Using International Standards in Regulations
OECD Provides a New Tool for Governments
The World Trade Organization Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade instructs regulators to use relevant international standards in technical regulations when they are available. Much guidance is offered by governments and standards bodies on how to do that.1 But how well do regulators do it in practice?
To help provide answers to the question posed above, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has proposed a new method of tracking and comparing the extent of the use of international standards in technical regulation in any sector.2 At its heart lies a new, common format, called the ISTR Template (International Standards in Technical Regulations), for communicating the link between regulatory objectives, specifications and standards. The methodology results from a two-year pilot study and is believed to be the first multisectoral harmonized methodology for this field ever suggested by a major international organization for global use.
The OECD proposal responds to concern about the failure to measure the impact of the World Trade Organization’s Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement requirement to use relevant, available standards as the basis for technical regulation. The concern appears in two ways.
Yet, despite those concerns, the specific aspect of the extent and impact of using international standards in technical regulations had received little attention in research.
Now it has. The OECD study went deeply into practice in technical regulation in three sectors (electrical household appliances, natural gas and telephone handsets) in Canada, the European Union, Mexico, South Korea and the United States.
In all those countries, the policies were fine. All encourage the use of international standards in regulation. And a number of government databases are maintained in the largest countries, which offer information on which standards are used in regulations and sometimes show their links to non-national standards.
The OECD found, however, that those databases were often incomplete and that the lack of a harmonized international format made it impossible to obtain a systematic international perspective on which standards are used, for which regulatory objectives, and with which links to standards used internationally. Sometimes the regulatory objectives were not even stated.
In other words, a lack of transparency makes measurement impossible. The only excuse offered — that regulators in a given field know which international standards are available and do not need analytical or measurement tools to help use them — lacked any objective proof of how far they in fact do so. The lack of factual data, in turn, prevents measurement of the trade impact of using standards in regulations.
A Way Forward
The OECD’s approach was pragmatic. A template was developed (see chart for examples), providing a basis for data presentation by any country on:
The use of the ISTR Template identifies the regulatory objectives, the countries that use regulation to achieve each objective, the exact regulations used, their use of standards and the proportion of any standards with international links. That is enough to make it possible to get started with measurement, despite possible uncertainty about whether a standard, even if used, meets the stated regulatory objective in full.
What did the template show when it was applied to the sectors and countries in the pilot study? The study revealed that the range of non-national standards used by regulators (though not the frequency of their use) is greater than sometimes acknowledged but that the nature of the link between the technical regulation and the non-national standard that provides the ultimate source is often opaque.
Or, in other words: 1) a diverse range of standards development organizations produce standards that are, in fact, used by regulators internationally, but 2) the use of those standards is inconsistent and patchy, and 3) the link between the core standard and the regulation is often poorly explained. Those conclusions lead to the evident thought that the lack of transparency may be a cause of the lack of uniform use: regulators just don’t know what’s available, from where and how it’s used. The sidebar illustrates those conclusions in a single sector (natural gas).
The use of the ISTR Template improves transparency, first by revealing whether regulators in different countries have common regulatory objectives. That explicit focus on presenting objectives in a common format and measuring their degree of alignment, as opposed to simple counts of standards, would add a dimension to current knowledge. Also, for each objective, the method identifies standards, national or non-national, used for compliance, thus helping other regulators to identify relevant international documents. Tools are also available to classify the nature of the link: Is a core standard reproduced in an identical form or modified?4
Evaluating the Impact on Trade
The study also examined whether the data collected through the use of the ISTR Template could be used for statistical calculation of the impact on trade flows of using standards in regulations and of aligning regulatory objectives. The answer was yes. The data obtained from these pilot sectoral studies — on regulatory objectives, national standards and standards with cross-border use — if extended and multiplied over many sectors, is fundamentally suitable for constructing econometric models of the kind successfully used in an earlier OECD study of the impact of using supplier declaration of conformity.5 The base is ready.
Barbara Fliess is a senior economist in the Trade and Agriculture Directorate of the Paris, France-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. She is responsible for a program of work on non-tariff measures affecting trade in goods, in which technical barriers to trade have figured prominently in recent years.
Raymond Schonfeld is an independent consultant on issues of policy and business development related to standardization and technical regulations, in individual business sectors as well as multisectorally. He has advised the OECD on a number of projects in this field for more than 10 years.