Your Arch 2010.05 Slice will be a bare-bones install when it's created. We need to connect via SSH and secure it as soon as possible.
Your new slice
These two articles will take you from a 'barebones' Arch 2010.05 Slice to a secured and up-to-date Slice ready for your server software (or whatever you use the Slice for). Not only that, you will have a better understanding of what is going on and, more importantly, why it's going on.
This first part will walk you through setting up a new user and securing login access to your slice.
For convenience when we refer to running a command on your local workstation we will give the command as it would be entered into a Mac or Linux terminal window. For Windows you should be able to adapt the command based on the context. For instance, if you're told to edit a file as part of a step, you would use a text editor like NotePad instead of running the "nano" command.
Intro to SSH
SSH stands for "secure shell". It's a protocol that encrypts data that gets sent back and forth through its connection, making it much harder for someone to intercept that traffic and scan it for passwords or sensitive information. In these articles we'll have you using SSH to connect to your slice to run most administrative commands.
If you're running a Linux desktop, you'll be able to run the ssh commands we list here by using them in a terminal window.
If you're running Mac OS X you'll also be able to run the ssh commands in a terminal window. You can open a terminal by running the 'Terminal' application that was installed with your system.
On Windows you won't have command-line access to SSH by default, so you'll need to download a client. We recommend a program named PuTTY, both because it works well and because it's free. You might also want a nice interface for running scp (which uses the SSH protocol to transmit files over an encrypted connection). We recommend another free program, WinSCP, though there are other options like FileZilla that also work well.
As soon as you have your IP address and password for your Slice, login via SSH:
As mentioned earlier, on a Windows machine you'll need to run an SSH client like PuTTY in order to make the connection.
If you rebuilt your Slice, you may get a message informing you that the 'remote host identification has changed'.
When you log into a Slice via SSH, one of the security features is matching the remote host with known keys. When you rebuild a Slice, the remote host key changes. As such, your computer thinks there is something dodgy going on.
All you need to do is remove the older entry for the Slice IP. On your LOCAL computer, edit the SSH known_hosts file and remove any entries that point to your Slice IP address.
If you are not using Linux or a Mac on your LOCAL computer, the location of the known_hosts file will differ depending on the program you are using. You'll need to refer to the documentation for that program for details. For example, PuTTY stores its known hosts in the following registry entry:
With the old key removed SSH should have no problem with the connection.
Now we're logged in to the VPS, immediately change your root password:
Apart from this initial setup, you should never log in as the root user. It's safer and more secure to create a new administrative user and use the 'sudo' command from that user. Having to use sudo to run superuser commands can help prevent some potentially system-breaking accidents, and it also means that any root-level commands run through sudo will be logged to '/var/log/secure' if later review is needed.
To make managing administrative access to your slice easier let's designate a group, 'wheel', that will contain users with sudo privileges.
Issue the 'visudo' command to edit the sudo configuration:
The visudo command runs a default editor, and will check the configuration for any syntax errors before saving it.
The rest of this tutorial will refer you to 'nano' for editing text files, which is a bit nicer about being easy to use and having an on-screen tip telling you how to bring up a helpfile. For security reasons, however, visudo on Arch will only use 'vi'.
If you're new to Linux, or have never used the 'vi' editor before, then you've come to the hardest part of this tutorial. While vi is a powerful editor once you've learned it, 'user friendly' is definitely not on its list of features. You'll want to hit a search engine and look for something along the lines of 'vi quickstart' to find a reference, since an introduction to vi would be too much to fit into this article. Just know that if things get too weird, hit escape a couple times and type ':q!' to get out of vi without saving. Then you can start over.
The vi commands that will come in handy for now are the arrow keys to move around, and the "x" key to delete the character under the cursor.
Once you've run visudo, near the bottom of the file you will find this entry:
## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands # %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL
Simply uncomment the second line (remove the '#') so it looks like this:
## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL
Make sure to only uncomment that line, not the one with the 'NOPASSWD' option that follows. It sounds more convenient, but in practice the password requirement for using sudo isn't so bad (and provides more protection).
Save and exit the file (":wq" works), and sudo is all set. Members of the 'wheel' group will now have full sudo privileges.
Add a new user
Time to create a new administrative user (I've used the name demo here but any name will do).
You'll be given the option to set behind-the-scenes stuff like the UID of the new user (that's the number behind the name of the user, so to speak). Just hit "enter" to accept the defaults for each of those values.
You will then be asked to set a password for the new user. Do that. The values for Full Name and the rest can be left blank.
Since you'll want to use this user instead of 'root' to manage your system, it will need to be able to use the sudo command. We've already granted that permission to the 'wheel' group, so we just need to add the new user to 'wheel':
/usr/sbin/usermod -a -G wheel demo
One feature of SSH is the ability to require users to use, instead of a password, a "key pair" for authentication. Under this approach a user generates a public and private key pair on their workstation and then uploads the public half of the key pair to the server. When they go to connect later the server tries to match up its public key with the user's private key in order to authenticate the connection.
Using a key pair with SSH is good security policy, which is why we'll walk you through the process here. A password can be guessed through sheer brute force (running a program to try different character combinations until it gets a match), but a key pair is vastly more complex. It is almost impossible to crack a key pair with a brute force approach.
Note that using a public/private key pair is impractical if you need to log in to your slice from a workstation that is shared with other users. While you can copy the private key to another workstation, putting that key on a shared workstation would defeat the purpose of the key pair's security. In that environment continuing to use a password for SSH access would make sense.
The first step to using key pair authentication is to create a folder to hold your keys. On your LOCAL workstation:
That's assuming you use Linux or a Mac and the folder does not exist. For Windows users we have a separate article on key generation using Puttygen.
To create the ssh keys, on your LOCAL workstation enter:
ssh-keygen -t rsa
If you do not want your key to require a passphrase when used then just press enter when prompted.
That created two files in the .ssh directory: id_rsa and id_rsa.pub. The pub file holds the public key. This is the file that is placed on the Slice.
The other file is your private key. Never share this file with someone else or store it on a public computer.
Now we need to get the public key file onto the Slice.
We'll use the 'scp' command for this as it is an easy and secure means of transferring files.
Still on your LOCAL workstation enter this command, substituting your new username and the IP address of your slice:
scp ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub email@example.com:
When prompted, enter the your user password. When that's done you should see scp copy the file to your user's home directory.
On a Windows machine you'll want to use a third-party client like WinSCP, using the information above to make the connection.
OK, so now we've created the public/private keys and we've copied the public key onto the Slice.
Now we need to sort out a few permissions for the ssh key.
On your Slice, create a directory called .ssh in your home directory and move the pub key into it:
mkdir ~demo/.ssh mv ~demo/id_rsa.pub ~demo/.ssh/authorized_keys
If you haven't run into it before, that squiggly character is the 'tilde', and it's usually in the upper-left of your keyboard. In the Linux shell it can be used as a reference to a user's home directory. Using '~' by itself refers to the current user's home directory, while using it like we did above, '~demo', refers to the home directory of user 'demo'. It's a handy shortcut to know.
Now we can set the correct permissions on the key:
chown -R demo:demo ~demo/.ssh chmod 700 ~demo/.ssh chmod 600 ~demo/.ssh/authorized_keys
Again, replace the 'demo' user and group above with the name of the user you created.
If you need to add more users to your system, now or after you finish this initial setup, you can just run through the steps above again for each user.
If the user doesn't need to have administrative privileges, skip the part where you add the user to the 'wheel' group.
If the user will be accessed from the same workstation as your administrative user, you can re-use the same public SSH key for the new user.
Next we'll change the default SSH configuration to make it more secure:
You can use this ssh configuration as an example.
The main things to change (or check) are:
Port 30000 <--- change to a port of your choosing Protocol 2 PermitRootLogin no PasswordAuthentication no UseDNS no AllowUsers demo
NOTE: The port number can readily be any integer between 1025 and 65536 (inclusive), but should be noted for reference later when any additional listening processes are setup, as it will be important to avoid conflicts.
If you need to allow remote logins for more than one user, add the additional users to the 'AllowUsers' setting separated by spaces.
The labels are fairly self explanatory, but the main security changes to make are to move ssh from the default port of 22 to one of your choosing (we use 30000 in the example), turn off remote root logins, and define which users can log in remotely.
PasswordAuthentication has been turned off because we setup the public/private key earlier. Do note that if you intend to access your slice from different computers you may want leave PasswordAuthentication set to 'yes'. Only use the private key on a secure workstation.
Note that we haven't enabled the new settings — we will restart SSH in a moment, but first we need to create a simple firewall using iptables.
Right, now we have the basics of logging in and securing SSH done.
Next thing is to set up our iptables (firewall) so we have a more secure installation. It's possible to skip this step, or to disable iptables entirely, but we recommend that if you follow the Slicehost tutorials you set up iptables with our default rules. It's a good hindrance to would-be intruders. Furthermore, the comments in the file you'll create can help you remember why you made a particular change later, and you can use the examples there to take some of the headache out of figuring out what new rule to add and where.
The default rules
Let's have a look at the default iptables rules:
Remember that if you come back to this part of the tutorial as a non-root user later, you'll need to put a 'sudo' in front of the iptables command to make it work.
The default setup will output something similar to this:
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination
As you can see, we are accepting anything from anyone on any port and allowing anything to happen.
When we're done, the output of that command should look something like this:
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere REJECT all -- anywhere 127.0.0.0/8 reject-with icmp-port-unreachable ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:www ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:https ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere state NEW tcp dpt:30000 ACCEPT icmp -- anywhere anywhere icmp echo-request LOG all -- anywhere anywhere limit: avg 5/min burst 5 LOG level debug prefix `iptables denied: ' REJECT all -- anywhere anywhere reject-with icmp-port-unreachable Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination REJECT all -- anywhere anywhere reject-with icmp-port-unreachable Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere
There's too much there to go into much detail in this article, but the basics to pay attention to when you skim those firewall rules are 'ACCEPT', 'REJECT', 'INPUT', and 'OUTPUT'. Fortunately those are reasonably understandable in context. Rules can refer to incoming traffic ('INPUT') or outgoing traffic ('OUTPUT'), and they can describe whether to 'ACCEPT' or 'REJECT' the described connections. The rest of it determines the sort of traffic being controlled, like what port or packet type it's looking for.
Roll your own
Now to set up those iptables rules we want. If the output of 'iptables -L' wasn't an empty ruleset, or if you just want to be thorough, you'll want to flush the current rules from memory:
We can now set up our own rules that allow local connections and keep established connections (which is how the root SSH connection on port 22 will still work when we apply the SSH port changes and apply the new iptables rules).
We'll also open port 80 and port 443 (the normal HTTP and HTTPS ports) and, of course, allow connections to our custom SSH port. Then we'll allow pings to the Slice and, effectively, reject all other attempts to connect to a port.
To make it easier to keep track of the rules you want iptables to use and to change them later, let's create a file to store them:
Now check out our example iptables rules file. Copy and paste those rules into your new file, and edit the rules however you see fit. The comments should help you decide what to change. In particular, make sure you change the line opening port 30000 to whatever you chose as your custom ssh port.
The lines opening ports for a web server should provide a good template for opening ports for other services you may add to your slice later.
If you want more complex firewall rules (restricting outbound traffic as well as inbound, for example), you might do well to research iptables more after you're done with this basic setup.
Once you're happy with your iptables rules, save the file.
Implement your rules
To tell iptables to use your new rules, run the command:
/usr/sbin/iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.up.rules
That will read in the custom rules from the file you just created. You can confirm that it worked by checking the rules again:
See the difference between the first time we entered that command and now? Again, have a look at each line of the output and see where it marries up with the rules we entered earlier.
Although the rules are up and running, they are only active for the current session. If the Slice were to be rebooted they would be lost.
As such, let's ensure they are restored on a Slice reboot:
You should see a message that the iptables rules are being saved. The system saves the iptables rules to the file:
Feel free to have a look at that file and note the familiar syntax (though it doesn't remember your comments like /etc/iptables.up.rules does).
Finally, we need to make sure iptables will be started when your Slice reboots. Arch uses a line in the "/etc/rc.conf" file to control what services start at boot time, so we'll need to edit that:
Move down to the end of the file to see the line that defines the "DAEMONS" value:
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # DAEMONS # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # # Daemons to start at boot-up (in this order) # - prefix a daemon with a ! to disable it # - prefix a daemon with a @ to start it up in the background # DAEMONS=(syslog-ng network netfs crond sshd)
Change the "DAEMONS" line so that the "iptables" service will load before the network, like so:
DAEMONS=(syslog-ng iptables network netfs crond sshd)
And save the file.
Editing iptables later
You can repeat these steps if you decide you've made a mistake, or if you want to change any rules later. Just edit the rules file you created, flush the current rules from memory, restore the edited rules, and save the new rules to the system's configuration. You don't need to edit the DAEMONS entry after that first time.
A summary of the commands you'd use (using sudo if you're not root) is:
nano /etc/iptables.up.rules /usr/sbin/iptables -F /usr/sbin/iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.up.rules /etc/rc.d/iptables iptables save
Good work surviving the iptables setup.
Note that if you decide to use a control panel type of program like virtualmin that can manage your firewall rules you'll want to either not use that part of the control panel, or remove what we've been using to manipulate iptables. A similar choice would have to be made if you look into using another method of managing firewall rules, like UFW or Shorewall. Having two processes controlling iptables rules can lead to some real conflict. If you find an alternative, just be sure that you choose it alone or that you go back to using /etc/iptables.up.rules exclusively.
Now we have our basic firewall humming along and we've set the ssh configuration. Time to test it. Restart ssh so it uses the new ports and configurations:
Don't logout as root yet...
Logging in with the new user
On your LOCAL computer, open a new terminal and log in using the administrative user (in this case, demo) to the port number you configured in the sshd_config file (for our example, 30000):
ssh -p 30000 firstname.lastname@example.org
The reason we use a new terminal is that if you can't login you will still have the working root connection to try and fix any errors.
Slicehost also has an excellent ajax console so if it all goes horribly wrong, you can log into your slice from the Slicehost management area.
You should be greeted with a plain terminal prompt like this:
We now know that the firewall and sshd_config work and we can log in.
Let's move on to part 2 which includes updating the install and installing some base programs.
- -- Jered