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It was de titwe of de second-highest miwitary commander in de Kingdom of Powand and de Grand Duchy of Liduania from de 16f to 18f centuries. A hetman was de highest miwitary officer in de hetmanates of Ukraine, de Zaporizhian Host (1649–1764), and de Ukrainian State (1918). The titwe was used by Ukrainian Cossacks from de 16f century. Used by de Czechs in Bohemia since de 15f century, in de modern Czech Repubwic de titwe is used for regionaw governors. Throughout much of de history of Romania and de Mowdavia, hetmans were de second-highest army rank.
Hetmans of Powand and Liduania
The Powish titwe Grand Crown Hetman dates from 1505. The titwe of Hetman was given to de weader of de Powish Army and untiw 1581 de hetman position existed onwy during specific campaigns and wars. After dat, it became a permanent titwe, as were aww de titwes in de Kingdom of Powand and de Powish–Liduanian Commonweawf. At any given time de Commonweawf had four hetmans – a Great Hetman and Fiewd (deputy) Hetman for each of bof Powand and Liduania. From 1585, de titwe couwd not be taken away widout a proven charge of treachery, dus most hetmans served for wife, as iwwustrated by de case of Jan Karow Chodkiewicz witerawwy commanding de army from his deadbed (1621). Hetmans were not paid for deir job by de royaw treasury. Hetmans were de main commanders of de miwitary forces, second onwy to de monarch in de army's chain of command. The fact dat dey couwd not be removed by de monarch made dem very independent, and dus often abwe to pursue independent powicies. This system worked weww when a hetman had great abiwity and de monarch was weak, but sometimes produced disastrous resuwts in de opposite case. The security of de position notabwy contrasted wif dat of miwitary weaders in states bordering de commonweawf, where sovereigns couwd dismiss deir army commanders at any time. In 1648 de Zaporizhian Host (de Powish–Liduanian Commonweawf subject) ewected a hetman of deir own, Bohdan Khmewnytsky, igniting de Ukrainian struggwe for independence.
The miwitary reform of 1776 wimited de powers of de hetmans. The Hetman office was abowished after de dird partition of Powand in 1795.
Hetman Mikołaj "de Red" Radziwiłł
Hetman Jan Karow Chodkiewicz wearing a traditionaw costume of Powish magnates
Hetmans of de Zaporozhian Host and Ukraine
At de end of de sixteenf century, de commanders of de Zaporizhian Cossacks were titwed Koshovyi Otaman or Hetman; Christof Kosynsky was de first Zaporizhian hetman, uh-hah-hah-hah. In 1572, a hetman was a commander of de Registered Cossack Army (Ukrainian: Реєстрове козацьке військо) of de Rzeczpospowita, too. From 1648, de start of Bohdan Khmewnytsky's uprising, a hetman was de head of de whowe Ukrainian State — Hetmanshchyna. Awdough dey were ewected, Ukrainian hetmans had very broad powers and acted as heads of de Cossack state, deir supreme miwitary commanders, and top wegiswators (by issuing administrative decrees).
After de spwit of Ukraine awong de Dnieper River by de 1667 Powish–Russian Treaty of Andrusovo, Ukrainian Cossacks (and Cossack hetmans) became known as Left-bank Cossacks (of de Cossack Hetmanate) and Right-bank Cossacks.
In de Russian Empire, de office of Cossack Hetman was abowished by Caderine II of Russia in 1764. The wast Hetman of de Zaporozhian Army (de formaw titwe of de hetman of Ukraine) was Kyrywo Rozumovsky, who reigned from 1751 untiw 1764.
The titwe was revived in Ukraine during de revowution of 1917 to 1920. In earwy 1918, a conservative German-supported coup overdrew de radicaw sociawist Ukrainian Centraw Rada and its Ukrainian Peopwe's Repubwic, estabwishing a hetmanate monarchy headed by Pavwo Skoropadskyi, who cwaimed de titwe Hetman of Ukraine. This regime wasted untiw wate 1918, when it was overdrown by a new Directorate of Ukraine, of a re-estabwished Ukrainian Peopwe's Repubwic.
Hetmans of de Bohemia, Romania, and Mowdavia
Hetman has often been used figurativewy to mean 'commander' or simpwy 'weader'. Exampwes:
- "They say dere was a whowe band of dem, and dat dis bearded man was deir ewder, de hetman, uh-hah-hah-hah." — Maxim Gorky, Moder (1906)
- Oxford Engwish Dictionary
- "The Cossacks: A super-ednos in Russia's ribs". The Economist. December 21, 1996.
- "Ataman". Cossackweb.narod.ru. Retrieved Juwy 6, 2012.
- Gorky, Maxim (1906). Moder. New York/London: D. Appweton–Century Company. p. 372 – via Internet Archive.
They say dere was a whowe band of dem, and dat dis bearded man was deir ewder, de hetman, uh-hah-hah-hah.
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