#
BioGPT

##
개요

BioGPT는 Renqian Luo, Liai Sun, Yingce Xia, Tao Qin, Sheng Zhang, Hoifung Poon, Tie-Yan Liu에 의해 BioGPT: generative pre-trained transformer for biomedical text generation and mining 에서 제안된 모델입니다. BioGPT는 생물의학 텍스트 생성과 마이닝을 위해 도메인에 특화된 생성형 사전 학습 트랜스포머 언어 모델입니다. BioGPT는 트랜스포머 언어 모델 구조를 따르며, 1,500만 개의 PubMed 초록을 이용해 처음부터 학습되었습니다.

논문의 초록은 다음과 같습니다:

생물의학 분야에서 사전 학습된 언어 모델은 일반 자연어 처리 분야에서의 성공에 영감을 받아 점점 더 많은 주목을 받고 있습니다. 일반 언어 분야에서 사전 학습된 언어 모델의 두 가지 주요 계통인 BERT(및 그 변형)와 GPT(및 그 변형) 중 첫 번째는 생물의학 분야에서 BioBERT와 PubMedBERT와 같이 광범위하게 연구되었습니다. 이들은 다양한 분류 기반의 생물의학 작업에서 큰 성공을 거두었지만, 생성 능력의 부족은 그들의 적용 범위를 제한했습니다. 본 논문에서는 대규모 생물의학 문헌을 사전 학습한 도메인 특화 생성형 트랜스포머 언어 모델인 BioGPT를 제안합니다. 우리는 6개의 생물의학 자연어 처리 작업에서 BioGPT를 평가한 결과, 대부분의 작업에서 이전 모델보다 우수한 성능을 보였습니다. 특히, BC5CDR, KD-DTI, DDI 엔드-투-엔드 관계 추출 작업에서 각각 44.98%, 38.42%, 40.76%의 F1 점수를 기록하였으며, PubMedQA에서 78.2%의 정확도를 달성해 새로운 기록을 세웠습니다. 또한 텍스트 생성에 대한 사례 연구는 생물의학 용어에 대한 유창한 설명을 생성하는 데 있어 BioGPT의 장점을 더욱 입증했습니다.

이 모델은 kamalkraj에 의해 기여되었습니다. 원본 코드는 여기에서 찾을 수 있습니다.

##
사용 팁

- BioGPT는 절대적 위치 임베딩(absolute position embedding)을 사용하므로, 입력을 왼쪽이 아닌 오른쪽에서 패딩하는 것이 권장됩니다.
- BioGPT는 인과적 언어 모델링(Casual Langague Modeling, CLM) 목표로 학습되었기 때문에, 다음 토큰을 예측하는 데 강력한 성능을 보입니다. 이 기능을 활용하여 BioGPT는 구문적으로 일관된 텍스트를 생성할 수 있으며, 예시 스크립트 `run_generation.py`에서 이를 확인할 수 있습니다.
- 이 모델은 `past_key_values`(PyTorch 용)를 입력으로 받을 수 있는데, 이는 이전에 계산된 키/값 어텐션 쌍입니다. 이 값을 사용하면 텍스트 생성 중 이미 계산된 값을 다시 계산하지 않도록 할 수 있습니다. PyTorch에서 `past_key_values` 인수는 BioGptForCausalLM.forward() 메소드에서 자세히 설명되어 있습니다.

###
Scaled Dot Product Attention(SDPA) 사용

PyTorch는 `torch.nn.functional`의 일부로 스케일된 점곱 어텐션(SDPA) 연산자를 기본적으로 포함합니다. 이 함수는 입력과 사용 중인 하드웨어에 따라 여러 구현을 적용할 수 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 공식 문서 또는 GPU 추론 페이지를 참조하세요.

`torch>=2.1.1`에서 구현이 가능한 경우 SDPA는 기본적으로 사용되며, `attn_implementation="sdpa"`를 `from_pretrained()`에서 설정하여 SDPA 사용을 명시적으로 요청할 수 있습니다.

    from transformers import BioGptForCausalLM
    model = BioGptForCausalLM.from_pretrained("microsoft/biogpt", attn_implementation="sdpa", torch_dtype=torch.float16)

NVIDIA GeForce RTX 2060-8GB, PyTorch 2.3.1, Ubuntu 20.04 환경에서 `float16` 및 CausalLM 헤드가 있는 `microsoft/biogpt` 모델로 로컬 벤치마크를 수행한 결과, 훈련 중 다음과 같은 속도 향상을 확인했습니다.

최적의 속도 향상을 위해 모델을 반정밀도(예: `torch.float16` 또는 `torch.bfloat16`)로 로드하는 것이 좋습니다.

num_training_steps | batch_size | seq_len | is cuda | Time per batch (eager - s) | Time per batch (sdpa - s) | Speedup (%) | Eager peak mem (MB) | sdpa peak mem (MB) | Mem saving (%)
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
100 | 1 | 128 | False | 0.038 | 0.031 | 21.301 | 1601.862 | 1601.497 | 0.023
100 | 1 | 256 | False | 0.039 | 0.034 | 15.084 | 1624.944 | 1625.296 | -0.022
100 | 2 | 128 | False | 0.039 | 0.033 | 16.820 | 1624.567 | 1625.296 | -0.045
100 | 2 | 256 | False | 0.065 | 0.059 | 10.255 | 1672.164 | 1672.164 | 0.000
100 | 4 | 128 | False | 0.062 | 0.058 | 6.998 | 1671.435 | 1672.164 | -0.044
100 | 4 | 256 | False | 0.113 | 0.100 | 13.316 | 2350.179 | 1848.435 | 27.144
100 | 8 | 128 | False | 0.107 | 0.098 | 9.883 | 2098.521 | 1848.435 | 13.530
100 | 8 | 256 | False | 0.222 | 0.196 | 13.413 | 3989.980 | 2986.492 | 33.601

NVIDIA GeForce RTX 2060-8GB, PyTorch 2.3.1, Ubuntu 20.04 환경에서 `float16` 및 AutoModel 헤드가 있는 `microsoft/biogpt` 모델로 추론 중 다음과 같은 속도 향상을 확인했습니다.

num_batches | batch_size | seq_len | is cuda | is half | use mask | Per token latency eager (ms) | Per token latency SDPA (ms) | Speedup (%) | Mem eager (MB) | Mem BT (MB) | Mem saved (%)
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
50 | 1 | 64 | True | True | True | 0.115 | 0.098 | 17.392 | 716.998 | 716.998 | 0.000
50 | 1 | 128 | True | True | True | 0.115 | 0.093 | 24.640 | 730.916 | 730.916 | 0.000
50 | 2 | 64 | True | True | True | 0.114 | 0.096 | 19.204 | 730.900 | 730.900 | 0.000
50 | 2 | 128 | True | True | True | 0.117 | 0.095 | 23.529 | 759.262 | 759.262 | 0.000
50 | 4 | 64 | True | True | True | 0.113 | 0.096 | 18.325 | 759.229 | 759.229 | 0.000
50 | 4 | 128 | True | True | True | 0.186 | 0.178 | 4.289 | 816.478 | 816.478 | 0.000

##
리소스

- 인과적 언어 모델링 작업 가이드

##
BioGptConfig

###
class transformers.BioGptConfig

< source >

( vocab_size = 42384 hidden_size = 1024 num_hidden_layers = 24 num_attention_heads = 16 intermediate_size = 4096 hidden_act = 'gelu' hidden_dropout_prob = 0.1 attention_probs_dropout_prob = 0.1 max_position_embeddings = 1024 initializer_range = 0.02 layer_norm_eps = 1e-12 scale_embedding = True use_cache = True layerdrop = 0.0 activation_dropout = 0.0 pad_token_id = 1 bos_token_id = 0 eos_token_id = 2 **kwargs )

Parameters

- vocab_size (`int`, optional, defaults to 42384) — Vocabulary size of the BioGPT model. Defines the number of different tokens that can be represented by the `inputs_ids` passed when calling BioGptModel.
- hidden_size (`int`, optional, defaults to 1024) — Dimension of the encoder layers and the pooler layer.
- num_hidden_layers (`int`, optional, defaults to 24) — Number of hidden layers in the Transformer encoder.
- num_attention_heads (`int`, optional, defaults to 16) — Number of attention heads for each attention layer in the Transformer encoder.
- intermediate_size (`int`, optional, defaults to 4096) — Dimension of the “intermediate” (i.e., feed-forward) layer in the Transformer encoder.
- hidden_act (`str` or `function`, optional, defaults to `"gelu"`) — The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the encoder and pooler. If string, `"gelu"`, `"relu"`, `"selu"` and `"gelu_new"` are supported.
- hidden_dropout_prob (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.1) — The dropout probability for all fully connected layers in the embeddings, encoder, and pooler.
- attention_probs_dropout_prob (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.1) — The dropout ratio for the attention probabilities.
- max_position_embeddings (`int`, optional, defaults to 1024) — The maximum sequence length that this model might ever be used with. Typically set this to something large just in case (e.g., 512 or 1024 or 2048).
- initializer_range (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.02) — The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices.
- layer_norm_eps (`float`, optional, defaults to 1e-12) — The epsilon used by the layer normalization layers.
- scale_embedding (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — Scale embeddings by diving by sqrt(d_model).
- use_cache (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — Whether or not the model should return the last key/values attentions (not used by all models). Only relevant if `config.is_decoder=True`.
- layerdrop (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.0) — Please refer to the paper about LayerDrop: https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11556 for further details
- activation_dropout (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.0) — The dropout ratio for activations inside the fully connected layer.
- pad_token_id (`int`, optional, defaults to 1) — Padding token id.
- bos_token_id (`int`, optional, defaults to 0) — Beginning of stream token id.
- eos_token_id (`int`, optional, defaults to 2) — End of stream token id.

This is the configuration class to store the configuration of a BioGptModel. It is used to instantiate an BioGPT model according to the specified arguments, defining the model architecture. Instantiating a configuration with the defaults will yield a similar configuration to that of the BioGPT microsoft/biogpt architecture.

Configuration objects inherit from PretrainedConfig and can be used to control the model outputs. Read the documentation from PretrainedConfig for more information.

Example:

    >>> from transformers import BioGptModel, BioGptConfig

    >>> # Initializing a BioGPT microsoft/biogpt style configuration
    >>> configuration = BioGptConfig()

    >>> # Initializing a model from the microsoft/biogpt style configuration
    >>> model = BioGptModel(configuration)

    >>> # Accessing the model configuration
    >>> configuration = model.config

##
BioGptTokenizer

###
class transformers.BioGptTokenizer

< source >

( vocab_file merges_file unk_token = '<unk>' bos_token = '<s>' eos_token = '</s>' sep_token = '</s>' pad_token = '<pad>' **kwargs )

Parameters

- vocab_file (`str`) — Path to the vocabulary file.
- merges_file (`str`) — Merges file.
- unk_token (`str`, optional, defaults to `"<unk>"`) — The unknown token. A token that is not in the vocabulary cannot be converted to an ID and is set to be this token instead.
- bos_token (`str`, optional, defaults to `"<s>"`) — The beginning of sequence token that was used during pretraining. Can be used a sequence classifier token.

  When building a sequence using special tokens, this is not the token that is used for the beginning of sequence. The token used is the `cls_token`.

- eos_token (`str`, optional, defaults to `"</s>"`) — The end of sequence token.

  When building a sequence using special tokens, this is not the token that is used for the end of sequence. The token used is the `sep_token`.

- sep_token (`str`, optional, defaults to `"</s>"`) — The separator token, which is used when building a sequence from multiple sequences, e.g. two sequences for sequence classification or for a text and a question for question answering. It is also used as the last token of a sequence built with special tokens.
- pad_token (`str`, optional, defaults to `"<pad>"`) — The token used for padding, for example when batching sequences of different lengths.

Construct an FAIRSEQ Transformer tokenizer. Moses tokenization followed by Byte-Pair Encoding.

This tokenizer inherits from `PreTrainedTokenizer` which contains most of the main methods. Users should refer to this superclass for more information regarding those methods.

####
save_vocabulary

< source >

( save_directory: str filename_prefix: typing.Optional[str] = None )

##
BioGptModel

###
class transformers.BioGptModel

< source >

( config: BioGptConfig )

Parameters

- config (BioGptConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

The bare Biogpt Model outputting raw hidden-states without any specific head on top.

This model inherits from PreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)

This model is also a PyTorch torch.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

####
forward

< source >

( input_ids: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None head_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None inputs_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None past_key_values: typing.Optional[typing.Tuple[typing.Tuple[torch.Tensor]]] = None use_cache: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None **kwargs ) →
transformers.modeling_outputs.BaseModelOutputWithPastAndCrossAttentions or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

Parameters

- input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default.

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  What are input IDs?

- attention_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 for tokens that are not masked,
  - 0 for tokens that are masked.

  What are attention masks?

- head_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(num_heads,)` or `(num_layers, num_heads)`, optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 indicates the head is not masked,
  - 0 indicates the head is masked.
- inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, optional) — Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert `input_ids` indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
- past_key_values (`Tuple[Tuple[torch.Tensor]]`, optional) — Pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used to speed up sequential decoding. This typically consists in the `past_key_values` returned by the model at a previous stage of decoding, when `use_cache=True` or `config.use_cache=True`.

  Two formats are allowed:

  - a Cache instance, see our kv cache guide;
  - Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`). This is also known as the legacy cache format.

  The model will output the same cache format that is fed as input. If no `past_key_values` are passed, the legacy cache format will be returned.

  If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `input_ids` (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all `input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`.

- use_cache (`bool`, optional) — If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see `past_key_values`).
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.

Returns

transformers.modeling_outputs.BaseModelOutputWithPastAndCrossAttentions or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

A transformers.modeling_outputs.BaseModelOutputWithPastAndCrossAttentions or a tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (BioGptConfig) and inputs.

- last_hidden_state (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`) — Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model.

  If `past_key_values` is used only the last hidden-state of the sequences of shape `(batch_size, 1, hidden_size)` is output.

- past_key_values (`Cache`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — It is a Cache instance. For more details, see our kv cache guide.

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and optionally if `config.is_encoder_decoder=True` in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

- hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

- cross_attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` and `config.add_cross_attention=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights of the decoder’s cross-attention layer, after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the cross-attention heads.

The BioGptModel forward method, overrides the `__call__` special method.

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the `Module` instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

##
BioGptForCausalLM

###
class transformers.BioGptForCausalLM

< source >

( config )

Parameters

- config (BioGptForCausalLM) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

BioGPT Model with a `language modeling` head on top for CLM fine-tuning.

This model inherits from PreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)

This model is also a PyTorch torch.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

####
forward

< source >

( input_ids: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None head_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None inputs_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None past_key_values: typing.Optional[typing.Tuple[typing.Tuple[torch.Tensor]]] = None labels: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None use_cache: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None **kwargs ) →
transformers.modeling_outputs.CausalLMOutputWithCrossAttentions or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

Parameters

- input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default.

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  What are input IDs?

- attention_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 for tokens that are not masked,
  - 0 for tokens that are masked.

  What are attention masks?

- head_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(num_heads,)` or `(num_layers, num_heads)`, optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 indicates the head is not masked,
  - 0 indicates the head is masked.
- inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, optional) — Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert `input_ids` indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
- past_key_values (`Tuple[Tuple[torch.Tensor]]`, optional) — Pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used to speed up sequential decoding. This typically consists in the `past_key_values` returned by the model at a previous stage of decoding, when `use_cache=True` or `config.use_cache=True`.

  Two formats are allowed:

  - a Cache instance, see our kv cache guide;
  - Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`). This is also known as the legacy cache format.

  The model will output the same cache format that is fed as input. If no `past_key_values` are passed, the legacy cache format will be returned.

  If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `input_ids` (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all `input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`.

- labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Labels for language modeling. Note that the labels are shifted inside the model, i.e. you can set `labels = input_ids` Indices are selected in `[-100, 0, ..., config.vocab_size]` All labels set to `-100` are ignored (masked), the loss is only computed for labels in `[0, ..., config.vocab_size]`
- use_cache (`bool`, optional) — If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see `past_key_values`).
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.

Returns

transformers.modeling_outputs.CausalLMOutputWithCrossAttentions or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

A transformers.modeling_outputs.CausalLMOutputWithCrossAttentions or a tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (BioGptConfig) and inputs.

- loss (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(1,)`, optional, returned when `labels` is provided) — Language modeling loss (for next-token prediction).

- logits (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, config.vocab_size)`) — Prediction scores of the language modeling head (scores for each vocabulary token before SoftMax).

- hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

- cross_attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Cross attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the cross-attention heads.

- past_key_values (`Cache`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — It is a Cache instance. For more details, see our kv cache guide.

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

The BioGptForCausalLM forward method, overrides the `__call__` special method.

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the `Module` instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Example:

##
BioGptForTokenClassification

###
class transformers.BioGptForTokenClassification

< source >

( config )

Parameters

- config (BioGptForTokenClassification) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

The Biogpt transformer with a token classification head on top (a linear layer on top of the hidden-states output) e.g. for Named-Entity-Recognition (NER) tasks.

This model inherits from PreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)

This model is also a PyTorch torch.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

####
forward

< source >

( input_ids: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None token_type_ids: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None head_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None past_key_values: typing.Optional[typing.Tuple[typing.Tuple[torch.Tensor]]] = None inputs_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None labels: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None use_cache: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None ) →
transformers.modeling_outputs.TokenClassifierOutput or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

Parameters

- input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default.

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  What are input IDs?

- token_type_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Segment token indices to indicate first and second portions of the inputs. Indices are selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 0 corresponds to a sentence A token,
  - 1 corresponds to a sentence B token.

  What are token type IDs?

- attention_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 for tokens that are not masked,
  - 0 for tokens that are masked.

  What are attention masks?

- head_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(num_heads,)` or `(num_layers, num_heads)`, optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 indicates the head is not masked,
  - 0 indicates the head is masked.
- past_key_values (`Tuple[Tuple[torch.Tensor]]`, optional) — Pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used to speed up sequential decoding. This typically consists in the `past_key_values` returned by the model at a previous stage of decoding, when `use_cache=True` or `config.use_cache=True`.

  Two formats are allowed:

  - a Cache instance, see our kv cache guide;
  - Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`). This is also known as the legacy cache format.

  The model will output the same cache format that is fed as input. If no `past_key_values` are passed, the legacy cache format will be returned.

  If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `input_ids` (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all `input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`.

- inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, optional) — Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert `input_ids` indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
- labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, optional) — Labels for computing the sequence classification/regression loss. Indices should be in `[0, ..., config.num_labels - 1]`. If `config.num_labels == 1` a regression loss is computed (Mean-Square loss), If `config.num_labels > 1` a classification loss is computed (Cross-Entropy).
- use_cache (`bool`, optional) — If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see `past_key_values`).
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.

Returns

transformers.modeling_outputs.TokenClassifierOutput or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

A transformers.modeling_outputs.TokenClassifierOutput or a tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (BioGptConfig) and inputs.

- loss (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(1,)`, optional, returned when `labels` is provided) — Classification loss.

- logits (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, config.num_labels)`) — Classification scores (before SoftMax).

- hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

The BioGptForTokenClassification forward method, overrides the `__call__` special method.

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the `Module` instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Example:

    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, BioGptForTokenClassification
    >>> import torch

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("microsoft/biogpt")
    >>> model = BioGptForTokenClassification.from_pretrained("microsoft/biogpt")

    >>> inputs = tokenizer(
    ...     "HuggingFace is a company based in Paris and New York", add_special_tokens=False, return_tensors="pt"
    ... )

    >>> with torch.no_grad():
    ...     logits = model(**inputs).logits

    >>> predicted_token_class_ids = logits.argmax(-1)

    >>> # Note that tokens are classified rather then input words which means that
    >>> # there might be more predicted token classes than words.
    >>> # Multiple token classes might account for the same word
    >>> predicted_tokens_classes = [model.config.id2label[t.item()] for t in predicted_token_class_ids[0]]
    >>> predicted_tokens_classes
    ...

    >>> labels = predicted_token_class_ids
    >>> loss = model(**inputs, labels=labels).loss
    >>> round(loss.item(), 2)
    ...

##
BioGptForSequenceClassification

###
class transformers.BioGptForSequenceClassification

< source >

( config: BioGptConfig )

Parameters

- config (BioGptConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

The BioGpt Model transformer with a sequence classification head on top (linear layer).

BioGptForSequenceClassification uses the last token in order to do the classification, as other causal models (e.g. GPT-2) do.

Since it does classification on the last token, it is required to know the position of the last token. If a `pad_token_id` is defined in the configuration, it finds the last token that is not a padding token in each row. If no `pad_token_id` is defined, it simply takes the last value in each row of the batch. Since it cannot guess the padding tokens when `inputs_embeds` are passed instead of `input_ids`, it does the same (take the last value in each row of the batch).

This model inherits from PreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)

This model is also a PyTorch torch.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

####
forward

< source >

( input_ids: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None head_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None past_key_values: typing.Optional[typing.Tuple[typing.Tuple[torch.Tensor]]] = None inputs_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None labels: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None use_cache: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None ) →
`transformers.modeling_outputs.SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast` or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

Parameters

- input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default.

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  What are input IDs?

- attention_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 for tokens that are not masked,
  - 0 for tokens that are masked.

  What are attention masks?

- head_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(num_heads,)` or `(num_layers, num_heads)`, optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 indicates the head is not masked,
  - 0 indicates the head is masked.
- past_key_values (`Tuple[Tuple[torch.Tensor]]`, optional) — Pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used to speed up sequential decoding. This typically consists in the `past_key_values` returned by the model at a previous stage of decoding, when `use_cache=True` or `config.use_cache=True`.

  Two formats are allowed:

  - a Cache instance, see our kv cache guide;
  - Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`). This is also known as the legacy cache format.

  The model will output the same cache format that is fed as input. If no `past_key_values` are passed, the legacy cache format will be returned.

  If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `input_ids` (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all `input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`.

- inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, optional) — Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert `input_ids` indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
- labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, optional) — Labels for computing the sequence classification/regression loss. Indices should be in `[0, ..., config.num_labels - 1]`. If `config.num_labels == 1` a regression loss is computed (Mean-Square loss), If `config.num_labels > 1` a classification loss is computed (Cross-Entropy).
- use_cache (`bool`, optional) — If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see `past_key_values`).
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.

Returns

`transformers.modeling_outputs.SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast` or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

A `transformers.modeling_outputs.SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast` or a tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (BioGptConfig) and inputs.

- loss (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(1,)`, optional, returned when `labels` is provided) — Classification (or regression if config.num_labels==1) loss.

- logits (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, config.num_labels)`) — Classification (or regression if config.num_labels==1) scores (before SoftMax).

- past_key_values (`Cache`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — It is a Cache instance. For more details, see our kv cache guide.

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

- hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

The BioGptForSequenceClassification forward method, overrides the `__call__` special method.

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the `Module` instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Example of single-label classification:

    >>> import torch
    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, BioGptForSequenceClassification

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("microsoft/biogpt")
    >>> model = BioGptForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("microsoft/biogpt")

    >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")

    >>> with torch.no_grad():
    ...     logits = model(**inputs).logits

    >>> predicted_class_id = logits.argmax().item()
    >>> model.config.id2label[predicted_class_id]
    ...

    >>> # To train a model on `num_labels` classes, you can pass `num_labels=num_labels` to `.from_pretrained(...)`
    >>> num_labels = len(model.config.id2label)
    >>> model = BioGptForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("microsoft/biogpt", num_labels=num_labels)

    >>> labels = torch.tensor([1])
    >>> loss = model(**inputs, labels=labels).loss
    >>> round(loss.item(), 2)
    ...

Example of multi-label classification:

    >>> import torch
    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, BioGptForSequenceClassification

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("microsoft/biogpt")
    >>> model = BioGptForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("microsoft/biogpt", problem_type="multi_label_classification")

    >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")

    >>> with torch.no_grad():
    ...     logits = model(**inputs).logits

    >>> predicted_class_ids = torch.arange(0, logits.shape[-1])[torch.sigmoid(logits).squeeze(dim=0) > 0.5]

    >>> # To train a model on `num_labels` classes, you can pass `num_labels=num_labels` to `.from_pretrained(...)`
    >>> num_labels = len(model.config.id2label)
    >>> model = BioGptForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(
    ...     "microsoft/biogpt", num_labels=num_labels, problem_type="multi_label_classification"
    ... )

    >>> labels = torch.sum(
    ...     torch.nn.functional.one_hot(predicted_class_ids[None, :].clone(), num_classes=num_labels), dim=1
    ... ).to(torch.float)
    >>> loss = model(**inputs, labels=labels).loss

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