content: {-
  (c) The University of Glasgow 2006
  (c) The GRASP/AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1992-1998
  
  
  Utility functions on @Core@ syntax
  -}
  
  {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
  module Eta.Core.CoreSubst (
          -- * Main data types
          Subst(..), -- Implementation exported for supercompiler's Renaming.hs only
          TvSubstEnv, IdSubstEnv, InScopeSet,
  
          -- ** Substituting into expressions and related types
          deShadowBinds, substSpec, substRulesForImportedIds,
          substTy, substCo, substExpr, substExprSC, substBind, substBindSC,
          substUnfolding, substUnfoldingSC,
          lookupIdSubst, lookupTvSubst, lookupCvSubst, substIdOcc,
          substTickish, substDVarSet,
  
          -- ** Operations on substitutions
          emptySubst, mkEmptySubst, mkGblSubst, mkOpenSubst, substInScope, isEmptySubst,
          extendIdSubst, extendIdSubstList, extendTvSubst, extendTvSubstList,
          extendCvSubst, extendCvSubstList,
          extendSubst, extendSubstList, extendSubstWithVar, zapSubstEnv,
          addInScopeSet, extendInScope, extendInScopeList, extendInScopeIds,
          isInScope, setInScope,
          delBndr, delBndrs,
  
          -- ** Substituting and cloning binders
          substBndr, substBndrs, substRecBndrs,
          cloneBndr, cloneBndrs, cloneIdBndr, cloneIdBndrs, cloneRecIdBndrs,
  
          -- ** Simple expression optimiser
          simpleOptPgm, simpleOptExpr, simpleOptExprWith,
          exprIsConApp_maybe, exprIsLiteral_maybe, exprIsLambda_maybe,
      ) where
  
  #include "HsVersions.h"
  
  import Eta.Core.CoreSyn
  import Eta.Core.CoreSeq
  import Eta.Core.CoreFVs
  import Eta.Core.CoreUtils
  import Eta.BasicTypes.Literal  ( Literal(MachStr) )
  import qualified Data.ByteString as BS
  import Eta.SimplCore.OccurAnal( occurAnalyseExpr, occurAnalysePgm )
  
  import qualified Eta.Types.Type as Type
  import qualified Eta.Types.Coercion as Coercion
  
          -- We are defining local versions
  import Eta.Types.Type     hiding ( substTy, extendTvSubst, extendTvSubstList
                         , isInScope, substTyVarBndr, cloneTyVarBndr )
  import Eta.Types.TypeRep ( tyVarsOfTypeAcc )
  import Eta.Types.Coercion hiding ( substTy, substCo, extendTvSubst, substTyVarBndr, substCoVarBndr )
  
  import Eta.Types.TyCon       ( tyConArity )
  import Eta.BasicTypes.DataCon
  import Eta.Prelude.PrelNames   ( eqBoxDataConKey, coercibleDataConKey, unpackCStringIdKey
                     , unpackCStringUtf8IdKey )
  import Eta.Types.OptCoercion ( optCoercion )
  import Eta.Core.PprCore     ( pprCoreBindings, pprRules )
  import Eta.BasicTypes.Module      ( Module )
  import Eta.BasicTypes.VarSet
  import Eta.BasicTypes.VarEnv
  import Eta.BasicTypes.Id
  import Eta.BasicTypes.Name     ( Name )
  import Eta.BasicTypes.Var
  import Eta.BasicTypes.IdInfo
  import Eta.BasicTypes.Unique
  import Eta.BasicTypes.UniqSupply
  import Eta.Utils.Maybes
  import Eta.Main.ErrUtils
  import Eta.Main.DynFlags
  import Eta.BasicTypes.BasicTypes ( isAlwaysActive )
  import Eta.Utils.Util
  import Eta.Utils.Pair
  import Eta.Utils.Outputable
  import Eta.Core.PprCore          ()              -- Instances
  import Eta.Utils.FastString
  
  import Data.List
  
  import Eta.Prelude.TysWiredIn
  
  {-
  ************************************************************************
  *                                                                      *
  \subsection{Substitutions}
  *                                                                      *
  ************************************************************************
  -}
  
  -- | A substitution environment, containing both 'Id' and 'TyVar' substitutions.
  --
  -- Some invariants apply to how you use the substitution:
  --
  -- 1. #in_scope_invariant# The in-scope set contains at least those 'Id's and 'TyVar's that will be in scope /after/
  -- applying the substitution to a term. Precisely, the in-scope set must be a superset of the free vars of the
  -- substitution range that might possibly clash with locally-bound variables in the thing being substituted in.
  --
  -- 2. #apply_once# You may apply the substitution only /once/
  --
  -- There are various ways of setting up the in-scope set such that the first of these invariants hold:
  --
  -- * Arrange that the in-scope set really is all the things in scope
  --
  -- * Arrange that it's the free vars of the range of the substitution
  --
  -- * Make it empty, if you know that all the free vars of the substitution are fresh, and hence can't possibly clash
  data Subst
    = Subst InScopeSet  -- Variables in in scope (both Ids and TyVars) /after/
                        -- applying the substitution
            IdSubstEnv  -- Substitution for Ids
            TvSubstEnv  -- Substitution from TyVars to Types
            CvSubstEnv  -- Substitution from CoVars to Coercions
  
          -- INVARIANT 1: See #in_scope_invariant#
          -- This is what lets us deal with name capture properly
          -- It's a hard invariant to check...
          --
          -- INVARIANT 2: The substitution is apply-once; see Note [Apply once] with
          --              Types.TvSubstEnv
          --
          -- INVARIANT 3: See Note [Extending the Subst]
  
  {-
  Note [Extending the Subst]
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  For a core Subst, which binds Ids as well, we make a different choice for Ids
  than we do for TyVars.
  
  For TyVars, see Note [Extending the TvSubst] with Type.TvSubstEnv
  
  For Ids, we have a different invariant
          The IdSubstEnv is extended *only* when the Unique on an Id changes
          Otherwise, we just extend the InScopeSet
  
  In consequence:
  
  * If the TvSubstEnv and IdSubstEnv are both empty, substExpr would be a
    no-op, so substExprSC ("short cut") does nothing.
  
    However, substExpr still goes ahead and substitutes.  Reason: we may
    want to replace existing Ids with new ones from the in-scope set, to
    avoid space leaks.
  
  * In substIdBndr, we extend the IdSubstEnv only when the unique changes
  
  * If the CvSubstEnv, TvSubstEnv and IdSubstEnv are all empty,
    substExpr does nothing (Note that the above rule for substIdBndr
    maintains this property.  If the incoming envts are both empty, then
    substituting the type and IdInfo can't change anything.)
  
  * In lookupIdSubst, we *must* look up the Id in the in-scope set, because
    it may contain non-trivial changes.  Example:
          (/\a. \x:a. ...x...) Int
    We extend the TvSubstEnv with [a |-> Int]; but x's unique does not change
    so we only extend the in-scope set.  Then we must look up in the in-scope
    set when we find the occurrence of x.
  
  * The requirement to look up the Id in the in-scope set means that we
    must NOT take no-op short cut when the IdSubst is empty.
    We must still look up every Id in the in-scope set.
  
  * (However, we don't need to do so for expressions found in the IdSubst
    itself, whose range is assumed to be correct wrt the in-scope set.)
  
  Why do we make a different choice for the IdSubstEnv than the
  TvSubstEnv and CvSubstEnv?
  
  * For Ids, we change the IdInfo all the time (e.g. deleting the
    unfolding), and adding it back later, so using the TyVar convention
    would entail extending the substitution almost all the time
  
  * The simplifier wants to look up in the in-scope set anyway, in case it
    can see a better unfolding from an enclosing case expression
  
  * For TyVars, only coercion variables can possibly change, and they are
    easy to spot
  
  Note [IdSubstEnv]
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  An IdSubstEnv has a "local environment" of type (IdEnv CoreExpr);
  this is extended when we meet a binder, in the usual way.  But it also
  has a "global environment" of type GblIdSubst.  This global envt is
  never modified during substitution.  Rather:
  
   * The GblIdSubst is used when initialising the substitution via
     mkGblSubst, to give an "ambient substitution" for the enclosing
     context.
  
   * On lookup, we look first in the local envt and then in the global envt
     (see lookupIdSubst)
  
   * The GblIdSubst is just a function; but since we need to delete things
     from the substitution when passing a binder, we have to record a set
     of Ids gis_del that must *not* be looked up in the gbl envt.
  
  All this is needed to support SimplEnv.substExpr, which starts off
  with a SimplIdSubst, which provides the ambient subsitution.
  -}
  
  -- | An environment for substituting for 'Id's
  -- See Note [IdSubstEnv]
  data IdSubstEnv = ISE { ise_env  :: !(IdEnv CoreExpr)
                        , ise_gbl  :: !GblIdSubst }
  
  data GblIdSubst = NoGIS
                  | GIS { gis_env :: !(InScopeSet -> Id -> Maybe CoreExpr)
                        , gis_del :: !IdSet }  -- Deletions from gis_env
  
  instance Outputable IdSubstEnv where
    ppr (ISE { ise_env = lcl, ise_gbl = gbl })
      = ppr gbl $$ ppr lcl
  
  instance Outputable GblIdSubst where
    ppr NoGIS = empty
    ppr (GIS { gis_del = dels }) = ptext (sLit "GIS") <+> ppr dels
  
  lookupGIS :: GblIdSubst -> InScopeSet -> Id -> Maybe CoreExpr
  lookupGIS NoGIS _ _ = Nothing
  lookupGIS (GIS { gis_env = gbl_fn, gis_del = dels }) in_scope v
    | v `elemVarSet` dels = Nothing
    | otherwise           = gbl_fn in_scope v
  
  isEmptyIdSubst :: IdSubstEnv -> Bool
  isEmptyIdSubst (ISE { ise_env = lcl, ise_gbl = NoGIS }) = isEmptyVarEnv lcl
  isEmptyIdSubst _ = False
  
  emptyIdSubst :: IdSubstEnv
  emptyIdSubst = ISE { ise_env = emptyVarEnv, ise_gbl = NoGIS }
  
  extendIdSubstEnv :: IdSubstEnv -> Id -> CoreExpr -> IdSubstEnv
  extendIdSubstEnv ise v e = ise { ise_env = extendVarEnv (ise_env ise) v e }
  
  extendIdSubstEnvList :: IdSubstEnv -> [(Id,CoreExpr)] -> IdSubstEnv
  extendIdSubstEnvList ise prs = ise { ise_env = extendVarEnvList (ise_env ise) prs }
  
  delIdSubst :: IdSubstEnv -> Id -> IdSubstEnv
  delIdSubst (ISE { ise_env = lcl, ise_gbl = gbl }) v
    = ISE { ise_env = delVarEnv lcl v, ise_gbl = delGIS gbl v }
  
  delIdSubstList :: IdSubstEnv -> [Id] -> IdSubstEnv
  delIdSubstList (ISE { ise_env = lcl, ise_gbl = gbl }) vs
    = ISE { ise_env = delVarEnvList lcl vs, ise_gbl = delGISList gbl vs }
  
  delGIS :: GblIdSubst -> Id -> GblIdSubst
  delGIS NoGIS _ = NoGIS
  delGIS (GIS { gis_env = gbl, gis_del = dels }) v
    = GIS { gis_env = gbl, gis_del = if isJust (gbl emptyInScopeSet v)
                                     then extendVarSet dels v
                                     else dels }
  
  delGISList :: GblIdSubst -> [Id] -> GblIdSubst
  delGISList NoGIS _ = NoGIS
  delGISList (GIS { gis_env = gbl, gis_del = dels }) vs
    = GIS { gis_env = gbl, gis_del = extendVarSetList dels del_vs }
    where
      del_vs = [ v | v <- vs, isJust (gbl emptyInScopeSet v)]
  
  ----------------------------
  isEmptySubst :: Subst -> Bool
  isEmptySubst (Subst _ id_env tv_env cv_env)
    = isEmptyIdSubst id_env && isEmptyVarEnv tv_env && isEmptyVarEnv cv_env
  
  emptySubst :: Subst
  emptySubst = Subst emptyInScopeSet emptyIdSubst emptyVarEnv emptyVarEnv
  
  mkEmptySubst :: InScopeSet -> Subst
  mkEmptySubst in_scope = Subst in_scope emptyIdSubst emptyVarEnv emptyVarEnv
  
  mkGblSubst :: InScopeSet -> TvSubstEnv -> CvSubstEnv
             -> (InScopeSet -> Id -> Maybe CoreExpr)
             -> Subst
  mkGblSubst in_scope tvs cvs lookup_id
   = Subst in_scope id_subst tvs cvs
   where
      id_subst = ISE { ise_env = emptyVarEnv
                     , ise_gbl = GIS { gis_env = lookup_id, gis_del = emptyVarSet } }
  
  -- | Find the in-scope set: see "CoreSubst#in_scope_invariant"
  substInScope :: Subst -> InScopeSet
  substInScope (Subst in_scope _ _ _) = in_scope
  
  -- | Remove all substitutions for 'Id's and 'Var's that might have been built up
  -- while preserving the in-scope set
  zapSubstEnv :: Subst -> Subst
  zapSubstEnv (Subst in_scope _ _ _) = Subst in_scope emptyIdSubst emptyVarEnv emptyVarEnv
  
  -- | Add a substitution for an 'Id' to the 'Subst': you must ensure that the in-scope set is
  -- such that the "CoreSubst#in_scope_invariant" is true after extending the substitution like this
  extendIdSubst :: Subst -> Id -> CoreExpr -> Subst
  -- ToDo: add an ASSERT that fvs(subst-result) is already in the in-scope set
  extendIdSubst (Subst in_scope ids tvs cvs) v r = Subst in_scope (extendIdSubstEnv ids v r) tvs cvs
  
  -- | Adds multiple 'Id' substitutions to the 'Subst': see also 'extendIdSubst'
  extendIdSubstList :: Subst -> [(Id, CoreExpr)] -> Subst
  extendIdSubstList (Subst in_scope ids tvs cvs) prs = Subst in_scope (extendIdSubstEnvList ids prs) tvs cvs
  
  -- | Add a substitution for a 'TyVar' to the 'Subst': you must ensure that the in-scope set is
  -- such that the "CoreSubst#in_scope_invariant" is true after extending the substitution like this
  extendTvSubst :: Subst -> TyVar -> Type -> Subst
  extendTvSubst (Subst in_scope ids tvs cvs) v r = Subst in_scope ids (extendVarEnv tvs v r) cvs
  
  -- | Adds multiple 'TyVar' substitutions to the 'Subst': see also 'extendTvSubst'
  extendTvSubstList :: Subst -> [(TyVar,Type)] -> Subst
  extendTvSubstList (Subst in_scope ids tvs cvs) prs = Subst in_scope ids (extendVarEnvList tvs prs) cvs
  
  -- | Add a substitution from a 'CoVar' to a 'Coercion' to the 'Subst': you must ensure that the in-scope set is
  -- such that the "CoreSubst#in_scope_invariant" is true after extending the substitution like this
  extendCvSubst :: Subst -> CoVar -> Coercion -> Subst
  extendCvSubst (Subst in_scope ids tvs cvs) v r = Subst in_scope ids tvs (extendVarEnv cvs v r)
  
  -- | Adds multiple 'CoVar' -> 'Coercion' substitutions to the
  -- 'Subst': see also 'extendCvSubst'
  extendCvSubstList :: Subst -> [(CoVar,Coercion)] -> Subst
  extendCvSubstList (Subst in_scope ids tvs cvs) prs = Subst in_scope ids tvs (extendVarEnvList cvs prs)
  
  -- | Add a substitution appropriate to the thing being substituted
  --   (whether an expression, type, or coercion). See also
  --   'extendIdSubst', 'extendTvSubst', and 'extendCvSubst'.
  extendSubst :: Subst -> Var -> CoreArg -> Subst
  extendSubst subst var arg
    = case arg of
        Type ty     -> ASSERT( isTyVar var ) extendTvSubst subst var ty
        Coercion co -> ASSERT( isCoVar var ) extendCvSubst subst var co
        _           -> ASSERT( isId    var ) extendIdSubst subst var arg
  
  extendSubstWithVar :: Subst -> Var -> Var -> Subst
  extendSubstWithVar subst v1 v2
    | isTyVar v1 = ASSERT( isTyVar v2 ) extendTvSubst subst v1 (mkTyVarTy v2)
    | isCoVar v1 = ASSERT( isCoVar v2 ) extendCvSubst subst v1 (mkCoVarCo v2)
    | otherwise  = ASSERT( isId    v2 ) extendIdSubst subst v1 (Var v2)
  
  -- | Add a substitution as appropriate to each of the terms being
  --   substituted (whether expressions, types, or coercions). See also
  --   'extendSubst'.
  extendSubstList :: Subst -> [(Var,CoreArg)] -> Subst
  extendSubstList subst []              = subst
  extendSubstList subst ((var,rhs):prs) = extendSubstList (extendSubst subst var rhs) prs
  
  -- | Find the substitution for an 'Id' in the 'Subst'
  lookupIdSubst :: SDoc -> Subst -> Id -> CoreExpr
  lookupIdSubst doc (Subst in_scope (ISE { ise_env = lcl, ise_gbl = gbl }) _ _) v
    | not (isLocalId v) = Var v
    | Just e <- lookupVarEnv lcl        v = e
    | Just e <- lookupGIS gbl in_scope  v = e
    | Just v' <- lookupInScope in_scope v = Var v'
          -- Vital! See Note [Extending the Subst]
    | otherwise = WARN( True, ptext (sLit "CoreSubst.lookupIdSubst") <+> doc <+> ppr v
                              $$ ppr in_scope)
                  Var v
  
  -- | Find the substitution for a 'TyVar' in the 'Subst'
  lookupTvSubst :: Subst -> TyVar -> Type
  lookupTvSubst (Subst _ _ tvs _) v = ASSERT( isTyVar v) lookupVarEnv tvs v `orElse` Type.mkTyVarTy v
  
  -- | Find the coercion substitution for a 'CoVar' in the 'Subst'
  lookupCvSubst :: Subst -> CoVar -> Coercion
  lookupCvSubst (Subst _ _ _ cvs) v = ASSERT( isCoVar v ) lookupVarEnv cvs v `orElse` mkCoVarCo v
  
  delBndr :: Subst -> Var -> Subst
  -- Doesn't work for gbl_ids
  delBndr (Subst in_scope ids tvs cvs) v
    | isCoVar v = Subst in_scope ids tvs (delVarEnv cvs v)
    | isTyVar v = Subst in_scope ids (delVarEnv tvs v) cvs
    | otherwise = Subst in_scope (delIdSubst ids v) tvs cvs
  
  delBndrs :: Subst -> [Var] -> Subst
  delBndrs (Subst in_scope ids tvs cvs) vs
    = Subst in_scope (delIdSubstList ids vs) (delVarEnvList tvs vs) (delVarEnvList cvs vs)
        -- Easiest thing is just delete all from all!
  
  -- | Simultaneously substitute for a bunch of variables
  --   No left-right shadowing
  --   ie the substitution for   (\x \y. e) a1 a2
  --      so neither x nor y scope over a1 a2
  mkOpenSubst :: InScopeSet -> [(Var,CoreArg)] -> Subst
  mkOpenSubst in_scope pairs
    = Subst in_scope
            (ISE { ise_env = mkVarEnv [(id,e)  | (id, e) <- pairs, isId id], ise_gbl = NoGIS})
            (mkVarEnv [(tv,ty) | (tv, Type ty) <- pairs])
            (mkVarEnv [(v,co)  | (v, Coercion co) <- pairs])
  
  ------------------------------
  isInScope :: Var -> Subst -> Bool
  isInScope v (Subst in_scope _ _ _) = v `elemInScopeSet` in_scope
  
  -- | Add the 'Var' to the in-scope set, but do not remove
  -- any existing substitutions for it
  addInScopeSet :: Subst -> VarSet -> Subst
  addInScopeSet (Subst in_scope ids tvs cvs) vs
    = Subst (in_scope `extendInScopeSetSet` vs) ids tvs cvs
  
  -- | Add the 'Var' to the in-scope set: as a side effect,
  -- and remove any existing substitutions for it
  extendInScope :: Subst -> Var -> Subst
  extendInScope (Subst in_scope ids tvs cvs) v
    = Subst (in_scope `extendInScopeSet` v)
            (ids `delIdSubst` v) (tvs `delVarEnv` v) (cvs `delVarEnv` v)
  
  -- | Add the 'Var's to the in-scope set: see also 'extendInScope'
  extendInScopeList :: Subst -> [Var] -> Subst
  extendInScopeList (Subst in_scope ids tvs cvs) vs
    = Subst (in_scope `extendInScopeSetList` vs)
            (ids `delIdSubstList` vs) (tvs `delVarEnvList` vs) (cvs `delVarEnvList` vs)
  
  -- | Optimized version of 'extendInScopeList' that can be used if you are certain
  -- all the things being added are 'Id's and hence none are 'TyVar's or 'CoVar's
  extendInScopeIds :: Subst -> [Id] -> Subst
  extendInScopeIds (Subst in_scope ids tvs cvs) vs
    = Subst (in_scope `extendInScopeSetList` vs)
            (ids `delIdSubstList` vs) tvs cvs
  
  setInScope :: Subst -> InScopeSet -> Subst
  setInScope (Subst _ ids tvs cvs) in_scope = Subst in_scope ids tvs cvs
  
  -- Pretty printing, for debugging only
  
  instance Outputable Subst where
    ppr (Subst in_scope ids tvs cvs)
          =  ptext (sLit "<InScope =") <+> braces (fsep (map ppr (varSetElems (getInScopeVars in_scope))))
          $$ ptext (sLit " IdSubst   =") <+> ppr ids
          $$ ptext (sLit " TvSubst   =") <+> ppr tvs
          $$ ptext (sLit " CvSubst   =") <+> ppr cvs
           <> char '>'
  
  {-
  ************************************************************************
  *                                                                      *
          Substituting expressions
  *                                                                      *
  ************************************************************************
  -}
  
  -- | Apply a substitution to an entire 'CoreExpr'. Remember, you may only
  -- apply the substitution /once/: see "CoreSubst#apply_once"
  --
  -- Do *not* attempt to short-cut in the case of an empty substitution!
  -- See Note [Extending the Subst]
  substExprSC :: SDoc -> Subst -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr
  substExprSC _doc subst orig_expr
    | isEmptySubst subst = orig_expr
    | otherwise          = -- pprTrace "enter subst-expr" (doc $$ ppr orig_expr) $
                           subst_expr subst orig_expr
  
  substExpr :: SDoc -> Subst -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr
  substExpr _doc subst orig_expr = subst_expr subst orig_expr
  
  subst_expr :: Subst -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr
  subst_expr subst expr
    = go expr
    where
      go (Var v)         = lookupIdSubst (text "subst_expr") subst v
      go (Type ty)       = Type (substTy subst ty)
      go (Coercion co)   = Coercion (substCo subst co)
      go (Lit lit)       = Lit lit
      go (App fun arg)   = App (go fun) (go arg)
      go (Tick tickish e) = mkTick (substTickish subst tickish) (go e)
      go (Cast e co)     = Cast (go e) (substCo subst co)
         -- Do not optimise even identity coercions
         -- Reason: substitution applies to the LHS of RULES, and
         --         if you "optimise" an identity coercion, you may
         --         lose a binder. We optimise the LHS of rules at
         --         construction time
  
      go (Lam bndr body) = Lam bndr' (subst_expr subst' body)
                         where
                           (subst', bndr') = substBndr subst bndr
  
      go (Let bind body) = Let bind' (subst_expr subst' body)
                         where
                           (subst', bind') = substBind subst bind
  
      go (Case scrut bndr ty alts) = Case (go scrut) bndr' (substTy subst ty) (map (go_alt subst') alts)
                                   where
                                   (subst', bndr') = substBndr subst bndr
  
      go_alt subst (con, bndrs, rhs) = (con, bndrs', subst_expr subst' rhs)
                                   where
                                     (subst', bndrs') = substBndrs subst bndrs
  
  -- | Apply a substitution to an entire 'CoreBind', additionally returning an updated 'Subst'
  -- that should be used by subsequent substitutions.
  substBind, substBindSC :: Subst -> CoreBind -> (Subst, CoreBind)
  
  substBindSC subst bind    -- Short-cut if the substitution is empty
    | not (isEmptySubst subst)
    = substBind subst bind
    | otherwise
    = case bind of
         NonRec bndr rhs -> (subst', NonRec bndr' rhs)
            where
              (subst', bndr') = substBndr subst bndr
         Rec pairs -> (subst', Rec (bndrs' `zip` rhss'))
            where
              (bndrs, rhss)    = unzip pairs
              (subst', bndrs') = substRecBndrs subst bndrs
              rhss' | isEmptySubst subst' = rhss
                    | otherwise           = map (subst_expr subst') rhss
  
  substBind subst (NonRec bndr rhs) = (subst', NonRec bndr' (subst_expr subst rhs))
                                    where
                                      (subst', bndr') = substBndr subst bndr
  
  substBind subst (Rec pairs) = (subst', Rec (bndrs' `zip` rhss'))
                              where
                                  (bndrs, rhss)    = unzip pairs
                                  (subst', bndrs') = substRecBndrs subst bndrs
                                  rhss' = map (subst_expr subst') rhss
  
  -- | De-shadowing the program is sometimes a useful pre-pass. It can be done simply
  -- by running over the bindings with an empty substitution, because substitution
  -- returns a result that has no-shadowing guaranteed.
  --
  -- (Actually, within a single /type/ there might still be shadowing, because
  -- 'substTy' is a no-op for the empty substitution, but that's probably OK.)
  --
  -- [Aug 09] This function is not used in GHC at the moment, but seems so
  --          short and simple that I'm going to leave it here
  deShadowBinds :: CoreProgram -> CoreProgram
  deShadowBinds binds = snd (mapAccumL substBind emptySubst binds)
  
  {-
  ************************************************************************
  *                                                                      *
          Substituting binders
  *                                                                      *
  ************************************************************************
  
  Remember that substBndr and friends are used when doing expression
  substitution only.  Their only business is substitution, so they
  preserve all IdInfo (suitably substituted).  For example, we *want* to
  preserve occ info in rules.
  -}
  
  -- | Substitutes a 'Var' for another one according to the 'Subst' given, returning
  -- the result and an updated 'Subst' that should be used by subsequent substitutions.
  -- 'IdInfo' is preserved by this process, although it is substituted into appropriately.
  substBndr :: Subst -> Var -> (Subst, Var)
  substBndr subst bndr
    | isTyVar bndr  = substTyVarBndr subst bndr
    | isCoVar bndr  = substCoVarBndr subst bndr
    | otherwise     = substIdBndr (text "var-bndr") subst subst bndr
  
  -- | Applies 'substBndr' to a number of 'Var's, accumulating a new 'Subst' left-to-right
  substBndrs :: Subst -> [Var] -> (Subst, [Var])
  substBndrs subst bndrs = mapAccumL substBndr subst bndrs
  
  -- | Substitute in a mutually recursive group of 'Id's
  substRecBndrs :: Subst -> [Id] -> (Subst, [Id])
  substRecBndrs subst bndrs
    = (new_subst, new_bndrs)
    where         -- Here's the reason we need to pass rec_subst to subst_id
      (new_subst, new_bndrs) = mapAccumL (substIdBndr (text "rec-bndr") new_subst) subst bndrs
  
  substIdBndr :: SDoc
              -> Subst            -- ^ Substitution to use for the IdInfo
              -> Subst -> Id      -- ^ Substitution and Id to transform
              -> (Subst, Id)      -- ^ Transformed pair
                                  -- NB: unfolding may be zapped
  
  substIdBndr _doc rec_subst subst@(Subst in_scope env tvs cvs) old_id
    = -- pprTrace "substIdBndr" (doc $$ ppr old_id $$ ppr in_scope) $
      (Subst (in_scope `extendInScopeSet` new_id) new_env tvs cvs, new_id)
    where
      id1 = uniqAway in_scope old_id      -- id1 is cloned if necessary
      id2 | no_type_change = id1
          | otherwise      = setIdType id1 (substTy subst old_ty)
  
      old_ty = idType old_id
      no_type_change = isEmptyVarEnv tvs ||
                       isEmptyVarSet (Type.tyVarsOfType old_ty)
  
          -- new_id has the right IdInfo
          -- The lazy-set is because we're in a loop here, with
          -- rec_subst, when dealing with a mutually-recursive group
      new_id = maybeModifyIdInfo mb_new_info id2
      mb_new_info = substIdInfo rec_subst id2 (idInfo id2)
          -- NB: unfolding info may be zapped
  
          -- Extend the substitution if the unique has changed
          -- See the notes with substTyVarBndr for the delVarEnv
      new_env | no_change = delIdSubst env old_id
              | otherwise = extendIdSubstEnv env old_id (Var new_id)
  
      no_change = id1 == old_id
          -- See Note [Extending the Subst]
          -- it's /not/ necessary to check mb_new_info and no_type_change
  
  {-
  Now a variant that unconditionally allocates a new unique.
  It also unconditionally zaps the OccInfo.
  -}
  
  -- | Very similar to 'substBndr', but it always allocates a new 'Unique' for
  -- each variable in its output.  It substitutes the IdInfo though.
  cloneIdBndr :: Subst -> UniqSupply -> Id -> (Subst, Id)
  cloneIdBndr subst us old_id
    = clone_id subst subst (old_id, uniqFromSupply us)
  
  -- | Applies 'cloneIdBndr' to a number of 'Id's, accumulating a final
  -- substitution from left to right
  cloneIdBndrs :: Subst -> UniqSupply -> [Id] -> (Subst, [Id])
  cloneIdBndrs subst us ids
    = mapAccumL (clone_id subst) subst (ids `zip` uniqsFromSupply us)
  
  cloneBndrs :: Subst -> UniqSupply -> [Var] -> (Subst, [Var])
  -- Works for all kinds of variables (typically case binders)
  -- not just Ids
  cloneBndrs subst us vs
    = mapAccumL (\subst (v, u) -> cloneBndr subst u v) subst (vs `zip` uniqsFromSupply us)
  
  cloneBndr :: Subst -> Unique -> Var -> (Subst, Var)
  cloneBndr subst uniq v
        | isTyVar v = cloneTyVarBndr subst v uniq
        | otherwise = clone_id subst subst (v,uniq)  -- Works for coercion variables too
  
  -- | Clone a mutually recursive group of 'Id's
  cloneRecIdBndrs :: Subst -> UniqSupply -> [Id] -> (Subst, [Id])
  cloneRecIdBndrs subst us ids
    = (subst', ids')
    where
      (subst', ids') = mapAccumL (clone_id subst') subst
                                 (ids `zip` uniqsFromSupply us)
  
  -- Just like substIdBndr, except that it always makes a new unique
  -- It is given the unique to use
  clone_id    :: Subst                    -- Substitution for the IdInfo
              -> Subst -> (Id, Unique)    -- Substitution and Id to transform
              -> (Subst, Id)              -- Transformed pair
  
  clone_id rec_subst subst@(Subst in_scope idvs tvs cvs) (old_id, uniq)
    = (Subst (in_scope `extendInScopeSet` new_id) new_idvs tvs new_cvs, new_id)
    where
      id1     = setVarUnique old_id uniq
      id2     = substIdType subst id1
      new_id  = maybeModifyIdInfo (substIdInfo rec_subst id2 (idInfo old_id)) id2
      (new_idvs, new_cvs) | isCoVar old_id = (idvs, extendVarEnv cvs old_id (mkCoVarCo new_id))
                          | otherwise      = (extendIdSubstEnv idvs old_id (Var new_id), cvs)
  
  {-
  ************************************************************************
  *                                                                      *
                  Types and Coercions
  *                                                                      *
  ************************************************************************
  
  For types and coercions we just call the corresponding functions in
  Type and Coercion, but we have to repackage the substitution, from a
  Subst to a TvSubst.
  -}
  
  substTyVarBndr :: Subst -> TyVar -> (Subst, TyVar)
  substTyVarBndr (Subst in_scope id_env tv_env cv_env) tv
    = case Type.substTyVarBndr (TvSubst in_scope tv_env) tv of
          (TvSubst in_scope' tv_env', tv')
             -> (Subst in_scope' id_env tv_env' cv_env, tv')
  
  cloneTyVarBndr :: Subst -> TyVar -> Unique -> (Subst, TyVar)
  cloneTyVarBndr (Subst in_scope id_env tv_env cv_env) tv uniq
    = case Type.cloneTyVarBndr (TvSubst in_scope tv_env) tv uniq of
          (TvSubst in_scope' tv_env', tv')
             -> (Subst in_scope' id_env tv_env' cv_env, tv')
  
  substCoVarBndr :: Subst -> TyVar -> (Subst, TyVar)
  substCoVarBndr (Subst in_scope id_env tv_env cv_env) cv
    = case Coercion.substCoVarBndr (CvSubst in_scope tv_env cv_env) cv of
          (CvSubst in_scope' tv_env' cv_env', cv')
             -> (Subst in_scope' id_env tv_env' cv_env', cv')
  
  -- | See 'Type.substTy'
  substTy :: Subst -> Type -> Type
  substTy subst ty = Type.substTy (getTvSubst subst) ty
  
  getTvSubst :: Subst -> TvSubst
  getTvSubst (Subst in_scope _ tenv _) = TvSubst in_scope tenv
  
  getCvSubst :: Subst -> CvSubst
  getCvSubst (Subst in_scope _ tenv cenv) = CvSubst in_scope tenv cenv
  
  -- | See 'Coercion.substCo'
  substCo :: Subst -> Coercion -> Coercion
  substCo subst co = Coercion.substCo (getCvSubst subst) co
  
  {-
  ************************************************************************
  *                                                                      *
  \section{IdInfo substitution}
  *                                                                      *
  ************************************************************************
  -}
  
  substIdType :: Subst -> Id -> Id
  substIdType subst@(Subst _ _ tv_env cv_env) id
    | (isEmptyVarEnv tv_env && isEmptyVarEnv cv_env) || isEmptyVarSet (Type.tyVarsOfType old_ty) = id
    | otherwise   = setIdType id (substTy subst old_ty)
                  -- The tyVarsOfType is cheaper than it looks
                  -- because we cache the free tyvars of the type
                  -- in a Note in the id's type itself
    where
      old_ty = idType id
  
  ------------------
  -- | Substitute into some 'IdInfo' with regard to the supplied new 'Id'.
  substIdInfo :: Subst -> Id -> IdInfo -> Maybe IdInfo
  substIdInfo subst new_id info
    | nothing_to_do = Nothing
    | otherwise     = Just (info `setRuleInfo`      substSpec subst new_id old_rules
                                 `setUnfoldingInfo` substUnfolding subst old_unf)
    where
      old_rules     = ruleInfo info
      old_unf       = unfoldingInfo info
      nothing_to_do = isEmptyRuleInfo old_rules && isClosedUnfolding old_unf
  
  
  ------------------
  -- | Substitutes for the 'Id's within an unfolding
  substUnfolding, substUnfoldingSC :: Subst -> Unfolding -> Unfolding
          -- Seq'ing on the returned Unfolding is enough to cause
          -- all the substitutions to happen completely
  
  substUnfoldingSC subst unf       -- Short-cut version
    | isEmptySubst subst = unf
    | otherwise          = substUnfolding subst unf
  
  substUnfolding subst df@(DFunUnfolding { df_bndrs = bndrs, df_args = args })
    = df { df_bndrs = bndrs', df_args = args' }
    where
      (subst',bndrs') = substBndrs subst bndrs
      args'           = map (substExpr (text "subst-unf:dfun") subst') args
  
  substUnfolding subst unf@(CoreUnfolding { uf_tmpl = tmpl, uf_src = src })
          -- Retain an InlineRule!
    | not (isStableSource src)  -- Zap an unstable unfolding, to save substitution work
    = NoUnfolding
    | otherwise                 -- But keep a stable one!
    = seqExpr new_tmpl `seq`
      unf { uf_tmpl = new_tmpl }
    where
      new_tmpl = substExpr (text "subst-unf") subst tmpl
  
  substUnfolding _ unf = unf      -- NoUnfolding, OtherCon
  
  ------------------
  substIdOcc :: Subst -> Id -> Id
  -- These Ids should not be substituted to non-Ids
  substIdOcc subst v = case lookupIdSubst (text "substIdOcc") subst v of
                          Var v' -> v'
                          other  -> pprPanic "substIdOcc" (vcat [ppr v <+> ppr other, ppr subst])
  
  ------------------
  -- | Substitutes for the 'Id's within the 'WorkerInfo' given the new function 'Id'
  substSpec :: Subst -> Id -> RuleInfo -> RuleInfo
  substSpec subst new_id (RuleInfo rules rhs_fvs)
    = seqRuleInfo new_spec `seq` new_spec
    where
      subst_ru_fn = const (idName new_id)
      new_spec = RuleInfo (map (substRule subst subst_ru_fn) rules)
                          (substDVarSet subst rhs_fvs)
  
  ------------------
  substRulesForImportedIds :: Subst -> [CoreRule] -> [CoreRule]
  substRulesForImportedIds subst rules
    = map (substRule subst not_needed) rules
    where
      not_needed name = pprPanic "substRulesForImportedIds" (ppr name)
  
  ------------------
  substRule :: Subst -> (Name -> Name) -> CoreRule -> CoreRule
  
  -- The subst_ru_fn argument is applied to substitute the ru_fn field
  -- of the rule:
  --    - Rules for *imported* Ids never change ru_fn
  --    - Rules for *local* Ids are in the IdInfo for that Id,
  --      and the ru_fn field is simply replaced by the new name
  --      of the Id
  substRule _ _ rule@(BuiltinRule {}) = rule
  substRule subst subst_ru_fn rule@(Rule { ru_bndrs = bndrs, ru_args = args
                                         , ru_fn = fn_name, ru_rhs = rhs
                                         , ru_local = is_local })
    = rule { ru_bndrs = bndrs'
           , ru_fn    = if is_local
                          then subst_ru_fn fn_name
                          else fn_name
           , ru_args  = map (substExpr doc subst') args
           , ru_rhs   = substExpr (text "foo") subst' rhs }
             -- Do NOT optimise the RHS (previously we did simplOptExpr here)
             -- See Note [Substitute lazily]
    where
      doc = ptext (sLit "subst-rule") <+> ppr fn_name
      (subst', bndrs') = substBndrs subst bndrs
  
  ------------------
  substVects :: Subst -> [CoreVect] -> [CoreVect]
  substVects subst = map (substVect subst)
  
  ------------------
  substVect :: Subst -> CoreVect -> CoreVect
  substVect subst  (Vect v rhs)        = Vect v (simpleOptExprWith subst rhs)
  substVect _subst vd@(NoVect _)       = vd
  substVect _subst vd@(VectType _ _ _) = vd
  substVect _subst vd@(VectClass _)    = vd
  substVect _subst vd@(VectInst _)     = vd
  
  ------------------
  substDVarSet :: Subst -> DVarSet -> DVarSet
  substDVarSet subst fvs
    = mkDVarSet $ fst $ foldr (subst_fv subst) ([], emptyVarSet) $ dVarSetElems fvs
    where
      subst_fv subst fv acc
       | isId fv = expr_fvs (lookupIdSubst (text "substDVarSet") subst fv)
          isLocalVar emptyVarSet $! acc
       | otherwise = tyVarsOfTypeAcc (lookupTvSubst subst fv) (const True)
          emptyVarSet $! acc
  
  ------------------
  substTickish :: Subst -> Tickish Id -> Tickish Id
  substTickish subst (Breakpoint n ids) = Breakpoint n (map do_one ids)
   where do_one = getIdFromTrivialExpr . lookupIdSubst (text "subst_tickish") subst
  substTickish _subst other = other
  
  {- Note [Substitute lazily]
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  The functions that substitute over IdInfo must be pretty lazy, becuause
  they are knot-tied by substRecBndrs.
  
  One case in point was Trac #10627 in which a rule for a function 'f'
  referred to 'f' (at a differnet type) on the RHS.  But instead of just
  substituting in the rhs of the rule, we were calling simpleOptExpr, which
  looked at the idInfo for 'f'; result <<loop>>.
  
  In any case we don't need to optimise the RHS of rules, or unfoldings,
  because the simplifier will do that.
  
  
  Note [substTickish]
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  A Breakpoint contains a list of Ids.  What happens if we ever want to
  substitute an expression for one of these Ids?
  
  First, we ensure that we only ever substitute trivial expressions for
  these Ids, by marking them as NoOccInfo in the occurrence analyser.
  Then, when substituting for the Id, we unwrap any type applications
  and abstractions to get back to an Id, with getIdFromTrivialExpr.
  
  Second, we have to ensure that we never try to substitute a literal
  for an Id in a breakpoint.  We ensure this by never storing an Id with
  an unlifted type in a Breakpoint - see Coverage.mkTickish.
  Breakpoints can't handle free variables with unlifted types anyway.
  -}
  
  {-
  Note [Worker inlining]
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  A worker can get sustituted away entirely.
          - it might be trivial
          - it might simply be very small
  We do not treat an InlWrapper as an 'occurrence' in the occurrence
  analyser, so it's possible that the worker is not even in scope any more.
  
  In all all these cases we simply drop the special case, returning to
  InlVanilla.  The WARN is just so I can see if it happens a lot.
  
  
  ************************************************************************
  *                                                                      *
          The Very Simple Optimiser
  *                                                                      *
  ************************************************************************
  
  Note [Optimise coercion boxes agressively]
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  
  The simple expression optimiser needs to deal with Eq# boxes as follows:
   1. If the result of optimising the RHS of a non-recursive binding is an
      Eq# box, that box is substituted rather than turned into a let, just as
      if it were trivial.
         let eqv = Eq# co in e ==> e[Eq# co/eqv]
  
   2. If the result of optimising a case scrutinee is a Eq# box and the case
      deconstructs it in a trivial way, we evaluate the case then and there.
        case Eq# co of Eq# cov -> e ==> e[co/cov]
  
  We do this for two reasons:
  
   1. Bindings/case scrutinisation of this form is often created by the
      evidence-binding mechanism and we need them to be inlined to be able
      desugar RULE LHSes that involve equalities (see e.g. T2291)
  
   2. The test T4356 fails Lint because it creates a coercion between types
      of kind (* -> * -> *) and (?? -> ? -> *), which differ. If we do this
      inlining agressively we can collapse away the intermediate coercion between
      these two types and hence pass Lint again. (This is a sort of a hack.)
  
  In fact, our implementation uses slightly liberalised versions of the second rule
  rule so that the optimisations are a bit more generally applicable. Precisely:
   2a. We reduce any situation where we can spot a case-of-known-constructor
  
  As a result, the only time we should get residual coercion boxes in the code is
  when the type checker generates something like:
  
    \eqv -> let eqv' = Eq# (case eqv of Eq# cov -> ... cov ...)
  
  However, the case of lambda-bound equality evidence is fairly rare, so these two
  rules should suffice for solving the rule LHS problem for now.
  
  Annoyingly, we cannot use this modified rule 1a instead of 1:
  
   1a. If we come across a let-bound constructor application with trivial arguments,
       add an appropriate unfolding to the let binder.  We spot constructor applications
       by using exprIsConApp_maybe, so this would actually let rule 2a reduce more.
  
  The reason is that we REALLY NEED coercion boxes to be substituted away. With rule 1a
  we wouldn't simplify this expression at all:
  
    let eqv = Eq# co
    in foo eqv (bar eqv)
  
  The rule LHS desugarer can't deal with Let at all, so we need to push that box into
  the use sites.
  -}
  
  simpleOptExpr :: CoreExpr -> CoreExpr
  -- Do simple optimisation on an expression
  -- The optimisation is very straightforward: just
  -- inline non-recursive bindings that are used only once,
  -- or where the RHS is trivial
  --
  -- We also inline bindings that bind a Eq# box: see
  -- See Note [Optimise coercion boxes agressively].
  --
  -- The result is NOT guaranteed occurrence-analysed, because
  -- in  (let x = y in ....) we substitute for x; so y's occ-info
  -- may change radically
  
  simpleOptExpr expr
    = -- pprTrace "simpleOptExpr" (ppr init_subst $$ ppr expr)
      simpleOptExprWith init_subst expr
    where
      init_subst = mkEmptySubst (mkInScopeSet (exprFreeVars expr))
          -- It's potentially important to make a proper in-scope set
          -- Consider  let x = ..y.. in \y. ...x...
          -- Then we should remember to clone y before substituting
          -- for x.  It's very unlikely to occur, because we probably
          -- won't *be* substituting for x if it occurs inside a
          -- lambda.
          --
          -- It's a bit painful to call exprFreeVars, because it makes
          -- three passes instead of two (occ-anal, and go)
  
  simpleOptExprWith :: Subst -> InExpr -> OutExpr
  simpleOptExprWith subst expr = simple_opt_expr subst (occurAnalyseExpr expr)
  
  ----------------------
  simpleOptPgm :: DynFlags -> Module
               -> CoreProgram -> [CoreRule] -> [CoreVect]
               -> IO (CoreProgram, [CoreRule], [CoreVect])
  simpleOptPgm dflags this_mod binds rules vects
    = do { dumpIfSet_dyn dflags Opt_D_dump_occur_anal "Occurrence analysis"
                         (pprCoreBindings occ_anald_binds $$ pprRules rules );
  
         ; return (reverse binds', substRulesForImportedIds subst' rules, substVects subst' vects) }
    where
      occ_anald_binds  = occurAnalysePgm this_mod (\_ -> False) {- No rules active -}
                                         rules vects emptyVarSet binds
      (subst', binds') = foldl do_one (emptySubst, []) occ_anald_binds
  
      do_one (subst, binds') bind
        = case simple_opt_bind subst bind of
            (subst', Nothing)    -> (subst', binds')
            (subst', Just bind') -> (subst', bind':binds')
  
  ----------------------
  type InVar   = Var
  type OutVar  = Var
  type InId    = Id
  type OutId   = Id
  type InExpr  = CoreExpr
  type OutExpr = CoreExpr
  
  -- In these functions the substitution maps InVar -> OutExpr
  
  ----------------------
  simple_opt_expr :: Subst -> InExpr -> OutExpr
  simple_opt_expr subst expr
    = go expr
    where
      in_scope_env = (substInScope subst, simpleUnfoldingFun)
  
      go (Var v)          = lookupIdSubst (text "simpleOptExpr") subst v
      go (App e1 e2)      = simple_app subst e1 [go e2]
      go (Type ty)        = Type     (substTy subst ty)
      go (Coercion co)    = Coercion (optCoercion (getCvSubst subst) co)
      go (Lit lit)        = Lit lit
      go (Tick tickish e) = mkTick (substTickish subst tickish) (go e)
      go (Cast e co)      | isReflCo co' = go e
                          | otherwise    = Cast (go e) co'
                          where
                            co' = optCoercion (getCvSubst subst) co
  
      go (Let bind body) = case simple_opt_bind subst bind of
                             (subst', Nothing)   -> simple_opt_expr subst' body
                             (subst', Just bind) -> Let bind (simple_opt_expr subst' body)
  
      go lam@(Lam {})     = go_lam [] subst lam
      go (Case e b ty as)
         -- See Note [Optimise coercion boxes agressively]
        | isDeadBinder b
        , Just (con, _tys, es) <- exprIsConApp_maybe in_scope_env e'
        , Just (altcon, bs, rhs) <- findAlt (DataAlt con) as
        = case altcon of
            DEFAULT -> go rhs
            _       -> mkLets (catMaybes mb_binds) $ simple_opt_expr subst' rhs
              where (subst', mb_binds) = mapAccumL simple_opt_out_bind subst
                                                   (zipEqual "simpleOptExpr" bs es)
  
        | otherwise
        = Case e' b' (substTy subst ty)
                     (map (go_alt subst') as)
          where
            e' = go e
            (subst', b') = subst_opt_bndr subst b
  
      ----------------------
      go_alt subst (con, bndrs, rhs)
        = (con, bndrs', simple_opt_expr subst' rhs)
        where
          (subst', bndrs') = subst_opt_bndrs subst bndrs
  
      ----------------------
      -- go_lam tries eta reduction
      go_lam bs' subst (Lam b e)
         = go_lam (b':bs') subst' e
         where
           (subst', b') = subst_opt_bndr subst b
      go_lam bs' subst e
         | Just etad_e <- tryEtaReduce bs e' = etad_e
         | otherwise                         = mkLams bs e'
         where
           bs = reverse bs'
           e' = simple_opt_expr subst e
  
  ----------------------
  -- simple_app collects arguments for beta reduction
  simple_app :: Subst -> InExpr -> [OutExpr] -> CoreExpr
  simple_app subst (App e1 e2) as
    = simple_app subst e1 (simple_opt_expr subst e2 : as)
  simple_app subst (Lam b e) (a:as)
    = case maybe_substitute subst b a of
        Just ext_subst -> simple_app ext_subst e as
        Nothing        -> Let (NonRec b2 a) (simple_app subst' e as)
    where
      (subst', b') = subst_opt_bndr subst b
      b2 = add_info subst' b b'
  simple_app subst (Var v) as
    | isCompulsoryUnfolding (idUnfolding v)
    , isAlwaysActive (idInlineActivation v)
    -- See Note [Unfold compulsory unfoldings in LHSs]
    =  simple_app subst (unfoldingTemplate (idUnfolding v)) as
  simple_app subst (Tick t e) as
    -- Okay to do "(Tick t e) x ==> Tick t (e x)"?
    | t `tickishScopesLike` SoftScope
    = mkTick t $ simple_app subst e as
  simple_app subst e as
    = foldl App (simple_opt_expr subst e) as
  
  ----------------------
  simple_opt_bind,simple_opt_bind' :: Subst -> CoreBind -> (Subst, Maybe CoreBind)
  simple_opt_bind s b               -- Can add trace stuff here
    = simple_opt_bind' s b
  
  simple_opt_bind' subst (Rec prs)
    = (subst'', res_bind)
    where
      res_bind            = Just (Rec (reverse rev_prs'))
      (subst', bndrs')    = subst_opt_bndrs subst (map fst prs)
      (subst'', rev_prs') = foldl do_pr (subst', []) (prs `zip` bndrs')
      do_pr (subst, prs) ((b,r), b')
         = case maybe_substitute subst b r2 of
             Just subst' -> (subst', prs)
             Nothing     -> (subst,  (b2,r2):prs)
         where
           b2 = add_info subst b b'
           r2 = simple_opt_expr subst r
  
  simple_opt_bind' subst (NonRec b r)
    = simple_opt_out_bind subst (b, simple_opt_expr subst r)
  
  ----------------------
  simple_opt_out_bind :: Subst -> (InVar, OutExpr) -> (Subst, Maybe CoreBind)
  simple_opt_out_bind subst (b, r')
    | Just ext_subst <- maybe_substitute subst b r'
    = (ext_subst, Nothing)
    | otherwise
    = (subst', Just (NonRec b2 r'))
    where
      (subst', b') = subst_opt_bndr subst b
      b2 = add_info subst' b b'
  
  ----------------------
  maybe_substitute :: Subst -> InVar -> OutExpr -> Maybe Subst
      -- (maybe_substitute subst in_var out_rhs)
      --   either extends subst with (in_var -> out_rhs)
      --   or     returns Nothing
  maybe_substitute subst b r
    | Type ty <- r        -- let a::* = TYPE ty in <body>
    = ASSERT( isTyVar b )
      Just (extendTvSubst subst b ty)
  
    | Coercion co <- r
    = ASSERT( isCoVar b )
      Just (extendCvSubst subst b co)
  
    | isId b              -- let x = e in <body>
    , not (isCoVar b)     -- See Note [Do not inline CoVars unconditionally]
                          -- in SimplUtils
    , safe_to_inline (idOccInfo b)
    , isAlwaysActive (idInlineActivation b)       -- Note [Inline prag in simplOpt]
    , not (isStableUnfolding (idUnfolding b))
    , not (isExportedId b)
    , not (isUnLiftedType (idType b)) || exprOkForSpeculation r
    = Just (extendIdSubst subst b r)
  
    | otherwise
    = Nothing
    where
          -- Unconditionally safe to inline
      safe_to_inline :: OccInfo -> Bool
      safe_to_inline (IAmALoopBreaker {})     = False
      safe_to_inline IAmDead                  = True
      safe_to_inline (OneOcc in_lam one_br _) = (not in_lam && one_br) || trivial
      safe_to_inline NoOccInfo                = trivial
  
      trivial | exprIsTrivial r = True
              | (Var fun, args) <- collectArgs r
              , Just dc <- isDataConWorkId_maybe fun
              , dc `hasKey` eqBoxDataConKey || dc `hasKey` coercibleDataConKey
              , all exprIsTrivial args = True -- See Note [Optimise coercion boxes agressively]
              | otherwise = False
  
  ----------------------
  subst_opt_bndr :: Subst -> InVar -> (Subst, OutVar)
  subst_opt_bndr subst bndr
    | isTyVar bndr  = substTyVarBndr subst bndr
    | isCoVar bndr  = substCoVarBndr subst bndr
    | otherwise     = subst_opt_id_bndr subst bndr
  
  subst_opt_id_bndr :: Subst -> InId -> (Subst, OutId)
  -- Nuke all fragile IdInfo, unfolding, and RULES;
  --    it gets added back later by add_info
  -- Rather like SimplEnv.substIdBndr
  --
  -- It's important to zap fragile OccInfo (which CoreSubst.substIdBndr
  -- carefully does not do) because simplOptExpr invalidates it
  
  subst_opt_id_bndr subst@(Subst in_scope id_subst tv_subst cv_subst) old_id
    = (Subst new_in_scope new_id_subst tv_subst cv_subst, new_id)
    where
      id1    = uniqAway in_scope old_id
      id2    = setIdType id1 (substTy subst (idType old_id))
      new_id = zapFragileIdInfo id2       -- Zaps rules, worker-info, unfolding
                                          -- and fragile OccInfo
      new_in_scope = in_scope `extendInScopeSet` new_id
  
          -- Extend the substitution if the unique has changed,
          -- or there's some useful occurrence information
          -- See the notes with substTyVarBndr for the delSubstEnv
      new_id_subst | new_id /= old_id
                   = extendIdSubstEnv id_subst old_id (Var new_id)
                   | otherwise
                   = delIdSubst id_subst old_id
  
  ----------------------
  subst_opt_bndrs :: Subst -> [InVar] -> (Subst, [OutVar])
  subst_opt_bndrs subst bndrs
    = mapAccumL subst_opt_bndr subst bndrs
  
  ----------------------
  add_info :: Subst -> InVar -> OutVar -> OutVar
  add_info subst old_bndr new_bndr
   | isTyVar old_bndr = new_bndr
   | otherwise        = maybeModifyIdInfo mb_new_info new_bndr
   where mb_new_info = substIdInfo subst new_bndr (idInfo old_bndr)
  
  simpleUnfoldingFun :: IdUnfoldingFun
  simpleUnfoldingFun id
    | isAlwaysActive (idInlineActivation id) = idUnfolding id
    | otherwise                              = noUnfolding
  
  {-
  Note [Inline prag in simplOpt]
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  If there's an INLINE/NOINLINE pragma that restricts the phase in
  which the binder can be inlined, we don't inline here; after all,
  we don't know what phase we're in.  Here's an example
  
    foo :: Int -> Int -> Int
    {-# INLINE foo #-}
    foo m n = inner m
       where
         {-# INLINE [1] inner #-}
         inner m = m+n
  
    bar :: Int -> Int
    bar n = foo n 1
  
  When inlining 'foo' in 'bar' we want the let-binding for 'inner'
  to remain visible until Phase 1
  
  Note [Unfold compulsory unfoldings in LHSs]
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  When the user writes `RULES map coerce = coerce` as a rule, the rule
  will only ever match if simpleOptExpr replaces coerce by its unfolding
  on the LHS, because that is the core that the rule matching engine
  will find. So do that for everything that has a compulsory
  unfolding. Also see Note [Desugaring coerce as cast] in Desugar.
  
  However, we don't want to inline 'seq', which happens to also have a
  compulsory unfolding, so we only do this unfolding only for things
  that are always-active.  See Note [User-defined RULES for seq] in MkId.
  
  
  ************************************************************************
  *                                                                      *
           exprIsConApp_maybe
  *                                                                      *
  ************************************************************************
  
  Note [exprIsConApp_maybe]
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  exprIsConApp_maybe is a very important function.  There are two principal
  uses:
    * case e of { .... }
    * cls_op e, where cls_op is a class operation
  
  In both cases you want to know if e is of form (C e1..en) where C is
  a data constructor.
  
  However e might not *look* as if
  
  
  Note [exprIsConApp_maybe on literal strings]
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  See #9400.
  
  Conceptually, a string literal "abc" is just ('a':'b':'c':[]), but in Core
  they are represented as unpackCString# "abc"# by MkCore.mkStringExprFS, or
  unpackCStringUtf8# when the literal contains multi-byte UTF8 characters.
  
  For optimizations we want to be able to treat it as a list, so they can be
  decomposed when used in a case-statement. exprIsConApp_maybe detects those
  calls to unpackCString# and returns:
  
  Just (':', [Char], ['a', unpackCString# "bc"]).
  
  We need to be careful about UTF8 strings here. ""# contains a ByteString, so
  we must parse it back into a FastString to split off the first character.
  That way we can treat unpackCString# and unpackCStringUtf8# in the same way.
  -}
  
  data ConCont = CC [CoreExpr] Coercion
                    -- Substitution already applied
  
  -- | Returns @Just (dc, [t1..tk], [x1..xn])@ if the argument expression is
  -- a *saturated* constructor application of the form @dc t1..tk x1 .. xn@,
  -- where t1..tk are the *universally-qantified* type args of 'dc'
  exprIsConApp_maybe :: InScopeEnv -> CoreExpr -> Maybe (DataCon, [Type], [CoreExpr])
  exprIsConApp_maybe (in_scope, id_unf) expr
    = go (Left in_scope) expr (CC [] (mkReflCo Representational (exprType expr)))
    where
      go :: Either InScopeSet Subst
         -> CoreExpr -> ConCont
         -> Maybe (DataCon, [Type], [CoreExpr])
      go subst (Tick t expr) cont
         | not (tickishIsCode t) = go subst expr cont
      go subst (Cast expr co1) (CC [] co2)
         = go subst expr (CC [] (subst_co subst co1 `mkTransCo` co2))
      go subst (App fun arg) (CC args co)
         = go subst fun (CC (subst_arg subst arg : args) co)
      go subst (Lam var body) (CC (arg:args) co)
         | exprIsTrivial arg          -- Don't duplicate stuff!
         = go (extend subst var arg) body (CC args co)
      go (Right sub) (Var v) cont
         = go (Left (substInScope sub))
              (lookupIdSubst (text "exprIsConApp" <+> ppr expr) sub v)
              cont
  
      go (Left in_scope) (Var fun) cont@(CC args co)
  
          | Just con <- isDataConWorkId_maybe fun
          , count isValArg args == idArity fun
          = dealWithCoercion co con args
  
          -- Look through dictionary functions; see Note [Unfolding DFuns]
          | DFunUnfolding { df_bndrs = bndrs, df_con = con, df_args = dfun_args } <- unfolding
          , bndrs `equalLength` args    -- See Note [DFun arity check]
          , let subst = mkOpenSubst in_scope (bndrs `zip` args)
          = dealWithCoercion co con (map (substExpr (text "exprIsConApp1") subst) dfun_args)
  
          -- Look through unfoldings, but only arity-zero one;
          -- if arity > 0 we are effectively inlining a function call,
          -- and that is the business of callSiteInline.
          -- In practice, without this test, most of the "hits" were
          -- CPR'd workers getting inlined back into their wrappers,
          | idArity fun == 0
          , Just rhs <- expandUnfolding_maybe unfolding
          , let in_scope' = extendInScopeSetSet in_scope (exprFreeVars rhs)
          = go (Left in_scope') rhs cont
  
          | (fun `hasKey` unpackCStringIdKey)
           || (fun `hasKey` unpackCStringUtf8IdKey)
          , [Lit (MachStr str)] <- args
          = dealWithStringLiteral fun str co
          where
            unfolding = id_unf fun
  
      go _ _ _ = Nothing
  
      ----------------------------
      -- Operations on the (Either InScopeSet CoreSubst)
      -- The Left case is wildly dominant
      subst_co (Left {}) co = co
      subst_co (Right s) co = Eta.Core.CoreSubst.substCo s co
  
      subst_arg (Left {}) e = e
      subst_arg (Right s) e = substExpr (text "exprIsConApp2") s e
  
      extend (Left in_scope) v e = Right (extendSubst (mkEmptySubst in_scope) v e)
      extend (Right s)       v e = Right (extendSubst s v e)
  
  -- See Note [exprIsConApp_maybe on literal strings]
  dealWithStringLiteral :: Var -> BS.ByteString -> Coercion
                        -> Maybe (DataCon, [Type], [CoreExpr])
  
  -- This is not possible with user-supplied empty literals, MkCore.mkStringExprFS
  -- turns those into [] automatically, but just in case something else in GHC
  -- generates a string literal directly.
  dealWithStringLiteral _   str co
    | BS.null str
    = dealWithCoercion co nilDataCon [Type charTy]
  
  dealWithStringLiteral fun str co
    = let strFS = mkFastStringByteString str
  
          char = mkConApp charDataCon [mkCharLit (headFS strFS)]
          charTail = fastStringToByteString (tailFS strFS)
  
          -- In singleton strings, just add [] instead of unpackCstring# ""#.
          rest = if BS.null charTail
                   then mkConApp nilDataCon [Type charTy]
                   else App (Var fun)
                            (Lit (MachStr charTail))
  
      in dealWithCoercion co consDataCon [Type charTy, char, rest]
  
  dealWithCoercion :: Coercion -> DataCon -> [CoreExpr]
                   -> Maybe (DataCon, [Type], [CoreExpr])
  dealWithCoercion co dc dc_args
    | isReflCo co
    , let (univ_ty_args, rest_args) = splitAtList (dataConUnivTyVars dc) dc_args
    = Just (dc, stripTypeArgs univ_ty_args, rest_args)
  
    | Pair _from_ty to_ty <- coercionKind co
    , Just (to_tc, to_tc_arg_tys) <- splitTyConApp_maybe to_ty
    , to_tc == dataConTyCon dc
          -- These two tests can fail; we might see
          --      (C x y) `cast` (g :: T a ~ S [a]),
          -- where S is a type function.  In fact, exprIsConApp
          -- will probably not be called in such circumstances,
          -- but there't nothing wrong with it
  
    =     -- Here we do the KPush reduction rule as described in the FC paper
          -- The transformation applies iff we have
          --      (C e1 ... en) `cast` co
          -- where co :: (T t1 .. tn) ~ to_ty
          -- The left-hand one must be a T, because exprIsConApp returned True
          -- but the right-hand one might not be.  (Though it usually will.)
      let
          tc_arity       = tyConArity to_tc
          dc_univ_tyvars = dataConUnivTyVars dc
          dc_ex_tyvars   = dataConExTyVars dc
          arg_tys        = dataConRepArgTys dc
  
          non_univ_args  = dropList dc_univ_tyvars dc_args
          (ex_args, val_args) = splitAtList dc_ex_tyvars non_univ_args
  
          -- Make the "theta" from Fig 3 of the paper
          gammas = decomposeCo tc_arity co
          theta_subst = liftCoSubstWith Representational
                           (dc_univ_tyvars ++ dc_ex_tyvars)
                                                  -- existentials are at role N
                           (gammas         ++ map (mkReflCo Nominal)
                                                  (stripTypeArgs ex_args))
  
            -- Cast the value arguments (which include dictionaries)
          new_val_args = zipWith cast_arg arg_tys val_args
          cast_arg arg_ty arg = mkCast arg (theta_subst arg_ty)
  
          dump_doc = vcat [ppr dc,      ppr dc_univ_tyvars, ppr dc_ex_tyvars,
                           ppr arg_tys, ppr dc_args,
                           ppr ex_args, ppr val_args, ppr co, ppr _from_ty, ppr to_ty, ppr to_tc ]
      in
      ASSERT2( eqType _from_ty (mkTyConApp to_tc (stripTypeArgs $ takeList dc_univ_tyvars dc_args))
             , dump_doc )
      ASSERT2( all isTypeArg ex_args, dump_doc )
      ASSERT2( equalLength val_args arg_tys, dump_doc )
      Just (dc, to_tc_arg_tys, ex_args ++ new_val_args)
  
    | otherwise
    = Nothing
  
  stripTypeArgs :: [CoreExpr] -> [Type]
  stripTypeArgs args = ASSERT2( all isTypeArg args, ppr args )
                       [ty | Type ty <- args]
    -- We really do want isTypeArg here, not isTyCoArg!
  
  {-
  Note [Unfolding DFuns]
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  DFuns look like
  
    df :: forall a b. (Eq a, Eq b) -> Eq (a,b)
    df a b d_a d_b = MkEqD (a,b) ($c1 a b d_a d_b)
                                 ($c2 a b d_a d_b)
  
  So to split it up we just need to apply the ops $c1, $c2 etc
  to the very same args as the dfun.  It takes a little more work
  to compute the type arguments to the dictionary constructor.
  
  Note [DFun arity check]
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  Here we check that the total number of supplied arguments (inclding
  type args) matches what the dfun is expecting.  This may be *less*
  than the ordinary arity of the dfun: see Note [DFun unfoldings] in CoreSyn
  -}
  
  exprIsLiteral_maybe :: InScopeEnv -> CoreExpr -> Maybe Literal
  -- Same deal as exprIsConApp_maybe, but much simpler
  -- Nevertheless we do need to look through unfoldings for
  -- Integer literals, which are vigorously hoisted to top level
  -- and not subsequently inlined
  exprIsLiteral_maybe env@(_, id_unf) e
    = case e of
        Lit l     -> Just l
        Tick _ e' -> exprIsLiteral_maybe env e' -- dubious?
        Var v     | Just rhs <- expandUnfolding_maybe (id_unf v)
                  -> exprIsLiteral_maybe env rhs
        _         -> Nothing
  
  {-
  Note [exprIsLambda_maybe]
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  exprIsLambda_maybe will, given an expression `e`, try to turn it into the form
  `Lam v e'` (returned as `Just (v,e')`). Besides using lambdas, it looks through
  casts (using the Push rule), and it unfolds function calls if the unfolding
  has a greater arity than arguments are present.
  
  Currently, it is used in Rules.match, and is required to make
  "map coerce = coerce" match.
  -}
  
  exprIsLambda_maybe :: InScopeEnv -> CoreExpr
                        -> Maybe (Var, CoreExpr,[Tickish Id])
      -- See Note [exprIsLambda_maybe]
  
  -- The simple case: It is a lambda already
  exprIsLambda_maybe _ (Lam x e)
      = Just (x, e, [])
  
  -- Still straightforward: Ticks that we can float out of the way
  exprIsLambda_maybe (in_scope_set, id_unf) (Tick t e)
      | tickishFloatable t
      , Just (x, e, ts) <- exprIsLambda_maybe (in_scope_set, id_unf) e
      = Just (x, e, t:ts)
  
  -- Also possible: A casted lambda. Push the coercion inside
  exprIsLambda_maybe (in_scope_set, id_unf) (Cast casted_e co)
      | Just (x, e,ts) <- exprIsLambda_maybe (in_scope_set, id_unf) casted_e
      -- Only do value lambdas.
      -- this implies that x is not in scope in gamma (makes this code simpler)
      , not (isTyVar x) && not (isCoVar x)
      , ASSERT( not $ x `elemVarSet` tyCoVarsOfCo co) True
      , Just (x',e') <- pushCoercionIntoLambda in_scope_set x e co
      , let res = Just (x',e',ts)
      = --pprTrace "exprIsLambda_maybe:Cast" (vcat [ppr casted_e,ppr co,ppr res)])
        res
  
  -- Another attempt: See if we find a partial unfolding
  exprIsLambda_maybe (in_scope_set, id_unf) e
      | (Var f, as, ts) <- collectArgsTicks tickishFloatable e
      , idArity f > length (filter isValArg as)
      -- Make sure there is hope to get a lambda
      , Just rhs <- expandUnfolding_maybe (id_unf f)
      -- Optimize, for beta-reduction
      , let e' =  simpleOptExprWith (mkEmptySubst in_scope_set) (rhs `mkApps` as)
      -- Recurse, because of possible casts
      , Just (x', e'', ts') <- exprIsLambda_maybe (in_scope_set, id_unf) e'
      , let res = Just (x', e'', ts++ts')
      = -- pprTrace "exprIsLambda_maybe:Unfold" (vcat [ppr e, ppr (x',e'')])
        res
  
  exprIsLambda_maybe _ _e
      = -- pprTrace "exprIsLambda_maybe:Fail" (vcat [ppr _e])
        Nothing
  
  
  pushCoercionIntoLambda
      :: InScopeSet -> Var -> CoreExpr -> Coercion -> Maybe (Var, CoreExpr)
  pushCoercionIntoLambda in_scope x e co
      -- This implements the Push rule from the paper on coercions
      -- Compare with simplCast in Simplify
      | ASSERT(not (isTyVar x) && not (isCoVar x)) True
      , Pair s1s2 t1t2 <- coercionKind co
      , Just (_s1,_s2) <- splitFunTy_maybe s1s2
      , Just (t1,_t2) <- splitFunTy_maybe t1t2
      = let [co1, co2] = decomposeCo 2 co
            -- Should we optimize the coercions here?
            -- Otherwise they might not match too well
            x' = x `setIdType` t1
            in_scope' = in_scope `extendInScopeSet` x'
            subst = extendIdSubst (mkEmptySubst in_scope')
                                  x
                                  (mkCast (Var x') co1)
        in Just (x', subst_expr subst e `mkCast` co2)
      | otherwise
      = pprTrace "exprIsLambda_maybe: Unexpected lambda in case" (ppr (Lam x e))
        Nothing
  