORef [x])
          @
          because now it can't float outside the lambda.
  
  It is less well known that
  'unsafePerformIO' is not type safe.  For example:
  
  >     test :: IORef [a]
  >     test = unsafePerformIO $ newIORef []
  >
  >     main = do
  >             writeIORef test [42]
  >             bang <- readIORef test
  >             print (bang :: [Char])
  
  This program will core dump.  This problem with polymorphic references
  is well known in the ML community, and does not arise with normal
  monadic use of references.  There is no easy way to make it impossible
  once you use 'unsafePerformIO'.  Indeed, it is
  possible to write @coerce :: a -> b@ with the
  help of 'unsafePerformIO'.  So be careful!
  -}
  unsafePerformIO :: IO a -> a
  unsafePerformIO m = unsafeDupablePerformIO (noDuplicate >> m)
  
  {-|
  This version of 'unsafePerformIO' is more efficient
  because it omits the check that the IO is only being performed by a
  single thread.  Hence, when you use 'unsafeDupablePerformIO',
  there is a possibility that the IO action may be performed multiple
  times (on a multiprocessor), and you should therefore ensure that
  it gives the same results each time. It may even happen that one
  of the duplicated IO actions is only run partially, and then interrupted
  in the middle without an exception being raised. Therefore, functions
  like 'bracket' cannot be used safely within 'unsafeDupablePerformIO'.
  
  @since 4.4.0.0
  -}
  unsafeDupablePerformIO  :: IO a -> a
  unsafeDupablePerformIO (IO m) = case runRW# m of (# _, a #) -> a
  
  {-|
  'unsafeInterleaveIO' allows an 'IO' computation to be deferred lazily.
  When passed a value of type @IO a@, the 'IO' will only be performed
  when the value of the @a@ is demanded.  This is used to implement lazy
  file reading, see 'System.IO.hGetContents'.
  -}
  {-# INLINE unsafeInterleaveIO #-}
  unsafeInterleaveIO :: IO a -> IO a
  unsafeInterleaveIO m = unsafeDupableInterleaveIO (noDuplicate >> m)
  
  -- Note [unsafeDupableInterleaveIO should not be inlined]
  -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  --
  -- We used to believe that INLINE on unsafeInterleaveIO was safe,
  -- because the state from this IO thread is passed explicitly to the
  -- interleaved IO, so it cannot be floated out and shared.
  --
  -- HOWEVER, if the compiler figures out that r is used strictly here,
  -- then it will eliminate the thunk and the side effects in m will no
  -- longer be shared in the way the programmer was probably expecting,
  -- but can be performed many times.  In #5943, this broke our
  -- definition of fixIO, which contains
  --
  --    ans <- unsafeInterleaveIO (takeMVar m)
  --
  -- after inlining, we lose the sharing of the takeMVar, so the second
  -- time 'ans' was demanded we got a deadlock.  We could fix this with
  -- a readMVar, but it seems wrong for unsafeInterleaveIO to sometimes
  -- share and sometimes not (plus it probably breaks the noDuplicate).
  -- So now, we do not inline unsafeDupableInterleaveIO.
  
  {-|
  'unsafeDupableInterleaveIO' allows an 'IO' computation to be deferred lazily.
  When passed a value of type @IO a@, the 'IO' will only be performed
  when the value of the @a@ is demanded.
  
  The computation may be performed multiple times by different threads,
  possibly at the same time. To ensure that the computation is performed
  only once, use 'unsafeInterleaveIO' instead.
  -}
  
  {-# NOINLINE unsafeDupableInterleaveIO #-}
  -- See Note [unsafeDupableInterleaveIO should not be inlined]
  unsafeDupableInterleaveIO :: IO a -> IO a
  unsafeDupableInterleaveIO (IO m)
    = IO ( \ s -> let
                     r = case m s of (# _, res #) -> res
                  in
                  (# s, r #))
  
  {-|
  Ensures that the suspensions under evaluation by the current thread
  are unique; that is, the current thread is not evaluating anything
  that is also under evaluation by another thread that has also executed
  'noDuplicate'.
  
  This operation is used in the definition of 'unsafePerformIO' to
  prevent the IO action from being executed multiple times, which is usually
  undesirable.
  -}
  noDuplicate :: IO ()
  noDuplicate = IO $ \s -> case noDuplicate# s of s' -> (# s', () #)
  