V2 Rocket Facts
What is a V2 Rocket?
- What is a V2 Rocket?
- V-2 (A-4) Rocket Film
- V2 Rocket Facts
- V2 Development History
- V2 Technical Specifications
- V2 Rocket Facility at Peenemunde Video
- German V2 Production History
- V2 Rocket Failure Video
- V-2 Rocket Operational History
- V-2 Attack Results
- V-2 Rocket References
The V2 rocket was a short-range rocket or ballistic missile developed by the Nazi regime during World War 2 in Germany. The German name for the rocket is: Vergeltungswaffe 2, translating to retaliation weapon 2 which also had the more technical name of the Aggregat-4 (A4). The missile used liquid propellant and was the first long-range missile developed to strike at both London and Antwerp during the war. The V2 rocket was also thought to be the first known human created artifact or structure to enter space. After World War 2, the U.K, Soviet, and American governments would obtain access to the V2 rocket designs as well as various German scientists who worked on the project through Operation Backfire, Operation Osoaviakhim, and Operation Paperclip.
The V2 rocket was heavily leveraged by Nazi propaganda efforts as a “more severe” retaliation for the bombing of German cities by the Allies from 1942 until the end of World War 2. The rockets would start to be launched in greater numbers starting in September 1944 (more than 3,000) against various Allied targets by the German Wehrmacht to include Liege, London, and Antwerp. Although difficult to calculate the exact number of casualties attributed to V-2 rocket attacks, it is thought that at least 9,000 civilians and military personnel were killed by the rocket attacks with more than 12,000 concentration camp and forced labor persons deaths attributed to the production of the missiles.
Map of V2 Rocket Use in and Near London
V-2 (A-4) Rocket Film
V2 Rocket Facts
- Type Rocket: single-stage: ballistic missile
- Place of origin: Germany
V2 Rocket Service History
- In service : 1944–1952
- Used by: Germany
- United Kingdom (post-war)
- United States (post-war)
- Soviet Union (post-war)
V2 Rocket Production history
- Manufacturer: Mittelwerk GmbH (development by Army Research Center Peenemünde)
- Unit cost: 100,000 RM January 1944, 50,000 RM March 1945
- Produced: Started in 16 March 1942
- Weight: 12,500 kg (28,000 lb)
- Length: 14 m (45 ft 11 in)
- Diameter: 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)
- Warhead: 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) Amatol
- Wingspan: 3.56 m (11 ft 8 in)
- Propellant: 3,810 kg (8,400 lb) of 75% ethanol and 25% water + 4,910 kg (10,800 lb) of liquid oxygen
- Operational range: 320 km (200 mi)
- Flight altitude: 88 km (55 mi) maximum altitude on long-range trajectory, 206 km (128 mi) maximum altitude if launched vertically.
- Speed maximum: 1,600 m/s (5,200 ft/s); 5,760 km/h (3,580 mph)
- at impact: 800 m/s (2,600 ft/s); 2,880 km/h (1,790 mph)
- V2 Rocket Guidance system: Gyroscopes to determine direction
Müller-type pendulous gyroscopic accelerometer for engine cutoff on most production rockets (10% of the Mittelwerk rockets used a guide beam for cutoff.)
- Launch Platform: Mobile (Meillerwagen)
V2 Development History
The origins of the V-2 rocket go back to the late 1920’s when Wernher von Braun read the Hermann Oberth book, Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (The Rocket into Interplanetary Space). Von Braun would start attending the Technical University of Berlin in 1930 where he would assist Oberth in testing on liquid-fueled rocket motors. He was deep into working on his doctorate as the Nazi Party came into power in Germany when a German artillery captain, Walter Dornberger, provided an Ordnance Department research grant to von Braun.
From that point forward he would work alongside the existing Dornberger solid-fuel rocket test site located at Kummersdorf. Von Braun’s final thesis, “Construction, Theoretical, and Experimental Solution to the Problem of the Liquid Propellant Rocket” (dated 16 April 1934)” was kept classified by the German army, but was ultimately published in 1960. His work would result in the successful launches of two rockets that reached altitudes in excess of 2 and 3 kilometers by the end of 1934.
A rusty V2 rocket engine in the underground production facilities of the Nazi concentration camp Dora-Mittelbau (Nordhausen, Thuringia, Germany). V1’s and V2’s were produced here from january 1944 by camp inmates in enormous tunnel systems with a total length of some 20 km. Date 15 July 2012; Source Own work; Author Vincent van ZeijstGermany would approach American physicist, Robert H. Goddard, with technical questions related to his research (prior to 1939). Von Braun would leverage Goddard’s published research and incorporate his ideas into building the Aggregat (A) series of rockets / missiles.
From these research successes, Von Braun and Walter Riedel started to design a much larger rocket based on a significantly larger 25 ton thrust engine. Work would continue until late 1941 when the four key technologies for a successful rocket where developed: liquid-fuel rocket engines, supersonic aerodynamics, gyroscopic guidance and rudders in jet control.
By September of 1943, von Braun promised the Long-Range Bombardment Commission that his A-4 development was practically complete. The work had progressed enough, and Hitler was in need of a dramatic weapon to unfold, that he authorized production of the V-2 in large numbers.
The V2 rockets would be made at the Mittelwerk site by prisoners from the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp and other forced laborers.
V2 Technical Specifications
The A-4 rocket (V-2) used a 75% ethanol / water mixture for the jet fuel and a liquid oxygen (LOX for short) for the fuel oxidizer. When the rocket was launched, it would power itself for up to 65 seconds. The program motor when then control the pitch of the rocket to a specified angle when the engine shutdown. At this point, the rocket would continue on a ballistic, free-fall trajectory. The V2 would reach a height of 80 km after the engine was shut off.
The V2 rockets fuel and oxidizer pumps were steam turbines which was produced through the use of concentrated hydrogen peroxide and a sodium permanganate catalyst. The alcohol and oxygen tanks used an aluminum-magnesium alloy.
The combustion burner of the rocket reached temperatures ranging from 2500–2700 °C (4500 – 4900 °F). During operation, the alcohol-water fuel mix would be pumped along the double-wall of the main combustion burner. This would heat the fuel and cool the chamber. At this point, the fuel would be sent to the main burner chamber through more than 1,200 nozzles (specifically 1,224) that would ensure the correct mixture of alcohol and oxygen was being used at all times. There were also small holes in the structure that allowed some of the alcohol to escape directly into the rocket’s combustion chamber. This would help form a cooling boundary layer that would help further protect the wall of the chamber. During operation, the boundary layer of alcohol would ignite when it came into contact with the atmosphere.
The V2 rocket used four external rudders on the tin fails of the missile along with four internal vanes (graphite construction) located at the exit of the rocket motor. The missile also used the LEV-3 guidance system that included two free gyroscopes (a horizontal and vertical one) to help stabilize the rocket. The V2 also used a PIGA accelerometer to cutoff the engine at a pre-specified velocity. Since the V-2 was launched from a location that was pre-surveyed, the distance and azimuth to the target location were already known. This would allow the Fin 1 on the missile to be aligned to the target azimuth. V2’s used later in the war would make use of guidance beams sent via radio transmission from the ground to keep the rocket on course. The early models of the rocket made use of an analog computer that would adjust the azimuth for the rocket via engine cut-off, would be ground controlled through a Doppler system, or via different variants of on-bard integrated accelerometers.
V2 Rocket Facility at Peenemunde Video
German V2 Production History
|Period of Production||Production|
|1936||Initial development begins at Peenemünde|
|1936-1942||Less than 50 Produced|
|1942||First successful launch of a V2 rocket|
|1942-1943||Approximately 600 Produced|
|1943||Mass production begins with production facilities at Peenemünde, Nordhausen, and other locations|
|1943-1944||Approximately 3,400 Produced|
|1944-1945||Approximately 2,000 Produced|
|1945||Production was disrupted by the Allied bombing of production facilities; the last V2 rocket was launched on March 27, 1945|
|Total Production||Estimated 6,048 V2 rockets produced|
V2 Rocket Failure Video
V-2 Rocket Operational History
Once Adolf Hitler’s declaration on August 29th, 1944 to begin conducting V-2 attacks as soon as possible, the Germans started their V-2 offensive on September 8th, 1944 with a single launch against Paris. The attack resulted in moderate damage located near the Porte d’Italie. Two additional launches would occur on the same day against London. The Germans would announce the rocket attacks on November 8th, 1944, and Winston Churchill would inform parliament and the rest of the world on November 10th, 1944 that England had been under rocket attack for the last several weeks.
During the period leading up to November 1944, the locations of the German launch units would change a number of times. In southwest Netherlands, the Artillerie unit 444 would launch approximately five V-2’s on September 15th and 16th. The unit would move to Gaasterland where additional rockets were launched against Ipswich and Norwich, England on September 25th, 1944. Due to the inaccuracy of the V-2, these launches were not able to hit their target cities. Hitler would then decree that only London and Antwerp would remain as designated targets (Antwerp specifically from October 12th-20th, 1944).
Over the following months, the Germans would shoot at least 3,172 V-2 rockets at the following targets:
- Belgium, 1664: Antwerp (1610), Liège (27), Hasselt (13), Tournai (9), Mons (3), Diest (2)
- United Kingdom, 1402: London (1358), Norwich (43), Ipswich (1)
- France, 76: Lille (25), Paris (22), Tourcoing (19), Arras (6), Cambrai (4)
- Netherlands, 19: Maastricht (19)
- Germany, 11: Remagen (11)
V-2 Attack Results
It’s now estimated that approximately 2,754 civilians were killed in London during World War 2 by the Nazi V-2 attacks and 6,523 were injured. Over the course of the war, the accuracy of the missile increased to the point that 160 were killed and 108 injured during a V-2 attack on November 25th, 1944 in New Cross, south-east London when the rocket hit a Woolworth’s department store. A little known V-2 fact is that after the more deadly attacks, British intelligence leaked information that implied the rockets were over-shooting London by 20 to 30 miles. This “mis-information” appeared to work, and for the remainder of the war, the V-2 attacks started to land on less populated areas of Kent.
The final V-2 rockets of the war were launched on March 27th, 1945 resulting in the death of Mrs. Ivy Millichamp, 34, in her home located at: Kynaston Road, Orpington in Kent.
The attacks on Antwerp, Belgium also resulted in numerous deaths, 1736 dead, 4,500 injured. There were a large number of buildings in the city damaged or destroyed by the V-2 attacks and the city was directly hit by 590 V-2’s. The largest loss of life attributed to V-2 attacks was when the roof of a crowded cinema was struck by the missile. This attack resulted in 567 dead and 291 injured.
V-2 Rocket References
- “Chute Saves Rockets Secrets” , September 1947, Popular Science article on US use of V-2 for scientific research, last Accessed April 7th, 2013.
- FlyingBombsandRockets.com, last accessed April 7th, 2013.
- History of Peenemünde and the discovery of the German missile development by the Allies, GlobalSecurity.org, last accessed April 6th, 2013.
- PBS: The hunt for Nazi scientists, last accessed April 7th, 2013.
- V2 Heavy Site Imagery – National Collection of Aerial Photography , last accessed April 7th, 2013.
- V2Rocket.com, V2 Rocket Timeline and other material related to the V-2, last accessed April 7th, 2013.