In an era of economic globalisation, the declining regulatory role of governments competing for investment and the rising power of multinational enterprises are leading to a race to the bottom in the area of fundamental social rights. This issue needs to be redressed. It is essential to promote fundamental social rights, at both national and international level, in order to give economic globalisation a more human face. At present, the advancement of social rights is mainly in the hands of the International Labour Organisation, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and the United Nations, which provide minimum labour standards that focus on governments and enterprises. Due to a lack of political will to develop legally binding agreements that directly address multinational enterprises, the implementation and recognition of fundamental social principles and standards throughout global supply chains are based mainly on soft law.
In practice, social rights are largely in the hands of multinational enterprises. A relatively new instrument that enables global union federations to encourage transnational companies to respect labour standards, wherever they operate, is the conclusion of International Framework Agreements (IFAs). IFAs are agreements between a global union federation and a multinational enterprise on fundamental social rights throughout the company’s supply chain. At present, more than 60 such agreements have been concluded, covering more than 6 million workers worldwide.
This study examines the effectiveness of IFAs as an instrument for ensuring labour standards throughout global supply chains by analysing the addressees, content, follow-up and binding effect of these agreements and makes recommendations to improve their effectiveness.
This study will be of great value to academics and (international) labour and employment law professionals. It will also be of particular interest to the international trade union movement, multinational enterprises, employers and workers worldwide.
List of abbreviations
1 Globalisation and Social Protection
2 Definitions and Characteristics of International Framework Agreements
3 Parties and Addressees of International Framework Agreements
4 Content of International Framework Agreements
5 Follow-up of International Framework Agreements
6 Binding Effect of International Framework Agreements