Centering Acculturation as an Approach to Challenging the Fragility of Human Rights in Indonesia
The degree of fulfillment of human rights differs from one situation to another, from one country to another. Although a country's constitution sets out the framework for protecting human rights, attacks on human rights at a practical level are visible. We can see that human rights are increasingly fragile. Specifically, Indonesia is experiencing a various kinds of human rights problems. For example, some minority groups such as the Ahmadiyya minority Group and Christians, routinely face discrimination and restrictions on human rights. This article discusses the concept of acculturation as an approach to challenging the fragility of human rights in Indonesia specifically and, more broadly, around the world. The author uses a critical analysis of previous academic studies to explore and elaborate on this discourse.
Keywords: Acculturation, Human Rights, Minorities, State, UDHR, Indonesia
Bank, The World, World Development Report: Conflict, Security, and Develppment, by The World Bank (Washington DC 20433, USA, 2011).
Baylis, John & Steve Smith, "The Globalization of World Politics: An introduction to international relations" (2001) Glob World Polit An Introd to Int Relations.
Burhani, Ahmad Najib, "Fundamentalism and religious dissent: the LPPI's mission to eradicate the Ahmadiyya in Indonesia" (2016) Indones Malay World.
———, "Hating the Ahmadiyya: The place of 'heretics' in contemporary Indonesian Muslim society" (2014) 8:2 Contemp Islam.
Clark, Ann Marie & Kathryn Sikkink, "Information effects and human rights data: Is the good news about increased human rights information bad news for human rights measures?" (2013) Hum Rights Q.
Crawford, James & Amelia Keene, "Interpretation of the human rights treaties by the International Court of Justice" (2020) 24:7 Int J Hum Rights.
Dembour, Marie Bénédicte, “What are human rights? Four schools of thought” (2010) Hum Rights Q.
Dhall, Amar, "On the philosophy and legal theory of human rights in light of quantum holism" (2010) 66:1 World Futur J Gen Evol.
Donovan, Donald & Andersen, Elizabeth, "Toward the Effectiveness of International Human Rights Law" (2013) December 1 Am Soc Int Law (ASIL Forum), online:
Dülffer, Jost, "Roland Burke, Decolonization and the Evolution of International Human Rights. (Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights.) Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press 2010 Burke Roland Decolonization and the Evolution of International Human Rights. (Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights.) 2010 University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia $ 55,–" (2013) 296:2 Hist Z.
Eldridge, Philip J, Politics of human rights in southeast Asia (2013).
Eltayeb, Mohamed S M, “A Human Rights Framework for Defining and Understanding Intra-Religious Persecution in Muslim Countries” in Chall Relig Discrim Daw New Millenn (2004).
Gillespie, John1, Human Rights as a Larger Loyalty: The Evolution of Religious Freedom in Vietnam (2014).
Goldsmith, Jack & Eric A Posner, “The New International Law Scholarship” (2006) Chicago Public Law Leg Theory Work Pap No 126.
Goodman, Ryan & Derek Jinks, How to influence states: Socialization and international human rights law (2004).
Goodman, Ryan & Thomas Pegram, Human rights, state compliance, and social change: Assessing national human rights institutions (2011).
Goodman, Rita E & Derek Jinks, “Incomplete internalization and compliance with Human Rights Law” (2008) Eur J Int Law.
Goodman, Ryan & Derek Jinks, “Social mechanisms to promote international human rights: complementary or contradictory?” (2013) Persistent Power Hum Rights From Commit to Compliance.
Green, Chandler, “70 YEARS OF IMPACT: INSIGHTS ON THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS”, (2008), online: United Nations Found
Hafner-Burton, Emilie M & Kiyoteru Tsutsui, Human rights in a globalizing world: The paradox of empty promises (2005).
Hafner-Burton, Emilie M, Kiyoteru Tsutsui & John W Meyer, “International human rights law and the politics of legitimation: Repressive states and human rights treaties” (2008) 23:1 Int Sociol.
Hillebrecht, Courtney, “Implementing International Human Rights Law at Home: Domestic Politics and the European Court of Human Rights” (2012) 13:3 Hum Rights Rev.
Ignatieff, Michael, “I. Human Rights as Politics II. Human Rights as Idolatry” (2000) Tann Lect Hum Values, Deliv Princet Univ.
Jeught, S Van Der, The Protection of Linguistic Minorities in Italy: A Clean Break with the Past, by S Van Der Jeught (2016).
Joseph, Sarah, “Extending the right to life under the international covenant on civil and political rights: General comment 36” (2019) 19:2 Hum Rights Law Rev.
Kennedy, David, “The international human rights movement: Part of the problem ?” in Hum Rights (2017).
Khalid, Khalid, Hari Purwadi & Hartiwiningsih, Integration of Human Rights Institutions for Strengthening the Independence and Effectiveness of Human Rights Protections in Indonesia (Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 2018).
Khanif, Al, “The Challenge to Implement Religious Freedom for Minority in Indonesia As A Multicultural State” (2010) 1 J Indones Focus.
Kloos, David, “In the Name of Syariah?: Vigilante Violence, Territoriality, and Moral Authority in Aceh, Indonesia” (2014) 98:1 Indonesia.
Lauren, Paul Gordon, “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights” in Evol Int Hum Rights (2014).
McCall-Smith, K L, “Ryan Goodman and Thomas Pegram (eds), Human Rights, State Compliance, and Social Change: Assessing National Human Rights Institutions.” (2013) Hum Rights Law Rev.
McGregor, Katharine, “Exposing Impunity: Memory and Human Rights Activism in Indonesia and Argentina” (2017) 19:4 J Genocide Res.
McGregor, Katharine & Ken Setiawan, “Shifting from International to ‘Indonesian’ Justice Measures: Two Decades of Addressing Past Human Rights Violations” (2019) 49:5 J Contemp Asia.
Mendez 2013, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Juan E. Méndez.” (2013) Hum Rights Counc 22nd Sess.
Merry, Sally Engle, “Transnational human rights and local activism: Mapping the middle” in Dialogues Hum Rights Leg Plur (2013).
Murphy, Andrew R, “An Introduction to Religion and Politics: Theory and Practice” (2015) Eur Leg.
Mushkat, Roda, Incomplete internalization and compliance with human rights law: A reply to Ryan Goodman and Derek Jinks (2009).
Nay, Olivier, “Fragile and failed states: Critical perspectives on conceptual hybrids” (2013) 34:3 Int Polit Sci Rev.
Newman, Frank & Weissbrodt, David, International Human Rights: Law, Policy, and Process (Massachusetts: Lexis-Nexis, 2009).
Nolan, Jessica M et al, “Normative social influence is underdetected” (2008) 34:7 Personal Soc Psychol Bull.
Rehman, Javaid, “The Influence of International Human Rights Law upon Criminal Justice Systems” (2002) 66:6 J Crim Law.
Renshaw, Catherine & Kieren Fitzpatrick, “National human rights institutions in the Asia Pacific Region: Change agents under conditions of uncertainty” in Hum Rights, State Compliance, Soc Chang Assess Natl Hum Rights Institutions (2011).
Rights, United Nations-Office for High Commissioner for Human, ’Fact Sheet No.2 (Rev.1), the International Bill of Human Rights, by United Nations-Office for High Commissioner for Human Rights (Geneva, 2008).
Roma Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), 2011.
Schimmel, Noam, “The Moral Case for Restorative Justice as a Corollary of the Responsibility to Protect: A Rwandan Case Study of the Insufficiency of Impact of Retributive Justice on the Rights and Well-Being of Genocide Survivors” (2012) 11:2 J Hum Rights.
Sepúlveda Carmona, Magdalena, “Ensuring inclusion and combatting discrimination in social protection programmes: The role of human rights standards” (2017) 70:4 Int Soc Secur Revveda Carmona, Magdalena, “Ensuring inclusion and combatting discrimination in social protection programmes: The role of human rights standards” (2017) 70:4 Int Soc Secur Rev.
Shestack, Jerome J, “Human Rights in Crisis: The International System for Protecting Human Rights during States of Emergency. By Joan Fitzpatrick. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994. Pp. viii, 250. Index. $41.95.” (1996) 90:1 Am J Int Law.
Shiman, David, Teaching Human Rights, by David Shiman (Denver, 1993).
Smith, Rhona K M, “4. The International Bill of Human Rights” in Textb Int Hum Rights (2016).
Steiner, Henry J, Philip Alston & Ryan Goodman, International human rights in context: law, politics, morals: text and materials (2008).
Sukma, Rizal, “Do New Democracies Support Democracy? Indonesia Finds a New Voice” (2011) 22:4 J Democr.
Valentini, Laura, “Human rights, freedom, and political authority” (2012) 40:5 Polit Theory.
Woods, Kerri, Human Rights (London, United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2014).
Wotipka, Christine Min & Francisco O Ramirez, “World society and human rights: An event history analysis of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women” in Glob Diffus Mark Democr (2008).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.