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   * Copyright (c) 2012, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   *
   * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
   * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
   * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
   *
   * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
   * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
   * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
   * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
   * accompanied this code).
   *
   * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
   * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
   * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
   *
   * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
   * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
   * questions.
   */
  
  /*
   * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
   * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
   * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
   * file:
   *
   * Copyright (c) 2007-2012, Stephen Colebourne & Michael Nascimento Santos
   *
   * All rights reserved.
   *
   * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
   *
   *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
   *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
   *
   *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
   *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
   *    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
   *
   *  * Neither the name of JSR-310 nor the names of its contributors
   *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
   *    without specific prior written permission.
   *
   * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
   * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
   * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
   * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
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   * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
   * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
   * PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
   * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
   * NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
   * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
   */
  package java.time;
  
  import static java.time.LocalTime.NANOS_PER_SECOND;
  import static java.time.LocalTime.SECONDS_PER_DAY;
  import static java.time.LocalTime.SECONDS_PER_HOUR;
  import static java.time.LocalTime.SECONDS_PER_MINUTE;
  import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.NANO_OF_SECOND;
  import static java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit.DAYS;
  import static java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit.NANOS;
  import static java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit.SECONDS;
  
  import java.io.DataInput;
  import java.io.DataOutput;
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
  import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
  import java.io.Serializable;
  import java.math.BigDecimal;
  import java.math.BigInteger;
  import java.math.RoundingMode;
  import java.time.format.DateTimeParseException;
  import java.time.temporal.ChronoField;
  import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
  import java.time.temporal.Temporal;
  import java.time.temporal.TemporalAmount;
  import java.time.temporal.TemporalUnit;
  import java.time.temporal.UnsupportedTemporalTypeException;
  import java.util.Arrays;
  import java.util.Collections;
  import java.util.List;
  import java.util.Objects;
  import java.util.regex.Matcher;
  import java.util.regex.Pattern;
  
  // Android-changed: removed ValueBased paragraph.
  
  /**
   * A time-based amount of time, such as '34.5 seconds'.
   * <p>
   * This class models a quantity or amount of time in terms of seconds and nanoseconds.
   * It can be accessed using other duration-based units, such as minutes and hours.
   * In addition, the {@link ChronoUnit#DAYS DAYS} unit can be used and is treated as
   * exactly equal to 24 hours, thus ignoring daylight savings effects.
   * See {@link Period} for the date-based equivalent to this class.
   * <p>
   * A physical duration could be of infinite length.
   * For practicality, the duration is stored with constraints similar to {@link Instant}.
   * The duration uses nanosecond resolution with a maximum value of the seconds that can
   * be held in a {@code long}. This is greater than the current estimated age of the universe.
   * <p>
   * The range of a duration requires the storage of a number larger than a {@code long}.
   * To achieve this, the class stores a {@code long} representing seconds and an {@code int}
   * representing nanosecond-of-second, which will always be between 0 and 999,999,999.
   * The model is of a directed duration, meaning that the duration may be negative.
   * <p>
   * The duration is measured in "seconds", but these are not necessarily identical to
   * the scientific "SI second" definition based on atomic clocks.
   * This difference only impacts durations measured near a leap-second and should not affect
   * most applications.
   * See {@link Instant} for a discussion as to the meaning of the second and time-scales.
   *
   * @implSpec
   * This class is immutable and thread-safe.
   *
   * @since 1.8
   */
  public final class Duration
          implements TemporalAmount, Comparable<Duration>, Serializable {
  
      /**
       * Constant for a duration of zero.
       */
      public static final Duration ZERO = new Duration(0, 0);
      /**
       * Serialization version.
       */
      private static final long serialVersionUID = 3078945930695997490L;
      /**
       * Constant for nanos per second.
       */
      private static final BigInteger BI_NANOS_PER_SECOND = BigInteger.valueOf(NANOS_PER_SECOND);
      /**
       * The pattern for parsing.
       */
      private static final Pattern PATTERN =
              Pattern.compile("([-+]?)P(?:([-+]?[0-9]+)D)?" +
                      "(T(?:([-+]?[0-9]+)H)?(?:([-+]?[0-9]+)M)?(?:([-+]?[0-9]+)(?:[.,]([0-9]{0,9}))?S)?)?",
                      Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE);
  
      /**
       * The number of seconds in the duration.
       */
      private final long seconds;
      /**
       * The number of nanoseconds in the duration, expressed as a fraction of the
       * number of seconds. This is always positive, and never exceeds 999,999,999.
       */
      private final int nanos;
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Obtains a {@code Duration} representing a number of standard 24 hour days.
       * <p>
       * The seconds are calculated based on the standard definition of a day,
       * where each day is 86400 seconds which implies a 24 hour day.
       * The nanosecond in second field is set to zero.
       *
       * @param days  the number of days, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration}, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if the input days exceeds the capacity of {@code Duration}
       */
      public static Duration ofDays(long days) {
          return create(Math.multiplyExact(days, SECONDS_PER_DAY), 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Obtains a {@code Duration} representing a number of standard hours.
       * <p>
       * The seconds are calculated based on the standard definition of an hour,
       * where each hour is 3600 seconds.
       * The nanosecond in second field is set to zero.
       *
       * @param hours  the number of hours, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration}, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if the input hours exceeds the capacity of {@code Duration}
       */
      public static Duration ofHours(long hours) {
          return create(Math.multiplyExact(hours, SECONDS_PER_HOUR), 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Obtains a {@code Duration} representing a number of standard minutes.
       * <p>
       * The seconds are calculated based on the standard definition of a minute,
       * where each minute is 60 seconds.
       * The nanosecond in second field is set to zero.
       *
       * @param minutes  the number of minutes, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration}, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if the input minutes exceeds the capacity of {@code Duration}
       */
      public static Duration ofMinutes(long minutes) {
          return create(Math.multiplyExact(minutes, SECONDS_PER_MINUTE), 0);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Obtains a {@code Duration} representing a number of seconds.
       * <p>
       * The nanosecond in second field is set to zero.
       *
       * @param seconds  the number of seconds, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration}, not null
       */
      public static Duration ofSeconds(long seconds) {
          return create(seconds, 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Obtains a {@code Duration} representing a number of seconds and an
       * adjustment in nanoseconds.
       * <p>
       * This method allows an arbitrary number of nanoseconds to be passed in.
       * The factory will alter the values of the second and nanosecond in order
       * to ensure that the stored nanosecond is in the range 0 to 999,999,999.
       * For example, the following will result in the exactly the same duration:
       * <pre>
       *  Duration.ofSeconds(3, 1);
       *  Duration.ofSeconds(4, -999_999_999);
       *  Duration.ofSeconds(2, 1000_000_001);
       * </pre>
       *
       * @param seconds  the number of seconds, positive or negative
       * @param nanoAdjustment  the nanosecond adjustment to the number of seconds, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration}, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if the adjustment causes the seconds to exceed the capacity of {@code Duration}
       */
      public static Duration ofSeconds(long seconds, long nanoAdjustment) {
          long secs = Math.addExact(seconds, Math.floorDiv(nanoAdjustment, NANOS_PER_SECOND));
          int nos = (int) Math.floorMod(nanoAdjustment, NANOS_PER_SECOND);
          return create(secs, nos);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Obtains a {@code Duration} representing a number of milliseconds.
       * <p>
       * The seconds and nanoseconds are extracted from the specified milliseconds.
       *
       * @param millis  the number of milliseconds, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration}, not null
       */
      public static Duration ofMillis(long millis) {
          long secs = millis / 1000;
          int mos = (int) (millis % 1000);
          if (mos < 0) {
              mos += 1000;
              secs--;
          }
          return create(secs, mos * 1000_000);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Obtains a {@code Duration} representing a number of nanoseconds.
       * <p>
       * The seconds and nanoseconds are extracted from the specified nanoseconds.
       *
       * @param nanos  the number of nanoseconds, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration}, not null
       */
      public static Duration ofNanos(long nanos) {
          long secs = nanos / NANOS_PER_SECOND;
          int nos = (int) (nanos % NANOS_PER_SECOND);
          if (nos < 0) {
              nos += NANOS_PER_SECOND;
              secs--;
          }
          return create(secs, nos);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Obtains a {@code Duration} representing an amount in the specified unit.
       * <p>
       * The parameters represent the two parts of a phrase like '6 Hours'. For example:
       * <pre>
       *  Duration.of(3, SECONDS);
       *  Duration.of(465, HOURS);
       * </pre>
       * Only a subset of units are accepted by this method.
       * The unit must either have an {@linkplain TemporalUnit#isDurationEstimated() exact duration} or
       * be {@link ChronoUnit#DAYS} which is treated as 24 hours. Other units throw an exception.
       *
       * @param amount  the amount of the duration, measured in terms of the unit, positive or negative
       * @param unit  the unit that the duration is measured in, must have an exact duration, not null
       * @return a {@code Duration}, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the period unit has an estimated duration
       * @throws ArithmeticException if a numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public static Duration of(long amount, TemporalUnit unit) {
          return ZERO.plus(amount, unit);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Obtains an instance of {@code Duration} from a temporal amount.
       * <p>
       * This obtains a duration based on the specified amount.
       * A {@code TemporalAmount} represents an  amount of time, which may be
       * date-based or time-based, which this factory extracts to a duration.
       * <p>
       * The conversion loops around the set of units from the amount and uses
       * the {@linkplain TemporalUnit#getDuration() duration} of the unit to
       * calculate the total {@code Duration}.
       * Only a subset of units are accepted by this method. The unit must either
       * have an {@linkplain TemporalUnit#isDurationEstimated() exact duration}
       * or be {@link ChronoUnit#DAYS} which is treated as 24 hours.
       * If any other units are found then an exception is thrown.
       *
       * @param amount  the temporal amount to convert, not null
       * @return the equivalent duration, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if unable to convert to a {@code Duration}
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public static Duration from(TemporalAmount amount) {
          Objects.requireNonNull(amount, "amount");
          Duration duration = ZERO;
          for (TemporalUnit unit : amount.getUnits()) {
              duration = duration.plus(amount.get(unit), unit);
          }
          return duration;
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Obtains a {@code Duration} from a text string such as {@code PnDTnHnMn.nS}.
       * <p>
       * This will parse a textual representation of a duration, including the
       * string produced by {@code toString()}. The formats accepted are based
       * on the ISO-8601 duration format {@code PnDTnHnMn.nS} with days
       * considered to be exactly 24 hours.
       * <p>
       * The string starts with an optional sign, denoted by the ASCII negative
       * or positive symbol. If negative, the whole period is negated.
       * The ASCII letter "P" is next in upper or lower case.
       * There are then four sections, each consisting of a number and a suffix.
       * The sections have suffixes in ASCII of "D", "H", "M" and "S" for
       * days, hours, minutes and seconds, accepted in upper or lower case.
       * The suffixes must occur in order. The ASCII letter "T" must occur before
       * the first occurrence, if any, of an hour, minute or second section.
       * At least one of the four sections must be present, and if "T" is present
       * there must be at least one section after the "T".
       * The number part of each section must consist of one or more ASCII digits.
       * The number may be prefixed by the ASCII negative or positive symbol.
       * The number of days, hours and minutes must parse to an {@code long}.
       * The number of seconds must parse to an {@code long} with optional fraction.
       * The decimal point may be either a dot or a comma.
       * The fractional part may have from zero to 9 digits.
       * <p>
       * The leading plus/minus sign, and negative values for other units are
       * not part of the ISO-8601 standard.
       * <p>
       * Examples:
       * <pre>
       *    "PT20.345S" -- parses as "20.345 seconds"
       *    "PT15M"     -- parses as "15 minutes" (where a minute is 60 seconds)
       *    "PT10H"     -- parses as "10 hours" (where an hour is 3600 seconds)
       *    "P2D"       -- parses as "2 days" (where a day is 24 hours or 86400 seconds)
       *    "P2DT3H4M"  -- parses as "2 days, 3 hours and 4 minutes"
       *    "P-6H3M"    -- parses as "-6 hours and +3 minutes"
       *    "-P6H3M"    -- parses as "-6 hours and -3 minutes"
       *    "-P-6H+3M"  -- parses as "+6 hours and -3 minutes"
       * </pre>
       *
       * @param text  the text to parse, not null
       * @return the parsed duration, not null
       * @throws DateTimeParseException if the text cannot be parsed to a duration
       */
      public static Duration parse(CharSequence text) {
          Objects.requireNonNull(text, "text");
          Matcher matcher = PATTERN.matcher(text);
          if (matcher.matches()) {
              // check for letter T but no time sections
              if ("T".equals(matcher.group(3)) == false) {
                  boolean negate = "-".equals(matcher.group(1));
                  String dayMatch = matcher.group(2);
                  String hourMatch = matcher.group(4);
                  String minuteMatch = matcher.group(5);
                  String secondMatch = matcher.group(6);
                  String fractionMatch = matcher.group(7);
                  if (dayMatch != null || hourMatch != null || minuteMatch != null || secondMatch != null) {
                      long daysAsSecs = parseNumber(text, dayMatch, SECONDS_PER_DAY, "days");
                      long hoursAsSecs = parseNumber(text, hourMatch, SECONDS_PER_HOUR, "hours");
                      long minsAsSecs = parseNumber(text, minuteMatch, SECONDS_PER_MINUTE, "minutes");
                      long seconds = parseNumber(text, secondMatch, 1, "seconds");
                      int nanos = parseFraction(text,  fractionMatch, seconds < 0 ? -1 : 1);
                      try {
                          return create(negate, daysAsSecs, hoursAsSecs, minsAsSecs, seconds, nanos);
                      } catch (ArithmeticException ex) {
                          throw (DateTimeParseException) new DateTimeParseException("Text cannot be parsed to a Duration: overflow", text, 0).initCause(ex);
                      }
                  }
              }
          }
          throw new DateTimeParseException("Text cannot be parsed to a Duration", text, 0);
      }
  
      private static long parseNumber(CharSequence text, String parsed, int multiplier, String errorText) {
          // regex limits to [-+]?[0-9]+
          if (parsed == null) {
              return 0;
          }
          try {
              long val = Long.parseLong(parsed);
              return Math.multiplyExact(val, multiplier);
          } catch (NumberFormatException | ArithmeticException ex) {
              throw (DateTimeParseException) new DateTimeParseException("Text cannot be parsed to a Duration: " + errorText, text, 0).initCause(ex);
          }
      }
  
      private static int parseFraction(CharSequence text, String parsed, int negate) {
          // regex limits to [0-9]{0,9}
          if (parsed == null || parsed.length() == 0) {
              return 0;
          }
          try {
              parsed = (parsed + "000000000").substring(0, 9);
              return Integer.parseInt(parsed) * negate;
          } catch (NumberFormatException | ArithmeticException ex) {
              throw (DateTimeParseException) new DateTimeParseException("Text cannot be parsed to a Duration: fraction", text, 0).initCause(ex);
          }
      }
  
      private static Duration create(boolean negate, long daysAsSecs, long hoursAsSecs, long minsAsSecs, long secs, int nanos) {
          long seconds = Math.addExact(daysAsSecs, Math.addExact(hoursAsSecs, Math.addExact(minsAsSecs, secs)));
          if (negate) {
              return ofSeconds(seconds, nanos).negated();
          }
          return ofSeconds(seconds, nanos);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Obtains a {@code Duration} representing the duration between two temporal objects.
       * <p>
       * This calculates the duration between two temporal objects. If the objects
       * are of different types, then the duration is calculated based on the type
       * of the first object. For example, if the first argument is a {@code LocalTime}
       * then the second argument is converted to a {@code LocalTime}.
       * <p>
       * The specified temporal objects must support the {@link ChronoUnit#SECONDS SECONDS} unit.
       * For full accuracy, either the {@link ChronoUnit#NANOS NANOS} unit or the
       * {@link ChronoField#NANO_OF_SECOND NANO_OF_SECOND} field should be supported.
       * <p>
       * The result of this method can be a negative period if the end is before the start.
       * To guarantee to obtain a positive duration call {@link #abs()} on the result.
       *
       * @param startInclusive  the start instant, inclusive, not null
       * @param endExclusive  the end instant, exclusive, not null
       * @return a {@code Duration}, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the seconds between the temporals cannot be obtained
       * @throws ArithmeticException if the calculation exceeds the capacity of {@code Duration}
       */
      public static Duration between(Temporal startInclusive, Temporal endExclusive) {
          try {
              return ofNanos(startInclusive.until(endExclusive, NANOS));
          } catch (DateTimeException | ArithmeticException ex) {
              long secs = startInclusive.until(endExclusive, SECONDS);
              long nanos;
              try {
                  nanos = endExclusive.getLong(NANO_OF_SECOND) - startInclusive.getLong(NANO_OF_SECOND);
                  if (secs > 0 && nanos < 0) {
                      secs++;
                  } else if (secs < 0 && nanos > 0) {
                      secs--;
                  }
              } catch (DateTimeException ex2) {
                  nanos = 0;
              }
              return ofSeconds(secs, nanos);
          }
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Obtains an instance of {@code Duration} using seconds and nanoseconds.
       *
       * @param seconds  the length of the duration in seconds, positive or negative
       * @param nanoAdjustment  the nanosecond adjustment within the second, from 0 to 999,999,999
       */
      private static Duration create(long seconds, int nanoAdjustment) {
          if ((seconds | nanoAdjustment) == 0) {
              return ZERO;
          }
          return new Duration(seconds, nanoAdjustment);
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs an instance of {@code Duration} using seconds and nanoseconds.
       *
       * @param seconds  the length of the duration in seconds, positive or negative
       * @param nanos  the nanoseconds within the second, from 0 to 999,999,999
       */
      private Duration(long seconds, int nanos) {
          super();
          this.seconds = seconds;
          this.nanos = nanos;
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Gets the value of the requested unit.
       * <p>
       * This returns a value for each of the two supported units,
       * {@link ChronoUnit#SECONDS SECONDS} and {@link ChronoUnit#NANOS NANOS}.
       * All other units throw an exception.
       *
       * @param unit the {@code TemporalUnit} for which to return the value
       * @return the long value of the unit
       * @throws DateTimeException if the unit is not supported
       * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the unit is not supported
       */
      @Override
      public long get(TemporalUnit unit) {
          if (unit == SECONDS) {
              return seconds;
          } else if (unit == NANOS) {
              return nanos;
          } else {
              throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported unit: " + unit);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the set of units supported by this duration.
       * <p>
       * The supported units are {@link ChronoUnit#SECONDS SECONDS},
       * and {@link ChronoUnit#NANOS NANOS}.
       * They are returned in the order seconds, nanos.
       * <p>
       * This set can be used in conjunction with {@link #get(TemporalUnit)}
       * to access the entire state of the duration.
       *
       * @return a list containing the seconds and nanos units, not null
       */
      @Override
      public List<TemporalUnit> getUnits() {
          return DurationUnits.UNITS;
      }
  
      /**
       * Private class to delay initialization of this list until needed.
       * The circular dependency between Duration and ChronoUnit prevents
       * the simple initialization in Duration.
       */
      private static class DurationUnits {
          static final List<TemporalUnit> UNITS =
                  Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.<TemporalUnit>asList(SECONDS, NANOS));
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Checks if this duration is zero length.
       * <p>
       * A {@code Duration} represents a directed distance between two points on
       * the time-line and can therefore be positive, zero or negative.
       * This method checks whether the length is zero.
       *
       * @return true if this duration has a total length equal to zero
       */
      public boolean isZero() {
          return (seconds | nanos) == 0;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if this duration is negative, excluding zero.
       * <p>
       * A {@code Duration} represents a directed distance between two points on
       * the time-line and can therefore be positive, zero or negative.
       * This method checks whether the length is less than zero.
       *
       * @return true if this duration has a total length less than zero
       */
      public boolean isNegative() {
          return seconds < 0;
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Gets the number of seconds in this duration.
       * <p>
       * The length of the duration is stored using two fields - seconds and nanoseconds.
       * The nanoseconds part is a value from 0 to 999,999,999 that is an adjustment to
       * the length in seconds.
       * The total duration is defined by calling this method and {@link #getNano()}.
       * <p>
       * A {@code Duration} represents a directed distance between two points on the time-line.
       * A negative duration is expressed by the negative sign of the seconds part.
       * A duration of -1 nanosecond is stored as -1 seconds plus 999,999,999 nanoseconds.
       *
       * @return the whole seconds part of the length of the duration, positive or negative
       */
      public long getSeconds() {
          return seconds;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the number of nanoseconds within the second in this duration.
       * <p>
       * The length of the duration is stored using two fields - seconds and nanoseconds.
       * The nanoseconds part is a value from 0 to 999,999,999 that is an adjustment to
       * the length in seconds.
       * The total duration is defined by calling this method and {@link #getSeconds()}.
       * <p>
       * A {@code Duration} represents a directed distance between two points on the time-line.
       * A negative duration is expressed by the negative sign of the seconds part.
       * A duration of -1 nanosecond is stored as -1 seconds plus 999,999,999 nanoseconds.
       *
       * @return the nanoseconds within the second part of the length of the duration, from 0 to 999,999,999
       */
      public int getNano() {
          return nanos;
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified amount of seconds.
       * <p>
       * This returns a duration with the specified seconds, retaining the
       * nano-of-second part of this duration.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param seconds  the seconds to represent, may be negative
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this period with the requested seconds, not null
       */
      public Duration withSeconds(long seconds) {
          return create(seconds, nanos);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified nano-of-second.
       * <p>
       * This returns a duration with the specified nano-of-second, retaining the
       * seconds part of this duration.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param nanoOfSecond  the nano-of-second to represent, from 0 to 999,999,999
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this period with the requested nano-of-second, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if the nano-of-second is invalid
       */
      public Duration withNanos(int nanoOfSecond) {
          NANO_OF_SECOND.checkValidIntValue(nanoOfSecond);
          return create(seconds, nanoOfSecond);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration added.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param duration  the duration to add, positive or negative, not null
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified duration added, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration plus(Duration duration) {
          return plus(duration.getSeconds(), duration.getNano());
       }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration added.
       * <p>
       * The duration amount is measured in terms of the specified unit.
       * Only a subset of units are accepted by this method.
       * The unit must either have an {@linkplain TemporalUnit#isDurationEstimated() exact duration} or
       * be {@link ChronoUnit#DAYS} which is treated as 24 hours. Other units throw an exception.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param amountToAdd  the amount to add, measured in terms of the unit, positive or negative
       * @param unit  the unit that the amount is measured in, must have an exact duration, not null
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified duration added, not null
       * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the unit is not supported
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration plus(long amountToAdd, TemporalUnit unit) {
          Objects.requireNonNull(unit, "unit");
          if (unit == DAYS) {
              return plus(Math.multiplyExact(amountToAdd, SECONDS_PER_DAY), 0);
          }
          if (unit.isDurationEstimated()) {
              throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unit must not have an estimated duration");
          }
          if (amountToAdd == 0) {
              return this;
          }
          if (unit instanceof ChronoUnit) {
              switch ((ChronoUnit) unit) {
                  case NANOS: return plusNanos(amountToAdd);
                  case MICROS: return plusSeconds((amountToAdd / (1000_000L * 1000)) * 1000).plusNanos((amountToAdd % (1000_000L * 1000)) * 1000);
                  case MILLIS: return plusMillis(amountToAdd);
                  case SECONDS: return plusSeconds(amountToAdd);
              }
              return plusSeconds(Math.multiplyExact(unit.getDuration().seconds, amountToAdd));
          }
          Duration duration = unit.getDuration().multipliedBy(amountToAdd);
          return plusSeconds(duration.getSeconds()).plusNanos(duration.getNano());
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration in standard 24 hour days added.
       * <p>
       * The number of days is multiplied by 86400 to obtain the number of seconds to add.
       * This is based on the standard definition of a day as 24 hours.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param daysToAdd  the days to add, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified days added, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration plusDays(long daysToAdd) {
          return plus(Math.multiplyExact(daysToAdd, SECONDS_PER_DAY), 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration in hours added.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param hoursToAdd  the hours to add, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified hours added, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration plusHours(long hoursToAdd) {
          return plus(Math.multiplyExact(hoursToAdd, SECONDS_PER_HOUR), 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration in minutes added.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param minutesToAdd  the minutes to add, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified minutes added, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration plusMinutes(long minutesToAdd) {
          return plus(Math.multiplyExact(minutesToAdd, SECONDS_PER_MINUTE), 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration in seconds added.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param secondsToAdd  the seconds to add, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified seconds added, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration plusSeconds(long secondsToAdd) {
          return plus(secondsToAdd, 0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration in milliseconds added.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param millisToAdd  the milliseconds to add, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified milliseconds added, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration plusMillis(long millisToAdd) {
          return plus(millisToAdd / 1000, (millisToAdd % 1000) * 1000_000);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration in nanoseconds added.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param nanosToAdd  the nanoseconds to add, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified nanoseconds added, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration plusNanos(long nanosToAdd) {
          return plus(0, nanosToAdd);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration added.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param secondsToAdd  the seconds to add, positive or negative
       * @param nanosToAdd  the nanos to add, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified seconds added, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      private Duration plus(long secondsToAdd, long nanosToAdd) {
          if ((secondsToAdd | nanosToAdd) == 0) {
              return this;
          }
          long epochSec = Math.addExact(seconds, secondsToAdd);
          epochSec = Math.addExact(epochSec, nanosToAdd / NANOS_PER_SECOND);
          nanosToAdd = nanosToAdd % NANOS_PER_SECOND;
          long nanoAdjustment = nanos + nanosToAdd;  // safe int+NANOS_PER_SECOND
          return ofSeconds(epochSec, nanoAdjustment);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration subtracted.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param duration  the duration to subtract, positive or negative, not null
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified duration subtracted, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration minus(Duration duration) {
          long secsToSubtract = duration.getSeconds();
          int nanosToSubtract = duration.getNano();
          if (secsToSubtract == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
              return plus(Long.MAX_VALUE, -nanosToSubtract).plus(1, 0);
          }
          return plus(-secsToSubtract, -nanosToSubtract);
       }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration subtracted.
       * <p>
       * The duration amount is measured in terms of the specified unit.
       * Only a subset of units are accepted by this method.
       * The unit must either have an {@linkplain TemporalUnit#isDurationEstimated() exact duration} or
       * be {@link ChronoUnit#DAYS} which is treated as 24 hours. Other units throw an exception.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param amountToSubtract  the amount to subtract, measured in terms of the unit, positive or negative
       * @param unit  the unit that the amount is measured in, must have an exact duration, not null
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified duration subtracted, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration minus(long amountToSubtract, TemporalUnit unit) {
          return (amountToSubtract == Long.MIN_VALUE ? plus(Long.MAX_VALUE, unit).plus(1, unit) : plus(-amountToSubtract, unit));
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration in standard 24 hour days subtracted.
       * <p>
       * The number of days is multiplied by 86400 to obtain the number of seconds to subtract.
       * This is based on the standard definition of a day as 24 hours.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param daysToSubtract  the days to subtract, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified days subtracted, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration minusDays(long daysToSubtract) {
          return (daysToSubtract == Long.MIN_VALUE ? plusDays(Long.MAX_VALUE).plusDays(1) : plusDays(-daysToSubtract));
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration in hours subtracted.
       * <p>
       * The number of hours is multiplied by 3600 to obtain the number of seconds to subtract.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param hoursToSubtract  the hours to subtract, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified hours subtracted, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration minusHours(long hoursToSubtract) {
          return (hoursToSubtract == Long.MIN_VALUE ? plusHours(Long.MAX_VALUE).plusHours(1) : plusHours(-hoursToSubtract));
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration in minutes subtracted.
       * <p>
       * The number of hours is multiplied by 60 to obtain the number of seconds to subtract.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param minutesToSubtract  the minutes to subtract, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified minutes subtracted, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration minusMinutes(long minutesToSubtract) {
          return (minutesToSubtract == Long.MIN_VALUE ? plusMinutes(Long.MAX_VALUE).plusMinutes(1) : plusMinutes(-minutesToSubtract));
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration in seconds subtracted.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param secondsToSubtract  the seconds to subtract, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified seconds subtracted, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration minusSeconds(long secondsToSubtract) {
          return (secondsToSubtract == Long.MIN_VALUE ? plusSeconds(Long.MAX_VALUE).plusSeconds(1) : plusSeconds(-secondsToSubtract));
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration in milliseconds subtracted.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param millisToSubtract  the milliseconds to subtract, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified milliseconds subtracted, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration minusMillis(long millisToSubtract) {
          return (millisToSubtract == Long.MIN_VALUE ? plusMillis(Long.MAX_VALUE).plusMillis(1) : plusMillis(-millisToSubtract));
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the specified duration in nanoseconds subtracted.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param nanosToSubtract  the nanoseconds to subtract, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the specified nanoseconds subtracted, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration minusNanos(long nanosToSubtract) {
          return (nanosToSubtract == Long.MIN_VALUE ? plusNanos(Long.MAX_VALUE).plusNanos(1) : plusNanos(-nanosToSubtract));
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration multiplied by the scalar.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param multiplicand  the value to multiply the duration by, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration multiplied by the specified scalar, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration multipliedBy(long multiplicand) {
          if (multiplicand == 0) {
              return ZERO;
          }
          if (multiplicand == 1) {
              return this;
          }
          return create(toSeconds().multiply(BigDecimal.valueOf(multiplicand)));
       }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration divided by the specified value.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param divisor  the value to divide the duration by, positive or negative, not zero
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration divided by the specified divisor, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if the divisor is zero or if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration dividedBy(long divisor) {
          if (divisor == 0) {
              throw new ArithmeticException("Cannot divide by zero");
          }
          if (divisor == 1) {
              return this;
          }
          return create(toSeconds().divide(BigDecimal.valueOf(divisor), RoundingMode.DOWN));
       }
  
      /**
       * Converts this duration to the total length in seconds and
       * fractional nanoseconds expressed as a {@code BigDecimal}.
       *
       * @return the total length of the duration in seconds, with a scale of 9, not null
       */
      private BigDecimal toSeconds() {
          return BigDecimal.valueOf(seconds).add(BigDecimal.valueOf(nanos, 9));
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an instance of {@code Duration} from a number of seconds.
       *
       * @param seconds  the number of seconds, up to scale 9, positive or negative
       * @return a {@code Duration}, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      private static Duration create(BigDecimal seconds) {
          BigInteger nanos = seconds.movePointRight(9).toBigIntegerExact();
          BigInteger[] divRem = nanos.divideAndRemainder(BI_NANOS_PER_SECOND);
          if (divRem[0].bitLength() > 63) {
              throw new ArithmeticException("Exceeds capacity of Duration: " + nanos);
          }
          return ofSeconds(divRem[0].longValue(), divRem[1].intValue());
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with the length negated.
       * <p>
       * This method swaps the sign of the total length of this duration.
       * For example, {@code PT1.3S} will be returned as {@code PT-1.3S}.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with the amount negated, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration negated() {
          return multipliedBy(-1);
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns a copy of this duration with a positive length.
       * <p>
       * This method returns a positive duration by effectively removing the sign from any negative total length.
       * For example, {@code PT-1.3S} will be returned as {@code PT1.3S}.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @return a {@code Duration} based on this duration with an absolute length, not null
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public Duration abs() {
          return isNegative() ? negated() : this;
      }
  
      //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Adds this duration to the specified temporal object.
       * <p>
       * This returns a temporal object of the same observable type as the input
       * with this duration added.
       * <p>
       * In most cases, it is clearer to reverse the calling pattern by using
       * {@link Temporal#plus(TemporalAmount)}.
       * <pre>
       *   // these two lines are equivalent, but the second approach is recommended
       *   dateTime = thisDuration.addTo(dateTime);
       *   dateTime = dateTime.plus(thisDuration);
       * </pre>
       * <p>
       * The calculation will add the seconds, then nanos.
       * Only non-zero amounts will be added.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param temporal  the temporal object to adjust, not null
       * @return an object of the same type with the adjustment made, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if unable to add
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      @Override
      public Temporal addTo(Temporal temporal) {
          if (seconds != 0) {
              temporal = temporal.plus(seconds, SECONDS);
          }
          if (nanos != 0) {
              temporal = temporal.plus(nanos, NANOS);
          }
          return temporal;
      }
  
      /**
       * Subtracts this duration from the specified temporal object.
       * <p>
       * This returns a temporal object of the same observable type as the input
       * with this duration subtracted.
       * <p>
       * In most cases, it is clearer to reverse the calling pattern by using
       * {@link Temporal#minus(TemporalAmount)}.
       * <pre>
       *   // these two lines are equivalent, but the second approach is recommended
       *   dateTime = thisDuration.subtractFrom(dateTime);
       *   dateTime = dateTime.minus(thisDuration);
       * </pre>
       * <p>
       * The calculation will subtract the seconds, then nanos.
       * Only non-zero amounts will be added.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @param temporal  the temporal object to adjust, not null
       * @return an object of the same type with the adjustment made, not null
       * @throws DateTimeException if unable to subtract
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      @Override
      public Temporal subtractFrom(Temporal temporal) {
          if (seconds != 0) {
              temporal = temporal.minus(seconds, SECONDS);
          }
          if (nanos != 0) {
              temporal = temporal.minus(nanos, NANOS);
          }
          return temporal;
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Gets the number of days in this duration.
       * <p>
       * This returns the total number of days in the duration by dividing the
       * number of seconds by 86400.
       * This is based on the standard definition of a day as 24 hours.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @return the number of days in the duration, may be negative
       */
      public long toDays() {
          return seconds / SECONDS_PER_DAY;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the number of hours in this duration.
       * <p>
       * This returns the total number of hours in the duration by dividing the
       * number of seconds by 3600.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @return the number of hours in the duration, may be negative
       */
      public long toHours() {
          return seconds / SECONDS_PER_HOUR;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the number of minutes in this duration.
       * <p>
       * This returns the total number of minutes in the duration by dividing the
       * number of seconds by 60.
       * <p>
       * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
       *
       * @return the number of minutes in the duration, may be negative
       */
      public long toMinutes() {
          return seconds / SECONDS_PER_MINUTE;
      }
  
      /**
       * Converts this duration to the total length in milliseconds.
       * <p>
       * If this duration is too large to fit in a {@code long} milliseconds, then an
       * exception is thrown.
       * <p>
       * If this duration has greater than millisecond precision, then the conversion
       * will drop any excess precision information as though the amount in nanoseconds
       * was subject to integer division by one million.
       *
       * @return the total length of the duration in milliseconds
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public long toMillis() {
          long millis = Math.multiplyExact(seconds, 1000);
          millis = Math.addExact(millis, nanos / 1000_000);
          return millis;
      }
  
      /**
       * Converts this duration to the total length in nanoseconds expressed as a {@code long}.
       * <p>
       * If this duration is too large to fit in a {@code long} nanoseconds, then an
       * exception is thrown.
       *
       * @return the total length of the duration in nanoseconds
       * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
       */
      public long toNanos() {
          long totalNanos = Math.multiplyExact(seconds, NANOS_PER_SECOND);
          totalNanos = Math.addExact(totalNanos, nanos);
          return totalNanos;
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Compares this duration to the specified {@code Duration}.
       * <p>
       * The comparison is based on the total length of the durations.
       * It is "consistent with equals", as defined by {@link Comparable}.
       *
       * @param otherDuration  the other duration to compare to, not null
       * @return the comparator value, negative if less, positive if greater
       */
      @Override
      public int compareTo(Duration otherDuration) {
          int cmp = Long.compare(seconds, otherDuration.seconds);
          if (cmp != 0) {
              return cmp;
          }
          return nanos - otherDuration.nanos;
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Checks if this duration is equal to the specified {@code Duration}.
       * <p>
       * The comparison is based on the total length of the durations.
       *
       * @param otherDuration  the other duration, null returns false
       * @return true if the other duration is equal to this one
       */
      @Override
      public boolean equals(Object otherDuration) {
          if (this == otherDuration) {
              return true;
          }
          if (otherDuration instanceof Duration) {
              Duration other = (Duration) otherDuration;
              return this.seconds == other.seconds &&
                     this.nanos == other.nanos;
          }
          return false;
      }
  
      /**
       * A hash code for this duration.
       *
       * @return a suitable hash code
       */
      @Override
      public int hashCode() {
          return ((int) (seconds ^ (seconds >>> 32))) + (51 * nanos);
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * A string representation of this duration using ISO-8601 seconds
       * based representation, such as {@code PT8H6M12.345S}.
       * <p>
       * The format of the returned string will be {@code PTnHnMnS}, where n is
       * the relevant hours, minutes or seconds part of the duration.
       * Any fractional seconds are placed after a decimal point i the seconds section.
       * If a section has a zero value, it is omitted.
       * The hours, minutes and seconds will all have the same sign.
       * <p>
       * Examples:
       * <pre>
       *    "20.345 seconds"                 -- "PT20.345S
       *    "15 minutes" (15 * 60 seconds)   -- "PT15M"
       *    "10 hours" (10 * 3600 seconds)   -- "PT10H"
       *    "2 days" (2 * 86400 seconds)     -- "PT48H"
       * </pre>
       * Note that multiples of 24 hours are not output as days to avoid confusion
       * with {@code Period}.
       *
       * @return an ISO-8601 representation of this duration, not null
       */
      @Override
      public String toString() {
          if (this == ZERO) {
              return "PT0S";
          }
          long hours = seconds / SECONDS_PER_HOUR;
          int minutes = (int) ((seconds % SECONDS_PER_HOUR) / SECONDS_PER_MINUTE);
          int secs = (int) (seconds % SECONDS_PER_MINUTE);
          StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(24);
          buf.append("PT");
          if (hours != 0) {
              buf.append(hours).append('H');
          }
          if (minutes != 0) {
              buf.append(minutes).append('M');
          }
          if (secs == 0 && nanos == 0 && buf.length() > 2) {
              return buf.toString();
          }
          if (secs < 0 && nanos > 0) {
              if (secs == -1) {
                  buf.append("-0");
              } else {
                  buf.append(secs + 1);
              }
          } else {
              buf.append(secs);
          }
          if (nanos > 0) {
              int pos = buf.length();
              if (secs < 0) {
                  buf.append(2 * NANOS_PER_SECOND - nanos);
              } else {
                  buf.append(nanos + NANOS_PER_SECOND);
              }
              while (buf.charAt(buf.length() - 1) == '0') {
                  buf.setLength(buf.length() - 1);
              }
              buf.setCharAt(pos, '.');
          }
          buf.append('S');
          return buf.toString();
      }
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      /**
       * Writes the object using a
       * <a href="../../serialized-form.html#java.time.Ser">dedicated serialized form</a>.
       * @serialData
       * <pre>
       *  out.writeByte(1);  // identifies a Duration
       *  out.writeLong(seconds);
       *  out.writeInt(nanos);
       * </pre>
       *
       * @return the instance of {@code Ser}, not null
       */
      private Object writeReplace() {
          return new Ser(Ser.DURATION_TYPE, this);
      }
  
      /**
       * Defend against malicious streams.
       *
       * @param s the stream to read
       * @throws InvalidObjectException always
       */
      private void readObject(ObjectInputStream s) throws InvalidObjectException {
          throw new InvalidObjectException("Deserialization via serialization delegate");
      }
  
      void writeExternal(DataOutput out) throws IOException {
          out.writeLong(seconds);
          out.writeInt(nanos);
      }
  
      static Duration readExternal(DataInput in) throws IOException {
          long seconds = in.readLong();
          int nanos = in.readInt();
          return Duration.ofSeconds(seconds, nanos);
      }
  
  }
  