1814: Demologos (renamed Fulton I), the first American steam powered warship, designed by Robert Fulton, was launched in New York Harbor. 1929: "Black Tuesday" descended upon the NYSE, where prices collapsed amid panic selling and thousands of investors were wiped out, and America's "Great Depression" began. 1945: The first ballpoint pen went on sale in the U.S. 1959: General Mills became the first corporation to use closed-circuit television for a multi-location meeting. 1959: Edith Clarke, the first woman to earn a degree in electrical engineering at MIT, died. 1969: The first message, "login," was sent over the ARPANET, which was renamed to be called the Internet in 1982 (the one Algore invented). 1993: The Council of the European Communities signed a directive to harmonize the copyright protection term to the author's life + 70 years (was life + 50 in most countries).