For adults, memories tend to fade with time. But a new study has shown that there are circumstances under which the opposite is true for small children: they can remember a piece of information better days later than they can on the day they first learned it.
While playing a video game that asked them to remember associations between objects, 4- and 5-year-olds who re-played the game after a two-day delay scored more than 20 percent higher than kids who re-played it later the same day.
Co-author Kevin Darby, doctoral student in psychology at The Ohio State University, said:
“An implication is that kids can be smarter than we necessarily thought they could be. They can make complex associations, they just need more time to do it."
The study is the first to document two different but related cognitive phenomena simultaneously:
extreme forgetting”— when kids learn two similar things in rapid succession, and the second thing causes them to forget the first
delayed remembering— when they can recall the previously forgotten information days later.
The findings give us a window into understanding memory and, in particular, the issue of encoding new information into memory, according to lead study author Vladimir Sloutsky, professor of psychology at Ohio State and director of the university’s Cognitive Development Lab.
“First, we showed that if children are given pieces of similar information in close proximity, the different pieces interfere with each other, and there is almost complete elimination of memory,” Sloutsky said. “Second, we showed that introducing delays eliminates this interference.
It seems surprising that children can almost completely forget what they just learned, but then their memories can actually improve with time."
The study involved 82 4- and 5-year-olds from central Ohio preschools. The kids played a picture association game on a computer three separate times.
Pair Matching Tasks
The first time, they were shown pairs of objects, such as a baseball cap and a rabbit, and told whether the pairs belonged to Mickey Mouse or Winnie the Pooh. To win the game, they had to match the pairs with the correct owner.
Kids learned the associations fairly easily. At the start of the game, they were scoring an average of 60 percent, but by the end of the game their average scores had risen to around 90 percent.
The kids then played the game again immediately after, but the researchers scrambled the pairs belonging to Mickey and Pooh, so that the kids had to learn a completely new set of associations with the exact same objects.
Again, the kids started out scoring around 60 percent, and ended around 90 percent—scores that proved they were able to learn the new picture associations.
The researchers wanted to test whether learning the new associations in the second game caused the kids to forget what they learned in the first game, so they had half of the kids play one more time the same day. For this last game, the researchers brought back the original pair associations from the first game.
And it seemed that the kids did indeed experience extreme forgetting. They began the third game scoring around 60 percent, and ended scoring around 90 percent—as if they were learning the same information all over again from scratch.
Time Off For Good Memory
The other half of the kids didn’t play the third game until two days later. Darby explained why.
“We know from previous research that kids struggle to form complex associations in the moment, so we thought that with some time off and periods of sleep they might be able to do better,” he said. “And it turned out that when they had time to absorb the information, they did better."
A lot better, actually.
Kids who had a two-day break began the game with an average score of nearly 85 percent, and finished with a score just above 90 percent. Their final scores were similar, but they remembered enough to start out with a 25-point advantage over kids who didn’t get a two-day break.
Sloutsky said that, for kids, learning the pair associations is analogous to learning things like rules, schedules, or arrangements.
For example, a child may have to remember that on Saturdays she can use the scooter and her brother plays video games, but on Sunday she plays video games and her brother uses the scooter.
Not A Supercharger
The study suggests that kids may have difficulty remembering such things in the moment, but given a few days to absorb the new information, they can remember it later.
Sloutsky cautioned that the study does not in any way suggest that kids can absorb adult-sized quantities of information if only they are given time to sleep on it. Rather, it means that they can absorb kid-sized quantities of information given time, even if they seem to forget in the moment.
“We’ve shown that it’s possible for children’s memories to improve with time, but it’s not like we uncovered a method for super-charging how much they can remember,” he said.
“The takeaway message is that kids can experience extreme forgetting, and the counter-intuitive way to fight it is to let time pass."
Hyungwook Yim, Simon J. Dennis, and Vladimir M. Sloutsky The Development of Episodic Memory: Items, Contexts, and Relations Psychological Science, November 2013; vol. 24, 11: pp. 2163-2172.