/*
 * Copyright (C) 2011 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
 * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
 * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
 * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
 * the License.
 */

package com.google.common.base;

import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;

import com.google.common.annotations.Beta;
import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Set;

import javax.annotation.Nullable;

/**
 * An immutable object that may contain a non-null reference to another object. Each instance of
 * this type either contains a non-null reference, or contains nothing (in which case we say that
 * the reference is "absent"); it is never said to "contain {@code
 * null}".
 *
 * <p>A non-null {@code Optional<T>} reference can be used as a replacement for a nullable {@code T}
 * reference. It allows you to represent "a {@code T} that must be present" and a
 * "a {@code T} that might be absent" as two distinct types in your program, which can aid clarity.
 *
 * <p>Some uses of this class include
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li>As a method return type, as an alternative to returning {@code null} to indicate that no
 *     value was available
 * <li>To distinguish between "unknown" (for example, not present in a map) and "known to have no
 *     value" (present in the map, with value {@code Optional.absent()})
 * <li>To wrap nullable references for storage in a collection that does not support {@code null}
 *     (though there are
 *     <a href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/LivingWithNullHostileCollections">several other
 *     approaches to this</a> that should be considered first)
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>A common alternative to using this class is to find or create a suitable
 * <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_Object_pattern">null object</a> for the type in
 * question.
 *
 * <p>This class is not intended as a direct analogue of any existing "option" or "maybe" construct
 * from other programming environments, though it may bear some similarities.
 *
 * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional} (JDK 8 and higher):</b> A new {@code Optional}
 * class was added for Java 8. The two classes are extremely similar, but incompatible (they cannot
 * share a common supertype). <i>All</i> known differences are listed either here or with the
 * relevant methods below.
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li>This class is serializable; {@code java.util.Optional} is not.
 * <li>{@code java.util.Optional} has the additional methods {@code ifPresent}, {@code filter},
 *     {@code flatMap}, and {@code orElseThrow}.
 * <li>{@code java.util} offers the primitive-specialized versions {@code OptionalInt}, {@code
 *     OptionalLong} and {@code OptionalDouble}, the use of which is recommended; Guava does not
 *     have these.
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p><b>There are no plans to deprecate this class in the foreseeable future.</b> However, we do
 * gently recommend that you prefer the new, standard Java class whenever possible.
 *
 * <p>See the Guava User Guide article on
 * <a href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/UsingAndAvoidingNullExplained#optional">using
 * {@code Optional}</a>.
 *
 * @param <T> the type of instance that can be contained. {@code Optional} is naturally covariant on
 *     this type, so it is safe to cast an {@code Optional<T>} to {@code
 *     Optional<S>} for any supertype {@code S} of {@code T}.
 * @author Kurt Alfred Kluever
 * @author Kevin Bourrillion
 * @since 10.0
 */
@GwtCompatible(serializable = true)
public abstract class Optional<T> implements Serializable {
  /**
   * Returns an {@code Optional} instance with no contained reference.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is equivalent to Java 8's
   * {@code Optional.empty}.
   */
  public static <T> Optional<T> absent() {
    return Absent.withType();
  }

  /**
   * Returns an {@code Optional} instance containing the given non-null reference. To have {@code
   * null} treated as {@link #absent}, use {@link #fromNullable} instead.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> no differences.
   *
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code reference} is null
   */
  public static <T> Optional<T> of(T reference) {
    return new Present<T>(checkNotNull(reference));
  }

  /**
   * If {@code nullableReference} is non-null, returns an {@code Optional} instance containing that
   * reference; otherwise returns {@link Optional#absent}.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is equivalent to Java 8's
   * {@code Optional.ofNullable}.
   */
  public static <T> Optional<T> fromNullable(@Nullable T nullableReference) {
    return (nullableReference == null)
        ? Optional.<T>absent()
        : new Present<T>(nullableReference);
  }

  Optional() {}

  /**
   * Returns {@code true} if this holder contains a (non-null) instance.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> no differences.
   */
  public abstract boolean isPresent();

  /**
   * Returns the contained instance, which must be present. If the instance might be absent, use
   * {@link #or(Object)} or {@link #orNull} instead.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> when the value is absent, this method
   * throws {@link IllegalStateException}, whereas the Java 8 counterpart throws
   * {@link NoSuchElementException}.
   *
   * @throws IllegalStateException if the instance is absent ({@link #isPresent} returns
   *     {@code false}); depending on this <i>specific</i> exception type (over the more general
   *     {@link RuntimeException}) is discouraged
   */
  public abstract T get();

  /**
   * Returns the contained instance if it is present; {@code defaultValue} otherwise. If no default
   * value should be required because the instance is known to be present, use {@link #get()}
   * instead. For a default value of {@code null}, use {@link #orNull}.
   *
   * <p>Note about generics: The signature {@code public T or(T defaultValue)} is overly
   * restrictive. However, the ideal signature, {@code public <S super T> S or(S)}, is not legal
   * Java. As a result, some sensible operations involving subtypes are compile errors:
   * <pre>   {@code
   *
   *   Optional<Integer> optionalInt = getSomeOptionalInt();
   *   Number value = optionalInt.or(0.5); // error
   *
   *   FluentIterable<? extends Number> numbers = getSomeNumbers();
   *   Optional<? extends Number> first = numbers.first();
   *   Number value = first.or(0.5); // error}</pre>
   *
   * <p>As a workaround, it is always safe to cast an {@code Optional<? extends T>} to {@code
   * Optional<T>}. Casting either of the above example {@code Optional} instances to {@code
   * Optional<Number>} (where {@code Number} is the desired output type) solves the problem:
   * <pre>   {@code
   *
   *   Optional<Number> optionalInt = (Optional) getSomeOptionalInt();
   *   Number value = optionalInt.or(0.5); // fine
   *
   *   FluentIterable<? extends Number> numbers = getSomeNumbers();
   *   Optional<Number> first = (Optional) numbers.first();
   *   Number value = first.or(0.5); // fine}</pre>
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is similar to Java 8's
   * {@code Optional.orElse}, but will not accept {@code null} as a {@code defaultValue}
   * ({@link #orNull} must be used instead). As a result, the value returned by this method is
   * guaranteed non-null, which is not the case for the {@code java.util} equivalent.
   */
  public abstract T or(T defaultValue);

  /**
   * Returns this {@code Optional} if it has a value present; {@code secondChoice} otherwise.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method has no equivalent in Java 8's
   * {@code Optional} class; write {@code thisOptional.isPresent() ? thisOptional : secondChoice}
   * instead.
   */
  public abstract Optional<T> or(Optional<? extends T> secondChoice);

  /**
   * Returns the contained instance if it is present; {@code supplier.get()} otherwise.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is similar to Java 8's
   * {@code Optional.orElseGet}, except when {@code supplier} returns {@code null}. In this case
   * this method throws an exception, whereas the Java 8 method returns the {@code null} to the
   * caller.
   *
   * @throws NullPointerException if this optional's value is absent and the supplier returns
   *     {@code null}
   */
  @Beta
  public abstract T or(Supplier<? extends T> supplier);

  /**
   * Returns the contained instance if it is present; {@code null} otherwise. If the instance is
   * known to be present, use {@link #get()} instead.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is equivalent to Java 8's
   * {@code Optional.orElse(null)}.
   */
  @Nullable
  public abstract T orNull();

  /**
   * Returns an immutable singleton {@link Set} whose only element is the contained instance if it
   * is present; an empty immutable {@link Set} otherwise.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method has no equivalent in Java 8's
   * {@code Optional} class. However, this common usage: <pre>   {@code
   *
   *   for (Foo foo : possibleFoo.asSet()) {
   *     doSomethingWith(foo);
   *   }}</pre>
   *
   * ... can be replaced with: <pre>   {@code
   *
   *   possibleFoo.ifPresent(foo -> doSomethingWith(foo));}</pre>
   *
   * @since 11.0
   */
  public abstract Set<T> asSet();

  /**
   * If the instance is present, it is transformed with the given {@link Function}; otherwise,
   * {@link Optional#absent} is returned.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is similar to Java 8's
   * {@code Optional.map}, except when {@code function} returns {@code null}. In this case this
   * method throws an exception, whereas the Java 8 method returns {@code Optional.absent()}.
   *
   * @throws NullPointerException if the function returns {@code null}
   * @since 12.0
   */
  public abstract <V> Optional<V> transform(Function<? super T, V> function);

  /**
   * Returns {@code true} if {@code object} is an {@code Optional} instance, and either the
   * contained references are {@linkplain Object#equals equal} to each other or both are absent.
   * Note that {@code Optional} instances of differing parameterized types can be equal.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> no differences.
   */
  @Override
  public abstract boolean equals(@Nullable Object object);

  /**
   * Returns a hash code for this instance.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this class leaves the specific choice of
   * hash code unspecified, unlike the Java 8 equivalent.
   */
  @Override
  public abstract int hashCode();

  /**
   * Returns a string representation for this instance.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this class leaves the specific string
   * representation unspecified, unlike the Java 8 equivalent.
   */
  @Override
  public abstract String toString();

  /**
   * Returns the value of each present instance from the supplied {@code optionals}, in order,
   * skipping over occurrences of {@link Optional#absent}. Iterators are unmodifiable and are
   * evaluated lazily.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method has no equivalent in Java 8's
   * {@code Optional} class; use
   * {@code optionals.stream().filter(Optional::isPresent).map(Optional::get)} instead.
   *
   * @since 11.0 (generics widened in 13.0)
   */
  @Beta
  public static <T> Iterable<T> presentInstances(
      final Iterable<? extends Optional<? extends T>> optionals) {
    checkNotNull(optionals);
    return new Iterable<T>() {
      @Override
      public Iterator<T> iterator() {
        return new AbstractIterator<T>() {
          private final Iterator<? extends Optional<? extends T>> iterator =
              checkNotNull(optionals.iterator());

          @Override
          protected T computeNext() {
            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
              Optional<? extends T> optional = iterator.next();
              if (optional.isPresent()) {
                return optional.get();
              }
            }
            return endOfData();
          }
        };
      }
    };
  }

  private static final long serialVersionUID = 0;
}
