content: /*
   * Copyright (C) 2007 The Guava Authors
   *
   * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
   * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
   *
   * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
   * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
   * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
   * the License.
   */
  package org.apache.arrow.util;
  
  import org.checkerframework.dataflow.qual.AssertMethod;
  
  /**
   * Static convenience methods that help a method or constructor check whether it was invoked
   * correctly (whether its <i>preconditions</i> have been met). These methods generally accept a
   * {@code boolean} expression which is expected to be {@code true} (or in the case of {@code
   * checkNotNull}, an object reference which is expected to be non-null). When {@code false} (or
   * {@code null}) is passed instead, the {@code Preconditions} method throws an unchecked exception,
   * which helps the calling method communicate to <i>its</i> caller that <i>that</i> caller has made
   * a mistake. Example:
   *
   * <pre>{@code
   * /**
   *  * Returns the positive square root of the given value.
   *  *
   *  * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is negative
   *  *}{@code /
   * public static double sqrt(double value) {
   *   Preconditions.checkArgument(value >= 0.0, "negative value: %s", value);
   *   // calculate the square root
   * }
   *
   * void exampleBadCaller() {
   *   double d = sqrt(-1.0);
   * }
   * }</pre>
   *
   * <p>In this example, {@code checkArgument} throws an {@code IllegalArgumentException} to indicate
   * that {@code exampleBadCaller} made an error in <i>its</i> call to {@code sqrt}.
   *
   * <h3>Warning about performance</h3>
   *
   * <p>The goal of this class is to improve readability of code, but in some circumstances this may
   * come at a significant performance cost. Remember that parameter values for message construction
   * must all be computed eagerly, and autoboxing and varargs array creation may happen as well, even
   * when the precondition check then succeeds (as it should almost always do in production). In some
   * circumstances these wasted CPU cycles and allocations can add up to a real problem.
   * Performance-sensitive precondition checks can always be converted to the customary form:
   *
   * <pre>{@code
   * if (value < 0.0) {
   *   throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative value: " + value);
   * }
   * }</pre>
   *
   * <h3>Other types of preconditions</h3>
   *
   * <p>Not every type of precondition failure is supported by these methods. Continue to throw
   * standard JDK exceptions such as {@link java.util.NoSuchElementException} or {@link
   * UnsupportedOperationException} in the situations they are intended for.
   *
   * <h3>Non-preconditions</h3>
   *
   * <p>It is of course possible to use the methods of this class to check for invalid conditions
   * which are <i>not the caller's fault</i>. Doing so is <b>not recommended</b> because it is
   * misleading to future readers of the code and of stack traces. See <a
   * href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/ConditionalFailuresExplained">Conditional failures
   * explained</a> in the Guava User Guide for more advice.
   *
   * <h3>{@code java.util.Objects.requireNonNull()}</h3>
   *
   * <p>Projects which use {@code com.google.common} should generally avoid the use of {@link
   * java.util.Objects#requireNonNull(Object)}. Instead, use whichever of {@link
   * #checkNotNull(Object)} or {@link Verify#verifyNotNull(Object)} is appropriate to the situation.
   * (The same goes for the message-accepting overloads.)
   *
   * <h3>Only {@code %s} is supported</h3>
   *
   * <p>In {@code Preconditions} error message template strings, only the {@code "%s"} specifier is
   * supported, not the full range of {@link java.util.Formatter} specifiers.
   *
   * <h3>More information</h3>
   *
   * <p>See the Guava User Guide on <a
   * href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/PreconditionsExplained">using {@code
   * Preconditions}</a>.
   *
   * @author Kevin Bourrillion
   * @since 2.0
   */
  public final class Preconditions {
    private Preconditions() {}
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * @param expression a boolean expression
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code expression} is false
     */
    @AssertMethod
    public static void checkArgument(boolean expression) {
      if (!expression) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException();
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * @param expression a boolean expression
     * @param errorMessage the exception message to use if the check fails; will be converted to a
     *     string using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code expression} is false
     */
    @AssertMethod
    public static void checkArgument(boolean expression, Object errorMessage) {
      if (!expression) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.valueOf(errorMessage));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * @param expression a boolean expression
     * @param errorMessageTemplate a template for the exception message should the check fail. The
     *     message is formed by replacing each {@code %s} placeholder in the template with an
     *     argument. These are matched by position - the first {@code %s} gets {@code
     *     errorMessageArgs[0]}, etc. Unmatched arguments will be appended to the formatted message in
     *     square braces. Unmatched placeholders will be left as-is.
     * @param errorMessageArgs the arguments to be substituted into the message template. Arguments
     *     are converted to strings using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code expression} is false
     * @throws NullPointerException if the check fails and either {@code errorMessageTemplate} or
     *     {@code errorMessageArgs} is null (don't let this happen)
     */
    public static void checkArgument(
        boolean expression, String errorMessageTemplate, Object... errorMessageArgs) {
      if (!expression) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, errorMessageArgs));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, char p1) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, int p1) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, long p1) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, char p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, int p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, long p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, Object p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, char p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, int p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, long p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, Object p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, char p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, int p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, long p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, Object p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, char p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, int p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, long p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, Object p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(
        boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, Object p2, Object p3) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2, p3));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkArgument(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkArgument(
        boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, Object p2, Object p3, Object p4) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2, p3, p4));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * @param expression a boolean expression
     * @throws IllegalStateException if {@code expression} is false
     */
    @AssertMethod
    public static void checkState(boolean expression) {
      if (!expression) {
        throw new IllegalStateException();
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * @param expression a boolean expression
     * @param errorMessage the exception message to use if the check fails; will be converted to a
     *     string using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}
     * @throws IllegalStateException if {@code expression} is false
     */
    @AssertMethod
    public static void checkState(boolean expression, Object errorMessage) {
      if (!expression) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(String.valueOf(errorMessage));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * @param expression a boolean expression
     * @param errorMessageTemplate a template for the exception message should the check fail. The
     *     message is formed by replacing each {@code %s} placeholder in the template with an
     *     argument. These are matched by position - the first {@code %s} gets {@code
     *     errorMessageArgs[0]}, etc. Unmatched arguments will be appended to the formatted message in
     *     square braces. Unmatched placeholders will be left as-is.
     * @param errorMessageArgs the arguments to be substituted into the message template. Arguments
     *     are converted to strings using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}.
     * @throws IllegalStateException if {@code expression} is false
     * @throws NullPointerException if the check fails and either {@code errorMessageTemplate} or
     *     {@code errorMessageArgs} is null (don't let this happen)
     */
    public static void checkState(
        boolean expression, String errorMessageTemplate, Object... errorMessageArgs) {
      if (!expression) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, errorMessageArgs));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, char p1) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, int p1) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, long p1) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, char p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, int p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, long p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, Object p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, char p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, int p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, long p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, Object p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, char p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, int p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, long p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, Object p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, char p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, int p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, long p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, Object p2) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(
        boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, Object p2, Object p3) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2, p3));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not
     * involving any parameters to the calling method.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkState(boolean, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static void checkState(
        boolean b, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, Object p2, Object p3, Object p4) {
      if (!b) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2, p3, p4));
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * @param reference an object reference
     * @return the non-null reference that was validated
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code reference} is null
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T reference) {
      if (reference == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException();
      }
      return reference;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * @param reference an object reference
     * @param errorMessage the exception message to use if the check fails; will be converted to a
     *     string using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}
     * @return the non-null reference that was validated
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code reference} is null
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T reference, Object errorMessage) {
      if (reference == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(String.valueOf(errorMessage));
      }
      return reference;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * @param reference an object reference
     * @param errorMessageTemplate a template for the exception message should the check fail. The
     *     message is formed by replacing each {@code %s} placeholder in the template with an
     *     argument. These are matched by position - the first {@code %s} gets {@code
     *     errorMessageArgs[0]}, etc. Unmatched arguments will be appended to the formatted message in
     *     square braces. Unmatched placeholders will be left as-is.
     * @param errorMessageArgs the arguments to be substituted into the message template. Arguments
     *     are converted to strings using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}.
     * @return the non-null reference that was validated
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code reference} is null
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(
        T reference, String errorMessageTemplate, Object... errorMessageArgs) {
      if (reference == null) {
        // If either of these parameters is null, the right thing happens anyway
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, errorMessageArgs));
      }
      return reference;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, char p1) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, int p1) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, long p1) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, char p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, int p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, long p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, char p1, Object p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, char p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, int p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, long p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, int p1, Object p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, char p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, int p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, long p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, long p1, Object p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, char p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, int p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, long p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, Object p2) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(
        T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, Object p2, Object p3) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2, p3));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
     *
     * <p>See {@link #checkNotNull(Object, String, Object...)} for details.
     */
    public static <T> T checkNotNull(
        T obj, String errorMessageTemplate, Object p1, Object p2, Object p3, Object p4) {
      if (obj == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException(format(errorMessageTemplate, p1, p2, p3, p4));
      }
      return obj;
    }
  
    /*
     * All recent hotspots (as of 2009) *really* like to have the natural code
     *
     * if (guardExpression) {
     *    throw new BadException(messageExpression);
     * }
     *
     * refactored so that messageExpression is moved to a separate String-returning method.
     *
     * if (guardExpression) {
     *    throw new BadException(badMsg(...));
     * }
     *
     * The alternative natural refactorings into void or Exception-returning methods are much slower.
     * This is a big deal - we're talking factors of 2-8 in microbenchmarks, not just 10-20%. (This is
     * a hotspot optimizer bug, which should be fixed, but that's a separate, big project).
     *
     * The coding pattern above is heavily used in java.util, e.g. in ArrayList. There is a
     * RangeCheckMicroBenchmark in the JDK that was used to test this.
     *
     * But the methods in this class want to throw different exceptions, depending on the args, so it
     * appears that this pattern is not directly applicable. But we can use the ridiculous, devious
     * trick of throwing an exception in the middle of the construction of another exception. Hotspot
     * is fine with that.
     */
  
    /**
     * Ensures that {@code index} specifies a valid <i>element</i> in an array, list or string of size
     * {@code size}. An element index may range from zero, inclusive, to {@code size}, exclusive.
     *
     * @param index a user-supplied index identifying an element of an array, list or string
     * @param size the size of that array, list or string
     * @return the value of {@code index}
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code index} is negative or is not less than {@code size}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
     */
    public static int checkElementIndex(int index, int size) {
      return checkElementIndex(index, size, "index");
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that {@code index} specifies a valid <i>element</i> in an array, list or string of size
     * {@code size}. An element index may range from zero, inclusive, to {@code size}, exclusive.
     *
     * @param index a user-supplied index identifying an element of an array, list or string
     * @param size the size of that array, list or string
     * @param desc the text to use to describe this index in an error message
     * @return the value of {@code index}
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code index} is negative or is not less than {@code size}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
     */
    public static int checkElementIndex(int index, int size, String desc) {
      // Carefully optimized for execution by hotspot (explanatory comment above)
      if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
        throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(badElementIndex(index, size, desc));
      }
      return index;
    }
  
    private static String badElementIndex(int index, int size, String desc) {
      if (index < 0) {
        return format("%s (%s) must not be negative", desc, index);
      } else if (size < 0) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative size: " + size);
      } else { // index >= size
        return format("%s (%s) must be less than size (%s)", desc, index, size);
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that {@code index} specifies a valid <i>position</i> in an array, list or string of
     * size {@code size}. A position index may range from zero to {@code size}, inclusive.
     *
     * @param index a user-supplied index identifying a position in an array, list or string
     * @param size the size of that array, list or string
     * @return the value of {@code index}
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code index} is negative or is greater than {@code size}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
     */
    public static long checkPositionIndex(long index, long size) {
      return checkPositionIndex(index, size, "index");
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that {@code index} specifies a valid <i>position</i> in an array, list or string of
     * size {@code size}. A position index may range from zero to {@code size}, inclusive.
     *
     * @param index a user-supplied index identifying a position in an array, list or string
     * @param size the size of that array, list or string
     * @param desc the text to use to describe this index in an error message
     * @return the value of {@code index}
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code index} is negative or is greater than {@code size}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
     */
    public static long checkPositionIndex(long index, long size, String desc) {
      // Carefully optimized for execution by hotspot (explanatory comment above)
      if (index < 0 || index > size) {
        throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(badPositionIndex(index, size, desc));
      }
      return index;
    }
  
    private static String badPositionIndex(long index, long size, String desc) {
      if (index < 0) {
        return format("%s (%s) must not be negative", desc, index);
      } else if (size < 0) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative size: " + size);
      } else { // index > size
        return format("%s (%s) must not be greater than size (%s)", desc, index, size);
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Ensures that {@code start} and {@code end} specify a valid <i>positions</i> in an array, list
     * or string of size {@code size}, and are in order. A position index may range from zero to
     * {@code size}, inclusive.
     *
     * @param start a user-supplied index identifying a starting position in an array, list or string
     * @param end a user-supplied index identifying a ending position in an array, list or string
     * @param size the size of that array, list or string
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if either index is negative or is greater than {@code size},
     *     or if {@code end} is less than {@code start}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
     */
    public static void checkPositionIndexes(int start, int end, int size) {
      // Carefully optimized for execution by hotspot (explanatory comment above)
      if (start < 0 || end < start || end > size) {
        throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(badPositionIndexes(start, end, size));
      }
    }
  
    private static String badPositionIndexes(int start, int end, int size) {
      if (start < 0 || start > size) {
        return badPositionIndex(start, size, "start index");
      }
      if (end < 0 || end > size) {
        return badPositionIndex(end, size, "end index");
      }
      // end < start
      return format("end index (%s) must not be less than start index (%s)", end, start);
    }
  
    /**
     * Substitutes each {@code %s} in {@code template} with an argument. These are matched by
     * position: the first {@code %s} gets {@code args[0]}, etc. If there are more arguments than
     * placeholders, the unmatched arguments will be appended to the end of the formatted message in
     * square braces.
     *
     * @param template a non-null string containing 0 or more {@code %s} placeholders.
     * @param args the arguments to be substituted into the message template. Arguments are converted
     *     to strings using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}. Arguments can be null.
     */
    // Note that this is somewhat-improperly used from Verify.java as well.
    static String format(String template, Object... args) {
      template = String.valueOf(template); // null -> "null"
  
      // start substituting the arguments into the '%s' placeholders
      StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(template.length() + 16 * args.length);
      int templateStart = 0;
      int i = 0;
      while (i < args.length) {
        int placeholderStart = template.indexOf("%s", templateStart);
        if (placeholderStart == -1) {
          break;
        }
        builder.append(template, templateStart, placeholderStart);
        builder.append(args[i++]);
        templateStart = placeholderStart + 2;
      }
      builder.append(template, templateStart, template.length());
  
      // if we run out of placeholders, append the extra args in square braces
      if (i < args.length) {
        builder.append(" [");
        builder.append(args[i++]);
        while (i < args.length) {
          builder.append(", ");
          builder.append(args[i++]);
        }
        builder.append(']');
      }
  
      return builder.toString();
    }
  }
  