An avatar is a computer representation of a user, either in 2D or in 3D. It is also used as a technical term for computer graphics representations of various kinds of any sort of online virtual bodies.
2 Overview of technical models
3 Formal standards
The SO/IEC FCD 19774 — Humanoid animation (H-Anim) standard “specifies the structure and manipulation of H-Anim figures. H-Anim figures are articulated 3D representations that depict animated characters. While H-Anim figures are intended to represent human-like characters, they are a general concept that is not limited to the same number of limbs, heads, and other pieces body parts that are typical of human beings.”
- MPEG-4 - ISO/IEC 14496-16
The Animation Framework extension (AFX – pronounced "effects") provides an integrated toolbox for building attractive and powerful synthetic MPEG-4 environments. It is quite difficult to find an easy and complete overview. It includes a face and body (FBA) specification, Skeleton, Muscle & Skin (SMS) content, a Bone-Based Animation (BBA) paradigm. You can buy this ISO/IEC 14496-16:2006 standard for CHF 244 (about 160 Euros).
This is a fairly complex standard. E.g. the BAP body subset includes about 183 rotation points and 110 user defined parameters. The face has 84 standardized points and 66 low level animation parameters for the Face. I also find it frankly not acceptable that it seems to be really difficult to find free and useful overview information somewhere on this...
3.1 Informal work on standards
Virtual Human Markup Language (VHML) is an XML-based language “designed to accommodate the various aspects of Human-Computer Interaction with regards to Facial Animation, Body Animation, Dialogue Manager interaction, Text to Speech production, Emotional Representation plus Hyper and Multi Media information” (retrieved 15:59, 28 November 2008 (UTC)). It includes several subsystems.
- MetaFace Framework
The MetaFace Framework “aims to provide developers with an extensible anthropomorphic framework to achieve intuitive user interaction for websites. This will enable developers to construct websites based on anthropomorphic metaphors, such as, lecturers, shopkeepers, bank tellers, and tour guides. The MetaFace framework involves three main areas of research: Embodied Conversational Agents (ECAs), framework architectures, and computer interface metaphors” This project ended in 2004.
- A SMIL standard ?
- Avatar (computing) (Wikipedia). Non-technical overview of avatars
- Computer facial animation (Wikipedia). This is a fairly good technical article.
- Computer animation (Wikipedia). Good technical overview article.
- Skeletal animation (Wikipedia)
- Stick figure (Wikipedia).
- H-Anim Human animation working group] published the SO/IEC FCD 19774 — Humanoid animation (H-Anim) standard.
- Mediawiki has an overview of the very complex suite of MPEG-4 standards.
- Preda, M. (2006). ISO/IEC 14496 [MPEG-4] Part 16: Animation Framework eXtension (AFX), Second Edition. International Standard Organization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland, 2006.
- Designing Isometric Avatars. Several well written articles by Herbert Glarner. But the focus is on small animated GIFs.
- Animation Tools within MPEG-4 Slides by Marius Preda.
4.4 Avatar design - artistic
- My Virtual World. This is a blog of a second life designer who owns the Metromodels virtual agency. Good reading about avatar design. The most useful article for avatar design is actually quite old: