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   * Copyright (c) 2012, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   *
   * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
   * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
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   *
   * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
   * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
   * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
   * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
   * accompanied this code).
   *
   * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
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   *
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  /*
   * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
   * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
   * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
   * file:
   *
   * Copyright (c) 2007-2012, Stephen Colebourne & Michael Nascimento Santos
   *
   * All rights reserved.
   *
   * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
   *
   *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
   *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
   *
   *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
   *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
   *    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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   *  * Neither the name of JSR-310 nor the names of its contributors
   *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
   *    without specific prior written permission.
   *
   * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
   * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
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   * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
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   * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
   * PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
   * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
   * NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
   * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
   */
  package java.time;
  
  import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.HOUR_OF_DAY;
  import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.MICRO_OF_DAY;
  import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.MINUTE_OF_HOUR;
  import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.NANO_OF_DAY;
  import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.NANO_OF_SECOND;
  import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.SECOND_OF_DAY;
  import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.SECOND_OF_MINUTE;
  import static java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit.NANOS;
  
  import java.io.DataInput;
  import java.io.DataOutput;
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
  import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
  import java.io.Serializable;
  import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
  import java.time.format.DateTimeParseException;
  import java.time.temporal.ChronoField;
  import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
  import java.time.temporal.Temporal;
  import java.time.temporal.TemporalAccessor;
  import java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjuster;
  import java.time.temporal.TemporalAmount;
  import java.time.temporal.TemporalField;
  import java.time.temporal.TemporalQueries;
  import java.time.temporal.TemporalQuery;
  import java.time.temporal.TemporalUnit;
  import java.time.temporal.UnsupportedTemporalTypeException;
  import java.time.temporal.ValueRange;
  import java.util.Objects;
  
  // Android-changed: removed ValueBased paragraph.
  
  /**
   * A time without a time-zone in the ISO-8601 calendar system,
   * such as {@code 10:15:30}.
   * <p>
   * {@code LocalTime} is an immutable date-time object that represents a time,
   * often viewed as hour-minute-second.
   * Time is represented to nanosecond precision.
   * For example, the value "13:45.30.123456789" can be stored in a {@code LocalTime}.
   * <p>
   * This class does not store or represent a date or time-zone.
   * Instead, it is a description of the local time as seen on a wall clock.
   * It cannot represent an instant on the time-line without additional information
   * such as an offset or time-zone.
   * <p>
   * The ISO-8601 calendar system is the modern civil calendar system used today
   * in most of the world. This API assumes that all calendar systems use the same
   * representation, this class, for time-of-day.
   *
   * @implSpec
   * This class is immutable and thread-safe.
   *
   * @since 1.8
   */
  public final class LocalTime
          implements Temporal, TemporalAdjuster, Comparable<LocalTime>, Serializable {
  
      /**
       * The minimum supported {@code LocalTime}, '00:00'.
       * This is the time of midnight at the start of the day.
       */
      public static final LocalTime MIN;
      /**
       * The maximum supported {@code LocalTime}, '23:59:59.999999999'.
       * This is the time just before midnight at the end of the day.
       */
      public static final LocalTime MAX;
      /**
       * The time of midnight at the start of the day, '00:00'.
       */
      public static final LocalTime MIDNIGHT;
      /**
       * The time of noon in the middle of the day, '12:00'.
       */
      public static final LocalTime NOON;
      /**
       * Constants for the local time of each hour.
       */
      private static final LocalTime[] HOURS = new LocalTime[24];
      static {
          for (int i = 0; i < HOURS.length; i++) {
              HOURS[i] = new LocalTime(i, 0, 0, 0);
          }
          MIDNIGHT = HOURS[0];
          NOON = HOURS[12];
          MIN = HOURS[0];
          MAX = new LocalTime(23, 59, 59, 999_999_999);
      }
  
      /**
       * Hours per day.
       */
      static final int HOURS_PER_DAY = 24;
      /**
       * Minutes per hour.
       */
      static final int MINUTES_PER_HOUR = 60;
      /**
       * Minutes per day.
       */
      static final int MINUTES_PER_DAY = MINUTES_PER_HOUR * HOURS_PER_DAY;
      /**
       * Seconds per minute.
       */
      static final int SECONDS_PER_MINUTE = 60;
      /**
       * Seconds per hour.
       */
      static final int SECONDS_PER_HOUR = SECONDS_PER_MINUTE * MINUTES_PER_HOUR;
      /**
       * Seconds per day.
       */
      static final int SECONDS_PER_DAY = SECONDS_PER_HOUR * HOURS_PER_DAY;
      /**
       * Milliseconds per day.
       */
      static final long MILLIS_PER_DAY = SECONDS_PER_DAY * 1000L;
      /**
       * Microseconds per day.
       */
      static final long MICROS_PER_DAY = SECONDS_PER_DAY * 1000_000L;
      /**
       * Nanos per second.
       */
      static final long NANOS_PER_SECOND = 1000_000_000L;
      /**
       * Nanos per minute.
       */
      static final long NANOS_PER_MINUTE = NANOS_PER_SECOND * SECONDS_PER_MINUTE;
      /**
       * Nanos per hour.
       */
      static final long NANOS_PER_HOUR = NANOS_PER_MINUTE * MINUTES_PER_HOUR;
      /**
       * Nanos per day.
       */
      static final long NANOS_PER_DAY = NANOS_PER_HOUR * HOURS_PER_DAY;
  
      /**
       * Serialization version.
       */
      private static final long serialVersionUID = 6414437269572265201L;
  
      /**
       * The hour.
       */
      private final byte hour;
      /**
       * The minute.
       */
      private final byte minute;
      /**
       * The second.
       */
      private final byte second;
      /**
       * The nanosecond.
       */
      private final int nano;
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Obtains the current time from the system clock in the default time-zone.
       * <p>
       * This will query the {@link Clock#systemDefaultZone() system clock} in the default
       * time-zone to obtain the current time.
       * <p>
       * Using this method will prevent the ability to use an alternate clock for testing
       * because the clock is hard-coded.
       *
       * @return the current time using the system clock and default time-zone, not null
       */
      public static LocalTime now() {
          return now(Clock.systemDefaultZone());
      }
  
      /**
       * Obtains the current time from the system clock in the specified time-zone.
       * <p>
       * This will query the {@link Clock#system(ZoneId) system clock} to obtain the current time.
       * Specifying the time-zone avoids dependence on the default time-zone.
       * <p>
       * Using this method will prevent the ability to use an alternate clock for testing
       * because the clock is hard-coded.
       *
       * @param zone  the zone ID to use, not null
       * @return the current time using the system clock, not null
       */
      public static LocalTime now(ZoneId zone) {
          return now(Clock.system(zone));
      }
  
      /**
       * Obtains the current time from the specified clock.
       * <p>
       * This will query the specified clock to obtain the current time.
       * Using this method allows the use of an alternate clock for testing.
       * The alternate clock may be introduced using {@link Clock dependency injection}.
       *
       * @param clock  the clock to use, not null
       * @return the current time, not null
       */
      public static LocalTime now(Clock clock) {
          Objects.requireNonNull(clock, "clock");
          // inline OffsetTime factory to avoid creating object and InstantProvider checks
          final Instant now = clock.instant();  // called once
          ZoneOffset offset = clock.getZone().getRules().getOffset(now);
          long localSecond = now.getEpochSecond() + offset.getTotalSeconds();  // overflow caught later
          int secsOfDay = (int) Math.floorMod(localSecond, SECONDS_PER_DAY);
          return ofNanoOfDay(secsOfDay * NANOS_PER_SECOND + now.getNano());
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from an hour and minute.
       * <p>
       * This returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified hour and minute.
       * The second and nanosecond fields will be set to zero.
       *
       * @param hour  the hour-of-day to represent, from 0 to 23
       * @param minute  the minute-of-hour to represent, from 0 to 59
       * @return the local time, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the value of any field is out of range
       */
      public static LocalTime of(int hour, int minute) {
          HOUR_OF_DAY.checkValidValue(hour);
          if (minute == 0) {
              return HOURS[hour];  // for performance
          }
          MINUTE_OF_HOUR.checkValidValue(minute);
          return new LocalTime(hour, minute, 0, 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from an hour, minute and second.
       * <p>
       * This returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified hour, minute and second.
       * The nanosecond field will be set to zero.
       *
       * @param hour  the hour-of-day to represent, from 0 to 23
       * @param minute  the minute-of-hour to represent, from 0 to 59
       * @param second  the second-of-minute to represent, from 0 to 59
       * @return the local time, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the value of any field is out of range
       */
      public static LocalTime of(int hour, int minute, int second) {
          HOUR_OF_DAY.checkValidValue(hour);
          if ((minute | second) == 0) {
              return HOURS[hour];  // for performance
          }
          MINUTE_OF_HOUR.checkValidValue(minute);
          SECOND_OF_MINUTE.checkValidValue(second);
          return new LocalTime(hour, minute, second, 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from an hour, minute, second and nanosecond.
       * <p>
       * This returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified hour, minute, second and nanosecond.
       *
       * @param hour  the hour-of-day to represent, from 0 to 23
       * @param minute  the minute-of-hour to represent, from 0 to 59
       * @param second  the second-of-minute to represent, from 0 to 59
       * @param nanoOfSecond  the nano-of-second to represent, from 0 to 999,999,999
       * @return the local time, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the value of any field is out of range
       */
      public static LocalTime of(int hour, int minute, int second, int nanoOfSecond) {
          HOUR_OF_DAY.checkValidValue(hour);
          MINUTE_OF_HOUR.checkValidValue(minute);
          SECOND_OF_MINUTE.checkValidValue(second);
          NANO_OF_SECOND.checkValidValue(nanoOfSecond);
          return create(hour, minute, second, nanoOfSecond);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from a second-of-day value.
       * <p>
       * This returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified second-of-day.
       * The nanosecond field will be set to zero.
       *
       * @param secondOfDay  the second-of-day, from {@code 0} to {@code 24 * 60 * 60 - 1}
       * @return the local time, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the second-of-day value is invalid
       */
      public static LocalTime ofSecondOfDay(long secondOfDay) {
          SECOND_OF_DAY.checkValidValue(secondOfDay);
          int hours = (int) (secondOfDay / SECONDS_PER_HOUR);
          secondOfDay -= hours * SECONDS_PER_HOUR;
          int minutes = (int) (secondOfDay / SECONDS_PER_MINUTE);
          secondOfDay -= minutes * SECONDS_PER_MINUTE;
          return create(hours, minutes, (int) secondOfDay, 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from a nanos-of-day value.
       * <p>
       * This returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified nanosecond-of-day.
       *
       * @param nanoOfDay  the nano of day, from {@code 0} to {@code 24 * 60 * 60 * 1,000,000,000 - 1}
       * @return the local time, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the nanos of day value is invalid
       */
      public static LocalTime ofNanoOfDay(long nanoOfDay) {
          NANO_OF_DAY.checkValidValue(nanoOfDay);
          int hours = (int) (nanoOfDay / NANOS_PER_HOUR);
          nanoOfDay -= hours * NANOS_PER_HOUR;
          int minutes = (int) (nanoOfDay / NANOS_PER_MINUTE);
          nanoOfDay -= minutes * NANOS_PER_MINUTE;
          int seconds = (int) (nanoOfDay / NANOS_PER_SECOND);
          nanoOfDay -= seconds * NANOS_PER_SECOND;
          return create(hours, minutes, seconds, (int) nanoOfDay);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from a temporal object.
       * <p>
       * This obtains a local time based on the specified temporal.
       * A {@code TemporalAccessor} represents an arbitrary set of date and time information,
       * which this factory converts to an instance of {@code LocalTime}.
       * <p>
       * The conversion uses the {@link TemporalQueries#localTime()} query, which relies
       * on extracting the {@link ChronoField#NANO_OF_DAY NANO_OF_DAY} field.
       * <p>
       * This method matches the signature of the functional interface {@link TemporalQuery}
       * allowing it to be used as a query via method reference, {@code LocalTime::from}.
       *
       * @param temporal  the temporal object to convert, not null
       * @return the local time, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if unable to convert to a {@code LocalTime}
       */
      public static LocalTime from(TemporalAccessor temporal) {
          Objects.requireNonNull(temporal, "temporal");
          LocalTime time = temporal.query(TemporalQueries.localTime());
          if (time == null) {
              throw new DateTimeException("Unable to obtain LocalTime from TemporalAccessor: " +
                      temporal + " of type " + temporal.getClass().getName());
          }
          return time;
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from a text string such as {@code 10:15}.
       * <p>
       * The string must represent a valid time and is parsed using
       * {@link DateTimeFormatter#ISO_LOCAL_TIME}.
       *
       * @param text  the text to parse such as "10:15:30", not null
       * @return the parsed local time, not null
       * @throws DateTimeParseException if the text cannot be parsed
       */
      public static LocalTime parse(CharSequence text) {
          return parse(text, DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_TIME);
      }
  
      /**
       * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalTime} from a text string using a specific formatter.
       * <p>
       * The text is parsed using the formatter, returning a time.
       *
       * @param text  the text to parse, not null
       * @param formatter  the formatter to use, not null
       * @return the parsed local time, not null
       * @throws DateTimeParseException if the text cannot be parsed
       */
      public static LocalTime parse(CharSequence text, DateTimeFormatter formatter) {
          Objects.requireNonNull(formatter, "formatter");
          return formatter.parse(text, LocalTime::from);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Creates a local time from the hour, minute, second and nanosecond fields.
       * <p>
       * This factory may return a cached value, but applications must not rely on this.
       *
       * @param hour  the hour-of-day to represent, validated from 0 to 23
       * @param minute  the minute-of-hour to represent, validated from 0 to 59
       * @param second  the second-of-minute to represent, validated from 0 to 59
       * @param nanoOfSecond  the nano-of-second to represent, validated from 0 to 999,999,999
       * @return the local time, not null
       */
      private static LocalTime create(int hour, int minute, int second, int nanoOfSecond) {
          if ((minute | second | nanoOfSecond) == 0) {
              return HOURS[hour];
          }
          return new LocalTime(hour, minute, second, nanoOfSecond);
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructor, previously validated.
       *
       * @param hour  the hour-of-day to represent, validated from 0 to 23
       * @param minute  the minute-of-hour to represent, validated from 0 to 59
       * @param second  the second-of-minute to represent, validated from 0 to 59
       * @param nanoOfSecond  the nano-of-second to represent, validated from 0 to 999,999,999
       */
      private LocalTime(int hour, int minute, int second, int nanoOfSecond) {
          this.hour = (byte) hour;
          this.minute = (byte) minute;
          this.second = (byte) second;
          this.nano = nanoOfSecond;
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Checks if the specified field is supported.
       * <p>
       * This checks if this time can be queried for the specified field.
       * If false, then calling the {@link #range(TemporalField) range},
       * {@link #get(TemporalField) get} and {@link #with(TemporalField, long)}
       * methods will throw an exception.
       * <p>
       * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
       * The supported fields are:
       * <ul>
       * <li>{@code NANO_OF_SECOND}
       * <li>{@code NANO_OF_DAY}
       * <li>{@code MICRO_OF_SECOND}
       * <li>{@code MICRO_OF_DAY}
       * <li>{@code MILLI_OF_SECOND}
       * <li>{@code MILLI_OF_DAY}
       * <li>{@code SECOND_OF_MINUTE}
       * <li>{@code SECOND_OF_DAY}
       * <li>{@code MINUTE_OF_HOUR}
       * <li>{@code MINUTE_OF_DAY}
       * <li>{@code HOUR_OF_AMPM}
       * <li>{@code CLOCK_HOUR_OF_AMPM}
       * <li>{@code HOUR_OF_DAY}
       * <li>{@code CLOCK_HOUR_OF_DAY}
       * <li>{@code AMPM_OF_DAY}
       * </ul>
       * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will return false.
       * <p>
       * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
       * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.isSupportedBy(TemporalAccessor)}
       * passing {@code this} as the argument.
       * Whether the field is supported is determined by the field.
       *
       * @param field  the field to check, null returns false
       * @return true if the field is supported on this time, false if not
       */
      @Override
      public boolean isSupported(TemporalField field) {
          if (field instanceof ChronoField) {
              return field.isTimeBased();
          }
          return field != null && field.isSupportedBy(this);
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if the specified unit is supported.
       * <p>
       * This checks if the specified unit can be added to, or subtracted from, this time.
       * If false, then calling the {@link #plus(long, TemporalUnit)} and
       * {@link #minus(long, TemporalUnit) minus} methods will throw an exception.
       * <p>
       * If the unit is a {@link ChronoUnit} then the query is implemented here.
       * The supported units are:
       * <ul>
       * <li>{@code NANOS}
       * <li>{@code MICROS}
       * <li>{@code MILLIS}
       * <li>{@code SECONDS}
       * <li>{@code MINUTES}
       * <li>{@code HOURS}
       * <li>{@code HALF_DAYS}
       * </ul>
       * All other {@code ChronoUnit} instances will return false.
       * <p>
       * If the unit is not a {@code ChronoUnit}, then the result of this method
       * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalUnit.isSupportedBy(Temporal)}
       * passing {@code this} as the argument.
       * Whether the unit is supported is determined by the unit.
       *
       * @param unit  the unit to check, null returns false
       * @return true if the unit can be added/subtracted, false if not
       */
      @Override  // override for Javadoc
      public boolean isSupported(TemporalUnit unit) {
          if (unit instanceof ChronoUnit) {
              return unit.isTimeBased();
          }
          return unit != null && unit.isSupportedBy(this);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Gets the range of valid values for the specified field.
       * <p>
       * The range object expresses the minimum and maximum valid values for a field.
       * This time is used to enhance the accuracy of the returned range.
       * If it is not possible to return the range, because the field is not supported
       * or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
       * <p>
       * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
       * The {@link #isSupported(TemporalField) supported fields} will return
       * appropriate range instances.
       * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
       * <p>
       * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
       * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.rangeRefinedBy(TemporalAccessor)}
       * passing {@code this} as the argument.
       * Whether the range can be obtained is determined by the field.
       *
       * @param field  the field to query the range for, not null
       * @return the range of valid values for the field, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the range for the field cannot be obtained
       * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the field is not supported
       */
      @Override  // override for Javadoc
      public ValueRange range(TemporalField field) {
          return Temporal.super.range(field);
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the value of the specified field from this time as an {@code int}.
       * <p>
       * This queries this time for the value of the specified field.
       * The returned value will always be within the valid range of values for the field.
       * If it is not possible to return the value, because the field is not supported
       * or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
       * <p>
       * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
       * The {@link #isSupported(TemporalField) supported fields} will return valid
       * values based on this time, except {@code NANO_OF_DAY} and {@code MICRO_OF_DAY}
       * which are too large to fit in an {@code int} and throw a {@code DateTimeException}.
       * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
       * <p>
       * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
       * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.getFrom(TemporalAccessor)}
       * passing {@code this} as the argument. Whether the value can be obtained,
       * and what the value represents, is determined by the field.
       *
       * @param field  the field to get, not null
       * @return the value for the field
       * @throws DateTimeException if a value for the field cannot be obtained or
       *         the value is outside the range of valid values for the field
       * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the field is not supported or
       *         the range of values exceeds an {@code int}
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      @Override  // override for Javadoc and performance
      public int get(TemporalField field) {
          if (field instanceof ChronoField) {
              return get0(field);
          }
          return Temporal.super.get(field);
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the value of the specified field from this time as a {@code long}.
       * <p>
       * This queries this time for the value of the specified field.
       * If it is not possible to return the value, because the field is not supported
       * or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
       * <p>
       * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
       * The {@link #isSupported(TemporalField) supported fields} will return valid
       * values based on this time.
       * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
       * <p>
       * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
       * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.getFrom(TemporalAccessor)}
       * passing {@code this} as the argument. Whether the value can be obtained,
       * and what the value represents, is determined by the field.
       *
       * @param field  the field to get, not null
       * @return the value for the field
       * @throws DateTimeException if a value for the field cannot be obtained
       * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the field is not supported
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      @Override
      public long getLong(TemporalField field) {
          if (field instanceof ChronoField) {
              if (field == NANO_OF_DAY) {
                  return toNanoOfDay();
              }
              if (field == MICRO_OF_DAY) {
                  return toNanoOfDay() / 1000;
              }
              return get0(field);
          }
          return field.getFrom(this);
      }
  
      private int get0(TemporalField field) {
          switch ((ChronoField) field) {
              case NANO_OF_SECOND: return nano;
              case NANO_OF_DAY: throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Invalid field 'NanoOfDay' for get() method, use getLong() instead");
              case MICRO_OF_SECOND: return nano / 1000;
              case MICRO_OF_DAY: throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Invalid field 'MicroOfDay' for get() method, use getLong() instead");
              case MILLI_OF_SECOND: return nano / 1000_000;
              case MILLI_OF_DAY: return (int) (toNanoOfDay() / 1000_000);
              case SECOND_OF_MINUTE: return second;
              case SECOND_OF_DAY: return toSecondOfDay();
              case MINUTE_OF_HOUR: return minute;
              case MINUTE_OF_DAY: return hour * 60 + minute;
              case HOUR_OF_AMPM: return hour % 12;
              case CLOCK_HOUR_OF_AMPM: int ham = hour % 12; return (ham % 12 == 0 ? 12 : ham);
              case HOUR_OF_DAY: return hour;
              case CLOCK_HOUR_OF_DAY: return (hour == 0 ? 24 : hour);
              case AMPM_OF_DAY: return hour / 12;
          }
          throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported field: " + field);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Gets the hour-of-day field.
       *
       * @return the hour-of-day, from 0 to 23
       */
      public int getHour() {
          return hour;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the minute-of-hour field.
       *
       * @return the minute-of-hour, from 0 to 59
       */
      public int getMinute() {
          return minute;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the second-of-minute field.
       *
       * @return the second-of-minute, from 0 to 59
       */
      public int getSecond() {
          return second;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the nano-of-second field.
       *
       * @return the nano-of-second, from 0 to 999,999,999
       */
      public int getNano() {
          return nano;
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Returns an adjusted copy of this time.
       * <p>
       * This returns a {@code LocalTime}, based on this one, with the time adjusted.
       * The adjustment takes place using the specified adjuster strategy object.
       * Read the documentation of the adjuster to understand what adjustment will be made.
       * <p>
       * A simple adjuster might simply set the one of the fields, such as the hour field.
       * A more complex adjuster might set the time to the last hour of the day.
       * <p>
       * The result of this method is obtained by invoking the
       * {@link TemporalAdjuster#adjustInto(Temporal)} method on the
       * specified adjuster passing {@code this} as the argument.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param adjuster the adjuster to use, not null
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on {@code this} with the adjustment made, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the adjustment cannot be made
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      @Override
      public LocalTime with(TemporalAdjuster adjuster) {
          // optimizations
          if (adjuster instanceof LocalTime) {
              return (LocalTime) adjuster;
          }
          return (LocalTime) adjuster.adjustInto(this);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this time with the specified field set to a new value.
       * <p>
       * This returns a {@code LocalTime}, based on this one, with the value
       * for the specified field changed.
       * This can be used to change any supported field, such as the hour, minute or second.
       * If it is not possible to set the value, because the field is not supported or for
       * some other reason, an exception is thrown.
       * <p>
       * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the adjustment is implemented here.
       * The supported fields behave as follows:
       * <ul>
       * <li>{@code NANO_OF_SECOND} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified nano-of-second.
       *  The hour, minute and second will be unchanged.
       * <li>{@code NANO_OF_DAY} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified nano-of-day.
       *  This completely replaces the time and is equivalent to {@link #ofNanoOfDay(long)}.
       * <li>{@code MICRO_OF_SECOND} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the nano-of-second replaced by the specified
       *  micro-of-second multiplied by 1,000.
       *  The hour, minute and second will be unchanged.
       * <li>{@code MICRO_OF_DAY} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified micro-of-day.
       *  This completely replaces the time and is equivalent to using {@link #ofNanoOfDay(long)}
       *  with the micro-of-day multiplied by 1,000.
       * <li>{@code MILLI_OF_SECOND} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the nano-of-second replaced by the specified
       *  milli-of-second multiplied by 1,000,000.
       *  The hour, minute and second will be unchanged.
       * <li>{@code MILLI_OF_DAY} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified milli-of-day.
       *  This completely replaces the time and is equivalent to using {@link #ofNanoOfDay(long)}
       *  with the milli-of-day multiplied by 1,000,000.
       * <li>{@code SECOND_OF_MINUTE} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified second-of-minute.
       *  The hour, minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
       * <li>{@code SECOND_OF_DAY} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified second-of-day.
       *  The nano-of-second will be unchanged.
       * <li>{@code MINUTE_OF_HOUR} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified minute-of-hour.
       *  The hour, second-of-minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
       * <li>{@code MINUTE_OF_DAY} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified minute-of-day.
       *  The second-of-minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
       * <li>{@code HOUR_OF_AMPM} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified hour-of-am-pm.
       *  The AM/PM, minute-of-hour, second-of-minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
       * <li>{@code CLOCK_HOUR_OF_AMPM} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified clock-hour-of-am-pm.
       *  The AM/PM, minute-of-hour, second-of-minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
       * <li>{@code HOUR_OF_DAY} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified hour-of-day.
       *  The minute-of-hour, second-of-minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
       * <li>{@code CLOCK_HOUR_OF_DAY} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified clock-hour-of-day.
       *  The minute-of-hour, second-of-minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
       * <li>{@code AMPM_OF_DAY} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified AM/PM.
       *  The hour-of-am-pm, minute-of-hour, second-of-minute and nano-of-second will be unchanged.
       * </ul>
       * <p>
       * In all cases, if the new value is outside the valid range of values for the field
       * then a {@code DateTimeException} will be thrown.
       * <p>
       * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
       * <p>
       * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
       * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.adjustInto(Temporal, long)}
       * passing {@code this} as the argument. In this case, the field determines
       * whether and how to adjust the instant.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param field  the field to set in the result, not null
       * @param newValue  the new value of the field in the result
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on {@code this} with the specified field set, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the field cannot be set
       * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the field is not supported
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      @Override
      public LocalTime with(TemporalField field, long newValue) {
          if (field instanceof ChronoField) {
              ChronoField f = (ChronoField) field;
              f.checkValidValue(newValue);
              switch (f) {
                  case NANO_OF_SECOND: return withNano((int) newValue);
                  case NANO_OF_DAY: return LocalTime.ofNanoOfDay(newValue);
                  case MICRO_OF_SECOND: return withNano((int) newValue * 1000);
                  case MICRO_OF_DAY: return LocalTime.ofNanoOfDay(newValue * 1000);
                  case MILLI_OF_SECOND: return withNano((int) newValue * 1000_000);
                  case MILLI_OF_DAY: return LocalTime.ofNanoOfDay(newValue * 1000_000);
                  case SECOND_OF_MINUTE: return withSecond((int) newValue);
                  case SECOND_OF_DAY: return plusSeconds(newValue - toSecondOfDay());
                  case MINUTE_OF_HOUR: return withMinute((int) newValue);
                  case MINUTE_OF_DAY: return plusMinutes(newValue - (hour * 60 + minute));
                  case HOUR_OF_AMPM: return plusHours(newValue - (hour % 12));
                  case CLOCK_HOUR_OF_AMPM: return plusHours((newValue == 12 ? 0 : newValue) - (hour % 12));
                  case HOUR_OF_DAY: return withHour((int) newValue);
                  case CLOCK_HOUR_OF_DAY: return withHour((int) (newValue == 24 ? 0 : newValue));
                  case AMPM_OF_DAY: return plusHours((newValue - (hour / 12)) * 12);
              }
              throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported field: " + field);
          }
          return field.adjustInto(this, newValue);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the hour-of-day altered.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param hour  the hour-of-day to set in the result, from 0 to 23
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the requested hour, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the hour value is invalid
       */
      public LocalTime withHour(int hour) {
          if (this.hour == hour) {
              return this;
          }
          HOUR_OF_DAY.checkValidValue(hour);
          return create(hour, minute, second, nano);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the minute-of-hour altered.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param minute  the minute-of-hour to set in the result, from 0 to 59
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the requested minute, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the minute value is invalid
       */
      public LocalTime withMinute(int minute) {
          if (this.minute == minute) {
              return this;
          }
          MINUTE_OF_HOUR.checkValidValue(minute);
          return create(hour, minute, second, nano);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the second-of-minute altered.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param second  the second-of-minute to set in the result, from 0 to 59
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the requested second, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the second value is invalid
       */
      public LocalTime withSecond(int second) {
          if (this.second == second) {
              return this;
          }
          SECOND_OF_MINUTE.checkValidValue(second);
          return create(hour, minute, second, nano);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the nano-of-second altered.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param nanoOfSecond  the nano-of-second to set in the result, from 0 to 999,999,999
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the requested nanosecond, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the nanos value is invalid
       */
      public LocalTime withNano(int nanoOfSecond) {
          if (this.nano == nanoOfSecond) {
              return this;
          }
          NANO_OF_SECOND.checkValidValue(nanoOfSecond);
          return create(hour, minute, second, nanoOfSecond);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the time truncated.
       * <p>
       * Truncation returns a copy of the original time with fields
       * smaller than the specified unit set to zero.
       * For example, truncating with the {@link ChronoUnit#MINUTES minutes} unit
       * will set the second-of-minute and nano-of-second field to zero.
       * <p>
       * The unit must have a {@linkplain TemporalUnit#getDuration() duration}
       * that divides into the length of a standard day without remainder.
       * This includes all supplied time units on {@link ChronoUnit} and
       * {@link ChronoUnit#DAYS DAYS}. Other units throw an exception.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param unit  the unit to truncate to, not null
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the time truncated, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if unable to truncate
       * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the unit is not supported
       */
      public LocalTime truncatedTo(TemporalUnit unit) {
          if (unit == ChronoUnit.NANOS) {
              return this;
          }
          Duration unitDur = unit.getDuration();
          if (unitDur.getSeconds() > SECONDS_PER_DAY) {
              throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unit is too large to be used for truncation");
          }
          long dur = unitDur.toNanos();
          if ((NANOS_PER_DAY % dur) != 0) {
              throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unit must divide into a standard day without remainder");
          }
          long nod = toNanoOfDay();
          return ofNanoOfDay((nod / dur) * dur);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this time with the specified amount added.
       * <p>
       * This returns a {@code LocalTime}, based on this one, with the specified amount added.
       * The amount is typically {@link Duration} but may be any other type implementing
       * the {@link TemporalAmount} interface.
       * <p>
       * The calculation is delegated to the amount object by calling
       * {@link TemporalAmount#addTo(Temporal)}. The amount implementation is free
       * to implement the addition in any way it wishes, however it typically
       * calls back to {@link #plus(long, TemporalUnit)}. Consult the documentation
       * of the amount implementation to determine if it can be successfully added.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param amountToAdd  the amount to add, not null
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the addition made, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the addition cannot be made
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      @Override
      public LocalTime plus(TemporalAmount amountToAdd) {
          return (LocalTime) amountToAdd.addTo(this);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this time with the specified amount added.
       * <p>
       * This returns a {@code LocalTime}, based on this one, with the amount
       * in terms of the unit added. If it is not possible to add the amount, because the
       * unit is not supported or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
       * <p>
       * If the field is a {@link ChronoUnit} then the addition is implemented here.
       * The supported fields behave as follows:
       * <ul>
       * <li>{@code NANOS} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of nanoseconds added.
       *  This is equivalent to {@link #plusNanos(long)}.
       * <li>{@code MICROS} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of microseconds added.
       *  This is equivalent to {@link #plusNanos(long)} with the amount
       *  multiplied by 1,000.
       * <li>{@code MILLIS} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of milliseconds added.
       *  This is equivalent to {@link #plusNanos(long)} with the amount
       *  multiplied by 1,000,000.
       * <li>{@code SECONDS} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of seconds added.
       *  This is equivalent to {@link #plusSeconds(long)}.
       * <li>{@code MINUTES} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of minutes added.
       *  This is equivalent to {@link #plusMinutes(long)}.
       * <li>{@code HOURS} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of hours added.
       *  This is equivalent to {@link #plusHours(long)}.
       * <li>{@code HALF_DAYS} -
       *  Returns a {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of half-days added.
       *  This is equivalent to {@link #plusHours(long)} with the amount
       *  multiplied by 12.
       * </ul>
       * <p>
       * All other {@code ChronoUnit} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
       * <p>
       * If the field is not a {@code ChronoUnit}, then the result of this method
       * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalUnit.addTo(Temporal, long)}
       * passing {@code this} as the argument. In this case, the unit determines
       * whether and how to perform the addition.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param amountToAdd  the amount of the unit to add to the result, may be negative
       * @param unit  the unit of the amount to add, not null
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the specified amount added, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the addition cannot be made
       * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the unit is not supported
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      @Override
      public LocalTime plus(long amountToAdd, TemporalUnit unit) {
          if (unit instanceof ChronoUnit) {
              switch ((ChronoUnit) unit) {
                  case NANOS: return plusNanos(amountToAdd);
                  case MICROS: return plusNanos((amountToAdd % MICROS_PER_DAY) * 1000);
                  case MILLIS: return plusNanos((amountToAdd % MILLIS_PER_DAY) * 1000_000);
                  case SECONDS: return plusSeconds(amountToAdd);
                  case MINUTES: return plusMinutes(amountToAdd);
                  case HOURS: return plusHours(amountToAdd);
                  case HALF_DAYS: return plusHours((amountToAdd % 2) * 12);
              }
              throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported unit: " + unit);
          }
          return unit.addTo(this, amountToAdd);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of hours added.
       * <p>
       * This adds the specified number of hours to this time, returning a new time.
       * The calculation wraps around midnight.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param hoursToAdd  the hours to add, may be negative
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the hours added, not null
       */
      public LocalTime plusHours(long hoursToAdd) {
          if (hoursToAdd == 0) {
              return this;
          }
          int newHour = ((int) (hoursToAdd % HOURS_PER_DAY) + hour + HOURS_PER_DAY) % HOURS_PER_DAY;
          return create(newHour, minute, second, nano);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of minutes added.
       * <p>
       * This adds the specified number of minutes to this time, returning a new time.
       * The calculation wraps around midnight.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param minutesToAdd  the minutes to add, may be negative
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the minutes added, not null
       */
      public LocalTime plusMinutes(long minutesToAdd) {
          if (minutesToAdd == 0) {
              return this;
          }
          int mofd = hour * MINUTES_PER_HOUR + minute;
          int newMofd = ((int) (minutesToAdd % MINUTES_PER_DAY) + mofd + MINUTES_PER_DAY) % MINUTES_PER_DAY;
          if (mofd == newMofd) {
              return this;
          }
          int newHour = newMofd / MINUTES_PER_HOUR;
          int newMinute = newMofd % MINUTES_PER_HOUR;
          return create(newHour, newMinute, second, nano);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of seconds added.
       * <p>
       * This adds the specified number of seconds to this time, returning a new time.
       * The calculation wraps around midnight.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param secondstoAdd  the seconds to add, may be negative
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the seconds added, not null
       */
      public LocalTime plusSeconds(long secondstoAdd) {
          if (secondstoAdd == 0) {
              return this;
          }
          int sofd = hour * SECONDS_PER_HOUR +
                      minute * SECONDS_PER_MINUTE + second;
          int newSofd = ((int) (secondstoAdd % SECONDS_PER_DAY) + sofd + SECONDS_PER_DAY) % SECONDS_PER_DAY;
          if (sofd == newSofd) {
              return this;
          }
          int newHour = newSofd / SECONDS_PER_HOUR;
          int newMinute = (newSofd / SECONDS_PER_MINUTE) % MINUTES_PER_HOUR;
          int newSecond = newSofd % SECONDS_PER_MINUTE;
          return create(newHour, newMinute, newSecond, nano);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of nanoseconds added.
       * <p>
       * This adds the specified number of nanoseconds to this time, returning a new time.
       * The calculation wraps around midnight.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param nanosToAdd  the nanos to add, may be negative
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the nanoseconds added, not null
       */
      public LocalTime plusNanos(long nanosToAdd) {
          if (nanosToAdd == 0) {
              return this;
          }
          long nofd = toNanoOfDay();
          long newNofd = ((nanosToAdd % NANOS_PER_DAY) + nofd + NANOS_PER_DAY) % NANOS_PER_DAY;
          if (nofd == newNofd) {
              return this;
          }
          int newHour = (int) (newNofd / NANOS_PER_HOUR);
          int newMinute = (int) ((newNofd / NANOS_PER_MINUTE) % MINUTES_PER_HOUR);
          int newSecond = (int) ((newNofd / NANOS_PER_SECOND) % SECONDS_PER_MINUTE);
          int newNano = (int) (newNofd % NANOS_PER_SECOND);
          return create(newHour, newMinute, newSecond, newNano);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this time with the specified amount subtracted.
       * <p>
       * This returns a {@code LocalTime}, based on this one, with the specified amount subtracted.
       * The amount is typically {@link Duration} but may be any other type implementing
       * the {@link TemporalAmount} interface.
       * <p>
       * The calculation is delegated to the amount object by calling
       * {@link TemporalAmount#subtractFrom(Temporal)}. The amount implementation is free
       * to implement the subtraction in any way it wishes, however it typically
       * calls back to {@link #minus(long, TemporalUnit)}. Consult the documentation
       * of the amount implementation to determine if it can be successfully subtracted.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param amountToSubtract  the amount to subtract, not null
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the subtraction made, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the subtraction cannot be made
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      @Override
      public LocalTime minus(TemporalAmount amountToSubtract) {
          return (LocalTime) amountToSubtract.subtractFrom(this);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this time with the specified amount subtracted.
       * <p>
       * This returns a {@code LocalTime}, based on this one, with the amount
       * in terms of the unit subtracted. If it is not possible to subtract the amount,
       * because the unit is not supported or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
       * <p>
       * This method is equivalent to {@link #plus(long, TemporalUnit)} with the amount negated.
       * See that method for a full description of how addition, and thus subtraction, works.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param amountToSubtract  the amount of the unit to subtract from the result, may be negative
       * @param unit  the unit of the amount to subtract, not null
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the specified amount subtracted, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the subtraction cannot be made
       * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the unit is not supported
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      @Override
      public LocalTime minus(long amountToSubtract, TemporalUnit unit) {
          return (amountToSubtract == Long.MIN_VALUE ? plus(Long.MAX_VALUE, unit).plus(1, unit) : plus(-amountToSubtract, unit));
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of hours subtracted.
       * <p>
       * This subtracts the specified number of hours from this time, returning a new time.
       * The calculation wraps around midnight.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param hoursToSubtract  the hours to subtract, may be negative
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the hours subtracted, not null
       */
      public LocalTime minusHours(long hoursToSubtract) {
          return plusHours(-(hoursToSubtract % HOURS_PER_DAY));
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of minutes subtracted.
       * <p>
       * This subtracts the specified number of minutes from this time, returning a new time.
       * The calculation wraps around midnight.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param minutesToSubtract  the minutes to subtract, may be negative
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the minutes subtracted, not null
       */
      public LocalTime minusMinutes(long minutesToSubtract) {
          return plusMinutes(-(minutesToSubtract % MINUTES_PER_DAY));
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of seconds subtracted.
       * <p>
       * This subtracts the specified number of seconds from this time, returning a new time.
       * The calculation wraps around midnight.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param secondsToSubtract  the seconds to subtract, may be negative
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the seconds subtracted, not null
       */
      public LocalTime minusSeconds(long secondsToSubtract) {
          return plusSeconds(-(secondsToSubtract % SECONDS_PER_DAY));
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this {@code LocalTime} with the specified number of nanoseconds subtracted.
       * <p>
       * This subtracts the specified number of nanoseconds from this time, returning a new time.
       * The calculation wraps around midnight.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param nanosToSubtract  the nanos to subtract, may be negative
       * @return a {@code LocalTime} based on this time with the nanoseconds subtracted, not null
       */
      public LocalTime minusNanos(long nanosToSubtract) {
          return plusNanos(-(nanosToSubtract % NANOS_PER_DAY));
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Queries this time using the specified query.
       * <p>
       * This queries this time using the specified query strategy object.
       * The {@code TemporalQuery} object defines the logic to be used to
       * obtain the result. Read the documentation of the query to understand
       * what the result of this method will be.
       * <p>
       * The result of this method is obtained by invoking the
       * {@link TemporalQuery#queryFrom(TemporalAccessor)} method on the
       * specified query passing {@code this} as the argument.
       *
       * @param <R> the type of the result
       * @param query  the query to invoke, not null
       * @return the query result, null may be returned (defined by the query)
       * @throws DateTimeException if unable to query (defined by the query)
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs (defined by the query)
       */
      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
      @Override
      public <R> R query(TemporalQuery<R> query) {
          if (query == TemporalQueries.chronology() || query == TemporalQueries.zoneId() ||
                  query == TemporalQueries.zone() || query == TemporalQueries.offset()) {
              return null;
          } else if (query == TemporalQueries.localTime()) {
              return (R) this;
          } else if (query == TemporalQueries.localDate()) {
              return null;
          } else if (query == TemporalQueries.precision()) {
              return (R) NANOS;
          }
          // inline TemporalAccessor.super.query(query) as an optimization
          // non-JDK classes are not permitted to make this optimization
          return query.queryFrom(this);
      }
  
      /**
       * Adjusts the specified temporal object to have the same time as this object.
       * <p>
       * This returns a temporal object of the same observable type as the input
       * with the time changed to be the same as this.
       * <p>
       * The adjustment is equivalent to using {@link Temporal#with(TemporalField, long)}
       * passing {@link ChronoField#NANO_OF_DAY} as the field.
       * <p>
       * In most cases, it is clearer to reverse the calling pattern by using
       * {@link Temporal#with(TemporalAdjuster)}:
       * <pre>
       *   // these two lines are equivalent, but the second approach is recommended
       *   temporal = thisLocalTime.adjustInto(temporal);
       *   temporal = temporal.with(thisLocalTime);
       * </pre>
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param temporal  the target object to be adjusted, not null
       * @return the adjusted object, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if unable to make the adjustment
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      @Override
      public Temporal adjustInto(Temporal temporal) {
          return temporal.with(NANO_OF_DAY, toNanoOfDay());
      }
  
      /**
       * Calculates the amount of time until another time in terms of the specified unit.
       * <p>
       * This calculates the amount of time between two {@code LocalTime}
       * objects in terms of a single {@code TemporalUnit}.
       * The start and end points are {@code this} and the specified time.
       * The result will be negative if the end is before the start.
       * The {@code Temporal} passed to this method is converted to a
       * {@code LocalTime} using {@link #from(TemporalAccessor)}.
       * For example, the amount in hours between two times can be calculated
       * using {@code startTime.until(endTime, HOURS)}.
       * <p>
       * The calculation returns a whole number, representing the number of
       * complete units between the two times.
       * For example, the amount in hours between 11:30 and 13:29 will only
       * be one hour as it is one minute short of two hours.
       * <p>
       * There are two equivalent ways of using this method.
       * The first is to invoke this method.
       * The second is to use {@link TemporalUnit#between(Temporal, Temporal)}:
       * <pre>
       *   // these two lines are equivalent
       *   amount = start.until(end, MINUTES);
       *   amount = MINUTES.between(start, end);
       * </pre>
       * The choice should be made based on which makes the code more readable.
       * <p>
       * The calculation is implemented in this method for {@link ChronoUnit}.
       * The units {@code NANOS}, {@code MICROS}, {@code MILLIS}, {@code SECONDS},
       * {@code MINUTES}, {@code HOURS} and {@code HALF_DAYS} are supported.
       * Other {@code ChronoUnit} values will throw an exception.
       * <p>
       * If the unit is not a {@code ChronoUnit}, then the result of this method
       * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalUnit.between(Temporal, Temporal)}
       * passing {@code this} as the first argument and the converted input temporal
       * as the second argument.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param endExclusive  the end time, exclusive, which is converted to a {@code LocalTime}, not null
       * @param unit  the unit to measure the amount in, not null
       * @return the amount of time between this time and the end time
       * @throws DateTimeException if the amount cannot be calculated, or the end
       *  temporal cannot be converted to a {@code LocalTime}
       * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the unit is not supported
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      @Override
      public long until(Temporal endExclusive, TemporalUnit unit) {
          LocalTime end = LocalTime.from(endExclusive);
          if (unit instanceof ChronoUnit) {
              long nanosUntil = end.toNanoOfDay() - toNanoOfDay();  // no overflow
              switch ((ChronoUnit) unit) {
                  case NANOS: return nanosUntil;
                  case MICROS: return nanosUntil / 1000;
                  case MILLIS: return nanosUntil / 1000_000;
                  case SECONDS: return nanosUntil / NANOS_PER_SECOND;
                  case MINUTES: return nanosUntil / NANOS_PER_MINUTE;
                  case HOURS: return nanosUntil / NANOS_PER_HOUR;
                  case HALF_DAYS: return nanosUntil / (12 * NANOS_PER_HOUR);
              }
              throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported unit: " + unit);
          }
          return unit.between(this, end);
      }
  
      /**
       * Formats this time using the specified formatter.
       * <p>
       * This time will be passed to the formatter to produce a string.
       *
       * @param formatter  the formatter to use, not null
       * @return the formatted time string, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if an error occurs during printing
       */
      public String format(DateTimeFormatter formatter) {
          Objects.requireNonNull(formatter, "formatter");
          return formatter.format(this);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Combines this time with a date to create a {@code LocalDateTime}.
       * <p>
       * This returns a {@code LocalDateTime} formed from this time at the specified date.
       * All possible combinations of date and time are valid.
       *
       * @param date  the date to combine with, not null
       * @return the local date-time formed from this time and the specified date, not null
       */
      public LocalDateTime atDate(LocalDate date) {
          return LocalDateTime.of(date, this);
      }
  
      /**
       * Combines this time with an offset to create an {@code OffsetTime}.
       * <p>
       * This returns an {@code OffsetTime} formed from this time at the specified offset.
       * All possible combinations of time and offset are valid.
       *
       * @param offset  the offset to combine with, not null
       * @return the offset time formed from this time and the specified offset, not null
       */
      public OffsetTime atOffset(ZoneOffset offset) {
          return OffsetTime.of(this, offset);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Extracts the time as seconds of day,
       * from {@code 0} to {@code 24 * 60 * 60 - 1}.
       *
       * @return the second-of-day equivalent to this time
       */
      public int toSecondOfDay() {
          int total = hour * SECONDS_PER_HOUR;
          total += minute * SECONDS_PER_MINUTE;
          total += second;
          return total;
      }
  
      /**
       * Extracts the time as nanos of day,
       * from {@code 0} to {@code 24 * 60 * 60 * 1,000,000,000 - 1}.
       *
       * @return the nano of day equivalent to this time
       */
      public long toNanoOfDay() {
          long total = hour * NANOS_PER_HOUR;
          total += minute * NANOS_PER_MINUTE;
          total += second * NANOS_PER_SECOND;
          total += nano;
          return total;
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Compares this time to another time.
       * <p>
       * The comparison is based on the time-line position of the local times within a day.
       * It is "consistent with equals", as defined by {@link Comparable}.
       *
       * @param other  the other time to compare to, not null
       * @return the comparator value, negative if less, positive if greater
       * @throws NullPointerException if {@code other} is null
       */
      @Override
      public int compareTo(LocalTime other) {
          int cmp = Integer.compare(hour, other.hour);
          if (cmp == 0) {
              cmp = Integer.compare(minute, other.minute);
              if (cmp == 0) {
                  cmp = Integer.compare(second, other.second);
                  if (cmp == 0) {
                      cmp = Integer.compare(nano, other.nano);
                  }
              }
          }
          return cmp;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if this time is after the specified time.
       * <p>
       * The comparison is based on the time-line position of the time within a day.
       *
       * @param other  the other time to compare to, not null
       * @return true if this is after the specified time
       * @throws NullPointerException if {@code other} is null
       */
      public boolean isAfter(LocalTime other) {
          return compareTo(other) > 0;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if this time is before the specified time.
       * <p>
       * The comparison is based on the time-line position of the time within a day.
       *
       * @param other  the other time to compare to, not null
       * @return true if this point is before the specified time
       * @throws NullPointerException if {@code other} is null
       */
      public boolean isBefore(LocalTime other) {
          return compareTo(other) < 0;
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Checks if this time is equal to another time.
       * <p>
       * The comparison is based on the time-line position of the time within a day.
       * <p>
       * Only objects of type {@code LocalTime} are compared, other types return false.
       * To compare the date of two {@code TemporalAccessor} instances, use
       * {@link ChronoField#NANO_OF_DAY} as a comparator.
       *
       * @param obj  the object to check, null returns false
       * @return true if this is equal to the other time
       */
      @Override
      public boolean equals(Object obj) {
          if (this == obj) {
              return true;
          }
          if (obj instanceof LocalTime) {
              LocalTime other = (LocalTime) obj;
              return hour == other.hour && minute == other.minute &&
                      second == other.second && nano == other.nano;
          }
          return false;
      }
  
      /**
       * A hash code for this time.
       *
       * @return a suitable hash code
       */
      @Override
      public int hashCode() {
          long nod = toNanoOfDay();
          return (int) (nod ^ (nod >>> 32));
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Outputs this time as a {@code String}, such as {@code 10:15}.
       * <p>
       * The output will be one of the following ISO-8601 formats:
       * <ul>
       * <li>{@code HH:mm}</li>
       * <li>{@code HH:mm:ss}</li>
       * <li>{@code HH:mm:ss.SSS}</li>
       * <li>{@code HH:mm:ss.SSSSSS}</li>
       * <li>{@code HH:mm:ss.SSSSSSSSS}</li>
       * </ul>
       * The format used will be the shortest that outputs the full value of
       * the time where the omitted parts are implied to be zero.
       *
       * @return a string representation of this time, not null
       */
      @Override
      public String toString() {
          StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(18);
          int hourValue = hour;
          int minuteValue = minute;
          int secondValue = second;
          int nanoValue = nano;
          buf.append(hourValue < 10 ? "0" : "").append(hourValue)
              .append(minuteValue < 10 ? ":0" : ":").append(minuteValue);
          if (secondValue > 0 || nanoValue > 0) {
              buf.append(secondValue < 10 ? ":0" : ":").append(secondValue);
              if (nanoValue > 0) {
                  buf.append('.');
                  if (nanoValue % 1000_000 == 0) {
                      buf.append(Integer.toString((nanoValue / 1000_000) + 1000).substring(1));
                  } else if (nanoValue % 1000 == 0) {
                      buf.append(Integer.toString((nanoValue / 1000) + 1000_000).substring(1));
                  } else {
                      buf.append(Integer.toString((nanoValue) + 1000_000_000).substring(1));
                  }
              }
          }
          return buf.toString();
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Writes the object using a
       * <a href="../../serialized-form.html#java.time.Ser">dedicated serialized form</a>.
       * @serialData
       * A twos-complement value indicates the remaining values are not in the stream
       * and should be set to zero.
       * <pre>
       *  out.writeByte(4);  // identifies a LocalTime
       *  if (nano == 0) {
       *    if (second == 0) {
       *      if (minute == 0) {
       *        out.writeByte(~hour);
       *      } else {
       *        out.writeByte(hour);
       *        out.writeByte(~minute);
       *      }
       *    } else {
       *      out.writeByte(hour);
       *      out.writeByte(minute);
       *      out.writeByte(~second);
       *    }
       *  } else {
       *    out.writeByte(hour);
       *    out.writeByte(minute);
       *    out.writeByte(second);
       *    out.writeInt(nano);
       *  }
       * </pre>
       *
       * @return the instance of {@code Ser}, not null
       */
      private Object writeReplace() {
          return new Ser(Ser.LOCAL_TIME_TYPE, this);
      }
  
      /**
       * Defend against malicious streams.
       *
       * @param s the stream to read
       * @throws InvalidObjectException always
       */
      private void readObject(ObjectInputStream s) throws InvalidObjectException {
          throw new InvalidObjectException("Deserialization via serialization delegate");
      }
  
      void writeExternal(DataOutput out) throws IOException {
          if (nano == 0) {
              if (second == 0) {
                  if (minute == 0) {
                      out.writeByte(~hour);
                  } else {
                      out.writeByte(hour);
                      out.writeByte(~minute);
                  }
              } else {
                  out.writeByte(hour);
                  out.writeByte(minute);
                  out.writeByte(~second);
              }
          } else {
              out.writeByte(hour);
              out.writeByte(minute);
              out.writeByte(second);
              out.writeInt(nano);
          }
      }
  
      static LocalTime readExternal(DataInput in) throws IOException {
          int hour = in.readByte();
          int minute = 0;
          int second = 0;
          int nano = 0;
          if (hour < 0) {
              hour = ~hour;
          } else {
              minute = in.readByte();
              if (minute < 0) {
                  minute = ~minute;
              } else {
                  second = in.readByte();
                  if (second < 0) {
                      second = ~second;
                  } else {
                      nano = in.readInt();
                  }
              }
          }
          return LocalTime.of(hour, minute, second, nano);
      }
  
  }
  