‘Germany will either be a world power or will not be at all’, said the head of the Nazi Party and the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, Adolf Hitler. He was the Chancellor of Germany during the Third Reich and the chief mastermind behind World War II. Known to the world as the indomitable ‘Fuhrer’, he was responsible for the mass and systematic extermination of millions of Jews and non-Aryans, whom he deemed unfit or inferior to the ideal ‘Aryan’ race. The founder of Nazism and a staunch anti-Semite, he made efforts to build a territorially larger and purer nation for German folk through his megalomaniac ways which prompted and also ended the World War, leading his country to abyss. He was also a prolific writer, artist and a militarist, known for his exceptional leadership talents and his effervescent nature. This German leader rose to prominence from the rank of a mere soldier owing to his exceptional oratory skills and went on to become one of the most feared despots of his time. His dream to establish ‘New Order’ in Germany was a culmination of his long and tyrannical, yet fascinating dictatorship. He transformed the face of the-then Weimar Republic into a single-party autocracy, based on the dictatorial ideology of a total ‘Nazi German’ hegemony. Hitler’s early years with the Nazi Party and his aggressive foreign policies were considered one of the main factors for the outbreak of World War II, which ultimately led to his downfall and a mass destruction around Central and Eastern Europe.
- Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, to Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl. He was the fourth of the six children born to the couple and was only 3-years-old when the family moved from Austria to Germany.He was a very bright child and was very popular at school, but often clashed with his father over his interest in fine arts. This led to Hitler’s detachment from his family and he became a reclusive, discontented, resentful child, with an unstable temperament towards his father.He was deeply attached to his lenient, hard-working mother, whose battle against cancer and consequent demise in December 1908 was a shattering blow to his already upset life.It is believed that young Hitler showed an early interest in German nationalism, condemning the authority of Austro-Hungary. This nationalism would later play a major role in Hitler’s policy formations.Hitler tried to enter The Academy Of Fine Arts and got rejected twice.Vienna & Early Anti-Semitic Views
- After spending four years in Linz, a Jewish colony, he dropped out of school at the age of 16, and moved to Vienna with dreams of becoming a painter. He applied to the Viennese Academy of Fine Arts twice and his rejection both times shaped his pathological hatred of Marxists and the cosmopolitan Habsburg monarchy.He was homeless for some years and sold his artworks to earn a little wherewithal for sustenance. The prevalent racial and religious prejudice in Vienna at the time is said to have sown the seeds of anti-Semitism in him.Later, hawking sketches in low taverns, he lived from hand-to-mouth and compensated for the frustrations of a solitary bachelor’s life in despondent shelters and cheap cafes, listening to others discussing grandiose dreams of a greater Germany.It was during his years in Vienna that he was able to discern the ‘Eternal Jew’ symbol and started believing that Jews were the root cause of all chaos, corruption and obliteration in ethos, politics and economy.On the day of a meeting at the 'Wolf's lair', 20 July 1944, there was an attempted bombing during the meeting. He survived but was injured; he later went to meet Mussolini at the train station where he recounted the incident to Mussolini.Role In World War I
- In May 1913, Hitler left Vienna for Munich and joined the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment when war broke out in August 1914, serving as a dispatch runner. He proved to be a courageous, able soldier and was awarded his first Iron Cross for bravery.Twice injured, he landed up in a hospital in Pomerania, temporarily blinded and was driven to powerless rage owing to the 1918 German Revolution as well as the country’s military defeat during World War I.After recovery, he was convinced that fate had picked him to rescue a disgraced nation from the manacles of the punitive Treaty of Versailles, which he condemned.In the summer of 1919, Hitler observed the uprising of a small yet powerful group, known as the German Workers’ Party. On September 16, 1919, he entered the same party and soon changed its name to the Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ Party. By July 1921, he had imposed himself as the party’s Chairman.Rise To Prominence & The Nazi Party
- Hitler’s powerful oratory talent was discovered and he was made the chief speaker of the Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ Party. He also gave the group its new symbol—the ‘swastika’, a Hindu symbol for prosperity. His fervent conviction, boisterousness and theatrical quality of speeches, established him as the ‘Fuhrer’ (leader in German) of the movement, with over 3,000 members in the party as compared to the initial membership of 40.He decided to organize his party on the basis of powerful squads such as the storm-troopers called, the ‘Sturmabteilung’ (SA) and Hitler’s black-shirted bodyguards, the ‘Schutzstaffel’ (SS).He focused his propaganda against the ‘November Rogues’, the people he considered as ‘internal enemies’, who signed the Treaty of Versailles and who, according to him, were responsible for all of Germany’s domestic problems. His views of the Versailles Treaty gave birth to socialistic ideas of the ‘Aryan’ race supremacy and extreme-nationalist policies.By 1923, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse and Hitler sought to overthrow the Bavarian government in Munich, by bursting into a beer hall in the city. This eventually grew to become the infamous, ‘Beer Hall Putsch’, where 3,000 of Hitler’s men attempted to ‘putsch’ (or overthrow) the existing Munich government.He was arrested and tried on February 26, 1924 and was sentenced to five years of prison. However, he was released after nine months of prison term and dedicated his only major work, ‘Mein Kampf’, to his loyalist, Rudolf Hess.The failure of the Putsch, the ban on the Nazi Party and his jail term, made Hitler stronger and he vowed to come back with the army and the police under his command.In 1925, the ban on the Nazi Party was lifted and Hitler regained permission to speak in public and established himself as the ultimate arbitrator.In the 1928 elections, owing to the onset of the Great Depression and the consequent threat to the German economy, people chose not to vote for Hitler’s Nazi Party and he won a mere 12 seats.Despite this defeat, the Nazis began to win over large industrial and army circles and with the backing of the press, Adolf Hitler received tremendous nationwide exposure. Cunning as he was, he played on the national sentiment of revolt and of a desire for strong leadership, using all the modern techniques of mass persuasion. He thus, presented himself as Germany’s sole knight in shining armor.Consequently, in the 1930 elections, the Nazis won majority votes, winning a whopping 107 seats at the Reichstag. The same year, he officially acquired German citizenship and ran for presidency on April 10, 1931, but was defeated by von Hindenburg.In 1932, after the Nazis emerged as the largest political party in Germany with nearly fourteen million votes to their credit, he was appointed as Chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933.Once in the saddle, Hitler moved swiftly, wiping out rivals, ousting free trade unions and the Jews from any role whatsoever in the political and social workings of the country. He even won a majority at the last ‘democratic’ elections in Germany on March 5, 1933 with the help of nationalists and a generous use of intimidation, terror and persuasion.Hitler was considered the undisputed dictator of the Third Reich and by the beginning of August 1934, and after the death of von Hindenburg, he had all the powers of the state in his hands.In the next four years, he enjoyed a dazzling string of domestic and international successes, outwitting rival political leaders abroad just as he had defeated his opposition at home.In 1935, he abandoned the Treaty of Versailles and began building his army by recruiting five times its permitted number. He built the ‘Luftwaffe’ and supplied military aid to forces in Spain, which brought about the Spanish victory in 1939.The German armament program led to full employment in Germany and an uninhibited expansion of military production. This, reinforced by his foreign policy successes like the ‘Rome-Berlin’ pact of 1936, the ‘Anschluss’ with Austria and the liberation of the ‘Sudetan’ Germans, brought Hitler to the apex of his popularity.Hitler’s tactics bludgeoned the British and the French into the humiliating Munich Agreement of 1938 and the dismantlement of the Czechoslovakian state in 1939.The next designated target for Hitler was Poland, an ally of Britain and France. In order to deal with a possible two-front war, the Nazi dictator signed a friendship and non-aggression pact with Soviet Russia; this he later breached.World War II & War Crimes
- On September 1, 1939, German forces invaded Poland while their leader tried to secure ‘Lebensraum’, or Germany’s ‘free living space’, by driving out the Polish from their lands.The first phase of World War II was dominated by German ‘Blitzkrieg’ tactics which involved sudden attacks on airfields or other military installations, using fast mobile armor and state-of-the-art bomber aircrafts. Poland was overrun in less than a month and Holland, Belgium and France were taken down in six weeks thereafter.The fall of France left Britain helpless, but the British refused to bow down. The Battle of Britain, where the RAF prevented the Luftwaffe from gaining control over British skies, was Hitler’s first setback. He retreated and decided to postpone his British attack for later and joined his Italian allies who were fighting in North Africa. He annexed parts of Greece, Yugoslavia and the island of Crete, with the help of the Italians.Although he had signed a non-aggression pact with Soviet Russia, he invaded its territories nonetheless on June 22, 1941, thinking that USSR’s destruction would leave Britain without any potential support.With the inclusion of America in the World War by the end of 1941, Britain refused to accept Germany’s right over continental Europe. This led to the implementation of Hitler’s ‘Final Solution of the Jewish Question’, which was under deliberation since 1939.The ‘Final Solution of the Jewish Question’ according to Hitler, was a complete extermination of the Jewish race. The execution of this plan was expedited due to British insubordination despite his explicit threat that any insubordination would spell doom for the Jewish community across the world.‘Jew-eradication’ measures were already taken in areas of Poland and Germany, where the Jews were sent to concentration camps and exterminated in masses. He also targeted Russian soldiers in an attempt to annihilate ‘Bolshevism’ from its roots.Over 100 camps were set up in Germany and a 100 more outside the country. What followed was a series of gruesome events where thousands of Jews and others ‘unsuited’ for the Aryan race, were herded together and systematically killed. The grotesque killing methods included starvation, shooting and even, lethal gas chambers disguised as shower chambers.1941 onwards, Jews were even gassed in trucks and killed by firing squads. Many large concentration camps like ‘Majdanek’ and ‘Auschwitz’ became highly infamous and accounted for more than 1,00,000 victims per day.Within a couple of months, Hitler extended his armies across the Baltic and the Black Sea, but the Soviet Union did not collapse like Hitler had expected. Instead of trying to seize the heart of Moscow, he ordered a pincer movement around Kiev to seize Ukraine and proclaimed on October 1941, that the Soviet Union had fallen due to the merciless Russian winter.The failure of the Italians in the Middle East and the entry of the United States in the War were visible signs of the coming German defeat, which became apparent in 1942. However, Hitler was convinced that it was his military and general staff that was weak and indecisive and he became more prone to hysterical fury and brooding. His health too, began to decline at this point of time.Fall Of The Third Reich
- By the beginning of 1943, the Third Reich lacked the resources to fight off impending doom. All that remained of Hitler’s Reich, was the mass Nazi responsibility to exhume the dead from concentration camps, burn their bodies, destroy all evidence of crime and plow concentration camps under.Hitler’s generals grew increasingly frustrated by his refusal to trust them in their respective fields and recognizing the inevitability of their defeat, they planned a small anti-Nazi Resistance to assassinate the Fuhrer on July 20, 1944. The plot failed and Hitler ruthlessly assassinated all the conspirators.The gassing of the Jews, Poles and Soviets continued till November 1944, along with numerous brutal medical experiments conducted on Jews in camps.Towards the end of the war and his life, Hitler grew cynical and indulged in endless, night-long monologues, gesturing over maps and suggesting that his secret V-1 and V-2 rockets may turn the war for Germany.As the Soviets approached Berlin and the Anglo-Americans, along with the Allies, closed in on Hitler’s Germany, the Fuhrer ordered the destruction of various industries, transport systems and communications, believing that if he did not survive, Germany too should be destroyed.