Hogs live comfortably on small farms. Depending on the climate and terrain, the stocking rate is between 10 to 50 pigs or five to 10 larger sows per acre. Because feed accounts for about three-fourths of the cost to raise hogs, careful control of feed costs is necessary to make a profit. Small-farm pig producers seek to increase profits by selling to niche or specialty markets.
Types of Pig-Raising Operations
On farrow-to-finish farms, sows produce two litters per year. The young pigs grow for five to six months and sell at a market weight of about 265 pounds. Some producers sell young pigs at the time of weaning. Other pig producers buy young feeder pigs at 40 to 60 pounds and raise them to market weight.
With a simple stomach digestive tract, hogs require a diet of mostly grains. It takes about 2 pounds of feed for every pound of gain. A typical feed ration consists of a cereal grain such as corn, a protein supplement, vitamins and minerals. To lower feed costs, pig producers may raise their own feed, purchase bulk grains or provide pasture for grazing. Some producers utilize feeds such as old, stale bread and waste cereals.
Hogs require a well-constructed pen for exercise and shelter from inclement or hot weather. Pigs are often grouped in pens according to their weight and age. Hog wire provides the basis for a strong enclosure. Plans for waste management are critical because one 150-pound pig produces over a ton of manure per year. Sows require a dry shelter for farrowing with supplemental heat for the newborn pigs in cold weather.
Farrow-to-finish operations require skilled labor when the sows give birth to ensure a healthy litter. Daily feeding, annual vaccinations, treatment for parasites and pen maintenance are required throughout the year. Careful selection of healthy and fast-growing pigs will increase the chance for a profit.
It is essential to develop a marketing plan. Traditionally, market-weight pigs sell to processing plants or through livestock auctions. To increase the profit, specialty producers may sell lightweight roaster pigs for holidays, quality feeder pigs to youth exhibitors or purebred breeding stock to other producers. Explore local marketing opportunities, including farmer's markets, butchers, grocers and restaurants in your area, and specialty providers such as organic meal delivery services. Consider your digital marketing opportunities as well, such as building your own branded website, advertising online, listing your business in electronic directories and offering online promotions.