 prachina chainaa yokka nalaugu goppa aavishkaranhalu emti ?
 puraathana chainaa yokka nalaugu goppa aavishkaranhalu kaagitam thayaarii ,  printing ,  gunn ‌ pouder mariyu dhiksoochi .  adhunika vastuvulatoe samaanamgaa umdae kaagitam ,  modhata  2 va sathabdam praarambhamlo chainalo kai lune aney nyayasthaana adhikaariche kanugonabadindi .  idi saapekshamgaa chowkagaa ,  teelikagaa mariyu brushes rayadaniki anukuulamgaa umtumdi mariyu beradu ,  guddalu ,  gooddhuma kaandaalu mariyu itara padhaarthaalanu upayoginchi utpatthi cheyabadindhi .  printing vishayaanikosthe , 868  samvatsaramlo tiang raajavamsamlo mudrinchabadina buddhist sutram mudrinchadagina modati pustakam .  gunn ‌ pouder technic ‌ nu  9 va sathabdam  CE loo chinas sanyaasulu modhatisaarigaa kanugonnaru .  jeevithanni podiginche amrutam choose anveeshana .  chivaridi conei ,  ayaskanta diksuchini vivarimchae modati pustakaalalo okati  11 va shataabdapu  CE loni sang raajavamsamlo shen kuvoche vraayabadindi .