Haskell/Getting set up
This chapter describes how to install the programs you'll need to start coding in Haskell.
Haskell is a programming language, i.e. a language in which humans can express how computers should behave. It's like writing a cooking recipe: you write the recipe and the computer executes it.
To use Haskell programs, you need a special program called a Haskell compiler. A compiler takes code written in Haskell and translates it into machine code, a more elementary language that the computer understands. Using the cooking analogy, you write a recipe (your Haskell program) and a cook (a compiler program) does the work of putting together actual ingredients into an edible dish (an executable file). Of course, you can't easily get the recipe from a final dish (and you can't get the Haskell program code from executable after it's compiled).
To get started, see haskell.org/downloads for the latest instructions including the "Glasgow Haskell Compiler" (GHC) and everything else you need.
To just test some Haskell basics without downloading and installing, the Haskell.org home page includes a simplified interpreter right on the website. The instructions here in the Wikibook assume the full GHC install, but some of the basics can work in the website version.
After installation, we will do our first Haskell coding with the program called GHCi (the 'i' stands for 'interactive'). Depending on your operating system, perform the following steps:
- On Windows: Click Start, then Run, then type 'cmd' and hit Enter, then type
ghciand hit Enter once more.
- On MacOS: Open the application "Terminal" found in the "Applications/Utilities" folder, type the letters
ghciinto the window that appears, and hit the Enter key.
- On Linux: Open a terminal and run
You should get output that looks something like the following:
GHCi, version 7.10.1: http://www.haskell.org/ghc/ :? for help Loading package ghc-prim ... linking ... done. Loading package integer-gmp ... linking ... done. Loading package base ... linking ... done. Prelude>
The first bit is GHCi's version. It then informs you that it's loading the base package, so you'll have access to most of the built-in functions and modules that come with GHC. Finally, the
Prelude> bit is known as the prompt. This is where you enter commands, and GHCi will respond with their results.
Now let's try some basic arithmetic:
Prelude> 2 + 2 4 Prelude> 5 + 4 * 3 17 Prelude> 2 ^ 5 32
These operators match most other programming languages:
+ is addition,
* is multiplication, and
^ is exponentiation (raising to the power of, or ). As shown in the second example, Haskell follows standard order of math operations (e.g. multiplication before addition).
Now you know how to use Haskell as a calculator. Actually, Haskell is always a calculator — just a really powerful one, able to deal not only with numbers but also with other objects like characters, lists, functions, trees, and even other programs (if you aren't familiar with these terms yet, don't worry).
To leave GHCi once you are done, use
:quit (or just
Prelude> :quit Leaving GHCi.
GHCi is a powerful development environment. As we progress, we will learn how to load files with source code into GHCi and evaluate different parts of them.
Assuming you're clear on everything so far (if not, use the talk page and help us improve this Wikibook!), then you are ready for next chapter where we will introduce some of the basic concepts of Haskell and make our first Haskell functions.