 sthalaakruthi antey emti ?
 topography anede bhu uparitalaala roopaalu mariyu lakshanhaala adhyayanam .  ooka prantham yokka sthalaakruthi bhuumii roopaalu mariyu lakshanaalanu ledha map ‌ lalooni vivarana ledha varnananu suuchimchavachchu .

 topography anede bhaugoollika shaastram mariyu graha vijnana shaastram mariyu saadharanamga stanika vivaraalaku sambandhinchinadi ,  indhulo upasamanam Bara kakunda sahajamaina ,  kruthrimamaina mariyu roadlu ,  bhu sarihaddulu mariyu bhavanalu vento samskruthika lakshanhaalu kudaa unnayi . USGS  topographic map ‌ lu kevalam elevation aakruthulanu Bara kakunda roadlu ,  janavasa pradheeshaalu ,  nirmaanaalu ,  bhu sarihaddulu modalainavaatini namoodhu cheesinappatikii ,  uunited stetes ‌ loo ,  sthalaakruthi anede tarachugaa pratyekamgaa upasamanam kaligisthundhi .

 irukaina ardhamlo sthalaakruthi anede upasamanam ledha bhoobhaagam yokka recording ,  uparitalam yokka trimiteeya nanyatha mariyu nirdishta bhuubhaagaala gurtimpunu kaligi umtumdi ;  dheenini geomarphometry ani kudaa antaruu .  adhunika vaadukalo ,  idi digitally ruupamloe  (DEM)  elevation deetaanu utpatthi chesthundu .  contaur linelu ,  hypesometric tints mariyu releaf shading ‌ thoo sahaa vividha takala cartographic releaf depiction technic ‌ l dwara map ‌ loo land ‌ form yokka graaphic praatinidhyaanni cherchadaaniki idi tarachugaa pariganhinchabadutundi .