Hanlon Brothers, acrobatic troupe and theatrical producers in the mid-19th and early 20th centuries who greatly influenced modern popular entertainment. All six Hanlon Brothers were born in Manchester, England. Five were biological siblings—Thomas (1833–68), George (1840–1926), William (1842–1923), Alfred (1844–86), and Edward (1846–1931)—and one, Frederick (1848–86), was adopted by the family in childhood after having been apprenticed to Thomas Hanlon, Sr., the brothers’ father, for theatrical training. Together they evolved a unique theatrical style that combined comedy, acrobatics, and illusions in an innovative and spectacular way.
The Hanlons’ parents were struggling actors in the northern English provinces. Thomas Hanlon, Sr., had at one time trained for the clergy but abandoned that pursuit to become an actor. He moved to Wales, where he married Ellen Hughes, an actress. Upon returning to England, the couple settled in Manchester, where Thomas took work as a theatre manager. They had eight children, the majority of whom followed their parents into the theatrical profession. Thomas Hanlon, Jr., was the first to take the stage, beginning his career at age four. He eventually became the foremost practitioner of aerial arts of his time, performing acts he called l’échelle perileuse (“the dangerous ladder”) and “the leap for life.” Meanwhile, George, William, and Alfred were, at young ages, apprenticed to the gymnast John Lees. The three became his wards and added his last name to theirs. After the six brothers reunited as an act, they used the name Hanlon-Lees until 1882. By the time of John Lees’s death in 1856, the Hanlon-Lees had completed three world tours and received universal praise in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and North and South America.
During their early careers the brothers frequently worked apart from each other, usually with George, William, and Alfred as one act and Thomas, Edward, and Frederick as the other. By the early 1860s the Hanlons had become world-renowned for their daring gymnastic and aerial feats. Following French acrobat Jules Léotard’s introduction of the trapeze, the Hanlons took the device to North America. They were the era’s leading trapeze performers, perfecting throws, catches, and leaps and—in the routine they called “Zampillaerostation,” their most stunning act—swinging from three trapezes stretched across the auditorium, above the audience’s heads. The act, coupled with their carpet acrobatics (routines performed on the stage floor, such as balancing, human ladders, and somersaults) and gymnastic routines, amazed American audiences through the 1860s. The Hanlons also introduced the velocipede to American audiences.
In 1865 the eldest brother, Thomas, suffered a serious accident while performing when he plummeted to the stage from a height and pierced his skull on a footlight. Although he survived, he became mentally unstable. By 1868 he was suicidal and was hospitalized; that same year, while in custody, he killed himself. Out of the tragedy came one of the Hanlons’ most significant innovations: the aerial safety net.
By that time the Hanlons had begun to move away from their signature risky acts, and in 1870 they left the United States for Paris. Performing primarily at the Folies-Bergère music hall through 1879 to great success, the Hanlons won an audience that included some of Paris’s most distinguished luminaries, among them the writer Émile Zola. They developed and performed sophisticated pantomimes—evening-long loosely plotted hodgepodges made up of broad physical comedy, dance, spectacular settings, stage magic, and comic songs—that displayed their physical acumen and employed comedy, violence, and macabre and eccentric visions.
The Hanlons were assured of lasting fame with the 1879 opening of their production Le Voyage en Suisse at Paris’s Théâtre des Variétés. The show played for 400 performances, including a tour of Brussels, London, and the British provinces. In 1881 the Hanlons toured with it in New York and across North America. Written in three acts, Le Voyage en Suisse was their first full-length pantomime. The plot was a mere frame on which to hang the Hanlons’ signature comic set pieces and stage machinery. The production follows the antics of a young lover whose fiancée is suddenly snatched away to Switzerland by a lecherous older man. The five Hanlons played comic servants determined to keep the older man from the young woman’s bedroom. Le Voyage en Suisse featured rough-and-tumble skirmishes, demolished train cars, and wrecked hotel furnishings as backdrops for the troupe’s acrobatics. Among the work’s signature scenic tricks were a collapsing stagecoach and a full-size train that exploded. Seemingly impossible bits of physical comedy were included too—tumbles, fistfights, and the crash of a man through two floors that ended with his landing unscathed on a banquet table—all stunts learned in their early days as gymnasts. The company even found time to juggle the entire contents of a sumptuous feast—knives, forks, plates, crystal, and fowl. One very popular skit was the “drunken act,” in which two of the servants stole a Frenchman’s bottle of liquor and proceeded to imbibe the contents, with comically violent results.
The success of Le Voyage en Suisse allowed the five Hanlon Brothers to settle permanently in the United States, in the seaside town of Cohasset, Massachusetts. There the surviving Hanlons—George, William, and Edward—worked on their final productions, Fantasma (1884) and Superba (1890). Both pantomimes grafted their signature acrobatic slapstick onto fairy-tale plots with spectacular tricks and transformations. Until 1912 the Hanlons sent an entirely reworked version of each show on the road each year, featuring all-new machinery and technical gags. In 1914 they filmed Fantasma for Thomas Edison’s motion-picture company, but nearly all copies of the film were destroyed in a December 1914 fire at Edison’s West Orange, New Jersey, laboratory complex. Through 1915 George continued to perform in vaudeville with his sons.
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The influence of the Hanlons cannot be overestimated. Their legacy can be felt across the 20th century’s most significant popular entertainments—in vaudeville, musical comedy, circus, and film. The next generation of sons continued the family’s fame, touring in a highly regarded vaudeville act that lifted significant portions from the pantomime shows of their fathers, first produced decades prior. George Hanlon, Jr., teamed with Broadway performer Ferry Corwey to create a number of highly regarded sketches, including one in which a chorus girl sang “I’m Forever Blowing Bubbles” while encased in bubbles. Hanlon sons clowned with the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus through the 1950s. Perhaps most significantly, early film luminaries including Georges Méliès, Buster Keaton, the Marx Brothers, and even the Three Stooges borrowed significant portions of their work from the Hanlon Brothers. Later performers, including Jerry Lewis, Jim Carrey, Roberto Benigni, the “new vaudevillian troupe” the Flying Karamazov Brothers, and actor and clown Bill Irwin, continued the Hanlons’ legacy.