content: /*
   * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
   * Copyright (c) 1999, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   *
   * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
   * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
   * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
   *
   * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
   * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
   * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
   * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
   * accompanied this code).
   *
   * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
   * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
   * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
   *
   * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
   * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
   * questions.
   */
  
  package java.util.regex;
  
  import com.android.icu.util.regex.PatternNative;
  import dalvik.system.VMRuntime;
  
  import java.util.Iterator;
  import java.util.ArrayList;
  import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
  import java.util.Spliterator;
  import java.util.Spliterators;
  import java.util.function.Predicate;
  import java.util.stream.Stream;
  import java.util.stream.StreamSupport;
  
  import libcore.util.EmptyArray;
  
  // Android-changed: Document that named capturing is only available from API 26.
  // Android-changed: Android always uses unicode character classes.
  // UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS has no effect on Android.
  
  /**
   * A compiled representation of a regular expression.
   *
   * <p> A regular expression, specified as a string, must first be compiled into
   * an instance of this class.  The resulting pattern can then be used to create
   * a {@link Matcher} object that can match arbitrary {@linkplain
   * CharSequence character sequences} against the regular
   * expression.  All of the state involved in performing a match resides in the
   * matcher, so many matchers can share the same pattern.
   *
   * <p> A typical invocation sequence is thus
   *
   * <blockquote><pre>
   * Pattern p = Pattern.{@link #compile compile}("a*b");
   * Matcher m = p.{@link #matcher matcher}("aaaaab");
   * boolean b = m.{@link Matcher#matches matches}();</pre></blockquote>
   *
   * <p> A {@link #matches matches} method is defined by this class as a
   * convenience for when a regular expression is used just once.  This method
   * compiles an expression and matches an input sequence against it in a single
   * invocation.  The statement
   *
   * <blockquote><pre>
   * boolean b = Pattern.matches("a*b", "aaaaab");</pre></blockquote>
   *
   * is equivalent to the three statements above, though for repeated matches it
   * is less efficient since it does not allow the compiled pattern to be reused.
   *
   * <p> Instances of this class are immutable and are safe for use by multiple
   * concurrent threads.  Instances of the {@link Matcher} class are not safe for
   * such use.
   *
   *
   * <h3><a name="sum">Summary of regular-expression constructs</a></h3>
   *
   * <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"
   *  summary="Regular expression constructs, and what they match">
   *
   * <tr align="left">
   * <th align="left" id="construct">Construct</th>
   * <th align="left" id="matches">Matches</th>
   * </tr>
   *
   * <tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
   * <tr align="left"><th colspan="2" id="characters">Characters</th></tr>
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct characters"><i>x</i></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The character <i>x</i></td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct characters"><tt>\\</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The backslash character</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct characters"><tt>\0</tt><i>n</i></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The character with octal value <tt>0</tt><i>n</i>
   *         (0&nbsp;<tt>&lt;=</tt>&nbsp;<i>n</i>&nbsp;<tt>&lt;=</tt>&nbsp;7)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct characters"><tt>\0</tt><i>nn</i></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The character with octal value <tt>0</tt><i>nn</i>
   *         (0&nbsp;<tt>&lt;=</tt>&nbsp;<i>n</i>&nbsp;<tt>&lt;=</tt>&nbsp;7)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct characters"><tt>\0</tt><i>mnn</i></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The character with octal value <tt>0</tt><i>mnn</i>
   *         (0&nbsp;<tt>&lt;=</tt>&nbsp;<i>m</i>&nbsp;<tt>&lt;=</tt>&nbsp;3,
   *         0&nbsp;<tt>&lt;=</tt>&nbsp;<i>n</i>&nbsp;<tt>&lt;=</tt>&nbsp;7)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct characters"><tt>\x</tt><i>hh</i></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The character with hexadecimal&nbsp;value&nbsp;<tt>0x</tt><i>hh</i></td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct characters"><tt>&#92;u</tt><i>hhhh</i></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The character with hexadecimal&nbsp;value&nbsp;<tt>0x</tt><i>hhhh</i></td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct characters"><tt>&#92;x</tt><i>{h...h}</i></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The character with hexadecimal&nbsp;value&nbsp;<tt>0x</tt><i>h...h</i>
   *         ({@link Character#MIN_CODE_POINT Character.MIN_CODE_POINT}
   *         &nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;<tt>0x</tt><i>h...h</i>&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;
   *          {@link Character#MAX_CODE_POINT Character.MAX_CODE_POINT})</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="matches"><tt>\t</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The tab character (<tt>'&#92;u0009'</tt>)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct characters"><tt>\n</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The newline (line feed) character (<tt>'&#92;u000A'</tt>)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct characters"><tt>\r</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The carriage-return character (<tt>'&#92;u000D'</tt>)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct characters"><tt>\f</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The form-feed character (<tt>'&#92;u000C'</tt>)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct characters"><tt>\a</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The alert (bell) character (<tt>'&#92;u0007'</tt>)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct characters"><tt>\e</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The escape character (<tt>'&#92;u001B'</tt>)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct characters"><tt>\c</tt><i>x</i></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The control character corresponding to <i>x</i></td></tr>
   *
   * <tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
   * <tr align="left"><th colspan="2" id="classes">Character classes</th></tr>
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct classes">{@code [abc]}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">{@code a}, {@code b}, or {@code c} (simple class)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct classes">{@code [^abc]}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">Any character except {@code a}, {@code b}, or {@code c} (negation)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct classes">{@code [a-zA-Z]}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">{@code a} through {@code z}
   *         or {@code A} through {@code Z}, inclusive (range)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct classes">{@code [a-d[m-p]]}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">{@code a} through {@code d},
   *      or {@code m} through {@code p}: {@code [a-dm-p]} (union)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct classes">{@code [a-z&&[def]]}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">{@code d}, {@code e}, or {@code f} (intersection)</tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct classes">{@code [a-z&&[^bc]]}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">{@code a} through {@code z},
   *         except for {@code b} and {@code c}: {@code [ad-z]} (subtraction)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct classes">{@code [a-z&&[^m-p]]}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">{@code a} through {@code z},
   *          and not {@code m} through {@code p}: {@code [a-lq-z]}(subtraction)</td></tr>
   * <tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
   *
   * <tr align="left"><th colspan="2" id="predef">Predefined character classes</th></tr>
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct predef"><tt>.</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">Any character (may or may not match <a href="#lt">line terminators</a>)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct predef"><tt>\d</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A digit: <tt>[0-9]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct predef"><tt>\D</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A non-digit: <tt>[^0-9]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct predef"><tt>\h</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A horizontal whitespace character:
   *     <tt>[ \t\xA0&#92;u1680&#92;u180e&#92;u2000-&#92;u200a&#92;u202f&#92;u205f&#92;u3000]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct predef"><tt>\H</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A non-horizontal whitespace character: <tt>[^\h]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct predef"><tt>\s</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A whitespace character: <tt>[ \t\n\x0B\f\r]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct predef"><tt>\S</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A non-whitespace character: <tt>[^\s]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct predef"><tt>\v</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A vertical whitespace character: <tt>[\n\x0B\f\r\x85&#92;u2028&#92;u2029]</tt>
   *     </td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct predef"><tt>\V</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A non-vertical whitespace character: <tt>[^\v]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct predef"><tt>\w</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A word character: <tt>[a-zA-Z_0-9]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct predef"><tt>\W</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A non-word character: <tt>[^\w]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
   * <tr align="left"><th colspan="2" id="posix"><b>POSIX character classes (US-ASCII only)</b></th></tr>
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct posix">{@code \p{Lower}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A lower-case alphabetic character: {@code [a-z]}</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct posix">{@code \p{Upper}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">An upper-case alphabetic character:{@code [A-Z]}</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct posix">{@code \p{ASCII}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">All ASCII:{@code [\x00-\x7F]}</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct posix">{@code \p{Alpha}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">An alphabetic character:{@code [\p{Lower}\p{Upper}]}</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct posix">{@code \p{Digit}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A decimal digit: {@code [0-9]}</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct posix">{@code \p{Alnum}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">An alphanumeric character:{@code [\p{Alpha}\p{Digit}]}</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct posix">{@code \p{Punct}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">Punctuation: One of {@code !"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~}</td></tr>
   *     <!-- {@code [\!"#\$%&'\(\)\*\+,\-\./:;\<=\>\?@\[\\\]\^_`\{\|\}~]}
   *          {@code [\X21-\X2F\X31-\X40\X5B-\X60\X7B-\X7E]} -->
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct posix">{@code \p{Graph}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A visible character: {@code [\p{Alnum}\p{Punct}]}</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct posix">{@code \p{Print}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A printable character: {@code [\p{Graph}\x20]}</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct posix">{@code \p{Blank}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A space or a tab: {@code [ \t]}</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct posix">{@code \p{Cntrl}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A control character: {@code [\x00-\x1F\x7F]}</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct posix">{@code \p{XDigit}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A hexadecimal digit: {@code [0-9a-fA-F]}</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct posix">{@code \p{Space}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A whitespace character: {@code [ \t\n\x0B\f\r]}</td></tr>
   *
   * <tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
   * <tr align="left"><th colspan="2">java.lang.Character classes (simple <a href="#jcc">java character type</a>)</th></tr>
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"><tt>\p{javaLowerCase}</tt></td>
   *     <td>Equivalent to java.lang.Character.isLowerCase()</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top"><tt>\p{javaUpperCase}</tt></td>
   *     <td>Equivalent to java.lang.Character.isUpperCase()</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top"><tt>\p{javaWhitespace}</tt></td>
   *     <td>Equivalent to java.lang.Character.isWhitespace()</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top"><tt>\p{javaMirrored}</tt></td>
   *     <td>Equivalent to java.lang.Character.isMirrored()</td></tr>
   *
   * <tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
   * <tr align="left"><th colspan="2" id="unicode">Classes for Unicode scripts, blocks, categories and binary properties</th></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct unicode">{@code \p{IsLatin}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A Latin&nbsp;script character (<a href="#usc">script</a>)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct unicode">{@code \p{InGreek}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A character in the Greek&nbsp;block (<a href="#ubc">block</a>)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct unicode">{@code \p{Lu}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">An uppercase letter (<a href="#ucc">category</a>)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct unicode">{@code \p{IsAlphabetic}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">An alphabetic character (<a href="#ubpc">binary property</a>)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct unicode">{@code \p{Sc}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A currency symbol</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct unicode">{@code \P{InGreek}}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">Any character except one in the Greek block (negation)</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct unicode">{@code [\p{L}&&[^\p{Lu}]]}</td>
   *     <td headers="matches">Any letter except an uppercase letter (subtraction)</td></tr>
   *
   * <tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
   * <tr align="left"><th colspan="2" id="bounds">Boundary matchers</th></tr>
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct bounds"><tt>^</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The beginning of a line</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct bounds"><tt>$</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The end of a line</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct bounds"><tt>\b</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A word boundary</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct bounds"><tt>\B</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">A non-word boundary</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct bounds"><tt>\A</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The beginning of the input</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct bounds"><tt>\G</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The end of the previous match</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct bounds"><tt>\Z</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The end of the input but for the final
   *         <a href="#lt">terminator</a>, if&nbsp;any</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct bounds"><tt>\z</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">The end of the input</td></tr>
   *
   * <tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
   * <tr align="left"><th colspan="2" id="lineending">Linebreak matcher</th></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct lineending"><tt>\R</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">Any Unicode linebreak sequence, is equivalent to
   *     <tt>&#92;u000D&#92;u000A|[&#92;u000A&#92;u000B&#92;u000C&#92;u000D&#92;u0085&#92;u2028&#92;u2029]
   *     </tt></td></tr>
   *
   * <tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
   * <tr align="left"><th colspan="2" id="greedy">Greedy quantifiers</th></tr>
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct greedy"><i>X</i><tt>?</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, once or not at all</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct greedy"><i>X</i><tt>*</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, zero or more times</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct greedy"><i>X</i><tt>+</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, one or more times</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct greedy"><i>X</i><tt>{</tt><i>n</i><tt>}</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, exactly <i>n</i> times</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct greedy"><i>X</i><tt>{</tt><i>n</i><tt>,}</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, at least <i>n</i> times</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct greedy"><i>X</i><tt>{</tt><i>n</i><tt>,</tt><i>m</i><tt>}</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, at least <i>n</i> but not more than <i>m</i> times</td></tr>
   *
   * <tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
   * <tr align="left"><th colspan="2" id="reluc">Reluctant quantifiers</th></tr>
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct reluc"><i>X</i><tt>??</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, once or not at all</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct reluc"><i>X</i><tt>*?</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, zero or more times</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct reluc"><i>X</i><tt>+?</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, one or more times</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct reluc"><i>X</i><tt>{</tt><i>n</i><tt>}?</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, exactly <i>n</i> times</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct reluc"><i>X</i><tt>{</tt><i>n</i><tt>,}?</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, at least <i>n</i> times</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct reluc"><i>X</i><tt>{</tt><i>n</i><tt>,</tt><i>m</i><tt>}?</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, at least <i>n</i> but not more than <i>m</i> times</td></tr>
   *
   * <tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
   * <tr align="left"><th colspan="2" id="poss">Possessive quantifiers</th></tr>
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct poss"><i>X</i><tt>?+</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, once or not at all</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct poss"><i>X</i><tt>*+</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, zero or more times</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct poss"><i>X</i><tt>++</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, one or more times</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct poss"><i>X</i><tt>{</tt><i>n</i><tt>}+</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, exactly <i>n</i> times</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct poss"><i>X</i><tt>{</tt><i>n</i><tt>,}+</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, at least <i>n</i> times</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct poss"><i>X</i><tt>{</tt><i>n</i><tt>,</tt><i>m</i><tt>}+</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, at least <i>n</i> but not more than <i>m</i> times</td></tr>
   *
   * <tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
   * <tr align="left"><th colspan="2" id="logical">Logical operators</th></tr>
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct logical"><i>XY</i></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i> followed by <i>Y</i></td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct logical"><i>X</i><tt>|</tt><i>Y</i></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">Either <i>X</i> or <i>Y</i></td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct logical"><tt>(</tt><i>X</i><tt>)</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">X, as a <a href="#cg">capturing group</a></td></tr>
   *
   * <tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
   * <tr align="left"><th colspan="2" id="backref">Back references</th></tr>
   *
   * <tr><td valign="bottom" headers="construct backref"><tt>\</tt><i>n</i></td>
   *     <td valign="bottom" headers="matches">Whatever the <i>n</i><sup>th</sup>
   *     <a href="#cg">capturing group</a> matched</td></tr>
   *
   * <tr><td valign="bottom" headers="construct backref"><tt>\</tt><i>k</i>&lt;<i>name</i>&gt;</td>
   *     <td valign="bottom" headers="matches">Whatever the
   *     <a href="#groupname">named-capturing group</a> "name" matched. Only available for API 26 or above</td></tr>
   *
   * <tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
   * <tr align="left"><th colspan="2" id="quot">Quotation</th></tr>
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct quot"><tt>\</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">Nothing, but quotes the following character</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct quot"><tt>\Q</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">Nothing, but quotes all characters until <tt>\E</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct quot"><tt>\E</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">Nothing, but ends quoting started by <tt>\Q</tt></td></tr>
   *     <!-- Metachars: !$()*+.<>?[\]^{|} -->
   *
   * <tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
   * <tr align="left"><th colspan="2" id="special">Special constructs (named-capturing and non-capturing)</th></tr>
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct special"><tt>(?&lt;<a href="#groupname">name</a>&gt;</tt><i>X</i><tt>)</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, as a named-capturing group. Only available for API 26 or above.</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct special"><tt>(?:</tt><i>X</i><tt>)</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, as a non-capturing group</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct special"><tt>(?idmsuxU-idmsuxU)&nbsp;</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches">Nothing, but turns match flags <a href="#CASE_INSENSITIVE">i</a>
   * <a href="#UNIX_LINES">d</a> <a href="#MULTILINE">m</a> <a href="#DOTALL">s</a>
   * <a href="#UNICODE_CASE">u</a> <a href="#COMMENTS">x</a> <a href="#UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS">U</a>
   * on - off</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct special"><tt>(?idmsux-idmsux:</tt><i>X</i><tt>)</tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, as a <a href="#cg">non-capturing group</a> with the
   *         given flags <a href="#CASE_INSENSITIVE">i</a> <a href="#UNIX_LINES">d</a>
   * <a href="#MULTILINE">m</a> <a href="#DOTALL">s</a> <a href="#UNICODE_CASE">u</a >
   * <a href="#COMMENTS">x</a> on - off</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct special"><tt>(?=</tt><i>X</i><tt>)</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, via zero-width positive lookahead</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct special"><tt>(?!</tt><i>X</i><tt>)</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, via zero-width negative lookahead</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct special"><tt>(?&lt;=</tt><i>X</i><tt>)</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, via zero-width positive lookbehind</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct special"><tt>(?&lt;!</tt><i>X</i><tt>)</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, via zero-width negative lookbehind</td></tr>
   * <tr><td valign="top" headers="construct special"><tt>(?&gt;</tt><i>X</i><tt>)</tt></td>
   *     <td headers="matches"><i>X</i>, as an independent, non-capturing group</td></tr>
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <hr>
   *
   *
   * <h3><a name="bs">Backslashes, escapes, and quoting</a></h3>
   *
   * <p> The backslash character (<tt>'\'</tt>) serves to introduce escaped
   * constructs, as defined in the table above, as well as to quote characters
   * that otherwise would be interpreted as unescaped constructs.  Thus the
   * expression <tt>\\</tt> matches a single backslash and <tt>\{</tt> matches a
   * left brace.
   *
   * <p> It is an error to use a backslash prior to any alphabetic character that
   * does not denote an escaped construct; these are reserved for future
   * extensions to the regular-expression language.  A backslash may be used
   * prior to a non-alphabetic character regardless of whether that character is
   * part of an unescaped construct.
   *
   * <p> Backslashes within string literals in Java source code are interpreted
   * as required by
   * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>
   * as either Unicode escapes (section 3.3) or other character escapes (section 3.10.6)
   * It is therefore necessary to double backslashes in string
   * literals that represent regular expressions to protect them from
   * interpretation by the Java bytecode compiler.  The string literal
   * <tt>"&#92;b"</tt>, for example, matches a single backspace character when
   * interpreted as a regular expression, while <tt>"&#92;&#92;b"</tt> matches a
   * word boundary.  The string literal <tt>"&#92;(hello&#92;)"</tt> is illegal
   * and leads to a compile-time error; in order to match the string
   * <tt>(hello)</tt> the string literal <tt>"&#92;&#92;(hello&#92;&#92;)"</tt>
   * must be used.
   *
   * <h3><a name="cc">Character Classes</a></h3>
   *
   *    <p> Character classes may appear within other character classes, and
   *    may be composed by the union operator (implicit) and the intersection
   *    operator (<tt>&amp;&amp;</tt>).
   *    The union operator denotes a class that contains every character that is
   *    in at least one of its operand classes.  The intersection operator
   *    denotes a class that contains every character that is in both of its
   *    operand classes.
   *
   *    <p> The precedence of character-class operators is as follows, from
   *    highest to lowest:
   *
   *    <blockquote><table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"
   *                 summary="Precedence of character class operators.">
   *      <tr><th>1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th>
   *        <td>Literal escape&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
   *        <td><tt>\x</tt></td></tr>
   *     <tr><th>2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th>
   *        <td>Grouping</td>
   *        <td><tt>[...]</tt></td></tr>
   *     <tr><th>3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th>
   *        <td>Range</td>
   *        <td><tt>a-z</tt></td></tr>
   *      <tr><th>4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th>
   *        <td>Union</td>
   *        <td><tt>[a-e][i-u]</tt></td></tr>
   *      <tr><th>5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th>
   *        <td>Intersection</td>
   *        <td>{@code [a-z&&[aeiou]]}</td></tr>
   *    </table></blockquote>
   *
   *    <p> Note that a different set of metacharacters are in effect inside
   *    a character class than outside a character class. For instance, the
   *    regular expression <tt>.</tt> loses its special meaning inside a
   *    character class, while the expression <tt>-</tt> becomes a range
   *    forming metacharacter.
   *
   * <h3><a name="lt">Line terminators</a></h3>
   *
   * <p> A <i>line terminator</i> is a one- or two-character sequence that marks
   * the end of a line of the input character sequence.  The following are
   * recognized as line terminators:
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   *   <li> A newline (line feed) character&nbsp;(<tt>'\n'</tt>),
   *
   *   <li> A carriage-return character followed immediately by a newline
   *   character&nbsp;(<tt>"\r\n"</tt>),
   *
   *   <li> A standalone carriage-return character&nbsp;(<tt>'\r'</tt>),
   *
   *   <li> A next-line character&nbsp;(<tt>'&#92;u0085'</tt>),
   *
   *   <li> A line-separator character&nbsp;(<tt>'&#92;u2028'</tt>), or
   *
   *   <li> A paragraph-separator character&nbsp;(<tt>'&#92;u2029</tt>).
   *
   * </ul>
   * <p>If {@link #UNIX_LINES} mode is activated, then the only line terminators
   * recognized are newline characters.
   *
   * <p> The regular expression <tt>.</tt> matches any character except a line
   * terminator unless the {@link #DOTALL} flag is specified.
   *
   * <p> By default, the regular expressions <tt>^</tt> and <tt>$</tt> ignore
   * line terminators and only match at the beginning and the end, respectively,
   * of the entire input sequence. If {@link #MULTILINE} mode is activated then
   * <tt>^</tt> matches at the beginning of input and after any line terminator
   * except at the end of input. When in {@link #MULTILINE} mode <tt>$</tt>
   * matches just before a line terminator or the end of the input sequence.
   *
   * <h3><a name="cg">Groups and capturing</a></h3>
   *
   * <h4><a name="gnumber">Group number</a></h4>
   * <p> Capturing groups are numbered by counting their opening parentheses from
   * left to right.  In the expression <tt>((A)(B(C)))</tt>, for example, there
   * are four such groups: </p>
   *
   * <blockquote><table cellpadding=1 cellspacing=0 summary="Capturing group numberings">
   * <tr><th>1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th>
   *     <td><tt>((A)(B(C)))</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><th>2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th>
   *     <td><tt>(A)</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><th>3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th>
   *     <td><tt>(B(C))</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><th>4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th>
   *     <td><tt>(C)</tt></td></tr>
   * </table></blockquote>
   *
   * <p> Group zero always stands for the entire expression.
   *
   * <p> Capturing groups are so named because, during a match, each subsequence
   * of the input sequence that matches such a group is saved.  The captured
   * subsequence may be used later in the expression, via a back reference, and
   * may also be retrieved from the matcher once the match operation is complete.
   *
   * <h4><a name="groupname">Group name</a></h4>
   * <p>The constructs and APIs are available since API level 26. A capturing group
   * can also be assigned a "name", a <tt>named-capturing group</tt>,
   * and then be back-referenced later by the "name". Group names are composed of
   * the following characters. The first character must be a <tt>letter</tt>.
   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li> The uppercase letters <tt>'A'</tt> through <tt>'Z'</tt>
   *        (<tt>'&#92;u0041'</tt>&nbsp;through&nbsp;<tt>'&#92;u005a'</tt>),
   *   <li> The lowercase letters <tt>'a'</tt> through <tt>'z'</tt>
   *        (<tt>'&#92;u0061'</tt>&nbsp;through&nbsp;<tt>'&#92;u007a'</tt>),
   *   <li> The digits <tt>'0'</tt> through <tt>'9'</tt>
   *        (<tt>'&#92;u0030'</tt>&nbsp;through&nbsp;<tt>'&#92;u0039'</tt>),
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p> A <tt>named-capturing group</tt> is still numbered as described in
   * <a href="#gnumber">Group number</a>.
   *
   * <p> The captured input associated with a group is always the subsequence
   * that the group most recently matched.  If a group is evaluated a second time
   * because of quantification then its previously-captured value, if any, will
   * be retained if the second evaluation fails.  Matching the string
   * <tt>"aba"</tt> against the expression <tt>(a(b)?)+</tt>, for example, leaves
   * group two set to <tt>"b"</tt>.  All captured input is discarded at the
   * beginning of each match.
   *
   * <p> Groups beginning with <tt>(?</tt> are either pure, <i>non-capturing</i> groups
   * that do not capture text and do not count towards the group total, or
   * <i>named-capturing</i> group.
   *
   * <h3> Unicode support </h3>
   *
   * <p> This class is in conformance with Level 1 of <a
   * href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr18/"><i>Unicode Technical
   * Standard #18: Unicode Regular Expression</i></a>, plus RL2.1
   * Canonical Equivalents.
   * <p>
   * <b>Unicode escape sequences</b> such as <tt>&#92;u2014</tt> in Java source code
   * are processed as described in section 3.3 of
   * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>.
   * Such escape sequences are also implemented directly by the regular-expression
   * parser so that Unicode escapes can be used in expressions that are read from
   * files or from the keyboard.  Thus the strings <tt>"&#92;u2014"</tt> and
   * <tt>"\\u2014"</tt>, while not equal, compile into the same pattern, which
   * matches the character with hexadecimal value <tt>0x2014</tt>.
   * <p>
   * A Unicode character can also be represented in a regular-expression by
   * using its <b>Hex notation</b>(hexadecimal code point value) directly as described in construct
   * <tt>&#92;x{...}</tt>, for example a supplementary character U+2011F
   * can be specified as <tt>&#92;x{2011F}</tt>, instead of two consecutive
   * Unicode escape sequences of the surrogate pair
   * <tt>&#92;uD840</tt><tt>&#92;uDD1F</tt>.
   * <p>
   * Unicode scripts, blocks, categories and binary properties are written with
   * the <tt>\p</tt> and <tt>\P</tt> constructs as in Perl.
   * <tt>\p{</tt><i>prop</i><tt>}</tt> matches if
   * the input has the property <i>prop</i>, while <tt>\P{</tt><i>prop</i><tt>}</tt>
   * does not match if the input has that property.
   * <p>
   * Scripts, blocks, categories and binary properties can be used both inside
   * and outside of a character class.
   *
   * <p>
   * <b><a name="usc">Scripts</a></b> are specified either with the prefix {@code Is}, as in
   * {@code IsHiragana}, or by using  the {@code script} keyword (or its short
   * form {@code sc})as in {@code script=Hiragana} or {@code sc=Hiragana}.
   * <p>
   * The script names supported by <code>Pattern</code> are the valid script names
   * accepted and defined by
   * {@link Character.UnicodeScript#forName(String) UnicodeScript.forName}.
   *
   * <p>
   * <b><a name="ubc">Blocks</a></b> are specified with the prefix {@code In}, as in
   * {@code InMongolian}, or by using the keyword {@code block} (or its short
   * form {@code blk}) as in {@code block=Mongolian} or {@code blk=Mongolian}.
   * <p>
   * The block names supported by <code>Pattern</code> are the valid block names
   * accepted and defined by
   * {@link Character.UnicodeBlock#forName(String) UnicodeBlock.forName}.
   * <p>
   *
   * <b><a name="ucc">Categories</a></b> may be specified with the optional prefix {@code Is}:
   * Both {@code \p{L}} and {@code \p{IsL}} denote the category of Unicode
   * letters. Same as scripts and blocks, categories can also be specified
   * by using the keyword {@code general_category} (or its short form
   * {@code gc}) as in {@code general_category=Lu} or {@code gc=Lu}.
   * <p>
   * The supported categories are those of
   * <a href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/standard.html">
   * <i>The Unicode Standard</i></a> in the version specified by the
   * {@link Character Character} class. The category names are those
   * defined in the Standard, both normative and informative.
   * <p>
   *
   * <b><a name="ubpc">Binary properties</a></b> are specified with the prefix {@code Is}, as in
   * {@code IsAlphabetic}. The supported binary properties by <code>Pattern</code>
   * are
   * <ul>
   *   <li> Alphabetic
   *   <li> Ideographic
   *   <li> Letter
   *   <li> Lowercase
   *   <li> Uppercase
   *   <li> Titlecase
   *   <li> Punctuation
   *   <Li> Control
   *   <li> White_Space
   *   <li> Digit
   *   <li> Hex_Digit
   *   <li> Join_Control
   *   <li> Noncharacter_Code_Point
   *   <li> Assigned
   * </ul>
   * <p>
   * The following <b>Predefined Character classes</b> and <b>POSIX character classes</b>
   * are in conformance with the recommendation of <i>Annex C: Compatibility Properties</i>
   * of <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr18/"><i>Unicode Regular Expression
   * </i></a>.
   *
   * <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"
   *  summary="predefined and posix character classes in Unicode mode">
   * <tr align="left">
   * <th align="left" id="predef_classes">Classes</th>
   * <th align="left" id="predef_matches">Matches</th>
   *</tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\p{Lower}</tt></td>
   *     <td>A lowercase character:<tt>\p{IsLowercase}</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\p{Upper}</tt></td>
   *     <td>An uppercase character:<tt>\p{IsUppercase}</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\p{ASCII}</tt></td>
   *     <td>All ASCII:<tt>[\x00-\x7F]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\p{Alpha}</tt></td>
   *     <td>An alphabetic character:<tt>\p{IsAlphabetic}</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\p{Digit}</tt></td>
   *     <td>A decimal digit character:<tt>p{IsDigit}</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\p{Alnum}</tt></td>
   *     <td>An alphanumeric character:<tt>[\p{IsAlphabetic}\p{IsDigit}]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\p{Punct}</tt></td>
   *     <td>A punctuation character:<tt>p{IsPunctuation}</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\p{Graph}</tt></td>
   *     <td>A visible character: <tt>[^\p{IsWhite_Space}\p{gc=Cc}\p{gc=Cs}\p{gc=Cn}]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\p{Print}</tt></td>
   *     <td>A printable character: {@code [\p{Graph}\p{Blank}&&[^\p{Cntrl}]]}</td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\p{Blank}</tt></td>
   *     <td>A space or a tab: {@code [\p{IsWhite_Space}&&[^\p{gc=Zl}\p{gc=Zp}\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x85]]}</td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\p{Cntrl}</tt></td>
   *     <td>A control character: <tt>\p{gc=Cc}</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\p{XDigit}</tt></td>
   *     <td>A hexadecimal digit: <tt>[\p{gc=Nd}\p{IsHex_Digit}]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\p{Space}</tt></td>
   *     <td>A whitespace character:<tt>\p{IsWhite_Space}</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\d</tt></td>
   *     <td>A digit: <tt>\p{IsDigit}</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\D</tt></td>
   *     <td>A non-digit: <tt>[^\d]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\s</tt></td>
   *     <td>A whitespace character: <tt>\p{IsWhite_Space}</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\S</tt></td>
   *     <td>A non-whitespace character: <tt>[^\s]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\w</tt></td>
   *     <td>A word character: <tt>[\p{Alpha}\p{gc=Mn}\p{gc=Me}\p{gc=Mc}\p{Digit}\p{gc=Pc}\p{IsJoin_Control}]</tt></td></tr>
   * <tr><td><tt>\W</tt></td>
   *     <td>A non-word character: <tt>[^\w]</tt></td></tr>
   * </table>
   * <p>
   * <a name="jcc">
   * Categories that behave like the java.lang.Character
   * boolean is<i>methodname</i> methods (except for the deprecated ones) are
   * available through the same <tt>\p{</tt><i>prop</i><tt>}</tt> syntax where
   * the specified property has the name <tt>java<i>methodname</i></tt></a>.
   *
   * <h3> Comparison to Perl 5 </h3>
   *
   * <p>The <code>Pattern</code> engine performs traditional NFA-based matching
   * with ordered alternation as occurs in Perl 5.
   *
   * <p> Perl constructs not supported by this class: </p>
   *
   * <ul>
   *    <li><p> Predefined character classes (Unicode character)
   *    <p><tt>\X&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt>Match Unicode
   *    <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr18/#Default_Grapheme_Clusters">
   *    <i>extended grapheme cluster</i></a>
   *    </p></li>
   *
   *    <li><p> The backreference constructs, <tt>\g{</tt><i>n</i><tt>}</tt> for
   *    the <i>n</i><sup>th</sup><a href="#cg">capturing group</a> and
   *    <tt>\g{</tt><i>name</i><tt>}</tt> for
   *    <a href="#groupname">named-capturing group</a>.
   *    </p></li>
   *
   *    <li><p> The named character construct, <tt>\N{</tt><i>name</i><tt>}</tt>
   *    for a Unicode character by its name.
   *    </p></li>
   *
   *    <li><p> The conditional constructs
   *    <tt>(?(</tt><i>condition</i><tt>)</tt><i>X</i><tt>)</tt> and
   *    <tt>(?(</tt><i>condition</i><tt>)</tt><i>X</i><tt>|</tt><i>Y</i><tt>)</tt>,
   *    </p></li>
   *
   *    <li><p> The embedded code constructs <tt>(?{</tt><i>code</i><tt>})</tt>
   *    and <tt>(??{</tt><i>code</i><tt>})</tt>,</p></li>
   *
   *    <li><p> The embedded comment syntax <tt>(?#comment)</tt>, and </p></li>
   *
   *    <li><p> The preprocessing operations <tt>\l</tt> <tt>&#92;u</tt>,
   *    <tt>\L</tt>, and <tt>\U</tt>.  </p></li>
   *
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p> Constructs supported by this class but not by Perl: </p>
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   *    <li><p> Character-class union and intersection as described
   *    <a href="#cc">above</a>.</p></li>
   *
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p> Notable differences from Perl: </p>
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   *    <li><p> In Perl, <tt>\1</tt> through <tt>\9</tt> are always interpreted
   *    as back references; a backslash-escaped number greater than <tt>9</tt> is
   *    treated as a back reference if at least that many subexpressions exist,
   *    otherwise it is interpreted, if possible, as an octal escape.  In this
   *    class octal escapes must always begin with a zero. In this class,
   *    <tt>\1</tt> through <tt>\9</tt> are always interpreted as back
   *    references, and a larger number is accepted as a back reference if at
   *    least that many subexpressions exist at that point in the regular
   *    expression, otherwise the parser will drop digits until the number is
   *    smaller or equal to the existing number of groups or it is one digit.
   *    </p></li>
   *
   *    <li><p> Perl uses the <tt>g</tt> flag to request a match that resumes
   *    where the last match left off.  This functionality is provided implicitly
   *    by the {@link Matcher} class: Repeated invocations of the {@link
   *    Matcher#find find} method will resume where the last match left off,
   *    unless the matcher is reset.  </p></li>
   *
   *    <li><p> In Perl, embedded flags at the top level of an expression affect
   *    the whole expression.  In this class, embedded flags always take effect
   *    at the point at which they appear, whether they are at the top level or
   *    within a group; in the latter case, flags are restored at the end of the
   *    group just as in Perl.  </p></li>
   *
   * </ul>
   *
   *
   * <p> For a more precise description of the behavior of regular expression
   * constructs, please see <a href="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/regex3/">
   * <i>Mastering Regular Expressions, 3nd Edition</i>, Jeffrey E. F. Friedl,
   * O'Reilly and Associates, 2006.</a>
   * </p>
   *
   * @see String#split(String, int)
   * @see String#split(String)
   *
   * @author      Mike McCloskey
   * @author      Mark Reinhold
   * @author      JSR-51 Expert Group
   * @since       1.4
   * @spec        JSR-51
   */
  
  public final class Pattern
      implements java.io.Serializable
  {
  
      /**
       * Regular expression modifier values.  Instead of being passed as
       * arguments, they can also be passed as inline modifiers.
       * For example, the following statements have the same effect.
       * <pre>
       * RegExp r1 = RegExp.compile("abc", Pattern.I|Pattern.M);
       * RegExp r2 = RegExp.compile("(?im)abc", 0);
       * </pre>
       *
       * The flags are duplicated so that the familiar Perl match flag
       * names are available.
       */
  
      /**
       * Enables Unix lines mode.
       *
       * <p> In this mode, only the <tt>'\n'</tt> line terminator is recognized
       * in the behavior of <tt>.</tt>, <tt>^</tt>, and <tt>$</tt>.
       *
       * <p> Unix lines mode can also be enabled via the embedded flag
       * expression&nbsp;<tt>(?d)</tt>.
       */
      public static final int UNIX_LINES = 0x01;
  
      /**
       * Enables case-insensitive matching.
       *
       * <p> By default, case-insensitive matching assumes that only characters
       * in the US-ASCII charset are being matched.  Unicode-aware
       * case-insensitive matching can be enabled by specifying the {@link
       * #UNICODE_CASE} flag in conjunction with this flag.
       *
       * <p> Case-insensitive matching can also be enabled via the embedded flag
       * expression&nbsp;<tt>(?i)</tt>.
       *
       * <p> Specifying this flag may impose a slight performance penalty.  </p>
       */
      public static final int CASE_INSENSITIVE = 0x02;
  
      /**
       * Permits whitespace and comments in pattern.
       *
       * <p> In this mode, whitespace is ignored, and embedded comments starting
       * with <tt>#</tt> are ignored until the end of a line.
       *
       * <p> Comments mode can also be enabled via the embedded flag
       * expression&nbsp;<tt>(?x)</tt>.
       */
      public static final int COMMENTS = 0x04;
  
      /**
       * Enables multiline mode.
       *
       * <p> In multiline mode the expressions <tt>^</tt> and <tt>$</tt> match
       * just after or just before, respectively, a line terminator or the end of
       * the input sequence.  By default these expressions only match at the
       * beginning and the end of the entire input sequence.
       *
       * <p> Multiline mode can also be enabled via the embedded flag
       * expression&nbsp;<tt>(?m)</tt>.  </p>
       */
      public static final int MULTILINE = 0x08;
  
      /**
       * Enables literal parsing of the pattern.
       *
       * <p> When this flag is specified then the input string that specifies
       * the pattern is treated as a sequence of literal characters.
       * Metacharacters or escape sequences in the input sequence will be
       * given no special meaning.
       *
       * <p>The flags CASE_INSENSITIVE and UNICODE_CASE retain their impact on
       * matching when used in conjunction with this flag. The other flags
       * become superfluous.
       *
       * <p> There is no embedded flag character for enabling literal parsing.
       * @since 1.5
       */
      public static final int LITERAL = 0x10;
  
      /**
       * Enables dotall mode.
       *
       * <p> In dotall mode, the expression <tt>.</tt> matches any character,
       * including a line terminator.  By default this expression does not match
       * line terminators.
       *
       * <p> Dotall mode can also be enabled via the embedded flag
       * expression&nbsp;<tt>(?s)</tt>.  (The <tt>s</tt> is a mnemonic for
       * "single-line" mode, which is what this is called in Perl.)  </p>
       */
      public static final int DOTALL = 0x20;
  
      /**
       * Enables Unicode-aware case folding.
       *
       * <p> When this flag is specified then case-insensitive matching, when
       * enabled by the {@link #CASE_INSENSITIVE} flag, is done in a manner
       * consistent with the Unicode Standard.  By default, case-insensitive
       * matching assumes that only characters in the US-ASCII charset are being
       * matched.
       *
       * <p> Unicode-aware case folding can also be enabled via the embedded flag
       * expression&nbsp;<tt>(?u)</tt>.
       *
       * <p> Specifying this flag may impose a performance penalty.  </p>
       */
      public static final int UNICODE_CASE = 0x40;
  
      /**
       * Enables canonical equivalence.
       *
       * <p> When this flag is specified then two characters will be considered
       * to match if, and only if, their full canonical decompositions match.
       * The expression <tt>"a&#92;u030A"</tt>, for example, will match the
       * string <tt>"&#92;u00E5"</tt> when this flag is specified.  By default,
       * matching does not take canonical equivalence into account.
       *
       * <p> There is no embedded flag character for enabling canonical
       * equivalence.
       *
       * <p> Specifying this flag may impose a performance penalty.  </p>
       */
      public static final int CANON_EQ = 0x80;
  
      // Android-changed: Android always uses unicode character classes.
      /**
       * Enables the Unicode version of <i>Predefined character classes</i> and
       * <i>POSIX character classes</i> as defined by <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr18/"><i>Unicode Technical
       * Standard #18: Unicode Regular Expression</i></a>
       * <i>Annex C: Compatibility Properties</i>.
       * <p>
       *
       * This flag has no effect on Android, unicode character classes are always
       * used.
       *
       * @since 1.7
       */
      public static final int UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS = 0x100;
  
      /* Pattern has only two serialized components: The pattern string
       * and the flags, which are all that is needed to recompile the pattern
       * when it is deserialized.
       */
  
      /** use serialVersionUID from Merlin b59 for interoperability */
      private static final long serialVersionUID = 5073258162644648461L;
  
      /**
       * The original regular-expression pattern string.
       *
       * @serial
       */
      // Android-changed: reimplement matching logic natively via ICU.
      // private String pattern;
      private final String pattern;
  
      /**
       * The original pattern flags.
       *
       * @serial
       */
      // Android-changed: reimplement matching logic natively via ICU.
      // private int flags;
      private final int flags;
  
      // BEGIN Android-changed: reimplement matching logic natively via ICU.
      // We only need some tie-ins to native memory, instead of a large number
      // of fields on the .java side.
      /* package */ transient PatternNative nativePattern;
      // END Android-changed: reimplement matching logic natively via ICU.
  
      /**
       * Compiles the given regular expression into a pattern.
       *
       * @param  regex
       *         The expression to be compiled
       * @return the given regular expression compiled into a pattern
       * @throws  PatternSyntaxException
       *          If the expression's syntax is invalid
       */
      public static Pattern compile(String regex) {
          return new Pattern(regex, 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Compiles the given regular expression into a pattern with the given
       * flags.
       *
       * @param  regex
       *         The expression to be compiled
       *
       * @param  flags
       *         Match flags, a bit mask that may include
       *         {@link #CASE_INSENSITIVE}, {@link #MULTILINE}, {@link #DOTALL},
       *         {@link #UNICODE_CASE}, {@link #CANON_EQ}, {@link #UNIX_LINES},
       *         {@link #LITERAL}, {@link #UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS}
       *         and {@link #COMMENTS}
       *
       * @return the given regular expression compiled into a pattern with the given flags
       * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
       *          If bit values other than those corresponding to the defined
       *          match flags are set in <tt>flags</tt>
       *
       * @throws  PatternSyntaxException
       *          If the expression's syntax is invalid
       */
      public static Pattern compile(String regex, int flags) {
          return new Pattern(regex, flags);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the regular expression from which this pattern was compiled.
       *
       * @return  The source of this pattern
       */
      public String pattern() {
          return pattern;
      }
  
      /**
       * <p>Returns the string representation of this pattern. This
       * is the regular expression from which this pattern was
       * compiled.</p>
       *
       * @return  The string representation of this pattern
       * @since 1.5
       */
      public String toString() {
          return pattern;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a matcher that will match the given input against this pattern.
       *
       * @param  input
       *         The character sequence to be matched
       *
       * @return  A new matcher for this pattern
       */
      public Matcher matcher(CharSequence input) {
          // Android-removed: Pattern is eagerly compiled() upon construction.
          /*
          if (!compiled) {
              synchronized(this) {
                  if (!compiled)
                      compile();
              }
          }
          */
          Matcher m = new Matcher(this, input);
          return m;
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns this pattern's match flags.
       *
       * @return  The match flags specified when this pattern was compiled
       */
      public int flags() {
          return flags;
      }
  
      /**
       * Compiles the given regular expression and attempts to match the given
       * input against it.
       *
       * <p> An invocation of this convenience method of the form
       *
       * <blockquote><pre>
       * Pattern.matches(regex, input);</pre></blockquote>
       *
       * behaves in exactly the same way as the expression
       *
       * <blockquote><pre>
       * Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(input).matches()</pre></blockquote>
       *
       * <p> If a pattern is to be used multiple times, compiling it once and reusing
       * it will be more efficient than invoking this method each time.  </p>
       *
       * @param  regex
       *         The expression to be compiled
       *
       * @param  input
       *         The character sequence to be matched
       * @return whether or not the regular expression matches on the input
       * @throws  PatternSyntaxException
       *          If the expression's syntax is invalid
       */
      public static boolean matches(String regex, CharSequence input) {
          Pattern p = Pattern.compile(regex);
          Matcher m = p.matcher(input);
          return m.matches();
      }
  
      // Android-changed: Adopt split() behavior change only for apps targeting API > 28.
      // http://b/109659282#comment7
      /**
       * Splits the given input sequence around matches of this pattern.
       *
       * <p> The array returned by this method contains each substring of the
       * input sequence that is terminated by another subsequence that matches
       * this pattern or is terminated by the end of the input sequence.  The
       * substrings in the array are in the order in which they occur in the
       * input. If this pattern does not match any subsequence of the input then
       * the resulting array has just one element, namely the input sequence in
       * string form.
       *
       * <p> When there is a positive-width match at the beginning of the input
       * sequence then an empty leading substring is included at the beginning
       * of the resulting array. A zero-width match at the beginning however
       * can only produce such an empty leading substring for apps running on or
       * targeting API versions <= 28.
       *
       * <p> The <tt>limit</tt> parameter controls the number of times the
       * pattern is applied and therefore affects the length of the resulting
       * array.  If the limit <i>n</i> is greater than zero then the pattern
       * will be applied at most <i>n</i>&nbsp;-&nbsp;1 times, the array's
       * length will be no greater than <i>n</i>, and the array's last entry
       * will contain all input beyond the last matched delimiter.  If <i>n</i>
       * is non-positive then the pattern will be applied as many times as
       * possible and the array can have any length.  If <i>n</i> is zero then
       * the pattern will be applied as many times as possible, the array can
       * have any length, and trailing empty strings will be discarded.
       *
       * <p> The input <tt>"boo:and:foo"</tt>, for example, yields the following
       * results with these parameters:
       *
       * <blockquote><table cellpadding=1 cellspacing=0
       *              summary="Split examples showing regex, limit, and result">
       * <tr><th align="left"><i>Regex&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></th>
       *     <th align="left"><i>Limit&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></th>
       *     <th align="left"><i>Result&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></th></tr>
       * <tr><td align=center>:</td>
       *     <td align=center>2</td>
       *     <td><tt>{ "boo", "and:foo" }</tt></td></tr>
       * <tr><td align=center>:</td>
       *     <td align=center>5</td>
       *     <td><tt>{ "boo", "and", "foo" }</tt></td></tr>
       * <tr><td align=center>:</td>
       *     <td align=center>-2</td>
       *     <td><tt>{ "boo", "and", "foo" }</tt></td></tr>
       * <tr><td align=center>o</td>
       *     <td align=center>5</td>
       *     <td><tt>{ "b", "", ":and:f", "", "" }</tt></td></tr>
       * <tr><td align=center>o</td>
       *     <td align=center>-2</td>
       *     <td><tt>{ "b", "", ":and:f", "", "" }</tt></td></tr>
       * <tr><td align=center>o</td>
       *     <td align=center>0</td>
       *     <td><tt>{ "b", "", ":and:f" }</tt></td></tr>
       * </table></blockquote>
       *
       * @param  input
       *         The character sequence to be split
       *
       * @param  limit
       *         The result threshold, as described above
       *
       * @return  The array of strings computed by splitting the input
       *          around matches of this pattern
       */
      public String[] split(CharSequence input, int limit) {
          // BEGIN Android-added: fastSplit() to speed up simple cases.
          String[] fast = fastSplit(pattern, input.toString(), limit);
          if (fast != null) {
              return fast;
          }
          // END Android-added: fastSplit() to speed up simple cases.
          int index = 0;
          boolean matchLimited = limit > 0;
          ArrayList<String> matchList = new ArrayList<>();
          Matcher m = matcher(input);
  
          // Add segments before each match found
          while(m.find()) {
              if (!matchLimited || matchList.size() < limit - 1) {
                  if (index == 0 && index == m.start() && m.start() == m.end()) {
                      // no empty leading substring included for zero-width match
                      // at the beginning of the input char sequence.
                      // BEGIN Android-changed: split() compat behavior for apps targeting <= 28.
                      // continue;
                      int targetSdkVersion = VMRuntime.getRuntime().getTargetSdkVersion();
                      if (targetSdkVersion > 28) {
                          continue;
                      }
                      // END Android-changed: split() compat behavior for apps targeting <= 28.
                  }
                  String match = input.subSequence(index, m.start()).toString();
                  matchList.add(match);
                  index = m.end();
              } else if (matchList.size() == limit - 1) { // last one
                  String match = input.subSequence(index,
                                                   input.length()).toString();
                  matchList.add(match);
                  index = m.end();
              }
          }
  
          // If no match was found, return this
          if (index == 0)
              return new String[] {input.toString()};
  
          // Add remaining segment
          if (!matchLimited || matchList.size() < limit)
              matchList.add(input.subSequence(index, input.length()).toString());
  
          // Construct result
          int resultSize = matchList.size();
          if (limit == 0)
              while (resultSize > 0 && matchList.get(resultSize-1).equals(""))
                  resultSize--;
          String[] result = new String[resultSize];
          return matchList.subList(0, resultSize).toArray(result);
      }
  
      // BEGIN Android-added: fastSplit() to speed up simple cases.
      private static final String FASTSPLIT_METACHARACTERS = "\\?*+[](){}^$.|";
  
      /**
       * Returns a result equivalent to {@code s.split(separator, limit)} if it's able
       * to compute it more cheaply than native impl, or null if the caller should fall back to
       * using native impl.
       *
       *  fastpath will work  if the regex is a
       *   (1)one-char String and this character is not one of the
       *      RegEx's meta characters ".$|()[{^?*+\\", or
       *   (2)two-char String and the first char is the backslash and
       *      the second is one of regEx's meta characters ".$|()[{^?*+\\".
       * @hide
       */
      public static String[] fastSplit(String re, String input, int limit) {
          // Can we do it cheaply?
          int len = re.length();
          if (len == 0) {
              return null;
          }
          char ch = re.charAt(0);
          if (len == 1 && FASTSPLIT_METACHARACTERS.indexOf(ch) == -1) {
              // We're looking for a single non-metacharacter. Easy.
          } else if (len == 2 && ch == '\\') {
              // We're looking for a quoted character.
              // Quoted metacharacters are effectively single non-metacharacters.
              ch = re.charAt(1);
              if (FASTSPLIT_METACHARACTERS.indexOf(ch) == -1) {
                  return null;
              }
          } else {
              return null;
          }
  
          // We can do this cheaply...
  
          // Unlike Perl, which considers the result of splitting the empty string to be the empty
          // array, Java returns an array containing the empty string.
          if (input.isEmpty()) {
              return new String[] { "" };
          }
  
          // Count separators
          int separatorCount = 0;
          int begin = 0;
          int end;
          while (separatorCount + 1 != limit && (end = input.indexOf(ch, begin)) != -1) {
              ++separatorCount;
              begin = end + 1;
          }
          int lastPartEnd = input.length();
          if (limit == 0 && begin == lastPartEnd) {
              // Last part is empty for limit == 0, remove all trailing empty matches.
              if (separatorCount == lastPartEnd) {
                  // Input contains only separators.
                  return EmptyArray.STRING;
              }
              // Find the beginning of trailing separators.
              do {
                  --begin;
              } while (input.charAt(begin - 1) == ch);
              // Reduce separatorCount and fix lastPartEnd.
              separatorCount -= input.length() - begin;
              lastPartEnd = begin;
          }
  
          // Collect the result parts.
          String[] result = new String[separatorCount + 1];
          begin = 0;
          for (int i = 0; i != separatorCount; ++i) {
              end = input.indexOf(ch, begin);
              result[i] = input.substring(begin, end);
              begin = end + 1;
          }
          // Add last part.
          result[separatorCount] = input.substring(begin, lastPartEnd);
          return result;
      }
      // END Android-added: fastSplit() to speed up simple cases.
  
      /**
       * Splits the given input sequence around matches of this pattern.
       *
       * <p> This method works as if by invoking the two-argument {@link
       * #split(CharSequence, int) split} method with the given input
       * sequence and a limit argument of zero.  Trailing empty strings are
       * therefore not included in the resulting array. </p>
       *
       * <p> The input <tt>"boo:and:foo"</tt>, for example, yields the following
       * results with these expressions:
       *
       * <blockquote><table cellpadding=1 cellspacing=0
       *              summary="Split examples showing regex and result">
       * <tr><th align="left"><i>Regex&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></th>
       *     <th align="left"><i>Result</i></th></tr>
       * <tr><td align=center>:</td>
       *     <td><tt>{ "boo", "and", "foo" }</tt></td></tr>
       * <tr><td align=center>o</td>
       *     <td><tt>{ "b", "", ":and:f" }</tt></td></tr>
       * </table></blockquote>
       *
       *
       * @param  input
       *         The character sequence to be split
       *
       * @return  The array of strings computed by splitting the input
       *          around matches of this pattern
       */
      public String[] split(CharSequence input) {
          return split(input, 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a literal pattern <code>String</code> for the specified
       * <code>String</code>.
       *
       * <p>This method produces a <code>String</code> that can be used to
       * create a <code>Pattern</code> that would match the string
       * <code>s</code> as if it were a literal pattern.</p> Metacharacters
       * or escape sequences in the input sequence will be given no special
       * meaning.
       *
       * @param  s The string to be literalized
       * @return  A literal string replacement
       * @since 1.5
       */
      public static String quote(String s) {
          int slashEIndex = s.indexOf("\\E");
          if (slashEIndex == -1)
              return "\\Q" + s + "\\E";
  
          StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(s.length() * 2);
          sb.append("\\Q");
          slashEIndex = 0;
          int current = 0;
          while ((slashEIndex = s.indexOf("\\E", current)) != -1) {
              sb.append(s.substring(current, slashEIndex));
              current = slashEIndex + 2;
              sb.append("\\E\\\\E\\Q");
          }
          sb.append(s.substring(current, s.length()));
          sb.append("\\E");
          return sb.toString();
      }
  
      /**
       * Recompile the Pattern instance from a stream.  The original pattern
       * string is read in and the object tree is recompiled from it.
       */
      private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
          throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
  
          // Read in all fields
          s.defaultReadObject();
  
          // Android-removed: reimplement matching logic natively via ICU.
          // // Initialize counts
          // capturingGroupCount = 1;
          // localCount = 0;
  
          // Android-changed: Pattern is eagerly compiled() upon construction.
          /*
          // if length > 0, the Pattern is lazily compiled
          compiled = false;
          if (pattern.length() == 0) {
              root = new Start(lastAccept);
              matchRoot = lastAccept;
              compiled = true;
          }
          */
          compile();
      }
  
      // Android-changed: reimplement matching logic natively via ICU.
      // Dropped documentation reference to Start and LastNode implementation
      // details which do not apply on Android.
      /**
       * This private constructor is used to create all Patterns. The pattern
       * string and match flags are all that is needed to completely describe
       * a Pattern.
       */
      private Pattern(String p, int f) {
          pattern = p;
          flags = f;
  
          // BEGIN Android-changed: Only specific flags are supported.
          /*
          // to use UNICODE_CASE if UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS present
          if ((flags & UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS) != 0)
              flags |= UNICODE_CASE;
  
          // Reset group index count
          capturingGroupCount = 1;
          localCount = 0;
          */
          if ((f & CANON_EQ) != 0) {
              throw new UnsupportedOperationException("CANON_EQ flag not supported");
          }
          int supportedFlags = CASE_INSENSITIVE | COMMENTS | DOTALL | LITERAL | MULTILINE | UNICODE_CASE | UNIX_LINES;
          if ((f & ~supportedFlags) != 0) {
              throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported flags: " + (f & ~supportedFlags));
          }
          // END Android-changed: Only specific flags are supported.
  
          // BEGIN Android-removed: Pattern is eagerly compiled() upon construction.
          // if (pattern.length() > 0) {
          // END Android-removed: Pattern is eagerly compiled() upon construction.
              compile();
          // Android-removed: reimplement matching logic natively via ICU.
          /*
          } else {
              root = new Start(lastAccept);
              matchRoot = lastAccept;
          }
          */
      }
  
      // BEGIN Android-changed: reimplement matching logic natively via ICU.
      // Use native implementation instead of > 3000 lines of helper methods.
      private void compile() throws PatternSyntaxException {
          if (pattern == null) {
              throw new NullPointerException("pattern == null");
          }
  
          String icuPattern = pattern;
          if ((flags & LITERAL) != 0) {
              icuPattern = quote(pattern);
          }
  
          // These are the flags natively supported by ICU.
          // They even have the same value in native code.
          int icuFlags = flags & (CASE_INSENSITIVE | COMMENTS | MULTILINE | DOTALL | UNIX_LINES);
          nativePattern = PatternNative.create(icuPattern, icuFlags);
      }
      // END Android-changed: reimplement matching logic natively via ICU.
  
      /**
       * Creates a predicate which can be used to match a string.
       *
       * @return  The predicate which can be used for matching on a string
       * @since   1.8
       */
      public Predicate<String> asPredicate() {
          return s -> matcher(s).find();
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a stream from the given input sequence around matches of this
       * pattern.
       *
       * <p> The stream returned by this method contains each substring of the
       * input sequence that is terminated by another subsequence that matches
       * this pattern or is terminated by the end of the input sequence.  The
       * substrings in the stream are in the order in which they occur in the
       * input. Trailing empty strings will be discarded and not encountered in
       * the stream.
       *
       * <p> If this pattern does not match any subsequence of the input then
       * the resulting stream has just one element, namely the input sequence in
       * string form.
       *
       * <p> When there is a positive-width match at the beginning of the input
       * sequence then an empty leading substring is included at the beginning
       * of the stream. A zero-width match at the beginning however never produces
       * such empty leading substring.
       *
       * <p> If the input sequence is mutable, it must remain constant during the
       * execution of the terminal stream operation.  Otherwise, the result of the
       * terminal stream operation is undefined.
       *
       * @param   input
       *          The character sequence to be split
       *
       * @return  The stream of strings computed by splitting the input
       *          around matches of this pattern
       * @see     #split(CharSequence)
       * @since   1.8
       */
      public Stream<String> splitAsStream(final CharSequence input) {
          class MatcherIterator implements Iterator<String> {
              private final Matcher matcher;
              // The start position of the next sub-sequence of input
              // when current == input.length there are no more elements
              private int current;
              // null if the next element, if any, needs to obtained
              private String nextElement;
              // > 0 if there are N next empty elements
              private int emptyElementCount;
  
              MatcherIterator() {
                  this.matcher = matcher(input);
              }
  
              public String next() {
                  if (!hasNext())
                      throw new NoSuchElementException();
  
                  if (emptyElementCount == 0) {
                      String n = nextElement;
                      nextElement = null;
                      return n;
                  } else {
                      emptyElementCount--;
                      return "";
                  }
              }
  
              public boolean hasNext() {
                  if (nextElement != null || emptyElementCount > 0)
                      return true;
  
                  if (current == input.length())
                      return false;
  
                  // Consume the next matching element
                  // Count sequence of matching empty elements
                  while (matcher.find()) {
                      nextElement = input.subSequence(current, matcher.start()).toString();
                      current = matcher.end();
                      if (!nextElement.isEmpty()) {
                          return true;
                      } else if (current > 0) { // no empty leading substring for zero-width
                                                // match at the beginning of the input
                          emptyElementCount++;
                      }
                  }
  
                  // Consume last matching element
                  nextElement = input.subSequence(current, input.length()).toString();
                  current = input.length();
                  if (!nextElement.isEmpty()) {
                      return true;
                  } else {
                      // Ignore a terminal sequence of matching empty elements
                      emptyElementCount = 0;
                      nextElement = null;
                      return false;
                  }
              }
          }
          return StreamSupport.stream(Spliterators.spliteratorUnknownSize(
                  new MatcherIterator(), Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.NONNULL), false);
      }
  }
  