Effect of Different NPK Levels on the Growth and Yield of Kohlrabi (Brassica
caulorapa L.) at Northern Areas of Pakistan
Effect of seven different NPK levels on the growth and yield of Kohlrabi was investigated. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were applied alone as well as in various combinations and had a significant effect on various plant growth and yield parameters. Maximum tuber weight (430.80 g) tuber diameter (10.23 cm), number of leaves per plant (14.38) and tuber yield (25850 kg ha-1) was recorded in plots fertilized with 160-120-160 kg NPK ha-1. It can be concluded that NPK @ 160-120-60 kg ha-1 was found to be the best fertilizer dose for the higher yield of Kohlrabi.
The climate of Northern Areas of Pakistan is basically a dry continental Mediterranean. But there is a significant variation in temperature and precipitation imposed by altitude and topography (Walter et al., 1975). The average irrigated area per house hold is in the range of 15-20 kanals (0.75-1.0 ha) in double cropping area and 30-40 kanals (1.5-2.0 ha) in single crop area, with 20% of this area is under trees and fodder crops leaving approximately 0.075 to 0.15 ha for staple food and vegetable crops per head of population respectively in double and single cropping areas (Whitman, 1985). At present rate of increase, the population will be double in 30 years time and so yield will have to correspondingly doubled just to maintain the present level of food availability. Wise use of expanded irrigation, selection of varieties that fit into optimum cropping system and a judicious and balanced use of fertilizer can help to bridge the forthcoming gap (Whiteman, 1985).
Kohlrabi (Brassica caulorapa L.) belongs to family Cruciferae and is
closely related to cabbage. It is an excellent vegetable if it is used before
it becomes tough and fibrous. It is high in minerals and vitamins A and C. The
leaves may be cooked in various ways (Baloch, 1994). Plants require food for
growth and development in the form of proper doses of NPK. Nitrogen is a part
of chlorophyll molecule, amino acid, proteins, nucleic acid and pigments. Adequate
supply of nitrogen favours the transformation of carbohydrates into proteins
and promotes the formation of protoplasm and since protoplasm is highly hydrated,
the plant becomes more succulent. Normal metabolic activities can continue only
in the presence of optimum level of nitrogen. The addition of nitrogen enhances
vegetative growth and its deficiency leads to stunted growth with small yellow
leaves and low production. (Haque and Jakhro, 1996). Phosphorus plays a vital
role in several key physiological processes, viz. photosynthesis, respiration,
energy storage and transfer, cell division and cell enlargement. Phosphorus
is an important structural component of many biochemicals viz. nucleic
acids (DNA, RNA) co-enzymes, nucleotides, phospholipids and sugar phosphate.
It stimulates root growth, blooming, fruit setting and seed formation (Memon,
1996). Potassium is considered essential in photosynthesis, sugar translocation,
nitrogen metabolism, enzyme activation, stomatal opening, water relation and
growth of meristematic tissues, it acts as chemical traffic policeman, root
booster, stalk strengthener, protein builder, breathing regulator and retard
the diseases, but it is not effective without its co-efficient such as N and
P (Chandra, 1989). The actual yield of Kohlrabi is very low against the potential
yield. This big gap between the actual and potential yield can be bridged up
by adopting modern agronomic techniques like planting methods, use of fungicides,
controlled irrigation and increased nutritional status of the soil. The available
literature regarding the fertilizer response indicates that NPK application
to Kohlrabi improved the yield considerably. Sommer (1992) applied ammonium
nitrate either in split applications of top-dressing or according to the cultan
system to spinach, kohlrabi, lettuce, endives and beet roots. It was found that
cultan system gave similar yields to top-dressing, while reducing the amount
of N applied by 20-30%. Sharof and Weir (1994) studied the minimum amount of
N required for vegetable crops including kohlrabi in relation to components
of N balance in the soil and calculated that N requirement values were invariably
lower than values from field trials. Fink (1995) revealed that previous crop
residues could affect the nitrogen requirements of kohlrabi. According to him
nitrogen fertilizer dose can be reduced by up to 100 kg N ha-1 without
affecting yield when whole crop (lettuce) has had to ploughed in. Gianguinlo
and Borin (1996) reported that the stem size and homogeneity for kohlrabi crop
were best grown in peaty-clay soil with 100 kg N+50 kg P2O5
kg +104 kg K20 ha-1 as mineral fertilizer. Clay
soil also proved to be suitable for this crop when mineral fertilizer + farmyard
manure was used. Chaltoo et al. (1997) applied N fertilizer at 0, 25,
50, 75 or 100% of the recommended rate and reported that kohlrabi yield increased
as N rate increased. Filler and Fink (1997) conducted experiment on the nitrogen
uptake of kohlrabi estimated by growth stages and an empirical growth. They
reported that estimation by applying an empirical N uptake were more complicated
while using observed growth stages resulted in the smallest estimation error.
Fisher (1997) applied varying amounts of N (applied as NH4NO3)
and K (applied as 50:50 KCl:K2 SO4) along with P, Fe,
Mn and Zn. It was concluded that changes in the aroma of Kohlrabi after increased
fertilizer inputs were due to alkylisothiocyanates with their low threshold
values and specific odour qualities. Schlereth et al. (1998) applied
110,135 or 160 kg N ha-1 to kohlrabi using the cultan system (controled
up take long term ammonium nutrition) and reported that average tuber diameter
was about 80 mm and was not significantly affected by N amount or source. The
present study was conducted to find a suitable dose of fertilizer for the high
yield of kohlrabi.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted at Karakuram Agricultural Research Institute for Northern Areas, Juglote, Gilgit during 2001-2002. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block (RCB) design. Variety used was white vienna. Healthy seedlings of equal size were transplanted keeping the rowrow and plant-plant distances as 40 and 20 cm respectively. Plot size was 10 m2 and total area under cultivation was 280 m2. Before conducting the experiment soil samples were taken and analyzed at Agricultural Research Station Mingora, Swat. The physico-chemical characteristics, detail of treatments of experimental field are given in Table 1 and 2 respectively.
Nitrogen was applied in two split doses. First dose of N along with full doses of phosphorus and potassium was applied at the time of transplantation, while the remaining half dose of nitrogen was given at tuber formation stage. Irrigation and other cultural practices such as weeding, hoeing and sprays against insects, pests and disease were done uniformly in all treatments of each replication. The data were recorded on tuber weight (g) tuber diameter (cm) number of leaves per plant and tuber yield (kg ha-1). The data thus collected were analyzed using analysis of variance techniques and Duncans new multiple rang test at 5% probability level was applied to test the significance of treatments means (Steel and Torrie, 1984).
|| Detail of treatments in experimental field
Results and Discussion
Tuber weight (g): NPK in different combinations had a significant effect on tuber weight while the NPK applied in alone form had no significant differences (Table 3). Maximum tuber weight (430.80 g) was obtained with a fertilizer level of 160-120-60 kg ha-1 of NPK, while minimum tuber weight (235.78 g) was recorded in plots receiving only potassium @ of 60 kg ha-1. The maximum tuber weight might be due to balanced fertilization because normal metabolic processes can continue only in the presence of an optimum level of nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium plays its role in the promotion of growth and meristematic tissues. As the soils that are high in clay usually are high in available potash (Thompsom and Kelly, 1982) but the soil of experimental field had a sandy textural class therefore the application of potassium along with nitrogen and phosphorus resulted in the increase of tuber weight.
Tuber diameter (cm): NPK fertilizer applied alone or in different combinations significantly affected the tuber diameter. Maximum tuber diameter (10.23 cm) was noted at fertilizer level of 160-120-60 kg ha-1 of NPK (Table 3). This may be due to the fact that the presence of all the three major elements in a suitable combination enhanced the vegetative growth of the plants. The plants growing in this treatment had maximum number of leaves (14.38) that might have enhanced the photosynthetic activities and prepared sufficient food for the plant growth and tuber enlargement. But these results do not agree with the findings of Schlereth et al. (1998) who obtained an average tuber diameter of 80 mm and reported that it was not significantly affected by nitrogen amount or source.
|| Effect of NPK fertilizers on the yield of kohlrabi
|Means followed by same letter (s) in column do not differ
significantly using LSD test at 5% level of probability.
Number of leave per plant: Number of leaves was significantly affected by different NPK levels (Table 3). Maximum number of leaves (14.38) was recorded at fertilizer level of 160-120-60 kg NPK ha-1 while minimum number of leaves per plant (9.42) was noted in treatment where only potassium was applied @ 60 kg ha-1. Mineral nutrition had a good effect on the growth of kohlrabi. Nitrogen is an integral part of chlorophyll. It is a constituent of all proteins and promotes vigorous vegetative growth and deep colour, while phosphorus and potassium play a vital role in several key physiological processes viz. photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage, cell division and cell enlargement. Therefore the increased number of leaves per plant may be due to balanced fertilization of the crop.
Tuber yield (kg ha-1): Statistical analysis revealed that different combinations of NPK fertilizers had a significant effect on tuber yield, while non-significant results were obtained when these minerals were applied alone (Table 3). Maximum tuber yield (25850 kg ha-1) was obtained at fertilizer level of 160-120-60 kg NPK ha-1. The increase in tuber yields might be attributed to increase in tuber weight and tuber diameter in this treatment. As the soil was low in nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium, therefore, the balanced amount of fertilizers resulted in higher yield of the crop. The results are in close conformity with those of Chaltoo et al. (1997) who reported that kohlrabi yield increased as N rate increased.
In conclusion, combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium @ 160-120-60 kg ha-1 was found to be the best dose of fertilizer and is recommended for the highest yield of kohlrabi under the agro-climatic conditions of Gilgit, Northern Areas, Pakistan.
Baloch, A.F., 1994. Vegetable Crops in Horticulture. National Book Foundation, Islamabad, pp: 529.
Chaltoo, M.A., M.Y. Gondroo and M.Y. Zarqar, 1997. Effect of Azospirillium and Azotobactor on growth, yield and quality of Knol khol (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.). Univ. Agric. Sci. Tech. Sarinagar, India, Vegetable Sci., 24: 16-19.
Chandra, G., 1989. Nutrients Management. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, India pp: 156.
Filler, G. and M. Fink, 1997. Nitrogen uptake of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) estimated by growth stages and an empirical growth model. Zeilschel, Enernahrung-Bodenkunde, Germany, 160: 589-594.
Fink, M., 1995. Taking account of crop residues in mineral N fertilizer application. Grossbeern-Ertut e.v. Germany, Gemuse-Munchen, 31: 692-694.
Fisher, J., 1997. The influence of different nitrogen and potassium fertilisation on the chemical flavour composition of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var gongylodes L.). J. Sci. Food Agric., 60: 465-470.
Gianguinlo, G. and M. Borin, 1996. Quality response of crisphed lettuce and kohlrabi to mineral and organic fertilization in different soils. Depertimento de Agronomia Italy, Hortic. Sci., 10: 20-28.
Haque, I.U. and A.K. Jakhro, 1996. Soil and Fertilizer Nitrogen. National Book Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan, pp: 262.
Memon, K.S., 1996. Soil and Fertilizer Phosphorus. National Book Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan, pp: 292.
Schlereth, H., F.U. Frenz, A. Grohmann, J. Karauss and M. Prent, 1998. Cultan fertilization for Kohlrabi, Fachhochschule weihesenstephan. Germany, Gemuse-Marden, 34: 18-20.
Sharof, H.C. and U. Wier, 1994. Calculation of nitrogen immobilization and fixation Garjenbau Hannover Germeny, Boden Kunde, 157: 11-16.
Thompson, H.C. and W.C. Kelly, 1982. Vegetable Crops Commercial Fertilizers and Lime. 5th Edn., Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp: 58.
Walter, H., E. Harnickell and D. Muller, 1975. Climate Diagram Maps Supplement to Vegetation. Springer- Varlang, Berlin.