A 2007 paper from the American Heart Association summarised the evidence on the causes and potential areas for prevention of CHD (2). Multivitamins and folic acid were seen as an area of promise (3-4). Canadian researchers found no change in the levels of CHD in the eight years before fortification of grain products was introduced in Canada and a 6.2%
Patients with incomplete atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs) present with signs and symptoms similar to those of secundum atrial septal defects (ASDs) and, as such, rarely require medical therapy. Medical therapy in patients with complete atrioventricular septal defects consists of aggressive anticongestive treatment for the signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF).