Rectal bleeding can be a symptom of many different conditions and should always be checked out by a medical professional. Depending on the way it appears, the gastrointestinal bleed can come from different areas of the body, and be due to several underlying conditions. One serious possible cause of rectal bleeding is esophageal varices, which are indicative of liver cirrhosis, a dangerous and potentially fatal disease which should be treated immediately by a doctor.
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Rectal bleeding can be a symptom of many different kinds of disease. Often, it will be first noticed as blood seen in bowel movements, and occasionally as a sort of dark black stool called melena. Rectal bleeding is a sign of bleeding somewhere in the gastrointestinal tract and always requires advice from a medical professional as soon as possible.
Mild gastrointestinal bleeding can go unnoticed for a long period of time unless discovered during a examination by a hemoccult test, which is a way to detect small amounts of blood in the stool. Mild bleeding over a long time can result in iron deficiency anaemia, as chronic bleeding can deplete the body of iron. More severe cases can present with more obvious symptoms of anaemia, such as paleness, dizziness, shortness of breath, and weakness. If the bleeding is especially severe, hospitalisation may be necessary, especially if the patient goes into shock. Hypovolemic shock occurs when about 40% of the body's blood is lost. This is a serious condition and must be treated immediately with IV fluids and, possibly, blood transfusions.
Bleeding can happen from many places in the gastrointestinal system, each with its own cause. Bright red blood in the stool usually indicates a bleed very near the rectum, often due to haemorrhoids, though other conditions such as colon polyps or infections can also cause it. Black, tarry stools can result from a bleed earlier in the system, possibly from an ulcer that has formed in the oesophagus, stomach lining, or the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), or from esophageal varices. Esophageal varices, which are varicose veins in the oesophagus, are a very serious condition and are indicative of liver cirrhosis.
Esophageal varices happen when certain veins in the oesophagus get extremely dilated, allowing them to easily rupture and bleed. These vessels dilate in response to portal hypertension, which is often a consequence of cirrhosis and liver disease. Portal hypertension occurs when blood flow through the liver becomes obstructed, causing the blood to be routed through other veins in the oesophagus, stomach, abdominal wall, and rectum. These veins are thin-walled and not designed to handle higher pressures, so they swell and become vulnerable to rupturing. Although it is possible to close off these swollen and damaged blood vessels, it is often more difficult to treat the underlying portal hypertension because it is caused by liver cirrhosis.
Liver cirrhosis happens as a result of long-term chronic liver disease that ultimately leads to the loss of liver tissue. This tissue is replaced by small nodules of regenerating tissue and fibrous scar tissue. Common causes of cirrhosis include alcoholism, hepatitis B and C, and the progression of fatty liver disease, but sometimes cirrhosis has no identifiable cause. One of the most common complications of cirrhosis is the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen, called ascites, which raises the risk of infection. Cirrhosis is generally irreversible once it happens, and most treatments aim to slow the progression and to treat complications. For advanced cases, the only treatment is a liver transplant.
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