||It has been suggested that this article be merged into Kinked demand. (Discuss) Proposed since July 2012.|
Introductory microeconomics depicts a demand curve as downward-sloping to the right and either linear or gently convex to the origin. The downwards slope generally holds, but the model of the curve is only piecewise true, as price surveys indicate that demand for a product is not a linear function of its price and not even a smooth function. Demand curves resemble a series of waves rather than a straight line.
The diagram shows price points at the points labeled A, B, and C. When a vendor increases a price beyond a price point (say to a price slightly above price point B), sales volume decreases by an amount more than proportional to the price increase. This decrease in quantity-demanded more than offsets the additional revenue from the increased unit-price. As a result, total revenue (price multiplied by quantity-demanded) decreases when a firm raises its price beyond a price point. Technically, the price elasticity of demand is low (inelastic) at a price lower than the price point (steep section of the demand curve), and high (elastic) at a price higher than a price point (gently sloping part of the demand curve). Firms commonly set prices at existing price-points as a marketing strategy.
Three main reasons exist to have price points:
- Substitution price points
- price points occur at the price of a close substitute
- when an item's price rises above the cost of a close substitute, the quantity demanded drops sharply
- Customary price points
- Perceptual price points (also referred to as "psychological pricing" or as "odd-number pricing")
- raising a price above 99 cents will cause demand to fall disproportionately because people perceive $1.00 as a significantly higher price
In relation to customary price points, oligopolies can also generate price points. Such price points do not necessarily result from collusion, but as an emergent property of oligopolies: when all firms sell at the same price, any firm which attempts to raise its selling price will experience a decrease in sales and revenues (preventing firms from raising prices unilaterally); on the other hand, any firm in an oligopoly which lowers its prices will mostly likely be matched by competitors, resulting in small increases in sales but decreases in revenues (for all the firms in that market). This effect can potentially produce a kinked demand-curve where the kink lies at the point of the current price-level in the market. These results depend on the elasticity of the demand curve and on the properties of each market.
- Bner, Alexander (2011). "Price-Dependent Demand". Retail Category Management: Decision Support Systems for Assortment, Shelf Space, Inventory and Price Planning. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-22476-8.
- Veeramani, Venkat & Maynard, Leigh (2008). Price Points and Thresholds in Retail Food Demand. VDM Verlag. ISBN 978-3-639-08445-0.