- Evaluation and presentation schemes in dating
- Major methods of isotopic dating
This is a special type of dating method that makes use of a microscope rather than a mass spectrometer and capitalizes on damaged zones, or tracks, created in crystals during the spontaneous fission of uranium-238. In this unique type of radioactive decay, the nucleus of a single parent uranium atom splits into two fragments of similar mass with such force that a trail of crystal damage is left in the mineral. Immersing the sample in an etching solution of strong acid or base enlarges the fission tracks into tube-shaped holes large enough to be seen under a high-powered microscope. The number of tracks present can be used to calculate the age of the sample if the uranium content is known. Fortunately, the uranium content of precisely the spot under scrutiny can be obtained by a similar process when working with a polished crystal surface. The sample is bombarded with slow (thermal) neutrons in a nuclear reactor, resulting in induced fission of uranium-235 (as opposed to spontaneous fission of uranium-238). The fission tracks produced by this process are recorded by a thin plastic film placed against the surface of the sample. The uranium content of the material can then be calculated so long as the neutron dose is known. The age of the sample is obtained using the equation, age = N × Ds/Di × 6 × 10−8, in which N is the total neutron dose expressed as neutrons per square centimetre and Ds is the observed track density for spontaneous fission while Di is that for induced fission.
The preservation of crystal damage (i.e., the retention of fission tracks) is highly sensitive to temperature and varies from mineral to mineral. The technique can be used to determine mild thermal events as low as 100 °C (212 °F). Alternately, primary ages can be calculated if the rock was formed at the surface and cooled quickly. Under these conditions the calculated fission-track ages of two minerals with widely different annealing temperatures would be identical. The accuracy achieved depends on the number of tracks counted, so that artificial glass coloured with 10 percent uranium can be dated as soon as 30 years after manufacture. With uranium levels of a few parts per million, samples as young as 300,000 years can be dated by counting tracks for one hour. When dealing with very old materials, high-uranium samples must be avoided because there are so many interlocking tracks that they can no longer be counted.
A special feature of fission-track dating lies in its ability to map the uranium distribution within mineral grains. In a uranium map for single zircon grains, the outer zones that grew during a major melting event contained much more uranium than the grains originally present. The uranium–lead age was highly biased toward the younger event, and the primary age could be determined only after the outer zones were removed. In practice, fission-track dates are regarded as cooling ages unless proved otherwise. It might also be noted that uncertainties in results may arise from an uneven distribution of uranium, statistical errors in counting, and inaccurate estimates of neutron flux (dose of neutrons).
Fission-track dating can be used on a wide variety of minerals found in most geologic materials, and it is relatively inexpensive to apply. Because closure temperatures vary widely from, say, 300 °C for titanite and zircon to less than 100 °C for biotite and apatite, valuable information can be obtained regarding the uplift and cooling rates of crustal rocks.