content: /*************************************************************************
   *  Compilation:  javac StdIn.java
   *  Execution:    java StdIn
   *
   *  Reads in data of various types from standard input.
   *
   *************************************************************************/
  
  import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
  import java.util.Locale;
  import java.util.Scanner;
  
  /**
   *  <i>Standard input</i>. This class provides methods for reading strings
   *  and numbers from standard input.
   *  <p>
   *  The Locale used is: language = English, country = US. This is consistent
   *  with the formatting conventions with Java floating-point literals,
   *  command-line arguments (via <tt>Double.parseDouble()</tt>)
   *  and standard output (via <tt>System.out.print()</tt>). It ensures that
   *  standard input works with the input files used in the textbook.
   *  <p>
   *  For additional documentation, see <a href="http://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/15inout">Section 1.5</a> of
   *  <i>Introduction to Programming in Java: An Interdisciplinary Approach</i> by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
   */
  public final class StdIn {
  
      // assume Unicode UTF-8 encoding
      private static String charsetName = "UTF-8";
  
      // assume language = English, country = US for consistency with System.out.
      private static Locale usLocale = new Locale("en", "US");
  
      // the scanner object
      private static Scanner scanner = new Scanner(new BufferedInputStream(System.in), charsetName);
  
      // static initializer
      static { scanner.useLocale(usLocale); }
  
      // singleton pattern - can't instantiate
      private StdIn() { }
  
  
      /**
       * Is there only whitespace left on standard input?
       */
      public static boolean isEmpty() {
          return !scanner.hasNext();
      }
  
      /**
       * Return next string from standard input
       */
      public static String readString() {
          return scanner.next();
      }
  
      /**
       * Return next int from standard input
       */
      public static int readInt() {
          return scanner.nextInt();
      }
  
      /**
       * Return next double from standard input
       */
      public static double readDouble() {
          return scanner.nextDouble();
      }
  
      /**
       * Return next float from standard input
       */
      public static float readFloat() {
          return scanner.nextFloat();
      }
  
      /**
       * Return next short from standard input
       */
      public static short readShort() {
          return scanner.nextShort();
      }
  
      /**
       * Return next long from standard input
       */
      public static long readLong() {
          return scanner.nextLong();
      }
  
      /**
       * Return next byte from standard input
       */
      public static byte readByte() {
          return scanner.nextByte();
      }
  
      /**
       * Return next boolean from standard input, allowing "true" or "1" for true,
       * and "false" or "0" for false
       */
      public static boolean readBoolean() {
          String s = readString();
          if (s.equalsIgnoreCase("true"))  return true;
          if (s.equalsIgnoreCase("false")) return false;
          if (s.equals("1"))               return true;
          if (s.equals("0"))               return false;
          throw new java.util.InputMismatchException();
      }
  
      /**
       * Does standard input have a next line?
       */
      public static boolean hasNextLine() {
          return scanner.hasNextLine();
      }
  
      /**
       * Return rest of line from standard input
       */
      public static String readLine() {
          return scanner.nextLine();
      }
  
      /**
       * Return next char from standard input
       */
      // a complete hack and inefficient - email me if you have a better
      public static char readChar() {
          // (?s) for DOTALL mode so . matches a line termination character
          // 1 says look only one character ahead
          // consider precompiling the pattern
          String s = scanner.findWithinHorizon("(?s).", 1);
          return s.charAt(0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Return rest of input from standard input
       */
      public static String readAll() {
          if (!scanner.hasNextLine()) return null;
  
          // reference: http://weblogs.java.net/blog/pat/archive/2004/10/stupid_scanner_1.html
          return scanner.useDelimiter("\\A").next();
      }
  
     /**
       * Read rest of input as array of ints
       */
      public static int[] readInts() {
          String[] fields = readAll().trim().split("\\s+");
          int[] vals = new int[fields.length];
          for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)
              vals[i] = Integer.parseInt(fields[i]);
          return vals;
      }
  
     /**
       * Read rest of input as array of doubles
       */
      public static double[] readDoubles() {
          String[] fields = readAll().trim().split("\\s+");
          double[] vals = new double[fields.length];
          for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)
              vals[i] = Double.parseDouble(fields[i]);
          return vals;
      }
  
     /**
       * Read rest of input as array of strings
       */
      public static String[] readStrings() {
          String[] fields = readAll().trim().split("\\s+");
          return fields;
      }
  
  
  
      /**
       * Unit test
       */
      public static void main(String[] args) {
  
          System.out.println("Type a string: ");
          String s = StdIn.readString();
          System.out.println("Your string was: " + s);
          System.out.println();
  
          System.out.println("Type an int: ");
          int a = StdIn.readInt();
          System.out.println("Your int was: " + a);
          System.out.println();
  
          System.out.println("Type a boolean: ");
          boolean b = StdIn.readBoolean();
          System.out.println("Your boolean was: " + b);
          System.out.println();
  
          System.out.println("Type a double: ");
          double c = StdIn.readDouble();
          System.out.println("Your double was: " + c);
          System.out.println();
  
      }
  
  }
  