The Federal Bureau
of Investigation (FBI) defines terrorism as "the unlawful use of force against
persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any
segment thereof, in the furtherance of political or social objectives." This
definition includes three elements:
activities are illegal and involve the use of force.
The actions intend
to intimidate or coerce.
The actions are
committed in support of political or social objectives.
History Of Terrorism
Terrorism is not
something new to this country or the world. The history of biological warfare began
in the 6th Century BC, with the Assyrians poisoning enemy walls. In 1346 attackers
on a city threw corpses over the city wall, they were infected with what is called the
Black Death. The same plague-infected corpse tactics may have also been used again
in 1710 against Sweden by Russia.
occasions smallpox was used as a biological weapon. The English gave Indians
assisting the French smallpox-laden blankets during the French and Indian War of 1754 to
weapons were used during World War I by the Germans, in 1937 and by Japan in 1940.
The United States began research into the offensive use of biological agents in 1943, in
response to a perceived German biological warfare threat. This research continued
until stopped by a Presidential Order of President Nixon in 1969. Stockpiles of
biological agents and munitions were destroyed in May of 1971 and May of 1972 as a result
of the order.
In 1972, the
United States and many other countries signed the convention on the Prohibition of the
development, production and stockpiling of Biological and Toxic Weapons. This treaty was also signed by the
former Soviet Union and Iraq. Testimony from Laos indicated attack planes and helicopters delivered aerosols in
several colors. People and animals become disoriented and ill, some even died after
exposure. These attacks were labeled the Yellow Rain.
In 1979, the
former Soviet Union appeared to have an accidental release of anthrax, residents living
downwind became ill and many died. The final death toll was estimated anywhere from
200 to 1,000. It was finally admitted to be an accidental release at a weapons plant
after many years of denying the release ever occurred. In August of 1991 the United
Nations inspection team found several biological weapons in Iraq after the Gulf War.
The Threat Is Real
We have seen that when properly
motivated, terrorists do whatever they have to do in order to achieve their goals.
Recent examples of terrorist attacks include the
Trade Center Disaster in 2001, the World Trade Center bombing in 1993, the
Tokyo Subway nerve agent attack in 1995, the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 and the attack
on the USS Cole in 2000.
All communities, especially
those in free societies are vulnerable to incidents involving terrorism. Nearly all
of those communities contain some high visibility targets. These targets usually are
situated along routes with high transportation and access potential. Other examples
of locations that may become targets for criminal or terrorist activity include:
mass transit systems.
places with high economic
places with historical or
An act of terrorism can occur
anywhere, at any moment and, when you least expect it. No jurisdiction, urban,
suburban or rural is totally immune.
What Is A Threat?
One way to look at
it is to see threat as consisting of two elements:
There are many groups that
possess both the motive and the ability and, the law enforcement community monitors these
groups constantly to assess the level of threat.
The criminal component is the
most important element separating a terrorist organization and its actions from a
legitimate organization. However, any organization, legitimate or not, can resort to
terrorist means to achieve its political or social agenda. Also remember that a
terrorist can act alone.
What makes the terrorist
event so dangerous is that it is intended to cause damage, to inflict harm, and in some
cases to kill. Terrorists will go to great lengths to make sure the event has the
intended impact, even if it means destroying a whole building and killing all of its
occupants including children. Such was the case in the Oklahoma bombing case.
There are five categories of
The acronym B-NICE is a
simple way to remember the five.
agents are microorganisms that can cause disease among persons,
animals, or plants. They can also cause the deterioration of material. These
agents fall into two broad categories-pathogens (usually called germs) and
toxins. Pathogens are living microorganisms that cause lethal or incapacitating
diseases. Bacteria, rickettsiae, fungi, and viruses are
included in the pathogens. Toxins are poisons that plants, animals, or
microorganisms produce naturally. Possible biological war-fare toxins include a
variety of neurotoxic (affecting the central nervous system) and cytotoxic
(causing cell death) compounds.
biological agents that we will discuss are: bacteria, viruses and toxins. Each of
the biological agents will be described with an overview of the agent, then identifying
further the information on a specific target agent. The agent chosen will have
information on its history, signs and symptoms, and medical management.
Cholera, Plague, Q Fever:
unicellular organisms. The bacterial agent can cause disease in humans and animals by
means of two mechanisms: invading the tissues or producing toxins (poison).
developed by the United States as a weapon in the 1950s and 1960s. Iraq
admitted to making anthrax into a weapon in 1995. Incubation period is 1 to 6 days. Fever,
fatigue, cough, chest discomfort followed by respiratory distress. Shock and death occurs
within 24 to 36 hours of severe symptoms. Although usually not effective after symptoms,
high dose antibiotic treatment with penicillin, ciprofloxacin, or doxycycline would be in
order. Supportive therapy may also be necessary.
AND ANSWERS ABOUT ANTHRAX
Anthrax can be an insidious
and efficient killer. Its spores can survive for decades. If inhaled, they
can kill in a matter of two or three days, doing its worst damage with symptoms
that seem no worse than a cold. The military
considers anthrax to be the most serious of all biological threats. But to
be so dangerous, anthrax must be "weaponized," manufactured in the
form of fine spores that can be breathed deep into the lungs.
Here are answers to questions most
often asked about this microbe.
Q: What does anthrax look like?
A: In its most destructive form -
an aerosol sprayed into the air - it is invisible and odorless. Anthrax spores
can only be seen through a microscope that magnifies 50 to 100 times. Scientists
say it can be stored in bulk as a powder, liquid or paste.
Q: Would I know if I breathed
Q: If anthrax is on the ground, can
I get it from kicking up dust?
A: Probably not. The spores tend to
clump together, so even if inhaled, they do not get deep into the lungs.
Q: How much anthrax does it take to
make someone sick?
A: Roughly 10,000 spores.
Q: Where do anthrax spores come
A: Anthrax bacteria live in the
blood of animals. When an animal dies, the bacteria form spores, which are
Q: What happens when a person
A: The spores become lodged in the
lungs. There, they are picked up by immune-system cells called macrophages,
which carry them to the lymph nodes. On the way, the spores mature into
Q: How do they make people sick?
A: The bacteria multiply in the
lymph nodes and then enter the bloodstream. They produce a poison that causes
the immune system to produce lethal doses of chemicals that are ordinarily
useful to the body.
Q: What are the symptoms?
A: At first, they seem like a cold
or flu: fever, ache and nonproductive cough. Plummeting blood pressure,
swelling, hemorrhaging and other catastrophic symptoms soon follow.
Q: How quickly does it kill?
A: Typically within three days of
the start of symptoms.
Q: How soon do symptoms start once
people breathe the spores?
A: Usually around 10 days, but up
to six weeks.
Q: Can it be treated?
A: It can be treated with
antibiotics, such as Cipro or doxycycline, if given before symptoms start.
Treatment usually fails once symptoms set in, since it does no good to kill the
bacteria once they make large amounts of toxin.
Q. Isn't there a vaccine to prevent
A. The only vaccine is in limited
supply and is now only available to the military.
Q: Are there other forms of anthrax
A: Yes. By far the most common is
anthrax on the skin, which forms inflamed bumps. It can be fatal but usually
goes away on its own. This form most often infects people who handle livestock.
Q: How can anthrax spores be
A: They can live for many years in
the ground and resist drying, heat and ultraviolet light. They can be killed
with a mixture of bleach and water or with vaporized formaldehyde.
Q: Where would someone get anthrax?
A: Anthrax is grown and maintained
in cell cultures that are kept by research labs. It is not sold or otherwise
legally distributed. Theoretically, anthrax could be isolated and grown from the
remains of an animal that died of anthrax or from nearby soil. Several countries
have produced large quantities of anthrax as weapons.
Q: How long has anthrax been
A: Anthrax is thought to have been
one of the Egyptian plagues at the time of Moses. The ancient Romans recorded
Q: How does it get its name?
A: It comes from the Greek word for
coal. It's called this because of the black scab it leaves on the skin.
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers:
the simplest type of microorganism, they are smaller than bacteria, and they are
declared eradicated in 1980 by the World Health Organization. The United States
stopped vaccinating its military in 1989 and civilians in the early 1980s. It
is still considered as a possible threat. The manifestation of smallpox is fever,
vomiting, headache and backache. In 2 to 3 days lesions appear which later turn into
blisters. The mortality rate can reach 30 percent. If smallpox occurs, it
should be considered an international emergency. Quarantine is 17 days for all people in
direct contact with the patient. Immediate vaccination should be undertaken.
Airborne spread is controversial, close person-to-person contact is required for
transmission to occur.
of Lesions on Smallpox Victims from CDC Files
are living organisms. Some nations have used them in the past as weapons. Only
a few germs can start an infection, especially if inhaled into the lungs.
Because germs are so small and weigh so little, the wind can spread them over
great distances; they can also enter unfiltered or non-airtight places.
Buildings and bunkers can trap them thus causing a higher concentration. Germs
do not affect the body immediately. They must multiply inside the body and
overcome the body's defenses, a process called the incubation period.
Incubation periods vary from several hours to several months, depending on the
germ. Most germs must live within another living organism (host), such as your
body, to survive and grow. Weather conditions such as wind, rain, cold, and
sunlight rapidly kill germs.
germs can form protective shells, or spores, to allow survival outside the
host. Spore-producing agents are a long-term hazard you must neutralize by
decontaminating infected areas or personnel. Fortunately, most live agents are
not spore-producing. These agents must find a host within roughly a day of
their delivery or they die. Germs have three basic routes of entry into your
body: through the respiratory tract, through a break in the skin, and through
the digestive tract. Symptoms of infection vary according to the disease.
Staphycococcal Enterotorain B, Ricin, T-2 Mycotixins:
are substances that plants, animals, or germs produce naturally. These toxins
are what actually harm man, not bacteria. Botulin, which produces botulism, is
an example. Modern science has allowed large-scale production of these toxins
without the use of the germ that produces the toxin. Toxins may produce effects
similar to those of chemical agents. Toxic victims may not, however, respond to
first aid measures used against chemical agents. Toxins enter the body in the
same manner as germs. However, some toxins, unlike germs, can penetrate unbroken
skin. Symptoms appear almost immediately, since there is no incubation period.
Many toxins are extremely lethal, even in very small doses.
Ricin is a
significant biological toxin. Ricin is said to be fairly easy to produce from the castor
bean. Worldwide, one million tons of castor beans are processed to produce castor
oil yearly. Ricin is said to have been used in the assassination of Bulgarian exile Georgi
Markov, who was working for Radio Free Europe in London in 1978. He was attacked by
a specially engineered weapon disguised as an umbrella, which implanted a ricin pellet
into his body. He died in 3 days and the autopsy reveled the micro-ball containing
fever, cough and pulmonary edema occur in 18 to 24 hours after exposure. This will
be followed by severe respiratory distress and death in 36 to 72 hours. Treatment of
pulmonary edema is needed along with respiratory support. Gastric decontamination
measures are also needed if ingested. Other symptoms and effects may
include: dizziness, mental confusion, blurred or double vision, numbness
or tingling of the skin, paralysis, convulsions, rashes or blisters, coughing,
fever, aching muscles, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding from body
openings, blood in the urine, shock and death.
of Biological Agents -
Biological agents are, by nature, difficult to detect. You cannot detect them
by any of the five physical senses. Often, the first sign of a biological
agent will be symptoms of the victims exposed to the agent. Your best chance
of detecting biological agents before they can affect you is to recognize
their means of delivery. The three main means of delivery are:
1. Bursting-type munitions. These may be bombs or
projectiles whose burst causes very little damage. The burst will
produce a small cloud of liquid or powder in the immediate impact area.
This cloud will disperse eventually;
the rate of dispersion depends on terrain and weather conditions.
2. Spray tanks or generators. Aircraft or vehicle spray tanks or
ground-level aerosol generators produce an aerosol cloud of biological agents.
3. Vectors. Insects such as mosquitoes, fleas, lice, and ticks
deliver pathogens. Large infestations of these insects may indicate the
use of biological agents.
sign of a possible biological attack is the presence of unusual substances on
the ground or on vegetation, or sick-looking plants, crops, or animals.
of Weather and Terrain -
knowledge of how weather and terrain affect the agents can help you avoid
contamination by biological agents. Major weather factors that affect
biological agents are sunlight, wind, and precipitation. Aerosol sprays
will tend to concentrate in low areas of terrain, similar to early morning
Sunlight contains visible and ultraviolet solar radiation that rapidly kills
most germs used as biological agents. However, natural or man-made cover
may protect some agents from sunlight. Other man-made mutant strains of
germs may be resistant to sunlight.
High wind speeds increase the dispersion of biological agents, dilute their
concentration, and dehydrate them. The further downwind the agent travels, the
less effective it becomes due to dilution and death of the pathogens.
However, the downwind hazard area of the biological agent is significant and
you cannot ignore it.
Precipitation in the form of moderate to heavy rain tends to wash biological
agents out of the air, reducing downwind hazard areas. However, the
agents may still be very effective where they were deposited on the ground.
Against Biological Agents -
While you must maintain a healthy respect for biological agents, there is no
reason for you to panic. You can reduce your susceptibility to biological
agents by maintaining current immunizations, avoiding contaminated areas, and
controlling rodents and pests. You must also use proper first aid measures in
the treatment of wounds and only safe or properly decontaminated sources of
food and water. You must ensure that you get enough sleep to prevent a
run-down condition. You must always use proper field sanitation
Assuming you do not have a protective mask, always try to keep your face
covered with some type of cloth to protect yourself against biological agent
aerosols. Dust may contain biological agents; wear some type of mask
when dust is in the air.
A uniform and gloves will protect you against bites from vectors (mosquitoes
and ticks) that carry diseases. Completely button your clothing and tuck your
trousers tightly into your boots. Covering your skin will also reduce
the chance of the agent entering your body through cuts or scratches.
Always practice high standards of personal hygiene and sanitation to help
prevent the spread of vectors.
Bathe with soap and water whenever possible. Use germicidal soap, if
available. Wash your hair and body thoroughly, and clean under your
fingernails. Clean teeth, gums, tongue, and the roof of your mouth frequently.
Wash your clothing in hot, soapy water if you can. If you cannot wash your
clothing, lay it out in an area of bright sunlight and allow the light to kill
can build expedient shelters under biological contamination conditions using
the same techniques described in the nuclear threat section. However, you must
make slight changes to reduce the chance of biological contamination. Do not
build your shelter in depressions in the ground. Aerosol sprays tend to
concentrate in these depressions. Avoid building your shelter in areas of
vegetation, as vegetation provides shade and some degree of protection to
biological agents. Avoid using vegetation in constructing your shelter. Place
your shelter's entrance at a 90-degree angle to the prevailing winds. Such
placement will limit the entry of airborne agents and prevent air stagnation
in your shelter. Always keep your shelter clean.
Water procurement under biological conditions is difficult but not impossible.
Whenever possible, try to use water that has been in a sealed container. You
can assume that the water inside the sealed container is not contaminated.
Wash the water container thoroughly with soap and water or boil it for at
least 10 minutes before breaking the seal.
If water in sealed containers is not available, your next choice, only under
emergency conditions, is water from springs. Again, boil the water for at
least 10 minutes before drinking. Keep the water covered while boiling to
by airborne pathogens. Your last choice, only in an extreme emergency, is to
use standing water. Vectors and germs can survive easily in stagnant water.
Boil this water as long as practical to kill all organisms. Filter this water
through a cloth to remove the dead vectors. Use water purification
tablets in all cases.
Food procurement, like water procurement, is not impossible, but you must take
special precautions. You can assume that sealed containers or packages
of processed food are safe. To ensure safety, decontaminate all food
containers by washing with soap and water or by boiling the container in water
for 10 minutes.
should consider supplementing your rations with local plants or animals only
in extreme emergencies. No matter what you do to prepare the food, there is no
guarantee that cooking will kill all the biological agents. Use local
food only in life or death situations. Remember, you can survive for a
long time without food, especially if the food you eat may kill you!
If you must use local food, select only healthy-looking plants and animals. Do
not select known carriers of vectors such as rats or other vermin.
Select and prepare plants as you would in radioactive areas. Prepare
animals as you do plants. Always use gloves and protective clothing when
handling animals or plants. Cook all plant and animal food by boiling
only. Boil all food for at least 10 minutes to kill all pathogens. Do
not try to fry, bake, or roast local food. There is no guarantee that all
infected portions have reached the required temperature to kill all
pathogens. Do not eat raw food.
We may never
have an encounter with Biological Weapons, however, we have to prepare for the event if it
There are two
fundamentally different threats in the area of nuclear terrorism. One is the use,
threatened use, or threatened detonation, of a nuclear bomb. The other is the
detonation, or threatened detonation, of a conventional explosive incorporating nuclear
materials. It is unlikely that any terrorist organization could acquire or build a
nuclear device, or acquire and use a fully functional nuclear weapon.
potential terrorist threat for a nuclear weapon would be to use such a device as a form of
Nuclear Environment -
yourself to survive in a nuclear environment. Know how to react to a
of Nuclear Weapons -
effects of nuclear weapons are classified as either initial or residual.
Initial effects occur in the immediate area of the explosion and are hazardous
in the first minute after the explosion. Residual effects can last for
days or years and cause death. The principal initial effects are blast
as the brief and rapid movement of air away from the explosion's center and
the pressure accompanying this movement. Strong winds accompany the
blast. Blast hurls debris and personnel, collapses lungs, ruptures
eardrums, collapses structures and positions, and causes immediate death or
injury with its crushing effect.
heat and light radiation a nuclear explosion's fireball emits. Light radiation
consists of both visible light and ultraviolet and infrared light.
Thermal radiation produces extensive fires, skin burns, and flash blindness.
stated above, nuclear radiation breaks down into two categories - initial
radiation and residual radiation.
nuclear radiation consists of intense gamma rays and neutrons produced during
the first minute after the explosion. This radiation causes extensive damage
to cells throughout the body. Radiation damage may cause headaches, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, and even death, depending on the radiation dose received.
The major problem in protecting yourself against the initial radiation's
effects is that you may have received a lethal or incapacitating dose before
taking any protective action. Personnel exposed to lethal amounts of
initial radiation may well have been killed or fatally injured by blast or
Residual radiation consists of all radiation produced after one minute from
the explosion. It has more effect on you than initial radiation. A discussion
of residual radiation takes place in a subsequent paragraph.
of Nuclear Bursts -
are three types of nuclear bursts - airburst, surface burst, and subsurface
burst. The type of burst directly affects your chances of survival. A
subsurface burst occurs completely underground or underwater. Its effects
remain beneath the surface or in the immediate area where the surface
collapses into a crater over the burst's location. Subsurface bursts cause you
little or no radioactive hazard unless you enter the immediate area of the
crater. No further discussion of this type of burst will take place.
An airburst occurs in the air above its intended target. The airburst provides
the maximum radiation effect on the target and is, therefore, most dangerous
to you in terms of immediate nuclear effects.
surface burst occurs on the ground or water surface. Large amounts of fallout
result, with serious long-term effects for you. This type of burst is your
greatest nuclear hazard.
injuries in the nuclear environment result from the initial nuclear effects of
the detonation. These injuries are classed as blast, thermal, or
radiation injuries. Further radiation injuries may occur if you do not take
proper precautions against fallout. Individuals in the area near a
nuclear explosion will probably suffer a combination of all three types of
injuries produced by nuclear weapons are similar to those caused by
conventional high-explosive weapons. Blast overpressure can produce
collapsed lungs and ruptured internal organs. Projectile wounds occur as
the explosion's force hurls debris at you. Large pieces of debris
striking you will cause fractured limbs or massive internal injuries.
over-pressure may throw you long distances, and you will suffer severe injury
upon impact with the ground or other objects. Substantial cover and
distance from the explosion are the best protection against blast
injury. Cover blast injury wounds as soon as possible to prevent the
entry of radioactive dust particles.
The heat and light the nuclear fireball emits causes thermal injuries. First-,
second-, or third-degree burns may result. Flash blindness also occurs. This
blindness may be permanent or temporary depending on the degree of exposure of
the eyes. Substantial cover and distance from the explosion can prevent
thermal injuries. Clothing will provide significant protection against
thermal injuries. Cover as much exposed skin as possible before a nuclear
explosion. First aid for thermal injuries is the same as first aid for burns.
Cover open burns (second-or third-degree) to prevent the entry of radioactive
particles. Wash all burns before covering.
gamma radiation, alpha radiation, and beta radiation cause radiation injuries.
Neutrons are high-speed, extremely penetrating particles that actually smash
cells within your body. Gamma radiation is similar to X rays and is also a
highly penetrating radiation. During the initial fireball stage of a nuclear
detonation, initial gamma radiation and neutrons are the most serious threat.
Beta and alpha radiation are radioactive particles normally associated with
radioactive dust from fallout. They are short-range particles and you can
easily protect yourself against them if you take precautions.
radiation is all radiation emitted after 1 minute from the instant of the
nuclear explosion. Residual radiation consists of induced radiation and
describes a relatively small, intensely radioactive area directly underneath
the nuclear weapon's fireball. The irradiated earth in this area will remain
highly radioactive for an extremely long time. You should not travel into an
area of induced radiation.
consists of radioactive soil and water particles, as well as weapon fragments.
During a surface detonation, or if an airburst's nuclear fireball touches the
ground, large amounts of soil and water are vaporized along with the bomb's
fragments, and forced upward to altitudes of 25,000 meters or more. When these
vaporized contents cool, they can form more than 200 different radioactive
products. The vaporized bomb contents condense into tiny radioactive particles
that the wind carries and they fall back to earth as radioactive dust. Fallout
particles emit alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Alpha and beta radiation are
relatively easy to counteract, and residual gamma radiation is much less
intense than the gamma radiation emitted during the first minute after the
explosion. Fallout is your most significant radiation hazard, provided you
have not received a lethal radiation dose from the initial radiation.
Reactions to Radiation -
effects of radiation on the human body can be broadly classed as either
chronic or acute. Chronic effects are those that occur some years after
exposure to radiation. Examples are cancer and genetic defects. Chronic
effects are of minor concern insofar as they affect your immediate survival in
a radioactive environment. On the other hand, acute effects are of primary
importance to your survival. Some acute effects occur within hours after
exposure to radiation. These effects result from the radiation's direct
physical damage to tissue. Radiation sickness and beta burns are examples of
acute effects. Radiation sickness symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting,
fatigue, weakness, and loss of hair. Penetrating beta rays cause radiation
burns; the wounds are similar to fire burns.
extent of body damage depends mainly on the part of the body exposed to
radiation and how long it was exposed, as well as its ability to recover. The
brain and kidneys have little recovery capability.
Other parts (skin and bone
marrow) have a great ability to recover from damage. Usually, a dose of
600 centigrams to the entire body will result in almost certain death.
If only your hands received this same dose, your overall health would not
suffer much, although your hands would suffer severe damage.
and Internal Hazards -
external or an internal hazard can cause body damage. Highly penetrating gamma
radiation or the less penetrating beta radiation that causes burns can cause
external damage. The entry of alpha or beta radiation-emitting particles into
the body can cause internal damage. The external hazard produces overall
irradiation and beta burns. The internal
results in irradiation of critical organs such as the gastrointestinal tract,
thyroid gland, and bone. A very small amount of radioactive material can cause
extreme damage to these and other internal organs. The internal hazard can
enter the body either through consumption of contaminated water or food or by
absorption through cuts or abrasions. Material that enters the body through
breathing presents only a minor hazard. You can greatly reduce the internal
radiation hazard by using good personal hygiene and carefully decontaminating
your food and water.
The symptoms of radiation injuries include nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. The
severity of these symptoms is due to the extreme sensitivity of the
gastrointestinal tract to radiation. The severity of the symptoms and the
speed of onset after exposure are good indicators of the degree of radiation
damage. The gastrointestinal damage can come from either the external or the
internal radiation hazard.
Against Penetrating External Radiation -
of the radiation hazards discussed earlier is extremely important in surviving
in a fallout area. It is also critical to know how to protect yourself from
the most dangerous form of residual radiation - penetrating external radiation.
means you can use to protect yourself from penetrating external radiation are
time, distance, and shielding. You can reduce the level of radiation and help
increase your chance of survival by controlling the duration of exposure. You
can also get as far away from the radiation source as possible. Finally you
can place some radiation-absorbing or shielding material between you and the
Time is important to you, as the survivor, in two ways. First, radiation
dosages are cumulative. The longer you are exposed to a radioactive source,
the greater the dose you will receive. Obviously, spend as little time in a
radioactive area as possible. Second, radioactivity decreases or decays over
time. This concept is known as radioactive half-life. Thus, a
radioactive element decays or loses half of its radioactivity within a certain
time. The rule of thumb for radioactivity decay is that it decreases in
intensity by a factor of ten for every sevenfold increase in time following
the peak radiation level. Even an untrained observer can see that the
greatest hazard from fallout occurs immediately after detonation, and that the
hazard decreases quickly over a relatively short time. As a survivor,
try to avoid fallout areas long enough for most of the radioactivity to decay,
you enhance your chance of survival.
provides very effective protection against penetrating gamma radiation because
radiation intensity decreases by the square of the distance from the
source. Thus, when you double the distance, radiation decreases to
(0.5)2 or 0.25 the amount. While this formula is valid for concentrated
sources of radiation in small areas, it becomes more complicated for large
areas of radiation such as fallout areas.
is the most important method of protection from penetrating radiation. Of the
three countermeasures against penetrating radiation, shielding provides the
greatest protection and is the easiest to use under survival conditions.
Therefore, it is the most desirable method. If shielding is not
possible, use the other two methods to the maximum extent practical.
Shielding actually works by absorbing or weakening the penetrating radiation,
thereby reducing the amount of radiation reaching your body. The denser
the material, the better the shielding effect. Lead, iron, concrete, and
water are good examples of shielding materials.
Medical Aspects -
The presence of fallout material in your area requires slight changes in first
aid procedures. You must cover all wounds to prevent contamination and the
entry of radioactive particles. You must first wash burns of beta radiation,
then treat them as ordinary burns. Take extra measures to prevent infection.
Your body will be extremely sensitive to infections due to changes in your
blood chemistry. Pay close attention to the prevention of colds or respiratory
infections. Rigorously practice personal hygiene to prevent
infections. Cover your eyes with improved goggles to prevent the entry
thickness required to weaken gamma radiation from fallout is far less than
that needed to shield against initial gamma radiation. Fallout radiation has
less energy than a nuclear detonation's initial radiation. For fallout
radiation, a relatively small amount of shielding material can provide
the denser or heavier the material, the better shielding it offers. The
degree of protection afforded by a fallout shelter is expressed as a
"protection factor," or a "transmission factor." The
protection factor is simply the fraction of available radiation dose which
penetrates the shelter and reaches those inside compared to the radiation received by an unprotected person.
Thus, a protection factor of 2 indicates that an individual in the shelter
receives one-half of the radiation dose they would receive if
unprotected. A protection factor of 100 (associated with about six
half-value thicknessess) indicates that only 1/100 or 1 percent of the
radiation dose reaches those inside. Transmission factors
are expressed in percentages, or in decimals. Either refers to that
fraction of the ambient unshielded dose that is received by personnel
within the shelter.
Shelters Against Radiation - In many cases it will be unnecessary to
construct field expedient or other types of fallout shelters. There are many
structures and terrain features available that afford a degree of fallout
protection. Tunnels, caves, culverts, overpasses, ditches, ravines, and
man-made structures are examples of existing fallout shelters. The
best existing shelter is basements. The figure below shows typical shelter
protection provided in different buildings. Windows can be sandbagged or
covered with dirt from the outside to provide additional protection.
stated earlier, the shielding material's effectiveness depends on its
thickness and density. An ample thickness of shielding material will reduce
the level of radiation to negligible amounts.
primary reason for finding and building a shelter is to get protection against
the high-intensity radiation levels of early gamma fallout as fast as
possible. Five minutes to locate the shelter is a good guide. Speed in finding
shelter is absolutely essential. Without shelter, the dosage received in the
first few hours will exceed that received during the rest of a week in a
contaminated area. The dosage received in this first week will exceed the
dosage accumulated during the rest of a lifetime spent in the same
The basements of masonry and light steel buildings provide
protection from the effects of nuclear weapons. Existing
natural and man-made terrain features, such as caves, ditches, ravines,
culverts, overpasses, tunnels, and empty bunkers, can be used as expedient
While an underground shelter covered by 3 feet or more of earth provides the
best protection against fallout radiation, the following unoccupied
structures (in order listed) offer the next best protection:
1. Caves and tunnels covered by more than 1 meter of earth.
2. Storm or storage cellars.
4. Basements or cellars of abandoned buildings.
5. Abandoned buildings made of stone or mud.
any materials you bring into the shelter. These materials include grass or
foliage that you use as insulation or bedding, and your outer clothing
(especially footgear). If the weather permits and you have heavily
contaminated outer clothing, you may want to remove it and bury it under a
foot of earth at the end of your shelter. You may retrieve it later
(after the radioactivity decays) when leaving the shelter. If the
clothing is dry, you may decontaminate it by beating or shaking it outside
the shelter's entrance to remove the radioactive dust. You may use any
body of water, even though contaminated, to rid materials of excess fallout
particles. Simply dip the material into the water and shake it to get
rid of the excess water. Do not wring it out, this action will trap
all possible and without leaving the shelter, wash your body thoroughly with
soap and water, even if the water on hand may be contaminated. This washing
will remove most of the harmful radioactive particles that are likely to
cause beta burns or other damage. If water is not available, wipe your
face and any other exposed skin surface to remove contaminated dust and
dirt. You may wipe your face with a clean piece of cloth or a handful
of uncontaminated dirt. You get this uncontaminated dirt by scraping
off the top few inches of soil and using the "clean" dirt.
Upon completing the shelter, lie down, keep warm, and sleep and rest as much
as possible while in the shelter.
not resting, keep busy by planning future actions, studying your maps, or
making the shelter more comfortable and effective.
panic if you experience nausea and symptoms of radiation sickness. Your main
danger from radiation sickness is infection. There is no first aid for this
sickness. Resting, drinking fluids, taking any medicine that prevents
vomiting, maintaining your food intake, and preventing additional exposure
will help avoid infection and aid recovery. Even small doses of radiation
can cause these symptoms which may disappear in a short time.
following timetable provides you with the information needed to avoid
receiving serious dosage and still let you cope with survival problems:
Complete isolation from 4 to 6 days following delivery of the last weapon.
A very brief exposure to procure water on the third day is permissible, but exposure should not exceed 30 minutes.
One exposure of not more than 30 minutes on the seventh day.
One exposure of not more than 1 hour on the eighth day.
Exposure of 2 to 4 hours from the ninth day through the twelfth day.
Normal operation, followed by rest in a protected shelter, from the
thirteenth day on.
In all instances, make your exposures as brief as possible. Consider only
mandatory requirements as valid reasons for exposure. Decontaminate at every
The times given above are conservative. If forced to move after the first or
second day, you may do so, however, make sure that the exposure is no longer
than absolutely necessary.
fallout-contaminated area, available water sources may be contaminated. If
you wait at least 48 hours before drinking any water to allow for
radioactive decay to take place and select the safest possible water source,
you will greatly reduce the danger of ingesting harmful amounts of
Although many factors (wind direction, rainfall, sediment) will influence
your choice in selecting water sources, consider the following guidelines.
from springs, wells, or other underground sources that undergo natural
filtration will be your safest source. Any water found in the pipes or
containers of abandoned houses or stores will also be free from radioactive
particles. This water will be safe to drink, although you will have to take
precautions against bacteria in the water.
taken from 15 or more centimeters below the surface during the fallout is
also a safe source of water.
from streams and rivers will be relatively free from fallout within several
days after the last nuclear explosion because of dilution. If at all
possible, filter such water before drinking to get rid of radioactive
particles. The best filtration method is to dig sediment holes or seepage
basins along the side of a water source. The water will seep laterally
into the hole through the intervening soil that acts as a filtering agent
and removes the contaminated fallout particles that settled on the original
body of water. This method can remove up to 99 percent of the
radioactivity in water. You must cover the hole in some way in order
to prevent further contamination.
from lakes, pools, ponds, and other standing sources is likely to be heavily
contaminated, though most of the heavier, long-lived radioactive isotopes
will settle to the bottom. Use the settling technique to purify this water.
First, fill a bucket or other deep container three-fourths full with
contaminated water. Then take dirt from a depth of 10 or more centimeters
below the ground surface and stir it into the water. Stir the water
until you see most dirt particles suspended in the water. Let the
mixture settle for at least 6 hours. The settling dirt particles will
carry most of the suspended fallout particles to the bottom and cover
them. You can then dip out the clear water. Purify this water
using a filtration device.
As an additional precaution against disease, treat all water with water
purification tablets from your survival kit or boil it.
it is a serious problem to obtain edible food in a radiation
contaminated area, it is not impossible to solve. You need to follow a few
special procedures in selecting and preparing rations and local foods for
use. Most processed foods you may find in abandoned buildings are safe
for use after decontaminating them. These include canned and packaged foods
after removing the containers or wrappers or washing them free of fallout
particles. These processed foods also include food stored in any
closed container and food stored in protected areas (such as cellars), if
you wash them before eating. Wash all food containers or wrappers
before handling them to prevent further contamination.
If little or no processed food is available in your area, you may have to
supplement your diet with local food sources. Local food sources are animals
that all animals, regardless of their habitat or living conditions, were
exposed to radiation. The effects of radiation on animals are similar to
those on humans. Thus, most of the wild animals living in a fallout area are
likely to become sick or die from radiation during the first month after the
nuclear explosion. Even though animals may not be free from harmful
radioactive materials, you can and must use them in survival conditions as a
food source if other foods are not available. With careful preparation
and by following several important principles, animals can be safe food
do not eat an animal that appears to be sick. It may have developed a
bacterial infection as a result of radiation poisoning. Contaminated meat,
even if thoroughly cooked, could cause severe illness or death if eaten.
The extent of contamination in fish and aquatic animals will be much greater
than that of land animals. This is also true for water plants, especially in
coastal areas. Use aquatic food sources only in conditions of extreme
eggs, even if laid during the period of fallout, will be safe to eat.
Completely avoid milk from any animals in a fallout area because animals
absorb large amounts of radioactivity from the plants they eat.
Plant contamination occurs by the accumulation of fallout on their outer
surfaces or by absorption of radioactive elements through their roots. Your
first choice of plant food should be vegetables such as potatoes, turnips,
carrots, and other plants whose edible portion grows underground. These are
the safest to eat once you scrub them and remove their skins.
Second in order of preference are those plants with edible parts that you
can decontaminate by washing and peeling their outer surfaces. Examples are
bananas, apples, tomatoes, prickly pears, and other such fruits and
Any smooth-skinned vegetable, fruit, or plant that you cannot easily peel or
effectively decontaminate by washing will be your third choice of emergency
effectiveness of decontamination by scrubbing is inversely proportional to
the roughness of the fruit's surface. Smooth-surfaced fruits have lost 90
percent of their contamination after washing, while washing rough-surfaced
plants removes only about 50 percent of the contamination.
You eat rough-surfaced plants (such as lettuce) only as a last resort
because you cannot effectively decontaminate them by peeling or washing.
Other difficult foods to decontaminate by washing with water include dried
fruits (figs, prunes, peaches, apricots, pears).
general, you can use any plant food that is ready for harvest if you can
effectively decontaminate it. Growing plants, however, can absorb some
radioactive materials through their leaves as well as from the soil,
especially if rains have occurred during or after the fallout period. Avoid
using these plants for food except in an emergency.
An incendiary device
is any mechanical, electrical or chemical device used intentionally to initiate combustion
and start a fire. Incendiary materials are materials that burn with a hot flame for
a designated period of time. Their purpose is to set fire to other materials or
may be simple or elaborate and come in all shapes and sizes. The type of device is
limited only by the terrorist's imagination and ingenuity. An incendiary device can
be a simple match applied to a piece of paper, or a complicated self igniting chemical
device. Normally an incendiary device is a material or mixture of materials designed
to produce enough heat and flame to cause combustible material to burn once it reaches its
Each device consists
of three basic components:
A device containing
chemical materials usually will be in a metal or other nonbreakable container. An
incendiary device that uses a liquid accelerator usually will be in a breakable container.
Chemical agents fall
into five classes:
Nerve agents -
disrupt nerve impulse transmissions.
Blister agents -
cause severe burns to the eyes, skin and tissues of the respiratory tract.
Blood agents -
interfere with the ability of blood to transport oxygen.
Choking agents -
severely stress respiratory system tissues.
- cause respiratory distress and tearing designed to incapacitate.
of Chemical Agents -
The best method for detecting chemical agents is the use of a chemical agent
detector. If you have one, use it. However, in a survival situation, you will
most likely have to rely solely on the use of all of your physical senses. You
must be alert and able to detect any clues indicating the use of chemical
warfare. General indicators of the presence of chemical agents are tears,
difficult breathing, choking, itching, coughing, and dizziness. With agents
that are very hard to detect, you must watch for symptoms in fellow survivors.
Your surroundings will provide valuable clues to the presence of chemical
agents; for example, dead animals, sick people, or people and animals
displaying abnormal behavior.
sense of smell may alert you to some chemical agents, but most will be
odorless. The odor of newly cut grass or they may indicate the presence of
choking agents. A smell of almonds may indicate blood agents.
Sight will help you detect chemical agents. Most chemical agents in the solid
or liquid state have some color. In the vapor state, you can see some chemical
agents as a mist or thin fog immediately after the bomb or shell bursts. By
observing for symptoms in others and by observing delivery means, you may be
able to have some warning of chemical agents. Mustard gas in the liquid state
will appear as oily patches on leaves or on buildings.
in the nose or eyes or on the skin is an urgent warning to protect your body
from chemical agents. Additionally, a strange taste in food, water or
cigarettes may serve as a warning that they have been contaminated.
find yourself in a contaminated area, try to move out of the area as fast as
possible. Travel crosswind or upwind to reduce the time spent in the downwind
hazard area. If you cannot leave the area immediately and have to build a
shelter, use normal shelter construction techniques, with a few changes. Build
the shelter in a clearing, away from all vegetation. Remove all topsoil in the
area of the shelter to decontaminate the area. Keep the shelter's entrance
closed and oriented at a 90-degree angle to the prevailing wind. Do not build
a fire using contaminated wood as the smoke will be toxic. Use extreme caution
when entering your shelter so that you will not bring contamination inside.
biological and nuclear environments, getting water in a chemical environment
is difficult. Obviously, water in sealed containers is your best and safest
source. You must protect this water as much as possible. Be sure to
decontaminate the containers before opening.
If you cannot get water in sealed containers, try to get it from a closed
source such as underground water pipes. You may use rainwater or snow if there
is no evidence of contamination. Use water from slow-moving streams, if
necessary, but always check first for signs of contamination, and always
filter the water as described under nuclear conditions. Signs of water source
contamination are foreign odors such as garlic, mustard, geranium, or bitter
almonds; oily spots on the surface of the water or nearby; and the presence of
dead fish or animals. If these signs are present, do not use the water. Always
boil or purify the water to prevent bacteriological infection.
extremely difficult to eat while in a contaminated area. The safest
source of food is sealed food. Food in sealed cans or bottles
should be safe. Decontaminate all sealed food containers before opening,
will contaminate the food.
If you must supplement your combat rations with local plants or animals, do
not use plants from contaminated areas or animals that appear to be sick. When
handling plants or animals, always use protective gloves and clothing.
defined fitting into one of two categories:
any substance or
article, including a device, designed to function by explosion.
any substance or
article, including a device, which by chemical reaction within itself, can function in a
similar manner even if not designed to function by explosion.
70% of all terrorist
attacks worldwide involve explosives. Therefore, it is apparent that bombs are the
current weapon of choice among terrorists and terrorist groups.
the Alfred P. Murrah building after the bombing, such as this photo taken
shortly after the blast, cannot adequately capture the scope of the tragedy
according to search and rescue team members.
of Homeland Security Proposal of President Bush
report is 29 pages in Adobe Acrobat Format)
of Global Terrorism
States Department Of State - Released January 2002
report is 204 pages in Adobe Acrobat Format which will does take time to
Policy On Counter-Terrorism
Terrorism is both a threat to
our national security as well as a criminal act. The Administration has stated that
it is the policy of the United States to use all appropriate means to deter, defeat and
respond to all terrorist attacks on our territory and resources, both people and
facilities, wherever they occur. Is support of these efforts, the United States
Employ efforts to deter,
preempt, apprehend and prosecute terrorists.
Work closely with other
governments to carry out our counter-terrorism policy and combat terrorist threats against
Identify sponsors of
terrorists, isolate them, and ensure they pay for their action.
Make no concessions to
Measures To Combat
To ensure that the United States
is prepared to combat terrorism in all its forms, a number of measures have been directed.
These include reducing vulnerabilities to terrorism, deterring and responding to
terrorist acts, and having capabilities to prevent and manage the consequence of terrorist
use of nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons, including those of mass
Reduce Vulnerabilities -
In order to reduce our
vulnerabilities to terrorism, both at home and abroad, all department/agency heads have
been directed to ensure that their personnel and facilities are fully protected against
terrorism. Specific efforts that will be conducted to ensure our security against
terrorist acts include the following:
Review the vulnerability of
government facilities and critical national infrastructure.
Expand the program of
affecting civilian personnel/facilities abroad and military personnel/facilities.
affecting U.S. airports, aircraft/passengers and shipping, and provide appropriate
security measures for other modes of transportation.
Exclude/deport persons who
pose a terrorist threat.
Prevent unlawful traffic in
firearms and explosives, and protect the President and other officials against terrorist
Reduce U.S. vulnerabilities to
international terrorism through intelligence collection/analysis, counter-intelligence and
To deter terrorism, it is
necessary to provide a clear public position that our policies will not be affected by
terrorist acts and we will vigorously deal with terrorist/sponsors to reduce terrorist
capabilities and support. In this regard, we must make it clear that we will not
allow terrorism to succeed and that the pursuit, arrest, and prosecution of terrorists is
of the highest priority. Our goals include the disruption of terrorist-sponsored
activity including termination of financial support, arrest and punishment of terrorists
as criminals, application of U.S. laws and legislation to prevent terrorist groups from
operating in the United States, and application of extraterritorial statutes to counter
acts of terrorism and apprehend terrorists outside of the United States. Return of
terrorists overseas, who are wanted for violation of U.S. law, is of the highest priority
and a central issue in bilateral relations with any state that harbors or assists them.
To respond to terrorism, we must
have a rapid and decisive capability to protect Americans, defeat or arrest terrorists,
respond against terrorist sponsors, and provide relief to the victims of terrorists.
The goal during the immediate response phase of an incident is to terminate
terrorist attacks so that the terrorists do not accomplish their objectives or maintain
their freedom, while seeking to minimize damage and loss of life and provide emergency
assistance. After an incident has occurred, a rapidly deployable interagency
Emergency Support Team (EST) will provide required capabilities on scene: a Foreign
Emergency Support Team (FEST) for foreign incidents and a Domestic Emergency Support Team
(DEST) for domestic incidents. DEST membership will be limited to those agencies
required to respond to the specific incident. Both teams will include elements for
specific types of incidents such as nuclear, biological or chemical threats.
The Director, FEMA, will ensure
that the Federal Response Plan is adequate for consequence management activities in
response to terrorist attacks against large U.S. populations, including those where
weapons of mass destruction are involved. FEMA will also ensure that State response
plans and capabilities are adequate and tested. FEMA, supported by all Federal
Response Plan signatories, will assume the Lead Agency role for consequence management in
Washington, DC, and on scene. If large scale casualties and infrastructure damage
occur, the President may appoint a Personal Representative for consequence management as
the on scene Federal authority during recovery. A roster of senior and former
government officials willing to perform these functions will be created and the rostered
individuals will be provided training and information necessary to allow them to be called
upon on short notice.
Agencies will bear the costs of
their participation in terrorist incidents and counter-terrorist operations, unless
NBC Consequence Management
The development of effective
capabilities for preventing and managing the consequences of terrorist use of nuclear,
biological or chemical (NBC) materials or weapons is of the highest priority.
Terrorist acquisition of weapons of mass destruction is not acceptable and there is no
higher priority than preventing the acquisition of such materials/weapons or removing this
capability from terrorist groups. FEMA will review the Federal Response Plan on an
urgent basis, in coordination with supporting agencies, to determine its adequacy in
responding to an NBC related terrorist incident; identify and remedy any shortfalls in
stockpiles, capabilities or training; and report on the status of these efforts in 180
THE MIND OF A TERRORIST
Trade Center Attack in New
York City on September 11, 2001 is the most recent and well known terrorist
activity that has occurred, killing over 3,000 people and injuring thousands
more. Did the suicide terrorists have sorrow and remorse? Prior to
this incident, the Oklahoma bombing was the most recent and well known terrorist
activity that had occurred. The bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Building
on April 19, 1995 killed 168 people. Did the bomber have sorrow and
remorse? Did he have feelings of empathy for the families that have lost
loved ones? No! He referred to the victims of the bombing as
People within the emergency services
have felt empathy for many of their patients. We have assumed an
occupation where we help people. We are public servants. Therefore,
we don't understand the mind of a terrorist. We just have a hard time with
the killing of innocent victims by ruthless murders.
Researcher's for years have tried to
understand the mind of a terrorist. The evil that is perpetrated by famous
serial killers and terrorists are revolting to us. One of the key traits
of many terrorists is: they lack the capacity for empathy. They
can't feel the pain of others. They have no compassion and do not care
what another feels. They lack some of the emotional make up that makes us
into loving, caring, and compassionate people.
Another area that research has revealed
from study of terrorists is the trait that allows a terrorist to slip further
into evil acts. This particular trait is self-centeredness. They do
not consider what another thinks as relevant. Their thinking is clouded
and some even enjoy creating terror, injuring, and harming others. Their minds have become demented and abnormal.
Studies of sociopaths have found many
have experienced abuse as a child. Evil behavior has been developed over
years and has normally occurred early in their lives. Most of them become
indifferent to other people. They have had emotional and physical abuse to
such a degree that they no longer have concern towards others. The
biological response of a cold-blooded killer has been to show no stress
response. They do not act to stressful situations like other people.
The do not have adrenaline rush, racing heart, and/or sweating.
Many of these terrorists have
rationalized their behavior and have dehumanized their victims. Some have
even become to view their victims as the enemy and have demonized them.
Below are some sociopaths and killers:
Ramyl Yousef - Bombing of the World Trade
Center - He was striking out against "The Great Satan"
Adolf Hitler - Killing of Jews - To
develop a Master Aryan Nation by systematically slaughtering the Jewish Race
Pol Pot - Slaughtered the Educated - To
rid the country of all modern influences to create a new communist society
Timothy McVeigh - Oklahoma
Avenging the deaths at Waco and striking against the totalitarian American
Ted Kaczynski - Unabomber - His
manifesto stated "Out goal is only to destroy the existing form of
These men felt that they were
doing something that needed to be done. Their view of things are
completely different than the ordinary person. A psychiatrist, Daniel
Amen, has studied the living brains of 50 murderers and 200 other violent
felons, through a process called SPECT. This process is an imaging
technique that advanced the following in neuroscience:
Prefrontal Cortex -
Seat of judgment and planning - They showed reduced activity.
Gyrus - The brains gearshift, which allows one to move from one thought to
another - This portion of the brain is overactive.
Left Temporal Lobe -
Involves the mood and temperament control - They show abnormalities.
All those evaluated
showed the same results without exception. Psychiatrist Amen concludes the
"If you have a
left-temporal-lobe problem, you have dark, awful, violent thoughts. If you
have a cingulate-gyrus problem as well, you get stuck on bad thoughts. If
you have a prefrontal-cortex problem, you can't supervise the bad thoughts you
get stuck on."
planning, and thought process is abnormal. The mind set of a terrorist is
abnormal. They do not have normal decision making skills and empathizing
traits as others. Their character traits are completely different from
Finally, we come to
the mind of a terrorist. What has gotten them to become terrorists?
Why do they kill people? If we were to list some possible factors they
Lack of Empathy
No Moral Code
Avenging A Wrong
Lack of Compassion
Ideology of Racism
These individuals were
people who were considered abnormal. These people committed terrible
crimes against humanity, they seemed to personify evil and committed violence
against others. Most of these people are without compassion and/or
empathy. These people wanted to hurt others. Most of these people
were self centered and believed in what they were doing, that it was for the
greater good. Most believed they were morally justified with their crimes
and were convinced of the justice of their cause.
November Revolutionary Organization
Nidal organization (ANO)
Sayyaf Group (ASG)
Aqsa Martyrs Brigade
Boncayao Brigade (ABB)
of Eritrean National Force
pour la resistance democratique (ARD)
Democratic Forces (ADF)
International Brigade (AIIB)
Territorial Nuclei (NTA)
People's Congress [Nigeria]
Forces of Puerto Rican National Liberation (FALN)
Islamic Group (GIA)
Revolutionary Nuclei (ARN)
pour la libération du Rwanda (ALIR)
Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA)
Fatherland and Liberty (ETA)
Reaction Force (CRF)
National Council of Maubere Resistance
Timorese National Resistance Council
for Eastern Turkistan
Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)
national pour la défense de la democratie (CNDD)
Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP)
Karen Burmese Army (DKBA)
Sol (Revolutionary Left)
Action Against Drugs (DADD)
Shan State Army (ESSA)
Popular Boricua (Macheteros)
Popular Revolucionario (EPR)
- Revolutionary People's Struggle
- National Liberation Army -- Colombia
Islamic Jihad Movement
Liberation Front-Revolutionary Council (ELF-RC)
People's Liberation Front (EPLF)
Ta Askatasuna (ETA) - Basque Fatherland and Liberty
National Armed Forces for the Liberation of East Timor
Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN)
- Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
Special Operations Group
of Associations of Canadian Tamils (FACT)
Islamic Group (FIG)
armees du peuple (FAP)
(Forces armees rwandaises)
nationales de liberation (FNL)
de liberation nationale (FALINA)
pour la défense de la democratie (FDD)
- Morazanist Patriotic Front
- Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front
Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor
contre l’occupation tutsie (FLOT)
pour la liberation nationale (FROLINA)
Armadas Liberacion Nacional Puertoriquena (FALN)
Aceh Merdeka (GAM)
- 1 October Antifascist Resistance Group
Wolves [Sivi Vukovi]
Special Operations Group
Front for Jihad Against the Jews and Crusaders
Islamic Front for Jihad Against the Jews and Crusaders
Sikh Youth Federation
National Accord (INA)
National Liberation Army (INLA)
Republican Army (IRA)
Republican Army (IRA) - Continuity
Republican Army (IRA) - New
Republican Army (IRA) - Provisional
Republican Army (IRA) - Real
Army of Aden
Great Eastern Raiders Front
Armed Group (GIA)
Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine
Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)
Salvation Front / Movement (FIS)
Union (Al-Ittihad al-Islami)
al-Islamiyyah al-Muqatilah bi-Libya
and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF)
Red Army (JRA)
Defense Army (KDA)
Independence Organization (KIO)
National Defense Organization (KNDO)
National Union (KNU)
Liberation Tiger Force
Liberation Army [KLA]
Mujahidin Malaysia (KMM)
Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI)
Democratic Party (KDP)
Workers' Party (PKK)
Youth Movement (MJL)
faction of the United Popular Action Movement (MAPU/L)
Popular Rebel Forces (FRPL)
Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
Resistance Army (LRA)
Volunteer Force (LVF)
al-Khidamat (MAK - Services Office
Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR)
Communist Centre (MCC)
of Tal Al Za'atar
Tai Army (MTA)
Qaumi Movement [MQM]
Patriotic Front (FPM)
Islamic Liberation Front [MILF]
National Liberation Front [MNLF]
Quami Movement (MQM)
National Resistance (RENAMO)
de liberation congolais (MLC)
of Democratic Forces in the Casamance (MFDC)
- Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement
Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO)
Iranian Student's Society
Jihad Council [MJC]
Quami Movement (MQM)
National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA)
Army for the Liberation of Uganda (NALU)
Council for Resistance (NCR)
Liberation Army (ELN) -- Bolivia
Liberation Army (ELN) -- Colombia
Liberation Army of Iran (NLA)
Liberation Front Of Kurdistan (ERNK)
United Front of Arakan (NUFA)
Mon State Party (NMSP)
People's Army (NPA)
Nuovo (New Order)
Papua Merdeka (OPM)
of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority) OIPFM
of the Oppressed on Earth
Islamic Jihad (PIJ)
Liberation Front (PLF)
Liberation Organization (PLO)
pour la liberation du peuple hutu (PALIPEHUTU)
Democratico Popular Revolucionario (PDPR)
of Democratic Kampuchea
Union of Kurdistan (PUK)
Against Gangsterism and Drugs (PAGAD)
Liberation Army (PLA) Ireland
Liberation Army Of Kurdistan (ARGK)
Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI)
Republican Army (PRA)
War Group (PWG) [India]
en armes pour la liberation du Rwanda (PALIR)
- Kurdistan Workers' Party
Boricua Army (Macheteros)
Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC)
Front for the Liberation of Palestine-Special Command (PFLP-SC)
Revolutionary Army (EPR)
Struggle Front (PSF)
Irish Republican Army (PIRA)
congolais pour la democratie (RCD)
Army Faction (RAF)
- Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana
Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
Council of Nigeria (RCN)
Organization 17 November
Organization of Socialist Muslims
Organization of the Toilers of Kurdistan
People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C)
People's Struggle (ELA)
Proletarian Initiative Nuclei (NIPR)
United Front (RUF)
Organized Crime (ROC)
Group for Call and Combat (GSPC)
Volunteer Guard [SDG / SSJ] "Tigers"
Radical Party [SRS]
Sipah I Sahaba Pakistan
- South Lebanese Army
of the Engineer
People's Liberation Army (SPLA)
People's Liberation Movement (SPLM)
Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI)
Assembly of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SAIRI)
Lliure (TL) (Free Land)
Tunisian Combatant Group (TCG)
Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)
National Rescue Front
National Rescue Front II
Defence Association (UDA)
Uniao Democratica Timorense
Freedom Fighters (UFF)
Volunteer Force (UVF)
des forces vives pour la liberation et la democratie en RDC-Zaire (UFLD)
pour la liberation nationale (ULINA)
Union Nacional Por La Independencee Totale Do Angola
Self-Defense Forces/Group of Colombia (AUC)
Wa State Army (UWSA)
Burmese Student Warriors
Nile Bank Front [WNBF]
Tamil Association (WTA)
Tamil Movement (WTM)
National Liberation Army
Center - Twin Towers Building
By Act Of Terrorism September 11, 2001