Emulate the development of biosecurity in the poultry industry
Biosecurity has been key to the success of the modern poultry industry in increasing production and decreasing disease losses. The aquaculture industry has an opportunity to follow this example to become more competitive and environmentally friendly.
Geographic isolation is often used in the poultry industry to reduce the exposure of breeding stocks to potential pathogens. The shrimp industry has also taken advantage of geographic isolation to maintain Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) populations of Pacific white shrimp in the Hawaiian Islands, or in the Arizona desert (Fig. 1). Nevertheless, geographic isolation, in itself, is not a complete safeguard. This painful lesson was learned in Hawaii in the late 1980s, when non-indigenous IHHN virus decimated stocks of L. stylirostris in intensive raceways operated by Marine Culture Enterprises.
Effective biosecurity requires environmental isolation in a closed system, such as the recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) used to culture cephalopod species (squid, cuttlefish and octopus) through multiple generations at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas, USA.
Design of recirculating aquaculture systems
The design of an environmentally isolated RAS depends on the actual requirements of the animals to be cultured. Freshwater systems generally use water derived from isolated wells, while marine systems use artificial sea salts. This water is recirculated through a variety of filtration components so it can be re-used. It is not practical to completely close RAS to all external inputs, since food and makeup water are required. Most RAS in operation today add more than 10 percent system water volume per day.
Biosecure, closed systems can be managed manually or by automated means. For seedstock and broodstock systems, manual intervention is needed for monitoring of animals. However, control of temperature, lighting, and some feeding and filtration components can be automated effectively.
For closed recirculating production systems, most of the functions, including the filtration system, should be automated. To offset the higher capital costs of system construction, the goal is to increase production, and reduce labor and disease losses.
Seedstock and broodstock biosecurity
The source of seedstock for biosecure production systems must be an SPF hatchery. While few hatcheries rely completely on closed systems, some are geographically isolated and many are increasingly utilizing recirculation technology.
Maturation systems are implementing RAS because of their low biomass, need for high water quality, and improved ability to constantly monitor mating and spawning behavior. The advent of environmentally isolated, biosecure hatcheries and maturation facilities will mirror the compartmentalization developed for modern poultry production.
Biosecurity of feed
Environmentally closed RAS should use biosecure food sources that cannot be vectors for transmission of disease. The marine animal meals used in a feed should be closely scrutinized as to location of origin and processing technology. For example, the use of salmon offal in salmon feed without proper heat processing would defeat the whole biosecure concept. Likewise, use of fresh squid or clams derived from an area with high shrimp viral infection, or from a processing plant that concurrently handles potentially infected shrimp, would be an unneeded risk.
Larval-rearing systems represent a special problem since algae and artemia cultures are frequently sources of contamination. Biosecure algae and rotifer cultures can be established and maintained using aseptic techniques. artemia cysts are probably the greatest worry for crustacean culture, particularly marine shrimp. Sterilization and irradiation techniques may solve this potential problem in the near future.
The advent of biosecure RAS has been spurred on by recurring aquaculture diseases worldwide. The main advantages of RAS technology are its environmental isolation from natural waters and disease vectors, increased monitoring and control, and elimination of negative environmental impacts such as effluents and disease transmission to natural populations. The aquaculture industry should be able to emulate the development of biosecurity in the poultry industry and reap the same increases in productivity and sustainability.
(Editor’s Note: This article was originally published in the October 2000 print edition of the Global Aquaculture Advocate.)
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