content: /* Copyright (C) 2016-2018 Alibaba Group Holding Limited
  
  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  You may obtain a copy of the License at
  
      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  
  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  limitations under the License.
  ==============================================================================*/
  
  /*
   * Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
   * Copyright 2014 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
   * https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
   *
   * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
   * met:
   *
   *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
   * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
   *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
   * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
   * in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
   * distribution.
   *     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
   * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
   * this software without specific prior written permission.
   *
   * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
   * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
   * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
   * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
   * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
   * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
   * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
   * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
   * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
   * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
   * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
   */
  
  package com.google.protobuf.jruby;
  
  import com.google.protobuf.*;
  import org.jruby.*;
  import org.jruby.anno.JRubyMethod;
  import org.jruby.runtime.Block;
  import org.jruby.runtime.Helpers;
  import org.jruby.runtime.ThreadContext;
  import org.jruby.runtime.builtin.IRubyObject;
  import org.jruby.util.ByteList;
  
  import java.security.MessageDigest;
  import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
  import java.util.HashMap;
  import java.util.Map;
  
  public class RubyMessage extends RubyObject {
      public RubyMessage(Ruby ruby, RubyClass klazz, Descriptors.Descriptor descriptor) {
          super(ruby, klazz);
          this.descriptor = descriptor;
      }
  
      /*
       * call-seq:
       *     Message.new(kwargs) => new_message
       *
       * Creates a new instance of the given message class. Keyword arguments may be
       * provided with keywords corresponding to field names.
       *
       * Note that no literal Message class exists. Only concrete classes per message
       * type exist, as provided by the #msgclass method on Descriptors after they
       * have been added to a pool. The method definitions described here on the
       * Message class are provided on each concrete message class.
       */
      @JRubyMethod(optional = 1)
      public IRubyObject initialize(final ThreadContext context, IRubyObject[] args) {
          final Ruby runtime = context.runtime;
          this.cRepeatedField = (RubyClass) runtime.getClassFromPath("Google::Protobuf::RepeatedField");
          this.cMap = (RubyClass) runtime.getClassFromPath("Google::Protobuf::Map");
          this.builder = DynamicMessage.newBuilder(this.descriptor);
          this.repeatedFields = new HashMap<Descriptors.FieldDescriptor, RubyRepeatedField>();
          this.maps = new HashMap<Descriptors.FieldDescriptor, RubyMap>();
          this.fields = new HashMap<Descriptors.FieldDescriptor, IRubyObject>();
          this.oneofCases = new HashMap<Descriptors.OneofDescriptor, Descriptors.FieldDescriptor>();
          if (args.length == 1) {
              if (!(args[0] instanceof RubyHash)) {
                  throw runtime.newArgumentError("expected Hash arguments.");
              }
              RubyHash hash = args[0].convertToHash();
              hash.visitAll(new RubyHash.Visitor() {
                  @Override
                  public void visit(IRubyObject key, IRubyObject value) {
                      if (!(key instanceof RubySymbol) && !(key instanceof RubyString))
                          throw runtime.newTypeError("Expected string or symbols as hash keys in initialization map.");
                      final Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor = findField(context, key);
  
                      if (Utils.isMapEntry(fieldDescriptor)) {
                          if (!(value instanceof RubyHash))
                              throw runtime.newArgumentError("Expected Hash object as initializer value for map field '" +  key.asJavaString() + "'.");
  
                          final RubyMap map = newMapForField(context, fieldDescriptor);
                          map.mergeIntoSelf(context, value);
                          maps.put(fieldDescriptor, map);
                      } else if (fieldDescriptor.isRepeated()) {
                          if (!(value instanceof RubyArray))
                              throw runtime.newArgumentError("Expected array as initializer value for repeated field '" +  key.asJavaString() + "'.");
                          RubyRepeatedField repeatedField = rubyToRepeatedField(context, fieldDescriptor, value);
                          addRepeatedField(fieldDescriptor, repeatedField);
                      } else {
                          Descriptors.OneofDescriptor oneof = fieldDescriptor.getContainingOneof();
                          if (oneof != null) {
                              oneofCases.put(oneof, fieldDescriptor);
                          }
  
                          if (value instanceof RubyHash && fieldDescriptor.getType() == Descriptors.FieldDescriptor.Type.MESSAGE) {
                              RubyDescriptor descriptor = (RubyDescriptor) getDescriptorForField(context, fieldDescriptor);
                              RubyClass typeClass = (RubyClass) descriptor.msgclass(context);
                              value = (IRubyObject) typeClass.newInstance(context, value, Block.NULL_BLOCK);
                          }
  
                          fields.put(fieldDescriptor, value);
                      }
                  }
              });
          }
          return this;
      }
  
      /*
       * call-seq:
       *     Message.[]=(index, value)
       *
       * Sets a field's value by field name. The provided field name should be a
       * string.
       */
      @JRubyMethod(name = "[]=")
      public IRubyObject indexSet(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject fieldName, IRubyObject value) {
          Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor = findField(context, fieldName);
          return setField(context, fieldDescriptor, value);
      }
  
      /*
       * call-seq:
       *     Message.[](index) => value
       *
       * Accesses a field's value by field name. The provided field name should be a
       * string.
       */
      @JRubyMethod(name = "[]")
      public IRubyObject index(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject fieldName) {
          Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor = findField(context, fieldName);
          return getField(context, fieldDescriptor);
      }
  
      /*
       * call-seq:
       *     Message.inspect => string
       *
       * Returns a human-readable string representing this message. It will be
       * formatted as "<MessageType: field1: value1, field2: value2, ...>". Each
       * field's value is represented according to its own #inspect method.
       */
      @JRubyMethod
      public IRubyObject inspect() {
          String cname = metaClass.getName();
          StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("<");
          sb.append(cname);
          sb.append(": ");
          sb.append(this.layoutInspect());
          sb.append(">");
  
          return getRuntime().newString(sb.toString());
      }
  
      /*
       * call-seq:
       *     Message.hash => hash_value
       *
       * Returns a hash value that represents this message's field values.
       */
      @JRubyMethod
      public IRubyObject hash(ThreadContext context) {
          try {
              MessageDigest digest = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");
              for (RubyMap map : maps.values()) {
                  digest.update((byte) map.hashCode());
              }
              for (RubyRepeatedField repeatedField : repeatedFields.values()) {
                  digest.update((byte) repeatedFields.hashCode());
              }
              for (IRubyObject field : fields.values()) {
                  digest.update((byte) field.hashCode());
              }
              return context.runtime.newString(new ByteList(digest.digest()));
          } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ignore) {
              return context.runtime.newFixnum(System.identityHashCode(this));
          }
      }
  
      /*
       * call-seq:
       *     Message.==(other) => boolean
       *
       * Performs a deep comparison of this message with another. Messages are equal
       * if they have the same type and if each field is equal according to the :==
       * method's semantics (a more efficient comparison may actually be done if the
       * field is of a primitive type).
       */
      @JRubyMethod(name = "==")
      public IRubyObject eq(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject other) {
          Ruby runtime = context.runtime;
          if (!(other instanceof RubyMessage))
              return runtime.getFalse();
          RubyMessage message = (RubyMessage) other;
          if (descriptor != message.descriptor) {
              return runtime.getFalse();
          }
  
          for (Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fdef : descriptor.getFields()) {
              IRubyObject thisVal = getField(context, fdef);
              IRubyObject thatVal = message.getField(context, fdef);
              IRubyObject ret = thisVal.callMethod(context, "==", thatVal);
              if (!ret.isTrue()) {
                  return runtime.getFalse();
              }
          }
          return runtime.getTrue();
      }
  
      /*
       * call-seq:
       *     Message.method_missing(*args)
       *
       * Provides accessors and setters for message fields according to their field
       * names. For any field whose name does not conflict with a built-in method, an
       * accessor is provided with the same name as the field, and a setter is
       * provided with the name of the field plus the '=' suffix. Thus, given a
       * message instance 'msg' with field 'foo', the following code is valid:
       *
       *     msg.foo = 42
       *     puts msg.foo
       */
      @JRubyMethod(name = "method_missing", rest = true)
      public IRubyObject methodMissing(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject[] args) {
          if (args.length == 1) {
              RubyDescriptor rubyDescriptor = (RubyDescriptor) getDescriptor(context, metaClass);
              IRubyObject oneofDescriptor = rubyDescriptor.lookupOneof(context, args[0]);
              if (oneofDescriptor.isNil()) {
                  if (!hasField(args[0])) {
                      return Helpers.invokeSuper(context, this, metaClass, "method_missing", args, Block.NULL_BLOCK);
                  }
                  return index(context, args[0]);
              }
              RubyOneofDescriptor rubyOneofDescriptor = (RubyOneofDescriptor) oneofDescriptor;
              Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor =
                      oneofCases.get(rubyOneofDescriptor.getOneofDescriptor());
              if (fieldDescriptor == null)
                  return context.runtime.getNil();
  
              return context.runtime.newSymbol(fieldDescriptor.getName());
          } else {
              // fieldName is RubySymbol
              RubyString field = args[0].asString();
              RubyString equalSign = context.runtime.newString(Utils.EQUAL_SIGN);
              if (field.end_with_p(context, equalSign).isTrue()) {
                  field.chomp_bang(context, equalSign);
              }
  
              if (!hasField(field)) {
                  return Helpers.invokeSuper(context, this, metaClass, "method_missing", args, Block.NULL_BLOCK);
              }
              return indexSet(context, field, args[1]);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * call-seq:
       * Message.dup => new_message
       * Performs a shallow copy of this message and returns the new copy.
       */
      @JRubyMethod
      public IRubyObject dup(ThreadContext context) {
          RubyMessage dup = (RubyMessage) metaClass.newInstance(context, Block.NULL_BLOCK);
          IRubyObject value;
          for (Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor : this.descriptor.getFields()) {
              if (fieldDescriptor.isRepeated()) {
                  dup.addRepeatedField(fieldDescriptor, this.getRepeatedField(context, fieldDescriptor));
              } else if (fields.containsKey(fieldDescriptor)) {
                  dup.fields.put(fieldDescriptor, fields.get(fieldDescriptor));
              } else if (this.builder.hasField(fieldDescriptor)) {
                  dup.fields.put(fieldDescriptor, wrapField(context, fieldDescriptor, this.builder.getField(fieldDescriptor)));
              }
          }
          for (Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor : maps.keySet()) {
              dup.maps.put(fieldDescriptor, maps.get(fieldDescriptor));
          }
          return dup;
      }
  
      /*
       * call-seq:
       *     Message.descriptor => descriptor
       *
       * Class method that returns the Descriptor instance corresponding to this
       * message class's type.
       */
      @JRubyMethod(name = "descriptor", meta = true)
      public static IRubyObject getDescriptor(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject recv) {
          return ((RubyClass) recv).getInstanceVariable(Utils.DESCRIPTOR_INSTANCE_VAR);
      }
  
      /*
       * call-seq:
       *     MessageClass.encode(msg) => bytes
       *
       * Encodes the given message object to its serialized form in protocol buffers
       * wire format.
       */
      @JRubyMethod(meta = true)
      public static IRubyObject encode(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject recv, IRubyObject value) {
          RubyMessage message = (RubyMessage) value;
          return context.runtime.newString(new ByteList(message.build(context).toByteArray()));
      }
  
      /*
       * call-seq:
       *     MessageClass.decode(data) => message
       *
       * Decodes the given data (as a string containing bytes in protocol buffers wire
       * format) under the interpretration given by this message class's definition
       * and returns a message object with the corresponding field values.
       */
      @JRubyMethod(meta = true)
      public static IRubyObject decode(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject recv, IRubyObject data) {
          byte[] bin = data.convertToString().getBytes();
          RubyMessage ret = (RubyMessage) ((RubyClass) recv).newInstance(context, Block.NULL_BLOCK);
          try {
              ret.builder.mergeFrom(bin);
          } catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
              throw context.runtime.newRuntimeError(e.getMessage());
          }
          return ret;
      }
  
      /*
       * call-seq:
       *     MessageClass.encode_json(msg) => json_string
       *
       * Encodes the given message object into its serialized JSON representation.
       */
      @JRubyMethod(name = "encode_json", meta = true)
      public static IRubyObject encodeJson(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject recv, IRubyObject msgRb) {
          RubyMessage message = (RubyMessage) msgRb;
          return Helpers.invoke(context, message.toHash(context), "to_json");
      }
  
      /*
       * call-seq:
       *     MessageClass.decode_json(data) => message
       *
       * Decodes the given data (as a string containing bytes in protocol buffers wire
       * format) under the interpretration given by this message class's definition
       * and returns a message object with the corresponding field values.
       */
      @JRubyMethod(name = "decode_json", meta = true)
      public static IRubyObject decodeJson(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject recv, IRubyObject json) {
          Ruby runtime = context.runtime;
          RubyMessage ret = (RubyMessage) ((RubyClass) recv).newInstance(context, Block.NULL_BLOCK);
          RubyModule jsonModule = runtime.getClassFromPath("JSON");
          RubyHash opts = RubyHash.newHash(runtime);
          opts.fastASet(runtime.newSymbol("symbolize_names"), runtime.getTrue());
          IRubyObject[] args = new IRubyObject[] { Helpers.invoke(context, jsonModule, "parse", json, opts) };
          ret.initialize(context, args);
          return ret;
      }
  
      @JRubyMethod(name = {"to_h", "to_hash"})
      public IRubyObject toHash(ThreadContext context) {
          Ruby runtime = context.runtime;
          RubyHash ret = RubyHash.newHash(runtime);
          for (Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fdef : this.descriptor.getFields()) {
              IRubyObject value = getField(context, fdef);
              if (!value.isNil()) {
                  if (fdef.isRepeated() && !fdef.isMapField()) {
                      if (fdef.getType() != Descriptors.FieldDescriptor.Type.MESSAGE) {
                          value = Helpers.invoke(context, value, "to_a");
                      } else {
                          RubyArray ary = value.convertToArray();
                          for (int i = 0; i < ary.size(); i++) {
                              IRubyObject submsg = Helpers.invoke(context, ary.eltInternal(i), "to_h");
                              ary.eltInternalSet(i, submsg);
                          }
  
                          value = ary.to_ary();
                      }
                  } else if (value.respondsTo("to_h")) {
                      value = Helpers.invoke(context, value, "to_h");
                  } else if (value.respondsTo("to_a")) {
                      value = Helpers.invoke(context, value, "to_a");
                  }
              }
              ret.fastASet(runtime.newSymbol(fdef.getName()), value);
          }
          return ret;
      }
  
      protected DynamicMessage build(ThreadContext context) {
          return build(context, 0);
      }
  
      protected DynamicMessage build(ThreadContext context, int depth) {
          if (depth > SINK_MAXIMUM_NESTING) {
              throw context.runtime.newRuntimeError("Maximum recursion depth exceeded during encoding.");
          }
          for (Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor : maps.keySet()) {
              this.builder.clearField(fieldDescriptor);
              RubyDescriptor mapDescriptor = (RubyDescriptor) getDescriptorForField(context, fieldDescriptor);
              for (DynamicMessage kv : maps.get(fieldDescriptor).build(context, mapDescriptor)) {
                  this.builder.addRepeatedField(fieldDescriptor, kv);
              }
          }
          for (Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor : repeatedFields.keySet()) {
              RubyRepeatedField repeatedField = repeatedFields.get(fieldDescriptor);
              this.builder.clearField(fieldDescriptor);
              for (int i = 0; i < repeatedField.size(); i++) {
                  Object item = convert(context, fieldDescriptor, repeatedField.get(i), depth);
                  this.builder.addRepeatedField(fieldDescriptor, item);
              }
          }
          for (Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor : fields.keySet()) {
              IRubyObject value = fields.get(fieldDescriptor);
              this.builder.setField(fieldDescriptor, convert(context, fieldDescriptor, value, depth));
          }
          return this.builder.build();
      }
  
      protected Descriptors.Descriptor getDescriptor() {
          return this.descriptor;
      }
  
      // Internal use only, called by Google::Protobuf.deep_copy
      protected IRubyObject deepCopy(ThreadContext context) {
          RubyMessage copy = (RubyMessage) metaClass.newInstance(context, Block.NULL_BLOCK);
          for (Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fdef : this.descriptor.getFields()) {
              if (fdef.isRepeated()) {
                  copy.addRepeatedField(fdef, this.getRepeatedField(context, fdef).deepCopy(context));
              } else if (fields.containsKey(fdef)) {
                  copy.fields.put(fdef, fields.get(fdef));
              } else if (this.builder.hasField(fdef)) {
                  copy.fields.put(fdef, wrapField(context, fdef, this.builder.getField(fdef)));
              }
          }
          return copy;
      }
  
      private RubyRepeatedField getRepeatedField(ThreadContext context, Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor) {
          if (this.repeatedFields.containsKey(fieldDescriptor)) {
              return this.repeatedFields.get(fieldDescriptor);
          }
          int count = this.builder.getRepeatedFieldCount(fieldDescriptor);
          RubyRepeatedField ret = repeatedFieldForFieldDescriptor(context, fieldDescriptor);
          for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
              ret.push(context, wrapField(context, fieldDescriptor, this.builder.getRepeatedField(fieldDescriptor, i)));
          }
          addRepeatedField(fieldDescriptor, ret);
          return ret;
      }
  
      private void addRepeatedField(Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor, RubyRepeatedField repeatedField) {
          this.repeatedFields.put(fieldDescriptor, repeatedField);
      }
  
      private IRubyObject buildFrom(ThreadContext context, DynamicMessage dynamicMessage) {
          this.builder.mergeFrom(dynamicMessage);
          return this;
      }
  
      private Descriptors.FieldDescriptor findField(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject fieldName) {
          String nameStr = fieldName.asJavaString();
          Descriptors.FieldDescriptor ret = this.descriptor.findFieldByName(Utils.escapeIdentifier(nameStr));
          if (ret == null)
              throw context.runtime.newArgumentError("field " + fieldName.asJavaString() + " is not found");
          return ret;
      }
  
      private boolean hasField(IRubyObject fieldName) {
          String nameStr = fieldName.asJavaString();
          return this.descriptor.findFieldByName(Utils.escapeIdentifier(nameStr)) != null;
      }
  
      private void checkRepeatedFieldType(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject value,
                                          Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor) {
          Ruby runtime = context.runtime;
          if (!(value instanceof RubyRepeatedField)) {
              throw runtime.newTypeError("Expected repeated field array");
          }
      }
  
      // convert a ruby object to protobuf type, with type check
      private Object convert(ThreadContext context,
                             Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor,
                             IRubyObject value, int depth) {
          Ruby runtime = context.runtime;
          Object val = null;
          switch (fieldDescriptor.getType()) {
              case INT32:
              case INT64:
              case UINT32:
              case UINT64:
                  if (!Utils.isRubyNum(value)) {
                      throw runtime.newTypeError("Expected number type for integral field.");
                  }
                  Utils.checkIntTypePrecision(context, fieldDescriptor.getType(), value);
                  switch (fieldDescriptor.getType()) {
                      case INT32:
                          val = RubyNumeric.num2int(value);
                          break;
                      case INT64:
                          val = RubyNumeric.num2long(value);
                          break;
                      case UINT32:
                          val = Utils.num2uint(value);
                          break;
                      case UINT64:
                          val = Utils.num2ulong(context.runtime, value);
                          break;
                      default:
                          break;
                  }
                  break;
              case FLOAT:
                  if (!Utils.isRubyNum(value))
                      throw runtime.newTypeError("Expected number type for float field.");
                  val = (float) RubyNumeric.num2dbl(value);
                  break;
              case DOUBLE:
                  if (!Utils.isRubyNum(value))
                      throw runtime.newTypeError("Expected number type for double field.");
                  val = RubyNumeric.num2dbl(value);
                  break;
              case BOOL:
                  if (!(value instanceof RubyBoolean))
                      throw runtime.newTypeError("Invalid argument for boolean field.");
                  val = value.isTrue();
                  break;
              case BYTES:
                  Utils.validateStringEncoding(context, fieldDescriptor.getType(), value);
                  val = ByteString.copyFrom(((RubyString) value).getBytes());
                  break;
              case STRING:
                  Utils.validateStringEncoding(context, fieldDescriptor.getType(), value);
                  val = ((RubyString) value).asJavaString();
                  break;
              case MESSAGE:
                  RubyClass typeClass = (RubyClass) ((RubyDescriptor) getDescriptorForField(context, fieldDescriptor)).msgclass(context);
                  if (!value.getMetaClass().equals(typeClass))
                      throw runtime.newTypeError(value, "Invalid type to assign to submessage field.");
                  val = ((RubyMessage) value).build(context, depth + 1);
                  break;
              case ENUM:
                  Descriptors.EnumDescriptor enumDescriptor = fieldDescriptor.getEnumType();
  
                  if (Utils.isRubyNum(value)) {
                      val = enumDescriptor.findValueByNumberCreatingIfUnknown(RubyNumeric.num2int(value));
                  } else if (value instanceof RubySymbol || value instanceof RubyString) {
                      val = enumDescriptor.findValueByName(value.asJavaString());
                  } else {
                      throw runtime.newTypeError("Expected number or symbol type for enum field.");
                  }
                  if (val == null) {
                      throw runtime.newRangeError("Enum value " + value + " is not found.");
                  }
                  break;
              default:
                  break;
          }
          return val;
      }
  
      private IRubyObject wrapField(ThreadContext context, Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor, Object value) {
          if (value == null) {
              return context.runtime.getNil();
          }
          Ruby runtime = context.runtime;
          switch (fieldDescriptor.getType()) {
              case INT32:
              case INT64:
              case UINT32:
              case UINT64:
              case FLOAT:
              case DOUBLE:
              case BOOL:
              case BYTES:
              case STRING:
                  return Utils.wrapPrimaryValue(context, fieldDescriptor.getType(), value);
              case MESSAGE:
                  RubyClass typeClass = (RubyClass) ((RubyDescriptor) getDescriptorForField(context, fieldDescriptor)).msgclass(context);
                  RubyMessage msg = (RubyMessage) typeClass.newInstance(context, Block.NULL_BLOCK);
                  return msg.buildFrom(context, (DynamicMessage) value);
              case ENUM:
                  Descriptors.EnumValueDescriptor enumValueDescriptor = (Descriptors.EnumValueDescriptor) value;
                  if (enumValueDescriptor.getIndex() == -1) { // UNKNOWN ENUM VALUE
                      return runtime.newFixnum(enumValueDescriptor.getNumber());
                  }
                  return runtime.newSymbol(enumValueDescriptor.getName());
              default:
                  return runtime.newString(value.toString());
          }
      }
  
      private RubyRepeatedField repeatedFieldForFieldDescriptor(ThreadContext context,
                                                                Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor) {
          IRubyObject typeClass = context.runtime.getNilClass();
  
          IRubyObject descriptor = getDescriptorForField(context, fieldDescriptor);
          Descriptors.FieldDescriptor.Type type = fieldDescriptor.getType();
          if (type == Descriptors.FieldDescriptor.Type.MESSAGE) {
              typeClass = ((RubyDescriptor) descriptor).msgclass(context);
  
          } else if (type == Descriptors.FieldDescriptor.Type.ENUM) {
              typeClass = ((RubyEnumDescriptor) descriptor).enummodule(context);
          }
          return new RubyRepeatedField(context.runtime, cRepeatedField, type, typeClass);
      }
  
      protected IRubyObject getField(ThreadContext context, Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor) {
          Descriptors.OneofDescriptor oneofDescriptor = fieldDescriptor.getContainingOneof();
          if (oneofDescriptor != null) {
              if (oneofCases.get(oneofDescriptor) == fieldDescriptor) {
                  return fields.get(fieldDescriptor);
              } else {
                  Descriptors.FieldDescriptor oneofCase = builder.getOneofFieldDescriptor(oneofDescriptor);
                  if (oneofCase != fieldDescriptor) {
                    if (fieldDescriptor.getType() == Descriptors.FieldDescriptor.Type.MESSAGE) {
                      return context.runtime.getNil();
                    } else {
                      return wrapField(context, fieldDescriptor, fieldDescriptor.getDefaultValue());
                    }
                  }
                  IRubyObject value = wrapField(context, oneofCase, builder.getField(oneofCase));
                  fields.put(fieldDescriptor, value);
                  return value;
              }
          }
  
          if (Utils.isMapEntry(fieldDescriptor)) {
              RubyMap map = maps.get(fieldDescriptor);
              if (map == null) {
                  map = newMapForField(context, fieldDescriptor);
                  int mapSize = this.builder.getRepeatedFieldCount(fieldDescriptor);
                  Descriptors.FieldDescriptor keyField = fieldDescriptor.getMessageType().findFieldByNumber(1);
                  Descriptors.FieldDescriptor valueField = fieldDescriptor.getMessageType().findFieldByNumber(2);
                  RubyDescriptor kvDescriptor = (RubyDescriptor) getDescriptorForField(context, fieldDescriptor);
                  RubyClass kvClass = (RubyClass) kvDescriptor.msgclass(context);
                  for (int i = 0; i < mapSize; i++) {
                      RubyMessage kvMessage = (RubyMessage) kvClass.newInstance(context, Block.NULL_BLOCK);
                      DynamicMessage message = (DynamicMessage) this.builder.getRepeatedField(fieldDescriptor, i);
                      kvMessage.buildFrom(context, message);
                      map.indexSet(context, kvMessage.getField(context, keyField), kvMessage.getField(context, valueField));
                  }
                  maps.put(fieldDescriptor, map);
              }
              return map;
          }
          if (fieldDescriptor.isRepeated()) {
              return getRepeatedField(context, fieldDescriptor);
          }
          if (fieldDescriptor.getType() != Descriptors.FieldDescriptor.Type.MESSAGE ||
                  this.builder.hasField(fieldDescriptor) || fields.containsKey(fieldDescriptor)) {
              if (fields.containsKey(fieldDescriptor)) {
                  return fields.get(fieldDescriptor);
              } else {
                  IRubyObject value = wrapField(context, fieldDescriptor, this.builder.getField(fieldDescriptor));
                  if (this.builder.hasField(fieldDescriptor)) {
                      fields.put(fieldDescriptor, value);
                  }
                  return value;
              }
          }
          return context.runtime.getNil();
      }
  
      protected IRubyObject setField(ThreadContext context, Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor, IRubyObject value) {
          if (Utils.isMapEntry(fieldDescriptor)) {
              if (!(value instanceof RubyMap)) {
                  throw context.runtime.newTypeError("Expected Map instance");
              }
              RubyMap thisMap = (RubyMap) getField(context, fieldDescriptor);
              thisMap.mergeIntoSelf(context, value);
          } else if (fieldDescriptor.isRepeated()) {
              checkRepeatedFieldType(context, value, fieldDescriptor);
              if (value instanceof RubyRepeatedField) {
                  addRepeatedField(fieldDescriptor, (RubyRepeatedField) value);
              } else {
                  RubyArray ary = value.convertToArray();
                  RubyRepeatedField repeatedField = rubyToRepeatedField(context, fieldDescriptor, ary);
                  addRepeatedField(fieldDescriptor, repeatedField);
              }
          } else {
              Descriptors.OneofDescriptor oneofDescriptor = fieldDescriptor.getContainingOneof();
              if (oneofDescriptor != null) {
                  Descriptors.FieldDescriptor oneofCase = oneofCases.get(oneofDescriptor);
                  if (oneofCase != null && oneofCase != fieldDescriptor) {
                      fields.remove(oneofCase);
                  }
                  if (value.isNil()) {
                      oneofCases.remove(oneofDescriptor);
                      fields.remove(fieldDescriptor);
                  } else {
                      oneofCases.put(oneofDescriptor, fieldDescriptor);
                      fields.put(fieldDescriptor, value);
                  }
              } else {
                  Descriptors.FieldDescriptor.Type fieldType = fieldDescriptor.getType();
                  IRubyObject typeClass = context.runtime.getObject();
                  boolean addValue = true;
                  if (fieldType == Descriptors.FieldDescriptor.Type.MESSAGE) {
                      typeClass = ((RubyDescriptor) getDescriptorForField(context, fieldDescriptor)).msgclass(context);
                      if (value.isNil()){
                          addValue = false;
                      }
                  } else if (fieldType == Descriptors.FieldDescriptor.Type.ENUM) {
                      typeClass = ((RubyEnumDescriptor) getDescriptorForField(context, fieldDescriptor)).enummodule(context);
                      Descriptors.EnumDescriptor enumDescriptor = fieldDescriptor.getEnumType();
                      if (Utils.isRubyNum(value)) {
                          Descriptors.EnumValueDescriptor val =
                                  enumDescriptor.findValueByNumberCreatingIfUnknown(RubyNumeric.num2int(value));
                          if (val.getIndex() != -1) value = context.runtime.newSymbol(val.getName());
                      }
                  }
                  if (addValue) {
                      value = Utils.checkType(context, fieldType, value, (RubyModule) typeClass);
                      this.fields.put(fieldDescriptor, value);
                  } else {
                      this.fields.remove(fieldDescriptor);
                  }
              }
          }
          return context.runtime.getNil();
      }
  
      private String layoutInspect() {
          ThreadContext context = getRuntime().getCurrentContext();
          StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
          for (Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fdef : descriptor.getFields()) {
              sb.append(Utils.unescapeIdentifier(fdef.getName()));
              sb.append(": ");
              sb.append(getField(context, fdef).inspect());
              sb.append(", ");
          }
          return sb.substring(0, sb.length() - 2);
      }
  
      private IRubyObject getDescriptorForField(ThreadContext context, Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor) {
          RubyDescriptor thisRbDescriptor = (RubyDescriptor) getDescriptor(context, metaClass);
          return thisRbDescriptor.lookup(fieldDescriptor.getName()).getSubType(context);
      }
  
      private RubyRepeatedField rubyToRepeatedField(ThreadContext context,
                                                    Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor, IRubyObject value) {
          RubyArray arr = value.convertToArray();
          RubyRepeatedField repeatedField = repeatedFieldForFieldDescriptor(context, fieldDescriptor);
  
          RubyClass typeClass = null;
          if (fieldDescriptor.getType() == Descriptors.FieldDescriptor.Type.MESSAGE) {
              RubyDescriptor descriptor = (RubyDescriptor) getDescriptorForField(context, fieldDescriptor);
              typeClass = (RubyClass) descriptor.msgclass(context);
          }
  
          for (int i = 0; i < arr.size(); i++) {
              IRubyObject row = arr.eltInternal(i);
              if (row instanceof RubyHash && typeClass != null) {
                  row = (IRubyObject) typeClass.newInstance(context, row, Block.NULL_BLOCK);
              }
  
              repeatedField.push(context, row);
          }
          return repeatedField;
      }
  
      private RubyMap newMapForField(ThreadContext context, Descriptors.FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor) {
          RubyDescriptor mapDescriptor = (RubyDescriptor) getDescriptorForField(context, fieldDescriptor);
          Descriptors.FieldDescriptor keyField = fieldDescriptor.getMessageType().findFieldByNumber(1);
          Descriptors.FieldDescriptor valueField = fieldDescriptor.getMessageType().findFieldByNumber(2);
          IRubyObject keyType = RubySymbol.newSymbol(context.runtime, keyField.getType().name());
          IRubyObject valueType = RubySymbol.newSymbol(context.runtime, valueField.getType().name());
          if (valueField.getType() == Descriptors.FieldDescriptor.Type.MESSAGE) {
              RubyFieldDescriptor rubyFieldDescriptor = (RubyFieldDescriptor) mapDescriptor.lookup(context,
                      context.runtime.newString("value"));
              RubyDescriptor rubyDescriptor = (RubyDescriptor) rubyFieldDescriptor.getSubType(context);
              return (RubyMap) cMap.newInstance(context, keyType, valueType,
                      rubyDescriptor.msgclass(context), Block.NULL_BLOCK);
          } else {
              return (RubyMap) cMap.newInstance(context, keyType, valueType, Block.NULL_BLOCK);
          }
      }
  
      private Descriptors.FieldDescriptor getOneofCase(Descriptors.OneofDescriptor oneof) {
          if (oneofCases.containsKey(oneof)) {
              return oneofCases.get(oneof);
          }
          return builder.getOneofFieldDescriptor(oneof);
      }
  
      private Descriptors.Descriptor descriptor;
      private DynamicMessage.Builder builder;
      private RubyClass cRepeatedField;
      private RubyClass cMap;
      private Map<Descriptors.FieldDescriptor, RubyRepeatedField> repeatedFields;
      private Map<Descriptors.FieldDescriptor, RubyMap> maps;
      private Map<Descriptors.FieldDescriptor, IRubyObject> fields;
      private Map<Descriptors.OneofDescriptor, Descriptors.FieldDescriptor> oneofCases;
  
      private static final int SINK_MAXIMUM_NESTING = 64;
  }
  