Archaeologist William Fowler, for what it’s worth, though that the sword hilt was meant to be a tomahawk, which admittedly it does resemble. But he thought it dated back to the French and Indian War. This seems difficult to imagine since the written records make no mention of either sword hilt or tomahawk down to 1883. However the locals of Westford tried to “improve” their “Old Indian” image, it seems they must have done so between 1883 and 1946, the first time the sword hilt was documented.
The second thing I’d like to follow up on is my mention yesterday of Arabic texts claiming that the stones of the pyramids were levitated into position by magic spell. Technically, the text doesn’t say anything about being levitated, only that the stones moved after being struck while in contact with a paper containing magic writing. They could have slid, self-propelled, jumped, or anything else; the text is silent on the details. However, what I didn’t say yesterday is that we have some evidence that the story was invented sometime between 900 and 1200 CE.
The levitation passage occurs in the middle of the Surid pyramid legend. The oldest version, that of Ibn ’Abd Al-Hakam, written before 871 CE, lacks this detail, while the version of the Akhbar al-zaman, from perhaps as early as the mid-900s to as late as 1200, includes it. Compare how the basic account has grown enormously by inserting new details in between the parts of the older account:
After he had given orders for this building, they cut out great columns and wonderful stones. They fetched massy stones from the Ethiopians, and made with them the foundations of the three pyramids, fastening them together with lead and iron. (trans. John Greaves)
The king ordered the construction of tall monuments, the cleaving of huge slabs, the extraction of lead from the land of the West, and the rolling in of stones from the region of Aswan; these great black rocks were drawn on chariots. He laid the foundations of the three pyramids, Eastern, Western and Colored; the last of these was entirely made of white and black colored stones. It is said that the builders had palm wood sheets covered in writing, and after having extracted every stone and having it cut, they placed over each stone one of these sheets; they then gave a blow to the stone, and it traveled far beyond the reach of sight. They came back close to it and did the same again until they had led it to its assigned place. Craftsmen then carved each slab so as to affix in the middle an iron rod; they placed over it another slab with a hole in its center, and the rod entered the hole. They then poured lead around the slab and into the hole so that the adjustment was perfect. (my trans.)