The modern Olympic Games or Olympics are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating; the Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years but two years apart. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896; the IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games; some of these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Olympic Games for snow and ice sports, the Paralympic Games for athletes with a disability, the Youth Olympic Games for athletes aged 14 to 18, the five Continental games, the World Games for sports that are not contested in the Olympic Games.
The Deaflympics and Special Olympics are endorsed by the IOC. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic and technological advancements; the abuse of amateur rules by the Eastern Bloc nations prompted the IOC to shift away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialisation of the Games. World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916, 1940, 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games; the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, organises and funds the Games according to the Olympic Charter; the IOC determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies.
Over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals: gold and bronze, respectively; the Games have grown so much. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, bribery, a terrorist attack in 1972; every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world; the Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, Greece. Competition was among representatives of several kingdoms of Ancient Greece; these Games featured athletic but combat sports such as wrestling and the pankration and chariot racing events. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished.
This cessation of hostilities was known as truce. This idea is a modern myth; the truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus. The origin of the Olympics is shrouded in legend. According to legend, it was Heracles who first called the Games "Olympic" and established the custom of holding them every four years; the myth continues that after Heracles completed his twelve labours, he built the Olympic Stadium as an honour to Zeus. Following its completion, he walked in a straight line for 200 steps and called this distance a "stadion", which became a unit of distance; the most accepted inception date for the Ancient Olympics is 776 BC. The Ancient Games featured running events, a pentathlon, wrestling and equestrian events. Tradition has it that a cook from the city of Elis, was the first Olympic champion; the Olympics were of fundamental religious importance, featuring sporting events alongside ritual sacrifices honouring both Zeus and Pelops, divine hero and mythical king of Olympia.
Pelops was famous for his chariot race with King Oenomaus of Pisatis. The winners of the events were immortalised in poems and statues; the Games were held every four years, this period, known as an Olympiad, was used by Greeks as one of their units of time measurement. The Games were part of a cycle known as the Panhellenic Games, which included the Pythian Games, the Nemean Games, the Isthmian Games; the Olympic Games reached their zenith in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, but gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained power and influence in Gr
United States at the 1896 Summer Olympics
Fourteen competitors from the United States competed in three sports at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. The Americans were the most successful athletes in terms of gold medals, beating host nation Greece, 11 to 10, despite fielding only 14 competitors compared to an estimated 169 Greek entrants. However, the Greeks' 46 total medals dwarfed the Americans' 20; the United States team had 27 entries in 16 events, with 20 of the 27 resulting in top-three finishes. Most of the American competitors were students at Harvard University or Princeton University or members of the Boston Athletic Association; the team trained at The Pennington School, in Pennington, New Jersey, while preparing in secret for the first modern Olympic Games. Of the 14 Americans at the Athens Games, 12 won medals. Charles Waldstein, a shooter, Gardner Williams, a swimmer, were the two who did not win any medals; the United States squad won nine gold medals in the twelve athletics events, with contributions from six different athletes.
Six silver medals and two bronze medals went to the Americans in athletics. Track & Road Field Events The Paine brothers contested only two events, taking the top two spots in the event in which they both competed, the military pistol. Sumner was the only one of the two to enter the free pistol. Waldstein was the third member of the American shooting contingent, competing in the military rifle event. Williams competed in two swimming events. Men Lampros, S. P.. G.. J. & Anninos, C.. The Olympic Games: BC 776 – AD 1896. Athens: Charles Beck. Mallon, Bill & Widlund, Ture; the 1896 Olympic Games. Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. Jefferson: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0379-9. Smith, Michael Llewellyn. Olympics in Athens 1896; the Invention of the Modern Olympic Games. London: Profile Books. ISBN 1-86197-342-X
Malone University is a private Evangelical Protestant liberal arts college in Canton, Ohio. It was founded in 1892 by Walter and Emma Malone as a small, co-educational Bible institute called Cleveland Bible College; the institution has always maintained a close relationship with the Religious Society of Friends. Malone University holds an affiliation with the Evangelical Friends Church - Eastern Region, a North American yearly meeting of the Evangelical Friends Church International. Despite the university's more Evangelical Protestant identity, the community reflects diverse religious backgrounds, with nearly 50 denominations of Christianity and several non-Christian faith practices represented. Though all employees and faculty of the university are required to sign a statement of faith, Malone students are not required to profess any religious persuasion. In addition to Malone University's traditional undergraduate college, the school maintains a graduate school offering masters in a wide field of professional studies, an online school with a variety of bachelors programs, as well as degree completion programs in management and nursing.
The Graduate School has a post-degree professional development center that offers workshops and certificates. Malone University was founded in 1892, in Cleveland, Ohio, as Cleveland Bible College by Quaker religious leaders J. Walter and Emma Malone, it was established to train young people for inner-city ministry and social service in the Quaker tradition. After beginning with small gains, the school became synonymous with service to the Cleveland community at beginning of the 20th century, growing with every new year, it was located at 3201 Euclid Avenue in downtown Cleveland but was forced to relocate in 1956 after the state took the property for constructing Interstate 90. Faced with the decision to stay in Cleveland or move, the board of trustees decided on Canton, Ohio as a good location where the school could become a leader in higher education. A thriving industrial metropolitan city at the time, Canton was the only city in the country with a population over 100,000 to not have an institution of higher education.
It was this fact, among others, that played a key role in the decision to move the school to Canton on a 150-acre property between 30th and 25th streets from north to south, Cleveland Avenue and Harvard from west to east. At the time of relocation the board chose to change the name of the school to Malone College, in honor of the school's founders, J. Walter and Emma Brown Malone, it was at the time of the move that the school began expanding its academic programs. After only a short time, Malone had gone from a small Bible college in downtown Cleveland to a growing undergraduate college in the liberal arts tradition in Canton, Ohio offering degrees in education, political science, history and psychology; this was all a part of the overall mission of the board to use the forced move as an opportunity to grow the institution and become a regional leader in broader fields of professional and academic studies. In February 2008, the Malone College board of trustees voted unanimously to rebrand as Malone University.
The move to a university reflected a transition that had capped off in 1999, when Malone adopted a university structure on which to operate. According to the institutional press release, the transition to Malone University reflected the institution's "mission and emphasized the potential for enhanced educational opportunities within the liberal arts context for the growing number of undergraduate students studying in 90 different academic programs"; the rebranding process took place under the leadership of then-president Gary Streit. Since becoming a university in 2008, Malone has experienced growth in not only in academic offerings, but in student enrollment and campus property. In 2009, the university completed construction on Blossom Hall; the residence facility was named in honor of long-time philanthropist and former president of the Cleveland Orchestra, Dudley S. Blossom; the university sits on 96 acres and enrolls 2,083 undergraduate and 476 graduate students from 33 states and 17 countries.
There are four schools within the university. Though these schools have undergone much expansion since Malone rebranded as a university in 2008, each school has operated independently since the late 1990s. College of Theology and Sciences School of Nursing and Health Sciences School of Business and Leadership School of Education and Human DevelopmentMalone's well-known academic degree programs include Computer Science, Communications, Pre-Medical Sciences and Wildlife Biology, Music performance, Music production, Music ministry, Music education and Business Administration. Malone University offers Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degree programs in more than 80 areas of concentration. In addition to the university's 80 academic majors, the institution offers 40 academic minors; the average class size is 22 with a student-faculty ratio of 14:1. Though there are 1,600 undergraduate and graduate students enrolled at the university, the majority of the student population are commuters from surrounding areas within a 60 miles radius or online.
The campus life prides itself on a high level of community and connectedness. All students are encouraged to take part in community-building activities both in and outside of the classroom. Incoming students are required to sign a "Community Agreement," which stipulates the expectations of members of the Malone community; the university offers campus-wide events and activities through the
Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)
Saint Ignatius High School is a private Roman Catholic, Jesuit high school under the Diocese of Cleveland, for boys, located in the Ohio City neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio. Founded in 1886 by a German Jesuit on the invitation of Bishop Richard Gilmour, the school was a six-year secondary school based on the German Gymnasium, to be attended after the completion of six years of grammar school. Separate four-year high school and college programs were formed in 1902, with the college changing its name to John Carroll University in 1923 and moving out of the Cleveland location to neighboring University Heights, Ohio in 1935; the words and music of St. Ignatius' alma mater were composed by the school's band director, Jack T. Hearns, Sr. in August 1937. His band debuted the alma mater at halftime during a football game on October 1, 1937, replacing their customary "Victory March". In 1958, St. Ignatius gave St. Xavier High School in Cincinnati permission to adapt the song. Saint Ignatius High School remains at its original location at 1911 West 30th Street.
The campus includes the original structure, now known as the Main Building, completed in 1891 and is now a designated Cleveland Historic Landmark. On January 21, 1974, Saint Ignatius was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Other buildings are Loyola Hall, Clavius Science Center, Saint Mary of the Assumption Chapel, Father Sullivan, S. J. Gymnasium, Carroll Gymnasium, Murphy Field House, Kyle Field, the O'Donnell Athletic Complex, which houses Wasmer Field and Dale Gabor Track. In addition, the $11.5 million Breen Center for the Performing Arts replaced the Xavier Center in August 2009. It hosts many events for other local arts groups. A new $3.3 million cafeteria has replaced the former Student Center, senior lounge, cooking areas. It was renamed the Rade Dining Hall. Both the St. Mary of the Assumption Chapel and the Murphy Field House projects were funded and overseen by Murlan J. Murphy; the school was recognized by the United States Department of Education as a "Blue Ribbon School" for the 1984-1985 and 2008-2009 school year.
In 2015, St. Ignatius had 45 National Merit Scholars. With 21 National Merit Semi-Finalists, the school was first among private schools in Ohio and fourth among all schools in Ohio; the school shares its motto "Men for Others" with nearly every other Jesuit school, challenges its students to be "open to growth, intellectually competent, religious and committed to doing justice" in accordance with the expectations set forth by the school's "Graduate at Graduation" document. The school is located in the heart of the Ohio City neighborhood on the Near West Side of Cleveland, to which it provides support through community involvement programs like the Arrupe Neighborhood Partnership Program and the Saint Benedict Joseph Labre Ministry; the high school was the first in the country to institute a for-credit compulsory service called "Sophomore Service". It houses the St. Joseph of Arimethea Pallbearers Society, which sends upperclassmen to funerals of families who are unable to provide their own pallbearers.
In 1990, a fine arts program was added to the school's curriculum. Its most recent addition has been the Breen Center for the Performing Arts. Musical opportunities include the Wildcat Marching Band, Pep Band, Stage Band, Steel Drum Band, Jazz Band, Liturgical Musicians, others. Extra-curricular activities at St. Ignatius range from the student-led yearbook to Billiards Club; some activities meet daily. The school's Latin Club functions as a local chapter of both the Ohio Junior Classical League and National Junior Classical League. Saint Ignatius' athletic teams are known as the Wildcats and compete as an independent in the Ohio High School Athletic Association, at the Division I level. Through the 2016–17 school year, the Wildcats have won 26 state championships across nine sports teams, highlighted by their 11 state titles in football, including five consecutive titles during the 1990s. Both the overall total of 11 and the five-year streak are the most in OHSAA history for football and the school's 26 state championships ranks 7th overall and 2nd in boys' athletic titles.
Football - 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2001, 2008, 2011 Boys' cross country - 1993, 1994, 2009, 2015 Rugby - 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018 Wrestling - 1988 Ice hockey - 2000, 2010, 2014*, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Boys' basketball – 2001 Boys' golf - 2001, 2002 Boys' track and field - 2001, 2016 Baseball - 2002 Boys' soccer - 2004, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016* Co-champs Ohio High School Speech League State Champions in Policy Debate 2001, 2004, 2006, 2012, 2013, 2014 In 2008 the Model United Nations team was awarded Top Overall Delegation at the 2008 Carnegie Mellon Model United Nations Conference. In 2010 the Model United Nations team was awarded Runner-Up Delegation honors at the 2010 Gannon University Model United Nations Conference. In both 2014 and 2015, the Model United Nations team was awarded Outstanding Large Delegation at the Michigan State University Model United Nations Conference. In both 2014 and 2015, the Model United Nations team was awarded Best Delegation at the Youngstown State University Model United Nations Conference.
For the 2013-2014 school year, the Model United Nations team was ranked in the top 150 Best High School Model UN Teams in North America by "Best Delegate"
Athletics at the 2001 Goodwill Games
At the 2001 Goodwill Games, the athletics events were held at the ANZ Stadium in Brisbane, Australia from 4–7 September. A total of 44 events were contested, with 22 events each for female athletes. For full event details see Athletics at the 2001 Goodwill Games – Results * Host nation GeneralGoodwill Games results. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2009-07-30. 2001 Summer Goodwill Games - AthleticsSpecific
United States Olympic Trials (track and field)
The United States Olympic Trials for the sport of track and field is the quadrennial meet to select the United States representatives at the Olympic Games. Since 1992, the meet has served as the year's USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships; because of the depth of competition in some events, this has been considered by many to be the best track meet in the world. The event is shown on domestic U. S. Television and covered by a thousand members of the worldwide media; as with all Olympic sports, the meet is conducted by the national governing body for the sport USA Track & Field, named The Athletics Congress until 1992. Previous to the formation of TAC in 1979, the national governing body for most "amateur" sports was the Amateur Athletic Union. All countries are allowed to enter a maximum of three athletes into any of the Track and Field events in the Olympics, provided all three athletes have achieved a verifiable "A" standard performance. A country may enter one athlete in an event having achieved a "B" standard.
Or, insignificant to the U. S. team, a country is allowed one single entry if it has no athletes who have achieved a "B" standard. The standards are published well in advance of the meet and provides a year and a half long window for the athletes to achieve such a mark in a verifiable meet; these were the standards for 2008. These were the standards for the 2012 Olympics and these were the standards in 2016. Entry to the United States Olympic Trials is open to any U. S. Citizen who has achieved the "A" standard, based on superior performance, sufficient "B" standard athletes to fill out the field. Since 1972 there have been a minimum of 24 entries in any event, with the popular sprint events 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters and 110 meter hurdles having a minimum of 32 entries. Since 1992, athletes achieving the "A" standard are funded to attend the Olympic Trials, while "B" standard athletes have to pay their own way to the meet. Unlike many other countries, who have a selection committee, the selection to the United States Olympic Team is by results on the track.
It's "do or die" in the prescribed event. If two or more athletes in an event final have met the "A" standard by the end of that event in the Trials the top three who have met the "A" standard, based on their placement in the Trials, are on the Olympic team, with the fourth-best placement among those meeting the "A" standard being an alternate. If fewer than two athletes in an event final have met the "A" standard the best finisher in the Trials who has met the "B" standard is on the Olympic team, with the second-best being an alternate. Should no athletes who competed in an event meet the "B" standard, USA sends no athletes in that event to the Olympics. Prior to 1908, the United States Olympic team was selected; the 1908 and 1912 teams were selected based on regional trials, though the Eastern trials were favored. There were no Olympic Trials in 1916 due to World War I, nor 1940 and 1944 due to World War II, though Olympic marathon team members were named in 1940; the men's trials in 1968 were held at high elevation in northern California at Echo Summit, south of Lake Tahoe.
Until 1972 the Women's Olympic Trials were held separately. Until 1972, the Men's Olympic trials conducted semi-final trials earlier in the season; some events, including the Marathon and Racewalk have separate Olympic Trials. The 1980 Olympic team was named but did not participate due to the 1980 Olympic Boycott declared by President Jimmy Carter. Article from Time Magazine
Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's pole vault
The men's pole vault was a track and field athletics event held as part of the Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics programme. It was the third time. Seven pole vaulters from two nations participated; the competition was held on Saturday, September 3, 1904. These were the standing world and Olympic records prior to the 1904 Summer Olympics. Unofficial Charles Dvorak set a new Olympic record of 3.50 metres. All 5 of the vaulters whose results are known bested the previous Olympic record. Wudarski, Pawel. "Wyniki Igrzysk Olimpijskich". Retrieved 14 December 2006