Cape Cod, Massachusetts
May 28-29, 2013
On Cape Cod, the 15-town peninsula jutting off of mainland Massachusetts, ‘pahking lots’—or parking lots as they are known by some—are a big deal.
“In the off-season, it’s a daily routine for people to grab a newspaper, a coffee at Dunkin’ Donuts, a ‘nip’ if they need it from the liquor store next door, and drive down to the Paine’s Creek parking lot to watch the sunset,” said Jim Gallagher, the Conservation Administrator for the Town of Brewster. Although Gallagher was mostly joking about the ‘nip’ part, sure enough, as we interviewed him about beach erosion at Ellis Landing, a construction worker pulled his truck up to the edge of the parking lot to eat his lunch facing the waves.
This popular local pastime, along with critical beach access for summer Cape Cod tourists, are increasingly threatened because many of the Cape’s parking lots are shrinking. Brewster beaches and other sandy shores along the Bayside have been eroding at alarming rates in the past few years. In a normal year, Brewster residents expect between two and three feet of erosion from wave action and storms. However, in February 2013, Nemo, a vicious winter storm, shaved 20 feet of beach off the Brewster shores and those of neighboring towns. According to Gallagher, Brewster has seen an average of 10 feet of beach erosion over the past five years from storms and sea level rise.
“Something is going on,” he told us. “Either we’re in a period of extreme events, or this climate change thing is really happening.”
In Brewster, beach loss has been so severe that portions of both the Paine’s Creek and Ellis Landing parking lots have broken off into the sea. At Paine’s Creek, the Brewster Conservation Commission determined that armoring the lot (building a wall in the water around the lot as a stronghold against erosion) was illegal under the Wetlands Protection Act. They decided, instead, to downsize the lot from 45 spaces to six and move it backward, planting 200 ‘sacrificial’ shrubs along the newly exposed beach to help hold the sand in place until the vegetation inevitably washed away. The construction was funded by an existing grant from the USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), primarily intended for repairs to a stormwater drain under the parking lot.
“We did it because we had the grant money. Otherwise, it wouldn’t have happened. We piggy-backed,” said Gallagher.
Both Gallagher and Steve McKenna, Chair of the Brewster Conservation Commission and the Cape Cod and Islands Regional Coordinator for the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Program, agree that these one-off projects are just band-aids for a bigger problem. “People are in reaction mode right now—they’re just starting to think about the long-term things,” McKenna said. “No town is thinking about this in terms of a 10-, 20-, or 50-year time horizon.”
However, dealing with beach erosion is not new on the Cape. Historically, towns have tried to hold off the problem with renourishment, which involves taking sand from another location to fortify an eroding beach, and hard structures like stone revetments and armoring. But these ‘fixes’ cause new problems. The construction processes and hard structures can damage natural ecosystems, including fisheries, and renourishment is a temporary solution—especially if a single storm carries away 20 feet of shoreline.
Other options exist. Despite the prevalence of band-aid solutions, Gallagher and McKenna also agree that people are starting to realize a need for a long-term plan that considers ‘managed retreat’ and soft solutions that are gentler on ecosystems. In Brewster, for instance, Gallagher was hoping the Town would purchase an old motel lot across the street from Mant’s Landing that could have served as a protected parking lot and beach facility, a little back from the shore. (Unfortunately, a private developer bought the property first.) Gordon Peabody, Director of Safe Harbor, a local consulting firm based in Wellfleet, promotes several soft solutions to coastal erosion, including placing inexpensive cedar ‘shims’ in the sand, coconut fiber rolls on old stone revetments, and living shoreline designs composed of salt marshes.
As erosion rates increase, some beachfront property owners on the Cape are taking matters into their own hands, incorporating both ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ measures. Some have installed innovative ladder fencing and planted sea grasses on their beaches to catch the sand. Others have taken less legal approaches such as protecting their homes with their own stone revetment structures that may violate the Wetlands Protection Act. The structures may also make erosion worse in the long run, disrupting natural sand processes that would build dunes behind the rocks.
“It’s a tough situation,” said Gallagher. “These people are facing serious damage to the foundation of their home, but these makeshift barriers can cause serious damage to the surrounding ecosystem.”
Provincetown, is using a combination of managed retreat and flexible infrastructure to address its ongoing parking lot troubles. Located on the very tip of Cape Cod, Provincetown is a favorite beach spot for ‘mainlanders,’ and the Herring Cove parking lot is famous for its sunset vistas. After repeated erosion at the lot, the National Seashore Advisory Commission was charged with coming up with alternatives to ‘save the sunset.’ In addition to moving the parking lot back 125 feet, the Commission decided to rebuild several bathhouse facilities with strengthened hurricane clips that allow a crane to move it back as the sea creeps up the shore.
As storms and sea level rise are expected to continue eating away at the limited land on the Cape, other questions about long-term planning are surfacing. Tom Stone, a Senior Research Associate at the Woods Hole Research Center, has thought about how expected sea level rise will affect the building of a much-needed sewer system on the Cape. (Currently, more than 90 percent of homes send their wastewater to aging septic tanks.)
“The $3 to $4 billion dollar question is, What do we do about sewers?” said Stone. “You can’t just put sewers next to the beach because of the expected one to two meters of sea level rise in this region.”
The Cape Cod Commission, a regional planning body, is addressing these longer-term questions about the impacts of climate change. And, small as they may seem, the parking lot projects have prompted many Cape Codders to begin to think about the big climate picture. Residents want to continue to enjoy their beaches—whether it’s watching the waves and sunsets from their ‘cahs’ with a donut and some spiked coffee or venturing out of their vehicles to walk on the sand.
To view more photos click here.