content: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  -- |
  -- Module     : Algebra.Graph.Class
  -- Copyright  : (c) Andrey Mokhov 2016-2025
  -- License    : MIT (see the file LICENSE)
  -- Maintainer : andrey.mokhov@gmail.com
  -- Stability  : experimental
  --
  -- __Alga__ is a library for algebraic construction and manipulation of graphs
  -- in Haskell. See <https://github.com/snowleopard/alga-paper this paper> for the
  -- motivation behind the library, the underlying theory, and implementation details.
  --
  -- This module defines the core type class 'Graph', a few graph subclasses, and
  -- basic polymorphic graph construction primitives. Functions that cannot be
  -- implemented fully polymorphically and require the use of an intermediate data
  -- type are not included. For example, to compute the number of vertices in a
  -- 'Graph' expression you will need to use a concrete data type, such as
  -- "Algebra.Graph.Graph" or "Algebra.Graph.AdjacencyMap".
  --
  -- See "Algebra.Graph.HigherKinded.Class" for the higher-kinded version of the
  -- core graph type class.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  module Algebra.Graph.Class (
      -- * The core type class
      Graph (..),
  
      -- * Undirected graphs
      Undirected,
  
      -- * Reflexive graphs
      Reflexive,
  
      -- * Transitive graphs
      Transitive,
  
      -- * Preorders
      Preorder,
  
      -- * Basic graph construction primitives
      edge, vertices, overlays, connects, edges,
  
      -- * Relations on graphs
      isSubgraphOf,
  
      -- * Standard families of graphs
      path, circuit, clique, biclique, star, tree, forest
      ) where
  
  import Data.Tree (Forest, Tree (..))
  
  import Algebra.Graph.Label (Dioid, one)
  
  import qualified Algebra.Graph                       as G
  import qualified Algebra.Graph.Undirected            as UG
  import qualified Algebra.Graph.AdjacencyMap          as AM
  import qualified Algebra.Graph.Labelled              as LG
  import qualified Algebra.Graph.Labelled.AdjacencyMap as LAM
  import qualified Algebra.Graph.AdjacencyIntMap       as AIM
  import qualified Algebra.Graph.Relation              as R
  import qualified Algebra.Graph.Relation.Symmetric    as RS
  
  {-|
  The core type class for constructing algebraic graphs, characterised by the
  following minimal set of axioms. In equations we use @+@ and @*@ as convenient
  shortcuts for 'overlay' and 'connect', respectively.
  
      * 'overlay' is commutative and associative:
  
          >       x + y == y + x
          > x + (y + z) == (x + y) + z
  
      * 'connect' is associative and has 'empty' as the identity:
  
          >   x * empty == x
          >   empty * x == x
          > x * (y * z) == (x * y) * z
  
      * 'connect' distributes over 'overlay':
  
          > x * (y + z) == x * y + x * z
          > (x + y) * z == x * z + y * z
  
      * 'connect' can be decomposed:
  
          > x * y * z == x * y + x * z + y * z
  
  The following useful theorems can be proved from the above set of axioms.
  
      * 'overlay' has 'empty' as the identity and is idempotent:
  
          >   x + empty == x
          >   empty + x == x
          >       x + x == x
  
      * Absorption and saturation of 'connect':
  
          > x * y + x + y == x * y
          >     x * x * x == x * x
  
  The core type class 'Graph' corresponds to unlabelled directed graphs.
  'Undirected', 'Reflexive', 'Transitive' and 'Preorder' graphs can be obtained
  by extending the minimal set of axioms.
  
  When specifying the time and memory complexity of graph algorithms, /n/ will
  denote the number of vertices in the graph, /m/ will denote the number of
  edges in the graph, and /s/ will denote the /size/ of the corresponding
  'Graph' expression.
  -}
  class Graph g where
      -- | The type of graph vertices.
      type Vertex g
      -- | Construct the empty graph.
      empty :: g
      -- | Construct the graph with a single vertex.
      vertex :: Vertex g -> g
      -- | Overlay two graphs.
      overlay :: g -> g -> g
      -- | Connect two graphs.
      connect :: g -> g -> g
  
  instance Graph (G.Graph a) where
      type Vertex (G.Graph a) = a
      empty   = G.empty
      vertex  = G.vertex
      overlay = G.overlay
      connect = G.connect
  
  instance Graph (UG.Graph a) where
      type Vertex (UG.Graph a) = a
      empty = UG.empty
      vertex = UG.vertex
      overlay = UG.overlay
      connect = UG.connect
  
  instance Undirected (UG.Graph a)
  
  instance Ord a => Graph (AM.AdjacencyMap a) where
      type Vertex (AM.AdjacencyMap a) = a
      empty   = AM.empty
      vertex  = AM.vertex
      overlay = AM.overlay
      connect = AM.connect
  
  instance Graph AIM.AdjacencyIntMap where
      type Vertex AIM.AdjacencyIntMap = Int
      empty   = AIM.empty
      vertex  = AIM.vertex
      overlay = AIM.overlay
      connect = AIM.connect
  
  instance Dioid e => Graph (LG.Graph e a) where
      type Vertex (LG.Graph e a) = a
      empty   = LG.empty
      vertex  = LG.vertex
      overlay = LG.overlay
      connect = LG.connect one
  
  instance (Dioid e, Eq e, Ord a) => Graph (LAM.AdjacencyMap e a) where
      type Vertex (LAM.AdjacencyMap e a) = a
      empty   = LAM.empty
      vertex  = LAM.vertex
      overlay = LAM.overlay
      connect = LAM.connect one
  
  instance Ord a => Graph (R.Relation a) where
      type Vertex (R.Relation a) = a
      empty   = R.empty
      vertex  = R.vertex
      overlay = R.overlay
      connect = R.connect
  
  instance Ord a => Graph (RS.Relation a) where
      type Vertex (RS.Relation a) = a
      empty   = RS.empty
      vertex  = RS.vertex
      overlay = RS.overlay
      connect = RS.connect
  
  instance Ord a => Undirected (RS.Relation a)
  
  {-|
  The class of /undirected graphs/ that satisfy the following additional axiom.
  
      * 'connect' is commutative:
  
          > x * y == y * x
  -}
  class Graph g => Undirected g
  
  {-|
  The class of /reflexive graphs/ that satisfy the following additional axiom.
  
      * Each vertex has a /self-loop/:
  
          > vertex x == vertex x * vertex x
  
  Note that by applying the axiom in the reverse direction, one can always remove
  all self-loops resulting in an /irreflexive graph/. This type class can
  therefore be also used in the context of irreflexive graphs.
  -}
  class Graph g => Reflexive g
  
  {-|
  The class of /transitive graphs/ that satisfy the following additional axiom.
  
      * The /closure/ axiom: graphs with equal transitive closures are equal.
  
          > y /= empty ==> x * y + x * z + y * z == x * y + y * z
  
  By repeated application of the axiom one can turn any graph into its transitive
  closure or transitive reduction.
  -}
  class Graph g => Transitive g
  
  {-|
  The class of /preorder graphs/ that are both reflexive and transitive.
  -}
  class (Reflexive g, Transitive g) => Preorder g
  
  instance Graph () where
      type Vertex () = ()
      empty          = ()
      vertex  _      = ()
      overlay _ _    = ()
      connect _ _    = ()
  
  instance Undirected ()
  instance Reflexive  ()
  instance Transitive ()
  instance Preorder   ()
  
  -- Note: Maybe g and (a -> g) instances are identical and use the Applicative's
  -- pure and <*>. We do not provide a general instance for all Applicative
  -- functors because that would lead to overlapping instances.
  instance Graph g => Graph (Maybe g) where
      type Vertex (Maybe g) = Vertex g
      empty       = pure empty
      vertex      = pure . vertex
      overlay x y = overlay <$> x <*> y
      connect x y = connect <$> x <*> y
  
  instance Undirected g => Undirected (Maybe g)
  instance Reflexive  g => Reflexive  (Maybe g)
  instance Transitive g => Transitive (Maybe g)
  instance Preorder   g => Preorder   (Maybe g)
  
  instance Graph g => Graph (a -> g) where
      type Vertex (a -> g) = Vertex g
      empty       = pure empty
      vertex      = pure . vertex
      overlay x y = overlay <$> x <*> y
      connect x y = connect <$> x <*> y
  
  instance Undirected g => Undirected (a -> g)
  instance Reflexive  g => Reflexive  (a -> g)
  instance Transitive g => Transitive (a -> g)
  instance Preorder   g => Preorder   (a -> g)
  
  instance (Graph g, Graph h) => Graph (g, h) where
      type Vertex (g, h)        = (Vertex g     , Vertex h     )
      empty                     = (empty        , empty        )
      vertex  (x,  y )          = (vertex  x    , vertex  y    )
      overlay (x1, y1) (x2, y2) = (overlay x1 x2, overlay y1 y2)
      connect (x1, y1) (x2, y2) = (connect x1 x2, connect y1 y2)
  
  instance (Undirected g, Undirected h) => Undirected (g, h)
  instance (Reflexive  g, Reflexive  h) => Reflexive  (g, h)
  instance (Transitive g, Transitive h) => Transitive (g, h)
  instance (Preorder   g, Preorder   h) => Preorder   (g, h)
  
  instance (Graph g, Graph h, Graph i) => Graph (g, h, i) where
      type Vertex (g, h, i)             = (Vertex g     , Vertex h     , Vertex i     )
      empty                             = (empty        , empty        , empty        )
      vertex  (x,  y , z )              = (vertex  x    , vertex  y    , vertex  z    )
      overlay (x1, y1, z1) (x2, y2, z2) = (overlay x1 x2, overlay y1 y2, overlay z1 z2)
      connect (x1, y1, z1) (x2, y2, z2) = (connect x1 x2, connect y1 y2, connect z1 z2)
  
  instance (Undirected g, Undirected h, Undirected i) => Undirected (g, h, i)
  instance (Reflexive  g, Reflexive  h, Reflexive  i) => Reflexive  (g, h, i)
  instance (Transitive g, Transitive h, Transitive i) => Transitive (g, h, i)
  instance (Preorder   g, Preorder   h, Preorder   i) => Preorder   (g, h, i)
  
  -- | Construct the graph comprising a single edge.
  --
  -- @
  -- edge x y == 'connect' ('vertex' x) ('vertex' y)
  -- @
  edge :: Graph g => Vertex g -> Vertex g -> g
  edge x y = connect (vertex x) (vertex y)
  
  -- | Construct the graph comprising a given list of isolated vertices.
  -- Complexity: /O(L)/ time, memory and size, where /L/ is the length of the
  -- given list.
  --
  -- @
  -- vertices []  == 'empty'
  -- vertices [x] == 'vertex' x
  -- vertices     == 'overlays' . map 'vertex'
  -- @
  vertices :: Graph g => [Vertex g] -> g
  vertices = overlays . map vertex
  
  -- | Construct the graph from a list of edges.
  -- Complexity: /O(L)/ time, memory and size, where /L/ is the length of the
  -- given list.
  --
  -- @
  -- edges []      == 'empty'
  -- edges [(x,y)] == 'edge' x y
  -- @
  edges :: Graph g => [(Vertex g, Vertex g)] -> g
  edges = overlays . map (uncurry edge)
  
  -- | Overlay a given list of graphs.
  -- Complexity: /O(L)/ time and memory, and /O(S)/ size, where /L/ is the length
  -- of the given list, and /S/ is the sum of sizes of the graphs in the list.
  --
  -- @
  -- overlays []    == 'empty'
  -- overlays [x]   == x
  -- overlays [x,y] == 'overlay' x y
  -- overlays       == 'foldr' 'overlay' 'empty'
  -- @
  overlays :: Graph g => [g] -> g
  overlays []     = empty
  overlays [x]    = x
  overlays (x:xs) = x `overlay` overlays xs
  
  -- | Connect a given list of graphs.
  -- Complexity: /O(L)/ time and memory, and /O(S)/ size, where /L/ is the length
  -- of the given list, and /S/ is the sum of sizes of the graphs in the list.
  --
  -- @
  -- connects []    == 'empty'
  -- connects [x]   == x
  -- connects [x,y] == 'connect' x y
  -- connects       == 'foldr' 'connect' 'empty'
  -- @
  connects :: Graph g => [g] -> g
  connects []     = empty
  connects [x]    = x
  connects (x:xs) = x `connect` connects xs
  
  -- | The 'isSubgraphOf' function takes two graphs and returns 'True' if the
  -- first graph is a /subgraph/ of the second. Here is the current implementation:
  --
  -- @
  -- isSubgraphOf x y = 'overlay' x y == y
  -- @
  -- The complexity therefore depends on the complexity of equality testing of
  -- the specific graph instance.
  --
  -- @
  -- isSubgraphOf 'empty'         x             == True
  -- isSubgraphOf ('vertex' x)    'empty'         == False
  -- isSubgraphOf x             ('overlay' x y) == True
  -- isSubgraphOf ('overlay' x y) ('connect' x y) == True
  -- isSubgraphOf ('path' xs)     ('circuit' xs)  == True
  -- @
  isSubgraphOf :: (Graph g, Eq g) => g -> g -> Bool
  isSubgraphOf x y = overlay x y == y
  
  -- | The /path/ on a list of vertices.
  -- Complexity: /O(L)/ time, memory and size, where /L/ is the length of the
  -- given list.
  --
  -- @
  -- path []    == 'empty'
  -- path [x]   == 'vertex' x
  -- path [x,y] == 'edge' x y
  -- @
  path :: Graph g => [Vertex g] -> g
  path xs = case xs of []     -> empty
                       [x]    -> vertex x
                       (_:ys) -> edges (zip xs ys)
  
  -- | The /circuit/ on a list of vertices.
  -- Complexity: /O(L)/ time, memory and size, where /L/ is the length of the
  -- given list.
  --
  -- @
  -- circuit []    == 'empty'
  -- circuit [x]   == 'edge' x x
  -- circuit [x,y] == 'edges' [(x,y), (y,x)]
  -- @
  circuit :: Graph g => [Vertex g] -> g
  circuit []     = empty
  circuit (x:xs) = path $ [x] ++ xs ++ [x]
  
  -- | The /clique/ on a list of vertices.
  -- Complexity: /O(L)/ time, memory and size, where /L/ is the length of the
  -- given list.
  --
  -- @
  -- clique []         == 'empty'
  -- clique [x]        == 'vertex' x
  -- clique [x,y]      == 'edge' x y
  -- clique [x,y,z]    == 'edges' [(x,y), (x,z), (y,z)]
  -- clique (xs ++ ys) == 'connect' (clique xs) (clique ys)
  -- @
  clique :: Graph g => [Vertex g] -> g
  clique = connects . map vertex
  
  -- | The /biclique/ on two lists of vertices.
  -- Complexity: /O(L1 + L2)/ time, memory and size, where /L1/ and /L2/ are the
  -- lengths of the given lists.
  --
  -- @
  -- biclique []      []      == 'empty'
  -- biclique [x]     []      == 'vertex' x
  -- biclique []      [y]     == 'vertex' y
  -- biclique [x1,x2] [y1,y2] == 'edges' [(x1,y1), (x1,y2), (x2,y1), (x2,y2)]
  -- biclique xs      ys      == 'connect' ('vertices' xs) ('vertices' ys)
  -- @
  biclique :: Graph g => [Vertex g] -> [Vertex g] -> g
  biclique xs [] = vertices xs
  biclique [] ys = vertices ys
  biclique xs ys = connect (vertices xs) (vertices ys)
  
  -- | The /star/ formed by a centre vertex connected to a list of leaves.
  -- Complexity: /O(L)/ time, memory and size, where /L/ is the length of the
  -- given list.
  --
  -- @
  -- star x []    == 'vertex' x
  -- star x [y]   == 'edge' x y
  -- star x [y,z] == 'edges' [(x,y), (x,z)]
  -- star x ys    == 'connect' ('vertex' x) ('vertices' ys)
  -- @
  star :: Graph g => Vertex g -> [Vertex g] -> g
  star x [] = vertex x
  star x ys = connect (vertex x) (vertices ys)
  
  -- | The /tree graph/ constructed from a given 'Tree' data structure.
  -- Complexity: /O(T)/ time, memory and size, where /T/ is the size of the
  -- given tree (i.e. the number of vertices in the tree).
  --
  -- @
  -- tree (Node x [])                                         == 'vertex' x
  -- tree (Node x [Node y [Node z []]])                       == 'path' [x,y,z]
  -- tree (Node x [Node y [], Node z []])                     == 'star' x [y,z]
  -- tree (Node 1 [Node 2 [], Node 3 [Node 4 [], Node 5 []]]) == 'edges' [(1,2), (1,3), (3,4), (3,5)]
  -- @
  tree :: Graph g => Tree (Vertex g) -> g
  tree (Node x []) = vertex x
  tree (Node x f ) = star x (map rootLabel f)
      `overlay` forest (filter (not . null . subForest) f)
  
  -- | The /forest graph/ constructed from a given 'Forest' data structure.
  -- Complexity: /O(F)/ time, memory and size, where /F/ is the size of the
  -- given forest (i.e. the number of vertices in the forest).
  --
  -- @
  -- forest []                                                  == 'empty'
  -- forest [x]                                                 == 'tree' x
  -- forest [Node 1 [Node 2 [], Node 3 []], Node 4 [Node 5 []]] == 'edges' [(1,2), (1,3), (4,5)]
  -- forest                                                     == 'overlays' . 'map' 'tree'
  -- @
  forest :: Graph g => Forest (Vertex g) -> g
  forest = overlays . map tree
  