I was struck by one part of Mirko Paiardini’s paper that was published this week in Journal of Clinical Investigation. It describes aÂ treatment aimed at repairing immune function in SIV-infected monkeys, with an eye toward helping people with HIV one day.Â One of the goals of their IL-21 treatment is to restoreÂ intestinal Th17 cells, which are depleted by viral infection.Â In this context, IL-21’s effect is anti-inflammatory.
However, Th17 cells are also involved in autoimmune disease. A recent Cell Metabolism paper from endocrinologist Roberto Pacifici and colleagues examinesÂ Th17 cells, with the goal of treating bone loss coming from an overactive parathyroid. In that situation, too many Th17 cells are bad and they need to be beaten back. Fortunately, bothÂ an inexpensive blood pressure medication and a drugÂ under development for psoriasisÂ seem to do just that.
Note for microbiome fans: connections between Th17 cells and intestinalÂ microbes (segmented filamentous bacteria) are strengthening. It gets complicated because gut microbiota, together with Th17 cells, mayÂ influenceÂ metabolic disease and Th17-like cells are also in the skin — location matters.