Rolled products, i.e. sheet, plate and foil constitute almost 50 % of all aluminium alloys used. In North America and Western Europe, the packaging industry consumes the majority of the sheet and foil for making beverage cans, foil containers and foil wrapping. Sheet is also used extensively in building for roofing and siding, in transport for airframes, road and rail vehicles, in marine applications, including offshore platforms, and superstructures and hulls of boats. Also, while relatively little is currently used in the manufacture of high volume production automobiles, it is expected that the next decade will see an increase of aluminium sheet used for body panels, a market that could easily match the approx. one million tons used for packaging in Western Europe in 1998. Plate is used for airframes, military vehicles and bridges, ship superstructures, cryogenic and chemical vessels and as tooling plate for the production of plastic products. Foil applications outside packaging include electrical equipment, insulation for buildings, lithographic plate and foil for heat exchangers.
The starting stock for most rolled products is the DC (Direct Chill semi-continuous cast) ingot. The size of the ingot depends on the size of the DC unit available, the hot rolling mill capacity, volume required for a particular end use and to some extent the alloys being cast. Ingots up to over 20 tons in weight, 500 - 600 mm thick, 2000 mm wide and 8000 mm long are produced.
The DC ingot is usually cooled after casting to room temperature and then re-heated to around 500°C prior to successive passes through a hot rolling mill where it is reduced in thickness to about 4 - 6 mm
The strip from the hot rolling mill is coiled for transport to the cold mill which might be on the same site or elsewhere. Cold mills, in a wide range of types and sizes are available; some are single stand, others 3 stands and some 5 stand. Cold rolling speeds vary but modern mills operate at exit speeds as high as 3000 m per minute and alloys may be cold rolled to thickness of around 0.05 mm.
Developments in the Aluminium Rolled Products Industry
In the past 25 years much effort has been made by the aluminium industry and mill producers to ensure that cold rolled products have the specific characteristics required for satisfactory end use and that they can compete from a cost point of view with competitor materials.
Control of Properties
Properties such as strength, formability, toughness and corrosion resistance are controlled in the main by alloy choice, rolling deformation schedule and thermal treatments, before, during and after rolling.
Surface Finish, Flatness and Gauge Uniformity
Other requirements such as surface finish, flatness and gauge uniformity have been achieved by careful attention to the mechanics and chemistry of the rolling process. This has been shown to be very important in the production of beverage cans and will play an increasing role in the manufacture of auto-body parts.
Hot and Cold Rolling
In hot rolling a knowledge of the influence of the starting stock surface condition, surface condition of the rolls and lubrication used has been necessary, as have the effect of corresponding parameters in the cold mill with the full understanding of the effect of roll coatings, arcs of contact, etc., achieved by very detailed study.
In many modern installations concerned with the high volume production, for instance in the canning industry, the very stringent flatness requirements are achieved by combinations of mill control and by the use of tension levellers. Gauge control is achieved in much the same way as flatness, i.e. by continuously measuring outgoing strip thickness and adjusting the roll bite accordingly.