American Jewish Congress
|Registration no.||13-1679610 (EIN)|
|Purpose||"Jewish Americans organized to defend Jewish interests at home and abroad through public policy advocacy - using diplomacy, legislation, and the courts."|
|Jack Rosen (President), Richard Gordon (Chairman), Herb London (Vice President), Bruce Blakeman (V.P.) , Ben Chouake (Secretary), Eli Verschleiser (Treasurer)|
The American Jewish Congress is as an association of Jewish Americans organized to defend Jewish interests at home and abroad through public policy advocacy, using diplomacy, legislation, and the courts.
- 1 History
- 2 The First Amendment
- 3 Charitable choice
- 4 Women's issues
- 5 Interfaith
- 6 Controversies
- 7 Location of materials for research on the American Jewish Congress
- 8 References
- 9 External links
The American Jewish Congress was founded in 1918, and represented a "populist counterbalance to the American Jewish Committee, which was dominated by the wealthy and conservative German-Jewish establishment." Leaders within the American Jewish community, consisting of Jewish, Zionist, and immigrant community organizations, convened the first American Jewish Congress (AJCongress) in Philadelphia's historic Independence Hall. Rabbi Stephen S. Wise, Felix Frankfurter, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis, and others joined to lay the groundwork for a national democratic organization of Jewish leaders from all over the country, to rally for equal rights for all Americans regardless of race, religion or national ancestry.
In addition to its stated goals of equal rights for all, it was founded to broaden Jewish leadership and to present a unified American Jewish position at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. It became effective as a pressure group in 1928 under the leadership of Rabbi Wise, who remained the president and chief spokesperson of the AJCongress until his death in 1949.
Through its emphasis on human rights for all Americans; on protection by government of the weakest among us; and on a just society based on civil law and the Jewish concept of Tzedek—righteousness—the American Jewish Congress has made its mark to a remarkable degree on American society in general and Jewish well-being in particular.
The head of the AJC is Jack Rosen.
Throughout the 1930s, Rabbi Wise was vocal in his warnings about the dangers of Nazism. When Adolf Hitler was named chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933, Wise organized a mass protest rally at Madison Square Garden, in New York City. He did this despite strong opposition by the German government, the U.S. State Department, and conservative Jewish organizations such as the AJCommittee and B'nai B'rith. The American Jewish Congress continued to organize protest rallies throughout the 1930s and 1940s. In August 1933 the American Jewish Congress led a general boycott of German goods.
In 1934, Daniel Marks was named head of the AJC. He traveled to Germany and brought 5,000 Jews to America.
In 1936 the American Jewish Congress was instrumental in establishing the World Jewish Congress (WJC). Maintaining his position as president of the AJCongress, Rabbi Wise was also elected president of the WJC. During World War II, the AJCongress acted as a liaison between the U.S. government and the WJC on issues relating to rescue attempts made on behalf of European Jews.
In August 1942, Rabbi Wise received a cable from Gerhard Riegner, the WJC representative in Switzerland. Riegner reported that the Nazis had planned, and were implementing a policy to exterminate all of European Jewry; the cable also referred specifically to the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp. After the State Department confirmed the accuracy of the information in the cable, now known as the "Riegner telegram," the AJCongress convened a Joint Emergency Committee. The committee sought to coordinate the major Jewish organizations in the United States to lobby the Roosevelt administration to take increased measures rescuing European Jews.
In December 1942 the American Jewish Congress established a Planning Committee, which sought support for a variety of rescue proposals. The committee was never more than marginally successful in mobilizing American public support for rescue efforts. The most impressive of these projects was another rally at Madison Square Garden. Held on March 1, 1943, the rally drew a crowd of 70,000. Similar rallies were subsequently held in a number of cities throughout the United States.
In August 1943 Rabbi Stephen Wise met Jan Karski.
The American Jewish Congress was pro-Zionist in its platform. Its leadership overlapped with that of the Zionist Organization of America (ZOA). As a result, the two organizations agreed to concentrate on different tasks during the war. The American Jewish Congress dedicated itself to rescuing European Jews, while the ZOA worked to establish a Jewish state in Palestine. This arrangement continued after the war, although its significance decreased after the creation of the state of Israel in 1948.
AJCongress was a pioneer in the struggle for Soviet Jewry, long before it became a popular movement.
Domestically, AJCongress became active as well. It was the first Jewish organization to use law and legislation to protect the rights of American Jews, at a time when other Jewish organizations were using appeals to good will to achieve this objective.
The AJCongress was involved in legal proceedings that sometimes conflicted with other Jewish American organizations. In 1966 the AJCongress joined the New York Civil Liberties Union, the United Parents Associations and the United Federation of Teachers in filing suit against provisions of the Federal Education Act, which would provide support to religious schools. Jewish day school educators and leaders in over 30 states and over 100 communities representing 330 Hebrew day schools insisted that the American Jewish Congress did not speak for American Jews on religious or educational issues and is viewed by some in the Jewish community as primarily a secular agency. Then president of the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America (also known as the Orthodox Union), Rabbi Joseph Karasick, said that the American Jewish Congress “speaks for itself only and is under no circumstances to be taken as representing the American Jewish community. The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, central spokesman for this country’s 3,100 Orthodox synagogues, as well as all Orthodox rabbinic bodies and every other Orthodox Jewish body, have given full support to the Federal Education Act and deem its provisions to be consonant with the principle of church-state separation.”
The 1980s and 1990s
Following its heyday during the 1960s, when many of its activities coincided with the larger Civil Rights Movement, a drop-off in its membership throughout the 1980s and 1990s ensued.
In the late 1990s and into the 2000s, the AJCongress experienced the defection of a number of local chapters, including Boston, Philadelphia and Los Angeles. There were disputes over ideological issues and finances. Some of those chapters have since reestablished themselves as independent non-profits focused on liberal social and community issues. FInding the AJC had become too conservative, members of the Los Angeles chapter, for instance, created the Progressive Jewish Alliance (PJA) in 1999. They sought to assert a Jewish interest in the campaigns for social justice in Southern California, which has the United States' second largest Jewish population. The Progressive Jewish Alliance expanded in February 2005 by opening a San Francisco Bay Area chapter.
The AJC has since regrouped and is actively engaged in constitutional issues domestically and supporting Israel and challenging anti-Semitism abroad.
In 2004, AJC led a successful effort to keep federal funds out of Catholic schools. U.S. District Judge Gladys Kessler sided with the American Jewish Congress, which argued that federal funds were being used to pay for teaching of Christian values through programs such as the University of Notre Dame’s Alliance for Catholic Education. AmeriCorps argued that its funding based on a program’s secular activities, not the religious teaching. But Judge Kessler ruled that the religious and secular activities were not sufficiently separated or monitored.
The AJC suspended its activities and laid off much of its staff on July 13, 2010 because it had run out of operating funds due to losses in the Madoff scandal. It disclosed that it lost roughly $21 million of the $24 million in endowments it had invested through Bernard Madoff and his firm, money that supported the AJCongress and its programs. The endowments supported about one quarter of the AJC’s budget, which was $6.2 million in 2006. The AJCongress had connected with Madoff through Martin and Lillian Steinberg, supporters of AJCongress and friends of Madoff who invested with him, and Madoff became a trusted advisor of AJCongress on financial matters. The AJCongress increased its investments with Madoff in 2004, after it sold its New York headquarters for $18 million in 2003, and when the Steinbergs died they left approximately $17 million to the organization, which was also invested with Madoff. While the financial losses of the endowment were crippling, others noted that the AJCongress had long been in the shadow of larger American Jewish organizations such as the American Jewish Committee and the ADL. While the AJCongress focused on religious freedom in America, free speech and women’s rights, donors showed more interest in Israel and anti-Semitism.
While the AJC had a long history of fighting aid to religious schools, the effort proved to be in conflict with Orthodox Jewish communities that were very successful in attracting government funds for students. An investigation by the Jewish Daily Forward showed that each year, tens of millions of dollars in federal Pell grants go to yeshivas, which typically focus on Talmud study, rather than secular subjects. For 2010, 63 of the 152 religious institutions that received Pell grants were Jewish, the data shows. The Jewish schools received 53% of the $84.5 million in Pell grant money that went to religious schools in 2010. Of the top 10 Pell grant recipients in dollar terms in 2010, six were yeshivas.
In 2012, the AJC spent 16.5% of its expenses on programs and services it delivered. It spent 71% on administrative expenses. In 2013 the board restructured the organization; since then it has been working on incorporating new missions that are relevant to the times.
The First Amendment
The American Jewish Congress has been involved in hundreds of civil rights and religious freedoms cases, before local, Federal and the United States Supreme Court. Brown v. Board of Education gave AJCongress its public entrée into the field of Constitutional defense agencies.
AJCongress monitors issues like "charitable choice" proposals, in which federal funds would be given to faith-based institutions to provide social services historically the responsibility of government.
AJCongress was the first mainstream Jewish organization with a membership of both men and women to devote considerable time, effort and resources to women's issues. The Women's Division, founded 1933, carried on these activities for approximately fifty years before it was discontinued as a separate section; the organization subsequently continued its support for women's rights and feminist perspectives under the auspices of the Commission for Women's Equality (CWE), which was established in 1984.
CWE has turned its attention to the ethical, legal and medical issues arising from research revealing that Ashkenazi Jewish women have higher than average frequencies of gene mutations predisposing them to breast and ovarian cancer. The 1996 conference, Understanding the Genetics of Breast Cancer: Implications for Treatment, Policy and Advocacy, organized by national CWE, has been duplicated by AJCongress regions nationwide. In 2000, CWE presented Cancer Genetics in the Ashkenazi Community, to explore medical breakthroughs since the first conference as well as new developments in genetic testing. This follow-up conference was distinctly more upbeat than its predecessor, both in terms of medical preventive measures and in regard to legislation to ensure privacy and eliminate discrimination based on testing.
In 1988, AJCongress hosted "The First International Jewish Feminist Conference:The Empowerment of Women" in Israel to address women’s rights. More than 600 Jewish women from around the world attended, including former Congresswoman Bella Abzug and Betty Friedan. Some of the attendees visited the Kotel, Torah in hand and found that they were not allowed to pray in their fashion because of Orthodox restrictions on women wearing religious items, singing or reading Torah. A movement began, now known around the world as Women of the Wall, headed by Anat Hoffman. Polls show that in Israel "64 percent of the secular public, 53 percent of the traditional non-religious public, and 26 percent of the traditional-religious public support the group, Women of the Wall, and their quest to pray at the Kotel in their fashion. But their cause was unanimously rejected by the poll’s ultra-Orthodox respondents,” according to an article in the Algemeiner.
The CWE most recently held a major women's conference in Tel Aviv, Israel in May 2006, bringing notable women of achievement like Anne F. Lewis, Lynn Sherr, anchor for ABC's 20/20, Irshad Manji, author of The Trouble with Islam, Bettina Plevan, Partner at Proskauer Rose LLP and former head of the New York Bar Association and others to a weeklong discussion on women's accomplishment and success. Carole E. Handler was the CWE's most recent Chair.
AJCongress has participated in interfaith dialogue with the U.S. Bishops' Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs.
In the fall of 2007, AJCongress announced that it had retained the services of Rabbi Israel Singer, the former secretary general of the World Jewish Congress - who left the agency after claims of financial irregularities were levied following an investigation by the New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer and followed up by accusations from then WJC President Edgar Bronfman about alleged theft.
On January 10, 2008, AJCongress released an official statement critical of Ms. magazine's refusal to accept a full page advertisement honoring three prominent Israeli women: Dorit Beinisch (president of the Supreme Court of Israel), Tzipi Livni (Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel), and Dalia Itzik (speaker of the Knesset). AJCongress press release states: "...'What other conclusion can we reach,' asked Richard Gordon, President of AJCongress, 'except that the publishers − and if the publishers are right, a significant number of Ms. Magazine readers − are so hostile to Israel that they do not even want to see an ad that says something positive about Israel?'...'Clearly Ms. has changed a great deal from the days when AJCongress members and leaders of the AJCongress' Commission for Women’s Equality − including Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug and Ms. co-founder Letty Pogrebin − were at the forefront of the Women's Movement that led to the creation of Ms. Magazine.'
Katherine Spillar, executive editor of Ms. magazine responded to the AJCongress on Ms. magazine's website, denying an anti-Israel bias, stating that: "Ms. Magazine has been criticized for not running an ad submitted by the American Jewish Congress (AJCongress) featuring the photographs of three prominent Israeli women leaders with the statement 'This is Israel.' She argued that the proposed advertisement was inconsistent with the magazine's policy to accept only 'mission-driven advertisements from primarily non-profit, non-partisan organizations', suggesting that the advertisement could have been perceived 'as favoring certain political parties within Israel over other parties, but also with its slogan “This is Israel,” the ad implied that women in Israel hold equal positions of power with men.' Spillar stated that the magazine had 'covered the Israeli feminist movement and women leaders in Israel ... eleven times' in its last four years of issues.
Location of materials for research on the American Jewish Congress
The Western Jewish History Center, of the Judah L. Magnes Museum, in Berkeley, California has a large collection of historical records and documents from the Northern California Division of AJCongress. Additionally, The American Jewish Historical Society has a large collection related to the American Jewish Congress. The American Jewish Historical Society has recently completed a National Endowment for the Humanities funded project to process a new accretion of organizational records and create a finding aid for the additional records, photographs, and audio-visual material related to the American Jewish Congress and its Executive Directors, Commissions, and Public Relations department.
- AJCongress' Website
- AJCongress Crippled by Madoff Scandal The jewish Daily Forward, 8 February 2009
- Time Magazine, June 20, 1938
- American Jewish Historical Society
- JVL Website
- Joint Emergency Committee
- Papers of Martin Luther King, pg 517
- Orthodox Groups to Defend in Court Federal Aid to Parochial Schools JTA, 5 December 1966
- Cohen, Aryeh (2007). "Progressive Jewish Alliance Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. Detroit: , 2007. 544. Gale Virtual Reference Library.". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Macmillan Reference USA, 2nd ed. Vol. 16. p. 544. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
- AmeriCorps sponsor must stop funding Catholic programs The First Amendment Center, 7 July 2004
- Berkman, Jacob (20 July 2010). "AJCongress shutters quickly, pays debts slowly". Jewish Telegraphic Agency (jta.org). Archived from the original on July 28, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
- "U.S. Jewish Group Eyes Merger With AJC After Losing Money in Madoff Scam". Fox News. 20 July 2010. Archived from the original on July 28, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
- "AJCongress Crippled by Madoff Scandal" The Jewish Daily Forward, 8 January 2009
- "Yeshivas Score Huge Pell Grant Windfall Jewish Religious Colleges Get Tens of Millions in Federal Aid" The Jewish Daily Forward, 31 October 2012
- American Jewish Congress Charity Navigator, accessed 15 April 2015
- Brown v. Board of Ed.
- Svonkin, Stuart. "American Jewish Congress." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 1 March 2009. Jewish Women's Archive (jwa.org). Retrieved October 24, 2015.
- AJCongress At the Wall…a History of Support for Women AJC, accessed 15 April 2015
- AJCongress Release
- CWE Article PDF
- JTA Wire, (by way of the Baltimore Jewish Times), AJC Taps Israel Singer, December 2, 2007
- NY Times, Spitzer Looking Into World Jewish Congress, By STEPHANIE STROM, December 31, 2004
- Ha’aretz, World Jewish Congress fires chairman Israel Singer in surprise move , By Amiram Barkat, March 15, 2007
- American Jewish Congress (2008-01-10). "Ms. Magazine Blocks Ad on Israeli Women". Archived from the original on 13 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
- American Jewish Congress (2008-01-10). "This is Israel. (PDF document)" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-01-18.
- Official website
- Guide to the Records of American Jewish Congress at the American Jewish Historical Society, New York.
- The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
- World Jewish Congress website
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - American Jewish Congress
- Finding Aid to the American Jewish Congress, Northern California Division records, 1957-1988 The Bancroft Library