content: /*
   * This file is part of LSPosed.
   *
   * LSPosed is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
   * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
   * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
   * (at your option) any later version.
   *
   * LSPosed is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   * GNU General Public License for more details.
   *
   * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   * along with LSPosed.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
   *
   * Copyright (C) 2020 EdXposed Contributors
   * Copyright (C) 2021 LSPosed Contributors
   */
  
  package de.robv.android.xposed;
  
  import android.content.res.AssetManager;
  import android.content.res.Resources;
  
  import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
  import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
  
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.ClassUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.reflect.MemberUtilsX;
  
  import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
  import java.io.FileInputStream;
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.InputStream;
  import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
  import java.lang.reflect.Field;
  import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
  import java.lang.reflect.Member;
  import java.lang.reflect.Method;
  import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
  import java.math.BigInteger;
  import java.security.MessageDigest;
  import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
  import java.util.Arrays;
  import java.util.HashMap;
  import java.util.LinkedList;
  import java.util.List;
  import java.util.Objects;
  import java.util.Optional;
  import java.util.WeakHashMap;
  import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
  import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
  
  /**
   * Helpers that simplify hooking and calling methods/constructors, getting and settings fields, ...
   */
  public final class XposedHelpers {
      private XposedHelpers() {
      }
  
      private static final ConcurrentHashMap<MemberCacheKey.Field, Optional<Field>> fieldCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
      private static final ConcurrentHashMap<MemberCacheKey.Method, Optional<Method>> methodCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
      private static final ConcurrentHashMap<MemberCacheKey.Constructor, Optional<Constructor<?>>> constructorCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
      private static final WeakHashMap<Object, HashMap<String, Object>> additionalFields = new WeakHashMap<>();
      private static final HashMap<String, ThreadLocal<AtomicInteger>> sMethodDepth = new HashMap<>();
  
      /**
       * Note that we use object key instead of string here, because string calculation will lose all
       * the benefits of 'HashMap', this is basically the solution of performance traps.
       * <p>
       * So in fact we only need to use the structural comparison results of the reflection object.
       *
       * @see <a href="https://github.com/RinOrz/LSPosed/blob/a44e1f1cdf0c5e5ebfaface828e5907f5425df1b/benchmark/src/result/ReflectionCacheBenchmark.json">benchmarks for ART</a>
       * @see <a href="https://github.com/meowool-catnip/cloak/blob/main/api/src/benchmark/kotlin/com/meowool/cloak/ReflectionObjectAccessTests.kt#L37-L65">benchmarks for JVM</a>
       */
      private abstract static class MemberCacheKey {
          private final int hash;
  
          protected MemberCacheKey(int hash) {
              this.hash = hash;
          }
  
          @Override
          public abstract boolean equals(@Nullable Object obj);
  
          @Override
          public final int hashCode() {
              return hash;
          }
  
          static final class Constructor extends MemberCacheKey {
              private final Class<?> clazz;
              private final Class<?>[] parameters;
              private final boolean isExact;
  
              public Constructor(Class<?> clazz, Class<?>[] parameters, boolean isExact) {
                  super(31 * Objects.hash(clazz, isExact) + Arrays.hashCode(parameters));
                  this.clazz = clazz;
                  this.parameters = parameters;
                  this.isExact = isExact;
              }
  
              @Override
              public boolean equals(Object o) {
                  if (this == o) return true;
                  if (!(o instanceof Constructor)) return false;
                  Constructor that = (Constructor) o;
                  return isExact == that.isExact && Objects.equals(clazz, that.clazz) && Arrays.equals(parameters, that.parameters);
              }
  
              @NonNull
              @Override
              public String toString() {
                  var str = clazz.getName() + getParametersString(parameters);
                  if (isExact) {
                      return str + "#exact";
                  } else {
                      return str;
                  }
              }
          }
  
          static final class Field extends MemberCacheKey {
              private final Class<?> clazz;
              private final String name;
  
              public Field(Class<?> clazz, String name) {
                  super(Objects.hash(clazz, name));
                  this.clazz = clazz;
                  this.name = name;
              }
  
              @Override
              public boolean equals(Object o) {
                  if (this == o) return true;
                  if (!(o instanceof Field)) return false;
                  Field field = (Field) o;
                  return Objects.equals(clazz, field.clazz) && Objects.equals(name, field.name);
              }
  
              @NonNull
              @Override
              public String toString() {
                  return clazz.getName() + "#" + name;
              }
          }
  
          static final class Method extends MemberCacheKey {
              private final Class<?> clazz;
              private final String name;
              private final Class<?>[] parameters;
              private final boolean isExact;
  
              public Method(Class<?> clazz, String name, Class<?>[] parameters, boolean isExact) {
                  super(31 * Objects.hash(clazz, name, isExact) + Arrays.hashCode(parameters));
                  this.clazz = clazz;
                  this.name = name;
                  this.parameters = parameters;
                  this.isExact = isExact;
              }
  
              @Override
              public boolean equals(Object o) {
                  if (this == o) return true;
                  if (!(o instanceof Method)) return false;
                  Method method = (Method) o;
                  return isExact == method.isExact && Objects.equals(clazz, method.clazz) && Objects.equals(name, method.name) && Arrays.equals(parameters, method.parameters);
              }
  
              @NonNull
              @Override
              public String toString() {
                  var str = clazz.getName() + '#' + name + getParametersString(parameters);
                  if (isExact) {
                      return str + "#exact";
                  } else {
                      return str;
                  }
              }
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a class with the specified class loader.
       *
       * <p>There are various allowed syntaxes for the class name, but it's recommended to use one of
       * these:
       * <ul>
       *   <li>{@code java.lang.String}
       *   <li>{@code java.lang.String[]} (array)
       *   <li>{@code android.app.ActivityThread.ResourcesKey}
       *   <li>{@code android.app.ActivityThread$ResourcesKey}
       * </ul>
       *
       * @param className   The class name in one of the formats mentioned above.
       * @param classLoader The class loader, or {@code null} for the boot class loader.
       * @return A reference to the class.
       * @throws ClassNotFoundError In case the class was not found.
       */
      public static Class<?> findClass(String className, ClassLoader classLoader) {
          if (classLoader == null)
              classLoader = XposedBridge.BOOTCLASSLOADER;
          try {
              return ClassUtils.getClass(classLoader, className, false);
          } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
              throw new ClassNotFoundError(e);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up and return a class if it exists.
       * Like {@link #findClass}, but doesn't throw an exception if the class doesn't exist.
       *
       * @param className   The class name.
       * @param classLoader The class loader, or {@code null} for the boot class loader.
       * @return A reference to the class, or {@code null} if it doesn't exist.
       */
      public static Class<?> findClassIfExists(String className, ClassLoader classLoader) {
          try {
              return findClass(className, classLoader);
          } catch (ClassNotFoundError e) {
              return null;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a field in a class and set it to accessible.
       *
       * @param clazz     The class which either declares or inherits the field.
       * @param fieldName The field name.
       * @return A reference to the field.
       * @throws NoSuchFieldError In case the field was not found.
       */
      public static Field findField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName) {
          var key = new MemberCacheKey.Field(clazz, fieldName);
  
          return fieldCache.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
              try {
                  Field newField = findFieldRecursiveImpl(k.clazz, k.name);
                  newField.setAccessible(true);
                  return Optional.of(newField);
              } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
                  return Optional.empty();
              }
          }).orElseThrow(() -> new NoSuchFieldError(key.toString()));
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up and return a field if it exists.
       * Like {@link #findField}, but doesn't throw an exception if the field doesn't exist.
       *
       * @param clazz     The class which either declares or inherits the field.
       * @param fieldName The field name.
       * @return A reference to the field, or {@code null} if it doesn't exist.
       */
      public static Field findFieldIfExists(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(clazz, fieldName);
          } catch (NoSuchFieldError e) {
              return null;
          }
      }
  
      private static Field findFieldRecursiveImpl(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName) throws NoSuchFieldException {
          try {
              return clazz.getDeclaredField(fieldName);
          } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
              while (true) {
                  clazz = clazz.getSuperclass();
                  if (clazz == null || clazz.equals(Object.class))
                      break;
  
                  try {
                      return clazz.getDeclaredField(fieldName);
                  } catch (NoSuchFieldException ignored) {
                  }
              }
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the first field of the given type in a class.
       * Might be useful for Proguard'ed classes to identify fields with unique types.
       *
       * @param clazz The class which either declares or inherits the field.
       * @param type  The type of the field.
       * @return A reference to the first field of the given type.
       * @throws NoSuchFieldError In case no matching field was not found.
       */
      public static Field findFirstFieldByExactType(Class<?> clazz, Class<?> type) {
          Class<?> clz = clazz;
          do {
              for (Field field : clz.getDeclaredFields()) {
                  if (field.getType() == type) {
                      field.setAccessible(true);
                      return field;
                  }
              }
          } while ((clz = clz.getSuperclass()) != null);
  
          throw new NoSuchFieldError("Field of type " + type.getName() + " in class " + clazz.getName());
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a method and hook it. See {@link #findAndHookMethod(String, ClassLoader, String, Object...)}
       * for details.
       */
      public static XC_MethodHook.Unhook findAndHookMethod(Class<?> clazz, String methodName, Object... parameterTypesAndCallback) {
          if (parameterTypesAndCallback.length == 0 || !(parameterTypesAndCallback[parameterTypesAndCallback.length - 1] instanceof XC_MethodHook))
              throw new IllegalArgumentException("no callback defined");
  
          XC_MethodHook callback = (XC_MethodHook) parameterTypesAndCallback[parameterTypesAndCallback.length - 1];
          Method m = findMethodExact(clazz, methodName, getParameterClasses(clazz.getClassLoader(), parameterTypesAndCallback));
  
          return XposedBridge.hookMethod(m, callback);
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a method and hook it. The last argument must be the callback for the hook.
       *
       * <p>This combines calls to {@link #findMethodExact(Class, String, Object...)} and
       * {@link XposedBridge#hookMethod}.
       *
       * <p class="warning">The method must be declared or overridden in the given class, inherited
       * methods are not considered! That's because each method implementation exists only once in
       * the memory, and when classes inherit it, they just get another reference to the implementation.
       * Hooking a method therefore applies to all classes inheriting the same implementation. You
       * have to expect that the hook applies to subclasses (unless they override the method), but you
       * shouldn't have to worry about hooks applying to superclasses, hence this "limitation".
       * There could be undesired or even dangerous hooks otherwise, e.g. if you hook
       * {@code SomeClass.equals()} and that class doesn't override the {@code equals()} on some ROMs,
       * making you hook {@code Object.equals()} instead.
       *
       * <p>There are two ways to specify the parameter types. If you already have a reference to the
       * {@link Class}, use that. For Android framework classes, you can often use something like
       * {@code String.class}. If you don't have the class reference, you can simply use the
       * full class name as a string, e.g. {@code java.lang.String} or {@code com.example.MyClass}.
       * It will be passed to {@link #findClass} with the same class loader that is used for the target
       * method, see its documentation for the allowed notations.
       *
       * <p>Primitive types, such as {@code int}, can be specified using {@code int.class} (recommended)
       * or {@code Integer.TYPE}. Note that {@code Integer.class} doesn't refer to {@code int} but to
       * {@code Integer}, which is a normal class (boxed primitive). Therefore it must not be used when
       * the method expects an {@code int} parameter - it has to be used for {@code Integer} parameters
       * though, so check the method signature in detail.
       *
       * <p>As last argument to this method (after the list of target method parameters), you need
       * to specify the callback that should be executed when the method is invoked. It's usually
       * an anonymous subclass of {@link XC_MethodHook} or {@link XC_MethodReplacement}.
       *
       * <p><b>Example</b>
       * <pre class="prettyprint">
       * // In order to hook this method ...
       * package com.example;
       * public class SomeClass {
       *   public int doSomething(String s, int i, MyClass m) {
       *     ...
       *   }
       * }
       *
       * // ... you can use this call:
       * findAndHookMethod("com.example.SomeClass", lpparam.classLoader, String.class, int.class, "com.example.MyClass", new XC_MethodHook() {
       *   &#64;Override
       *   protected void beforeHookedMethod(MethodHookParam param) throws Throwable {
       *     String oldText = (String) param.args[0];
       *     Log.d("MyModule", oldText);
       *
       *     param.args[0] = "test";
       *     param.args[1] = 42; // auto-boxing is working here
       *     setBooleanField(param.args[2], "great", true);
       *
       *     // This would not work (as MyClass can't be resolved at compile time):
       *     //   MyClass myClass = (MyClass) param.args[2];
       *     //   myClass.great = true;
       *   }
       * });
       * </pre>
       *
       * @param className                 The name of the class which implements the method.
       * @param classLoader               The class loader for resolving the target and parameter classes.
       * @param methodName                The target method name.
       * @param parameterTypesAndCallback The parameter types of the target method, plus the callback.
       * @return An object which can be used to remove the callback again.
       * @throws NoSuchMethodError  In case the method was not found.
       * @throws ClassNotFoundError In case the target class or one of the parameter types couldn't be resolved.
       */
      public static XC_MethodHook.Unhook findAndHookMethod(String className, ClassLoader classLoader, String methodName, Object... parameterTypesAndCallback) {
          return findAndHookMethod(findClass(className, classLoader), methodName, parameterTypesAndCallback);
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a method in a class and set it to accessible.
       * See {@link #findMethodExact(String, ClassLoader, String, Object...)} for details.
       */
      public static Method findMethodExact(Class<?> clazz, String methodName, Object... parameterTypes) {
          return findMethodExact(clazz, methodName, getParameterClasses(clazz.getClassLoader(), parameterTypes));
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up and return a method if it exists.
       * See {@link #findMethodExactIfExists(String, ClassLoader, String, Object...)} for details.
       */
      public static Method findMethodExactIfExists(Class<?> clazz, String methodName, Object... parameterTypes) {
          try {
              return findMethodExact(clazz, methodName, parameterTypes);
          } catch (ClassNotFoundError | NoSuchMethodError e) {
              return null;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a method in a class and set it to accessible.
       * The method must be declared or overridden in the given class.
       *
       * <p>See {@link #findAndHookMethod(String, ClassLoader, String, Object...)} for details about
       * the method and parameter type resolution.
       *
       * @param className      The name of the class which implements the method.
       * @param classLoader    The class loader for resolving the target and parameter classes.
       * @param methodName     The target method name.
       * @param parameterTypes The parameter types of the target method.
       * @return A reference to the method.
       * @throws NoSuchMethodError  In case the method was not found.
       * @throws ClassNotFoundError In case the target class or one of the parameter types couldn't be resolved.
       */
      public static Method findMethodExact(String className, ClassLoader classLoader, String methodName, Object... parameterTypes) {
          return findMethodExact(findClass(className, classLoader), methodName, getParameterClasses(classLoader, parameterTypes));
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up and return a method if it exists.
       * Like {@link #findMethodExact(String, ClassLoader, String, Object...)}, but doesn't throw an
       * exception if the method doesn't exist.
       *
       * @param className      The name of the class which implements the method.
       * @param classLoader    The class loader for resolving the target and parameter classes.
       * @param methodName     The target method name.
       * @param parameterTypes The parameter types of the target method.
       * @return A reference to the method, or {@code null} if it doesn't exist.
       */
      public static Method findMethodExactIfExists(String className, ClassLoader classLoader, String methodName, Object... parameterTypes) {
          try {
              return findMethodExact(className, classLoader, methodName, parameterTypes);
          } catch (ClassNotFoundError | NoSuchMethodError e) {
              return null;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a method in a class and set it to accessible.
       * See {@link #findMethodExact(String, ClassLoader, String, Object...)} for details.
       *
       * <p>This variant requires that you already have reference to all the parameter types.
       */
      public static Method findMethodExact(Class<?> clazz, String methodName, Class<?>... parameterTypes) {
          var key = new MemberCacheKey.Method(clazz, methodName, parameterTypes, true);
  
          return methodCache.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
              try {
                  Method method = k.clazz.getDeclaredMethod(k.name, k.parameters);
                  method.setAccessible(true);
                  return Optional.of(method);
              } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
                  return Optional.empty();
              }
          }).orElseThrow(() -> new NoSuchMethodError(key.toString()));
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns an array of all methods declared/overridden in a class with the specified parameter types.
       *
       * <p>The return type is optional, it will not be compared if it is {@code null}.
       * Use {@code void.class} if you want to search for methods returning nothing.
       *
       * @param clazz          The class to look in.
       * @param returnType     The return type, or {@code null} (see above).
       * @param parameterTypes The parameter types.
       * @return An array with matching methods, all set to accessible already.
       */
      public static Method[] findMethodsByExactParameters(Class<?> clazz, Class<?> returnType, Class<?>... parameterTypes) {
          List<Method> result = new LinkedList<>();
          for (Method method : clazz.getDeclaredMethods()) {
              if (returnType != null && returnType != method.getReturnType())
                  continue;
  
              Class<?>[] methodParameterTypes = method.getParameterTypes();
              if (parameterTypes.length != methodParameterTypes.length)
                  continue;
  
              boolean match = true;
              for (int i = 0; i < parameterTypes.length; i++) {
                  if (parameterTypes[i] != methodParameterTypes[i]) {
                      match = false;
                      break;
                  }
              }
  
              if (!match)
                  continue;
  
              method.setAccessible(true);
              result.add(method);
          }
          return result.toArray(new Method[result.size()]);
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a method in a class and set it to accessible.
       *
       * <p>This does'nt only look for exact matches, but for the best match. All considered candidates
       * must be compatible with the given parameter types, i.e. the parameters must be assignable
       * to the method's formal parameters. Inherited methods are considered here.
       *
       * @param clazz          The class which declares, inherits or overrides the method.
       * @param methodName     The method name.
       * @param parameterTypes The types of the method's parameters.
       * @return A reference to the best-matching method.
       * @throws NoSuchMethodError In case no suitable method was found.
       */
      public static Method findMethodBestMatch(Class<?> clazz, String methodName, Class<?>... parameterTypes) {
          // find the exact matching method first
          try {
              return findMethodExact(clazz, methodName, parameterTypes);
          } catch (NoSuchMethodError ignored) {
          }
  
          // then find the best match
          var key = new MemberCacheKey.Method(clazz, methodName, parameterTypes, false);
  
          return methodCache.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
              Method bestMatch = null;
              Class<?> clz = k.clazz;
              boolean considerPrivateMethods = true;
              do {
                  for (Method method : clz.getDeclaredMethods()) {
                      // don't consider private methods of superclasses
                      if (!considerPrivateMethods && Modifier.isPrivate(method.getModifiers()))
                          continue;
  
                      // compare name and parameters
                      if (method.getName().equals(k.name) && ClassUtils.isAssignable(
                              k.parameters,
                              method.getParameterTypes(),
                              true)) {
                          // get accessible version of method
                          if (bestMatch == null || MemberUtilsX.compareMethodFit(
                                  method,
                                  bestMatch,
                                  k.parameters) < 0) {
                              bestMatch = method;
                          }
                      }
                  }
                  considerPrivateMethods = false;
              } while ((clz = clz.getSuperclass()) != null);
  
              if (bestMatch != null) {
                  bestMatch.setAccessible(true);
                  return Optional.of(bestMatch);
              } else {
                  return Optional.empty();
              }
          }).orElseThrow(() -> new NoSuchMethodError(key.toString()));
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a method in a class and set it to accessible.
       *
       * <p>See {@link #findMethodBestMatch(Class, String, Class...)} for details. This variant
       * determines the parameter types from the classes of the given objects.
       */
      public static Method findMethodBestMatch(Class<?> clazz, String methodName, Object... args) {
          return findMethodBestMatch(clazz, methodName, getParameterTypes(args));
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a method in a class and set it to accessible.
       *
       * <p>See {@link #findMethodBestMatch(Class, String, Class...)} for details. This variant
       * determines the parameter types from the classes of the given objects. For any item that is
       * {@code null}, the type is taken from {@code parameterTypes} instead.
       */
      public static Method findMethodBestMatch(Class<?> clazz, String methodName, Class<?>[] parameterTypes, Object[] args) {
          Class<?>[] argsClasses = null;
          for (int i = 0; i < parameterTypes.length; i++) {
              if (parameterTypes[i] != null)
                  continue;
              if (argsClasses == null)
                  argsClasses = getParameterTypes(args);
              parameterTypes[i] = argsClasses[i];
          }
          return findMethodBestMatch(clazz, methodName, parameterTypes);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns an array with the classes of the given objects.
       */
      public static Class<?>[] getParameterTypes(Object... args) {
          Class<?>[] clazzes = new Class<?>[args.length];
          for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
              clazzes[i] = (args[i] != null) ? args[i].getClass() : null;
          }
          return clazzes;
      }
  
      /**
       * Retrieve classes from an array, where each element might either be a Class
       * already, or a String with the full class name.
       */
      private static Class<?>[] getParameterClasses(ClassLoader classLoader, Object[] parameterTypesAndCallback) {
          Class<?>[] parameterClasses = null;
          for (int i = parameterTypesAndCallback.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
              Object type = parameterTypesAndCallback[i];
              if (type == null)
                  throw new ClassNotFoundError("parameter type must not be null", null);
  
              // ignore trailing callback
              if (type instanceof XC_MethodHook)
                  continue;
  
              if (parameterClasses == null)
                  parameterClasses = new Class<?>[i + 1];
  
              if (type instanceof Class)
                  parameterClasses[i] = (Class<?>) type;
              else if (type instanceof String)
                  parameterClasses[i] = findClass((String) type, classLoader);
              else
                  throw new ClassNotFoundError("parameter type must either be specified as Class or String", null);
          }
  
          // if there are no arguments for the method
          if (parameterClasses == null)
              parameterClasses = new Class<?>[0];
  
          return parameterClasses;
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns an array of the given classes.
       */
      public static Class<?>[] getClassesAsArray(Class<?>... clazzes) {
          return clazzes;
      }
  
      private static String getParametersString(Class<?>... clazzes) {
          StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("(");
          boolean first = true;
          for (Class<?> clazz : clazzes) {
              if (first)
                  first = false;
              else
                  sb.append(",");
  
              if (clazz != null)
                  sb.append(clazz.getCanonicalName());
              else
                  sb.append("null");
          }
          sb.append(")");
          return sb.toString();
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a constructor of a class and set it to accessible.
       * See {@link #findMethodExact(String, ClassLoader, String, Object...)} for details.
       */
      public static Constructor<?> findConstructorExact(Class<?> clazz, Object... parameterTypes) {
          return findConstructorExact(clazz, getParameterClasses(clazz.getClassLoader(), parameterTypes));
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up and return a constructor if it exists.
       * See {@link #findMethodExactIfExists(String, ClassLoader, String, Object...)} for details.
       */
      public static Constructor<?> findConstructorExactIfExists(Class<?> clazz, Object... parameterTypes) {
          try {
              return findConstructorExact(clazz, parameterTypes);
          } catch (ClassNotFoundError | NoSuchMethodError e) {
              return null;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a constructor of a class and set it to accessible.
       * See {@link #findMethodExact(String, ClassLoader, String, Object...)} for details.
       */
      public static Constructor<?> findConstructorExact(String className, ClassLoader classLoader, Object... parameterTypes) {
          return findConstructorExact(findClass(className, classLoader), getParameterClasses(classLoader, parameterTypes));
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up and return a constructor if it exists.
       * See {@link #findMethodExactIfExists(String, ClassLoader, String, Object...)} for details.
       */
      public static Constructor<?> findConstructorExactIfExists(String className, ClassLoader classLoader, Object... parameterTypes) {
          try {
              return findConstructorExact(className, classLoader, parameterTypes);
          } catch (ClassNotFoundError | NoSuchMethodError e) {
              return null;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a constructor of a class and set it to accessible.
       * See {@link #findMethodExact(String, ClassLoader, String, Object...)} for details.
       */
      public static Constructor<?> findConstructorExact(Class<?> clazz, Class<?>... parameterTypes) {
          var key = new MemberCacheKey.Constructor(clazz, parameterTypes, true);
  
          return constructorCache.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
              try {
                  Constructor<?> constructor = k.clazz.getDeclaredConstructor(k.parameters);
                  constructor.setAccessible(true);
                  return Optional.of(constructor);
              } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
                  return Optional.empty();
              }
          }).orElseThrow(() -> new NoSuchMethodError(key.toString()));
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a constructor and hook it. See {@link #findAndHookMethod(String, ClassLoader, String, Object...)}
       * for details.
       */
      public static XC_MethodHook.Unhook findAndHookConstructor(Class<?> clazz, Object... parameterTypesAndCallback) {
          if (parameterTypesAndCallback.length == 0 || !(parameterTypesAndCallback[parameterTypesAndCallback.length - 1] instanceof XC_MethodHook))
              throw new IllegalArgumentException("no callback defined");
  
          XC_MethodHook callback = (XC_MethodHook) parameterTypesAndCallback[parameterTypesAndCallback.length - 1];
          Constructor<?> m = findConstructorExact(clazz, getParameterClasses(clazz.getClassLoader(), parameterTypesAndCallback));
  
          return XposedBridge.hookMethod(m, callback);
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a constructor and hook it. See {@link #findAndHookMethod(String, ClassLoader, String, Object...)}
       * for details.
       */
      public static XC_MethodHook.Unhook findAndHookConstructor(String className, ClassLoader classLoader, Object... parameterTypesAndCallback) {
          return findAndHookConstructor(findClass(className, classLoader), parameterTypesAndCallback);
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a constructor in a class and set it to accessible.
       *
       * <p>See {@link #findMethodBestMatch(Class, String, Class...)} for details.
       */
      public static Constructor<?> findConstructorBestMatch(Class<?> clazz, Class<?>... parameterTypes) {
          // find the exact matching constructor first
          try {
              return findConstructorExact(clazz, parameterTypes);
          } catch (NoSuchMethodError ignored) {
          }
  
          // then find the best match
          var key = new MemberCacheKey.Constructor(clazz, parameterTypes, false);
  
          return constructorCache.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
              Constructor<?> bestMatch = null;
              Constructor<?>[] constructors = k.clazz.getDeclaredConstructors();
              for (Constructor<?> constructor : constructors) {
                  // compare name and parameters
                  if (ClassUtils.isAssignable(
                          k.parameters,
                          constructor.getParameterTypes(),
                          true)) {
                      // get accessible version of method
                      if (bestMatch == null || MemberUtilsX.compareConstructorFit(
                              constructor,
                              bestMatch,
                              k.parameters) < 0) {
                          bestMatch = constructor;
                      }
                  }
              }
  
              if (bestMatch != null) {
                  bestMatch.setAccessible(true);
                  return Optional.of(bestMatch);
              } else {
                  return Optional.empty();
              }
          }).orElseThrow(() -> new NoSuchMethodError(key.toString()));
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a constructor in a class and set it to accessible.
       *
       * <p>See {@link #findMethodBestMatch(Class, String, Class...)} for details. This variant
       * determines the parameter types from the classes of the given objects.
       */
      public static Constructor<?> findConstructorBestMatch(Class<?> clazz, Object... args) {
          return findConstructorBestMatch(clazz, getParameterTypes(args));
      }
  
      /**
       * Look up a constructor in a class and set it to accessible.
       *
       * <p>See {@link #findMethodBestMatch(Class, String, Class...)} for details. This variant
       * determines the parameter types from the classes of the given objects. For any item that is
       * {@code null}, the type is taken from {@code parameterTypes} instead.
       */
      public static Constructor<?> findConstructorBestMatch(Class<?> clazz, Class<?>[] parameterTypes, Object[] args) {
          Class<?>[] argsClasses = null;
          for (int i = 0; i < parameterTypes.length; i++) {
              if (parameterTypes[i] != null)
                  continue;
              if (argsClasses == null)
                  argsClasses = getParameterTypes(args);
              parameterTypes[i] = argsClasses[i];
          }
          return findConstructorBestMatch(clazz, parameterTypes);
      }
  
      /**
       * Thrown when a class loader is unable to find a class. Unlike {@link ClassNotFoundException},
       * callers are not forced to explicitly catch this. If uncaught, the error will be passed to the
       * next caller in the stack.
       */
      public static final class ClassNotFoundError extends Error {
          private static final long serialVersionUID = -1070936889459514628L;
  
          /**
           * @hide
           */
          public ClassNotFoundError(Throwable cause) {
              super(cause);
          }
  
          /**
           * @hide
           */
          public ClassNotFoundError(String detailMessage, Throwable cause) {
              super(detailMessage, cause);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the index of the first parameter declared with the given type.
       *
       * @throws NoSuchFieldError if there is no parameter with that type.
       * @hide
       */
      public static int getFirstParameterIndexByType(Member method, Class<?> type) {
          Class<?>[] classes = (method instanceof Method) ?
                  ((Method) method).getParameterTypes() : ((Constructor) method).getParameterTypes();
          for (int i = 0; i < classes.length; i++) {
              if (classes[i] == type) {
                  return i;
              }
          }
          throw new NoSuchFieldError("No parameter of type " + type + " found in " + method);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the index of the parameter declared with the given type, ensuring that there is exactly one such parameter.
       *
       * @throws NoSuchFieldError if there is no or more than one parameter with that type.
       * @hide
       */
      public static int getParameterIndexByType(Member method, Class<?> type) {
          Class<?>[] classes = (method instanceof Method) ?
                  ((Method) method).getParameterTypes() : ((Constructor) method).getParameterTypes();
          int idx = -1;
          for (int i = 0; i < classes.length; i++) {
              if (classes[i] == type) {
                  if (idx == -1) {
                      idx = i;
                  } else {
                      throw new NoSuchFieldError("More than one parameter of type " + type + " found in " + method);
                  }
              }
          }
          if (idx != -1) {
              return idx;
          } else {
              throw new NoSuchFieldError("No parameter of type " + type + " found in " + method);
          }
      }
  
      //#################################################################################################
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of an object field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setObjectField(Object obj, String fieldName, Object value) {
          try {
              findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).set(obj, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a {@code boolean} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setBooleanField(Object obj, String fieldName, boolean value) {
          try {
              findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).setBoolean(obj, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a {@code byte} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setByteField(Object obj, String fieldName, byte value) {
          try {
              findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).setByte(obj, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a {@code char} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setCharField(Object obj, String fieldName, char value) {
          try {
              findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).setChar(obj, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a {@code double} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setDoubleField(Object obj, String fieldName, double value) {
          try {
              findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).setDouble(obj, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a {@code float} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setFloatField(Object obj, String fieldName, float value) {
          try {
              findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).setFloat(obj, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of an {@code int} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setIntField(Object obj, String fieldName, int value) {
          try {
              findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).setInt(obj, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a {@code long} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setLongField(Object obj, String fieldName, long value) {
          try {
              findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).setLong(obj, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a {@code short} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setShortField(Object obj, String fieldName, short value) {
          try {
              findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).setShort(obj, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      //#################################################################################################
  
      /**
       * Returns the value of an object field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static Object getObjectField(Object obj, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).get(obj);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * For inner classes, returns the surrounding instance, i.e. the {@code this} reference of the surrounding class.
       */
      public static Object getSurroundingThis(Object obj) {
          return getObjectField(obj, "this$0");
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the value of a {@code boolean} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      @SuppressWarnings("BooleanMethodIsAlwaysInverted")
      public static boolean getBooleanField(Object obj, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).getBoolean(obj);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the value of a {@code byte} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static byte getByteField(Object obj, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).getByte(obj);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the value of a {@code char} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static char getCharField(Object obj, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).getChar(obj);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the value of a {@code double} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static double getDoubleField(Object obj, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).getDouble(obj);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the value of a {@code float} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static float getFloatField(Object obj, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).getFloat(obj);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the value of an {@code int} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static int getIntField(Object obj, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).getInt(obj);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the value of a {@code long} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static long getLongField(Object obj, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).getLong(obj);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the value of a {@code short} field in the given object instance. A class reference is not sufficient! See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static short getShortField(Object obj, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(obj.getClass(), fieldName).getShort(obj);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      //#################################################################################################
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static object field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setStaticObjectField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName, Object value) {
          try {
              findField(clazz, fieldName).set(null, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static {@code boolean} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setStaticBooleanField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName, boolean value) {
          try {
              findField(clazz, fieldName).setBoolean(null, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static {@code byte} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setStaticByteField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName, byte value) {
          try {
              findField(clazz, fieldName).setByte(null, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static {@code char} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setStaticCharField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName, char value) {
          try {
              findField(clazz, fieldName).setChar(null, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static {@code double} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setStaticDoubleField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName, double value) {
          try {
              findField(clazz, fieldName).setDouble(null, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static {@code float} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setStaticFloatField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName, float value) {
          try {
              findField(clazz, fieldName).setFloat(null, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static {@code int} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setStaticIntField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName, int value) {
          try {
              findField(clazz, fieldName).setInt(null, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static {@code long} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setStaticLongField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName, long value) {
          try {
              findField(clazz, fieldName).setLong(null, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static {@code short} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static void setStaticShortField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName, short value) {
          try {
              findField(clazz, fieldName).setShort(null, value);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      //#################################################################################################
  
      /**
       * Returns the value of a static object field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static Object getStaticObjectField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(clazz, fieldName).get(null);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the value of a static {@code boolean} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static boolean getStaticBooleanField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(clazz, fieldName).getBoolean(null);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static {@code byte} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static byte getStaticByteField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(clazz, fieldName).getByte(null);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static {@code char} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static char getStaticCharField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(clazz, fieldName).getChar(null);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static {@code double} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static double getStaticDoubleField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(clazz, fieldName).getDouble(null);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static {@code float} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static float getStaticFloatField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(clazz, fieldName).getFloat(null);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static {@code int} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static int getStaticIntField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(clazz, fieldName).getInt(null);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static {@code long} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static long getStaticLongField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(clazz, fieldName).getLong(null);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the value of a static {@code short} field in the given class. See also {@link #findField}.
       */
      public static short getStaticShortField(Class<?> clazz, String fieldName) {
          try {
              return findField(clazz, fieldName).getShort(null);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          }
      }
  
      //#################################################################################################
  
      /**
       * Calls an instance or static method of the given object.
       * The method is resolved using {@link #findMethodBestMatch(Class, String, Object...)}.
       *
       * @param obj        The object instance. A class reference is not sufficient!
       * @param methodName The method name.
       * @param args       The arguments for the method call.
       * @throws NoSuchMethodError     In case no suitable method was found.
       * @throws InvocationTargetError In case an exception was thrown by the invoked method.
       */
      public static Object callMethod(Object obj, String methodName, Object... args) {
          try {
              return findMethodBestMatch(obj.getClass(), methodName, args).invoke(obj, args);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
              throw new InvocationTargetError(e.getCause());
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Calls an instance or static method of the given object.
       * See {@link #callMethod(Object, String, Object...)}.
       *
       * <p>This variant allows you to specify parameter types, which can help in case there are multiple
       * methods with the same name, especially if you call it with {@code null} parameters.
       */
      public static Object callMethod(Object obj, String methodName, Class<?>[] parameterTypes, Object... args) {
          try {
              return findMethodBestMatch(obj.getClass(), methodName, parameterTypes, args).invoke(obj, args);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
              throw new InvocationTargetError(e.getCause());
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Calls a static method of the given class.
       * The method is resolved using {@link #findMethodBestMatch(Class, String, Object...)}.
       *
       * @param clazz      The class reference.
       * @param methodName The method name.
       * @param args       The arguments for the method call.
       * @throws NoSuchMethodError     In case no suitable method was found.
       * @throws InvocationTargetError In case an exception was thrown by the invoked method.
       */
      public static Object callStaticMethod(Class<?> clazz, String methodName, Object... args) {
          try {
              return findMethodBestMatch(clazz, methodName, args).invoke(null, args);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
              throw new InvocationTargetError(e.getCause());
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Calls a static method of the given class.
       * See {@link #callStaticMethod(Class, String, Object...)}.
       *
       * <p>This variant allows you to specify parameter types, which can help in case there are multiple
       * methods with the same name, especially if you call it with {@code null} parameters.
       */
      public static Object callStaticMethod(Class<?> clazz, String methodName, Class<?>[] parameterTypes, Object... args) {
          try {
              return findMethodBestMatch(clazz, methodName, parameterTypes, args).invoke(null, args);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
              throw new InvocationTargetError(e.getCause());
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * This class provides a wrapper for an exception thrown by a method invocation.
       *
       * @see #callMethod(Object, String, Object...)
       * @see #callStaticMethod(Class, String, Object...)
       * @see #newInstance(Class, Object...)
       */
      public static final class InvocationTargetError extends Error {
          private static final long serialVersionUID = -1070936889459514628L;
  
          /**
           * @hide
           */
          public InvocationTargetError(Throwable cause) {
              super(cause);
          }
      }
  
      //#################################################################################################
  
      /**
       * Creates a new instance of the given class.
       * The constructor is resolved using {@link #findConstructorBestMatch(Class, Object...)}.
       *
       * @param clazz The class reference.
       * @param args  The arguments for the constructor call.
       * @throws NoSuchMethodError     In case no suitable constructor was found.
       * @throws InvocationTargetError In case an exception was thrown by the invoked method.
       * @throws InstantiationError    In case the class cannot be instantiated.
       */
      public static Object newInstance(Class<?> clazz, Object... args) {
          try {
              return findConstructorBestMatch(clazz, args).newInstance(args);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
              throw new InvocationTargetError(e.getCause());
          } catch (InstantiationException e) {
              throw new InstantiationError(e.getMessage());
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a new instance of the given class.
       * See {@link #newInstance(Class, Object...)}.
       *
       * <p>This variant allows you to specify parameter types, which can help in case there are multiple
       * constructors with the same name, especially if you call it with {@code null} parameters.
       */
      public static Object newInstance(Class<?> clazz, Class<?>[] parameterTypes, Object... args) {
          try {
              return findConstructorBestMatch(clazz, parameterTypes, args).newInstance(args);
          } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
              // should not happen
              XposedBridge.log(e);
              throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              throw e;
          } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
              throw new InvocationTargetError(e.getCause());
          } catch (InstantiationException e) {
              throw new InstantiationError(e.getMessage());
          }
      }
  
      //#################################################################################################
  
      /**
       * Attaches any value to an object instance. This simulates adding an instance field.
       * The value can be retrieved again with {@link #getAdditionalInstanceField}.
       *
       * @param obj   The object instance for which the value should be stored.
       * @param key   The key in the value map for this object instance.
       * @param value The value to store.
       * @return The previously stored value for this instance/key combination, or {@code null} if there was none.
       */
      public static Object setAdditionalInstanceField(Object obj, String key, Object value) {
          if (obj == null)
              throw new NullPointerException("object must not be null");
          if (key == null)
              throw new NullPointerException("key must not be null");
  
          HashMap<String, Object> objectFields;
          synchronized (additionalFields) {
              objectFields = additionalFields.get(obj);
              if (objectFields == null) {
                  objectFields = new HashMap<>();
                  additionalFields.put(obj, objectFields);
              }
          }
  
          synchronized (objectFields) {
              return objectFields.put(key, value);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a value which was stored with {@link #setAdditionalInstanceField}.
       *
       * @param obj The object instance for which the value has been stored.
       * @param key The key in the value map for this object instance.
       * @return The stored value for this instance/key combination, or {@code null} if there is none.
       */
      public static Object getAdditionalInstanceField(Object obj, String key) {
          if (obj == null)
              throw new NullPointerException("object must not be null");
          if (key == null)
              throw new NullPointerException("key must not be null");
  
          HashMap<String, Object> objectFields;
          synchronized (additionalFields) {
              objectFields = additionalFields.get(obj);
              if (objectFields == null)
                  return null;
          }
  
          synchronized (objectFields) {
              return objectFields.get(key);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Removes and returns a value which was stored with {@link #setAdditionalInstanceField}.
       *
       * @param obj The object instance for which the value has been stored.
       * @param key The key in the value map for this object instance.
       * @return The previously stored value for this instance/key combination, or {@code null} if there was none.
       */
      public static Object removeAdditionalInstanceField(Object obj, String key) {
          if (obj == null)
              throw new NullPointerException("object must not be null");
          if (key == null)
              throw new NullPointerException("key must not be null");
  
          HashMap<String, Object> objectFields;
          synchronized (additionalFields) {
              objectFields = additionalFields.get(obj);
              if (objectFields == null)
                  return null;
          }
  
          synchronized (objectFields) {
              return objectFields.remove(key);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Like {@link #setAdditionalInstanceField}, but the value is stored for the class of {@code obj}.
       */
      public static Object setAdditionalStaticField(Object obj, String key, Object value) {
          return setAdditionalInstanceField(obj.getClass(), key, value);
      }
  
      /**
       * Like {@link #getAdditionalInstanceField}, but the value is returned for the class of {@code obj}.
       */
      public static Object getAdditionalStaticField(Object obj, String key) {
          return getAdditionalInstanceField(obj.getClass(), key);
      }
  
      /**
       * Like {@link #removeAdditionalInstanceField}, but the value is removed and returned for the class of {@code obj}.
       */
      public static Object removeAdditionalStaticField(Object obj, String key) {
          return removeAdditionalInstanceField(obj.getClass(), key);
      }
  
      /**
       * Like {@link #setAdditionalInstanceField}, but the value is stored for {@code clazz}.
       */
      public static Object setAdditionalStaticField(Class<?> clazz, String key, Object value) {
          return setAdditionalInstanceField(clazz, key, value);
      }
  
      /**
       * Like {@link #setAdditionalInstanceField}, but the value is returned for {@code clazz}.
       */
      public static Object getAdditionalStaticField(Class<?> clazz, String key) {
          return getAdditionalInstanceField(clazz, key);
      }
  
      /**
       * Like {@link #setAdditionalInstanceField}, but the value is removed and returned for {@code clazz}.
       */
      public static Object removeAdditionalStaticField(Class<?> clazz, String key) {
          return removeAdditionalInstanceField(clazz, key);
      }
  
      //#################################################################################################
  
      /**
       * Loads an asset from a resource object and returns the content as {@code byte} array.
       *
       * @param res  The resources from which the asset should be loaded.
       * @param path The path to the asset, as in {@link AssetManager#open}.
       * @return The content of the asset.
       */
      public static byte[] assetAsByteArray(Resources res, String path) throws IOException {
          return inputStreamToByteArray(res.getAssets().open(path));
      }
  
      /*package*/
      static byte[] inputStreamToByteArray(InputStream is) throws IOException {
          ByteArrayOutputStream buf = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
          byte[] temp = new byte[1024];
          int read;
  
          while ((read = is.read(temp)) > 0) {
              buf.write(temp, 0, read);
          }
          is.close();
          return buf.toByteArray();
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the lowercase hex string representation of a file's MD5 hash sum.
       */
      public static String getMD5Sum(String file) throws IOException {
          try {
              MessageDigest digest = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
              InputStream is = new FileInputStream(file);
              byte[] buffer = new byte[8192];
              int read;
              while ((read = is.read(buffer)) > 0) {
                  digest.update(buffer, 0, read);
              }
              is.close();
              byte[] md5sum = digest.digest();
              BigInteger bigInt = new BigInteger(1, md5sum);
              return bigInt.toString(16);
          } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
              return "";
          }
      }
  
      //#################################################################################################
  
      /**
       * Increments the depth counter for the given method.
       *
       * <p>The intention of the method depth counter is to keep track of the call depth for recursive
       * methods, e.g. to override parameters only for the outer call. The Xposed framework uses this
       * to load drawable replacements only once per call, even when multiple
       * {@link Resources#getDrawable} variants call each other.
       *
       * @param method The method name. Should be prefixed with a unique, module-specific string.
       * @return The updated depth.
       */
      public static int incrementMethodDepth(String method) {
          return getMethodDepthCounter(method).get().incrementAndGet();
      }
  
      /**
       * Decrements the depth counter for the given method.
       * See {@link #incrementMethodDepth} for details.
       *
       * @param method The method name. Should be prefixed with a unique, module-specific string.
       * @return The updated depth.
       */
      public static int decrementMethodDepth(String method) {
          return getMethodDepthCounter(method).get().decrementAndGet();
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the current depth counter for the given method.
       * See {@link #incrementMethodDepth} for details.
       *
       * @param method The method name. Should be prefixed with a unique, module-specific string.
       * @return The updated depth.
       */
      public static int getMethodDepth(String method) {
          return getMethodDepthCounter(method).get().get();
      }
  
      private static ThreadLocal<AtomicInteger> getMethodDepthCounter(String method) {
          synchronized (sMethodDepth) {
              ThreadLocal<AtomicInteger> counter = sMethodDepth.get(method);
              if (counter == null) {
                  counter = new ThreadLocal<AtomicInteger>() {
                      @Override
                      protected AtomicInteger initialValue() {
                          return new AtomicInteger();
                      }
                  };
                  sMethodDepth.put(method, counter);
              }
              return counter;
          }
      }
  
      //#################################################################################################
      // TODO helpers for view traversing
  	/*To make it easier, I will try and implement some more helpers:
  	- add view before/after existing view (I already mentioned that I think)
  	- get index of view in its parent
  	- get next/previous sibling (maybe with an optional argument "type", that might be ImageView.class and gives you the next sibling that is an ImageView)?
  	- get next/previous element (similar to the above, but would also work if the next element has a different parent, it would just go up the hierarchy and then down again until it finds a matching element)
  	- find the first child that is an instance of a specified class
  	- find all (direct or indirect) children of a specified class
  	*/
  
  }
  