Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. Its direct production based on crude oil or coal is not commercially viable. Thus, toluene is usually manufactured as a by-product of crude oil processing. The predominant application for toluene is the production of other chemicals: In 2013, about 56 % of all the toluene consumed were converted into benzene and xylene. Hydrogen dealkylation (HDA process) yields benzene, while toluene disproportionation (TDP process) and transalkylation of toluene can be used to produce both benzene and xylene. The main reason for xylene being of commercial interest is the strong increase of global demand for paraxylene. Paraxylene is mainly processed into terephthalic acid (TPA), which in turn is largely utilised to manufacture polyesters or PET plastics. The largest sales market for these are polyester fibres. Especially in Asia-Pacific this industrial sector experienced a significant boom in recent years, say Ceresana. By now this region accounts for almost 80 % of global demand for paraxylene. Polyurethanes are conquering ever more application areas: Plastics, foams, adhesives, varnishes, or textile fibres. As a result, demand for the intermediate product TDI, manufactured from toluene, rises. Asia-Pacific in particular is seeing a strong expansion of production capacities for this material: In this region, demand for toluene in the production of TDI is projected to increase by more than 4.4 % p.a. until 2021. Consumption of fossil fuels is falling in many established industrialised countries. Operators of refineries in North America and Western Europe are faced with increasing competition of the modern refineries that are put into operation in Asia-Pacific and the Middle East. Possible closures of refineries could lead to a reduction of the supply of the by-product toluene. Producers in industrialised countries in the west are also coming under pressure because output of benzene in the Middle East and in Africa is rising significantly. A large amount of this benzene is exported onto the world market. Consequently, less toluene is converted into benzene in other regions, says the market research institute.