Excess testosterone negatively affects a person’s ability to “mind read,” an indicator of empathy, say researchers from Utrecht and Cambridge Universities.
The study has important implications for the androgen theory of autism (testosterone is an androgen) and confirms earlier rodent research that shows that testosterone in early brain development organizes the activation of the hormone in later life.
Professor Jack van Honk and Professor Simon Baron-Cohen designed the study that was conducted in Utrecht. In it, researchers administered testosterone under the tongue of volunteers.
They used the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” task as the test of mind reading, which tests how well someone can infer what a person is thinking or feeling from photographs of facial expressions from around the eyes.
Mind reading is one aspect of empathy, a skill that shows significant sex differences in favor of females. They tested 16 young women from the general population, since women on average have lower levels of testosterone than men. The decision to test just females was to maximize the possibility of seeing a reduction in their levels of empathy.
The researchers not only found that administration of testosterone leads to a significant reduction in mind reading, but that this effect is powerfully predicted by the 2D:4D digit ratio, a marker of prenatal testosterone. Those people with the most masculinized 2D:4D ratios showed the most pronounced reduction in the ability to mind read.
Baron-Cohen said, “This study contributes to our knowledge of how small hormonal differences can have far-reaching effects on empathy.”
The new study has several important implications; first, that current levels of testosterone directly affect the ability to read someone else’s mind. This may help explain why on average women perform better on such tests than men, since men on average produce more testosterone than women.
Second, that the digit ratio (2D:4D), a marker of fetal testosterone, predicts the extent to which later testosterone has this effect. This suggests testosterone levels in the womb have an “organizing” or long-range effect on later brain function.
Finally, given that people with autism have difficulties in mind reading, and that autism affects males more often than females, the study provides further support for the androgen theory of autism.
The study is found in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Source: University of Cambridge