Flu Medicine Xofluza Risk & Benefits Explained by FDA
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced the newly approved influenza medication Xofluza (baloxavir marboxil) offers people benefits similar to other approved flu antiviral medicines but works differently.
In the United States, there are 3 FDA-approved neuraminidase inhibitor antiviral drugs: oseltamivir (Tamiflu) for oral administration, zanamivir (Relenza) for oral inhalation using an inhaler device, and peramivir (Rapivab) for intravenous administration.
Xofluza is a “cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN) inhibitor” that interferes with viral RNA transcription and blocks virus replication.
This means that it blocks the ability of the flu virus to make copies of itself within an infected cell.
In comparison, the other available flu antiviral medications, which are “neuraminidase inhibitors,” do not directly interrupt replication within an infected cell.
Instead, these neuraminidase inhibitors work to prevent new copies of the flu virus from leaving the infected cell and spreading to healthy cells.
In response to FDA’s approval of Xofluza on October 24, 2018, and its entry into the U.S. market, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has taken a number of steps, such as:
- The CDC conducted next-generation sequencing (NGS) and subsequently analyzed thousands of influenza viruses submitted as part of its active “right size” surveillance program.
- All influenza viruses submitted to CDC are sequenced as a first step so CDC can quickly analyze viruses, including identifying viruses with molecular markers known to confer Xofluza resistance.
- In addition, a laboratory test that uses pyrosequencing technology was developed to detect the principal markers of Xofluza resistance in clinical specimens.
- These markers, known as “PA-38T/M/F,” were most commonly detected in viruses collected from Xofluza-treated patients.
- Validation of this pyrosequencing assay for use under Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) regulations is planned. CLIA is federal regulatory standards that apply to all clinical laboratory testing performed on humans in the United States.
- This new assay can be used in laboratories across the country to test for markers of Xofluza resistance.
Laboratory assays also were developed to test the susceptibility of influenza viruses to Xofluza in cell cultures.
A “one-cycle infection-based” assay measures how well Xofluza inhibits the early stages of influenza virus infection (at a single cell level), while a “multi-cycle infection-based” assay measures how well Xofluza blocks infection of neighboring healthy cells.
This multi-cycle assay is primarily used to test highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses with pandemic potential, whereas the one-cycle assay is used for testing of seasonal and other influenza viruses.
Baseline susceptibility to Xofluza was established by testing more than 100 seasonal human influenza viruses representing each influenza subtype and B virus lineage (e.g., influenza A(H3N2), A(H1N1), and influenza B/Yamagata and B/Victoria).
Numerous animal or zoonotic influenza viruses that have pandemic potential were tested as well to determine their susceptibility to Xofluza.
Eventually, the results of routine testing for Xofluza susceptibility will be incorporated into CDC’s weekly influenza communications report: FluView.
As part of efforts to build laboratory capacity for Xofluza susceptibility testing of circulating influenza viruses in the United States, CDC is collaborating with the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) and the Wadsworth Center with the New York State Department of Health.
The CDC has assisted in training laboratory staff on the use of CDC’s new methods for assessing Xofluza susceptibility.
In addition to engaging in preparatory laboratory activities, CDC has begun to incorporate information and guidance surrounding the new antiviral drug into its public and clinician education and outreach activities materials, including a summary for clinicians.
The FDA’s approval of Xofluza is a promising step forward for public health efforts aimed at acquiring new tools for combating seasonal influenza and future pandemics. Laboratory activities to prepare for the introduction of this new antiviral drug are an example of how CDC works diligently to prepare and respond when new medical countermeasures come to market.