content: /*
   * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
   * Copyright (c) 2003, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   *
   * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
   * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
   * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
   *
   * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
   * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
   * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
   * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
   * accompanied this code).
   *
   * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
   * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
   * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
   *
   * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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   */
  
  package java.util;
  
  import java.io.BufferedWriter;
  import java.io.Closeable;
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.File;
  import java.io.FileOutputStream;
  import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
  import java.io.Flushable;
  import java.io.OutputStream;
  import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
  import java.io.PrintStream;
  import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
  import java.math.BigDecimal;
  import java.math.BigInteger;
  import java.math.MathContext;
  import java.math.RoundingMode;
  import java.nio.charset.Charset;
  import java.nio.charset.IllegalCharsetNameException;
  import java.nio.charset.UnsupportedCharsetException;
  import java.text.DateFormatSymbols;
  import java.text.DecimalFormat;
  import java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols;
  import java.text.NumberFormat;
  import java.time.DateTimeException;
  import java.time.Instant;
  import java.time.ZoneId;
  import java.time.ZoneOffset;
  import java.time.temporal.ChronoField;
  import java.time.temporal.TemporalAccessor;
  import java.time.temporal.TemporalQueries;
  
  import libcore.icu.LocaleData;
  import sun.misc.FpUtils;
  import sun.misc.DoubleConsts;
  import sun.misc.FormattedFloatingDecimal;
  
  // Android-changed: Use localized exponent separator for %e.
  
  /**
   * An interpreter for printf-style format strings.  This class provides support
   * for layout justification and alignment, common formats for numeric, string,
   * and date/time data, and locale-specific output.  Common Java types such as
   * {@code byte}, {@link BigDecimal BigDecimal}, and {@link Calendar}
   * are supported.  Limited formatting customization for arbitrary user types is
   * provided through the {@link Formattable} interface.
   *
   * <p> Formatters are not necessarily safe for multithreaded access.  Thread
   * safety is optional and is the responsibility of users of methods in this
   * class.
   *
   * <p> Formatted printing for the Java language is heavily inspired by C's
   * {@code printf}.  Although the format strings are similar to C, some
   * customizations have been made to accommodate the Java language and exploit
   * some of its features.  Also, Java formatting is more strict than C's; for
   * example, if a conversion is incompatible with a flag, an exception will be
   * thrown.  In C inapplicable flags are silently ignored.  The format strings
   * are thus intended to be recognizable to C programmers but not necessarily
   * completely compatible with those in C.
   *
   * <p> Examples of expected usage:
   *
   * <blockquote><pre>
   *   StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
   *   // Send all output to the Appendable object sb
   *   Formatter formatter = new Formatter(sb, Locale.US);
   *
   *   // Explicit argument indices may be used to re-order output.
   *   formatter.format("%4$2s %3$2s %2$2s %1$2s", "a", "b", "c", "d")
   *   // -&gt; " d  c  b  a"
   *
   *   // Optional locale as the first argument can be used to get
   *   // locale-specific formatting of numbers.  The precision and width can be
   *   // given to round and align the value.
   *   formatter.format(Locale.FRANCE, "e = %+10.4f", Math.E);
   *   // -&gt; "e =    +2,7183"
   *
   *   // The '(' numeric flag may be used to format negative numbers with
   *   // parentheses rather than a minus sign.  Group separators are
   *   // automatically inserted.
   *   formatter.format("Amount gained or lost since last statement: $ %(,.2f",
   *                    balanceDelta);
   *   // -&gt; "Amount gained or lost since last statement: $ (6,217.58)"
   * </pre></blockquote>
   *
   * <p> Convenience methods for common formatting requests exist as illustrated
   * by the following invocations:
   *
   * <blockquote><pre>
   *   // Writes a formatted string to System.out.
   *   System.out.format("Local time: %tT", Calendar.getInstance());
   *   // -&gt; "Local time: 13:34:18"
   *
   *   // Writes formatted output to System.err.
   *   System.err.printf("Unable to open file '%1$s': %2$s",
   *                     fileName, exception.getMessage());
   *   // -&gt; "Unable to open file 'food': No such file or directory"
   * </pre></blockquote>
   *
   * <p> Like C's {@code sprintf(3)}, Strings may be formatted using the static
   * method {@link String#format(String,Object...) String.format}:
   *
   * <blockquote><pre>
   *   // Format a string containing a date.
   *   import java.util.Calendar;
   *   import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
   *   import static java.util.Calendar.*;
   *
   *   Calendar c = new GregorianCalendar(1995, MAY, 23);
   *   String s = String.format("Duke's Birthday: %1$tb %1$te, %1$tY", c);
   *   // -&gt; s == "Duke's Birthday: May 23, 1995"
   * </pre></blockquote>
   *
   * <h3><a name="org">Organization</a></h3>
   *
   * <p> This specification is divided into two sections.  The first section, <a
   * href="#summary">Summary</a>, covers the basic formatting concepts.  This
   * section is intended for users who want to get started quickly and are
   * familiar with formatted printing in other programming languages.  The second
   * section, <a href="#detail">Details</a>, covers the specific implementation
   * details.  It is intended for users who want more precise specification of
   * formatting behavior.
   *
   * <h3><a name="summary">Summary</a></h3>
   *
   * <p> This section is intended to provide a brief overview of formatting
   * concepts.  For precise behavioral details, refer to the <a
   * href="#detail">Details</a> section.
   *
   * <h4><a name="syntax">Format String Syntax</a></h4>
   *
   * <p> Every method which produces formatted output requires a <i>format
   * string</i> and an <i>argument list</i>.  The format string is a {@link
   * String} which may contain fixed text and one or more embedded <i>format
   * specifiers</i>.  Consider the following example:
   *
   * <blockquote><pre>
   *   Calendar c = ...;
   *   String s = String.format("Duke's Birthday: %1$tm %1$te,%1$tY", c);
   * </pre></blockquote>
   *
   * This format string is the first argument to the {@code format} method.  It
   * contains three format specifiers "{@code %1$tm}", "{@code %1$te}", and
   * "{@code %1$tY}" which indicate how the arguments should be processed and
   * where they should be inserted in the text.  The remaining portions of the
   * format string are fixed text including {@code "Dukes Birthday: "} and any
   * other spaces or punctuation.
   *
   * The argument list consists of all arguments passed to the method after the
   * format string.  In the above example, the argument list is of size one and
   * consists of the {@link Calendar Calendar} object {@code c}.
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   * <li> The format specifiers for general, character, and numeric types have
   * the following syntax:
   *
   * <blockquote><pre>
   *   %[argument_index$][flags][width][.precision]conversion
   * </pre></blockquote>
   *
   * <p> The optional <i>argument_index</i> is a decimal integer indicating the
   * position of the argument in the argument list.  The first argument is
   * referenced by "{@code 1$}", the second by "{@code 2$}", etc.
   *
   * <p> The optional <i>flags</i> is a set of characters that modify the output
   * format.  The set of valid flags depends on the conversion.
   *
   * <p> The optional <i>width</i> is a positive decimal integer indicating
   * the minimum number of characters to be written to the output.
   *
   * <p> The optional <i>precision</i> is a non-negative decimal integer usually
   * used to restrict the number of characters.  The specific behavior depends on
   * the conversion.
   *
   * <p> The required <i>conversion</i> is a character indicating how the
   * argument should be formatted.  The set of valid conversions for a given
   * argument depends on the argument's data type.
   *
   * <li> The format specifiers for types which are used to represents dates and
   * times have the following syntax:
   *
   * <blockquote><pre>
   *   %[argument_index$][flags][width]conversion
   * </pre></blockquote>
   *
   * <p> The optional <i>argument_index</i>, <i>flags</i> and <i>width</i> are
   * defined as above.
   *
   * <p> The required <i>conversion</i> is a two character sequence.  The first
   * character is {@code 't'} or {@code 'T'}.  The second character indicates
   * the format to be used.  These characters are similar to but not completely
   * identical to those defined by GNU {@code date} and POSIX
   * {@code strftime(3c)}.
   *
   * <li> The format specifiers which do not correspond to arguments have the
   * following syntax:
   *
   * <blockquote><pre>
   *   %[flags][width]conversion
   * </pre></blockquote>
   *
   * <p> The optional <i>flags</i> and <i>width</i> is defined as above.
   *
   * <p> The required <i>conversion</i> is a character indicating content to be
   * inserted in the output.
   *
   * </ul>
   *
   * <h4> Conversions </h4>
   *
   * <p> Conversions are divided into the following categories:
   *
   * <ol>
   *
   * <li> <b>General</b> - may be applied to any argument
   * type
   *
   * <li> <b>Character</b> - may be applied to basic types which represent
   * Unicode characters: {@code char}, {@link Character}, {@code byte}, {@link
   * Byte}, {@code short}, and {@link Short}. This conversion may also be
   * applied to the types {@code int} and {@link Integer} when {@link
   * Character#isValidCodePoint} returns {@code true}
   *
   * <li> <b>Numeric</b>
   *
   * <ol>
   *
   * <li> <b>Integral</b> - may be applied to Java integral types: {@code byte},
   * {@link Byte}, {@code short}, {@link Short}, {@code int} and {@link
   * Integer}, {@code long}, {@link Long}, and {@link BigInteger
   * BigInteger} (but not {@code char} or {@link Character})
   *
   * <li><b>Floating Point</b> - may be applied to Java floating-point types:
   * {@code float}, {@link Float}, {@code double}, {@link Double}, and {@link
   * BigDecimal BigDecimal}
   *
   * </ol>
   *
   * <li> <b>Date/Time</b> - may be applied to Java types which are capable of
   * encoding a date or time: {@code long}, {@link Long}, {@link Calendar},
   * {@link Date} and {@link TemporalAccessor TemporalAccessor}
   *
   * <li> <b>Percent</b> - produces a literal {@code '%'}
   * (<tt>'&#92;u0025'</tt>)
   *
   * <li> <b>Line Separator</b> - produces the platform-specific line separator
   *
   * </ol>
   *
   * <p> The following table summarizes the supported conversions.  Conversions
   * denoted by an upper-case character (i.e. {@code 'B'}, {@code 'H'},
   * {@code 'S'}, {@code 'C'}, {@code 'X'}, {@code 'E'}, {@code 'G'},
   * {@code 'A'}, and {@code 'T'}) are the same as those for the corresponding
   * lower-case conversion characters except that the result is converted to
   * upper case according to the rules of the prevailing {@link Locale
   * Locale}.  The result is equivalent to the following invocation of {@link
   * String#toUpperCase()}
   *
   * <pre>
   *    out.toUpperCase() </pre>
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="genConv">
   *
   * <tr><th valign="bottom"> Conversion
   *     <th valign="bottom"> Argument Category
   *     <th valign="bottom"> Description
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'b'}, {@code 'B'}
   *     <td valign="top"> general
   *     <td> If the argument <i>arg</i> is {@code null}, then the result is
   *     "{@code false}".  If <i>arg</i> is a {@code boolean} or {@link
   *     Boolean}, then the result is the string returned by {@link
   *     String#valueOf(boolean) String.valueOf(arg)}.  Otherwise, the result is
   *     "true".
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'h'}, {@code 'H'}
   *     <td valign="top"> general
   *     <td> If the argument <i>arg</i> is {@code null}, then the result is
   *     "{@code null}".  Otherwise, the result is obtained by invoking
   *     {@code Integer.toHexString(arg.hashCode())}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 's'}, {@code 'S'}
   *     <td valign="top"> general
   *     <td> If the argument <i>arg</i> is {@code null}, then the result is
   *     "{@code null}".  If <i>arg</i> implements {@link Formattable}, then
   *     {@link Formattable#formatTo arg.formatTo} is invoked. Otherwise, the
   *     result is obtained by invoking {@code arg.toString()}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'c'}, {@code 'C'}
   *     <td valign="top"> character
   *     <td> The result is a Unicode character
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'd'}
   *     <td valign="top"> integral
   *     <td> The result is formatted as a decimal integer
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'o'}
   *     <td valign="top"> integral
   *     <td> The result is formatted as an octal integer
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'x'}, {@code 'X'}
   *     <td valign="top"> integral
   *     <td> The result is formatted as a hexadecimal integer
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'e'}, {@code 'E'}
   *     <td valign="top"> floating point
   *     <td> The result is formatted as a decimal number in computerized
   *     scientific notation
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'f'}
   *     <td valign="top"> floating point
   *     <td> The result is formatted as a decimal number
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'g'}, {@code 'G'}
   *     <td valign="top"> floating point
   *     <td> The result is formatted using computerized scientific notation or
   *     decimal format, depending on the precision and the value after rounding.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'a'}, {@code 'A'}
   *     <td valign="top"> floating point
   *     <td> The result is formatted as a hexadecimal floating-point number with
   *     a significand and an exponent. This conversion is <b>not</b> supported
   *     for the {@code BigDecimal} type despite the latter's being in the
   *     <i>floating point</i> argument category.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 't'}, {@code 'T'}
   *     <td valign="top"> date/time
   *     <td> Prefix for date and time conversion characters.  See <a
   *     href="#dt">Date/Time Conversions</a>.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code '%'}
   *     <td valign="top"> percent
   *     <td> The result is a literal {@code '%'} (<tt>'&#92;u0025'</tt>)
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'n'}
   *     <td valign="top"> line separator
   *     <td> The result is the platform-specific line separator
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> Any characters not explicitly defined as conversions are illegal and are
   * reserved for future extensions.
   *
   * <h4><a name="dt">Date/Time Conversions</a></h4>
   *
   * <p> The following date and time conversion suffix characters are defined for
   * the {@code 't'} and {@code 'T'} conversions.  The types are similar to but
   * not completely identical to those defined by GNU {@code date} and POSIX
   * {@code strftime(3c)}.  Additional conversion types are provided to access
   * Java-specific functionality (e.g. {@code 'L'} for milliseconds within the
   * second).
   *
   * <p> The following conversion characters are used for formatting times:
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="time">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'H'}
   *     <td> Hour of the day for the 24-hour clock, formatted as two digits with
   *     a leading zero as necessary i.e. {@code 00 - 23}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'I'}
   *     <td> Hour for the 12-hour clock, formatted as two digits with a leading
   *     zero as necessary, i.e.  {@code 01 - 12}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'k'}
   *     <td> Hour of the day for the 24-hour clock, i.e. {@code 0 - 23}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'l'}
   *     <td> Hour for the 12-hour clock, i.e. {@code 1 - 12}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'M'}
   *     <td> Minute within the hour formatted as two digits with a leading zero
   *     as necessary, i.e.  {@code 00 - 59}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'S'}
   *     <td> Seconds within the minute, formatted as two digits with a leading
   *     zero as necessary, i.e. {@code 00 - 60} ("{@code 60}" is a special
   *     value required to support leap seconds).
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'L'}
   *     <td> Millisecond within the second formatted as three digits with
   *     leading zeros as necessary, i.e. {@code 000 - 999}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'N'}
   *     <td> Nanosecond within the second, formatted as nine digits with leading
   *     zeros as necessary, i.e. {@code 000000000 - 999999999}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'p'}
   *     <td> Locale-specific {@linkplain
   *     DateFormatSymbols#getAmPmStrings morning or afternoon} marker
   *     in lower case, e.g."{@code am}" or "{@code pm}". Use of the conversion
   *     prefix {@code 'T'} forces this output to upper case.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'z'}
   *     <td> <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0822.txt">RFC&nbsp;822</a>
   *     style numeric time zone offset from GMT, e.g. {@code -0800}.  This
   *     value will be adjusted as necessary for Daylight Saving Time.  For
   *     {@code long}, {@link Long}, and {@link Date} the time zone used is
   *     the {@linkplain TimeZone#getDefault() default time zone} for this
   *     instance of the Java virtual machine.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'Z'}
   *     <td> A string representing the abbreviation for the time zone.  This
   *     value will be adjusted as necessary for Daylight Saving Time.  For
   *     {@code long}, {@link Long}, and {@link Date} the  time zone used is
   *     the {@linkplain TimeZone#getDefault() default time zone} for this
   *     instance of the Java virtual machine.  The Formatter's locale will
   *     supersede the locale of the argument (if any).
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 's'}
   *     <td> Seconds since the beginning of the epoch starting at 1 January 1970
   *     {@code 00:00:00} UTC, i.e. {@code Long.MIN_VALUE/1000} to
   *     {@code Long.MAX_VALUE/1000}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'Q'}
   *     <td> Milliseconds since the beginning of the epoch starting at 1 January
   *     1970 {@code 00:00:00} UTC, i.e. {@code Long.MIN_VALUE} to
   *     {@code Long.MAX_VALUE}.
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> The following conversion characters are used for formatting dates:
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="date">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'B'}
   *     <td> Locale-specific {@linkplain DateFormatSymbols#getMonths
   *     full month name}, e.g. {@code "January"}, {@code "February"}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'b'}
   *     <td> Locale-specific {@linkplain
   *     DateFormatSymbols#getShortMonths abbreviated month name},
   *     e.g. {@code "Jan"}, {@code "Feb"}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'h'}
   *     <td> Same as {@code 'b'}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'A'}
   *     <td> Locale-specific full name of the {@linkplain
   *     DateFormatSymbols#getWeekdays day of the week},
   *     e.g. {@code "Sunday"}, {@code "Monday"}
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'a'}
   *     <td> Locale-specific short name of the {@linkplain
   *     DateFormatSymbols#getShortWeekdays day of the week},
   *     e.g. {@code "Sun"}, {@code "Mon"}
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'C'}
   *     <td> Four-digit year divided by {@code 100}, formatted as two digits
   *     with leading zero as necessary, i.e. {@code 00 - 99}
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'Y'}
   *     <td> Year, formatted as at least four digits with leading zeros as
   *     necessary, e.g. {@code 0092} equals {@code 92} CE for the Gregorian
   *     calendar.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'y'}
   *     <td> Last two digits of the year, formatted with leading zeros as
   *     necessary, i.e. {@code 00 - 99}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'j'}
   *     <td> Day of year, formatted as three digits with leading zeros as
   *     necessary, e.g. {@code 001 - 366} for the Gregorian calendar.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'm'}
   *     <td> Month, formatted as two digits with leading zeros as necessary,
   *     i.e. {@code 01 - 13}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'd'}
   *     <td> Day of month, formatted as two digits with leading zeros as
   *     necessary, i.e. {@code 01 - 31}
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'e'}
   *     <td> Day of month, formatted as two digits, i.e. {@code 1 - 31}.
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> The following conversion characters are used for formatting common
   * date/time compositions.
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="composites">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'R'}
   *     <td> Time formatted for the 24-hour clock as {@code "%tH:%tM"}
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'T'}
   *     <td> Time formatted for the 24-hour clock as {@code "%tH:%tM:%tS"}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'r'}
   *     <td> Time formatted for the 12-hour clock as {@code "%tI:%tM:%tS %Tp"}.
   *     The location of the morning or afternoon marker ({@code '%Tp'}) may be
   *     locale-dependent.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'D'}
   *     <td> Date formatted as {@code "%tm/%td/%ty"}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'F'}
   *     <td> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime">ISO&nbsp;8601</a>
   *     complete date formatted as {@code "%tY-%tm-%td"}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'c'}
   *     <td> Date and time formatted as {@code "%ta %tb %td %tT %tZ %tY"},
   *     e.g. {@code "Sun Jul 20 16:17:00 EDT 1969"}.
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> Any characters not explicitly defined as date/time conversion suffixes
   * are illegal and are reserved for future extensions.
   *
   * <h4> Flags </h4>
   *
   * <p> The following table summarizes the supported flags.  <i>y</i> means the
   * flag is supported for the indicated argument types.
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="genConv">
   *
   * <tr><th valign="bottom"> Flag <th valign="bottom"> General
   *     <th valign="bottom"> Character <th valign="bottom"> Integral
   *     <th valign="bottom"> Floating Point
   *     <th valign="bottom"> Date/Time
   *     <th valign="bottom"> Description
   *
   * <tr><td> '-' <td align="center" valign="top"> y
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y
   *     <td> The result will be left-justified.
   *
   * <tr><td> '#' <td align="center" valign="top"> y<sup>1</sup>
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y<sup>3</sup>
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td> The result should use a conversion-dependent alternate form
   *
   * <tr><td> '+' <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y<sup>4</sup>
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td> The result will always include a sign
   *
   * <tr><td> '&nbsp;&nbsp;' <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y<sup>4</sup>
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td> The result will include a leading space for positive values
   *
   * <tr><td> '0' <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td> The result will be zero-padded
   *
   * <tr><td> ',' <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y<sup>2</sup>
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y<sup>5</sup>
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td> The result will include locale-specific {@linkplain
   *     DecimalFormatSymbols#getGroupingSeparator grouping separators}
   *
   * <tr><td> '(' <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> -
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y<sup>4</sup>
   *     <td align="center" valign="top"> y<sup>5</sup>
   *     <td align="center"> -
   *     <td> The result will enclose negative numbers in parentheses
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> <sup>1</sup> Depends on the definition of {@link Formattable}.
   *
   * <p> <sup>2</sup> For {@code 'd'} conversion only.
   *
   * <p> <sup>3</sup> For {@code 'o'}, {@code 'x'}, and {@code 'X'}
   * conversions only.
   *
   * <p> <sup>4</sup> For {@code 'd'}, {@code 'o'}, {@code 'x'}, and
   * {@code 'X'} conversions applied to {@link BigInteger BigInteger}
   * or {@code 'd'} applied to {@code byte}, {@link Byte}, {@code short}, {@link
   * Short}, {@code int} and {@link Integer}, {@code long}, and {@link Long}.
   *
   * <p> <sup>5</sup> For {@code 'e'}, {@code 'E'}, {@code 'f'},
   * {@code 'g'}, and {@code 'G'} conversions only.
   *
   * <p> Any characters not explicitly defined as flags are illegal and are
   * reserved for future extensions.
   *
   * <h4> Width </h4>
   *
   * <p> The width is the minimum number of characters to be written to the
   * output.  For the line separator conversion, width is not applicable; if it
   * is provided, an exception will be thrown.
   *
   * <h4> Precision </h4>
   *
   * <p> For general argument types, the precision is the maximum number of
   * characters to be written to the output.
   *
   * <p> For the floating-point conversions {@code 'a'}, {@code 'A'}, {@code 'e'},
   * {@code 'E'}, and {@code 'f'} the precision is the number of digits after the
   * radix point.  If the conversion is {@code 'g'} or {@code 'G'}, then the
   * precision is the total number of digits in the resulting magnitude after
   * rounding.
   *
   * <p> For character, integral, and date/time argument types and the percent
   * and line separator conversions, the precision is not applicable; if a
   * precision is provided, an exception will be thrown.
   *
   * <h4> Argument Index </h4>
   *
   * <p> The argument index is a decimal integer indicating the position of the
   * argument in the argument list.  The first argument is referenced by
   * "{@code 1$}", the second by "{@code 2$}", etc.
   *
   * <p> Another way to reference arguments by position is to use the
   * {@code '<'} (<tt>'&#92;u003c'</tt>) flag, which causes the argument for
   * the previous format specifier to be re-used.  For example, the following two
   * statements would produce identical strings:
   *
   * <blockquote><pre>
   *   Calendar c = ...;
   *   String s1 = String.format("Duke's Birthday: %1$tm %1$te,%1$tY", c);
   *
   *   String s2 = String.format("Duke's Birthday: %1$tm %&lt;te,%&lt;tY", c);
   * </pre></blockquote>
   *
   * <hr>
   * <h3><a name="detail">Details</a></h3>
   *
   * <p> This section is intended to provide behavioral details for formatting,
   * including conditions and exceptions, supported data types, localization, and
   * interactions between flags, conversions, and data types.  For an overview of
   * formatting concepts, refer to the <a href="#summary">Summary</a>
   *
   * <p> Any characters not explicitly defined as conversions, date/time
   * conversion suffixes, or flags are illegal and are reserved for
   * future extensions.  Use of such a character in a format string will
   * cause an {@link UnknownFormatConversionException} or {@link
   * UnknownFormatFlagsException} to be thrown.
   *
   * <p> If the format specifier contains a width or precision with an invalid
   * value or which is otherwise unsupported, then a {@link
   * IllegalFormatWidthException} or {@link IllegalFormatPrecisionException}
   * respectively will be thrown.
   *
   * <p> If a format specifier contains a conversion character that is not
   * applicable to the corresponding argument, then an {@link
   * IllegalFormatConversionException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <p> All specified exceptions may be thrown by any of the {@code format}
   * methods of {@code Formatter} as well as by any {@code format} convenience
   * methods such as {@link String#format(String,Object...) String.format} and
   * {@link PrintStream#printf(String,Object...) PrintStream.printf}.
   *
   * <p> Conversions denoted by an upper-case character (i.e. {@code 'B'},
   * {@code 'H'}, {@code 'S'}, {@code 'C'}, {@code 'X'}, {@code 'E'},
   * {@code 'G'}, {@code 'A'}, and {@code 'T'}) are the same as those for the
   * corresponding lower-case conversion characters except that the result is
   * converted to upper case according to the rules of the prevailing {@link
   * Locale Locale}.  The result is equivalent to the following
   * invocation of {@link String#toUpperCase()}
   *
   * <pre>
   *    out.toUpperCase() </pre>
   *
   * <h4><a name="dgen">General</a></h4>
   *
   * <p> The following general conversions may be applied to any argument type:
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="dgConv">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'b'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0062'</tt>
   *     <td> Produces either "{@code true}" or "{@code false}" as returned by
   *     {@link Boolean#toString(boolean)}.
   *
   *     <p> If the argument is {@code null}, then the result is
   *     "{@code false}".  If the argument is a {@code boolean} or {@link
   *     Boolean}, then the result is the string returned by {@link
   *     String#valueOf(boolean) String.valueOf()}.  Otherwise, the result is
   *     "{@code true}".
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '#'} flag is given, then a {@link
   *     FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'B'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0042'</tt>
   *     <td> The upper-case variant of {@code 'b'}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'h'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0068'</tt>
   *     <td> Produces a string representing the hash code value of the object.
   *
   *     <p> If the argument, <i>arg</i> is {@code null}, then the
   *     result is "{@code null}".  Otherwise, the result is obtained
   *     by invoking {@code Integer.toHexString(arg.hashCode())}.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '#'} flag is given, then a {@link
   *     FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'H'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0048'</tt>
   *     <td> The upper-case variant of {@code 'h'}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 's'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0073'</tt>
   *     <td> Produces a string.
   *
   *     <p> If the argument is {@code null}, then the result is
   *     "{@code null}".  If the argument implements {@link Formattable}, then
   *     its {@link Formattable#formatTo formatTo} method is invoked.
   *     Otherwise, the result is obtained by invoking the argument's
   *     {@code toString()} method.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '#'} flag is given and the argument is not a {@link
   *     Formattable} , then a {@link FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException}
   *     will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'S'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0053'</tt>
   *     <td> The upper-case variant of {@code 's'}.
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> The following <a name="dFlags">flags</a> apply to general conversions:
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="dFlags">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code '-'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u002d'</tt>
   *     <td> Left justifies the output.  Spaces (<tt>'&#92;u0020'</tt>) will be
   *     added at the end of the converted value as required to fill the minimum
   *     width of the field.  If the width is not provided, then a {@link
   *     MissingFormatWidthException} will be thrown.  If this flag is not given
   *     then the output will be right-justified.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code '#'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0023'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output use an alternate form.  The definition of the
   *     form is specified by the conversion.
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> The <a name="genWidth">width</a> is the minimum number of characters to
   * be written to the
   * output.  If the length of the converted value is less than the width then
   * the output will be padded by <tt>'&nbsp;&nbsp;'</tt> (<tt>'&#92;u0020'</tt>)
   * until the total number of characters equals the width.  The padding is on
   * the left by default.  If the {@code '-'} flag is given, then the padding
   * will be on the right.  If the width is not specified then there is no
   * minimum.
   *
   * <p> The precision is the maximum number of characters to be written to the
   * output.  The precision is applied before the width, thus the output will be
   * truncated to {@code precision} characters even if the width is greater than
   * the precision.  If the precision is not specified then there is no explicit
   * limit on the number of characters.
   *
   * <h4><a name="dchar">Character</a></h4>
   *
   * This conversion may be applied to {@code char} and {@link Character}.  It
   * may also be applied to the types {@code byte}, {@link Byte},
   * {@code short}, and {@link Short}, {@code int} and {@link Integer} when
   * {@link Character#isValidCodePoint} returns {@code true}.  If it returns
   * {@code false} then an {@link IllegalFormatCodePointException} will be
   * thrown.
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="charConv">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'c'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0063'</tt>
   *     <td> Formats the argument as a Unicode character as described in <a
   *     href="../lang/Character.html#unicode">Unicode Character
   *     Representation</a>.  This may be more than one 16-bit {@code char} in
   *     the case where the argument represents a supplementary character.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '#'} flag is given, then a {@link
   *     FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'C'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0043'</tt>
   *     <td> The upper-case variant of {@code 'c'}.
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> The {@code '-'} flag defined for <a href="#dFlags">General
   * conversions</a> applies.  If the {@code '#'} flag is given, then a {@link
   * FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <p> The width is defined as for <a href="#genWidth">General conversions</a>.
   *
   * <p> The precision is not applicable.  If the precision is specified then an
   * {@link IllegalFormatPrecisionException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <h4><a name="dnum">Numeric</a></h4>
   *
   * <p> Numeric conversions are divided into the following categories:
   *
   * <ol>
   *
   * <li> <a href="#dnint"><b>Byte, Short, Integer, and Long</b></a>
   *
   * <li> <a href="#dnbint"><b>BigInteger</b></a>
   *
   * <li> <a href="#dndec"><b>Float and Double</b></a>
   *
   * <li> <a href="#dnbdec"><b>BigDecimal</b></a>
   *
   * </ol>
   *
   * <p> Numeric types will be formatted according to the following algorithm:
   *
   * <p><b><a name="L10nAlgorithm"> Number Localization Algorithm</a></b>
   *
   * <p> After digits are obtained for the integer part, fractional part, and
   * exponent (as appropriate for the data type), the following transformation
   * is applied:
   *
   * <ol>
   *
   * <li> Each digit character <i>d</i> in the string is replaced by a
   * locale-specific digit computed relative to the current locale's
   * {@linkplain DecimalFormatSymbols#getZeroDigit() zero digit}
   * <i>z</i>; that is <i>d&nbsp;-&nbsp;</i> {@code '0'}
   * <i>&nbsp;+&nbsp;z</i>.
   *
   * <li> If a decimal separator is present, a locale-specific {@linkplain
   * DecimalFormatSymbols#getDecimalSeparator decimal separator} is
   * substituted.
   *
   * <li> If the {@code ','} (<tt>'&#92;u002c'</tt>)
   * <a name="L10nGroup">flag</a> is given, then the locale-specific {@linkplain
   * DecimalFormatSymbols#getGroupingSeparator grouping separator} is
   * inserted by scanning the integer part of the string from least significant
   * to most significant digits and inserting a separator at intervals defined by
   * the locale's {@linkplain DecimalFormat#getGroupingSize() grouping
   * size}.
   *
   * <li> If the {@code '0'} flag is given, then the locale-specific {@linkplain
   * DecimalFormatSymbols#getZeroDigit() zero digits} are inserted
   * after the sign character, if any, and before the first non-zero digit, until
   * the length of the string is equal to the requested field width.
   *
   * <li> If the value is negative and the {@code '('} flag is given, then a
   * {@code '('} (<tt>'&#92;u0028'</tt>) is prepended and a {@code ')'}
   * (<tt>'&#92;u0029'</tt>) is appended.
   *
   * <li> If the value is negative (or floating-point negative zero) and
   * {@code '('} flag is not given, then a {@code '-'} (<tt>'&#92;u002d'</tt>)
   * is prepended.
   *
   * <li> If the {@code '+'} flag is given and the value is positive or zero (or
   * floating-point positive zero), then a {@code '+'} (<tt>'&#92;u002b'</tt>)
   * will be prepended.
   *
   * </ol>
   *
   * <p> If the value is NaN or positive infinity the literal strings "NaN" or
   * "Infinity" respectively, will be output.  If the value is negative infinity,
   * then the output will be "(Infinity)" if the {@code '('} flag is given
   * otherwise the output will be "-Infinity".  These values are not localized.
   *
   * <p><a name="dnint"><b> Byte, Short, Integer, and Long </b></a>
   *
   * <p> The following conversions may be applied to {@code byte}, {@link Byte},
   * {@code short}, {@link Short}, {@code int} and {@link Integer},
   * {@code long}, and {@link Long}.
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="IntConv">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'd'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0064'</tt>
   *     <td> Formats the argument as a decimal integer. The <a
   *     href="#L10nAlgorithm">localization algorithm</a> is applied.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '0'} flag is given and the value is negative, then
   *     the zero padding will occur after the sign.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '#'} flag is given then a {@link
   *     FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'o'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u006f'</tt>
   *     <td> Formats the argument as an integer in base eight.  No localization
   *     is applied.
   *
   *     <p> If <i>x</i> is negative then the result will be an unsigned value
   *     generated by adding 2<sup>n</sup> to the value where {@code n} is the
   *     number of bits in the type as returned by the static {@code SIZE} field
   *     in the {@linkplain Byte#SIZE Byte}, {@linkplain Short#SIZE Short},
   *     {@linkplain Integer#SIZE Integer}, or {@linkplain Long#SIZE Long}
   *     classes as appropriate.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '#'} flag is given then the output will always begin
   *     with the radix indicator {@code '0'}.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '0'} flag is given then the output will be padded
   *     with leading zeros to the field width following any indication of sign.
   *
   *     <p> If {@code '('}, {@code '+'}, '&nbsp;&nbsp;', or {@code ','} flags
   *     are given then a {@link FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be
   *     thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'x'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0078'</tt>
   *     <td> Formats the argument as an integer in base sixteen. No
   *     localization is applied.
   *
   *     <p> If <i>x</i> is negative then the result will be an unsigned value
   *     generated by adding 2<sup>n</sup> to the value where {@code n} is the
   *     number of bits in the type as returned by the static {@code SIZE} field
   *     in the {@linkplain Byte#SIZE Byte}, {@linkplain Short#SIZE Short},
   *     {@linkplain Integer#SIZE Integer}, or {@linkplain Long#SIZE Long}
   *     classes as appropriate.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '#'} flag is given then the output will always begin
   *     with the radix indicator {@code "0x"}.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '0'} flag is given then the output will be padded to
   *     the field width with leading zeros after the radix indicator or sign (if
   *     present).
   *
   *     <p> If {@code '('}, <tt>'&nbsp;&nbsp;'</tt>, {@code '+'}, or
   *     {@code ','} flags are given then a {@link
   *     FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'X'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0058'</tt>
   *     <td> The upper-case variant of {@code 'x'}.  The entire string
   *     representing the number will be converted to {@linkplain
   *     String#toUpperCase upper case} including the {@code 'x'} (if any) and
   *     all hexadecimal digits {@code 'a'} - {@code 'f'}
   *     (<tt>'&#92;u0061'</tt> -  <tt>'&#92;u0066'</tt>).
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> If the conversion is {@code 'o'}, {@code 'x'}, or {@code 'X'} and
   * both the {@code '#'} and the {@code '0'} flags are given, then result will
   * contain the radix indicator ({@code '0'} for octal and {@code "0x"} or
   * {@code "0X"} for hexadecimal), some number of zeros (based on the width),
   * and the value.
   *
   * <p> If the {@code '-'} flag is not given, then the space padding will occur
   * before the sign.
   *
   * <p> The following <a name="intFlags">flags</a> apply to numeric integral
   * conversions:
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="intFlags">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code '+'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u002b'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output to include a positive sign for all positive
   *     numbers.  If this flag is not given then only negative values will
   *     include a sign.
   *
   *     <p> If both the {@code '+'} and <tt>'&nbsp;&nbsp;'</tt> flags are given
   *     then an {@link IllegalFormatFlagsException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> <tt>'&nbsp;&nbsp;'</tt>
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0020'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output to include a single extra space
   *     (<tt>'&#92;u0020'</tt>) for non-negative values.
   *
   *     <p> If both the {@code '+'} and <tt>'&nbsp;&nbsp;'</tt> flags are given
   *     then an {@link IllegalFormatFlagsException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code '0'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0030'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output to be padded with leading {@linkplain
   *     DecimalFormatSymbols#getZeroDigit zeros} to the minimum field
   *     width following any sign or radix indicator except when converting NaN
   *     or infinity.  If the width is not provided, then a {@link
   *     MissingFormatWidthException} will be thrown.
   *
   *     <p> If both the {@code '-'} and {@code '0'} flags are given then an
   *     {@link IllegalFormatFlagsException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code ','}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u002c'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output to include the locale-specific {@linkplain
   *     DecimalFormatSymbols#getGroupingSeparator group separators} as
   *     described in the <a href="#L10nGroup">"group" section</a> of the
   *     localization algorithm.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code '('}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0028'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output to prepend a {@code '('}
   *     (<tt>'&#92;u0028'</tt>) and append a {@code ')'}
   *     (<tt>'&#92;u0029'</tt>) to negative values.
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> If no <a name="intdFlags">flags</a> are given the default formatting is
   * as follows:
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   * <li> The output is right-justified within the {@code width}
   *
   * <li> Negative numbers begin with a {@code '-'} (<tt>'&#92;u002d'</tt>)
   *
   * <li> Positive numbers and zero do not include a sign or extra leading
   * space
   *
   * <li> No grouping separators are included
   *
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p> The <a name="intWidth">width</a> is the minimum number of characters to
   * be written to the output.  This includes any signs, digits, grouping
   * separators, radix indicator, and parentheses.  If the length of the
   * converted value is less than the width then the output will be padded by
   * spaces (<tt>'&#92;u0020'</tt>) until the total number of characters equals
   * width.  The padding is on the left by default.  If {@code '-'} flag is
   * given then the padding will be on the right.  If width is not specified then
   * there is no minimum.
   *
   * <p> The precision is not applicable.  If precision is specified then an
   * {@link IllegalFormatPrecisionException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <p><a name="dnbint"><b> BigInteger </b></a>
   *
   * <p> The following conversions may be applied to {@link
   * BigInteger}.
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="BIntConv">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'd'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0064'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output to be formatted as a decimal integer. The <a
   *     href="#L10nAlgorithm">localization algorithm</a> is applied.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '#'} flag is given {@link
   *     FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'o'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u006f'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output to be formatted as an integer in base eight.
   *     No localization is applied.
   *
   *     <p> If <i>x</i> is negative then the result will be a signed value
   *     beginning with {@code '-'} (<tt>'&#92;u002d'</tt>).  Signed output is
   *     allowed for this type because unlike the primitive types it is not
   *     possible to create an unsigned equivalent without assuming an explicit
   *     data-type size.
   *
   *     <p> If <i>x</i> is positive or zero and the {@code '+'} flag is given
   *     then the result will begin with {@code '+'} (<tt>'&#92;u002b'</tt>).
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '#'} flag is given then the output will always begin
   *     with {@code '0'} prefix.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '0'} flag is given then the output will be padded
   *     with leading zeros to the field width following any indication of sign.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code ','} flag is given then a {@link
   *     FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'x'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0078'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output to be formatted as an integer in base
   *     sixteen.  No localization is applied.
   *
   *     <p> If <i>x</i> is negative then the result will be a signed value
   *     beginning with {@code '-'} (<tt>'&#92;u002d'</tt>).  Signed output is
   *     allowed for this type because unlike the primitive types it is not
   *     possible to create an unsigned equivalent without assuming an explicit
   *     data-type size.
   *
   *     <p> If <i>x</i> is positive or zero and the {@code '+'} flag is given
   *     then the result will begin with {@code '+'} (<tt>'&#92;u002b'</tt>).
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '#'} flag is given then the output will always begin
   *     with the radix indicator {@code "0x"}.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '0'} flag is given then the output will be padded to
   *     the field width with leading zeros after the radix indicator or sign (if
   *     present).
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code ','} flag is given then a {@link
   *     FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'X'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0058'</tt>
   *     <td> The upper-case variant of {@code 'x'}.  The entire string
   *     representing the number will be converted to {@linkplain
   *     String#toUpperCase upper case} including the {@code 'x'} (if any) and
   *     all hexadecimal digits {@code 'a'} - {@code 'f'}
   *     (<tt>'&#92;u0061'</tt> - <tt>'&#92;u0066'</tt>).
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> If the conversion is {@code 'o'}, {@code 'x'}, or {@code 'X'} and
   * both the {@code '#'} and the {@code '0'} flags are given, then result will
   * contain the base indicator ({@code '0'} for octal and {@code "0x"} or
   * {@code "0X"} for hexadecimal), some number of zeros (based on the width),
   * and the value.
   *
   * <p> If the {@code '0'} flag is given and the value is negative, then the
   * zero padding will occur after the sign.
   *
   * <p> If the {@code '-'} flag is not given, then the space padding will occur
   * before the sign.
   *
   * <p> All <a href="#intFlags">flags</a> defined for Byte, Short, Integer, and
   * Long apply.  The <a href="#intdFlags">default behavior</a> when no flags are
   * given is the same as for Byte, Short, Integer, and Long.
   *
   * <p> The specification of <a href="#intWidth">width</a> is the same as
   * defined for Byte, Short, Integer, and Long.
   *
   * <p> The precision is not applicable.  If precision is specified then an
   * {@link IllegalFormatPrecisionException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <p><a name="dndec"><b> Float and Double</b></a>
   *
   * <p> The following conversions may be applied to {@code float}, {@link
   * Float}, {@code double} and {@link Double}.
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="floatConv">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'e'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0065'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output to be formatted using <a
   *     name="scientific">computerized scientific notation</a>.  The <a
   *     href="#L10nAlgorithm">localization algorithm</a> is applied.
   *
   *     <p> The formatting of the magnitude <i>m</i> depends upon its value.
   *
   *     <p> If <i>m</i> is NaN or infinite, the literal strings "NaN" or
   *     "Infinity", respectively, will be output.  These values are not
   *     localized.
   *
   *     <p> If <i>m</i> is positive-zero or negative-zero, then the exponent
   *     will be {@code "+00"}.
   *
   *     <p> Otherwise, the result is a string that represents the sign and
   *     magnitude (absolute value) of the argument.  The formatting of the sign
   *     is described in the <a href="#L10nAlgorithm">localization
   *     algorithm</a>. The formatting of the magnitude <i>m</i> depends upon its
   *     value.
   *
   *     <p> Let <i>n</i> be the unique integer such that 10<sup><i>n</i></sup>
   *     &lt;= <i>m</i> &lt; 10<sup><i>n</i>+1</sup>; then let <i>a</i> be the
   *     mathematically exact quotient of <i>m</i> and 10<sup><i>n</i></sup> so
   *     that 1 &lt;= <i>a</i> &lt; 10. The magnitude is then represented as the
   *     integer part of <i>a</i>, as a single decimal digit, followed by the
   *     decimal separator followed by decimal digits representing the fractional
   *     part of <i>a</i>, followed by the lower-case locale-specific {@linkplain
   *     DecimalFormatSymbols#getExponentSeparator exponent separator}
   *     (e.g. {@code 'e'}), followed by the sign of the exponent, followed
   *     by a representation of <i>n</i> as a decimal integer, as produced by the
   *     method {@link Long#toString(long, int)}, and zero-padded to include at
   *     least two digits.
   *
   *     <p> The number of digits in the result for the fractional part of
   *     <i>m</i> or <i>a</i> is equal to the precision.  If the precision is not
   *     specified then the default value is {@code 6}. If the precision is less
   *     than the number of digits which would appear after the decimal point in
   *     the string returned by {@link Float#toString(float)} or {@link
   *     Double#toString(double)} respectively, then the value will be rounded
   *     using the {@linkplain BigDecimal#ROUND_HALF_UP round half up
   *     algorithm}.  Otherwise, zeros may be appended to reach the precision.
   *     For a canonical representation of the value, use {@link
   *     Float#toString(float)} or {@link Double#toString(double)} as
   *     appropriate.
   *
   *     <p>If the {@code ','} flag is given, then an {@link
   *     FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'E'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0045'</tt>
   *     <td> The upper-case variant of {@code 'e'}.  The exponent symbol
   *     will be the upper-case locale-specific {@linkplain
   *     DecimalFormatSymbols#getExponentSeparator exponent separator}
   *     (e.g. {@code 'E'}).
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'g'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0067'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output to be formatted in general scientific notation
   *     as described below. The <a href="#L10nAlgorithm">localization
   *     algorithm</a> is applied.
   *
   *     <p> After rounding for the precision, the formatting of the resulting
   *     magnitude <i>m</i> depends on its value.
   *
   *     <p> If <i>m</i> is greater than or equal to 10<sup>-4</sup> but less
   *     than 10<sup>precision</sup> then it is represented in <i><a
   *     href="#decimal">decimal format</a></i>.
   *
   *     <p> If <i>m</i> is less than 10<sup>-4</sup> or greater than or equal to
   *     10<sup>precision</sup>, then it is represented in <i><a
   *     href="#scientific">computerized scientific notation</a></i>.
   *
   *     <p> The total number of significant digits in <i>m</i> is equal to the
   *     precision.  If the precision is not specified, then the default value is
   *     {@code 6}.  If the precision is {@code 0}, then it is taken to be
   *     {@code 1}.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '#'} flag is given then an {@link
   *     FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'G'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0047'</tt>
   *     <td> The upper-case variant of {@code 'g'}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'f'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0066'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output to be formatted using <a name="decimal">decimal
   *     format</a>.  The <a href="#L10nAlgorithm">localization algorithm</a> is
   *     applied.
   *
   *     <p> The result is a string that represents the sign and magnitude
   *     (absolute value) of the argument.  The formatting of the sign is
   *     described in the <a href="#L10nAlgorithm">localization
   *     algorithm</a>. The formatting of the magnitude <i>m</i> depends upon its
   *     value.
   *
   *     <p> If <i>m</i> NaN or infinite, the literal strings "NaN" or
   *     "Infinity", respectively, will be output.  These values are not
   *     localized.
   *
   *     <p> The magnitude is formatted as the integer part of <i>m</i>, with no
   *     leading zeroes, followed by the decimal separator followed by one or
   *     more decimal digits representing the fractional part of <i>m</i>.
   *
   *     <p> The number of digits in the result for the fractional part of
   *     <i>m</i> or <i>a</i> is equal to the precision.  If the precision is not
   *     specified then the default value is {@code 6}. If the precision is less
   *     than the number of digits which would appear after the decimal point in
   *     the string returned by {@link Float#toString(float)} or {@link
   *     Double#toString(double)} respectively, then the value will be rounded
   *     using the {@linkplain BigDecimal#ROUND_HALF_UP round half up
   *     algorithm}.  Otherwise, zeros may be appended to reach the precision.
   *     For a canonical representation of the value, use {@link
   *     Float#toString(float)} or {@link Double#toString(double)} as
   *     appropriate.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'a'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0061'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output to be formatted in hexadecimal exponential
   *     form.  No localization is applied.
   *
   *     <p> The result is a string that represents the sign and magnitude
   *     (absolute value) of the argument <i>x</i>.
   *
   *     <p> If <i>x</i> is negative or a negative-zero value then the result
   *     will begin with {@code '-'} (<tt>'&#92;u002d'</tt>).
   *
   *     <p> If <i>x</i> is positive or a positive-zero value and the
   *     {@code '+'} flag is given then the result will begin with {@code '+'}
   *     (<tt>'&#92;u002b'</tt>).
   *
   *     <p> The formatting of the magnitude <i>m</i> depends upon its value.
   *
   *     <ul>
   *
   *     <li> If the value is NaN or infinite, the literal strings "NaN" or
   *     "Infinity", respectively, will be output.
   *
   *     <li> If <i>m</i> is zero then it is represented by the string
   *     {@code "0x0.0p0"}.
   *
   *     <li> If <i>m</i> is a {@code double} value with a normalized
   *     representation then substrings are used to represent the significand and
   *     exponent fields.  The significand is represented by the characters
   *     {@code "0x1."} followed by the hexadecimal representation of the rest
   *     of the significand as a fraction.  The exponent is represented by
   *     {@code 'p'} (<tt>'&#92;u0070'</tt>) followed by a decimal string of the
   *     unbiased exponent as if produced by invoking {@link
   *     Integer#toString(int) Integer.toString} on the exponent value.  If the
   *     precision is specified, the value is rounded to the given number of
   *     hexadecimal digits.
   *
   *     <li> If <i>m</i> is a {@code double} value with a subnormal
   *     representation then, unless the precision is specified to be in the range
   *     1 through 12, inclusive, the significand is represented by the characters
   *     {@code '0x0.'} followed by the hexadecimal representation of the rest of
   *     the significand as a fraction, and the exponent represented by
   *     {@code 'p-1022'}.  If the precision is in the interval
   *     [1,&nbsp;12], the subnormal value is normalized such that it
   *     begins with the characters {@code '0x1.'}, rounded to the number of
   *     hexadecimal digits of precision, and the exponent adjusted
   *     accordingly.  Note that there must be at least one nonzero digit in a
   *     subnormal significand.
   *
   *     </ul>
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '('} or {@code ','} flags are given, then a {@link
   *     FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'A'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0041'</tt>
   *     <td> The upper-case variant of {@code 'a'}.  The entire string
   *     representing the number will be converted to upper case including the
   *     {@code 'x'} (<tt>'&#92;u0078'</tt>) and {@code 'p'}
   *     (<tt>'&#92;u0070'</tt> and all hexadecimal digits {@code 'a'} -
   *     {@code 'f'} (<tt>'&#92;u0061'</tt> - <tt>'&#92;u0066'</tt>).
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> All <a href="#intFlags">flags</a> defined for Byte, Short, Integer, and
   * Long apply.
   *
   * <p> If the {@code '#'} flag is given, then the decimal separator will
   * always be present.
   *
   * <p> If no <a name="floatdFlags">flags</a> are given the default formatting
   * is as follows:
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   * <li> The output is right-justified within the {@code width}
   *
   * <li> Negative numbers begin with a {@code '-'}
   *
   * <li> Positive numbers and positive zero do not include a sign or extra
   * leading space
   *
   * <li> No grouping separators are included
   *
   * <li> The decimal separator will only appear if a digit follows it
   *
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p> The <a name="floatDWidth">width</a> is the minimum number of characters
   * to be written to the output.  This includes any signs, digits, grouping
   * separators, decimal separators, exponential symbol, radix indicator,
   * parentheses, and strings representing infinity and NaN as applicable.  If
   * the length of the converted value is less than the width then the output
   * will be padded by spaces (<tt>'&#92;u0020'</tt>) until the total number of
   * characters equals width.  The padding is on the left by default.  If the
   * {@code '-'} flag is given then the padding will be on the right.  If width
   * is not specified then there is no minimum.
   *
   * <p> If the <a name="floatDPrec">conversion</a> is {@code 'e'},
   * {@code 'E'} or {@code 'f'}, then the precision is the number of digits
   * after the decimal separator.  If the precision is not specified, then it is
   * assumed to be {@code 6}.
   *
   * <p> If the conversion is {@code 'g'} or {@code 'G'}, then the precision is
   * the total number of significant digits in the resulting magnitude after
   * rounding.  If the precision is not specified, then the default value is
   * {@code 6}.  If the precision is {@code 0}, then it is taken to be
   * {@code 1}.
   *
   * <p> If the conversion is {@code 'a'} or {@code 'A'}, then the precision
   * is the number of hexadecimal digits after the radix point.  If the
   * precision is not provided, then all of the digits as returned by {@link
   * Double#toHexString(double)} will be output.
   *
   * <p><a name="dnbdec"><b> BigDecimal </b></a>
   *
   * <p> The following conversions may be applied {@link BigDecimal
   * BigDecimal}.
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="floatConv">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'e'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0065'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output to be formatted using <a
   *     name="bscientific">computerized scientific notation</a>.  The <a
   *     href="#L10nAlgorithm">localization algorithm</a> is applied.
   *
   *     <p> The formatting of the magnitude <i>m</i> depends upon its value.
   *
   *     <p> If <i>m</i> is positive-zero or negative-zero, then the exponent
   *     will be {@code "+00"}.
   *
   *     <p> Otherwise, the result is a string that represents the sign and
   *     magnitude (absolute value) of the argument.  The formatting of the sign
   *     is described in the <a href="#L10nAlgorithm">localization
   *     algorithm</a>. The formatting of the magnitude <i>m</i> depends upon its
   *     value.
   *
   *     <p> Let <i>n</i> be the unique integer such that 10<sup><i>n</i></sup>
   *     &lt;= <i>m</i> &lt; 10<sup><i>n</i>+1</sup>; then let <i>a</i> be the
   *     mathematically exact quotient of <i>m</i> and 10<sup><i>n</i></sup> so
   *     that 1 &lt;= <i>a</i> &lt; 10. The magnitude is then represented as the
   *     integer part of <i>a</i>, as a single decimal digit, followed by the
   *     decimal separator followed by decimal digits representing the fractional
   *     part of <i>a</i>, followed by the exponent symbol {@code 'e'}
   *     (<tt>'&#92;u0065'</tt>), followed by the sign of the exponent, followed
   *     by a representation of <i>n</i> as a decimal integer, as produced by the
   *     method {@link Long#toString(long, int)}, and zero-padded to include at
   *     least two digits.
   *
   *     <p> The number of digits in the result for the fractional part of
   *     <i>m</i> or <i>a</i> is equal to the precision.  If the precision is not
   *     specified then the default value is {@code 6}.  If the precision is
   *     less than the number of digits to the right of the decimal point then
   *     the value will be rounded using the
   *     {@linkplain BigDecimal#ROUND_HALF_UP round half up
   *     algorithm}.  Otherwise, zeros may be appended to reach the precision.
   *     For a canonical representation of the value, use {@link
   *     BigDecimal#toString()}.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code ','} flag is given, then an {@link
   *     FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'E'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0045'</tt>
   *     <td> The upper-case variant of {@code 'e'}.  The exponent symbol
   *     will be {@code 'E'} (<tt>'&#92;u0045'</tt>).
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'g'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0067'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output to be formatted in general scientific notation
   *     as described below. The <a href="#L10nAlgorithm">localization
   *     algorithm</a> is applied.
   *
   *     <p> After rounding for the precision, the formatting of the resulting
   *     magnitude <i>m</i> depends on its value.
   *
   *     <p> If <i>m</i> is greater than or equal to 10<sup>-4</sup> but less
   *     than 10<sup>precision</sup> then it is represented in <i><a
   *     href="#bdecimal">decimal format</a></i>.
   *
   *     <p> If <i>m</i> is less than 10<sup>-4</sup> or greater than or equal to
   *     10<sup>precision</sup>, then it is represented in <i><a
   *     href="#bscientific">computerized scientific notation</a></i>.
   *
   *     <p> The total number of significant digits in <i>m</i> is equal to the
   *     precision.  If the precision is not specified, then the default value is
   *     {@code 6}.  If the precision is {@code 0}, then it is taken to be
   *     {@code 1}.
   *
   *     <p> If the {@code '#'} flag is given then an {@link
   *     FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'G'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0047'</tt>
   *     <td> The upper-case variant of {@code 'g'}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'f'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0066'</tt>
   *     <td> Requires the output to be formatted using <a name="bdecimal">decimal
   *     format</a>.  The <a href="#L10nAlgorithm">localization algorithm</a> is
   *     applied.
   *
   *     <p> The result is a string that represents the sign and magnitude
   *     (absolute value) of the argument.  The formatting of the sign is
   *     described in the <a href="#L10nAlgorithm">localization
   *     algorithm</a>. The formatting of the magnitude <i>m</i> depends upon its
   *     value.
   *
   *     <p> The magnitude is formatted as the integer part of <i>m</i>, with no
   *     leading zeroes, followed by the decimal separator followed by one or
   *     more decimal digits representing the fractional part of <i>m</i>.
   *
   *     <p> The number of digits in the result for the fractional part of
   *     <i>m</i> or <i>a</i> is equal to the precision. If the precision is not
   *     specified then the default value is {@code 6}.  If the precision is
   *     less than the number of digits to the right of the decimal point
   *     then the value will be rounded using the
   *     {@linkplain BigDecimal#ROUND_HALF_UP round half up
   *     algorithm}.  Otherwise, zeros may be appended to reach the precision.
   *     For a canonical representation of the value, use {@link
   *     BigDecimal#toString()}.
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> All <a href="#intFlags">flags</a> defined for Byte, Short, Integer, and
   * Long apply.
   *
   * <p> If the {@code '#'} flag is given, then the decimal separator will
   * always be present.
   *
   * <p> The <a href="#floatdFlags">default behavior</a> when no flags are
   * given is the same as for Float and Double.
   *
   * <p> The specification of <a href="#floatDWidth">width</a> and <a
   * href="#floatDPrec">precision</a> is the same as defined for Float and
   * Double.
   *
   * <h4><a name="ddt">Date/Time</a></h4>
   *
   * <p> This conversion may be applied to {@code long}, {@link Long}, {@link
   * Calendar}, {@link Date} and {@link TemporalAccessor TemporalAccessor}
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="DTConv">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 't'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0074'</tt>
   *     <td> Prefix for date and time conversion characters.
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'T'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0054'</tt>
   *     <td> The upper-case variant of {@code 't'}.
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> The following date and time conversion character suffixes are defined
   * for the {@code 't'} and {@code 'T'} conversions.  The types are similar to
   * but not completely identical to those defined by GNU {@code date} and
   * POSIX {@code strftime(3c)}.  Additional conversion types are provided to
   * access Java-specific functionality (e.g. {@code 'L'} for milliseconds
   * within the second).
   *
   * <p> The following conversion characters are used for formatting times:
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="time">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top"> {@code 'H'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0048'</tt>
   *     <td> Hour of the day for the 24-hour clock, formatted as two digits with
   *     a leading zero as necessary i.e. {@code 00 - 23}. {@code 00}
   *     corresponds to midnight.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'I'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0049'</tt>
   *     <td> Hour for the 12-hour clock, formatted as two digits with a leading
   *     zero as necessary, i.e.  {@code 01 - 12}.  {@code 01} corresponds to
   *     one o'clock (either morning or afternoon).
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'k'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u006b'</tt>
   *     <td> Hour of the day for the 24-hour clock, i.e. {@code 0 - 23}.
   *     {@code 0} corresponds to midnight.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'l'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u006c'</tt>
   *     <td> Hour for the 12-hour clock, i.e. {@code 1 - 12}.  {@code 1}
   *     corresponds to one o'clock (either morning or afternoon).
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'M'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u004d'</tt>
   *     <td> Minute within the hour formatted as two digits with a leading zero
   *     as necessary, i.e.  {@code 00 - 59}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'S'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0053'</tt>
   *     <td> Seconds within the minute, formatted as two digits with a leading
   *     zero as necessary, i.e. {@code 00 - 60} ("{@code 60}" is a special
   *     value required to support leap seconds).
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'L'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u004c'</tt>
   *     <td> Millisecond within the second formatted as three digits with
   *     leading zeros as necessary, i.e. {@code 000 - 999}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'N'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u004e'</tt>
   *     <td> Nanosecond within the second, formatted as nine digits with leading
   *     zeros as necessary, i.e. {@code 000000000 - 999999999}.  The precision
   *     of this value is limited by the resolution of the underlying operating
   *     system or hardware.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'p'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0070'</tt>
   *     <td> Locale-specific {@linkplain
   *     DateFormatSymbols#getAmPmStrings morning or afternoon} marker
   *     in lower case, e.g."{@code am}" or "{@code pm}".  Use of the
   *     conversion prefix {@code 'T'} forces this output to upper case.  (Note
   *     that {@code 'p'} produces lower-case output.  This is different from
   *     GNU {@code date} and POSIX {@code strftime(3c)} which produce
   *     upper-case output.)
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'z'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u007a'</tt>
   *     <td> <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0822.txt">RFC&nbsp;822</a>
   *     style numeric time zone offset from GMT, e.g. {@code -0800}.  This
   *     value will be adjusted as necessary for Daylight Saving Time.  For
   *     {@code long}, {@link Long}, and {@link Date} the time zone used is
   *     the {@linkplain TimeZone#getDefault() default time zone} for this
   *     instance of the Java virtual machine.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'Z'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u005a'</tt>
   *     <td> A string representing the abbreviation for the time zone.  This
   *     value will be adjusted as necessary for Daylight Saving Time.  For
   *     {@code long}, {@link Long}, and {@link Date} the time zone used is
   *     the {@linkplain TimeZone#getDefault() default time zone} for this
   *     instance of the Java virtual machine.  The Formatter's locale will
   *     supersede the locale of the argument (if any).
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 's'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0073'</tt>
   *     <td> Seconds since the beginning of the epoch starting at 1 January 1970
   *     {@code 00:00:00} UTC, i.e. {@code Long.MIN_VALUE/1000} to
   *     {@code Long.MAX_VALUE/1000}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'Q'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u004f'</tt>
   *     <td> Milliseconds since the beginning of the epoch starting at 1 January
   *     1970 {@code 00:00:00} UTC, i.e. {@code Long.MIN_VALUE} to
   *     {@code Long.MAX_VALUE}. The precision of this value is limited by
   *     the resolution of the underlying operating system or hardware.
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> The following conversion characters are used for formatting dates:
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="date">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'B'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0042'</tt>
   *     <td> Locale-specific {@linkplain DateFormatSymbols#getMonths
   *     full month name}, e.g. {@code "January"}, {@code "February"}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'b'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0062'</tt>
   *     <td> Locale-specific {@linkplain
   *     DateFormatSymbols#getShortMonths abbreviated month name},
   *     e.g. {@code "Jan"}, {@code "Feb"}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'h'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0068'</tt>
   *     <td> Same as {@code 'b'}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'A'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0041'</tt>
   *     <td> Locale-specific full name of the {@linkplain
   *     DateFormatSymbols#getWeekdays day of the week},
   *     e.g. {@code "Sunday"}, {@code "Monday"}
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'a'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0061'</tt>
   *     <td> Locale-specific short name of the {@linkplain
   *     DateFormatSymbols#getShortWeekdays day of the week},
   *     e.g. {@code "Sun"}, {@code "Mon"}
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'C'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0043'</tt>
   *     <td> Four-digit year divided by {@code 100}, formatted as two digits
   *     with leading zero as necessary, i.e. {@code 00 - 99}
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'Y'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0059'</tt> <td> Year, formatted to at least
   *     four digits with leading zeros as necessary, e.g. {@code 0092} equals
   *     {@code 92} CE for the Gregorian calendar.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'y'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0079'</tt>
   *     <td> Last two digits of the year, formatted with leading zeros as
   *     necessary, i.e. {@code 00 - 99}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'j'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u006a'</tt>
   *     <td> Day of year, formatted as three digits with leading zeros as
   *     necessary, e.g. {@code 001 - 366} for the Gregorian calendar.
   *     {@code 001} corresponds to the first day of the year.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'm'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u006d'</tt>
   *     <td> Month, formatted as two digits with leading zeros as necessary,
   *     i.e. {@code 01 - 13}, where "{@code 01}" is the first month of the
   *     year and ("{@code 13}" is a special value required to support lunar
   *     calendars).
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'd'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0064'</tt>
   *     <td> Day of month, formatted as two digits with leading zeros as
   *     necessary, i.e. {@code 01 - 31}, where "{@code 01}" is the first day
   *     of the month.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'e'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0065'</tt>
   *     <td> Day of month, formatted as two digits, i.e. {@code 1 - 31} where
   *     "{@code 1}" is the first day of the month.
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> The following conversion characters are used for formatting common
   * date/time compositions.
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="composites">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'R'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0052'</tt>
   *     <td> Time formatted for the 24-hour clock as {@code "%tH:%tM"}
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'T'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0054'</tt>
   *     <td> Time formatted for the 24-hour clock as {@code "%tH:%tM:%tS"}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'r'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0072'</tt>
   *     <td> Time formatted for the 12-hour clock as {@code "%tI:%tM:%tS
   *     %Tp"}.  The location of the morning or afternoon marker
   *     ({@code '%Tp'}) may be locale-dependent.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'D'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0044'</tt>
   *     <td> Date formatted as {@code "%tm/%td/%ty"}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'F'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0046'</tt>
   *     <td> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime">ISO&nbsp;8601</a>
   *     complete date formatted as {@code "%tY-%tm-%td"}.
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'c'}
   *     <td valign="top"> <tt>'&#92;u0063'</tt>
   *     <td> Date and time formatted as {@code "%ta %tb %td %tT %tZ %tY"},
   *     e.g. {@code "Sun Jul 20 16:17:00 EDT 1969"}.
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> The {@code '-'} flag defined for <a href="#dFlags">General
   * conversions</a> applies.  If the {@code '#'} flag is given, then a {@link
   * FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <p> The width is the minimum number of characters to
   * be written to the output.  If the length of the converted value is less than
   * the {@code width} then the output will be padded by spaces
   * (<tt>'&#92;u0020'</tt>) until the total number of characters equals width.
   * The padding is on the left by default.  If the {@code '-'} flag is given
   * then the padding will be on the right.  If width is not specified then there
   * is no minimum.
   *
   * <p> The precision is not applicable.  If the precision is specified then an
   * {@link IllegalFormatPrecisionException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <h4><a name="dper">Percent</a></h4>
   *
   * <p> The conversion does not correspond to any argument.
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="DTConv">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code '%'}
   *     <td> The result is a literal {@code '%'} (<tt>'&#92;u0025'</tt>)
   *
   * <p> The width is the minimum number of characters to
   * be written to the output including the {@code '%'}.  If the length of the
   * converted value is less than the {@code width} then the output will be
   * padded by spaces (<tt>'&#92;u0020'</tt>) until the total number of
   * characters equals width.  The padding is on the left.  If width is not
   * specified then just the {@code '%'} is output.
   *
   * <p> The {@code '-'} flag defined for <a href="#dFlags">General
   * conversions</a> applies.  If any other flags are provided, then a
   * {@link FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException} will be thrown.
   *
   * <p> The precision is not applicable.  If the precision is specified an
   * {@link IllegalFormatPrecisionException} will be thrown.
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <h4><a name="dls">Line Separator</a></h4>
   *
   * <p> The conversion does not correspond to any argument.
   *
   * <table cellpadding=5 summary="DTConv">
   *
   * <tr><td valign="top">{@code 'n'}
   *     <td> the platform-specific line separator as returned by {@link
   *     System#getProperty System.getProperty("line.separator")}.
   *
   * </table>
   *
   * <p> Flags, width, and precision are not applicable.  If any are provided an
   * {@link IllegalFormatFlagsException}, {@link IllegalFormatWidthException},
   * and {@link IllegalFormatPrecisionException}, respectively will be thrown.
   *
   * <h4><a name="dpos">Argument Index</a></h4>
   *
   * <p> Format specifiers can reference arguments in three ways:
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   * <li> <i>Explicit indexing</i> is used when the format specifier contains an
   * argument index.  The argument index is a decimal integer indicating the
   * position of the argument in the argument list.  The first argument is
   * referenced by "{@code 1$}", the second by "{@code 2$}", etc.  An argument
   * may be referenced more than once.
   *
   * <p> For example:
   *
   * <blockquote><pre>
   *   formatter.format("%4$s %3$s %2$s %1$s %4$s %3$s %2$s %1$s",
   *                    "a", "b", "c", "d")
   *   // -&gt; "d c b a d c b a"
   * </pre></blockquote>
   *
   * <li> <i>Relative indexing</i> is used when the format specifier contains a
   * {@code '<'} (<tt>'&#92;u003c'</tt>) flag which causes the argument for
   * the previous format specifier to be re-used.  If there is no previous
   * argument, then a {@link MissingFormatArgumentException} is thrown.
   *
   * <blockquote><pre>
   *    formatter.format("%s %s %&lt;s %&lt;s", "a", "b", "c", "d")
   *    // -&gt; "a b b b"
   *    // "c" and "d" are ignored because they are not referenced
   * </pre></blockquote>
   *
   * <li> <i>Ordinary indexing</i> is used when the format specifier contains
   * neither an argument index nor a {@code '<'} flag.  Each format specifier
   * which uses ordinary indexing is assigned a sequential implicit index into
   * argument list which is independent of the indices used by explicit or
   * relative indexing.
   *
   * <blockquote><pre>
   *   formatter.format("%s %s %s %s", "a", "b", "c", "d")
   *   // -&gt; "a b c d"
   * </pre></blockquote>
   *
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p> It is possible to have a format string which uses all forms of indexing,
   * for example:
   *
   * <blockquote><pre>
   *   formatter.format("%2$s %s %&lt;s %s", "a", "b", "c", "d")
   *   // -&gt; "b a a b"
   *   // "c" and "d" are ignored because they are not referenced
   * </pre></blockquote>
   *
   * <p> The maximum number of arguments is limited by the maximum dimension of a
   * Java array as defined by
   * <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>.
   * If the argument index is does not correspond to an
   * available argument, then a {@link MissingFormatArgumentException} is thrown.
   *
   * <p> If there are more arguments than format specifiers, the extra arguments
   * are ignored.
   *
   * <p> Unless otherwise specified, passing a {@code null} argument to any
   * method or constructor in this class will cause a {@link
   * NullPointerException} to be thrown.
   *
   * @author  Iris Clark
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public final class Formatter implements Closeable, Flushable {
      private Appendable a;
      private final Locale l;
  
      private IOException lastException;
  
      private final char zero;
      private static double scaleUp;
  
      // 1 (sign) + 19 (max # sig digits) + 1 ('.') + 1 ('e') + 1 (sign)
      // + 3 (max # exp digits) + 4 (error) = 30
      private static final int MAX_FD_CHARS = 30;
  
      /**
       * Returns a charset object for the given charset name.
       * @throws NullPointerException          is csn is null
       * @throws UnsupportedEncodingException  if the charset is not supported
       */
      private static Charset toCharset(String csn)
          throws UnsupportedEncodingException
      {
          Objects.requireNonNull(csn, "charsetName");
          try {
              return Charset.forName(csn);
          } catch (IllegalCharsetNameException|UnsupportedCharsetException unused) {
              // UnsupportedEncodingException should be thrown
              throw new UnsupportedEncodingException(csn);
          }
      }
  
      private static final Appendable nonNullAppendable(Appendable a) {
          if (a == null)
              return new StringBuilder();
  
          return a;
      }
  
      /* Private constructors */
      private Formatter(Locale l, Appendable a) {
          this.a = a;
          this.l = l;
          this.zero = getZero(l);
      }
  
      private Formatter(Charset charset, Locale l, File file)
          throws FileNotFoundException
      {
          this(l,
               new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(file), charset)));
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs a new formatter.
       *
       * <p> The destination of the formatted output is a {@link StringBuilder}
       * which may be retrieved by invoking {@link #out out()} and whose
       * current content may be converted into a string by invoking {@link
       * #toString toString()}.  The locale used is the {@linkplain
       * Locale#getDefault(Locale.Category) default locale} for
       * {@linkplain Locale.Category#FORMAT formatting} for this instance of the Java
       * virtual machine.
       */
      public Formatter() {
          this(Locale.getDefault(Locale.Category.FORMAT), new StringBuilder());
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs a new formatter with the specified destination.
       *
       * <p> The locale used is the {@linkplain
       * Locale#getDefault(Locale.Category) default locale} for
       * {@linkplain Locale.Category#FORMAT formatting} for this instance of the Java
       * virtual machine.
       *
       * @param  a
       *         Destination for the formatted output.  If {@code a} is
       *         {@code null} then a {@link StringBuilder} will be created.
       */
      public Formatter(Appendable a) {
          this(Locale.getDefault(Locale.Category.FORMAT), nonNullAppendable(a));
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs a new formatter with the specified locale.
       *
       * <p> The destination of the formatted output is a {@link StringBuilder}
       * which may be retrieved by invoking {@link #out out()} and whose current
       * content may be converted into a string by invoking {@link #toString
       * toString()}.
       *
       * @param  l
       *         The {@linkplain Locale locale} to apply during
       *         formatting.  If {@code l} is {@code null} then no localization
       *         is applied.
       */
      public Formatter(Locale l) {
          this(l, new StringBuilder());
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs a new formatter with the specified destination and locale.
       *
       * @param  a
       *         Destination for the formatted output.  If {@code a} is
       *         {@code null} then a {@link StringBuilder} will be created.
       *
       * @param  l
       *         The {@linkplain Locale locale} to apply during
       *         formatting.  If {@code l} is {@code null} then no localization
       *         is applied.
       */
      public Formatter(Appendable a, Locale l) {
          this(l, nonNullAppendable(a));
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs a new formatter with the specified file name.
       *
       * <p> The charset used is the {@linkplain
       * Charset#defaultCharset() default charset} for this
       * instance of the Java virtual machine.
       *
       * <p> The locale used is the {@linkplain
       * Locale#getDefault(Locale.Category) default locale} for
       * {@linkplain Locale.Category#FORMAT formatting} for this instance of the Java
       * virtual machine.
       *
       * @param  fileName
       *         The name of the file to use as the destination of this
       *         formatter.  If the file exists then it will be truncated to
       *         zero size; otherwise, a new file will be created.  The output
       *         will be written to the file and is buffered.
       *
       * @throws  SecurityException
       *          If a security manager is present and {@link
       *          SecurityManager#checkWrite checkWrite(fileName)} denies write
       *          access to the file
       *
       * @throws  FileNotFoundException
       *          If the given file name does not denote an existing, writable
       *          regular file and a new regular file of that name cannot be
       *          created, or if some other error occurs while opening or
       *          creating the file
       */
      public Formatter(String fileName) throws FileNotFoundException {
          this(Locale.getDefault(Locale.Category.FORMAT),
               new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(fileName))));
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs a new formatter with the specified file name and charset.
       *
       * <p> The locale used is the {@linkplain
       * Locale#getDefault(Locale.Category) default locale} for
       * {@linkplain Locale.Category#FORMAT formatting} for this instance of the Java
       * virtual machine.
       *
       * @param  fileName
       *         The name of the file to use as the destination of this
       *         formatter.  If the file exists then it will be truncated to
       *         zero size; otherwise, a new file will be created.  The output
       *         will be written to the file and is buffered.
       *
       * @param  csn
       *         The name of a supported {@linkplain Charset
       *         charset}
       *
       * @throws  FileNotFoundException
       *          If the given file name does not denote an existing, writable
       *          regular file and a new regular file of that name cannot be
       *          created, or if some other error occurs while opening or
       *          creating the file
       *
       * @throws  SecurityException
       *          If a security manager is present and {@link
       *          SecurityManager#checkWrite checkWrite(fileName)} denies write
       *          access to the file
       *
       * @throws  UnsupportedEncodingException
       *          If the named charset is not supported
       */
      public Formatter(String fileName, String csn)
          throws FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedEncodingException
      {
          this(fileName, csn, Locale.getDefault(Locale.Category.FORMAT));
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs a new formatter with the specified file name, charset, and
       * locale.
       *
       * @param  fileName
       *         The name of the file to use as the destination of this
       *         formatter.  If the file exists then it will be truncated to
       *         zero size; otherwise, a new file will be created.  The output
       *         will be written to the file and is buffered.
       *
       * @param  csn
       *         The name of a supported {@linkplain Charset
       *         charset}
       *
       * @param  l
       *         The {@linkplain Locale locale} to apply during
       *         formatting.  If {@code l} is {@code null} then no localization
       *         is applied.
       *
       * @throws  FileNotFoundException
       *          If the given file name does not denote an existing, writable
       *          regular file and a new regular file of that name cannot be
       *          created, or if some other error occurs while opening or
       *          creating the file
       *
       * @throws  SecurityException
       *          If a security manager is present and {@link
       *          SecurityManager#checkWrite checkWrite(fileName)} denies write
       *          access to the file
       *
       * @throws  UnsupportedEncodingException
       *          If the named charset is not supported
       */
      public Formatter(String fileName, String csn, Locale l)
          throws FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedEncodingException
      {
          this(toCharset(csn), l, new File(fileName));
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs a new formatter with the specified file.
       *
       * <p> The charset used is the {@linkplain
       * Charset#defaultCharset() default charset} for this
       * instance of the Java virtual machine.
       *
       * <p> The locale used is the {@linkplain
       * Locale#getDefault(Locale.Category) default locale} for
       * {@linkplain Locale.Category#FORMAT formatting} for this instance of the Java
       * virtual machine.
       *
       * @param  file
       *         The file to use as the destination of this formatter.  If the
       *         file exists then it will be truncated to zero size; otherwise,
       *         a new file will be created.  The output will be written to the
       *         file and is buffered.
       *
       * @throws  SecurityException
       *          If a security manager is present and {@link
       *          SecurityManager#checkWrite checkWrite(file.getPath())} denies
       *          write access to the file
       *
       * @throws  FileNotFoundException
       *          If the given file object does not denote an existing, writable
       *          regular file and a new regular file of that name cannot be
       *          created, or if some other error occurs while opening or
       *          creating the file
       */
      public Formatter(File file) throws FileNotFoundException {
          this(Locale.getDefault(Locale.Category.FORMAT),
               new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(file))));
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs a new formatter with the specified file and charset.
       *
       * <p> The locale used is the {@linkplain
       * Locale#getDefault(Locale.Category) default locale} for
       * {@linkplain Locale.Category#FORMAT formatting} for this instance of the Java
       * virtual machine.
       *
       * @param  file
       *         The file to use as the destination of this formatter.  If the
       *         file exists then it will be truncated to zero size; otherwise,
       *         a new file will be created.  The output will be written to the
       *         file and is buffered.
       *
       * @param  csn
       *         The name of a supported {@linkplain Charset
       *         charset}
       *
       * @throws  FileNotFoundException
       *          If the given file object does not denote an existing, writable
       *          regular file and a new regular file of that name cannot be
       *          created, or if some other error occurs while opening or
       *          creating the file
       *
       * @throws  SecurityException
       *          If a security manager is present and {@link
       *          SecurityManager#checkWrite checkWrite(file.getPath())} denies
       *          write access to the file
       *
       * @throws  UnsupportedEncodingException
       *          If the named charset is not supported
       */
      public Formatter(File file, String csn)
          throws FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedEncodingException
      {
          this(file, csn, Locale.getDefault(Locale.Category.FORMAT));
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs a new formatter with the specified file, charset, and
       * locale.
       *
       * @param  file
       *         The file to use as the destination of this formatter.  If the
       *         file exists then it will be truncated to zero size; otherwise,
       *         a new file will be created.  The output will be written to the
       *         file and is buffered.
       *
       * @param  csn
       *         The name of a supported {@linkplain Charset
       *         charset}
       *
       * @param  l
       *         The {@linkplain Locale locale} to apply during
       *         formatting.  If {@code l} is {@code null} then no localization
       *         is applied.
       *
       * @throws  FileNotFoundException
       *          If the given file object does not denote an existing, writable
       *          regular file and a new regular file of that name cannot be
       *          created, or if some other error occurs while opening or
       *          creating the file
       *
       * @throws  SecurityException
       *          If a security manager is present and {@link
       *          SecurityManager#checkWrite checkWrite(file.getPath())} denies
       *          write access to the file
       *
       * @throws  UnsupportedEncodingException
       *          If the named charset is not supported
       */
      public Formatter(File file, String csn, Locale l)
          throws FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedEncodingException
      {
          this(toCharset(csn), l, file);
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs a new formatter with the specified print stream.
       *
       * <p> The locale used is the {@linkplain
       * Locale#getDefault(Locale.Category) default locale} for
       * {@linkplain Locale.Category#FORMAT formatting} for this instance of the Java
       * virtual machine.
       *
       * <p> Characters are written to the given {@link PrintStream
       * PrintStream} object and are therefore encoded using that object's
       * charset.
       *
       * @param  ps
       *         The stream to use as the destination of this formatter.
       */
      public Formatter(PrintStream ps) {
          this(Locale.getDefault(Locale.Category.FORMAT),
               (Appendable)Objects.requireNonNull(ps));
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs a new formatter with the specified output stream.
       *
       * <p> The charset used is the {@linkplain
       * Charset#defaultCharset() default charset} for this
       * instance of the Java virtual machine.
       *
       * <p> The locale used is the {@linkplain
       * Locale#getDefault(Locale.Category) default locale} for
       * {@linkplain Locale.Category#FORMAT formatting} for this instance of the Java
       * virtual machine.
       *
       * @param  os
       *         The output stream to use as the destination of this formatter.
       *         The output will be buffered.
       */
      public Formatter(OutputStream os) {
          this(Locale.getDefault(Locale.Category.FORMAT),
               new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(os)));
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs a new formatter with the specified output stream and
       * charset.
       *
       * <p> The locale used is the {@linkplain
       * Locale#getDefault(Locale.Category) default locale} for
       * {@linkplain Locale.Category#FORMAT formatting} for this instance of the Java
       * virtual machine.
       *
       * @param  os
       *         The output stream to use as the destination of this formatter.
       *         The output will be buffered.
       *
       * @param  csn
       *         The name of a supported {@linkplain Charset
       *         charset}
       *
       * @throws  UnsupportedEncodingException
       *          If the named charset is not supported
       */
      public Formatter(OutputStream os, String csn)
          throws UnsupportedEncodingException
      {
          this(os, csn, Locale.getDefault(Locale.Category.FORMAT));
      }
  
      /**
       * Constructs a new formatter with the specified output stream, charset,
       * and locale.
       *
       * @param  os
       *         The output stream to use as the destination of this formatter.
       *         The output will be buffered.
       *
       * @param  csn
       *         The name of a supported {@linkplain Charset
       *         charset}
       *
       * @param  l
       *         The {@linkplain Locale locale} to apply during
       *         formatting.  If {@code l} is {@code null} then no localization
       *         is applied.
       *
       * @throws  UnsupportedEncodingException
       *          If the named charset is not supported
       */
      public Formatter(OutputStream os, String csn, Locale l)
          throws UnsupportedEncodingException
      {
          this(l, new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(os, csn)));
      }
  
      private static char getZero(Locale l) {
          if ((l != null) && !l.equals(Locale.US)) {
              DecimalFormatSymbols dfs = DecimalFormatSymbols.getInstance(l);
              return dfs.getZeroDigit();
          } else {
              return '0';
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the locale set by the construction of this formatter.
       *
       * <p> The {@link #format(Locale,String,Object...) format} method
       * for this object which has a locale argument does not change this value.
       *
       * @return  {@code null} if no localization is applied, otherwise a
       *          locale
       *
       * @throws  FormatterClosedException
       *          If this formatter has been closed by invoking its {@link
       *          #close()} method
       */
      public Locale locale() {
          ensureOpen();
          return l;
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the destination for the output.
       *
       * @return  The destination for the output
       *
       * @throws  FormatterClosedException
       *          If this formatter has been closed by invoking its {@link
       *          #close()} method
       */
      public Appendable out() {
          ensureOpen();
          return a;
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the result of invoking {@code toString()} on the destination
       * for the output.  For example, the following code formats text into a
       * {@link StringBuilder} then retrieves the resultant string:
       *
       * <blockquote><pre>
       *   Formatter f = new Formatter();
       *   f.format("Last reboot at %tc", lastRebootDate);
       *   String s = f.toString();
       *   // -&gt; s == "Last reboot at Sat Jan 01 00:00:00 PST 2000"
       * </pre></blockquote>
       *
       * <p> An invocation of this method behaves in exactly the same way as the
       * invocation
       *
       * <pre>
       *     out().toString() </pre>
       *
       * <p> Depending on the specification of {@code toString} for the {@link
       * Appendable}, the returned string may or may not contain the characters
       * written to the destination.  For instance, buffers typically return
       * their contents in {@code toString()}, but streams cannot since the
       * data is discarded.
       *
       * @return  The result of invoking {@code toString()} on the destination
       *          for the output
       *
       * @throws  FormatterClosedException
       *          If this formatter has been closed by invoking its {@link
       *          #close()} method
       */
      public String toString() {
          ensureOpen();
          return a.toString();
      }
  
      /**
       * Flushes this formatter.  If the destination implements the {@link
       * Flushable} interface, its {@code flush} method will be invoked.
       *
       * <p> Flushing a formatter writes any buffered output in the destination
       * to the underlying stream.
       *
       * @throws  FormatterClosedException
       *          If this formatter has been closed by invoking its {@link
       *          #close()} method
       */
      public void flush() {
          ensureOpen();
          if (a instanceof Flushable) {
              try {
                  ((Flushable)a).flush();
              } catch (IOException ioe) {
                  lastException = ioe;
              }
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Closes this formatter.  If the destination implements the {@link
       * Closeable} interface, its {@code close} method will be invoked.
       *
       * <p> Closing a formatter allows it to release resources it may be holding
       * (such as open files).  If the formatter is already closed, then invoking
       * this method has no effect.
       *
       * <p> Attempting to invoke any methods except {@link #ioException()} in
       * this formatter after it has been closed will result in a {@link
       * FormatterClosedException}.
       */
      public void close() {
          if (a == null)
              return;
          try {
              if (a instanceof Closeable)
                  ((Closeable)a).close();
          } catch (IOException ioe) {
              lastException = ioe;
          } finally {
              a = null;
          }
      }
  
      private void ensureOpen() {
          if (a == null)
              throw new FormatterClosedException();
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the {@code IOException} last thrown by this formatter's {@link
       * Appendable}.
       *
       * <p> If the destination's {@code append()} method never throws
       * {@code IOException}, then this method will always return {@code null}.
       *
       * @return  The last exception thrown by the Appendable or {@code null} if
       *          no such exception exists.
       */
      public IOException ioException() {
          return lastException;
      }
  
      /**
       * Writes a formatted string to this object's destination using the
       * specified format string and arguments.  The locale used is the one
       * defined during the construction of this formatter.
       *
       * @param  format
       *         A format string as described in <a href="#syntax">Format string
       *         syntax</a>.
       *
       * @param  args
       *         Arguments referenced by the format specifiers in the format
       *         string.  If there are more arguments than format specifiers, the
       *         extra arguments are ignored.  The maximum number of arguments is
       *         limited by the maximum dimension of a Java array as defined by
       *         <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>.
       *
       * @throws  IllegalFormatException
       *          If a format string contains an illegal syntax, a format
       *          specifier that is incompatible with the given arguments,
       *          insufficient arguments given the format string, or other
       *          illegal conditions.  For specification of all possible
       *          formatting errors, see the <a href="#detail">Details</a>
       *          section of the formatter class specification.
       *
       * @throws  FormatterClosedException
       *          If this formatter has been closed by invoking its {@link
       *          #close()} method
       *
       * @return  This formatter
       */
      public Formatter format(String format, Object ... args) {
          return format(l, format, args);
      }
  
      /**
       * Writes a formatted string to this object's destination using the
       * specified locale, format string, and arguments.
       *
       * @param  l
       *         The {@linkplain Locale locale} to apply during
       *         formatting.  If {@code l} is {@code null} then no localization
       *         is applied.  This does not change this object's locale that was
       *         set during construction.
       *
       * @param  format
       *         A format string as described in <a href="#syntax">Format string
       *         syntax</a>
       *
       * @param  args
       *         Arguments referenced by the format specifiers in the format
       *         string.  If there are more arguments than format specifiers, the
       *         extra arguments are ignored.  The maximum number of arguments is
       *         limited by the maximum dimension of a Java array as defined by
       *         <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>.
       *
       * @throws  IllegalFormatException
       *          If a format string contains an illegal syntax, a format
       *          specifier that is incompatible with the given arguments,
       *          insufficient arguments given the format string, or other
       *          illegal conditions.  For specification of all possible
       *          formatting errors, see the <a href="#detail">Details</a>
       *          section of the formatter class specification.
       *
       * @throws  FormatterClosedException
       *          If this formatter has been closed by invoking its {@link
       *          #close()} method
       *
       * @return  This formatter
       */
      public Formatter format(Locale l, String format, Object ... args) {
          ensureOpen();
  
          // index of last argument referenced
          int last = -1;
          // last ordinary index
          int lasto = -1;
  
          FormatString[] fsa = parse(format);
          for (int i = 0; i < fsa.length; i++) {
              FormatString fs = fsa[i];
              int index = fs.index();
              try {
                  switch (index) {
                  case -2:  // fixed string, "%n", or "%%"
                      fs.print(null, l);
                      break;
                  case -1:  // relative index
                      if (last < 0 || (args != null && last > args.length - 1))
                          throw new MissingFormatArgumentException(fs.toString());
                      fs.print((args == null ? null : args[last]), l);
                      break;
                  case 0:  // ordinary index
                      lasto++;
                      last = lasto;
                      if (args != null && lasto > args.length - 1)
                          throw new MissingFormatArgumentException(fs.toString());
                      fs.print((args == null ? null : args[lasto]), l);
                      break;
                  default:  // explicit index
                      last = index - 1;
                      if (args != null && last > args.length - 1)
                          throw new MissingFormatArgumentException(fs.toString());
                      fs.print((args == null ? null : args[last]), l);
                      break;
                  }
              } catch (IOException x) {
                  lastException = x;
              }
          }
          return this;
      }
  
      // BEGIN Android-changed: changed parse() to manual parsing instead of regex.
      /**
       * Finds format specifiers in the format string.
       */
      private FormatString[] parse(String s) {
          ArrayList<FormatString> al = new ArrayList<>();
          for (int i = 0, len = s.length(); i < len; ) {
              int nextPercent = s.indexOf('%', i);
              if (s.charAt(i) != '%') {
                  // This is plain-text part, find the maximal plain-text
                  // sequence and store it.
                  int plainTextStart = i;
                  int plainTextEnd = (nextPercent == -1) ? len: nextPercent;
                  al.add(new FixedString(s.substring(plainTextStart,
                                                     plainTextEnd)));
                  i = plainTextEnd;
              } else {
                  // We have a format specifier
                  FormatSpecifierParser fsp = new FormatSpecifierParser(s, i + 1);
                  al.add(fsp.getFormatSpecifier());
                  i = fsp.getEndIdx();
              }
          }
          return al.toArray(new FormatString[al.size()]);
      }
  
      /**
       * Parses the format specifier.
       * %[argument_index$][flags][width][.precision][t]conversion
       */
      private class FormatSpecifierParser {
          private final String format;
          private int cursor;
          private FormatSpecifier fs;
  
          private String index;
          private String flags;
          private String width;
          private String precision;
          private String tT;
          private String conv;
  
          private static final String FLAGS = ",-(+# 0<";
  
          public FormatSpecifierParser(String format, int startIdx) {
              this.format = format;
              cursor = startIdx;
              // Index
              if (nextIsInt()) {
                  String nint = nextInt();
                  if (peek() == '$') {
                      index = nint;
                      advance();
                  } else if (nint.charAt(0) == '0') {
                      // This is a flag, skip to parsing flags.
                      back(nint.length());
                  } else {
                      // This is the width, skip to parsing precision.
                      width = nint;
                  }
              }
              // Flags
              flags = "";
              while (width == null && FLAGS.indexOf(peek()) >= 0) {
                  flags += advance();
              }
              // Width
              if (width == null && nextIsInt()) {
                  width = nextInt();
              }
              // Precision
              if (peek() == '.') {
                  advance();
                  if (!nextIsInt()) {
                      throw new IllegalFormatPrecisionException(peek());
                  }
                  precision = nextInt();
              }
              // tT
              if (peek() == 't' || peek() == 'T') {
                  tT = String.valueOf(advance());
              }
              // Conversion
              conv = String.valueOf(advance());
  
              fs = new FormatSpecifier(index, flags, width, precision, tT, conv);
          }
  
          private String nextInt() {
              int strBegin = cursor;
              while (nextIsInt()) {
                  advance();
              }
              return format.substring(strBegin, cursor);
          }
  
          private boolean nextIsInt() {
              return !isEnd() && Character.isDigit(peek());
          }
  
          private char peek() {
              if (isEnd()) {
                  throw new UnknownFormatConversionException("End of String");
              }
              return format.charAt(cursor);
          }
  
          private char advance() {
              if (isEnd()) {
                  throw new UnknownFormatConversionException("End of String");
              }
              return format.charAt(cursor++);
          }
  
          private void back(int len) {
              cursor -= len;
          }
  
          private boolean isEnd() {
              return cursor == format.length();
          }
  
          public FormatSpecifier getFormatSpecifier() {
              return fs;
          }
  
          public int getEndIdx() {
              return cursor;
          }
      }
      // END Android-changed: changed parse() to manual parsing instead of regex.
  
      private interface FormatString {
          int index();
          void print(Object arg, Locale l) throws IOException;
          String toString();
      }
  
      private class FixedString implements FormatString {
          private String s;
          FixedString(String s) { this.s = s; }
          public int index() { return -2; }
          public void print(Object arg, Locale l)
              throws IOException { a.append(s); }
          public String toString() { return s; }
      }
  
      /**
       * Enum for {@code BigDecimal} formatting.
       */
      public enum BigDecimalLayoutForm {
          /**
           * Format the {@code BigDecimal} in computerized scientific notation.
           */
          SCIENTIFIC,
  
          /**
           * Format the {@code BigDecimal} as a decimal number.
           */
          DECIMAL_FLOAT
      };
  
      private class FormatSpecifier implements FormatString {
          private int index = -1;
          private Flags f = Flags.NONE;
          private int width;
          private int precision;
          private boolean dt = false;
          private char c;
  
          private int index(String s) {
              if (s != null) {
                  try {
                      // Android-changed: FormatSpecifierParser passes in correct String.
                      // index = Integer.parseInt(s.substring(0, s.length() - 1));
                      index = Integer.parseInt(s);
                  } catch (NumberFormatException x) {
                      assert(false);
                  }
              } else {
                  index = 0;
              }
              return index;
          }
  
          public int index() {
              return index;
          }
  
          private Flags flags(String s) {
              f = Flags.parse(s);
              if (f.contains(Flags.PREVIOUS))
                  index = -1;
              return f;
          }
  
          Flags flags() {
              return f;
          }
  
          private int width(String s) {
              width = -1;
              if (s != null) {
                  try {
                      width  = Integer.parseInt(s);
                      if (width < 0)
                          throw new IllegalFormatWidthException(width);
                  } catch (NumberFormatException x) {
                      assert(false);
                  }
              }
              return width;
          }
  
          int width() {
              return width;
          }
  
          private int precision(String s) {
              precision = -1;
              if (s != null) {
                  try {
                      // Android-changed: FormatSpecifierParser passes in correct String.
                      // precision = Integer.parseInt(s.substring(1));
                      precision = Integer.parseInt(s);
                      if (precision < 0)
                          throw new IllegalFormatPrecisionException(precision);
                  } catch (NumberFormatException x) {
                      assert(false);
                  }
              }
              return precision;
          }
  
          int precision() {
              return precision;
          }
  
          private char conversion(String s) {
              c = s.charAt(0);
              if (!dt) {
                  if (!Conversion.isValid(c))
                      throw new UnknownFormatConversionException(String.valueOf(c));
                  if (Character.isUpperCase(c))
                      f.add(Flags.UPPERCASE);
                  c = Character.toLowerCase(c);
                  if (Conversion.isText(c))
                      index = -2;
              }
              return c;
          }
  
          private char conversion() {
              return c;
          }
  
          // BEGIN Android-changed: FormatSpecifierParser passes in the values instead of a Matcher.
          FormatSpecifier(String indexStr, String flagsStr, String widthStr,
                          String precisionStr, String tTStr, String convStr) {
              int idx = 1;
  
              index(indexStr);
              flags(flagsStr);
              width(widthStr);
              precision(precisionStr);
  
              if (tTStr != null) {
                  dt = true;
                  if (tTStr.equals("T"))
                      f.add(Flags.UPPERCASE);
              }
  
              conversion(convStr);
          // END Android-changed: FormatSpecifierParser passes in the values instead of a Matcher.
              if (dt)
                  checkDateTime();
              else if (Conversion.isGeneral(c))
                  checkGeneral();
              else if (Conversion.isCharacter(c))
                  checkCharacter();
              else if (Conversion.isInteger(c))
                  checkInteger();
              else if (Conversion.isFloat(c))
                  checkFloat();
              else if (Conversion.isText(c))
                  checkText();
              else
                  throw new UnknownFormatConversionException(String.valueOf(c));
          }
  
          public void print(Object arg, Locale l) throws IOException {
              if (dt) {
                  printDateTime(arg, l);
                  return;
              }
              switch(c) {
              case Conversion.DECIMAL_INTEGER:
              case Conversion.OCTAL_INTEGER:
              case Conversion.HEXADECIMAL_INTEGER:
                  printInteger(arg, l);
                  break;
              case Conversion.SCIENTIFIC:
              case Conversion.GENERAL:
              case Conversion.DECIMAL_FLOAT:
              case Conversion.HEXADECIMAL_FLOAT:
                  printFloat(arg, l);
                  break;
              case Conversion.CHARACTER:
              case Conversion.CHARACTER_UPPER:
                  printCharacter(arg);
                  break;
              case Conversion.BOOLEAN:
                  printBoolean(arg);
                  break;
              case Conversion.STRING:
                  printString(arg, l);
                  break;
              case Conversion.HASHCODE:
                  printHashCode(arg);
                  break;
              case Conversion.LINE_SEPARATOR:
                  a.append(System.lineSeparator());
                  break;
              case Conversion.PERCENT_SIGN:
                  a.append('%');
                  break;
              default:
                  assert false;
              }
          }
  
          private void printInteger(Object arg, Locale l) throws IOException {
              if (arg == null)
                  print("null");
              else if (arg instanceof Byte)
                  print(((Byte)arg).byteValue(), l);
              else if (arg instanceof Short)
                  print(((Short)arg).shortValue(), l);
              else if (arg instanceof Integer)
                  print(((Integer)arg).intValue(), l);
              else if (arg instanceof Long)
                  print(((Long)arg).longValue(), l);
              else if (arg instanceof BigInteger)
                  print(((BigInteger)arg), l);
              else
                  failConversion(c, arg);
          }
  
          private void printFloat(Object arg, Locale l) throws IOException {
              if (arg == null)
                  print("null");
              else if (arg instanceof Float)
                  print(((Float)arg).floatValue(), l);
              else if (arg instanceof Double)
                  print(((Double)arg).doubleValue(), l);
              else if (arg instanceof BigDecimal)
                  print(((BigDecimal)arg), l);
              else
                  failConversion(c, arg);
          }
  
          private void printDateTime(Object arg, Locale l) throws IOException {
              if (arg == null) {
                  print("null");
                  return;
              }
              Calendar cal = null;
  
              // Instead of Calendar.setLenient(true), perhaps we should
              // wrap the IllegalArgumentException that might be thrown?
              if (arg instanceof Long) {
                  // Note that the following method uses an instance of the
                  // default time zone (TimeZone.getDefaultRef().
                  cal = Calendar.getInstance(l == null ? Locale.US : l);
                  cal.setTimeInMillis((Long)arg);
              } else if (arg instanceof Date) {
                  // Note that the following method uses an instance of the
                  // default time zone (TimeZone.getDefaultRef().
                  cal = Calendar.getInstance(l == null ? Locale.US : l);
                  cal.setTime((Date)arg);
              } else if (arg instanceof Calendar) {
                  cal = (Calendar) ((Calendar) arg).clone();
                  cal.setLenient(true);
              } else if (arg instanceof TemporalAccessor) {
                  print((TemporalAccessor) arg, c, l);
                  return;
              } else {
                  failConversion(c, arg);
              }
              // Use the provided locale so that invocations of
              // localizedMagnitude() use optimizations for null.
              print(cal, c, l);
          }
  
          private void printCharacter(Object arg) throws IOException {
              if (arg == null) {
                  print("null");
                  return;
              }
              String s = null;
              if (arg instanceof Character) {
                  s = ((Character)arg).toString();
              } else if (arg instanceof Byte) {
                  byte i = ((Byte)arg).byteValue();
                  if (Character.isValidCodePoint(i))
                      s = new String(Character.toChars(i));
                  else
                      throw new IllegalFormatCodePointException(i);
              } else if (arg instanceof Short) {
                  short i = ((Short)arg).shortValue();
                  if (Character.isValidCodePoint(i))
                      s = new String(Character.toChars(i));
                  else
                      throw new IllegalFormatCodePointException(i);
              } else if (arg instanceof Integer) {
                  int i = ((Integer)arg).intValue();
                  if (Character.isValidCodePoint(i))
                      s = new String(Character.toChars(i));
                  else
                      throw new IllegalFormatCodePointException(i);
              } else {
                  failConversion(c, arg);
              }
              print(s);
          }
  
          private void printString(Object arg, Locale l) throws IOException {
              if (arg instanceof Formattable) {
                  Formatter fmt = Formatter.this;
                  if (fmt.locale() != l)
                      fmt = new Formatter(fmt.out(), l);
                  ((Formattable)arg).formatTo(fmt, f.valueOf(), width, precision);
              } else {
                  if (f.contains(Flags.ALTERNATE))
                      failMismatch(Flags.ALTERNATE, 's');
                  if (arg == null)
                      print("null");
                  else
                      print(arg.toString());
              }
          }
  
          private void printBoolean(Object arg) throws IOException {
              String s;
              if (arg != null)
                  s = ((arg instanceof Boolean)
                       ? ((Boolean)arg).toString()
                       : Boolean.toString(true));
              else
                  s = Boolean.toString(false);
              print(s);
          }
  
          private void printHashCode(Object arg) throws IOException {
              String s = (arg == null
                          ? "null"
                          : Integer.toHexString(arg.hashCode()));
              print(s);
          }
  
          private void print(String s) throws IOException {
              if (precision != -1 && precision < s.length())
                  s = s.substring(0, precision);
              if (f.contains(Flags.UPPERCASE)) {
                  // Android-changed: Use provided locale instead of default, if it is non-null.
                  // s = s.toUpperCase();
                  s = s.toUpperCase(l != null ? l : Locale.getDefault());
              }
              a.append(justify(s));
          }
  
          private String justify(String s) {
              if (width == -1)
                  return s;
              StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
              boolean pad = f.contains(Flags.LEFT_JUSTIFY);
              int sp = width - s.length();
              if (!pad)
                  for (int i = 0; i < sp; i++) sb.append(' ');
              sb.append(s);
              if (pad)
                  for (int i = 0; i < sp; i++) sb.append(' ');
              return sb.toString();
          }
  
          public String toString() {
              StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("%");
              // Flags.UPPERCASE is set internally for legal conversions.
              Flags dupf = f.dup().remove(Flags.UPPERCASE);
              sb.append(dupf.toString());
              if (index > 0)
                  sb.append(index).append('$');
              if (width != -1)
                  sb.append(width);
              if (precision != -1)
                  sb.append('.').append(precision);
              if (dt)
                  sb.append(f.contains(Flags.UPPERCASE) ? 'T' : 't');
              sb.append(f.contains(Flags.UPPERCASE)
                        ? Character.toUpperCase(c) : c);
              return sb.toString();
          }
  
          private void checkGeneral() {
              if ((c == Conversion.BOOLEAN || c == Conversion.HASHCODE)
                  && f.contains(Flags.ALTERNATE))
                  failMismatch(Flags.ALTERNATE, c);
              // '-' requires a width
              if (width == -1 && f.contains(Flags.LEFT_JUSTIFY))
                  throw new MissingFormatWidthException(toString());
              checkBadFlags(Flags.PLUS, Flags.LEADING_SPACE, Flags.ZERO_PAD,
                            Flags.GROUP, Flags.PARENTHESES);
          }
  
          private void checkDateTime() {
              if (precision != -1)
                  throw new IllegalFormatPrecisionException(precision);
              if (!DateTime.isValid(c))
                  throw new UnknownFormatConversionException("t" + c);
              checkBadFlags(Flags.ALTERNATE, Flags.PLUS, Flags.LEADING_SPACE,
                            Flags.ZERO_PAD, Flags.GROUP, Flags.PARENTHESES);
              // '-' requires a width
              if (width == -1 && f.contains(Flags.LEFT_JUSTIFY))
                  throw new MissingFormatWidthException(toString());
          }
  
          private void checkCharacter() {
              if (precision != -1)
                  throw new IllegalFormatPrecisionException(precision);
              checkBadFlags(Flags.ALTERNATE, Flags.PLUS, Flags.LEADING_SPACE,
                            Flags.ZERO_PAD, Flags.GROUP, Flags.PARENTHESES);
              // '-' requires a width
              if (width == -1 && f.contains(Flags.LEFT_JUSTIFY))
                  throw new MissingFormatWidthException(toString());
          }
  
          private void checkInteger() {
              checkNumeric();
              if (precision != -1)
                  throw new IllegalFormatPrecisionException(precision);
  
              if (c == Conversion.DECIMAL_INTEGER)
                  checkBadFlags(Flags.ALTERNATE);
              else if (c == Conversion.OCTAL_INTEGER)
                  checkBadFlags(Flags.GROUP);
              else
                  checkBadFlags(Flags.GROUP);
          }
  
          private void checkBadFlags(Flags ... badFlags) {
              for (int i = 0; i < badFlags.length; i++)
                  if (f.contains(badFlags[i]))
                      failMismatch(badFlags[i], c);
          }
  
          private void checkFloat() {
              checkNumeric();
              if (c == Conversion.DECIMAL_FLOAT) {
              } else if (c == Conversion.HEXADECIMAL_FLOAT) {
                  checkBadFlags(Flags.PARENTHESES, Flags.GROUP);
              } else if (c == Conversion.SCIENTIFIC) {
                  checkBadFlags(Flags.GROUP);
              } else if (c == Conversion.GENERAL) {
                  checkBadFlags(Flags.ALTERNATE);
              }
          }
  
          private void checkNumeric() {
              if (width != -1 && width < 0)
                  throw new IllegalFormatWidthException(width);
  
              if (precision != -1 && precision < 0)
                  throw new IllegalFormatPrecisionException(precision);
  
              // '-' and '0' require a width
              if (width == -1
                  && (f.contains(Flags.LEFT_JUSTIFY) || f.contains(Flags.ZERO_PAD)))
                  throw new MissingFormatWidthException(toString());
  
              // bad combination
              if ((f.contains(Flags.PLUS) && f.contains(Flags.LEADING_SPACE))
                  || (f.contains(Flags.LEFT_JUSTIFY) && f.contains(Flags.ZERO_PAD)))
                  throw new IllegalFormatFlagsException(f.toString());
          }
  
          private void checkText() {
              if (precision != -1)
                  throw new IllegalFormatPrecisionException(precision);
              switch (c) {
              case Conversion.PERCENT_SIGN:
                  if (f.valueOf() != Flags.LEFT_JUSTIFY.valueOf()
                      && f.valueOf() != Flags.NONE.valueOf())
                      throw new IllegalFormatFlagsException(f.toString());
                  // '-' requires a width
                  if (width == -1 && f.contains(Flags.LEFT_JUSTIFY))
                      throw new MissingFormatWidthException(toString());
                  break;
              case Conversion.LINE_SEPARATOR:
                  if (width != -1)
                      throw new IllegalFormatWidthException(width);
                  if (f.valueOf() != Flags.NONE.valueOf())
                      throw new IllegalFormatFlagsException(f.toString());
                  break;
              default:
                  assert false;
              }
          }
  
          private void print(byte value, Locale l) throws IOException {
              long v = value;
              if (value < 0
                  && (c == Conversion.OCTAL_INTEGER
                      || c == Conversion.HEXADECIMAL_INTEGER)) {
                  v += (1L << 8);
                  assert v >= 0 : v;
              }
              print(v, l);
          }
  
          private void print(short value, Locale l) throws IOException {
              long v = value;
              if (value < 0
                  && (c == Conversion.OCTAL_INTEGER
                      || c == Conversion.HEXADECIMAL_INTEGER)) {
                  v += (1L << 16);
                  assert v >= 0 : v;
              }
              print(v, l);
          }
  
          private void print(int value, Locale l) throws IOException {
              long v = value;
              if (value < 0
                  && (c == Conversion.OCTAL_INTEGER
                      || c == Conversion.HEXADECIMAL_INTEGER)) {
                  v += (1L << 32);
                  assert v >= 0 : v;
              }
              print(v, l);
          }
  
          private void print(long value, Locale l) throws IOException {
  
              StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
  
              if (c == Conversion.DECIMAL_INTEGER) {
                  boolean neg = value < 0;
                  char[] va;
                  if (value < 0)
                      va = Long.toString(value, 10).substring(1).toCharArray();
                  else
                      va = Long.toString(value, 10).toCharArray();
  
                  // leading sign indicator
                  leadingSign(sb, neg);
  
                  // the value
                  localizedMagnitude(sb, va, f, adjustWidth(width, f, neg), l);
  
                  // trailing sign indicator
                  trailingSign(sb, neg);
              } else if (c == Conversion.OCTAL_INTEGER) {
                  checkBadFlags(Flags.PARENTHESES, Flags.LEADING_SPACE,
                                Flags.PLUS);
                  String s = Long.toOctalString(value);
                  int len = (f.contains(Flags.ALTERNATE)
                             ? s.length() + 1
                             : s.length());
  
                  // apply ALTERNATE (radix indicator for octal) before ZERO_PAD
                  if (f.contains(Flags.ALTERNATE))
                      sb.append('0');
                  if (f.contains(Flags.ZERO_PAD))
                      for (int i = 0; i < width - len; i++) sb.append('0');
                  sb.append(s);
              } else if (c == Conversion.HEXADECIMAL_INTEGER) {
                  checkBadFlags(Flags.PARENTHESES, Flags.LEADING_SPACE,
                                Flags.PLUS);
                  String s = Long.toHexString(value);
                  int len = (f.contains(Flags.ALTERNATE)
                             ? s.length() + 2
                             : s.length());
  
                  // apply ALTERNATE (radix indicator for hex) before ZERO_PAD
                  if (f.contains(Flags.ALTERNATE))
                      sb.append(f.contains(Flags.UPPERCASE) ? "0X" : "0x");
                  if (f.contains(Flags.ZERO_PAD))
                      for (int i = 0; i < width - len; i++) sb.append('0');
                  if (f.contains(Flags.UPPERCASE))
                      s = s.toUpperCase();
                  sb.append(s);
              }
  
              // justify based on width
              a.append(justify(sb.toString()));
          }
  
          // neg := val < 0
          private StringBuilder leadingSign(StringBuilder sb, boolean neg) {
              if (!neg) {
                  if (f.contains(Flags.PLUS)) {
                      sb.append('+');
                  } else if (f.contains(Flags.LEADING_SPACE)) {
                      sb.append(' ');
                  }
              } else {
                  if (f.contains(Flags.PARENTHESES))
                      sb.append('(');
                  else
                      sb.append('-');
              }
              return sb;
          }
  
          // neg := val < 0
          private StringBuilder trailingSign(StringBuilder sb, boolean neg) {
              if (neg && f.contains(Flags.PARENTHESES))
                  sb.append(')');
              return sb;
          }
  
          private void print(BigInteger value, Locale l) throws IOException {
              StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
              boolean neg = value.signum() == -1;
              BigInteger v = value.abs();
  
              // leading sign indicator
              leadingSign(sb, neg);
  
              // the value
              if (c == Conversion.DECIMAL_INTEGER) {
                  char[] va = v.toString().toCharArray();
                  localizedMagnitude(sb, va, f, adjustWidth(width, f, neg), l);
              } else if (c == Conversion.OCTAL_INTEGER) {
                  String s = v.toString(8);
  
                  int len = s.length() + sb.length();
                  if (neg && f.contains(Flags.PARENTHESES))
                      len++;
  
                  // apply ALTERNATE (radix indicator for octal) before ZERO_PAD
                  if (f.contains(Flags.ALTERNATE)) {
                      len++;
                      sb.append('0');
                  }
                  if (f.contains(Flags.ZERO_PAD)) {
                      for (int i = 0; i < width - len; i++)
                          sb.append('0');
                  }
                  sb.append(s);
              } else if (c == Conversion.HEXADECIMAL_INTEGER) {
                  String s = v.toString(16);
  
                  int len = s.length() + sb.length();
                  if (neg && f.contains(Flags.PARENTHESES))
                      len++;
  
                  // apply ALTERNATE (radix indicator for hex) before ZERO_PAD
                  if (f.contains(Flags.ALTERNATE)) {
                      len += 2;
                      sb.append(f.contains(Flags.UPPERCASE) ? "0X" : "0x");
                  }
                  if (f.contains(Flags.ZERO_PAD))
                      for (int i = 0; i < width - len; i++)
                          sb.append('0');
                  if (f.contains(Flags.UPPERCASE))
                      s = s.toUpperCase();
                  sb.append(s);
              }
  
              // trailing sign indicator
              trailingSign(sb, (value.signum() == -1));
  
              // justify based on width
              a.append(justify(sb.toString()));
          }
  
          private void print(float value, Locale l) throws IOException {
              print((double) value, l);
          }
  
          private void print(double value, Locale l) throws IOException {
              StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
              boolean neg = Double.compare(value, 0.0) == -1;
  
              if (!Double.isNaN(value)) {
                  double v = Math.abs(value);
  
                  // leading sign indicator
                  leadingSign(sb, neg);
  
                  // the value
                  if (!Double.isInfinite(v))
                      print(sb, v, l, f, c, precision, neg);
                  else
                      sb.append(f.contains(Flags.UPPERCASE)
                                ? "INFINITY" : "Infinity");
  
                  // trailing sign indicator
                  trailingSign(sb, neg);
              } else {
                  sb.append(f.contains(Flags.UPPERCASE) ? "NAN" : "NaN");
              }
  
              // justify based on width
              a.append(justify(sb.toString()));
          }
  
          // !Double.isInfinite(value) && !Double.isNaN(value)
          private void print(StringBuilder sb, double value, Locale l,
                             Flags f, char c, int precision, boolean neg)
              throws IOException
          {
              if (c == Conversion.SCIENTIFIC) {
                  // Create a new FormattedFloatingDecimal with the desired
                  // precision.
                  int prec = (precision == -1 ? 6 : precision);
  
                  FormattedFloatingDecimal fd
                          = FormattedFloatingDecimal.valueOf(value, prec,
                            FormattedFloatingDecimal.Form.SCIENTIFIC);
  
                  char[] mant = addZeros(fd.getMantissa(), prec);
  
                  // If the precision is zero and the '#' flag is set, add the
                  // requested decimal point.
                  if (f.contains(Flags.ALTERNATE) && (prec == 0))
                      mant = addDot(mant);
  
                  char[] exp = (value == 0.0)
                      ? new char[] {'+','0','0'} : fd.getExponent();
  
                  int newW = width;
                  if (width != -1)
                      newW = adjustWidth(width - exp.length - 1, f, neg);
                  localizedMagnitude(sb, mant, f, newW, l);
  
                  // BEGIN Android-changed: Use localized exponent separator for %e.
                  Locale separatorLocale = (l != null) ? l : Locale.getDefault();
                  LocaleData localeData = LocaleData.get(separatorLocale);
                  sb.append(f.contains(Flags.UPPERCASE) ?
                          localeData.exponentSeparator.toUpperCase(separatorLocale) :
                          localeData.exponentSeparator.toLowerCase(separatorLocale));
                  // END Android-changed: Use localized exponent separator for %e.
  
                  Flags flags = f.dup().remove(Flags.GROUP);
                  char sign = exp[0];
                  assert(sign == '+' || sign == '-');
                  sb.append(sign);
  
                  char[] tmp = new char[exp.length - 1];
                  System.arraycopy(exp, 1, tmp, 0, exp.length - 1);
                  sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, tmp, flags, -1, l));
              } else if (c == Conversion.DECIMAL_FLOAT) {
                  // Create a new FormattedFloatingDecimal with the desired
                  // precision.
                  int prec = (precision == -1 ? 6 : precision);
  
                  FormattedFloatingDecimal fd
                          = FormattedFloatingDecimal.valueOf(value, prec,
                            FormattedFloatingDecimal.Form.DECIMAL_FLOAT);
  
                  char[] mant = addZeros(fd.getMantissa(), prec);
  
                  // If the precision is zero and the '#' flag is set, add the
                  // requested decimal point.
                  if (f.contains(Flags.ALTERNATE) && (prec == 0))
                      mant = addDot(mant);
  
                  int newW = width;
                  if (width != -1)
                      newW = adjustWidth(width, f, neg);
                  localizedMagnitude(sb, mant, f, newW, l);
              } else if (c == Conversion.GENERAL) {
                  int prec = precision;
                  if (precision == -1)
                      prec = 6;
                  else if (precision == 0)
                      prec = 1;
  
                  char[] exp;
                  char[] mant;
                  int expRounded;
                  if (value == 0.0) {
                      exp = null;
                      mant = new char[] {'0'};
                      expRounded = 0;
                  } else {
                      FormattedFloatingDecimal fd
                          = FormattedFloatingDecimal.valueOf(value, prec,
                            FormattedFloatingDecimal.Form.GENERAL);
                      exp = fd.getExponent();
                      mant = fd.getMantissa();
                      expRounded = fd.getExponentRounded();
                  }
  
                  if (exp != null) {
                      prec -= 1;
                  } else {
                      prec -= expRounded + 1;
                  }
  
                  mant = addZeros(mant, prec);
                  // If the precision is zero and the '#' flag is set, add the
                  // requested decimal point.
                  if (f.contains(Flags.ALTERNATE) && (prec == 0))
                      mant = addDot(mant);
  
                  int newW = width;
                  if (width != -1) {
                      if (exp != null)
                          newW = adjustWidth(width - exp.length - 1, f, neg);
                      else
                          newW = adjustWidth(width, f, neg);
                  }
                  localizedMagnitude(sb, mant, f, newW, l);
  
                  if (exp != null) {
                      sb.append(f.contains(Flags.UPPERCASE) ? 'E' : 'e');
  
                      Flags flags = f.dup().remove(Flags.GROUP);
                      char sign = exp[0];
                      assert(sign == '+' || sign == '-');
                      sb.append(sign);
  
                      char[] tmp = new char[exp.length - 1];
                      System.arraycopy(exp, 1, tmp, 0, exp.length - 1);
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, tmp, flags, -1, l));
                  }
              } else if (c == Conversion.HEXADECIMAL_FLOAT) {
                  int prec = precision;
                  if (precision == -1)
                      // assume that we want all of the digits
                      prec = 0;
                  else if (precision == 0)
                      prec = 1;
  
                  String s = hexDouble(value, prec);
  
                  char[] va;
                  boolean upper = f.contains(Flags.UPPERCASE);
                  sb.append(upper ? "0X" : "0x");
  
                  if (f.contains(Flags.ZERO_PAD))
                      for (int i = 0; i < width - s.length() - 2; i++)
                          sb.append('0');
  
                  int idx = s.indexOf('p');
                  va = s.substring(0, idx).toCharArray();
                  if (upper) {
                      String tmp = new String(va);
                      // don't localize hex
                      tmp = tmp.toUpperCase(Locale.US);
                      va = tmp.toCharArray();
                  }
                  sb.append(prec != 0 ? addZeros(va, prec) : va);
                  sb.append(upper ? 'P' : 'p');
                  sb.append(s.substring(idx+1));
              }
          }
  
          // Add zeros to the requested precision.
          private char[] addZeros(char[] v, int prec) {
              // Look for the dot.  If we don't find one, the we'll need to add
              // it before we add the zeros.
              int i;
              for (i = 0; i < v.length; i++) {
                  if (v[i] == '.')
                      break;
              }
              boolean needDot = false;
              if (i == v.length) {
                  needDot = true;
              }
  
              // Determine existing precision.
              int outPrec = v.length - i - (needDot ? 0 : 1);
              assert (outPrec <= prec);
              if (outPrec == prec)
                  return v;
  
              // Create new array with existing contents.
              char[] tmp
                  = new char[v.length + prec - outPrec + (needDot ? 1 : 0)];
              System.arraycopy(v, 0, tmp, 0, v.length);
  
              // Add dot if previously determined to be necessary.
              int start = v.length;
              if (needDot) {
                  tmp[v.length] = '.';
                  start++;
              }
  
              // Add zeros.
              for (int j = start; j < tmp.length; j++)
                  tmp[j] = '0';
  
              return tmp;
          }
  
          // Method assumes that d > 0.
          private String hexDouble(double d, int prec) {
              // Let Double.toHexString handle simple cases
              if(!Double.isFinite(d) || d == 0.0 || prec == 0 || prec >= 13)
                  // remove "0x"
                  return Double.toHexString(d).substring(2);
              else {
                  assert(prec >= 1 && prec <= 12);
  
                  int exponent  = Math.getExponent(d);
                  boolean subnormal
                      = (exponent == DoubleConsts.MIN_EXPONENT - 1);
  
                  // If this is subnormal input so normalize (could be faster to
                  // do as integer operation).
                  if (subnormal) {
                      scaleUp = Math.scalb(1.0, 54);
                      d *= scaleUp;
                      // Calculate the exponent.  This is not just exponent + 54
                      // since the former is not the normalized exponent.
                      exponent = Math.getExponent(d);
                      assert exponent >= DoubleConsts.MIN_EXPONENT &&
                          exponent <= DoubleConsts.MAX_EXPONENT: exponent;
                  }
  
                  int precision = 1 + prec*4;
                  int shiftDistance
                      =  DoubleConsts.SIGNIFICAND_WIDTH - precision;
                  assert(shiftDistance >= 1 && shiftDistance < DoubleConsts.SIGNIFICAND_WIDTH);
  
                  long doppel = Double.doubleToLongBits(d);
                  // Deterime the number of bits to keep.
                  long newSignif
                      = (doppel & (DoubleConsts.EXP_BIT_MASK
                                   | DoubleConsts.SIGNIF_BIT_MASK))
                                       >> shiftDistance;
                  // Bits to round away.
                  long roundingBits = doppel & ~(~0L << shiftDistance);
  
                  // To decide how to round, look at the low-order bit of the
                  // working significand, the highest order discarded bit (the
                  // round bit) and whether any of the lower order discarded bits
                  // are nonzero (the sticky bit).
  
                  boolean leastZero = (newSignif & 0x1L) == 0L;
                  boolean round
                      = ((1L << (shiftDistance - 1) ) & roundingBits) != 0L;
                  boolean sticky  = shiftDistance > 1 &&
                      (~(1L<< (shiftDistance - 1)) & roundingBits) != 0;
                  if((leastZero && round && sticky) || (!leastZero && round)) {
                      newSignif++;
                  }
  
                  long signBit = doppel & DoubleConsts.SIGN_BIT_MASK;
                  newSignif = signBit | (newSignif << shiftDistance);
                  double result = Double.longBitsToDouble(newSignif);
  
                  if (Double.isInfinite(result) ) {
                      // Infinite result generated by rounding
                      return "1.0p1024";
                  } else {
                      String res = Double.toHexString(result).substring(2);
                      if (!subnormal)
                          return res;
                      else {
                          // Create a normalized subnormal string.
                          int idx = res.indexOf('p');
                          if (idx == -1) {
                              // No 'p' character in hex string.
                              assert false;
                              return null;
                          } else {
                              // Get exponent and append at the end.
                              String exp = res.substring(idx + 1);
                              int iexp = Integer.parseInt(exp) -54;
                              return res.substring(0, idx) + "p"
                                  + Integer.toString(iexp);
                          }
                      }
                  }
              }
          }
  
          private void print(BigDecimal value, Locale l) throws IOException {
              if (c == Conversion.HEXADECIMAL_FLOAT)
                  failConversion(c, value);
              StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
              boolean neg = value.signum() == -1;
              BigDecimal v = value.abs();
              // leading sign indicator
              leadingSign(sb, neg);
  
              // the value
              print(sb, v, l, f, c, precision, neg);
  
              // trailing sign indicator
              trailingSign(sb, neg);
  
              // justify based on width
              a.append(justify(sb.toString()));
          }
  
          // value > 0
          private void print(StringBuilder sb, BigDecimal value, Locale l,
                             Flags f, char c, int precision, boolean neg)
              throws IOException
          {
              if (c == Conversion.SCIENTIFIC) {
                  // Create a new BigDecimal with the desired precision.
                  int prec = (precision == -1 ? 6 : precision);
                  int scale = value.scale();
                  int origPrec = value.precision();
                  int nzeros = 0;
                  int compPrec;
  
                  if (prec > origPrec - 1) {
                      compPrec = origPrec;
                      nzeros = prec - (origPrec - 1);
                  } else {
                      compPrec = prec + 1;
                  }
  
                  MathContext mc = new MathContext(compPrec);
                  BigDecimal v
                      = new BigDecimal(value.unscaledValue(), scale, mc);
  
                  BigDecimalLayout bdl
                      = new BigDecimalLayout(v.unscaledValue(), v.scale(),
                                             BigDecimalLayoutForm.SCIENTIFIC);
  
                  char[] mant = bdl.mantissa();
  
                  // Add a decimal point if necessary.  The mantissa may not
                  // contain a decimal point if the scale is zero (the internal
                  // representation has no fractional part) or the original
                  // precision is one. Append a decimal point if '#' is set or if
                  // we require zero padding to get to the requested precision.
                  if ((origPrec == 1 || !bdl.hasDot())
                      && (nzeros > 0 || (f.contains(Flags.ALTERNATE))))
                      mant = addDot(mant);
  
                  // Add trailing zeros in the case precision is greater than
                  // the number of available digits after the decimal separator.
                  mant = trailingZeros(mant, nzeros);
  
                  char[] exp = bdl.exponent();
                  int newW = width;
                  if (width != -1)
                      newW = adjustWidth(width - exp.length - 1, f, neg);
                  localizedMagnitude(sb, mant, f, newW, l);
  
                  sb.append(f.contains(Flags.UPPERCASE) ? 'E' : 'e');
  
                  Flags flags = f.dup().remove(Flags.GROUP);
                  char sign = exp[0];
                  assert(sign == '+' || sign == '-');
                  sb.append(exp[0]);
  
                  char[] tmp = new char[exp.length - 1];
                  System.arraycopy(exp, 1, tmp, 0, exp.length - 1);
                  sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, tmp, flags, -1, l));
              } else if (c == Conversion.DECIMAL_FLOAT) {
                  // Create a new BigDecimal with the desired precision.
                  int prec = (precision == -1 ? 6 : precision);
                  int scale = value.scale();
  
                  if (scale > prec) {
                      // more "scale" digits than the requested "precision"
                      int compPrec = value.precision();
                      if (compPrec <= scale) {
                          // case of 0.xxxxxx
                          value = value.setScale(prec, RoundingMode.HALF_UP);
                      } else {
                          compPrec -= (scale - prec);
                          value = new BigDecimal(value.unscaledValue(),
                                                 scale,
                                                 new MathContext(compPrec));
                      }
                  }
                  BigDecimalLayout bdl = new BigDecimalLayout(
                                             value.unscaledValue(),
                                             value.scale(),
                                             BigDecimalLayoutForm.DECIMAL_FLOAT);
  
                  char mant[] = bdl.mantissa();
                  int nzeros = (bdl.scale() < prec ? prec - bdl.scale() : 0);
  
                  // Add a decimal point if necessary.  The mantissa may not
                  // contain a decimal point if the scale is zero (the internal
                  // representation has no fractional part).  Append a decimal
                  // point if '#' is set or we require zero padding to get to the
                  // requested precision.
                  if (bdl.scale() == 0 && (f.contains(Flags.ALTERNATE) || nzeros > 0))
                      mant = addDot(bdl.mantissa());
  
                  // Add trailing zeros if the precision is greater than the
                  // number of available digits after the decimal separator.
                  mant = trailingZeros(mant, nzeros);
  
                  localizedMagnitude(sb, mant, f, adjustWidth(width, f, neg), l);
              } else if (c == Conversion.GENERAL) {
                  int prec = precision;
                  if (precision == -1)
                      prec = 6;
                  else if (precision == 0)
                      prec = 1;
  
                  BigDecimal tenToTheNegFour = BigDecimal.valueOf(1, 4);
                  BigDecimal tenToThePrec = BigDecimal.valueOf(1, -prec);
                  if ((value.equals(BigDecimal.ZERO))
                      || ((value.compareTo(tenToTheNegFour) != -1)
                          && (value.compareTo(tenToThePrec) == -1))) {
  
                      int e = - value.scale()
                          + (value.unscaledValue().toString().length() - 1);
  
                      // xxx.yyy
                      //   g precision (# sig digits) = #x + #y
                      //   f precision = #y
                      //   exponent = #x - 1
                      // => f precision = g precision - exponent - 1
                      // 0.000zzz
                      //   g precision (# sig digits) = #z
                      //   f precision = #0 (after '.') + #z
                      //   exponent = - #0 (after '.') - 1
                      // => f precision = g precision - exponent - 1
                      prec = prec - e - 1;
  
                      print(sb, value, l, f, Conversion.DECIMAL_FLOAT, prec,
                            neg);
                  } else {
                      print(sb, value, l, f, Conversion.SCIENTIFIC, prec - 1, neg);
                  }
              } else if (c == Conversion.HEXADECIMAL_FLOAT) {
                  // This conversion isn't supported.  The error should be
                  // reported earlier.
                  assert false;
              }
          }
  
          private class BigDecimalLayout {
              private StringBuilder mant;
              private StringBuilder exp;
              private boolean dot = false;
              private int scale;
  
              public BigDecimalLayout(BigInteger intVal, int scale, BigDecimalLayoutForm form) {
                  layout(intVal, scale, form);
              }
  
              public boolean hasDot() {
                  return dot;
              }
  
              public int scale() {
                  return scale;
              }
  
              // char[] with canonical string representation
              public char[] layoutChars() {
                  StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(mant);
                  if (exp != null) {
                      sb.append('E');
                      sb.append(exp);
                  }
                  return toCharArray(sb);
              }
  
              public char[] mantissa() {
                  return toCharArray(mant);
              }
  
              // The exponent will be formatted as a sign ('+' or '-') followed
              // by the exponent zero-padded to include at least two digits.
              public char[] exponent() {
                  return toCharArray(exp);
              }
  
              private char[] toCharArray(StringBuilder sb) {
                  if (sb == null)
                      return null;
                  char[] result = new char[sb.length()];
                  sb.getChars(0, result.length, result, 0);
                  return result;
              }
  
              private void layout(BigInteger intVal, int scale, BigDecimalLayoutForm form) {
                  char coeff[] = intVal.toString().toCharArray();
                  this.scale = scale;
  
                  // Construct a buffer, with sufficient capacity for all cases.
                  // If E-notation is needed, length will be: +1 if negative, +1
                  // if '.' needed, +2 for "E+", + up to 10 for adjusted
                  // exponent.  Otherwise it could have +1 if negative, plus
                  // leading "0.00000"
                  mant = new StringBuilder(coeff.length + 14);
  
                  if (scale == 0) {
                      int len = coeff.length;
                      if (len > 1) {
                          mant.append(coeff[0]);
                          if (form == BigDecimalLayoutForm.SCIENTIFIC) {
                              mant.append('.');
                              dot = true;
                              mant.append(coeff, 1, len - 1);
                              exp = new StringBuilder("+");
                              if (len < 10)
                                  exp.append("0").append(len - 1);
                              else
                                  exp.append(len - 1);
                          } else {
                              mant.append(coeff, 1, len - 1);
                          }
                      } else {
                          mant.append(coeff);
                          if (form == BigDecimalLayoutForm.SCIENTIFIC)
                              exp = new StringBuilder("+00");
                      }
                      return;
                  }
                  long adjusted = -(long) scale + (coeff.length - 1);
                  if (form == BigDecimalLayoutForm.DECIMAL_FLOAT) {
                      // count of padding zeros
                      int pad = scale - coeff.length;
                      if (pad >= 0) {
                          // 0.xxx form
                          mant.append("0.");
                          dot = true;
                          for (; pad > 0 ; pad--) mant.append('0');
                          mant.append(coeff);
                      } else {
                          if (-pad < coeff.length) {
                              // xx.xx form
                              mant.append(coeff, 0, -pad);
                              mant.append('.');
                              dot = true;
                              mant.append(coeff, -pad, scale);
                          } else {
                              // xx form
                              mant.append(coeff, 0, coeff.length);
                              for (int i = 0; i < -scale; i++)
                                  mant.append('0');
                              this.scale = 0;
                          }
                      }
                  } else {
                      // x.xxx form
                      mant.append(coeff[0]);
                      if (coeff.length > 1) {
                          mant.append('.');
                          dot = true;
                          mant.append(coeff, 1, coeff.length-1);
                      }
                      exp = new StringBuilder();
                      if (adjusted != 0) {
                          long abs = Math.abs(adjusted);
                          // require sign
                          exp.append(adjusted < 0 ? '-' : '+');
                          if (abs < 10)
                              exp.append('0');
                          exp.append(abs);
                      } else {
                          exp.append("+00");
                      }
                  }
              }
          }
  
          private int adjustWidth(int width, Flags f, boolean neg) {
              int newW = width;
              if (newW != -1 && neg && f.contains(Flags.PARENTHESES))
                  newW--;
              return newW;
          }
  
          // Add a '.' to th mantissa if required
          private char[] addDot(char[] mant) {
              char[] tmp = mant;
              tmp = new char[mant.length + 1];
              System.arraycopy(mant, 0, tmp, 0, mant.length);
              tmp[tmp.length - 1] = '.';
              return tmp;
          }
  
          // Add trailing zeros in the case precision is greater than the number
          // of available digits after the decimal separator.
          private char[] trailingZeros(char[] mant, int nzeros) {
              char[] tmp = mant;
              if (nzeros > 0) {
                  tmp = new char[mant.length + nzeros];
                  System.arraycopy(mant, 0, tmp, 0, mant.length);
                  for (int i = mant.length; i < tmp.length; i++)
                      tmp[i] = '0';
              }
              return tmp;
          }
  
          private void print(Calendar t, char c, Locale l)  throws IOException
          {
              StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
              print(sb, t, c, l);
  
              // justify based on width
              String s = justify(sb.toString());
              if (f.contains(Flags.UPPERCASE))
                  s = s.toUpperCase();
  
              a.append(s);
          }
  
          private Appendable print(StringBuilder sb, Calendar t, char c,
                                   Locale l)
              throws IOException
          {
              if (sb == null)
                  sb = new StringBuilder();
              switch (c) {
              case DateTime.HOUR_OF_DAY_0: // 'H' (00 - 23)
              case DateTime.HOUR_0:        // 'I' (01 - 12)
              case DateTime.HOUR_OF_DAY:   // 'k' (0 - 23) -- like H
              case DateTime.HOUR:        { // 'l' (1 - 12) -- like I
                  int i = t.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY);
                  if (c == DateTime.HOUR_0 || c == DateTime.HOUR)
                      i = (i == 0 || i == 12 ? 12 : i % 12);
                  Flags flags = (c == DateTime.HOUR_OF_DAY_0
                                 || c == DateTime.HOUR_0
                                 ? Flags.ZERO_PAD
                                 : Flags.NONE);
                  sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, 2, l));
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.MINUTE:      { // 'M' (00 - 59)
                  int i = t.get(Calendar.MINUTE);
                  Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
                  sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, 2, l));
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.NANOSECOND:  { // 'N' (000000000 - 999999999)
                  int i = t.get(Calendar.MILLISECOND) * 1000000;
                  Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
                  sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, 9, l));
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.MILLISECOND: { // 'L' (000 - 999)
                  int i = t.get(Calendar.MILLISECOND);
                  Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
                  sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, 3, l));
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.MILLISECOND_SINCE_EPOCH: { // 'Q' (0 - 99...?)
                  long i = t.getTimeInMillis();
                  Flags flags = Flags.NONE;
                  sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, width, l));
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.AM_PM:       { // 'p' (am or pm)
                  // Calendar.AM = 0, Calendar.PM = 1, LocaleElements defines upper
                  String[] ampm = { "AM", "PM" };
                  if (l != null && l != Locale.US) {
                      DateFormatSymbols dfs = DateFormatSymbols.getInstance(l);
                      ampm = dfs.getAmPmStrings();
                  }
                  String s = ampm[t.get(Calendar.AM_PM)];
                  sb.append(s.toLowerCase(l != null ? l : Locale.US));
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.SECONDS_SINCE_EPOCH: { // 's' (0 - 99...?)
                  long i = t.getTimeInMillis() / 1000;
                  Flags flags = Flags.NONE;
                  sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, width, l));
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.SECOND:      { // 'S' (00 - 60 - leap second)
                  int i = t.get(Calendar.SECOND);
                  Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
                  sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, 2, l));
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.ZONE_NUMERIC: { // 'z' ({-|+}####) - ls minus?
                  int i = t.get(Calendar.ZONE_OFFSET) + t.get(Calendar.DST_OFFSET);
                  boolean neg = i < 0;
                  sb.append(neg ? '-' : '+');
                  if (neg)
                      i = -i;
                  int min = i / 60000;
                  // combine minute and hour into a single integer
                  int offset = (min / 60) * 100 + (min % 60);
                  Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
  
                  sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, offset, flags, 4, l));
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.ZONE:        { // 'Z' (symbol)
                  TimeZone tz = t.getTimeZone();
                  sb.append(tz.getDisplayName((t.get(Calendar.DST_OFFSET) != 0),
                                             TimeZone.SHORT,
                                              (l == null) ? Locale.US : l));
                  break;
              }
  
              // Date
              case DateTime.NAME_OF_DAY_ABBREV:     // 'a'
              case DateTime.NAME_OF_DAY:          { // 'A'
                  int i = t.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK);
                  Locale lt = ((l == null) ? Locale.US : l);
                  DateFormatSymbols dfs = DateFormatSymbols.getInstance(lt);
                  if (c == DateTime.NAME_OF_DAY)
                      sb.append(dfs.getWeekdays()[i]);
                  else
                      sb.append(dfs.getShortWeekdays()[i]);
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.NAME_OF_MONTH_ABBREV:   // 'b'
              case DateTime.NAME_OF_MONTH_ABBREV_X: // 'h' -- same b
              case DateTime.NAME_OF_MONTH:        { // 'B'
                  int i = t.get(Calendar.MONTH);
                  Locale lt = ((l == null) ? Locale.US : l);
                  DateFormatSymbols dfs = DateFormatSymbols.getInstance(lt);
                  if (c == DateTime.NAME_OF_MONTH)
                      sb.append(dfs.getMonths()[i]);
                  else
                      sb.append(dfs.getShortMonths()[i]);
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.CENTURY:                // 'C' (00 - 99)
              case DateTime.YEAR_2:                 // 'y' (00 - 99)
              case DateTime.YEAR_4:               { // 'Y' (0000 - 9999)
                  int i = t.get(Calendar.YEAR);
                  int size = 2;
                  switch (c) {
                  case DateTime.CENTURY:
                      i /= 100;
                      break;
                  case DateTime.YEAR_2:
                      i %= 100;
                      break;
                  case DateTime.YEAR_4:
                      size = 4;
                      break;
                  }
                  Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
                  sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, size, l));
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.DAY_OF_MONTH_0:         // 'd' (01 - 31)
              case DateTime.DAY_OF_MONTH:         { // 'e' (1 - 31) -- like d
                  int i = t.get(Calendar.DATE);
                  Flags flags = (c == DateTime.DAY_OF_MONTH_0
                                 ? Flags.ZERO_PAD
                                 : Flags.NONE);
                  sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, 2, l));
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.DAY_OF_YEAR:          { // 'j' (001 - 366)
                  int i = t.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR);
                  Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
                  sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, 3, l));
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.MONTH:                { // 'm' (01 - 12)
                  int i = t.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1;
                  Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
                  sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, 2, l));
                  break;
              }
  
              // Composites
              case DateTime.TIME:         // 'T' (24 hour hh:mm:ss - %tH:%tM:%tS)
              case DateTime.TIME_24_HOUR:    { // 'R' (hh:mm same as %H:%M)
                  char sep = ':';
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.HOUR_OF_DAY_0, l).append(sep);
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.MINUTE, l);
                  if (c == DateTime.TIME) {
                      sb.append(sep);
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.SECOND, l);
                  }
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.TIME_12_HOUR:    { // 'r' (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)
                  char sep = ':';
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.HOUR_0, l).append(sep);
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.MINUTE, l).append(sep);
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.SECOND, l).append(' ');
                  // this may be in wrong place for some locales
                  StringBuilder tsb = new StringBuilder();
                  print(tsb, t, DateTime.AM_PM, l);
                  sb.append(tsb.toString().toUpperCase(l != null ? l : Locale.US));
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.DATE_TIME:    { // 'c' (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1999)
                  char sep = ' ';
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.NAME_OF_DAY_ABBREV, l).append(sep);
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.NAME_OF_MONTH_ABBREV, l).append(sep);
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.DAY_OF_MONTH_0, l).append(sep);
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.TIME, l).append(sep);
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.ZONE, l).append(sep);
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.YEAR_4, l);
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.DATE:            { // 'D' (mm/dd/yy)
                  char sep = '/';
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.MONTH, l).append(sep);
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.DAY_OF_MONTH_0, l).append(sep);
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.YEAR_2, l);
                  break;
              }
              case DateTime.ISO_STANDARD_DATE: { // 'F' (%Y-%m-%d)
                  char sep = '-';
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.YEAR_4, l).append(sep);
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.MONTH, l).append(sep);
                  print(sb, t, DateTime.DAY_OF_MONTH_0, l);
                  break;
              }
              default:
                  assert false;
              }
              return sb;
          }
  
          private void print(TemporalAccessor t, char c, Locale l)  throws IOException {
              StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
              print(sb, t, c, l);
              // justify based on width
              String s = justify(sb.toString());
              if (f.contains(Flags.UPPERCASE))
                  s = s.toUpperCase();
              a.append(s);
          }
  
          private Appendable print(StringBuilder sb, TemporalAccessor t, char c,
                                   Locale l) throws IOException {
              if (sb == null)
                  sb = new StringBuilder();
              try {
                  switch (c) {
                  case DateTime.HOUR_OF_DAY_0: {  // 'H' (00 - 23)
                      int i = t.get(ChronoField.HOUR_OF_DAY);
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, Flags.ZERO_PAD, 2, l));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.HOUR_OF_DAY: {   // 'k' (0 - 23) -- like H
                      int i = t.get(ChronoField.HOUR_OF_DAY);
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, Flags.NONE, 2, l));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.HOUR_0:      {  // 'I' (01 - 12)
                      int i = t.get(ChronoField.CLOCK_HOUR_OF_AMPM);
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, Flags.ZERO_PAD, 2, l));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.HOUR:        { // 'l' (1 - 12) -- like I
                      int i = t.get(ChronoField.CLOCK_HOUR_OF_AMPM);
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, Flags.NONE, 2, l));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.MINUTE:      { // 'M' (00 - 59)
                      int i = t.get(ChronoField.MINUTE_OF_HOUR);
                      Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, 2, l));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.NANOSECOND:  { // 'N' (000000000 - 999999999)
                      int i = t.get(ChronoField.MILLI_OF_SECOND) * 1000000;
                      Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, 9, l));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.MILLISECOND: { // 'L' (000 - 999)
                      int i = t.get(ChronoField.MILLI_OF_SECOND);
                      Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, 3, l));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.MILLISECOND_SINCE_EPOCH: { // 'Q' (0 - 99...?)
                      long i = t.getLong(ChronoField.INSTANT_SECONDS) * 1000L +
                               t.getLong(ChronoField.MILLI_OF_SECOND);
                      Flags flags = Flags.NONE;
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, width, l));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.AM_PM:       { // 'p' (am or pm)
                      // Calendar.AM = 0, Calendar.PM = 1, LocaleElements defines upper
                      String[] ampm = { "AM", "PM" };
                      if (l != null && l != Locale.US) {
                          DateFormatSymbols dfs = DateFormatSymbols.getInstance(l);
                          ampm = dfs.getAmPmStrings();
                      }
                      String s = ampm[t.get(ChronoField.AMPM_OF_DAY)];
                      sb.append(s.toLowerCase(l != null ? l : Locale.US));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.SECONDS_SINCE_EPOCH: { // 's' (0 - 99...?)
                      long i = t.getLong(ChronoField.INSTANT_SECONDS);
                      Flags flags = Flags.NONE;
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, width, l));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.SECOND:      { // 'S' (00 - 60 - leap second)
                      int i = t.get(ChronoField.SECOND_OF_MINUTE);
                      Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, 2, l));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.ZONE_NUMERIC: { // 'z' ({-|+}####) - ls minus?
                      int i = t.get(ChronoField.OFFSET_SECONDS);
                      boolean neg = i < 0;
                      sb.append(neg ? '-' : '+');
                      if (neg)
                          i = -i;
                      int min = i / 60;
                      // combine minute and hour into a single integer
                      int offset = (min / 60) * 100 + (min % 60);
                      Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, offset, flags, 4, l));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.ZONE:        { // 'Z' (symbol)
                      ZoneId zid = t.query(TemporalQueries.zone());
                      if (zid == null) {
                          throw new IllegalFormatConversionException(c, t.getClass());
                      }
                      if (!(zid instanceof ZoneOffset) &&
                          t.isSupported(ChronoField.INSTANT_SECONDS)) {
                          Instant instant = Instant.from(t);
                          sb.append(TimeZone.getTimeZone(zid.getId())
                                            .getDisplayName(zid.getRules().isDaylightSavings(instant),
                                                            TimeZone.SHORT,
                                                            (l == null) ? Locale.US : l));
                          break;
                      }
                      sb.append(zid.getId());
                      break;
                  }
                  // Date
                  case DateTime.NAME_OF_DAY_ABBREV:     // 'a'
                  case DateTime.NAME_OF_DAY:          { // 'A'
                      int i = t.get(ChronoField.DAY_OF_WEEK) % 7 + 1;
                      Locale lt = ((l == null) ? Locale.US : l);
                      DateFormatSymbols dfs = DateFormatSymbols.getInstance(lt);
                      if (c == DateTime.NAME_OF_DAY)
                          sb.append(dfs.getWeekdays()[i]);
                      else
                          sb.append(dfs.getShortWeekdays()[i]);
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.NAME_OF_MONTH_ABBREV:   // 'b'
                  case DateTime.NAME_OF_MONTH_ABBREV_X: // 'h' -- same b
                  case DateTime.NAME_OF_MONTH:        { // 'B'
                      int i = t.get(ChronoField.MONTH_OF_YEAR) - 1;
                      Locale lt = ((l == null) ? Locale.US : l);
                      DateFormatSymbols dfs = DateFormatSymbols.getInstance(lt);
                      if (c == DateTime.NAME_OF_MONTH)
                          sb.append(dfs.getMonths()[i]);
                      else
                          sb.append(dfs.getShortMonths()[i]);
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.CENTURY:                // 'C' (00 - 99)
                  case DateTime.YEAR_2:                 // 'y' (00 - 99)
                  case DateTime.YEAR_4:               { // 'Y' (0000 - 9999)
                      int i = t.get(ChronoField.YEAR_OF_ERA);
                      int size = 2;
                      switch (c) {
                      case DateTime.CENTURY:
                          i /= 100;
                          break;
                      case DateTime.YEAR_2:
                          i %= 100;
                          break;
                      case DateTime.YEAR_4:
                          size = 4;
                          break;
                      }
                      Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, size, l));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.DAY_OF_MONTH_0:         // 'd' (01 - 31)
                  case DateTime.DAY_OF_MONTH:         { // 'e' (1 - 31) -- like d
                      int i = t.get(ChronoField.DAY_OF_MONTH);
                      Flags flags = (c == DateTime.DAY_OF_MONTH_0
                                     ? Flags.ZERO_PAD
                                     : Flags.NONE);
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, 2, l));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.DAY_OF_YEAR:          { // 'j' (001 - 366)
                      int i = t.get(ChronoField.DAY_OF_YEAR);
                      Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, 3, l));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.MONTH:                { // 'm' (01 - 12)
                      int i = t.get(ChronoField.MONTH_OF_YEAR);
                      Flags flags = Flags.ZERO_PAD;
                      sb.append(localizedMagnitude(null, i, flags, 2, l));
                      break;
                  }
  
                  // Composites
                  case DateTime.TIME:         // 'T' (24 hour hh:mm:ss - %tH:%tM:%tS)
                  case DateTime.TIME_24_HOUR:    { // 'R' (hh:mm same as %H:%M)
                      char sep = ':';
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.HOUR_OF_DAY_0, l).append(sep);
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.MINUTE, l);
                      if (c == DateTime.TIME) {
                          sb.append(sep);
                          print(sb, t, DateTime.SECOND, l);
                      }
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.TIME_12_HOUR:    { // 'r' (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)
                      char sep = ':';
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.HOUR_0, l).append(sep);
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.MINUTE, l).append(sep);
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.SECOND, l).append(' ');
                      // this may be in wrong place for some locales
                      StringBuilder tsb = new StringBuilder();
                      print(tsb, t, DateTime.AM_PM, l);
                      sb.append(tsb.toString().toUpperCase(l != null ? l : Locale.US));
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.DATE_TIME:    { // 'c' (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1999)
                      char sep = ' ';
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.NAME_OF_DAY_ABBREV, l).append(sep);
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.NAME_OF_MONTH_ABBREV, l).append(sep);
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.DAY_OF_MONTH_0, l).append(sep);
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.TIME, l).append(sep);
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.ZONE, l).append(sep);
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.YEAR_4, l);
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.DATE:            { // 'D' (mm/dd/yy)
                      char sep = '/';
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.MONTH, l).append(sep);
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.DAY_OF_MONTH_0, l).append(sep);
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.YEAR_2, l);
                      break;
                  }
                  case DateTime.ISO_STANDARD_DATE: { // 'F' (%Y-%m-%d)
                      char sep = '-';
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.YEAR_4, l).append(sep);
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.MONTH, l).append(sep);
                      print(sb, t, DateTime.DAY_OF_MONTH_0, l);
                      break;
                  }
                  default:
                      assert false;
                  }
              } catch (DateTimeException x) {
                  throw new IllegalFormatConversionException(c, t.getClass());
              }
              return sb;
          }
  
          // -- Methods to support throwing exceptions --
  
          private void failMismatch(Flags f, char c) {
              String fs = f.toString();
              throw new FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException(fs, c);
          }
  
          private void failConversion(char c, Object arg) {
              throw new IllegalFormatConversionException(c, arg.getClass());
          }
  
          private char getZero(Locale l) {
              if ((l != null) &&  !l.equals(locale())) {
                  DecimalFormatSymbols dfs = DecimalFormatSymbols.getInstance(l);
                  return dfs.getZeroDigit();
              }
              return zero;
          }
  
          private StringBuilder
              localizedMagnitude(StringBuilder sb, long value, Flags f,
                                 int width, Locale l)
          {
              char[] va = Long.toString(value, 10).toCharArray();
              return localizedMagnitude(sb, va, f, width, l);
          }
  
          private StringBuilder
              localizedMagnitude(StringBuilder sb, char[] value, Flags f,
                                 int width, Locale l)
          {
              if (sb == null)
                  sb = new StringBuilder();
              int begin = sb.length();
  
              char zero = getZero(l);
  
              // determine localized grouping separator and size
              char grpSep = '\0';
              int  grpSize = -1;
              char decSep = '\0';
  
              int len = value.length;
              int dot = len;
              for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
                  if (value[j] == '.') {
                      dot = j;
                      break;
                  }
              }
  
              if (dot < len) {
                  if (l == null || l.equals(Locale.US)) {
                      decSep  = '.';
                  } else {
                      DecimalFormatSymbols dfs = DecimalFormatSymbols.getInstance(l);
                      decSep  = dfs.getDecimalSeparator();
                  }
              }
  
              if (f.contains(Flags.GROUP)) {
                  if (l == null || l.equals(Locale.US)) {
                      grpSep = ',';
                      grpSize = 3;
                  } else {
                      DecimalFormatSymbols dfs = DecimalFormatSymbols.getInstance(l);
                      grpSep = dfs.getGroupingSeparator();
                      DecimalFormat df = (DecimalFormat) NumberFormat.getIntegerInstance(l);
                      grpSize = df.getGroupingSize();
                      // BEGIN Android-changed: Fix division by zero if group separator is not clear.
                      // http://b/33245708
                      // Some locales have a group separator but also patterns without groups.
                      // If we do not clear the group separator in these cases a divide by zero
                      // is thrown when determining where to place the separators.
                      if (!df.isGroupingUsed() || df.getGroupingSize() == 0) {
                          grpSep = '\0';
                      }
                      // END Android-changed: Fix division by zero if group separator is not clear.
                  }
              }
  
              // localize the digits inserting group separators as necessary
              for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
                  if (j == dot) {
                      sb.append(decSep);
                      // no more group separators after the decimal separator
                      grpSep = '\0';
                      continue;
                  }
  
                  char c = value[j];
                  sb.append((char) ((c - '0') + zero));
                  if (grpSep != '\0' && j != dot - 1 && ((dot - j) % grpSize == 1))
                      sb.append(grpSep);
              }
  
              // apply zero padding
              len = sb.length();
              if (width != -1 && f.contains(Flags.ZERO_PAD))
                  for (int k = 0; k < width - len; k++)
                      sb.insert(begin, zero);
  
              return sb;
          }
      }
  
      private static class Flags {
          private int flags;
  
          static final Flags NONE          = new Flags(0);      // ''
  
          // duplicate declarations from Formattable.java
          static final Flags LEFT_JUSTIFY  = new Flags(1<<0);   // '-'
          static final Flags UPPERCASE     = new Flags(1<<1);   // '^'
          static final Flags ALTERNATE     = new Flags(1<<2);   // '#'
  
          // numerics
          static final Flags PLUS          = new Flags(1<<3);   // '+'
          static final Flags LEADING_SPACE = new Flags(1<<4);   // ' '
          static final Flags ZERO_PAD      = new Flags(1<<5);   // '0'
          static final Flags GROUP         = new Flags(1<<6);   // ','
          static final Flags PARENTHESES   = new Flags(1<<7);   // '('
  
          // indexing
          static final Flags PREVIOUS      = new Flags(1<<8);   // '<'
  
          private Flags(int f) {
              flags = f;
          }
  
          public int valueOf() {
              return flags;
          }
  
          public boolean contains(Flags f) {
              return (flags & f.valueOf()) == f.valueOf();
          }
  
          public Flags dup() {
              return new Flags(flags);
          }
  
          private Flags add(Flags f) {
              flags |= f.valueOf();
              return this;
          }
  
          public Flags remove(Flags f) {
              flags &= ~f.valueOf();
              return this;
          }
  
          public static Flags parse(String s) {
              char[] ca = s.toCharArray();
              Flags f = new Flags(0);
              for (int i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) {
                  Flags v = parse(ca[i]);
                  if (f.contains(v))
                      throw new DuplicateFormatFlagsException(v.toString());
                  f.add(v);
              }
              return f;
          }
  
          // parse those flags which may be provided by users
          private static Flags parse(char c) {
              switch (c) {
              case '-': return LEFT_JUSTIFY;
              case '#': return ALTERNATE;
              case '+': return PLUS;
              case ' ': return LEADING_SPACE;
              case '0': return ZERO_PAD;
              case ',': return GROUP;
              case '(': return PARENTHESES;
              case '<': return PREVIOUS;
              default:
                  throw new UnknownFormatFlagsException(String.valueOf(c));
              }
          }
  
          // Returns a string representation of the current {@code Flags}.
          public static String toString(Flags f) {
              return f.toString();
          }
  
          public String toString() {
              StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
              if (contains(LEFT_JUSTIFY))  sb.append('-');
              if (contains(UPPERCASE))     sb.append('^');
              if (contains(ALTERNATE))     sb.append('#');
              if (contains(PLUS))          sb.append('+');
              if (contains(LEADING_SPACE)) sb.append(' ');
              if (contains(ZERO_PAD))      sb.append('0');
              if (contains(GROUP))         sb.append(',');
              if (contains(PARENTHESES))   sb.append('(');
              if (contains(PREVIOUS))      sb.append('<');
              return sb.toString();
          }
      }
  
      private static class Conversion {
          // Byte, Short, Integer, Long, BigInteger
          // (and associated primitives due to autoboxing)
          static final char DECIMAL_INTEGER     = 'd';
          static final char OCTAL_INTEGER       = 'o';
          static final char HEXADECIMAL_INTEGER = 'x';
          static final char HEXADECIMAL_INTEGER_UPPER = 'X';
  
          // Float, Double, BigDecimal
          // (and associated primitives due to autoboxing)
          static final char SCIENTIFIC          = 'e';
          static final char SCIENTIFIC_UPPER    = 'E';
          static final char GENERAL             = 'g';
          static final char GENERAL_UPPER       = 'G';
          static final char DECIMAL_FLOAT       = 'f';
          static final char HEXADECIMAL_FLOAT   = 'a';
          static final char HEXADECIMAL_FLOAT_UPPER = 'A';
  
          // Character, Byte, Short, Integer
          // (and associated primitives due to autoboxing)
          static final char CHARACTER           = 'c';
          static final char CHARACTER_UPPER     = 'C';
  
          // java.util.Date, java.util.Calendar, long
          static final char DATE_TIME           = 't';
          static final char DATE_TIME_UPPER     = 'T';
  
          // if (arg.TYPE != boolean) return boolean
          // if (arg != null) return true; else return false;
          static final char BOOLEAN             = 'b';
          static final char BOOLEAN_UPPER       = 'B';
          // if (arg instanceof Formattable) arg.formatTo()
          // else arg.toString();
          static final char STRING              = 's';
          static final char STRING_UPPER        = 'S';
          // arg.hashCode()
          static final char HASHCODE            = 'h';
          static final char HASHCODE_UPPER      = 'H';
  
          static final char LINE_SEPARATOR      = 'n';
          static final char PERCENT_SIGN        = '%';
  
          static boolean isValid(char c) {
              return (isGeneral(c) || isInteger(c) || isFloat(c) || isText(c)
                      || c == 't' || isCharacter(c));
          }
  
          // Returns true iff the Conversion is applicable to all objects.
          static boolean isGeneral(char c) {
              switch (c) {
              case BOOLEAN:
              case BOOLEAN_UPPER:
              case STRING:
              case STRING_UPPER:
              case HASHCODE:
              case HASHCODE_UPPER:
                  return true;
              default:
                  return false;
              }
          }
  
          // Returns true iff the Conversion is applicable to character.
          static boolean isCharacter(char c) {
              switch (c) {
              case CHARACTER:
              case CHARACTER_UPPER:
                  return true;
              default:
                  return false;
              }
          }
  
          // Returns true iff the Conversion is an integer type.
          static boolean isInteger(char c) {
              switch (c) {
              case DECIMAL_INTEGER:
              case OCTAL_INTEGER:
              case HEXADECIMAL_INTEGER:
              case HEXADECIMAL_INTEGER_UPPER:
                  return true;
              default:
                  return false;
              }
          }
  
          // Returns true iff the Conversion is a floating-point type.
          static boolean isFloat(char c) {
              switch (c) {
              case SCIENTIFIC:
              case SCIENTIFIC_UPPER:
              case GENERAL:
              case GENERAL_UPPER:
              case DECIMAL_FLOAT:
              case HEXADECIMAL_FLOAT:
              case HEXADECIMAL_FLOAT_UPPER:
                  return true;
              default:
                  return false;
              }
          }
  
          // Returns true iff the Conversion does not require an argument
          static boolean isText(char c) {
              switch (c) {
              case LINE_SEPARATOR:
              case PERCENT_SIGN:
                  return true;
              default:
                  return false;
              }
          }
      }
  
      private static class DateTime {
          static final char HOUR_OF_DAY_0 = 'H'; // (00 - 23)
          static final char HOUR_0        = 'I'; // (01 - 12)
          static final char HOUR_OF_DAY   = 'k'; // (0 - 23) -- like H
          static final char HOUR          = 'l'; // (1 - 12) -- like I
          static final char MINUTE        = 'M'; // (00 - 59)
          static final char NANOSECOND    = 'N'; // (000000000 - 999999999)
          static final char MILLISECOND   = 'L'; // jdk, not in gnu (000 - 999)
          static final char MILLISECOND_SINCE_EPOCH = 'Q'; // (0 - 99...?)
          static final char AM_PM         = 'p'; // (am or pm)
          static final char SECONDS_SINCE_EPOCH = 's'; // (0 - 99...?)
          static final char SECOND        = 'S'; // (00 - 60 - leap second)
          static final char TIME          = 'T'; // (24 hour hh:mm:ss)
          static final char ZONE_NUMERIC  = 'z'; // (-1200 - +1200) - ls minus?
          static final char ZONE          = 'Z'; // (symbol)
  
          // Date
          static final char NAME_OF_DAY_ABBREV    = 'a'; // 'a'
          static final char NAME_OF_DAY           = 'A'; // 'A'
          static final char NAME_OF_MONTH_ABBREV  = 'b'; // 'b'
          static final char NAME_OF_MONTH         = 'B'; // 'B'
          static final char CENTURY               = 'C'; // (00 - 99)
          static final char DAY_OF_MONTH_0        = 'd'; // (01 - 31)
          static final char DAY_OF_MONTH          = 'e'; // (1 - 31) -- like d
  // *    static final char ISO_WEEK_OF_YEAR_2    = 'g'; // cross %y %V
  // *    static final char ISO_WEEK_OF_YEAR_4    = 'G'; // cross %Y %V
          static final char NAME_OF_MONTH_ABBREV_X  = 'h'; // -- same b
          static final char DAY_OF_YEAR           = 'j'; // (001 - 366)
          static final char MONTH                 = 'm'; // (01 - 12)
  // *    static final char DAY_OF_WEEK_1         = 'u'; // (1 - 7) Monday
  // *    static final char WEEK_OF_YEAR_SUNDAY   = 'U'; // (0 - 53) Sunday+
  // *    static final char WEEK_OF_YEAR_MONDAY_01 = 'V'; // (01 - 53) Monday+
  // *    static final char DAY_OF_WEEK_0         = 'w'; // (0 - 6) Sunday
  // *    static final char WEEK_OF_YEAR_MONDAY   = 'W'; // (00 - 53) Monday
          static final char YEAR_2                = 'y'; // (00 - 99)
          static final char YEAR_4                = 'Y'; // (0000 - 9999)
  
          // Composites
          static final char TIME_12_HOUR  = 'r'; // (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)
          static final char TIME_24_HOUR  = 'R'; // (hh:mm same as %H:%M)
  // *    static final char LOCALE_TIME   = 'X'; // (%H:%M:%S) - parse format?
          static final char DATE_TIME             = 'c';
                                              // (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1999)
          static final char DATE                  = 'D'; // (mm/dd/yy)
          static final char ISO_STANDARD_DATE     = 'F'; // (%Y-%m-%d)
  // *    static final char LOCALE_DATE           = 'x'; // (mm/dd/yy)
  
          static boolean isValid(char c) {
              switch (c) {
              case HOUR_OF_DAY_0:
              case HOUR_0:
              case HOUR_OF_DAY:
              case HOUR:
              case MINUTE:
              case NANOSECOND:
              case MILLISECOND:
              case MILLISECOND_SINCE_EPOCH:
              case AM_PM:
              case SECONDS_SINCE_EPOCH:
              case SECOND:
              case TIME:
              case ZONE_NUMERIC:
              case ZONE:
  
              // Date
              case NAME_OF_DAY_ABBREV:
              case NAME_OF_DAY:
              case NAME_OF_MONTH_ABBREV:
              case NAME_OF_MONTH:
              case CENTURY:
              case DAY_OF_MONTH_0:
              case DAY_OF_MONTH:
  // *        case ISO_WEEK_OF_YEAR_2:
  // *        case ISO_WEEK_OF_YEAR_4:
              case NAME_OF_MONTH_ABBREV_X:
              case DAY_OF_YEAR:
              case MONTH:
  // *        case DAY_OF_WEEK_1:
  // *        case WEEK_OF_YEAR_SUNDAY:
  // *        case WEEK_OF_YEAR_MONDAY_01:
  // *        case DAY_OF_WEEK_0:
  // *        case WEEK_OF_YEAR_MONDAY:
              case YEAR_2:
              case YEAR_4:
  
              // Composites
              case TIME_12_HOUR:
              case TIME_24_HOUR:
  // *        case LOCALE_TIME:
              case DATE_TIME:
              case DATE:
              case ISO_STANDARD_DATE:
  // *        case LOCALE_DATE:
                  return true;
              default:
                  return false;
              }
          }
      }
  }
  