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- Theodore Roosevelt and Elegant Arms - 1880s to 1920s
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President Grover Cleveland's 8 Gauge Colt Shotgun
This firearm is on exhibit at the NRA National Sporting Arms Museum in Springfield, MO.
Owned by President Grover Cleveland, this engraved double barreled Colt shotgun is the only known example in this gauge.
Grover Cleveland is probably best known by modern schoolchildren as the only U.S. president to serve two non-consecutive terms. First elected on the Democratic ticket in 1884, he ended a 24-year Republican stronghold on that office. His bid for a second term was derailed by Benjamin Harrison, whom he in turn defeated four years later to reclaim the presidency in 1892. Cleveland was born in Caldwell, New Jersey on March 18, 1837. His family later relocated to western New York.
After the death of his father, Cleveland moved to Buffalo, where an uncle's influence landed him a job in one of the city's law firms. In addition to his legal work, Cleveland also became active in Democratic Party politics, serving as a worker in one of the city's wards, and as both an assistant District Attorney and as Sheriff of Erie County. Although lacking a military record in a time when most politicians had seen action in the Civil War, Cleveland's reputation for honesty and personal integrity made him a viable candidate for the office of Mayor of Buffalo. After winning election in 1881, he proved himself to be an able and dedicated public servant. These qualities, as well as his lack of ties to the hated political "machines" of the period, won for him the support of reform-minded voters in his successful campaign for the governorship a year later.
During his tenure in Albany, Cleveland continued to build a reputation as an honest, ethical, and conscientious elected official. This ensured his continued popularity with the reformers, while his believe that the role of government should be limited was embraced by conservative businessmen in both parties. Consequently, he received the Democratic nomination for president in 1884 and narrowly defeated Republican nominee and Speaker of the House James G. Blaine in a campaign marred by charges of corruption against Blaine and Republican countercharges that Cleveland, a bachelor who later married Frances Folsom in the first White House presidential wedding, had fathered an illegitimate child. While serving as the nation's 22nd president, Cleveland sought to reform the patronage system, in which political appointments and financial incentives were given by elected officials as rewards for support or other favors.
The Democrats, long absent from the Executive Mansion, sought to replace Republican appointees, while reformers opposed the wholesale turnover of government employees that typically accompanied a change in tenancy at the White House. President Cleveland was forced by pressure within his party to replace two-thirds of the employees within the Executive Branch, which angered Republicans and reformers, but he was able to extend Civil Service protection to a greater number of government employees, much to the dissatisfaction of many Democrats. Cleveland was able to strengthen the role of the presidency and limit the efforts of Congress to control the actions of the Chief Executive. He also signed the Indian Emancipation (Dawes) Act and the Interstate Commerce Act, and he sought unsuccessfully to reduce protective tariffs.
An additional reform effort centered on regulating the procedures by which Civil War pensions were awarded, as many fraudulent claims were filed and subsequently approved with little or no attempt at verification. Although necessary to prevent abuses of the public trust, this action earned the wrath of Union veterans' groups. This action and the tariff issue proved instrumental in Cleveland's failure to retain office in the election of 1888, despite winning a majority of the popular vote. Benjamin Harrison, former Union general and grandson of U.S. President William Henry Harrison, carried the electoral vote amid charges of vote buying in what has been described as the most corrupt presidential election in U.S. history.
After his defeat, Cleveland returned to New York and the practice of law. The former president was again the Democratic nominee in the election of 1892, in which he defeated incumbent Harrison and Populist Party candidate James B. Weaver. As 24th president, his term was scarred by the second-worst economic depression in the nation's history. Blaming this disaster on the McKinley Tariff Act and the inflationary Sherman Silver Purchase Act, Cleveland sought the repeal of both. Although tariff reduction remained beyond his grasp, a reluctant Congress supported his call for the repeal of the Sherman Act. To prop up the country's gold reserves, the president also arranged a series of loans from a syndicate of bankers headed by J.P. Morgan.
These monetary policies alarmed many Americans and cost Cleveland the support of southern and western farmers. His support for an injunction against union leader Eugene V. Debs and the use of federal troops to crush the Pullman Strike brought the White House into conflict with railroad and industrial workers. Although saddled with economic crisis and declining popularity, Cleveland's term did enjoy some successes. A committed anti-imperialist, he refused to annex Hawaii, and he was able to persuade Great Britain to submit to arbitration of a long-standing boundary dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela.
In 1897, Cleveland left the White House for the second and final time, and retired to Princeton, New Jersey. He continued to lead an active life as a writer, lecturer, and businessman until his death on June 24, 1908. Although non-charismatic in his time and relatively unknown today, Grover Cleveland earned a reputation as an proponent of government integrity and efficiency in an era fraught with corruption and scandal. - - Samuel Colt was born in Hartford, Connecticut on July 19, 1814. He showed an early fascination with science, and during his youth, Colt studied both chemistry and mechanics. While still a boy, he attempted to produce a pistol that was capable of firing multiple shots without reloading, but his efforts were unsuccessful.
In 1830-31, while the sixteen year-old Colt was serving as a seaman aboard the brig Corvo, he observed the ship's wheel and the relationship of the various spokes to the center hub. This inspired him to make a wooden model of a revolving pistol. Although others had already experimented with revolvers, Colt's design was the first to automatically rotate the cylinder when the gun was cocked. After his return to the United States, he showed his model to his father, Christopher, and to Henry L. Ellsworth, a friend of the elder Colt who was then serving as Commissioner at the U.S. Patent Office in Washington. Both men encouraged Samuel to continue with his work and to seek a patent for his design. At this point in his life, Colt had an idea but no money with which to proceed on his new career path.
For the next four years, he worked the traveling show circuit as "Dr. Coult of Calcutta." His lectures and demonstration of nitrous oxide to crowds in the U.S. and Canada provided a source of capital, which was forwarded to gunsmiths who produced working versions of his firearms designs. In addition to the money he received, this period in his life also provided Colt with valuable experience in public speaking, marketing, and public relations. At age 20, Colt gave up touring and, with borrowed money, traveled to Europe to secure English and French patents for his revolving pistol. Upon his return to the United States in 1836, he also received a U.S. patent.
In March, 1836, Colt formed the Patent Arms Company and began operation in an unused silk mill along the banks of the Passaic River in Paterson, New Jersey. His first product was a ring-lever revolving rifle, available in .34, .36, .38, .40, and .44 caliber, in which a ring located forward of the trigger served to cock the hammer and advance the cylinder for each shot. This was soon followed with a revolving pistol. These five-shot "Paterson" revolvers featured folding triggers, and were available both with and without loading levers in .28, .31, and .36 caliber. Patent Arms also produced smoothbore revolving carbines and shotguns. The outbreak of war between the U.S. government and the Seminole tribe provided Colt with his first break.
Seminole warriors had learned that soldiers were vulnerable while reloading their single-shot firearms, and they developed a tactic of drawing fire, then rushing the temporarily defenseless soldiers and wiping them out before they could fire a second volley. Colt's revolving rifles were quite effective against this, and the Army purchased his products for use by troops in the Florida campaign. Unfortunately for the young inventor and businessman, the Patent Arms Company went bankrupt and ceased operation in 1842. The company's assets were sold at auction, and Colt turned his attention to other areas, including the use of electric current from galvanic batteries to detonate underwater explosive mines.
The U.S. government was sufficiently interested in this idea that Colt received funding to continue his work for possible use in harbor defense. During this period, Colt met Captain Sam Walker of the Texas Rangers. Walker and his fellow Rangers had experience with Colt's Paterson revolvers, and one Paterson-armed troop of 15 men under the command of Jack Hays had successfully charged and defeated 80 Comanches, then considered to be the finest light cavalry in the world. Walker believed that an improved version of the earlier revolver would be an asset on the frontier. The two men designed a massive 4 pound, 9-ounce .44 caliber six-shot revolver, and the government ordered 1,000 of them for issue to mounted troops.
Since Colt no longer had a manufacturing facility, he contracted with Eli Whitney of Whitneyville, Connecticut, to produce these guns. This order was completed in 1847, and Colt once again devoted himself to firearms production. He established a new factory in Hartford during that same year, and began production of a smaller, lighter .44 caliber revolver. These so-called "transitional Walkers" were followed by the First, Second, and Third Model Dragoon revolvers, as well by as the Baby Dragoon, the Model 1849 Pocket Revolver, and the Model 1851 Navy Revolver. Many of these guns saw service through the Civil War and beyond. The discovery of gold in California stimulated the demand for firearms, and Colt also received orders from Russia and Turkey during the Crimean War. He expanded his operations to England, operating a manufacturing plant in London between 1853 and 1857.
By this time, Colt operated the world's largest private armory, and he had introduced standardized production, division of labor, and assembly-line mass-production methods to his factory. In 1855, Colt introduced a spur trigger revolver that featured a fully-enclosed cylinder. These sidehammer, or "Root" revolvers, were named for Elisha K. Root, a noted inventor and holder of the sidehammer patent, who at that time was employed as Colt's factory superintendent and Chief Engineer. Colt also produced the sidehammer Model 1855 rifles and carbines for military and sporting use, as well as a revolving shotgun.
In failing health, Colt expanded his factory on the eve of the Civil War, and began production of a new, lightweight .44 caliber Army revolver, followed a year later by a .36 caliber Navy version. Samuel Colt died in Hartford on January 10, 1862 at the age of 47. Although he did not see the end of the Civil War, his products played an important role in its outcome. During the war, the Hartford factory produced revolvers, as well as the Colt Special Musket, based on the government's Springfield Rifle-Musket.
The Model 1860 Army revolver was the primary issue revolver for U.S. troops, while other Colt revolvers were acquired through private purchase. The Colt Special Musket was issued to state troops, and the Model 1855 Revolving Rifle saw service with both Union infantry and cavalry, as well as with Colonel Hiram Berdan's United States Sharp Shooters. Colt firearms have continued to play a significant role in America's history. The post-Civil War period brought with it a variety of metallic cartridge revolvers, including conversions of percussion arms. Perhaps the most famous of these is the Single Action Army revolver, often known popularly as the "Peacemaker," which saw widespread use in the hands of soldiers, settlers, gunslingers, and peace officers.
Colt also produced a variety of other handguns, ranging from their deringer models to a line of .44 and .45 double-action revolvers. The slide-action Lightning rifles competed for a place in the market dominated by Winchester's lever-action models. In the 20th century, Colt-produced arms have served with U.S. and foreign forces in two World Wars, as well as a variety of limited conflicts.
The John Browning-designed M1911 semi-automatic pistol is still in use after more than 70 years, and Colt machine guns, also designed by Browning and manufactured under license, saw use in everything from infantry positions to armored vehicles, aircraft, and ships. The Hartford-based company, now a division of C.F. Holding Corporation, also produces the M16 battle rifle that is currently used by both U.S. and foreign military forces. In addition to military sales, Colt's revolvers, and the company's semi-automatic pistols and rifles are popular with law enforcement agencies and with competitive and recreational shooters.