content: package org.json;
  
  /*
  Public Domain.
   */
  
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.Writer;
  import java.lang.reflect.Array;
  import java.math.BigDecimal;
  import java.math.BigInteger;
  import java.util.ArrayList;
  import java.util.Collection;
  import java.util.Iterator;
  import java.util.List;
  import java.util.Map;
  
  
  /**
   * A JSONArray is an ordered sequence of values. Its external text form is a
   * string wrapped in square brackets with commas separating the values. The
   * internal form is an object having <code>get</code> and <code>opt</code>
   * methods for accessing the values by index, and <code>put</code> methods for
   * adding or replacing values. The values can be any of these types:
   * <code>Boolean</code>, <code>JSONArray</code>, <code>JSONObject</code>,
   * <code>Number</code>, <code>String</code>, or the
   * <code>JSONObject.NULL object</code>.
   * <p>
   * The constructor can convert a JSON text into a Java object. The
   * <code>toString</code> method converts to JSON text.
   * <p>
   * A <code>get</code> method returns a value if one can be found, and throws an
   * exception if one cannot be found. An <code>opt</code> method returns a
   * default value instead of throwing an exception, and so is useful for
   * obtaining optional values.
   * <p>
   * The generic <code>get()</code> and <code>opt()</code> methods return an
   * object which you can cast or query for type. There are also typed
   * <code>get</code> and <code>opt</code> methods that do type checking and type
   * coercion for you.
   * <p>
   * The texts produced by the <code>toString</code> methods strictly conform to
   * JSON syntax rules. The constructors are more forgiving in the texts they will
   * accept:
   * <ul>
   * <li>An extra <code>,</code>&nbsp;<small>(comma)</small> may appear just
   * before the closing bracket.</li>
   * <li>The <code>null</code> value will be inserted when there is <code>,</code>
   * &nbsp;<small>(comma)</small> elision.</li>
   * <li>Strings may be quoted with <code>'</code>&nbsp;<small>(single
   * quote)</small>.</li>
   * <li>Strings do not need to be quoted at all if they do not begin with a quote
   * or single quote, and if they do not contain leading or trailing spaces, and
   * if they do not contain any of these characters:
   * <code>{ } [ ] / \ : , #</code> and if they do not look like numbers and
   * if they are not the reserved words <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, or
   * <code>null</code>.</li>
   * </ul>
   *
   * @author JSON.org
   * @version 2016-08/15
   */
  public class JSONArray implements Iterable<Object> {
  
      /**
       * The arrayList where the JSONArray's properties are kept.
       */
      private final ArrayList<Object> myArrayList;
  
      /**
       * Construct an empty JSONArray.
       */
      public JSONArray() {
          this.myArrayList = new ArrayList<Object>();
      }
  
      /**
       * Construct a JSONArray from a JSONTokener.
       *
       * @param x
       *            A JSONTokener
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If there is a syntax error.
       */
      public JSONArray(JSONTokener x) throws JSONException {
          this(x, x.getJsonParserConfiguration());
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs a JSONArray from a JSONTokener and a JSONParserConfiguration.
       *
       * @param x                       A JSONTokener instance from which the JSONArray is constructed.
       * @param jsonParserConfiguration A JSONParserConfiguration instance that controls the behavior of the parser.
       * @throws JSONException If a syntax error occurs during the construction of the JSONArray.
       */
      public JSONArray(JSONTokener x, JSONParserConfiguration jsonParserConfiguration) throws JSONException {
          this();
  
          boolean isInitial = x.getPrevious() == 0;
          if (x.nextClean() != '[') {
              throw x.syntaxError("A JSONArray text must start with '['");
          }
  
          char nextChar = x.nextClean();
          if (nextChar == 0) {
              // array is unclosed. No ']' found, instead EOF
              throw x.syntaxError("Expected a ',' or ']'");
          }
          if (nextChar != ']') {
              x.back();
              for (;;) {
                  if (x.nextClean() == ',') {
                      x.back();
                      this.myArrayList.add(JSONObject.NULL);
                  } else {
                      x.back();
                      this.myArrayList.add(x.nextValue());
                  }
                  switch (x.nextClean()) {
                  case 0:
                      // array is unclosed. No ']' found, instead EOF
                      throw x.syntaxError("Expected a ',' or ']'");
                  case ',':
                      nextChar = x.nextClean();
                      if (nextChar == 0) {
                          // array is unclosed. No ']' found, instead EOF
                          throw x.syntaxError("Expected a ',' or ']'");
                      }
                      if (nextChar == ']') {
                          // trailing commas are not allowed in strict mode
                          if (jsonParserConfiguration.isStrictMode()) {
                              throw x.syntaxError("Strict mode error: Expected another array element");
                          }
                          return;
                      }
                      if (nextChar == ',') {
                          // consecutive commas are not allowed in strict mode
                          if (jsonParserConfiguration.isStrictMode()) {
                              throw x.syntaxError("Strict mode error: Expected a valid array element");
                          }
                          return;
                      }
                      x.back();
                      break;
                  case ']':
                      if (isInitial && jsonParserConfiguration.isStrictMode() &&
                              x.nextClean() != 0) {
                          throw x.syntaxError("Strict mode error: Unparsed characters found at end of input text");
                      }
                      return;
                  default:
                      throw x.syntaxError("Expected a ',' or ']'");
                  }
              }
          } else {
              if (isInitial && jsonParserConfiguration.isStrictMode() && x.nextClean() != 0) {
                  throw x.syntaxError("Strict mode error: Unparsed characters found at end of input text");
              }
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Construct a JSONArray from a source JSON text.
       *
       * @param source
       *            A string that begins with <code>[</code>&nbsp;<small>(left
       *            bracket)</small> and ends with <code>]</code>
       *            &nbsp;<small>(right bracket)</small>.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If there is a syntax error.
       */
      public JSONArray(String source) throws JSONException {
          this(source, new JSONParserConfiguration());
      }
  
      /**
       * Construct a JSONArray from a source JSON text.
       *
       * @param source
       *            A string that begins with <code>[</code>&nbsp;<small>(left
       *            bracket)</small> and ends with <code>]</code>
       *            &nbsp;<small>(right bracket)</small>.
       * @param jsonParserConfiguration the parser config object
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If there is a syntax error.
       */
      public JSONArray(String source, JSONParserConfiguration jsonParserConfiguration) throws JSONException {
          this(new JSONTokener(source, jsonParserConfiguration), jsonParserConfiguration);
      }
  
      /**
       * Construct a JSONArray from a Collection.
       *
       * @param collection
       *            A Collection.
       */
      public JSONArray(Collection<?> collection) {
        this(collection, 0, new JSONParserConfiguration());
      }
  
      /**
       * Construct a JSONArray from a Collection.
       *
       * @param collection
       *            A Collection.
       * @param jsonParserConfiguration
       *            Configuration object for the JSON parser
       */
      public JSONArray(Collection<?> collection, JSONParserConfiguration jsonParserConfiguration) {
          this(collection, 0, jsonParserConfiguration);
      }
  
      /**
       * Construct a JSONArray from a collection with recursion depth.
       *
       * @param collection
       *             A Collection.
       * @param recursionDepth
       *             Variable for tracking the count of nested object creations.
       * @param jsonParserConfiguration
       *             Configuration object for the JSON parser
       */
      JSONArray(Collection<?> collection, int recursionDepth, JSONParserConfiguration jsonParserConfiguration) {
          if (recursionDepth > jsonParserConfiguration.getMaxNestingDepth()) {
            throw new JSONException("JSONArray has reached recursion depth limit of " + jsonParserConfiguration.getMaxNestingDepth());
          }
          if (collection == null) {
              this.myArrayList = new ArrayList<Object>();
          } else {
              this.myArrayList = new ArrayList<Object>(collection.size());
              this.addAll(collection, true, recursionDepth, jsonParserConfiguration);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Construct a JSONArray from an Iterable. This is a shallow copy.
       *
       * @param iter
       *            A Iterable collection.
       */
      public JSONArray(Iterable<?> iter) {
          this();
          if (iter == null) {
              return;
          }
          this.addAll(iter, true);
      }
  
      /**
       * Construct a JSONArray from another JSONArray. This is a shallow copy.
       *
       * @param array
       *            A array.
       */
      public JSONArray(JSONArray array) {
          if (array == null) {
              this.myArrayList = new ArrayList<Object>();
          } else {
              // shallow copy directly the internal array lists as any wrapping
              // should have been done already in the original JSONArray
              this.myArrayList = new ArrayList<Object>(array.myArrayList);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Construct a JSONArray from an array.
       *
       * @param array
       *            Array. If the parameter passed is null, or not an array, an
       *            exception will be thrown.
       *
       * @throws JSONException
       *            If not an array or if an array value is non-finite number.
       * @throws NullPointerException
       *            Thrown if the array parameter is null.
       */
      public JSONArray(Object array) throws JSONException {
          this();
          if (!array.getClass().isArray()) {
              throw new JSONException(
                      "JSONArray initial value should be a string or collection or array.");
          }
          this.addAll(array, true, 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Construct a JSONArray with the specified initial capacity.
       *
       * @param initialCapacity
       *            the initial capacity of the JSONArray.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If the initial capacity is negative.
       */
      public JSONArray(int initialCapacity) throws JSONException {
      	if (initialCapacity < 0) {
              throw new JSONException(
                      "JSONArray initial capacity cannot be negative.");
      	}
      	this.myArrayList = new ArrayList<Object>(initialCapacity);
      }
  
      @Override
      public Iterator<Object> iterator() {
          return this.myArrayList.iterator();
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the object value associated with an index.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return An object value.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If there is no value for the index.
       */
      public Object get(int index) throws JSONException {
          Object object = this.opt(index);
          if (object == null) {
              throw new JSONException("JSONArray[" + index + "] not found.");
          }
          return object;
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the boolean value associated with an index. The string values "true"
       * and "false" are converted to boolean.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The truth.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If there is no value for the index or if the value is not
       *             convertible to boolean.
       */
      public boolean getBoolean(int index) throws JSONException {
          Object object = this.get(index);
          if (object.equals(Boolean.FALSE)
                  || (object instanceof String && ((String) object)
                          .equalsIgnoreCase("false"))) {
              return false;
          } else if (object.equals(Boolean.TRUE)
                  || (object instanceof String && ((String) object)
                          .equalsIgnoreCase("true"))) {
              return true;
          }
          throw wrongValueFormatException(index, "boolean", object, null);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the double value associated with an index.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The value.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If the key is not found or if the value cannot be converted
       *             to a number.
       */
      public double getDouble(int index) throws JSONException {
          final Object object = this.get(index);
          if(object instanceof Number) {
              return ((Number)object).doubleValue();
          }
          try {
              return Double.parseDouble(object.toString());
          } catch (Exception e) {
              throw wrongValueFormatException(index, "double", object, e);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the float value associated with a key.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The numeric value.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             if the key is not found or if the value is not a Number
       *             object and cannot be converted to a number.
       */
      public float getFloat(int index) throws JSONException {
          final Object object = this.get(index);
          if(object instanceof Number) {
              return ((Number)object).floatValue();
          }
          try {
              return Float.parseFloat(object.toString());
          } catch (Exception e) {
              throw wrongValueFormatException(index, "float", object, e);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the Number value associated with a key.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The numeric value.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             if the key is not found or if the value is not a Number
       *             object and cannot be converted to a number.
       */
      public Number getNumber(int index) throws JSONException {
          Object object = this.get(index);
          try {
              if (object instanceof Number) {
                  return (Number)object;
              }
              return JSONObject.stringToNumber(object.toString());
          } catch (Exception e) {
              throw wrongValueFormatException(index, "number", object, e);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the enum value associated with an index.
       * 
       * @param <E>
       *            Enum Type
       * @param clazz
       *            The type of enum to retrieve.
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The enum value at the index location
       * @throws JSONException
       *            if the key is not found or if the value cannot be converted
       *            to an enum.
       */
      public <E extends Enum<E>> E getEnum(Class<E> clazz, int index) throws JSONException {
          E val = optEnum(clazz, index);
          if(val==null) {
              // JSONException should really take a throwable argument.
              // If it did, I would re-implement this with the Enum.valueOf
              // method and place any thrown exception in the JSONException
              throw wrongValueFormatException(index, "enum of type "
                      + JSONObject.quote(clazz.getSimpleName()), opt(index), null);
          }
          return val;
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the BigDecimal value associated with an index. If the value is float
       * or double, the {@link BigDecimal#BigDecimal(double)} constructor
       * will be used. See notes on the constructor for conversion issues that
       * may arise.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The value.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If the key is not found or if the value cannot be converted
       *             to a BigDecimal.
       */
      public BigDecimal getBigDecimal (int index) throws JSONException {
          Object object = this.get(index);
          BigDecimal val = JSONObject.objectToBigDecimal(object, null);
          if(val == null) {
              throw wrongValueFormatException(index, "BigDecimal", object, null);
          }
          return val;
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the BigInteger value associated with an index.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The value.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If the key is not found or if the value cannot be converted
       *             to a BigInteger.
       */
      public BigInteger getBigInteger (int index) throws JSONException {
          Object object = this.get(index);
          BigInteger val = JSONObject.objectToBigInteger(object, null);
          if(val == null) {
              throw wrongValueFormatException(index, "BigInteger", object, null);
          }
          return val;
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the int value associated with an index.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The value.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If the key is not found or if the value is not a number.
       */
      public int getInt(int index) throws JSONException {
          final Object object = this.get(index);
          if(object instanceof Number) {
              return ((Number)object).intValue();
          }
          try {
              return Integer.parseInt(object.toString());
          } catch (Exception e) {
              throw wrongValueFormatException(index, "int", object, e);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the JSONArray associated with an index.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return A JSONArray value.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If there is no value for the index. or if the value is not a
       *             JSONArray
       */
      public JSONArray getJSONArray(int index) throws JSONException {
          Object object = this.get(index);
          if (object instanceof JSONArray) {
              return (JSONArray) object;
          }
          throw wrongValueFormatException(index, "JSONArray", object, null);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the JSONObject associated with an index.
       *
       * @param index
       *            subscript
       * @return A JSONObject value.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If there is no value for the index or if the value is not a
       *             JSONObject
       */
      public JSONObject getJSONObject(int index) throws JSONException {
          Object object = this.get(index);
          if (object instanceof JSONObject) {
              return (JSONObject) object;
          }
          throw wrongValueFormatException(index, "JSONObject", object, null);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the long value associated with an index.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The value.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If the key is not found or if the value cannot be converted
       *             to a number.
       */
      public long getLong(int index) throws JSONException {
          final Object object = this.get(index);
          if(object instanceof Number) {
              return ((Number)object).longValue();
          }
          try {
              return Long.parseLong(object.toString());
          } catch (Exception e) {
              throw wrongValueFormatException(index, "long", object, e);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the string associated with an index.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return A string value.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If there is no string value for the index.
       */
      public String getString(int index) throws JSONException {
          Object object = this.get(index);
          if (object instanceof String) {
              return (String) object;
          }
          throw wrongValueFormatException(index, "String", object, null);
      }
  
      /**
       * Determine if the value is <code>null</code>.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return true if the value at the index is <code>null</code>, or if there is no value.
       */
      public boolean isNull(int index) {
          return JSONObject.NULL.equals(this.opt(index));
      }
  
      /**
       * Make a string from the contents of this JSONArray. The
       * <code>separator</code> string is inserted between each element. Warning:
       * This method assumes that the data structure is acyclical.
       *
       * @param separator
       *            A string that will be inserted between the elements.
       * @return a string.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If the array contains an invalid number.
       */
      public String join(String separator) throws JSONException {
          int len = this.length();
          if (len == 0) {
              return "";
          }
          
          StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(
                     JSONObject.valueToString(this.myArrayList.get(0)));
  
          for (int i = 1; i < len; i++) {
              sb.append(separator)
                .append(JSONObject.valueToString(this.myArrayList.get(i)));
          }
          return sb.toString();
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the number of elements in the JSONArray, included nulls.
       *
       * @return The length (or size).
       */
      public int length() {
          return this.myArrayList.size();
      }
  
      /**
       * Removes all of the elements from this JSONArray.
       * The JSONArray will be empty after this call returns.
       */
      public void clear() {
          this.myArrayList.clear();
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional object value associated with an index.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1. If not, null is returned.
       * @return An object value, or null if there is no object at that index.
       */
      public Object opt(int index) {
          return (index < 0 || index >= this.length()) ? null : this.myArrayList
                  .get(index);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional boolean value associated with an index. It returns false
       * if there is no value at that index, or if the value is not Boolean.TRUE
       * or the String "true".
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The truth.
       */
      public boolean optBoolean(int index) {
          return this.optBoolean(index, false);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional boolean value associated with an index. It returns the
       * defaultValue if there is no value at that index or if it is not a Boolean
       * or the String "true" or "false" (case insensitive).
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @param defaultValue
       *            A boolean default.
       * @return The truth.
       */
      public boolean optBoolean(int index, boolean defaultValue) {
          try {
              return this.getBoolean(index);
          } catch (Exception e) {
              return defaultValue;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional Boolean object associated with an index. It returns false
       * if there is no value at that index, or if the value is not Boolean.TRUE
       * or the String "true".
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The truth.
       */
      public Boolean optBooleanObject(int index) {
          return this.optBooleanObject(index, false);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional Boolean object associated with an index. It returns the
       * defaultValue if there is no value at that index or if it is not a Boolean
       * or the String "true" or "false" (case insensitive).
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @param defaultValue
       *            A boolean default.
       * @return The truth.
       */
      public Boolean optBooleanObject(int index, Boolean defaultValue) {
          try {
              return this.getBoolean(index);
          } catch (Exception e) {
              return defaultValue;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional double value associated with an index. NaN is returned
       * if there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a number and
       * cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The value.
       */
      public double optDouble(int index) {
          return this.optDouble(index, Double.NaN);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional double value associated with an index. The defaultValue
       * is returned if there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a
       * number and cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            subscript
       * @param defaultValue
       *            The default value.
       * @return The value.
       */
      public double optDouble(int index, double defaultValue) {
          final Number val = this.optNumber(index, null);
          if (val == null) {
              return defaultValue;
          }
          final double doubleValue = val.doubleValue();
          // if (Double.isNaN(doubleValue) || Double.isInfinite(doubleValue)) {
          // return defaultValue;
          // }
          return doubleValue;
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional Double object associated with an index. NaN is returned
       * if there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a number and
       * cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The object.
       */
      public Double optDoubleObject(int index) {
          return this.optDoubleObject(index, Double.NaN);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional double value associated with an index. The defaultValue
       * is returned if there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a
       * number and cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            subscript
       * @param defaultValue
       *            The default object.
       * @return The object.
       */
      public Double optDoubleObject(int index, Double defaultValue) {
          final Number val = this.optNumber(index, null);
          if (val == null) {
              return defaultValue;
          }
          final Double doubleValue = val.doubleValue();
          // if (Double.isNaN(doubleValue) || Double.isInfinite(doubleValue)) {
          // return defaultValue;
          // }
          return doubleValue;
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional float value associated with an index. NaN is returned
       * if there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a number and
       * cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The value.
       */
      public float optFloat(int index) {
          return this.optFloat(index, Float.NaN);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional float value associated with an index. The defaultValue
       * is returned if there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a
       * number and cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            subscript
       * @param defaultValue
       *            The default value.
       * @return The value.
       */
      public float optFloat(int index, float defaultValue) {
          final Number val = this.optNumber(index, null);
          if (val == null) {
              return defaultValue;
          }
          final float floatValue = val.floatValue();
          // if (Float.isNaN(floatValue) || Float.isInfinite(floatValue)) {
          // return floatValue;
          // }
          return floatValue;
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional Float object associated with an index. NaN is returned
       * if there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a number and
       * cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The object.
       */
      public Float optFloatObject(int index) {
          return this.optFloatObject(index, Float.NaN);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional Float object associated with an index. The defaultValue
       * is returned if there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a
       * number and cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            subscript
       * @param defaultValue
       *            The default object.
       * @return The object.
       */
      public Float optFloatObject(int index, Float defaultValue) {
          final Number val = this.optNumber(index, null);
          if (val == null) {
              return defaultValue;
          }
          final Float floatValue = val.floatValue();
          // if (Float.isNaN(floatValue) || Float.isInfinite(floatValue)) {
          // return floatValue;
          // }
          return floatValue;
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional int value associated with an index. Zero is returned if
       * there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a number and
       * cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The value.
       */
      public int optInt(int index) {
          return this.optInt(index, 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional int value associated with an index. The defaultValue is
       * returned if there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a
       * number and cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @param defaultValue
       *            The default value.
       * @return The value.
       */
      public int optInt(int index, int defaultValue) {
          final Number val = this.optNumber(index, null);
          if (val == null) {
              return defaultValue;
          }
          return val.intValue();
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional Integer object associated with an index. Zero is returned if
       * there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a number and
       * cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The object.
       */
      public Integer optIntegerObject(int index) {
          return this.optIntegerObject(index, 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional Integer object associated with an index. The defaultValue is
       * returned if there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a
       * number and cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @param defaultValue
       *            The default object.
       * @return The object.
       */
      public Integer optIntegerObject(int index, Integer defaultValue) {
          final Number val = this.optNumber(index, null);
          if (val == null) {
              return defaultValue;
          }
          return val.intValue();
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the enum value associated with a key.
       * 
       * @param <E>
       *            Enum Type
       * @param clazz
       *            The type of enum to retrieve.
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The enum value at the index location or null if not found
       */
      public <E extends Enum<E>> E optEnum(Class<E> clazz, int index) {
          return this.optEnum(clazz, index, null);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the enum value associated with a key.
       * 
       * @param <E>
       *            Enum Type
       * @param clazz
       *            The type of enum to retrieve.
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @param defaultValue
       *            The default in case the value is not found
       * @return The enum value at the index location or defaultValue if
       *            the value is not found or cannot be assigned to clazz
       */
      public <E extends Enum<E>> E optEnum(Class<E> clazz, int index, E defaultValue) {
          try {
              Object val = this.opt(index);
              if (JSONObject.NULL.equals(val)) {
                  return defaultValue;
              }
              if (clazz.isAssignableFrom(val.getClass())) {
                  // we just checked it!
                  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                  E myE = (E) val;
                  return myE;
              }
              return Enum.valueOf(clazz, val.toString());
          } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              return defaultValue;
          } catch (NullPointerException e) {
              return defaultValue;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional BigInteger value associated with an index. The 
       * defaultValue is returned if there is no value for the index, or if the 
       * value is not a number and cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @param defaultValue
       *            The default value.
       * @return The value.
       */
      public BigInteger optBigInteger(int index, BigInteger defaultValue) {
          Object val = this.opt(index);
          return JSONObject.objectToBigInteger(val, defaultValue);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional BigDecimal value associated with an index. The 
       * defaultValue is returned if there is no value for the index, or if the 
       * value is not a number and cannot be converted to a number. If the value
       * is float or double, the {@link BigDecimal#BigDecimal(double)}
       * constructor will be used. See notes on the constructor for conversion
       * issues that may arise.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @param defaultValue
       *            The default value.
       * @return The value.
       */
      public BigDecimal optBigDecimal(int index, BigDecimal defaultValue) {
          Object val = this.opt(index);
          return JSONObject.objectToBigDecimal(val, defaultValue);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional JSONArray associated with an index. Null is returned if
       * there is no value at that index or if the value is not a JSONArray.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return A JSONArray value.
       */
      public JSONArray optJSONArray(int index) {
          return this.optJSONArray(index, null);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional JSONArray associated with an index. The defaultValue is returned if
       * there is no value at that index or if the value is not a JSONArray.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @param defaultValue
       *            The default.
       * @return A JSONArray value.
       */
      public JSONArray optJSONArray(int index, JSONArray defaultValue) {
          Object object = this.opt(index);
          return object instanceof JSONArray ? (JSONArray) object : defaultValue;
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional JSONObject associated with an index. Null is returned if
       * there is no value at that index or if the value is not a JSONObject.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return A JSONObject value.
       */
      public JSONObject optJSONObject(int index) {
          return this.optJSONObject(index, null);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional JSONObject associated with an index. The defaultValue is returned if
       * there is no value at that index or if the value is not a JSONObject.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @param defaultValue
       *            The default.
       * @return A JSONObject value.
       */
      public JSONObject optJSONObject(int index, JSONObject defaultValue) {
          Object object = this.opt(index);
          return object instanceof JSONObject ? (JSONObject) object : defaultValue;
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional long value associated with an index. Zero is returned if
       * there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a number and
       * cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The value.
       */
      public long optLong(int index) {
          return this.optLong(index, 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional long value associated with an index. The defaultValue is
       * returned if there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a
       * number and cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @param defaultValue
       *            The default value.
       * @return The value.
       */
      public long optLong(int index, long defaultValue) {
          final Number val = this.optNumber(index, null);
          if (val == null) {
              return defaultValue;
          }
          return val.longValue();
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional Long object associated with an index. Zero is returned if
       * there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a number and
       * cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return The object.
       */
      public Long optLongObject(int index) {
          return this.optLongObject(index, 0L);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional Long object associated with an index. The defaultValue is
       * returned if there is no value for the index, or if the value is not a
       * number and cannot be converted to a number.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @param defaultValue
       *            The default object.
       * @return The object.
       */
      public Long optLongObject(int index, Long defaultValue) {
          final Number val = this.optNumber(index, null);
          if (val == null) {
              return defaultValue;
          }
          return val.longValue();
      }
  
      /**
       * Get an optional {@link Number} value associated with a key, or <code>null</code>
       * if there is no such key or if the value is not a number. If the value is a string,
       * an attempt will be made to evaluate it as a number ({@link BigDecimal}). This method
       * would be used in cases where type coercion of the number value is unwanted.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return An object which is the value.
       */
      public Number optNumber(int index) {
          return this.optNumber(index, null);
      }
  
      /**
       * Get an optional {@link Number} value associated with a key, or the default if there
       * is no such key or if the value is not a number. If the value is a string,
       * an attempt will be made to evaluate it as a number ({@link BigDecimal}). This method
       * would be used in cases where type coercion of the number value is unwanted.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @param defaultValue
       *            The default.
       * @return An object which is the value.
       */
      public Number optNumber(int index, Number defaultValue) {
          Object val = this.opt(index);
          if (JSONObject.NULL.equals(val)) {
              return defaultValue;
          }
          if (val instanceof Number){
              return (Number) val;
          }
          
          if (val instanceof String) {
              try {
                  return JSONObject.stringToNumber((String) val);
              } catch (Exception e) {
                  return defaultValue;
              }
          }
          return defaultValue;
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional string value associated with an index. It returns an
       * empty string if there is no value at that index. If the value is not a
       * string and is not null, then it is converted to a string.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @return A String value.
       */
      public String optString(int index) {
          return this.optString(index, "");
      }
  
      /**
       * Get the optional string associated with an index. The defaultValue is
       * returned if the key is not found.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index must be between 0 and length() - 1.
       * @param defaultValue
       *            The default value.
       * @return A String value.
       */
      public String optString(int index, String defaultValue) {
          Object object = this.opt(index);
          return JSONObject.NULL.equals(object) ? defaultValue : object
                  .toString();
      }
  
      /**
       * Append a boolean value. This increases the array's length by one.
       *
       * @param value
       *            A boolean value.
       * @return this.
       */
      public JSONArray put(boolean value) {
          return this.put(value ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE);
      }
  
      /**
       * Put a value in the JSONArray, where the value will be a JSONArray which
       * is produced from a Collection.
       *
       * @param value
       *            A Collection value.
       * @return this.
       * @throws JSONException
       *            If the value is non-finite number.
       */
      public JSONArray put(Collection<?> value) {
          return this.put(new JSONArray(value));
      }
  
      /**
       * Append a double value. This increases the array's length by one.
       *
       * @param value
       *            A double value.
       * @return this.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             if the value is not finite.
       */
      public JSONArray put(double value) throws JSONException {
          return this.put(Double.valueOf(value));
      }
      
      /**
       * Append a float value. This increases the array's length by one.
       *
       * @param value
       *            A float value.
       * @return this.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             if the value is not finite.
       */
      public JSONArray put(float value) throws JSONException {
          return this.put(Float.valueOf(value));
      }
  
      /**
       * Append an int value. This increases the array's length by one.
       *
       * @param value
       *            An int value.
       * @return this.
       */
      public JSONArray put(int value) {
          return this.put(Integer.valueOf(value));
      }
  
      /**
       * Append an long value. This increases the array's length by one.
       *
       * @param value
       *            A long value.
       * @return this.
       */
      public JSONArray put(long value) {
          return this.put(Long.valueOf(value));
      }
  
      /**
       * Put a value in the JSONArray, where the value will be a JSONObject which
       * is produced from a Map.
       *
       * @param value
       *            A Map value.
       * @return this.
       * @throws JSONException
       *            If a value in the map is non-finite number.
       * @throws NullPointerException
       *            If a key in the map is <code>null</code>
       */
      public JSONArray put(Map<?, ?> value) {
          return this.put(new JSONObject(value));
      }
  
      /**
       * Append an object value. This increases the array's length by one.
       *
       * @param value
       *            An object value. The value should be a Boolean, Double,
       *            Integer, JSONArray, JSONObject, Long, or String, or the
       *            JSONObject.NULL object.
       * @return this.
       * @throws JSONException
       *            If the value is non-finite number.
       */
      public JSONArray put(Object value) {
          JSONObject.testValidity(value);
          this.myArrayList.add(value);
          return this;
      }
  
      /**
       * Put or replace a boolean value in the JSONArray. If the index is greater
       * than the length of the JSONArray, then null elements will be added as
       * necessary to pad it out.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The subscript.
       * @param value
       *            A boolean value.
       * @return this.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If the index is negative.
       */
      public JSONArray put(int index, boolean value) throws JSONException {
          return this.put(index, value ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE);
      }
  
      /**
       * Put a value in the JSONArray, where the value will be a JSONArray which
       * is produced from a Collection.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The subscript.
       * @param value
       *            A Collection value.
       * @return this.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If the index is negative or if the value is non-finite.
       */
      public JSONArray put(int index, Collection<?> value) throws JSONException {
          return this.put(index, new JSONArray(value));
      }
  
      /**
       * Put or replace a double value. If the index is greater than the length of
       * the JSONArray, then null elements will be added as necessary to pad it
       * out.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The subscript.
       * @param value
       *            A double value.
       * @return this.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If the index is negative or if the value is non-finite.
       */
      public JSONArray put(int index, double value) throws JSONException {
          return this.put(index, Double.valueOf(value));
      }
  
      /**
       * Put or replace a float value. If the index is greater than the length of
       * the JSONArray, then null elements will be added as necessary to pad it
       * out.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The subscript.
       * @param value
       *            A float value.
       * @return this.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If the index is negative or if the value is non-finite.
       */
      public JSONArray put(int index, float value) throws JSONException {
          return this.put(index, Float.valueOf(value));
      }
  
      /**
       * Put or replace an int value. If the index is greater than the length of
       * the JSONArray, then null elements will be added as necessary to pad it
       * out.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The subscript.
       * @param value
       *            An int value.
       * @return this.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If the index is negative.
       */
      public JSONArray put(int index, int value) throws JSONException {
          return this.put(index, Integer.valueOf(value));
      }
  
      /**
       * Put or replace a long value. If the index is greater than the length of
       * the JSONArray, then null elements will be added as necessary to pad it
       * out.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The subscript.
       * @param value
       *            A long value.
       * @return this.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If the index is negative.
       */
      public JSONArray put(int index, long value) throws JSONException {
          return this.put(index, Long.valueOf(value));
      }
  
      /**
       * Put a value in the JSONArray, where the value will be a JSONObject that
       * is produced from a Map.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The subscript.
       * @param value
       *            The Map value.
       * @return
       *             reference to self
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If the index is negative or if the value is an invalid
       *             number.
       * @throws NullPointerException
       *             If a key in the map is <code>null</code>
       */
      public JSONArray put(int index, Map<?, ?> value) throws JSONException {
          this.put(index, new JSONObject(value, new JSONParserConfiguration()));
          return this;
      }
  
      /**
       * Put a value in the JSONArray, where the value will be a JSONObject that
       * is produced from a Map.
       *
       * @param index
       *          The subscript
       * @param value
       *          The Map value.
       * @param jsonParserConfiguration
       *          Configuration object for the JSON parser
       * @return reference to self
       * @throws JSONException
       *          If the index is negative or if the value is an invalid
       *          number.
       */
      public JSONArray put(int index, Map<?, ?> value, JSONParserConfiguration jsonParserConfiguration) throws JSONException {
          this.put(index, new JSONObject(value, jsonParserConfiguration));
          return this;
      }
  
      /**
       * Put or replace an object value in the JSONArray. If the index is greater
       * than the length of the JSONArray, then null elements will be added as
       * necessary to pad it out.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The subscript.
       * @param value
       *            The value to put into the array. The value should be a
       *            Boolean, Double, Integer, JSONArray, JSONObject, Long, or
       *            String, or the JSONObject.NULL object.
       * @return this.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If the index is negative or if the value is an invalid
       *             number.
       */
      public JSONArray put(int index, Object value) throws JSONException {
          if (index < 0) {
              throw new JSONException("JSONArray[" + index + "] not found.");
          }
          if (index < this.length()) {
              JSONObject.testValidity(value);
              this.myArrayList.set(index, value);
              return this;
          }
          if(index == this.length()){
              // simple append
              return this.put(value);
          }
          // if we are inserting past the length, we want to grow the array all at once
          // instead of incrementally.
          this.myArrayList.ensureCapacity(index + 1);
          while (index != this.length()) {
              // we don't need to test validity of NULL objects
              this.myArrayList.add(JSONObject.NULL);
          }
          return this.put(value);
      }
  
      /**
       * Put a collection's elements in to the JSONArray.
       *
       * @param collection
       *            A Collection.
       * @return this. 
       */
      public JSONArray putAll(Collection<?> collection) {
          this.addAll(collection, false);
          return this;
      }
      
      /**
       * Put an Iterable's elements in to the JSONArray.
       *
       * @param iter
       *            An Iterable.
       * @return this. 
       */
      public JSONArray putAll(Iterable<?> iter) {
          this.addAll(iter, false);
          return this;
      }
  
      /**
       * Put a JSONArray's elements in to the JSONArray.
       *
       * @param array
       *            A JSONArray.
       * @return this. 
       */
      public JSONArray putAll(JSONArray array) {
          // directly copy the elements from the source array to this one
          // as all wrapping should have been done already in the source.
          this.myArrayList.addAll(array.myArrayList);
          return this;
      }
  
      /**
       * Put an array's elements in to the JSONArray.
       *
       * @param array
       *            Array. If the parameter passed is null, or not an array or Iterable, an
       *            exception will be thrown.
       * @return this. 
       *
       * @throws JSONException
       *            If not an array, JSONArray, Iterable or if an value is non-finite number.
       * @throws NullPointerException
       *            Thrown if the array parameter is null.
       */
      public JSONArray putAll(Object array) throws JSONException {
          this.addAll(array, false);
          return this;
      }
      
      /**
       * Creates a JSONPointer using an initialization string and tries to 
       * match it to an item within this JSONArray. For example, given a
       * JSONArray initialized with this document:
       * <pre>
       * [
       *     {"b":"c"}
       * ]
       * </pre>
       * and this JSONPointer string: 
       * <pre>
       * "/0/b"
       * </pre>
       * Then this method will return the String "c"
       * A JSONPointerException may be thrown from code called by this method.
       *
       * @param jsonPointer string that can be used to create a JSONPointer
       * @return the item matched by the JSONPointer, otherwise null
       */
      public Object query(String jsonPointer) {
          return query(new JSONPointer(jsonPointer));
      }
      
      /**
       * Uses a user initialized JSONPointer  and tries to 
       * match it to an item within this JSONArray. For example, given a
       * JSONArray initialized with this document:
       * <pre>
       * [
       *     {"b":"c"}
       * ]
       * </pre>
       * and this JSONPointer: 
       * <pre>
       * "/0/b"
       * </pre>
       * Then this method will return the String "c"
       * A JSONPointerException may be thrown from code called by this method.
       *
       * @param jsonPointer string that can be used to create a JSONPointer
       * @return the item matched by the JSONPointer, otherwise null
       */
      public Object query(JSONPointer jsonPointer) {
          return jsonPointer.queryFrom(this);
      }
      
      /**
       * Queries and returns a value from this object using {@code jsonPointer}, or
       * returns null if the query fails due to a missing key.
       * 
       * @param jsonPointer the string representation of the JSON pointer
       * @return the queried value or {@code null}
       * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code jsonPointer} has invalid syntax
       */
      public Object optQuery(String jsonPointer) {
      	return optQuery(new JSONPointer(jsonPointer));
      }
      
      /**
       * Queries and returns a value from this object using {@code jsonPointer}, or
       * returns null if the query fails due to a missing key.
       * 
       * @param jsonPointer The JSON pointer
       * @return the queried value or {@code null}
       * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code jsonPointer} has invalid syntax
       */
      public Object optQuery(JSONPointer jsonPointer) {
          try {
              return jsonPointer.queryFrom(this);
          } catch (JSONPointerException e) {
              return null;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Remove an index and close the hole.
       *
       * @param index
       *            The index of the element to be removed.
       * @return The value that was associated with the index, or null if there
       *         was no value.
       */
      public Object remove(int index) {
          return index >= 0 && index < this.length()
              ? this.myArrayList.remove(index)
              : null;
      }
  
      /**
       * Determine if two JSONArrays are similar.
       * They must contain similar sequences.
       *
       * @param other The other JSONArray
       * @return true if they are equal
       */
      public boolean similar(Object other) {
          if (!(other instanceof JSONArray)) {
              return false;
          }
          int len = this.length();
          if (len != ((JSONArray)other).length()) {
              return false;
          }
          for (int i = 0; i < len; i += 1) {
              Object valueThis = this.myArrayList.get(i);
              Object valueOther = ((JSONArray)other).myArrayList.get(i);
              if(valueThis == valueOther) {
              	continue;
              }
              if(valueThis == null) {
              	return false;
              }
              if (valueThis instanceof JSONObject) {
                  if (!((JSONObject)valueThis).similar(valueOther)) {
                      return false;
                  }
              } else if (valueThis instanceof JSONArray) {
                  if (!((JSONArray)valueThis).similar(valueOther)) {
                      return false;
                  }
              } else if (valueThis instanceof Number && valueOther instanceof Number) {
                  if (!JSONObject.isNumberSimilar((Number)valueThis, (Number)valueOther)) {
                  	return false;
                  }
              } else if (valueThis instanceof JSONString && valueOther instanceof JSONString) {
                  if (!((JSONString) valueThis).toJSONString().equals(((JSONString) valueOther).toJSONString())) {
                      return false;
                  }
              } else if (!valueThis.equals(valueOther)) {
                  return false;
              }
          }
          return true;
      }
  
      /**
       * Produce a JSONObject by combining a JSONArray of names with the values of
       * this JSONArray.
       *
       * @param names
       *            A JSONArray containing a list of key strings. These will be
       *            paired with the values.
       * @return A JSONObject, or null if there are no names or if this JSONArray
       *         has no values.
       * @throws JSONException
       *             If any of the names are null.
       */
      public JSONObject toJSONObject(JSONArray names) throws JSONException {
          if (names == null || names.isEmpty() || this.isEmpty()) {
              return null;
          }
          JSONObject jo = new JSONObject(names.length());
          for (int i = 0; i < names.length(); i += 1) {
              jo.put(names.getString(i), this.opt(i));
          }
          return jo;
      }
  
      /**
       * Make a JSON text of this JSONArray. For compactness, no unnecessary
       * whitespace is added. If it is not possible to produce a syntactically
       * correct JSON text then null will be returned instead. This could occur if
       * the array contains an invalid number.
       * <p><b>
       * Warning: This method assumes that the data structure is acyclical.
       * </b>
       *
       * @return a printable, displayable, transmittable representation of the
       *         array.
       */
      @Override
      public String toString() {
          try {
              return this.toString(0);
          } catch (Exception e) {
              return null;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Make a pretty-printed JSON text of this JSONArray.
       * 
       * <p>If <pre> {@code indentFactor > 0}</pre> and the {@link JSONArray} has only
       * one element, then the array will be output on a single line:
       * <pre>{@code [1]}</pre>
       * 
       * <p>If an array has 2 or more elements, then it will be output across
       * multiple lines: <pre>{@code
       * [
       * 1,
       * "value 2",
       * 3
       * ]
       * }</pre>
       * <p><b>
       * Warning: This method assumes that the data structure is acyclical.
       * </b>
       * 
       * @param indentFactor
       *            The number of spaces to add to each level of indentation.
       * @return a printable, displayable, transmittable representation of the
       *         object, beginning with <code>[</code>&nbsp;<small>(left
       *         bracket)</small> and ending with <code>]</code>
       *         &nbsp;<small>(right bracket)</small>.
       * @throws JSONException if a called function fails
       */
      @SuppressWarnings("resource")
      public String toString(int indentFactor) throws JSONException {
          // each value requires a comma, so multiply the count by 2
          // We don't want to oversize the initial capacity
          int initialSize = myArrayList.size() * 2;
          Writer sw = new StringBuilderWriter(Math.max(initialSize, 16));
          return this.write(sw, indentFactor, 0).toString();
      }
  
      /**
       * Write the contents of the JSONArray as JSON text to a writer. For
       * compactness, no whitespace is added.
       * <p><b>
       * Warning: This method assumes that the data structure is acyclical.
       *</b>
       * @param writer the writer object
       * @return The writer.
       * @throws JSONException if a called function fails
       */
      public Writer write(Writer writer) throws JSONException {
          return this.write(writer, 0, 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Write the contents of the JSONArray as JSON text to a writer.
       * 
       * <p>If <pre>{@code indentFactor > 0}</pre> and the {@link JSONArray} has only
       * one element, then the array will be output on a single line:
       * <pre>{@code [1]}</pre>
       * 
       * <p>If an array has 2 or more elements, then it will be output across
       * multiple lines: <pre>{@code
       * [
       * 1,
       * "value 2",
       * 3
       * ]
       * }</pre>
       * <p><b>
       * Warning: This method assumes that the data structure is acyclical.
       * </b>
       *
       * @param writer
       *            Writes the serialized JSON
       * @param indentFactor
       *            The number of spaces to add to each level of indentation.
       * @param indent
       *            The indentation of the top level.
       * @return The writer.
       * @throws JSONException if a called function fails or unable to write
       */
      @SuppressWarnings("resource")
      public Writer write(Writer writer, int indentFactor, int indent)
              throws JSONException {
          try {
              boolean needsComma = false;
              int length = this.length();
              writer.write('[');
  
              if (length == 1) {
                  try {
                      JSONObject.writeValue(writer, this.myArrayList.get(0),
                              indentFactor, indent);
                  } catch (Exception e) {
                      throw new JSONException("Unable to write JSONArray value at index: 0", e);
                  }
              } else if (length != 0) {
                  final int newIndent = indent + indentFactor;
  
                  for (int i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
                      if (needsComma) {
                          writer.write(',');
                      }
                      if (indentFactor > 0) {
                          writer.write('\n');
                      }
                      JSONObject.indent(writer, newIndent);
                      try {
                          JSONObject.writeValue(writer, this.myArrayList.get(i),
                                  indentFactor, newIndent);
                      } catch (Exception e) {
                          throw new JSONException("Unable to write JSONArray value at index: " + i, e);
                      }
                      needsComma = true;
                  }
                  if (indentFactor > 0) {
                      writer.write('\n');
                  }
                  JSONObject.indent(writer, indent);
              }
              writer.write(']');
              return writer;
          } catch (IOException e) {
              throw new JSONException(e);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a java.util.List containing all of the elements in this array.
       * If an element in the array is a JSONArray or JSONObject it will also
       * be converted to a List and a Map respectively.
       * <p>
       * Warning: This method assumes that the data structure is acyclical.
       *
       * @return a java.util.List containing the elements of this array
       */
      public List<Object> toList() {
          List<Object> results = new ArrayList<Object>(this.myArrayList.size());
          for (Object element : this.myArrayList) {
              if (element == null || JSONObject.NULL.equals(element)) {
                  results.add(null);
              } else if (element instanceof JSONArray) {
                  results.add(((JSONArray) element).toList());
              } else if (element instanceof JSONObject) {
                  results.add(((JSONObject) element).toMap());
              } else {
                  results.add(element);
              }
          }
          return results;
      }
  
      /**
       * Check if JSONArray is empty.
       *
       * @return true if JSONArray is empty, otherwise false.
       */
      public boolean isEmpty() {
          return this.myArrayList.isEmpty();
      }
  
      /**
       * Add a collection's elements to the JSONArray.
       *
       * @param collection
       *            A Collection.
       * @param wrap
       *            {@code true} to call {@link JSONObject#wrap(Object)} for each item,
       *            {@code false} to add the items directly
       * @param recursionDepth
       *            Variable for tracking the count of nested object creations.
       */
      private void addAll(Collection<?> collection, boolean wrap, int recursionDepth, JSONParserConfiguration jsonParserConfiguration) {
          this.myArrayList.ensureCapacity(this.myArrayList.size() + collection.size());
          if (wrap) {
              for (Object o: collection){
                  this.put(JSONObject.wrap(o, recursionDepth + 1, jsonParserConfiguration));
              }
          } else {
              for (Object o: collection){
                  this.put(o);
              }
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Add an Iterable's elements to the JSONArray.
       *
       * @param iter
       *            An Iterable.
       * @param wrap
       *            {@code true} to call {@link JSONObject#wrap(Object)} for each item,
       *            {@code false} to add the items directly
       */
      private void addAll(Iterable<?> iter, boolean wrap) {
          if (wrap) {
              for (Object o: iter){
                  this.put(JSONObject.wrap(o));
              }
          } else {
              for (Object o: iter){
                  this.put(o);
              }
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Add an array's elements to the JSONArray.
       *
       * @param array
       *          Array. If the parameter passed is null, or not an array,
       *          JSONArray, Collection, or Iterable, an exception will be
       *          thrown.
       * @param wrap
       *          {@code true} to call {@link JSONObject#wrap(Object)} for each item,
       *          {@code false} to add the items directly
       * @throws JSONException
       *          If not an array or if an array value is non-finite number.
       */
      private void addAll(Object array, boolean wrap) throws JSONException {
        this.addAll(array, wrap, 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Add an array's elements to the JSONArray.
       *
       * @param array
       *            Array. If the parameter passed is null, or not an array,
       *            JSONArray, Collection, or Iterable, an exception will be
       *            thrown.
       * @param wrap
       *          {@code true} to call {@link JSONObject#wrap(Object)} for each item,
       *          {@code false} to add the items directly
       * @param recursionDepth
       *          Variable for tracking the count of nested object creations.
       */
      private void addAll(Object array, boolean wrap, int recursionDepth) {
          addAll(array, wrap, recursionDepth, new JSONParserConfiguration());
      }
      /**
       * Add an array's elements to the JSONArray.
       *`
       * @param array
       *            Array. If the parameter passed is null, or not an array,
       *            JSONArray, Collection, or Iterable, an exception will be
       *            thrown.
       * @param wrap
       *            {@code true} to call {@link JSONObject#wrap(Object)} for each item,
       *            {@code false} to add the items directly
       * @param recursionDepth
       *            Variable for tracking the count of nested object creations.
       * @param jsonParserConfiguration
       *            Variable to pass parser custom configuration for json parsing.
       * @throws JSONException
       *            If not an array or if an array value is non-finite number.
       * @throws NullPointerException
       *            Thrown if the array parameter is null.
       */
      private void addAll(Object array, boolean wrap, int recursionDepth, JSONParserConfiguration jsonParserConfiguration) throws JSONException {
          if (array.getClass().isArray()) {
              int length = Array.getLength(array);
              this.myArrayList.ensureCapacity(this.myArrayList.size() + length);
              if (wrap) {
                  for (int i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
                      this.put(JSONObject.wrap(Array.get(array, i), recursionDepth + 1, jsonParserConfiguration));
                  }
              } else {
                  for (int i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
                      this.put(Array.get(array, i));
                  }
              }
          } else if (array instanceof JSONArray) {
              // use the built in array list `addAll` as all object
              // wrapping should have been completed in the original
              // JSONArray
              this.myArrayList.addAll(((JSONArray)array).myArrayList);
          } else if (array instanceof Collection) {
              this.addAll((Collection<?>)array, wrap, recursionDepth, jsonParserConfiguration);
          } else if (array instanceof Iterable) {
              this.addAll((Iterable<?>)array, wrap);
          } else {
              throw new JSONException(
                      "JSONArray initial value should be a string or collection or array.");
          }
      }
      
      /**
       * Create a new JSONException in a common format for incorrect conversions.
       * @param idx index of the item
       * @param valueType the type of value being coerced to
       * @param cause optional cause of the coercion failure
       * @return JSONException that can be thrown.
       */
      private static JSONException wrongValueFormatException(
              int idx,
              String valueType,
              Object value,
              Throwable cause) {
          if(value == null) {
              return new JSONException(
                      "JSONArray[" + idx + "] is not a " + valueType + " (null)."
                      , cause);
          }
          // don't try to toString collections or known object types that could be large.
          if(value instanceof Map || value instanceof Iterable || value instanceof JSONObject) {
              return new JSONException(
                      "JSONArray[" + idx + "] is not a " + valueType + " (" + value.getClass() + ")."
                      , cause);
          }
          return new JSONException(
                  "JSONArray[" + idx + "] is not a " + valueType + " (" + value.getClass() + " : " + value + ")."
                  , cause);
      }
  
  }
  