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The Protestant Reformation came out of a dark time for Roman Catholicism. There was the rise of Islam and the Crusades. There was the controversy over icons and images which resulted in a split between the Roman Church and the Greek Orthodox. There was the constant struggle between the Roman Emperor and the Pope with the ultimate collapse of the papacy during the 12th through the 14th Centuries once the pope was called “Vicar of Christ.” There were the Inquisitions against all heretics. The Roman Church also had three popes at once. This confusion led the way for three Pre- Reformers : Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and John Huss. One hundred years after the death of John Huss came Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation officially began.