Papal election, 1243
May - June 1243
Coat of arms during the vacancy of the Holy See
|Dates and location|
|16 May–25 June 1243
Name taken: Pope Innocent IV
The papal election of 16 May–25 June 1243 elected Cardinal Sinibaldo Fieschi of Genoa to succeed Pope Celestine IV. The conclave began after the Holy See had been vacant for 18 months and six days, therefore ca. May 16, 1243. There were nine cardinals present. Six votes were needed, therefore, for a canonical election. It took some five weeks for the cardinals to agree on an acceptable candidate.
Election of 1241
The election which took place around the death of Pope Gregory IX on August 22, 1241, was a particularly stressful one. There were military operations, both inside and outside the City of Rome, towns and properties were destroyed, Guelphs and Ghibellines warred against each other, and two of the cardinals were captured in battle and were held prisoner by the Emperor Frederick II. When the electoral meeting began, only ten of the twelve cardinals participated. The cardinals were tightly confined, on orders of the Senator of Rome, Matteo Rosso Orsini, and during that conclave one cardinal died. After seven weeks of deadlocked negotiations in the summer heat of Rome, the cardinals finally managed to produce the required two-thirds majority on October 25 for Cardinal Goffredo Castiglione, who chose the name Celestine IV. Pope Celestine was never crowned. It is also said that he was never consecrated, which is pointless, since he was already a bishop, and that he never issued a bull, which is contested. He died, old and ill, only seventeen days after his election, on November 10, 1241.
A second Election would have to be held. But, even though Pope Celestine was buried on the day after his death, according to custom, certain cardinals had already left Rome, being unwilling to endure the situation of September and October again. Matthew of Paris says that there were "maybe six, maybe seven" cardinals left in Rome, which would imply that one or two had left. He certainly includes Cardinal Raynaldus dei Conti and Cardinal Sinibaldo Fieschi in the minority. Matthew also reports that the cardinals who were still in Rome were in hiding with friends and relations, some of them ill.
No Election in 1242
Emperor Frederick had left the neighborhood of Rome in September, 1241, while the Election was still in progress. He was back at his palace in Foggia in October. His third wife, Isabella of England, daughter of King John, died on 1 December 1241, and on 12 February (?), 1242, his son King Henry of Germany died as well. He spent the entire year 1242 in the south in his own kingdom, mostly in Foggia, Capua, or Naples. He came nowhere near Rome or the cardinals. He was, however, in contact with the cardinals. In February 1242 he sent three ambassadors to Rome to the Papal Curia, to discuss a peace. Frederick wanted the cardinals to get together and make a pope. He also wrote directly to them, offering to release Cardinal Jacobus de Pecorara and Cardinal Oddo de Monferrato if the cardinals would proceed to an election. The Emperor wrote a second time, in May, an elaborate rhetorical exercise based on the topos of the Church as a ship without its steersman and the danger of shipwreck (schism). This was for public consumption. Another letter followed in July, more directly accusing the cardinals of driving the ship off-course: how could they show the right path to those who had wandered from it, if they themselves were wandering off the right course?
In the Spring of 1243, after a vacancy that had gone on for more than fifteen months, cardinals who had gathered at Anagni during that time, wrote a letter to an English prelate, placing their names in the heading:
R[aynaldus] Ostiensis et Velletrensis, J[ohannes] tituli Sanctae Praxedis, S[inibaldus] tituli Sancti Luarentii in Lucina, S[tephanus] tituli Sanctae Mariae trans Tyberim, presbyteri; R[aynerius] Sanctae Mariae in Cosmedin, E[gidius] Sanctorum Cosmae et Damiani, O[tho] Sancti Nicholai in carcere Tulliano, diaconi; sanctae Ecclesiae Romanae Cardinales.
Cardinal Oddone di Monferrato was present in Anagni and signed the letter; he had been released by the Emperor in August 1242. Cardinal Romano Bonaventura did not sign; he had died on February 21, 1243. The names of these seven cardinals show who had left Rome by that time, and that the balance was shifting between the Imperial party (Ghibbelines) led by the Colonna, and the opposition, led by the Orsini. The "maybe six, maybe seven" cardinals left in Rome immediately after the death of Celestine IV did not represent a party, but merely those who had not yet decided on what course of action to take. If one adds to these seven named cardinals Jacobus de Pecorara, who was being held by the Emperor, then there was only one cardinal still not present in Anagni: Ricardus Hannibaldi.
In February 1243, the Emperor Frederick ordered the mustering of his army for April 1. He met the army at Capua, and in May he headed north toward Rome, where he began to attack and destroy castelli and cause as much destruction as he could. The two cardinals still in Rome fled to Anagni, and now that eight of the cardinals were assembled, they petitioned the Emperor who agreed to their request to return to his kingdom. Frederick then released Cardinal Jacobus de Pecorara, whom he had held prisoner since his capture in the Battle of Giglio in May 1241. In being accommodating, however, King Frederick expected the cardinals to be cooperative and produce a pope. And yet, they refused to start a conclave. Frederick showed his anger by launching his army against Rome. The Romans complained that the failure to elect a pope after so many months was not their fault, but that of the obstinate and quarrelsome cardinals, who were in hiding. Frederick therefore redirected his army toward the estates of the cardinals and of the Church.
Nicolas de Curbio, the biographer of both Gregory IX and Innocent IV, says that it was a year, six months and six days before the cardinals finally sat down together for an Election, in the Cathedral of Anagni. That would be 16 May 1243. There were nine living cardinals:
|Elector||Origins||Order||Title||Date of creation||by Pope||Notes|
|Reynaldus de' Conti||Jenne||Cardinal-bishop||Bishop of Ostia e Velletri||September 18, 1227||Gregory IX||future Pope Alexander IV (1254-1261)|
|Giacomo da Pecorara, O.Cist.||Piacenza||Cardinal-bishop||Bishop of Palestrina||September 5, 1231||Gregory IX||Prisoner of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. He was released in May, 1243.|
|Romano Bonaventura||Roman||Cardinal-bishop||Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina||1216||Innocent III||Not to be confused with Saint Bonaventure, who entered the Franciscan Order in 1243. Cardinal Romano died during the Sede Vacante, on February 21, 1243, before voting began.|
|Stefano de Normandis dei Conti||Roman||Cardinal-priest||Title of S. Maria in Trastevere||1216||Innocent III||Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica; nephew of Innocent III.|
|Giovanni Colonna||Roman||Cardinal-priest||Title of S. Prassede||February 18, 1212||Innocent III||The first Colonna cardinal|
|Sinibaldo Fieschi||Lavagna, Genoa||Cardinal-priest||Title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina||September 18, 1227||Gregory IX||Future Pope Innocent IV|
|Raniero Capocci, O.Cist.||Todi||Cardinal-deacon||Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin||1216||Innocent III||Protodeacon of the Sacred College of Cardinals|
|Egidius (Gil) Torres||Spanish||Cardinal-deacon||Deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano||December, 1216||Honorius III|
|Oddone di Monferrato||Montferrat||Cardinal-deacon||Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano||September 18, 1227||Gregory IX|
|Riccardo Annibaldi||Roman||Cardinal-deacon||Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria||1237||Gregory IX||Rector of Campagna and Marittima; nephew of Cardinal Rinaldo Conti de Segni|
Election of 1243
Romanus Bonaventura, Cardinal Bishop of Porto (1236-1243 died on February 21, 1243. The number of cardinals was reduced to nine. Six cardinals were needed to produce a canonical election.
The Cardinals finally assembled at Anagni Cathedral around May 16, 1243, if Nicolaus de Curbio is accurate. Despite the vicissitudes they had suffered since the death of Gregory IX, and the devastation of the Emperor Frederick's army, it nevertheless took the cardinals over five weeks to choose a pope. Nothing is known about the deliberations during that period, except that they elected Cardinal Sinibaldo Fieschi of Genoa, a relative of the Counts of Lavania, as Pope Innocent IV on June 25, 1243 (Nicholas de Curbio) or on the Feast of St. John the Baptist, June 24 (Matthew of Paris). At the time of the election the Emperor Frederick was at Melfi, where, when he heard the news, he ordered the Te Deum to be sung throughout his kingdom.
Pope Innocent IV was consecrated and crowned on the Sunday following the Feast of St. John the Baptist, June 28. There is no specific testimony, but the right to consecrate the pope belonged to the Bishop of Ostia, Raynaldus dei Conti; and the right to crown him belonged to the senior cardinal-deacon (prior diaconum), the Cistercian Rainerius (Capocci).
- F. Gregorovius, History of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume V.1 second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1906) Book IX, Chapters 5-6, pp. 205--233.
- August Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum I (Berlin 1874), p. 940 n.
- Henry Richards Luard (editor), Matthaei Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora Vol. IV. A.D. 1240 to A. D. 1247 (London: Longman 1880), under the year 1241, p. 194.
- whom he calls Ricardus Hanibal, Episcopus Ostiensis, thereby convicting himself of a major confusion. Ricardus Annibale was Cardinal Deacon of Sant' Angelo in Pescheria, though he was a member of the minority. Raynaldus and Riccardo are two different cardinals. It is not wise to follow Matthew too closely.
- J.-L.-A. Huillard-Bréholles (Editor), Historia diplomatica Friderici Secundi Tomus VI, Pars II (Parisiis: Henricus Plon 1861); Tomus VI. Pars II (Paris: Plon 1860), pp. 947-950.
- Henry Richards Luard (editor), Matthaei Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora Vol. IV. (London 1880), under the year 1242, pp. 239-240.
- J.-L.-A. Huillard-Bréholles (editor), Historia diplomatica Friderici Secundi Tomus VI. Pars I. a mense Septembri 1241 ad mensem Julium 1247 (Paris: Plon 1860), pp. 35-36: Cum ad unanimam et salubrem provisionem Ecclesiae generalis tanquam Romanus Cesar et princeps catholicus intendamus, ut omnis omnino defectus et materia scandali in substitutione novi pontificis auferantur, venerabilem Penestrinum episcopum et Ottonem Sancti Nicholai in carcere Tulliano diaconum cardinalem, qui de mandato nostro Capue commorantur, offerimus nos paratos ad vos mittere liberos ut intersint electioni predicte in loco tuto et ydoneo, ne ipsis absentibus et intra provinciam commorantibus nec vocatis, defectus possit aliquis in electione notari....
- Huillard-Bréholles (editor), Historia diplomatica Friderici Secundi, p. 36: Quales semitas ostenditis errantibus, qui a directionis gressibus deviatis?
- Henry Richards Luard (editor), Matthaei Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora Vol. IV. (London 1880), under the year 1243, p. 250.
- Ryccardus de S. Germano, Chronica, in G. H. Pertz (editor), Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptorum Tomus XVIIII (Hannover 1866), pp. 383-384: Mense Madii  imperator ipse de Capua movens, et per Sanctum Germanum transitum habens et per Aquinum, aput Flagellam se contulit; ubi faciens aliquandiu moram, inde per Campaniam, facto ponte super flumen Ceperani, transitum habens, super Urbem vadit, ubi turres nonnullas funditus fecit everti, faciens in aliis etiam quam potuit vastitatem; et tunc ad preces cardinalium ab Urbe discedens, est reversus in regnum. Item mense Madii Praenestinus episcopus imperatore mandante liberatus est, et aput Anagniam ad cardinales cum honore remissus.
- "Life of Innocent IV", ch. 7, in Ludovico Antonio Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores Tomus Tertius (Mediolani 1723), p. 592a
- A. Paravacini-Bagliani, Cardinali di Curia e 'familiae' cardializie dal 1227 al 1254 I (Padua, 1972), pp. 41-53.
- Ryccardus of S. Germano, Chronica in G. Pertz (ed.), Monumenta Germaniae Historica Vol. 19, 383-384.
- "Necrologio di S. Maria in Trastevere," in P. Egidi, Necrologi e libri affini della Provincia Romana (Roma 1908), p. 91.
- Matthew of Paris (ed. Luard), Volume IV, p. 256; Matthew also says, however, at p. 249, that the Cardinals were assembled at Rome.
- Ryccardus de S. Germano, p. 384.