It has long been noted that social movements typically create movement cultures, but the actual use of music, as a cultural form is only beginning to receive attention. Is it only used to reaffirm the faith of those already committed to a movement, as some argue, or does it serve other functions, such as aiding education, recruitment, and mobilization? When, where, and why might each of these uses of music develop? We will look at a number of theoretical and activist approaches and then apply these to movements in the United States (including the labor, civil rights, New Left, women’s, and current inner city movements) and elsewhere. Assessment: Final exam and optional term paper.