content: /*************************************************************************
   *  Compilation:  javac BinaryStdOut.java
   *  Execution:    java BinaryStdOut
   *
   *  Write binary data to standard output, either one 1-bit boolean,
   *  one 8-bit char, one 32-bit int, one 64-bit double, one 32-bit float,
   *  or one 64-bit long at a time.
   *
   *  The bytes written are not aligned.
   *
   *************************************************************************/
  
  import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
  import java.io.IOException;
  
  /**
   *  <i>Binary standard output</i>. This class provides methods for converting
   *  primtive type variables (<tt>boolean</tt>, <tt>byte</tt>, <tt>char</tt>,
   *  <tt>int</tt>, <tt>long</tt>, <tt>float</tt>, and <tt>double</tt>)
   *  to sequences of bits and writing them to standard output.
   *  Uses big-endian (most-significant byte first).
   *  <p>
   *  The client must <tt>flush()</tt> the output stream when finished writing bits.
   *  <p>
   *  The client should not intermixing calls to <tt>BinaryStdOut</tt> with calls
   *  to <tt>StdOut</tt> or <tt>System.out</tt>; otherwise unexpected behavior 
   *  will result.
   */
  public final class BinaryStdOut {
      private static BufferedOutputStream out = new BufferedOutputStream(System.out);
  
      private static int buffer;     // 8-bit buffer of bits to write out
      private static int N;          // number of bits remaining in buffer
  
      // singleton pattern - can't instantiate
      private BinaryStdOut() { }
  
     /**
       * Write the specified bit to standard output.
       */
      private static void writeBit(boolean bit) {
          // add bit to buffer
          buffer <<= 1;
          if (bit) buffer |= 1;
  
          // if buffer is full (8 bits), write out as a single byte
          N++;
          if (N == 8) clearBuffer();
      } 
  
     /**
       * Write the 8-bit byte to standard output.
       */
      private static void writeByte(int x) {
          assert x >= 0 && x < 256;
  
          // optimized if byte-aligned
          if (N == 0) {
              try { out.write(x); }
              catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
              return;
          }
  
          // otherwise write one bit at a time
          for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
              boolean bit = ((x >>> (8 - i - 1)) & 1) == 1;
              writeBit(bit);
          }
      }
  
      // write out any remaining bits in buffer to standard output, padding with 0s
      private static void clearBuffer() {
          if (N == 0) return;
          if (N > 0) buffer <<= (8 - N);
          try { out.write(buffer); }
          catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
          N = 0;
          buffer = 0;
      }
  
     /**
       * Flush standard output, padding 0s if number of bits written so far
       * is not a multiple of 8.
       */
      public static void flush() {
          clearBuffer();
          try { out.flush(); }
          catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
      }
  
     /**
       * Flush and close standard output. Once standard output is closed, you can no
       * longer write bits to it.
       */
      public static void close() {
          flush();
          try { out.close(); }
          catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
      }
  
  
     /**
       * Write the specified bit to standard output.
       * @param x the <tt>boolean</tt> to write.
       */
      public static void write(boolean x) {
          writeBit(x);
      } 
  
     /**
       * Write the 8-bit byte to standard output.
       * @param x the <tt>byte</tt> to write.
       */
      public static void write(byte x) {
          writeByte(x & 0xff);
      }
  
     /**
       * Write the 32-bit int to standard output.
       * @param x the <tt>int</tt> to write.
       */
      public static void write(int x) {
          writeByte((x >>> 24) & 0xff);
          writeByte((x >>> 16) & 0xff);
          writeByte((x >>>  8) & 0xff);
          writeByte((x >>>  0) & 0xff);
      }
  
     /**
       * Write the r-bit int to standard output.
       * @param x the <tt>int</tt> to write.
       * @param r the number of relevant bits in the char.
       * @throws RuntimeException if <tt>r</tt> is not between 1 and 32.
       * @throws RuntimeException if <tt>x</tt> is not between 0 and 2<sup>r</sup> - 1.
       */
      public static void write(int x, int r) {
          if (r == 32) write(x);
          if (r < 1 || r > 32)        throw new RuntimeException("Illegal value for r = " + r);
          if (x < 0 || x >= (1 << r)) throw new RuntimeException("Illegal " + r + "-bit char = " + x);
          for (int i = 0; i < r; i++) {
              boolean bit = ((x >>> (r - i - 1)) & 1) == 1;
              writeBit(bit);
          }
      }
  
  
  
  
  
     /**
       * Write the 64-bit double to standard output.
       * @param x the <tt>double</tt> to write.
       */
      public static void write(double x) {
          write(Double.doubleToRawLongBits(x));
      }
  
     /**
       * Write the 64-bit long to standard output.
       * @param x the <tt>long</tt> to write.
       */
      public static void write(long x) {
          writeByte((int) ((x >>> 56) & 0xff));
          writeByte((int) ((x >>> 48) & 0xff));
          writeByte((int) ((x >>> 40) & 0xff));
          writeByte((int) ((x >>> 32) & 0xff));
          writeByte((int) ((x >>> 24) & 0xff));
          writeByte((int) ((x >>> 16) & 0xff));
          writeByte((int) ((x >>>  8) & 0xff));
          writeByte((int) ((x >>>  0) & 0xff));
      }
  
     /**
       * Write the 32-bit float to standard output.
       * @param x the <tt>float</tt> to write.
       */
      public static void write(float x) {
          write(Float.floatToRawIntBits(x));
      }
  
     /**
       * Write the 16-bit int to standard output.
       * @param x the <tt>short</tt> to write.
       */
      public static void write(short x) {
          writeByte((x >>>  8) & 0xff);
          writeByte((x >>>  0) & 0xff);
      }
  
     /**
       * Write the 8-bit char to standard output.
       * @param x the <tt>char</tt> to write.
       * @throws RuntimeException if <tt>x</tt> is not betwen 0 and 255.
       */
      public static void write(char x) {
          if (x < 0 || x >= 256) throw new RuntimeException("Illegal 8-bit char = " + x);
          writeByte(x);
      }
  
     /**
       * Write the r-bit char to standard output.
       * @param x the <tt>char</tt> to write.
       * @param r the number of relevant bits in the char.
       * @throws RuntimeException if <tt>r</tt> is not between 1 and 16.
       * @throws RuntimeException if <tt>x</tt> is not between 0 and 2<sup>r</sup> - 1.
       */
      public static void write(char x, int r) {
          if (r == 8) write(x);
          if (r < 1 || r > 16)        throw new RuntimeException("Illegal value for r = " + r);
          if (x < 0 || x >= (1 << r)) throw new RuntimeException("Illegal " + r + "-bit char = " + x);
          for (int i = 0; i < r; i++) {
              boolean bit = ((x >>> (r - i - 1)) & 1) == 1;
              writeBit(bit);
          }
      }
  
     /**
       * Write the string of 8-bit characters to standard output.
       * @param s the <tt>String</tt> to write.
       * @throws RuntimeException if any character in the string is not
       * between 0 and 255.
       */
      public static void write(String s) {
          for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++)
              write(s.charAt(i));
      }
  
     /**
       * Write the String of r-bit characters to standard output.
       * @param s the <tt>String</tt> to write.
       * @param r the number of relevants bits in each character.
       * @throws RuntimeException if r is not between 1 and 16.
       * @throws RuntimeException if any character in the string is not
       * between 0 and 2<sup>r</sup> - 1.
       */
      public static void write(String s, int r) {
          for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++)
              write(s.charAt(i), r);
      }
  
     /**
       * Test client.
       */
      public static void main(String[] args) {
          int T = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
          // write to standard output
          for (int i = 0; i < T; i++) {
              BinaryStdOut.write(i);
          }
          BinaryStdOut.flush();
      }
  
  }
  