Incidence of hematological malignancies has elevated in recent decades (1). Acute leukemia accounts for approximately 20,000 of cancers diagnosed annually in the United States (2). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) constitute two principal categories of acute leukemia. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of AML which is characterized by proliferation of malignant promyelocytes within blood and bone marrow. APL, comprising 5-8% of AML cases, is a unique form of AML regarding its strong association with the development of intravascular coagulation. Although clinically aggressive, APL is one of the most curable forms of AML which is sensitive to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) (3). APL arises at a younger age, has a peak during adolescence and then reaches a plateau in early adulthood (4). APL represents M3 morphological subtype of French-British-American (FAB) classification system and is currently categorized as APL with translocation t(15;17) (q24.1;q21.1) by world health organization (WHO) (5).
At cytogenetic level, 98% of APL cases are characterized by t (15;17)(q22;q12). This diagnostic feature may be confirmed by Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or by real-time PCR to detect Promyelocytic leukemia gene/ Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha (PML-RARA) fusion gene (6). RARA gene is located at 17q21, and encodes a myeloid transcription factor. The expression of chimeric protein PML-RARA suppresses transcription of specific tumor suppressors favoring progression of APL. Rarely, RARA may be fused with genes other than PML. The alternative variant partners of RARA include PLZF (ZBTB16), NPM1 and STAT5b (7,8). The clinical importance of RARA fusion partners lies within differential responses to targeted therapies necessitating detection of classical t(15;17)(q22;q12). ATRA and arsenic trioxide (ATO) are current medications for t(15;17)(q22;q12) positive AML. While ATO generally promotes favorable responses only in cases with PML-RARA fusion, ATRA is also effective in cases with NPM1, NUMA and FIP1L1 fusion partners (9-11).
Survival studies in patients with hematologic malignancies provide valuable insights into the identification of parameters associated with high mortalities and also provide us with opportunities to improve life expectancy of at-risk patients. Such studies help clinicians and researchers to develop a database providing essential information about the current updates on prognostic factors. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report regarding survival and prognostic features of APL patients in north-east of Iran. In the present study, survival analysis was performed on AML patients detected with t(15;17)(q22;q12) at Molecular Pathology Research Center of Qaem hospital, Mashhad city of Iran.
Materials and Methods
This was an epidemiological study performed during 2010-2015. The study was financially supported by the Molecular Pathology Research Center affiliated with Mashhad University of medical sciences. Our study was approved by the ethics committee of Mashhad University of medical sciences (Ethical code: A_908).
Our cohort constituted of 240 AML cases diagnosed at hematology department of Qaem hospital of Mashhad city. Clinical and laboratory information about 42 patients with positive t(15;17)(q22;q12) by routine karyotyping was gathered from available medical records at our center. Clinical symptoms and complete blood count parameters were documented at presentation before initiation of any treatment. The sample size was calculated considering 10% of the total population of AML with t(15;17), 95% confidence interval, and 0.05 standard error. Five-year survival rates for patients diagnosed with t(15;17)(q22;q12) were further documented by phone interviews.
The diagnosis was further scrutinized by observing abnormal promyelocytes in blood or bone marrow, staining bone marrow aspirations or peripheral blood smears for myeloperoxidase and investigating positive results for CD13, CD33, CD15 and CD 117 markers by flow cytometry. PML-RARA fusion gene was revealed by real-time PCR as well. Patients who received any treatments before the study initiation and patients with relapsed disease were excluded from the study.
The therapeutic protocol was according to the standard chemotherapy regimen for APL. Patients received a combination of Daunorubicin, cytarabine, and ATRA for both induction and consolidation therapies. For patients who acquired remissions, maintenance therapy was continued with ATRA.
Administration of antibiotics was performed for those with low white blood cell count. Blood products (packed red blood cells, and platelets) were given to eligible patients (patients with symptomatic anemia, and those at risk of bleeding due to low platelet count). Pain relieving agents were generally administered for patients with chronic pain.
Separation of mononuclear cells from bone marrow aspirated samples was carried out using Ficoll gradient centrifugation. RNA was extracted by Tri-Pure (Roche, Germany) according to standard instructions provided by the manufacture. Quality of extracted RNA was checked by agarose electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel.
cDNA synthesis kit was purchased from Fermentas (RevertAid™ H Minus First Strand cDNA Synthesis, USA), and the procedure was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Detection of PML-RARA Fusion Gene
Real time PCR was carried out by an ABI thermocycler (Applied Biosystems, USA) in duplicate assays using Taqman. Sequences of specific primers and probes for fusion PML-RARA transcripts of three Break point Cluster Regions (BCR) were as forward primers; 5′-TCTTCCTGCCCAACAGCA -3', 5′-ACCTGGATGGACCGCCTA -3′ and 5′-CCGATGGCTTCGACGAGT -3′, and reverse primer; 5′-GCTTGTAGATGCGGGGTAGAG -3′. Specific probe exploited was 5′ Fam-AGTGCC CAGCCCTCCCTCGC-Tamara-3′. ABL served as the reference gene with primer sequences of forward: 5′- TGGAGATAACACTCTAAGCATAACTAAAGGT-3′ and reverse; 5′- GATGTAGTTGCTTGGGACCCA-3′, with Specific probe of FAM-CCATTTTTGGTTTGGGCTTCACACCATT- Tamara. Each reaction tube contained 10 µL pre-mix Taqman, 0.5 µL ROX dye, 1.5 µL of each forward and reverse primers (10 pmol), 1.5 µL of specific probes, 2 µL of cDNA, and 3 µL of DEPC water. Thermal profile was set as initial denaturation (95 ) for 30 seconds and then 40 cycles of PCR phases as denaturation (95 , 40 seconds), annealing (60 , 32 seconds) and extension (72 , 60 seconds).
Two types of positive controls (positive control of REH cell line, Biomed Reference, and a patient’s sample confirmed with positive PML-RARA), and two types of negative controls (negative sample from known patients, and NTC) were used. Positive results were inferred as the presence of amplification curve at CT of 20-27.9 cycles, and negative results were considered as the absence of amplification curve at CT
Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze general demographic and laboratory features. Kaplan Mayer survival analysis was performed to assess 5-year survival in t(15;17)(q22;q12) positive patients.
From a total of 240 AML patients diagnosed according to standard procedures, 42 cases (17.5%) showed t(15;17)(q22;q12). The median age in t(15;17) negative group was 31.68+20.56 years old. In terms of sex, 49% were females and 51% were males. For patients with positive t(15;17), the mean age was 34.3+14.1 years old. Regarding age at diagnosis, 11.9% of these patients had 50 years old. Of these, 35.7% were males and 64.3% were females. Characteristics of t(15;17)(q22;q12) negative and positive AML patients have been demonstrated in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were the most common clinical features, each was present at 28.6% of patients. All patients had at least two of symptoms including fever, anemia, petechia, oral bleeding, menorrhagia or CNS involvement upon admission.
Overall, 24 demises were observed. Death occurrence statistics were as follows; 3 in patients 50 years old. Considering sex, 17 deaths occurred in males and 7 in females during the study period. Death occurrence in patients with WBC of 100 were 9, 11, 2, and 2 respectively. Regarding platelet count, death rates were 22, 2, and 0 cases in groups with 140 respectively.
Median of 5-year survival in AML patients with t(15;17)(q22;q12) was obtained 23.22+3.57 month (95%CI: 16.21-30.29) with a 5-survial survival rate of 30%. Patients with positive t(15;17)(q22;q12) were subcategorized into four age groups; 50 years old, each with respective 5-year survival rates of 11.9%, 47.6%, 28.5%, and 11.9%. Five-year survival rates based on the investigated features have been illustrated in Table 3, and Figure 1.
Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of t(15;17)(q22;q12) negative and positive AML patients.
|t(15;17) (q22;q12) negative AML
t(15;17)(q22;q12) patients positive AML
Table 2. Features of AML patients with and without t(15;17)(q22;q12) cytogenetic abnormality.
||t(15;17)(q22;q12) negative AML
||AML with t(15;17) (q22;q12) patients
Fig. 1.Kaplan-Meier survival curves in patient with t(15;17)(q22;q12) positive AML. A) based on age groups, B) based on gender, C) based on platelet count, D) based on white blood cell count, and E) overall survival rate
Table 3. Survival of AML patients with t(15;17)(q22;q12) regarding different demographical and clinical parameters .
|Cell blood count
In the current study, we evaluated 5-year survival rates of AML patients with t(15;17)(q22;q12) in north-east of Iran. Among 240 patients who diagnosed with AML during the study period, 42 (17.5%) were recognized with t(15;17)(q22;q12). In addition, frequencies of t(8;21)(q22;q22), and Inv (16) (p13; q22) subtypes of AML were 7.6% and 6.6% respectively, while no cytogenetic abnormalities were diagnosed in 170/240 (70.8%).
Kamaneh et al. evaluated 46 AML patients in north-west of Iran. Their findings showed that only 2.7% of patients harbored t(15;17)(q22;q12) (12). However, in a recent study conducted by Allahyari A et al. in the north-east part of Iran, t(15;17) subtype of AML was the most prevalent category with 37.7% (13). The incidence of APL was shown to increase from 1975 towards 2008 in the United States (14).
Overall, we recorded a 5-year survival rate of 30% for t(15;17)(q22;q12) positive AML patients, with median survival of 23.22+3.57 months. Similarly, Allahyari et al. reported 5-year overall survival of 26.6% in 96 AML patients from the north-east part of Iran (13). The lower survival rate in their study may be due to the higher mean age of their patients (mean age of 40.4 years old). Furthermore, the study of Allahyari et al. was performed on various subtypes of AML rather than only APL. In a study on 95 AML patients in Iran, median overall survival was reported 13 months, with one-year and two-year survival rates of 51% and 26% respectively (15). This was considerably lower than the survival observed in our study which may be due to the heterogeneity of AML subtypes in the before mentioned study. In another study on 222 Chinese AML patients with APL, 5-year overall survival was 80.9% (16). In an evaluation of 1397 APL patients during 1975-2008 in the United States, 5-year overall survival showed a remarkable increase from 10% during 1975-1990 to 64% during 2000-2008 (14). A report on 54 AML patients of M6 subtype in France showed 5-year survival of 17% with median overall survival of 9 months (17). Another research found that AML subjects with normal cytogenetics had a 5-year overall survival rate of 74% (18). The different survival rate of APL patients in our study compared with the studies in China and the United States can be attributed to multiple factors such as different supportive therapy protocols, late diagnosis in our patients and subsequently late initiation of chemotherapy, or even unknown genetic factors. Evaluation of these parameters and their extent of contribution to this low survival rate needs another comprehensive study to be addressed.
Inconsistent results among different studies can be explained by different molecular and clinical characteristics of AML patients with t(15;17)(q22;q12). Besides, the role of therapeutic procedures is also of critical importance in the determination of survival in AML patients (19,20). Introduction of ARTA has been associated with an increased survival rate in t(15;17)(q22;q12) positive AML patients (16,21). ATRA induces differentiation in promyelocytes, and is considered a unique therapeutic approach among hematological malignancies. A high rate of 97% of 2-year survival has been reported in t(15;17)(q22;q12) positive patients who received ATRA+ATO as induction therapy (22). Furthermore, early initiation of therapy has been shown to significantly affect survival rates in AML patients (23). It was shown that 10-year overall survival in AML patients who underwent allogenic bone marrow transplantation were 63% (24).
In the present research, we found the highest rate of 5-year survival in patients with 20-35 years old (47.6%), while the lowest rate (11.9%) belonged to patients with 50 years old. An inverse relationship between survival and age at diagnosis has been noted in a majority of AML subtypes (2,16,25,26). Likewise, in a study carried out by Dores GM et al. on 1397 APL patients in the United States, age was suggested as the most prominent factor influencing survival, with a higher rate of 5-year survival reported for patients with 20-39 years old (14). Similarly, it was demonstrated that younger Iranian AML patients had a higher 5-year survival rate (13,27). In another study from the United States, 5-year survival was shown to be <10% for AML patients older than 60 years old (2). Age was also suggested as a poor prognostic factor in a cohort of 5480 AML patients aged 72-83 years old in the United States (23). In addition, Kent EE et al. found that children had better survival compared to adolescent-adults considering all subtypes of leukemia (26). Furthermore, AML patients with >75 years old showed a higher risk of mortality than younger patients within 5 years (19). Redaniel MT et al. evaluated 54 AML patients of M6 subtype in France, they found that age higher than 60 years old rendered a poor prognosis (17).
We observed that patients with lower leukocyte and higher platelet counts had better survival and lower mortality rates. The best survival was recorded for patients with WBC <10 and platelet count >140. A pervious study addressed leukocyte count at presentation as a prominent prognostic factor in t(15;17)(q22;q12) positive AML patients (16). In Iranian AML patients, WBC >10109/ was associated with higher mortality rate, while WBC 5-10 demonstrated the highest survival rate in these patients (27). Likewise, Iranian patients with AML who were diagnosed with WBC> 20 showed a significantly lower rate of 5-year survival (25.6%) than patients with WBC <20 (49.1%) (13).
We observed that t(15;17)(q22;q12) cytogenetic abnormality was the most common AML subtype in north-east Iran. The survival rate of our patients was associated with factors such as the age at presentation and initial leukocyte and platelet counts. To improve survival rate of these patients, it is recommended to use more accurate diagnostic procedures and provide timely and effective therapeutic support.
This research was financially supported by Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Department of Hematology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. We would like to thank and appreciate the staff of the Molecular Pathology Research Center.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.