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Ascension, island in the South Atlantic Ocean, a dependency of the British overseas territory of St. Helena, 700 miles (1,100 km) to the southeast. The main settlement, and the location of the island’s administrative headquarters, is Georgetown.
Except on the heights of Green Mountain (2,817 feet [859 metres]), where fruit, vegetables, and livestock are raised, the island is mostly a desert of dormant volcanic craters and extensive lava flows. There are no surface streams. Catchment basins constructed on Green Mountain in the 19th century yield some fresh water, but desalinization plants produce the bulk of the water supply. The sandy beaches, unprotected by coral reefs, are vulnerable to heavy oceanic swells but are critical nesting sites for the globally endangered green sea turtles, which come ashore to lay eggs between January and April. Sooty terns also breed in abundance. After the island’s feral cats were eradicated in the early 21st century, populations of other birds—including the masked booby, brown booby, and red-billed tropic bird but not the globally threatened native Ascension frigate bird—began recolonizing the island.
The island was discovered by the Portuguese navigator João da Nova on Ascension Day in 1501, but it remained uninhabited until 1815, when British marines were stationed there to discourage Napoleon I from attempting an escape from St. Helena. An administrator, under the governor of St. Helena, represents the British crown; from 1922 until 2002, however, most governmental and economic administration was provided by the military and by various entities including Cable & Wireless PLC and the British Broadcasting Corporation, which have continued to operate telecommunications facilities on the island. Other important presences have been the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the U.S. Air Force, the Royal Air Force, the European Space Agency, and British and American intelligence organizations. In 2002, following consultation among the governor, administrator, and island residents, a democratic form of government was instituted. Taxation was introduced for the first time, and an Island Council was established. The council, which advises the governor on matters of law and policy, has seven elected members, plus the attorney general and the head of the Ascension Island government’s finance department.
In addition to the contributions to the economy made by telecommunication and satellite-tracking activities, since the 1990s there has been a modest level of ecotourism. A small number of facilities for overnight accommodations are available, as are other tourist services. About three-fourths of the inhabitants are St. Helenian contract labourers, some 200 are Americans, and the remainder are British nationals.
Wideawake Airfield, built by American engineers during World War II, was critical to British success during the Falkland Islands War of 1982, when a tent city of British marines and soldiers sprang up overnight. Royal Air Force flights between the United Kingdom and the Falklands refuel at Ascension, the midpoint of their journey. U.S. military flights travel to Ascension from Patrick Air Force Base, Florida, via the Caribbean island of Antigua. Boat access to Ascension is limited, although private yachts may remain for three days, at the discretion of the island administrator. Area 34 square miles (88 square km). Pop. (2003) 1,030.
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