Main Article Content
Benthic macroinvertebrate communities are frequently applied as indicators of aquatic ecosystem health as many species are responsive to pollution and abrupt changes in their surroundings.Â The qualities of benthic invertebrate communities greatly depend on habitat conditions.Â Thus the diversity in benthic community varies with different habitat conditions.Â This investigation on the structure of the benthic invertebrate communities was conducted on river Ichamati, a trans-boundary river between India and Bangladesh to assess the cumulative effects of water quality on the aquatic biota.Â The study period extended from February 2011 to January 2014 at three sites from Majdiah to Hasanabad (in West Bengal, India) a stretch of 124km.Â A total of 23 macrobenthic species belonging to three phyla, five classes and nine orders were identified.Â Fifteen species of benthic invertebrates belonging to Mollusca, three species under Annelida and five species under Arthropoda were found.Â The highest abundance density (3633.33 indiv.m-2) and species richness (18 species) were recorded up-stream (Majdiah) where marginal habitats covered by macrophytes were significantly higher than at other sites.Â Both the organic carbon (4.41Â±1.11) and organic matter (7.48Â±1.56) of soil at this site were the maximum thus influencing the richness of benthic macroinvertebrate communities.Â Hydrological variables, viz, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity; hardness, salinity, nutrients, calcium, and magnesium were studied to determine their influences on the benthic community in the upper, middle- and down-streams of the river, respectively.Â Shannonâ€™s diversity index (0.95â€“2.07; 0.00â€“0.72; 0.00â€“0.64), dominance index (0.57â€“0.86; 0.00â€“0.44; 0.00â€“0.44), evenness index (0.72â€“0.95; 0.61â€“1.00; 0.00â€“1.00), Margalef index (0.72â€“2.23; 0.00â€“1.32; 0.00-0.28) of the upper, middle- and down-streams were calculated. Benthic macroinvertebrate density was correlated with hydrological variables which indicated that the abiotic factors had either direct or inverse influence on the richness and abundance; however, the abiotic factors did not correlate identically in all three sites.Â
Authors own the copyright to the articles published in JoTT. This is indicated explicitly in each publication. The authors grant permission to the publisher Wildlife Information Liaison Development (WILD) Society to publish the article in the Journal of Threatened Taxa. The authors recognize WILD as the original publisher, and to sell hard copies of the Journal and article to any buyer. JoTT is registered under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY), which allows authors to retain copyright ownership. Under this license the authors allow anyone to download, cite, use the data, modify, reprint, copy and distribute provided the authors and source of publication are credited through appropriate citations (e.g., Son et al. (2016). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the southeastern Truong Son Mountains, Quang Ngai Province, Vietnam. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(7): 8953–8969. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2718.104.22.16853-8969). Users of the data do not require specific permission from the authors or the publisher.
Al-Khayat, J.A. (2005). Some macrobenthic invertebrates in the Qatari waters, Arabian Gulf. Qatar University Science Bulletin 25: 126â€“ÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂ136.
APHA (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water - 21st Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
Baldigo, B.P., G.B. Lawrence, R.W. Bode, H.A. Simonin, K.M. Roy & A.J. Smith (2009). Impacts of acidification on macroinvertebrate communities in streams of the western Adirondack mountains, New York, USA. Ecological Indictors 9(2): 226â€“239; http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.04.004
Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder & J.B. Stribling (1999). Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macro invertebrates and Fish - 2nd Edition. EPA 841-B-99-002, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C.
Barnes, R.S.K., P. Callow & P.J.W. Olive (1988). The invertebrates: A New Synthesis. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 582pp.
Barquin, J. & R.G. Beath (2011). Down-stream changes in spring-fed stream invertebrate communities: the effect of increased temperature range. Journal of limnology 70(1): 134â€“146; http://doi.org/10.3274/JL11-70-S1-10 Â
Basu, A., S. Sengupta, S. Dutta, A. Saha, P. Ghosh & S. Roy (2013). Studies on macreobenthic organisms in relation to water parameters at east Calcutta wetlands. Journal of Environmental Biology 34: 733â€“737.
Bath, K.S., H. Kaur & S.S. Dhillon (1999). Correlation of Molluscs with physico-chemical factors at Harike Reservoir (Punjab). Indian Journal of Environmental Science 3: 159â€“163.
Beauchard, O., J. Gagneur & S. Brosse (2003). Macroinvertebrate richness patterns in North African streams. Journal of Biogeography 30: 1821â€“1833.
Bode, A.-O.M.T. & M. Varela (2006). Phytoplankton and macrophytes contributions littoral food webs in the Galician upwelling estimated from stable isotopes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 318: 89â€“102.
Braccia, A. & J.R. Voshell (2006). Environmental factors accounting for benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage structure at the sample scale in streams subjected to a gradient of cattle grazing. Hydrobiologia 573: 55â€“73.
Brraich, O.S. & R. Kaur (2017). Temporal composition and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in wetlands. Current Science 112(1): 116â€“125; http://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v112/i01/116-125
Brucet, S., D. Boix, L.W. Nathansen, X.D. Quintana, E. Jensen, D. Balayla, M. Meerhoff & E. Jeppesen (2012). Effects of temperature, salinity and fish in structuring the macroinvertebrate community in shallow lakes: implications for effects of climate change. PLoS ONE
(2): e30877; http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030877
Carlisle, D., M.R. Meador, S.R. Moulton & P.M. Ruhi (2007). Estimation and application of indicator value for common macro-invertebrates. Ecological Indicator 7: 22â€“33; http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.09.005
Celik, K., N. Akbulut, A. Akbulut & D. Ozatli (2010). Macro zoobenthos of lake Uluabat, Turkey, related to some physical and chemical parameters. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences 5(4): 520â€“529.
Cloern, J.E. (2001). Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 210: 223â€“253.
Cogerino, l., B. Cellot & M. Bournaud (1995). Microhabitat diversity and associated macroinvertebrates in aquatic banks of a large European river. Hydrobiologia 304: 103â€“115.
Coleman, N., W. Cuff, J. Moverley, A.S.H. Gason & S. Heislers (2007). Depth, sediment type, biogeography and high species richness in shallow-water benthos. Marine and Freshwater Research 58(3): 293â€“305; http://doi.org/10.1071/MF06098
Das, M.K., M. Naskar, M.L. Mondal, P.K. Srivastava , S. Dey & A. Rej (2012). Influence of ecological factors on the patterns of fish species richness in tropical Indian rivers. Acta Ichthyologica Et Piscatoria 42(1): 47â€“58; http://doi.org/10.3750/AIP2011.42.1.06
Degani, G., G.N. Herbest, R. Ortal, H.J. Bromley, P. Levanon, H. Glazman & Y. Regev (1992). Faunal relationships to abiotic factors along the river Dan in northern Israel. Hydrobiologia 246: 69â€“82.
Dolbeth, M.C., P.G. Ferreira, S.M. Verdelhos, T.D. Raffaelli & M.A. Pardel (2007). Anthropogenic and natural effects on a macrobenthic esturiane community over a 10 year period. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54: 576â€“585.
Dudgeon, D.,Â A.H. Arthington, M.O. Gessner, Z.Â Kawabata, D.J.Â Knowler, C.Â LÃ©vÃªque, R.J. Naiman, A.H.Â Prieur-Richard,Â D. Soto,Â M.L. Stiassny & C.A.Â Sullivan (2006). Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges. Biological reviews
of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 81(2): 163â€“182; http://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793105006950
Feldman,Â R.S. & E.F. Connor (1992). The relationship between pH and community structure of invertebrates in streams of the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, U.S.A. Freshwater Biology 27(2): 261â€“276; http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1992.tb00538.x
Fisher, M.R. & W.P. Williams (2006). A feasibility study to monitor the macroinvertebrate diversity of the River Nile using three sampling methods. Hydrobiologia 56:137â€“147; http://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1262-6
Gamlath, G.A.R .K. & M.J.S. Wijeyaratne (1997). Indicator organisms of environmental condition in a lotic water body in Srilanka. Srilanka Journal of Aquatic Sciences 2: 121â€“129.
Geetha, P.N., T.A. Thasneem & S.B. Nandan (2010). Macrobenthos and its relation to ecosystem dynamics in the Cochin estuary. Lake 2010: Wetlands, Biodiversity and Climate Change. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. 22ndâ€“24th December, 1â€“12 pp.
Hauer, F.R. & W.R. Hill (1996). Temperature, light and oxygenn, pp. 103â€“117. In: Hauer, F.R. & G.A. Lamberti (eds.). Methods in Stream Ecology - 2rd Edition. San Diego, Academic Press, 877pp.
Heck, K.I., G. Hays & R.J. Orth (2003). Critical evaluation ofthe nursery role hypothesis for seagrass meadows. Marine Ecology Progress Series 253: 123â€“136.
Hellawell, J.M. (1986). Biological Indicators of Freshwater Pollution and Environmental Management. Elsevier Applied Sciences Publishers, London, New York, 546pp.Â
Idowu, E.O. & A.A.A. Ugwumba (2005). Physical, chemical and benthic faunal characteristics of a southern Nigeria reservoir. The Zoologist 3: 15â€“25.
Ikomi, R.B, F.O. Arimoro & O.K. Odihirin (2005).Â Composition, distribution and abundance of macroinvetebrates of the upper reaches of River Ethiope, Delta State, Nigeria. The Zoologist 3: 68â€“81.
Ingole B., N. Rodriguez & Z.A. Ansari (2002). Macro benthic communities of the coastal waters of Dabhol, West coast of India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 31(2): 93â€“99.
Nishat, B., S.K. Chakraborty, M.E. Hasan & A.J.M.Z. Rahman (2014). Rivers Beyond Borders: India Bangladesh Trans-boundary River Atlas. Ecosystems for Life: A Bangladesh-India Initiative, IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Drik publication,
Dhaka, Bangladesh, xx+152pp.
Jana, B.B. & A.K. Manna (1995). Seasonal changes of benthic invertebrates in two tropical fish ponds. Journal of Freshwater Biology 7(2): 129â€“136.
Jiang, X.M., J. Xiong, J.J.W. Qiu, J.M. Wu, J.W. Wang & Z.C. Xie (2010). Structure of macroinvertebrate communities in relation to environmental variables in a subtropical Asian river system. International Review of Hydrobiology 95: 42â€“57.
Johnson, R.K., W. Goedkoop & L. Sandin (2004). Spatial scale and ecological relationships between the macroinvertebrate communities of stony habitats of streams and lakes. Freshwater Biology 49: 1179â€“1194.
Jun, Y.C., N.Y. Kim, S.H. Kim, Y.S. Park, D.S. Kong & S.J. Hwang (2016). Spatial distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in relation to environmental variables in Korean Nationwide Streams. Water 8: 27; http://doi.org/10.3390/w8010027
Kagalou, I., G. Economidis, I. Leonardos & C. Papaloukas (2006). Assessment of a Mediterranean shallow lentic ecosystem (Lake Pamvotis, Greece) using benthic community diversity: Response to environmental parameters. Limnologica 36: 269â€“278.
Khalua, R.K., G. Chakravarty & S.K. Chakraborty (2008). Community Structure of Macrobenthic Mollusks of Three Contrasting Intertidal Belts of Midnapur Coast, West Bengal, India. Zoological Research in Human Welfare, Published-Director, Zoological Survey
of India, Kolkata, 484pp.
Kroncke, I & H. Reiss (2010). Influence of macrofauna long-term natural variability on benthic indices used in ecological quality assessment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60(1): 58â€“68.
Koperski, P. (2011). Diversity of freshwater macrobenthos and its use in biological assessment: a critical review of current applications. Environmental Review 19: 16â€“31; http://doi.org/10.1139/A10-023
Kumar, R., H. Nesewann, G. Sharma, T. Li-Chun, A.K. Prabhakar & S.P. Roy (2013). Community structure of macrobenthic invertebrates in the river Ganga in Bihar, India. Aquatic Ecoystem, Health and Management 16(4): 385â€“394.
Lenat, D.R., D.L.S. Penrose & K.W. Eagles (1981). Variable effects of Sediment addition on stream benthos. Hydrobiologia 79: 187â€“194.
Leprieur, F., O. Beauchard, S. Blanchet, T. Oberdorff & S. Brosse (2008). Fish invasions in the worldâ€™s river systems: when natural processes are blurred by human activities.Â PLoS biology 6(12): e28: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060028
Li, F., N. Chung, M.J. Bae, Y.S. Kwon & Y.S. Park (2012). Relationships between stream macroinvertebrates and environmental variables at multiple spatial scales. Freshwater Biology 57: 2107â€“2124.
Lind, O.T. (1979). Handbook of Common Method in limnology 2nd Edition, The C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, USA, 136â€“145pp.
Lodge, D.M. (1985). Macrophyte-gastropod associations: observations and experiments on macrophyte choice by gastropods.
Freshwater Biology 15: 695â€“708.
Mancini, L., P. Formichetti, J.G. Morgana, L.Tancioni, A.M. Dâ€™Angelo, P. P.Danieli, E. Pierdominici, M. Iaconelli & P. Andreani (2004).
Analysis of macrobenthic communities in the river basins of Central Italy. Limnetica 23(3â€“4): 199â€“208.
Margalef, R. (1968). Perspectives in Ecological Theory. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.
Mason, C.F. (1996). Biology of Freshwater Pollution. 3rd Edition. Longman, England, 356pp.
Merz, J.R. & L.K.O. Chan (2005). Effects of gravel augmentation on macroinvertebrate assemblages in a regulated California river. River Research and Applications 21: 61â€“74; http://doi.org/10.1002/rra.819
Michael, Q. (1977). Invertebrates of Streams and Rivers: A Key to Identification. Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 84pp.
Milbrink, G. (1983). An improved environmental index based on the relative abundance of Oligochaeta species. Hydrobiology 102:
Mikulyuk, A., S. Sharma, S.V. Egeren, E. Erdmann, M.E. Nault & J. Hauxwell (2011). The relative role of environmental, spatial, and land-use patterns in explaining aquatic macrophyte community composition. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68:
Mishra, A.S. & P. Nautiyal (2013). Functional composition of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna in the plateau rivers,Â Bundelkhand, central India.Â Journal of Threatened TaxaÂ 5(13):Â 4752â€“4758; http://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3226.4752-8
Mishra, A.S. & P. Nautiyal (2017). Canonical correspondence analysis for determining distributional patterns of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna in the lotic ecosystem. Indian Journal of Ecology 44(4): 697â€“705.
Mittermeier, R.A. & C.G. Mittermeier (1997). Megadiversity: earthâ€™s biologically wealthiest nation, pp 1â€“140. In: McAllister, D.E., A.L. Hamilton & B. Harvery (eds.).Â Global Freshwater Biodiversity - Vol. 11. Sea Wind, Cemex, Mexico City.
Mondal, I. & J.Â Bandyopadhyay (2016). Physicochemical Analysis of Ichamati River and Estimation of Soil Parameters using Geospatial Technology. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series E 97(2): 151â€“158; http://doi.org/10.1007/s40034-016-0086-4
Moretti, M.S. & M. Callisto (2005). Biomonitoring of benthic macro invertebrates in the middle Doce river watershed. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 17(3): 267â€“281.
Nautiyal, P. & A.S. Mishra (2013). Variations in benthic macroinvertebratefauna as indicator of land use in the Ken River, central India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(7): 4096â€“4105; http://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3211.4096-105
Nautiyal, P., A. S. Mishra, J. Verma & A. AgrawalÂ (2017).Â River ecosystems of the Central Highland ecoregion: Spatial distribution of benthic flora and fauna in the Plateau rivers (tributaries of the Yamuna and Ganga) in Central India.Â Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 20(1â€“2):Â 43â€“58;Â http://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2017.1296324
Nelson, S.M. & D.M. Lieberman (2002). The influence of flow and other environmental factor on benthic invertebrates in the Sacramento River, USA. Hydrobiologia 489: 117â€“129.
North 24 Parganas Dist Police (2013). Know Your Police Station. Retrieved May 13, 2018, from http://n24pgspolice.in/home/police-station.php .
Olenin, S. (1997). Benthic zonation of the Eastern Gotland Basin. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology 30: 265â€“282; http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02085871
Patricio, J. & A.R. Marquis (2006). Mass balanced models of the food web in three areas along gradient eutrophication in three areas along gradient eutrophication symptoms in the South arm of the Mondege estuary (Portugal). Ecological Modeling 197: 21â€“34;
Paul, S. & N.C. Nandi (2003). Studies on intertidal macrobenthos of Hugli River in and around Calcutta in relation to water and soil conditions. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Occasional Paper No. 213: 1â€“135.
Perez, K.E. (2004). Planorbidae, pp. 40â€“43. In: Perez K.E., S.A. Clark & C. Lydeard (eds.). Freshwater Gastropod, Identification Workshop â€œShowing your Shellsâ€ A Primer to Freshwater Gastropod Identification. Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society, University of Alabama,Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
Pielou, E.C. (1966). The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of Theoretical Biology 13: 131â€“144; http://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(66)90013-0
Pinel-Alloul, B., G.Methot, L. Lapierre & A. Willsie (1996). Macrobenthic community as a biological indicator of ecological and toxicological factors in Lake Saint-Francois (Quebec). Environmental Pollution 91: 65â€“87.
Pip, E. (1987). Species richness of freshwater gastropod communities in Central North America. Journal of Molluscan Studies 53(2): 163â€“170.
PokornyÂ´, J. & J. KveË‡t (2004). Aquatic plants and lake ecosystems, pp. 309â€“340. In: Oâ€™Sullivan, P.E. & C.S. Reynolds (eds.). The Lakes Handbook, Vol. 1. Limnology and Limnetic Ecology. Blackwell, Malden, Massachusetts.
Principe, R.E. & M.C. Corrigliano (2006). Benthic, drifting and marginal macroinvertebrate assemblages in a low land river: temporal and spatial variations and Size structure. Hydrobiologia 553(1): 303â€“317.
Rao, N.V.S. (1989). HandBook. Freshwater Molluscs of India. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India.
Rosenberg, D.M. & V.H. Resh (1993). Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Chapman and Hall, New York. 488pp.
Rosenberg, R. (2001). Marine benthic faunal successional stages and related sedimentary activity. Scientia Marina 65: 107â€“119; http://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2001.65s2107
Roy, M., A. Dey, S. Banerjee & N.C. Nandi (2008). Molluscan macrobenthic diversity of brackishwater wetlands in West Bengal. Zoological Research in Human Welfare. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 25â€“34pp.
Roy, S. & A. Gupta (2010). Molluscan diversity in river Barak and its tributaries, Assam, India. Assam University Journal of Science and Technology: Biological and Environmental Science 5(1): 109â€“113.
Sandin, L. (2003). Benthic macroinvertebrates in Swedish streams: Community structure, taxon richness, and environmental relations. Ecography 26: 269â€“282.
Schultz, R. & E. Dibble (2012). Effects of invasive macrophytes on freshwater fish and macroinvertebrate communities: the role of invasive plant traits.Â Hydrobiologia 84(1): 1â€“14; http://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0978-8
Shannon, C.F. & W. Weiner (1964). The Mathematical Theory of Communications. The University of Illinois Press, Urbana, USA.
Sharma, I. & R. Dhanze (2012). Evaluation of macrobenthic fauna in hill stream environment of western Himalaya, India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 4(9): 2875â€“2882; http://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o2725.2875-82
Sharma, R.C. & J.S. Rawat (2009). Monitoring of aquatic macroinvertebrates as bioindicator for assessing the health of wetlands: A case study in the central Himalayas, India. Ecological Indicators 9: 118â€“128.
Simpson, E.H. (1949). Measurement of diversity. Nature 16: 688
Simpson K.W., R.W. Bode & J.R. Colquhoun (1985). The macroinvertebrate fauna of an acid-stressed headwater stream system in the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Freshwater Biology 15: 673â€“681.
Soszka, G.J. (1975). Ecological relationships between invertebrates and submerged macrophytes in the lake littoral. Ekologia Polska 23: 393â€“415.
Spyra, A. (2010). Environmental factors influencing the occurrence of freshwater snails in woodland water bodies. Biologia 65(4): 697â€“703; http://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-010-0063-1
Spyra, A. & M.l. Strzelec (2013). Occurrence and morphological variability of Gyraulus crista (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Planorbidae) on different types of substratum in woodland ponds. Biologia 68(4): 679â€“686; http://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-013-0197-z
Srivastava, V.K. (2007). River ecology in India: present status and future research strategy for management and conservation. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 73(4): 255â€“269.
Stanford, L.L. & A. Spacie (1994). Biological Monitoring of Aquatic System. CRC Press, London, 400pp.
Strayer, D.L. & D. Dudgeon (2010). Freshwater biodiversity conservation: recent progress and future challenges. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 29(1): 344â€“358; http://doi.org/10.1899/08-171.1
Tagliapietra, D. & M. Sigovini (2010). Benthic fauna: collection and identification of macrobenthic invertebrates. NEAR Curriculum in Natural Environmental Science, Terre et Environnement 88: 253â€“261.
Tall, L., A.Â Armellin, B.Â Pinel-Alloul, G.Â MÃ©thot & C. Hudon (2016). Effects of hydrological regime, landscape features, and environment on macroinvertebrates in St. Lawrence River wetlands. Hydrobiologia 778(1): 221â€“241.
Timm, H., M. Ivsk & T. Mols (2001). Response of macroinvertebrates and water quality to long-term decrease in organic pollution in some Estonian streams during 1990â€“1998. Hydrobiologia 464: 153â€“164.
Timms, B.V. (2006). A study of the benthic communities of twenty lakes in the South Island, New Zealand. Freshwater Biology 12: 123â€“138.
Victor, R. & A.E. Ogbeibu (1985). Macrobenthic invertebrates of a stream flowing through farmland in Southern Nigeria. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 39: 339â€“349.
Wetzel, R.G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
Williams, C.D. & M.J. Gormally (2009). Spatio-temporal and environmental gradient effects on Mollusc communities in a unique wetland habitat (Turloughs). Wetlands 29(3): 854â€“865; http://doi.org/10.1672/08-185.1
Xu, M., Z. Wang, X. Duan & B. Pan (2014). Effects of pollution on macroinvertebrates and water quality bioassessment. Hydrobiologia 729(1): 247â€“259.
Zeybek, M., H. Kalyoncu & Ã–.O. Ertan (2012). Species composition and distribution of Mollusca in relation to water quality. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 12: 719â€“727; http://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v12_3_21