Presentation on theme: "2 Communications and Services Certifications 3 4 CCNA Exam Exam Number - 640-801 Total Marks - 1000 Duration – 90 Mts Passing score – 849 Questions."— Presentation transcript:
2 Communications and Services Certifications
4 CCNA Exam Exam Number Total Marks Duration – 90 Mts Passing score – 849 Questions Multiple Choice Simulations Drag and Drop
5 Benefits Peer Validation Personal Potential Employer Career advancement
6 Cisco Icons and Symbols
7 Data Networks Sharing data through the use of floppy disks is not an efficient or cost-effective manner. Businesses needed a solution that would successfully address the following three problems: How to avoid duplication of equipment and resources How to communicate efficiently How to set up and manage a network Businesses realized that networking technology could increase productivity while saving money.
8 Networking Devices Equipment that connects directly to a network segment is referred to as a device. These devices are broken up into two classifications. End-user devices Network devices End-user devices include computers, printers, scanners, and other devices that provide services directly to the user. Network devices include all the devices that connect the end- user devices together to allow them to communicate.
9 Network Interface Card A network interface card (NIC) is a printed circuit board that provides network communication capabilities to and from a personal computer. Also called a LAN adapter.
10 Hub Connects a group of Hosts
11 Switch Switches add more intelligence to data transfer management.
12 Router Routers are used to connect networks together Route packets of data from one network to another Cisco became the de facto standard of routers because of their high- quality router products Routers, by default, break up a broadcast domain
13 Network Topologies Network topology defines the structure of the network. One part of the topology definition is the physical topology, which is the actual layout of the wire or media. The other part is the logical topology,which defines how the media is accessed by the hosts for sending data.
14 Bus Topology A bus topology uses a single backbone cable that is terminated at both ends. All the hosts connect directly to this backbone.
15 Ring Topology A ring topology connects one host to the next and the last host to the first. This creates a physical ring of cable.
16 Star Topology A star topology connects all cables to a central point of concentration.
17 Extended Star Topology An extended star topology links individual stars together by connecting the hubs and/or switches.This topology can extend the scope and coverage of the network.
18 Mesh Topology A mesh topology is implemented to provide as much protection as possible from interruption of service. Each host has its own connections to all other hosts. Although the Internet has multiple paths to any one location, it does not adopt the full mesh topology.
19 Physical and Logical Topology
20 LANs, MANs, & WANs One early solution was the creation of local-area network (LAN) standards which provided an open set of guidelines for creating network hardware and software, making equipment from different companies compatible. What was needed was a way for information to move efficiently and quickly, not only within a company, but also from one business to another. The solution was the creation of metropolitan-area networks (MANs) and wide-area networks (WANs).
23 Virtual Private Network A VPN is a private network that is constructed within a public network infrastructure such as the global Internet. Using VPN, a telecommuter can access the network of the company headquarters through the Internet by building a secure tunnel between the telecommuters PC and a VPN router in the headquarters.
25 Measuring Bandwidth
26 Internetworking Devices
27 What Are The Components Of A Network ? Main OfficeBranch Office Home Office Mobile Users Internet
29 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802 Standards IEEE 802.1: Standards related to network management. IEEE 802.2: General standard for the data link layer in the OSI Reference Model. The IEEE divides this layer into two sublayers -- the logical link control (LLC) layer and the media access control (MAC) layer. IEEE 802.3: Defines the MAC layer for bus networks that use CSMA/CD. This is the basis of the Ethernet standard. IEEE 802.4: Defines the MAC layer for bus networks that use a token-passing mechanism (token bus networks). IEEE 802.5: Defines the MAC layer for token-ring networks. IEEE 802.6: Standard for Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
31 Why do we need the OSI Model? To address the problem of networks increasing in size and in number, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) researched many network schemes and recognized that there was a need to create a network model This would help network builders implement networks that could communicate and work together ISO therefore, released the OSI reference model in 1984.
32 Dont Get Confused. ISO - International Organization for Standardization OSI - Open System Interconnection IOS - Internetwork Operating System To avoid confusion, some people say International Standard Organization.
33 The OSI Reference Model 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical The OSI Model will be used throughout your entire networking career! Memorize it!
34 OSI Model Data Flow Layers Transport Data-Link Network Physical Application (Upper) Layers Session Presentation Application
35 Layer 7 - The Application Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical This layer deal with networking applications. Examples: Web browsers PDU - User Data Each of the layers have Protocol Data Unit (PDU )
36 Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical This layer is responsible for presenting the data in the required format which may include: Code Formatting Encryption Compression PDU - Formatted Data
37 Layer 5 - The Session Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical This layer establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating hosts. Creates Virtual Circuit Coordinates communication between systems Organize their communication by offering three different modes Simplex Half Duplex Full Duplex Example: Client Software ( Used for logging in) PDU - Formatted Data
38 Half Duplex It uses only one wire pair with a digital signal running in both directions on the wire. It also uses the CSMA/CD protocol to help prevent collisions and to permit retransmitting if a collision does occur. If a hub is attached to a switch, it must operate in half- duplex mode because the end stations must be able to detect collisions. Half-duplex Ethernettypically 10BaseTis only about 30 to 40 percent efficient because a large 10BaseT network will usually only give you 3 to 4Mbpsat most.
39 Full Duplex In a network that uses twisted-pair cabling, one pair is used to carry the transmitted signal from one node to the other node. A separate pair is used for the return or received signal. It is possible for signals to pass through both pairs simultaneously. The capability of communication in both directions at once is known as full duplex.
40 Layer 4 - The Transport Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical This layer breaks up the data from the sending host and then reassembles it in the receiver. It also is used to insure reliable data transport across the network. Can be reliable or unreliable Sequencing Acknowledgment Retransmission Flow Control PDU - Segments
41 Layer 3 - The Network Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical Sometimes referred to as the Cisco Layer. End to End Delivery Provide logical addressing that routers use for path determination Segments are encapsulated Internetwork Communication Packet forwarding Packet Filtering Makes Best Path Determination Fragmentation PDU – Packets – IP/IPX
42 Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical Performs Physical Addressing This layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical link. Combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection, not correction LLC and MAC Logical Link Control performs Link establishment MAC Performs Access method PDU - Frames PreambleDMACSMACData lengthDATAFCS
43 Layer 1 - The Physical Layer 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical This is the physical media through which the data, represented as electronic signals, is sent from the source host to the destination host. Move bits between devices Encoding PDU - Bits
44 Data Encapsulation Transport Data-Link Physical Network Upper-Layer Data TCP Header DataIP Header DataLLC Header DataMAC Header Presentation Application Session Segment Packet Bits Frame PDU FCS
45 Data Encapsulation
46 OSI Model Analogy Application Layer - Source Host After riding your new bicycle a few times in Bangalore, you decide that you want to give it to a friend who lives in DADAR, Mumbai.
47 OSI Model Analogy Presentation Layer - Source Host Make sure you have the proper directions to disassemble and reassemble the bicycle.
48 OSI Model Analogy Session Layer - Source Host Call your friend and make sure you have his correct address.
49 OSI Model Analogy Transport Layer - Source Host Disassemble the bicycle and put different pieces in different boxes. The boxes are labeled 1 of 3, 2 of 3, and 3 of 3.
50 OSI Model Analogy Network Layer - Source Host Put your friend's complete mailing address (and yours) on each box.Since the packages are too big for your mailbox (and since you dont have enough stamps) you determine that you need to go to the post office.
51 OSI Model Analogy Data Link Layer – Source Host Bangalore post office takes possession of the boxes.
52 OSI Model Analogy Physical Layer - Media The boxes are flown from Bangalore to Mumbai.
53 OSI Model Analogy Data Link Layer - Destination Dadar post office receives your boxes.
54 OSI Model Analogy Network Layer - Destination Upon examining the destination address, Dadar post office determines that your boxes should be delivered to your written home address.
55 OSI Model Analogy Transport Layer - Destination Your friend calls you and tells you he got all 3 boxes and he is having another friend named BOB reassemble the bicycle.
56 OSI Model Analogy Session Layer - Destination Your friend hangs up because he is done talking to you.
57 OSI Model Analogy Presentation Layer - Destination BOB is finished and presents the bicycle to your friend. Another way to say it is that your friend is finally getting him present.
58 OSI Model Analogy Application Layer - Destination Your friend enjoys riding his new bicycle in Dadar.
59 Data Flow Through a Network
60 Type of Transmission Unicast Multicast Broadcast
61 Type of Transmission
62 Broadcast Domain A group of devices receiving broadcast frames initiating from any device within the group Routers do not forward broadcast frames, broadcast domains are not forwarded from one broadcast to another.
63 Collision The effect of two nodes sending transmissions simultaneously in Ethernet. When they meet on the physical media, the frames from each node collide and are damaged.
64 Collision Domain The network area in Ethernet over which frames that have collided will be detected. Collisions are propagated by hubs and repeaters Collisions are Not propagated by switches, routers, or bridges
65 Physical Layer Defines Media type Connector type Signaling type Ethernet V.35 Physical EIA/TIA is responsible for LANs based on the carrier sense multiple access collision detect (CSMA/CD) access methodology. Ethernet is an example of a CSMA/CD network.
67 Device Used At Layer 1 ABCD Physical All devices are in the same collision domain. All devices are in the same broadcast domain. Devices share the same bandwidth.
68 Hubs & Collision Domains More end stations means more collisions. CSMA/CD is used.
69 Layer 2 Data Source Address FCS Length Destination Address Variable C xx.xxxx Vendor Assigned IEEE Assigned MAC Layer802.3 Preamble Ethernet II uses Type here and does not use MAC Address 8 Number of Bytes synchronize senders and receivers
70 Devices On Layer 2 (Switches & Bridges) Each segment has its own collision domain. All segments are in the same broadcast domain. Data-Link OR
71 Switches Each segment is its own collision domain. Broadcasts are forwarded to all segments. Memory Switch
72 Layer 3 : Network Layer Defines logical source and destination addresses associated with a specific protocol Defines paths through network Network IP, IPX Data-Link Physical EIA/TIA-232 V.35 Ethernet Frame Relay HDLC
73 Layer 3 : (cont.) Data Source Address Destination Address IPHeader NodeNetwork Logical Address Network Layer End-Station Packet Route determination occurs at this layer, so a packet must include a source and destination address. Network-layer addresses have two components: a network component for internetwork routing, and a node number for a device-specific address. The example in the figure is an example of an IP packet and address.
75 Device On Layer 3 Router Broadcast control Multicast control Optimal path determination Traffic management Logical addressing Connects to WAN services
76 Layer 4 : Transport Layer Distinguishes between upper-layer applications Establishes end-to-end connectivity between applications Defines flow control Provides reliable or unreliable services for data transfer Network IPXIP Transport SPXTCPUDP
77 Reliable Service Synchronize Acknowledge, Synchronize Acknowledge Data Transfer (Send Segments) SenderReceiver Connection Established
78 How They Operate HubBridgeSwitchRouter Collision Domains: Broadcast Domains:
80 Why Another Model? Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the TCP/IP reference model because it wanted a network that could survive any conditions, even a nuclear war.
81 TCP/IP Protocol Stack Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data-Link Physical 1 Application Transport Internet Data-Link Physical 1
82 Application Layer Overview *Used by the Router Application Transport Internet Data-Link Physical File Transfer - TFTP* - FTP* - NFS - SMTP Remote Login - Telnet* - rlogin* Network Management - SNMP* Name Management - DNS* File Transfer - TFTP* - FTP* - NFS - SMTP Remote Login - Telnet* - rlogin* Network Management - SNMP* Name Management - DNS*
83 Transport Layer Overview Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Application Transport Internet Data-Link Physical Connection- Oriented Connectionless
84 TCP Segment Format Source Port (16)Destination Port (16) Sequence Number (32) Header Length (4) Acknowledgment Number (32) Reserved (6) Code Bits (6)Window (16) Checksum (16)Urgent (16) Options (0 or 32 if Any) Data (Varies) 20 Bytes Bit 0 Bit 15Bit 16Bit 31
85 Port Numbers TCP Port Numbers FTPFTP Transport Layer TELNETTELNET DNSDNS SNMPSNMP TFTPTFTP SMTPSMTP UDP Application Layer RIPRIP 520
86 TCP Port Numbers Source Port Source Port Destination Port Destination Port … … Host A … … SPDP Host Z Telnet Z Destination port = 23. Send packet to my Telnet application.
87 TCP Port Numbers
88 Send SYN (seq = 100 ctl = SYN) SYN Received Send SYN, ACK (seq = 300 ack = 101 ctl = syn,ack) Established (seq = 101 ack = 301 ctl = ack) Host AHost B SYN Received TCP Three-Way Handshake/Open Connection
89 Opening & Closing Connection
90 Windowing Windowing in networking means the quantity of data segments which is measured in bytes that a machine can transmit/send on the network without receiving an acknowledgement
92 TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers Source Port Source Port Destination Port Destination Port … … Sequence Acknowledgment SourceDest Seq. 101 Ack SourceDest Seq. 100 Ack SourceDest Seq. 100 Ack SourceDest Seq. 101 Ack. I just got number 11, now I need number 12. I just sent number 11.
93 Windowing There are two window sizesone set to 1 and one set to 3. When youve configured a window size of 1, the sending machine waits for an acknowledgment for each data segment it transmits before transmitting another If youve configured a window size of 3, its allowed to transmit three data segments before an acknowledgment is received.
95 Transport Layer Reliable Delivery
96 Flow Control Another function of the transport layer is to provide optional flow control. Flow control is used to ensure that networking devices dont send too much information to the destination, overflowing its receiving buffer space, and causing it to drop the sent information The purpose of flow control is to ensure the destination doesn't get overrun by too much information sent by the source
97 Flow Control SEQ 1024 SEQ 2048 SEQ 3072 A B Ack 3073 Win 0 Ack 3073 Win 3072
98 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is the connectionless transport protocol in the TCP/IP protocol stack. UDP is a simple protocol that exchanges datagrams, without acknowledgments or guaranteed delivery. Error processing and retransmission must be handled by higher layer protocols. UDP is designed for applications that do not need to put sequences of segments together. The protocols that use UDP include: TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) DNS (Domain Name System)
99 No sequence or acknowledgment fields UDP Segment Format Source Port (16) Destination Port (16) Length (16) Data (if Any) 1 Bit 0 Bit 15Bit 16Bit 31 Checksum (16) 8 Bytes
100 TCP vs UDP
101 Internet Layer Overview In the OSI reference model, the network layer corresponds to the TCP/IP Internet layer. Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Application Transport Internet Data-Link Physical
102 IP Datagram Version (4) Destination IP Address (32) Options (0 or 32 if Any) Data (Varies if Any) 1 Bit 0 Bit 15Bit 16Bit 31 Header Length (4) Priority &Type of Service (8) Total Length (16) Identification (16) Flags (3) Fragment Offset (13) Time-to-Live (8) Protocol (8)Header Checksum (16) Source IP Address (32) 20 Bytes
103 Determines destination upper-layer protocol Protocol Field Transport Layer Internet Layer TCP UDP Protocol Numbers IP 176
104 Internet Control Message Protocol Application Transport Internet Data-Link Physical Destination Unreachable Echo (Ping) Other ICMP 1
105 Address Resolution Protocol Map IP MAC Local ARP IP: Ethernet: IP: Ethernet: IP: = ??? I heard that broadcast. The message is for me. Here is my Ethernet address. I need the Ethernet address of
106 Reverse ARP Map MAC IP Ethernet: IP: Ethernet: IP: Ethernet: IP = ??? What is my IP address? I heard that broadcast. Your IP address is
108 Found by Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in 1975 Original designed as a 2.94 Mbps system to connect 100 computers on a 1 km cable Later, Xerox, Intel and DEC drew up a standard support 10 Mbps – Ethernet II Basis for the IEEEs specification Most widely used LAN technology in the world Origin of Ethernet
Mbps IEEE Standards - 10BaseT 10BaseT 10 Mbps, baseband, over Twisted-pair cable Running Ethernet over twisted-pair wiring as specified by IEEE Configure in a star pattern Twisting the wires reduces EMI Fiber Optic has no EMI Unshielded twisted-pair RJ-45 Plug and Socket
110 Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable (UTP) most popular maximum length 100 m prone to noise Twisted Pair Cables
111 Baseband Transmission Entire channel is used to transmit a single digital signal Complete bandwidth of the cable is used by a single signal The transmission distance is shorter The electrical interference is lower Broadband Transmission Use analog signaling and a range of frequencies Continuous signals flow in the form of waves Support multiple analog transmission (channels) Modem Broadband Transmission Network Card Baseband Transmission Baseband VS Broadband
112 Straight-through cable
113 Straight-through cable pinout
114 Crossover cable
115 Crossover cable
116 Rollover cable
117 Rollover cable pinout
118 Straight-Thru or Crossover Use straight-through cables for the following cabling: Switch to router Switch to PC or server Hub to PC or server Use crossover cables for the following cabling: Switch to switch Switch to hub Hub to hub Router to router PC to PC Router to PC
120 Decimal to Binary 10 0 = = = = – Base – Base = = = = = = = =
121 Base 2 Number System = (1 x 2 4 = 16) + (0 x 2 3 = 0) + (1 x 2 2 = 4) + (1 x 2 1 = 2) + (0 x 2 0 = 0) = 22
122 Converting Decimal to Binary Convert to binary: 201 / 2 = 100 remainder / 2 = 50 remainder 0 50 / 2 = 25 remainder 0 25 / 2 = 12 remainder 1 12 / 2 = 6 remainder 0 6 / 2 = 3 remainder 0 3 / 2 = 1 remainder 1 1 / 2 = 0 remainder 1 When the quotient is 0, take all the remainders in reverse order for your answer: =
123 Binary to Decimal Chart
124 Hex to Binary to Decimal Chart
125 –Unique addressing allows communication between end stations. –Path choice is based on destination address. Location is represented by an address Introduction to TCP/IP Addresses SADAHDRDATA
126 IP Addressing 255 Dotted Decimal Maximum NetworkHost Binary 32 Bits Example Decimal Example Binary
127 Class A: Class B: Class C: Class D: Multicast Class E: Research IP Address Classes Network Host Network Host Network Host 8 Bits
128 IP Address Classes 1 Class A: Bits: 0NNNNNNN Host Range (1-126) 1 Class B: Bits: 10NNNNNN Network Host Range ( ) 1 Class C: Bits: 110NNNNN Network Host Range ( ) 1 Class D: Bits: 1110MMMM Multicast Group Range ( )
130 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Basically the method that ISPs (Internet Service Providers) use to allocate an amount of addresses to a company, a home Ex : /28 The slash notation (/) means how many bits are turned on (1s)
131 CIDR Values
Determining Available Host Addresses NetworkHost – N 2 N – 2 = 2 16 – 2 = 65534
133 IP Address Classes Exercise AddressClassNetworkHost
134 IP Address Classes Exercise Answers Address ClassNetworkHost A B C C B Nonexistent
135 Subnetting Subnetting is logically dividing the network by extending the 1s used in SNM Advantage Can divide network in smaller parts Restrict Broadcast traffic Security Simplified Administration
136 Formula Number of subnets – 2 x -2 Where X = number of bits borrowed Number of Hosts – 2 y -2 Where y = number of 0s Block Size = Total number of Address Block Size = 256-Mask
137 Subnetting Classful IP Addressing SNM are a set of 255s and 0s. In Binary its contiguous 1s and 0s. SNM cannot be any value as it wont follow the rule of contiguous 1s and 0s. Possible subnet mask values –0 –128 –192 –224 –240 –248 –252 –254 –255
138 Network Addressing Without Subnets …
139 Network Addressing with Subnets
140 Subnet Addressing E Network Interface E0 E1 New Routing Table 2160 Host E1
141 Subnet Addressing E0 E NetworkHost.. NetworkInterface E0 E1 New Routing Table Subnet
142 Subnet Mask IP Address Default Subnet Mask 8-Bit Subnet Mask NetworkHost NetworkHost NetworkSubnetHost Also written as /16, where 16 represents the number of 1s in the mask Also written as /24, where 24 represents the number of 1s in the mask
143 Decimal Equivalents of Bit Patterns = = = = = = = = =
Network Host Subnets not in usethe default Subnet Mask Without Subnets Network Number
145 Network number extended by eight bits Subnet Mask with Subnets 16 Network Host Subnet Network Number
146 Subnet Mask with Subnets (cont.) Network Host Subnet Network number extended by ten bits Network Number
187 Broadcast Addresses Exercise Answers AddressClassSubnetBroadcast C Subnet Mask A B B
188 VLSM VLSM is a method of designating a different subnet mask for the same network number on different subnets Can use a long mask on networks with few hosts and a shorter mask on subnets with many hosts With VLSMs we can have different subnet masks for different subnets.
189 Variable Length Subnetting VLSM allows us to use one class C address to design a networking scheme to meet the following requirements: Bangalore60 Hosts Mumbai 28 Hosts Sydney12 Hosts Singapore12 Hosts WAN 1 2 Hosts WAN 2 2 Hosts WAN 3 2 Hosts
190 Networking Requirements Bangalore 60 Mumbai 60 Sydney 60 Singapore 60 WAN 1 WAN 2 WAN 3 In the example above, a /26 was used to provide the 60 addresses for Bangalore and the other LANs. There are no addresses left for WAN links
191 Networking Scheme Mumbai /27 Bangalore /26 Sydney /28 Singapore /28 WAN and 130WAN and 134 WAN and / / /30
192 VLSM Exercise
193 VLSM Exercise / / / / / /26
194 VLSM Exercise
195 Summarization Summarization, also called route aggregation, allows routing protocols to advertise many networks as one address. The purpose of this is to reduce the size of routing tables on routers to save memory Route summarization (also called route aggregation or supernetting) can reduce the number of routes that a router must maintain Route summarization is possible only when a proper addressing plan is in place Route summarization is most effective within a subnetted environment when the network addresses are in contiguous blocks