Apush Midterm Review Chapters 1-25
Terms in this set (98)
The planting of Jamestown
First English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia company. The voyage there was deadly as well as diseases malnutrition and starving. 60/400 survived the starving time winter from 1609-1610. Lord de la Warr imposed a harsh military regime on the colony. Settlers had the same rights as Englishmen.
The Puritan faith
English protestant reformers who sought to purify the church of England of Catholic rituals in creeds. The most devout Puritans, including those who eventually settled new England, believed that only "visible Saints" (that is, persons who felt the stirrings of grace in their souls and could demonstrate its presence to their fellow Puritans) should be admitted church membership.
Before disembarking, the pilgrim leaders drew up and signed the brief compact. Although setting an invaluable precedent for later written constitutions, this document was not a constitution at all. It was a simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit the will of the majority under regulations agreed-upon. The compact was signed by 41 adult males. The pact was a promising step toward genuine self government, for soon the adult male settlers were assembling to make their own laws in open discussion town meetings- a vital laboratory of liberty.
In the beautiful Hudson river area, was planted in 1623-1624 on a permanent basis. Established by the Dutch West India Company for its quick profit fur trade, it was never more than a secondary interest of the founders. The company's most brilliant stroke was to buy Manhattan Island from the Indians for virtually worthless trinkets- 22,000 acres of what is now perhaps the most valuable real estate in the world for pennies per acre
England still had a surplus of displaced workers and farmers, desperate for employment. Many of them were young men who had fled the disasters slump in the cloth trades that hit England in the early 17th century. Others were tenants who had been forced from their modest farms when landlords enclosed ever more acreage for sheep grazing. Making their way from town to town in search of wages, they eventually drifted into port cities like Bristol and London. They boarded ships for America, Voluntarily mortgaging the sweat of their bodies for several years to Chesapeake masters. In exchange they received transatlantic passage and eventually freedom dues including an ax and a hoe, a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes, and perhaps a small parcel of land
A revolt of Virginians in 1676 led by 29-year-old planter Nathaniel bacon. Many rebels were frontiersmen who had been forced into the untamed back country in search of arable land. They resented Berkley's friendly policies toward the Indians. When Berkeley refused to retaliate against a series of brutal Indian attacks, they fell murderously upon the Indians and torched the capital. Marked the end of indentured servant's and the beginning of black slavery
The Great Awakening of 1730s
A religious revival that exploded in the 1730s and 1740s. It was first ignited in North Hampton, Massachusetts, by tall delicate and intellectual Pastor Jonathan Edwards. Perhaps the deepest theological mind ever nurtured in America, Edwards proclaimed with Burning righteousness the folly of believing in salvation through good works and affirmed the need for complete dependence on God's grace. Warming to his subject, he painted in the red detail the landscape of hell and the ternal torment of the damned.
Minister during the great awakening who used a different style of evangelical preaching on America and touched off a conflagration of religious ardor that revolutionized the spiritual life of the colonies. His magnificent voice boomed sonorously over thousands of enthralled listeners in an open field. Whitfield toured the colonies, trumpeting his message of human helplessness and divine on the poets
French and Indian War
Starts in America and spreads to Europe, it was the French and Indians against the British. French built forts in the Ohio River Valley, making the British blame them for starting the war saw it as an attempt to keep the colonies from spreading west. It was a nine year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from The North American mainland and helped spark seven years war in Europe.
Proclamation of 1763
Draws an imaginary line down the Appalachian Mountains; the colonist couldn't cross to avoid fights with Native Americans, colonists are rebellious and cross the line anyways. It flatly prohibited settlement in the area beyond the appellations, pending further adjustments. The hastily drawn document was not designed to oppress the colonist at all, but to work out the Indian problem. Colonists believed it was their birthright to go beyond the mountains because they purchased it with their blood in the recent war.
Britain doesn't care what the colonist do as long as money was circulating back to the mother country
How were Native Americans viewed before 1763?
Settlers didn't understand their way of living and pushed them off of their land. Kind of hostile towards each other
How were women treated before 1763?
Viewed as housewives who were meant to stay home and do chores. Had no rights
How were African Americans treated before 1763?
Had no rights and were treated badly
Colonies produce materials for the mother country who make finished goods to sell to the colonies. Exporting more than you import with colonies. It's justified British control over the colonies. Mercantilist believed that wealth was power and that country's economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold or silver and it's treasury. To amass gold or silver, a country needed to export more than imported. Possessing colonies thus conferred distinct advantages because the colonies could both supply raw materials to the mother country and provide a guaranteed market for exports.
Laws passed by Britain to make the mercantilism system work. English ships had to do all the transporting of goods and other countries ships had to get taxed in England and then go to the colonies. Not enforced until after French and Indian war. Inflicted a currency shortage on the colonies.
1765; the first direct tax on all paper goods to support the new military force and raise revenues. It makes The colonists angry. Patrick Henry expressed "no taxation without representation". The stamp act Congress was held to decide to boycott the goods. London repealed the act in 1766
1767; the king appointed Charles Townshend to make new taxes to get money. Duties and taxes would be collected on colonial imports such as glass lead tea and paper. Also stated that private homes could be searched for smuggled goods. Sam Adams and John Otis write the circular letters and sent them to all colonists urging them to protest the acts and repeal them. For an increased number of troops in the colonies in repealed all the taxes but the one on tea
Greenville claimed that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even those Americans in Boston or Charleston who have never voted for a member of Parliament. Americans scoffed at the notion and they did not really want direct representation in Parliament, which might have seemed like a sensible compromise. If they had obtained it, any gouty member of the house of commons could have proposed an oppressive tax bill for the colonies, in the outvoted American representatives, few in number, would have stood bereft of a principal with which to resist.
Boston Tea Party
December 16, 1773, roughly 100 Bostonians loosely disguised as Indians boarded docked ships, smashed open 342 chests of tea and dumped their contents into the Atlantic. A crowd of several hundred watched approvingly from the shore as Boston harbor became a vest teapot. Conservatives complained that the destruction of property violated the law and threatened anarchy and the breakdown of civil decorum. British officials saw little alternative to whipping the upstart colonists into shape.
Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson, it was formally approved by Congress on July 4, 1776. It might better have been called the explanation of independence or, as one contemporary described it, "Mr. Jeffersons advertisement of Mr. Lee's resolution." Allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide
Also called whigs, Oneidas and Tuscaroras; Came from new England states in Virginia, not trained, several fought in war but few at a time and then left. Included African-Americans. Colonists who supported the American revolution
Tories and all other Native Americans; 60,000 for along side the British, families were split, Native Americans went against colonist for encroaching on their land. American who were opposed to the revolution and maintained their loyalty to the king
American Revolutionary War
1775-1783, the conflict arose from growing tensions between residents of the colonies and GB. Lexington and concord were where the beginning shots of the war were fired in 1775. France entered and supported the colonists in 1778. After French assistance helped the continental army force the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781 fighting did not end until 1783.
Battle of Saratoga
A major turning point in the revolutionary war because the French decide to aid us and giving us money and supplies. When the colonies start to win the war. Americans had driven back St. Leger's force at Oriskany. Unable to advance or retreat, Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command on October 17, 1777, to American general Horatio Gates. It made possible the urgently needed foreign aid from France which in turn helped ensure American independence
The French alliance
From 1778 to 1783, France provided the rebels with guns, money, immense amounts of equipment, about 1/2 of Americas regular Armed Forces, and practically all of the new nations naval strength. Frances entrance into the conflict forced the British to change their basic strategy in America. Hitherto they could count on blockading the colonial coast and commanding the seas. Now the French had powerful fleet in American waters chiefly to protect their own valuable west Indies islands, but in a position to jeopardize Britain's blockade on lines of supply
1781, the last major battle in the American revolutionary war when the French Navy in the Chesapeake Bay and Washington's troops corner Cornwallis and his British army who surrender. George Washington, with the aid of the French army, besieged Cornwallis at Yorktown, while the French naval fleet prevented British reinforcements from coming ashore. Cornwallis surrendered, dealing a heavy blow to the British war effort and paving the way for an eventual peace
Peace of paris
1. Britain recognizes the USA as a new, free, independent nation
2. The Mississippi river will be the western boundary of the US
3. The US will have fishing right off the coast of British Canada
4. All debts will be paid to British merchants and all territory taken from Loyalists will be returned
Articles of confederation
Form of national government created during the war. The critical period was 1781 to 1789 to see whether our country would survive. First American Constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The articles were replaced by a more efficient constitution in 1789
1786; Daniel Shays lead a result of farmers in western Massachusetts against high state taxes, debtors prison, and a lack of paper money. In January 17 87 Shays and his rebels tried to seize weapons from the armory in Springfield Massachusetts but the result was crushed by the Massachusetts state military. It was clear from Shays rebellion that the national government was powerless to stop the revolt if it spread. Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, insurrection inspired fears of "mob rules" among leading revolutionaries. It was clear from the rebellion that the national government was powerless to stop the revolt if it spread
The constitutional convention
1787; The purpose was to revise the articles of Confederation. I'll send delegates except Rhode Island. 55 relatively young well educated white males who are mostly lawyers that were very familiar with the issues attended. Unanimous vote to have George Washington lead and not communicate with outside people about the convention. Seen as treason by some
Ratifying the constitution
If 9/13 states approved the new constitution it would go into affect. Delaware was the first to ratify and the first thing the new government would do is add a bill of rights. Rhode Island was the last to ratify. Did not clarify a national religion, Didn't end slavery, women were equal to men
The bill of rights
Written by James Madison, the first 10 amendments of the Constitution
George Washington's presidential policies
As a cabinet to help advise him and adds federal courts
Hamilton's economic policies
Hamilton want the US to Have a stable financial setting. Wants to pay off the national debt, protect American businesses from cheap foreign goods with tariffs and excise taxes, and wants to create a bank of the US where government funds could be places
Farmers in western Pennsylvania refused to pay the excise tax on whiskey and revolted and beat up tax collectors. Washington and Hamilton sent in 15,000 federal troops to put down the rebellion with no bloodshed. It showed the national government was now powerful enough to put down rebellions and that Washington would enforce the law under the new constitution. Showed the national government was now powerful and Washington would enforce the law
The emergence of political parties
Federalists like John Adams and Alexander Hamilton believed in a strong national government and a loose interpretation of the Constitution. They were pro business supported the high tariff and the bus. Democratic Republicans like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison believed in a weak national government and they favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution. They were pro agriculture and against the bus and tariffs
Washington's neutrality proclamation
In his farewell address he warned the US not to get involved in European affairs or to form any permanent alliances with foreign nations. Also not to form political parties and avoid sectionalism
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
People in those states don't like the new laws so they declared a state had the right to declare a national law Null and void in their state because the states formed a compact when they wrote the constitution and created the national government (State rights over national government) the Supreme Court knocks down any state law for 35 years and both the resolutions died out
The Revolution of 1800
The first time that a leader with a federalist philosophy peacefully transferred power to Jefferson of another believe and party
Thomas Jefferson's presidential policies
Believed that we are all US citizens and Americans and that there should be no alliances. He was consistently inconsistent and refuted himself a lot. He kept the bank, tariffs, and neutrality. Embargo act- prohibits all trade with foreign nations. Non-intercourse act- US could trade with any country except Britain and france
Marbury vs madison
During his last days as president, John Adams appointed federal judges called midnight judges. When Jefferson became president he ordered Madison to not give them the jobs so Marberry sued Madison because he had a right to sue under the Judiciary act of 1779. The Supreme Court ruled the section in the act that gave them power was unconstitutional and the Supreme Court created judicial review for themselves meaning they can declare actions or laws constitutional or not
Spain and did the Pickney treaty and France took over the Louisiana territory. Sent ministers to France to buy a part of New Orleans and the mouth of the Mississippi for $10 million and Napoleon offered all of it for 15 million. Double the size the US. Seen as possibly unconstitutional due to strict interpretation of the Constitution
War of 1812
A.k.a. the second war for independence. Americans continue to move west on the map and run into Native Americans and fight overland. Henry Clay and Calhoun encourage congress to declare war because it was the only way to stop impressment, defend americas honor, destroy Indian resistance on the frontier and possible gain British canada
Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British Navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815. Was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period
The Hartford Convention
December 1814; new England states meet because they're upset the war stop trade with Britain and coming up with an idea to stop economic losses. Believe the US government should give them money for lost money and wanted an amendment that required 2/3 vote to embargo. Led to the death of the Federalist party so the US will be a one party country. Convention of federalist from five new England states who opposed the war of 1812 and resented the strength of southern and western interests in Congress and in the White House
Treaty of Ghent
Ended the war of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war.
The American System
Henry clays idea to make the US self-sufficient.
1. Strong bank of the United States
2. High protective tariff
3. National government fund building of roads and canals
The Missouri Compromise
1. Missouri is a slave state
2. Maine is a free state
3. 36-30 line, any new states above it will be free, below are slave
Western hemisphere is closed to European colonization or expansion (probably couldn't be backed up). Extension of Washington's neutrality proclamation to stay out of Europe's affairs
The New Democracy
politics for people this time was called "the New Democracy" based on universal white manhood suffrage. In 1828 an energetic new party, the Democrats, captured the White House. By the 1830s the Democrats faced and equally vigorous opposition party, the Whigs. This two party system institutionalized divisions that had vexed the revolutionary generation and fame to constitute an important part of the nations checks and balances on political power. New forms of politicking emerged in this era, as candidates use banners, badges, parades, barbecues, free drinks, and baby kissing to "get out the vote". Voter turnout rose dramatically.
Andrew Jackson's presidential policies
Andrew Jackson of Tennessee got most popular votes and electoral votes but failed to get majority in Electoral College, Personified/mobilized the New West. He was rough, jack of all trades, a genuine folk hero. Went to Tennessee where he became a judge and a Congressman. He was a Western Aristocrat, owned many slaves, and lived in a fine mansion called the Heritage. Jackson was known as "Old Hickory" by his troops b/c of his toughness. He was an Anti-Federalist believing the federal government was for privileged only. He maintained sacredness of the Union and federal power over the states. He welcomed Western Democracy.
Tariff of Abominations
in 1824, Congress increased general taiff from 23% to 37%, but wool manufacturers still wanted high tariffs. In the Tariff of 1828, the Jacksonians (who disliked tariffs) schemed to drive up duties to as high as 45% while imposing heavy tariffs on raw materials like wool, so that even New England, where tariff was needed would vote the bill down and give Adams another political black eye. However, the N.E. backfired the plan and passed the law(amended). Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun reversed their positions from 1816, with Webster supporting the tariff and Calhoun being against it. In 1832 tariff lowered 10%, it went from 45% to 35%. The Southerners immediately branded it as the "Tariff of Abominations"
Worchester v. Georgia
Established tribal autonomy within their boundaries i.e. the tribes were 'distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries within which their country is exclusive." In 1832, when the court invalidated a Georgia law that attempted to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee country. Marshall claimed only the federal government could do that. He explained that the tribes were sovereign entities in much the same way Georgia was a sovereign entity. In defending the power of the federal government, he was also affirming and explaining the rights of the tribes to remain free from the authority of state governments.
Trail of Tears
Jackson, though, still harbored some sentiment of Indians and proposed that they be bodily transferred west of the Mississippi, where they could preserve the culture and in 1830 Congress, Cherokee passed Indian Removal Act, in which Indians were moved to Oklahoma. Thousands of Indians died on the Trail of Tears after being uprooted from their sacred lands that had been theirs for centuries. The Cherokees established Indian Territory, where they were to be "permanently free of white encroachments." In 1836 the Bureau of Indian Affairs was established to administer relations with America's original inhabitants. Forced march of fifteen thousand Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian territory. Some four thousand Cherokees died on the arduous journey.
Whitney ends the fiber famine. Massachusetts born, Eli Whitney now made his mark. He graduated from Yale, he journeyed to Georgia to serve as a private tutor while preparing for the law. There he was told that the poverty of the South would be relieved if someone could only invent a workable device for separating the see from the short-staple cotton fiber. Within 10 days, in 1793, he built a crude machine called cotton gin (short for engine) which was 50 times more effective than the hand picking process. The gin affected not only American but the whole world. The raising of cotton became highly profitable and the South was tied hand and foot to the throne of King Cotton. The gin made possible the mass cultivation of upload or short-staple cotton, which was unprofitable to raise when its seeds had to be laboriously removed by hand. As cotton production pushed farther south and west, taking slavery with it, it provisioned a growing northern textile industry. The availability of plentiful, cheap cloth vastly expanded women's wardrobe. Cotton economics were now profitable and saved the South with "King Cotton". The South flourished and expanded the cotton kingdom westward. The Northern factories manufactured textiles(cloth), especially in New England due to its poor soil, dense labor, access to sea, and fast rivers for water power.
America's economic transformation in the early 1800s was linked to dramatic changes in transportation networks. Construction of roads, canals, and railroads led to the expansion of markets, facilitate the movement of peoples. Improvements in transportation were needed for raw material transport to factories and finished products were to be delivered to consumers. Lancaster Turnpike- a hard road from Philadelphia to Lancaster, PA which brought economic expansion westward. The federal government constructed the Cumberland Road also known as The National Road (Maryland-Illinois) with state and federal money. Robert Fulton invented the first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807; steamboats were common by the 1830s. This caused an increase of U.S. trade because there was no concern for weather and water current. The success of the steamboat was sensational. People could now in large degree defy wind, wave, tide, and downstream current. Within a few years, Fulton had changed all of America's navigable streams into two-way arteries, thereby doubling their carrying capacity. This contributed to the development of Southern and Western economies, steamboats helped played a vital role in opening the West and South both of which were richly endowed with navigable rivers. The most significant contribution to the development of such an economy proved to be the railroad, the iron horse. It was fast, reliable, cheaper than canals to construct, and not frozen over in winter. The first railroad appeared in the United States in 1828, and the new lines spread with amazing swiftness. By 1860, 30,000 miles of railroad tracks had been laid in the U.S. (3//4 of those tracks were up North). The railroads were 1st opposed from vested interests because financiers were afraid of losing money from Erie Canal traffic; railroads also caused fires to houses from their embers. Early railroads were dangerous because of this, fire. The sparks could set fire to nery haystacks and appalling railway accidents could turn the wooden "miniature hells" into flaming funeral pyres for their riders. Early trains were poorly constructed(with bad brakes) and the gauge of tracks varied. Brakes were so feeble that the engineer might miss the station twice both arriving and backing up. America at long last was being bound together with braces of iron, later to be with made of steel.
resourceful New Yorkers cut off from the federal aid by states' righters, themselves dug the Erie Canal, linking the Great Lakes with the Hudson River. They were blessed with the driving leadership of Governor DeWitt Clinton, whose project was called "Clinton's Big Ditch or the "Governor's Gutter". It shortened the expense and time of transportation (to one twentieth what it was before); cities grew along the canal and the price of food was reduced. Farmers were unable to compete in the rocky soil of the East, so they went to the West
Church attendance was regular in 1850 (¾ of the population attended). Alexis de Tocqueville declared that there was "no country in the world where the Christian religion retains a greater influence over the souls of men than in America. Thomas Paine's widely circulated the book The Age of Reason (1794) had shockingly declared that all churches were "set up to terrify and and enslave mankind,monopolize power and profit. Many relied on Deism (reason than revelation, on science rather than the Bible). They rejected the concept of original sin and denied Christ's divinity. Yet Deists believed in a Supreme Being who had created a knowable universe and endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior. Calvinism, the doctrines of predestination and human depravity had always been thorny, even gloomy. Unitarian faith begins in New England. They believed God existed in only 1 person, not in the orthodox trinity; stressed goodness of human nature. Believed in free will and salvation through good works; pictured God as a loving father, Appealed to intellectuals with rationalism and optimism. Liberalism in religion started in 1800 spawned the 2nd Great Awakening a tidal wave of spiritual fervor that resulted in converting souls, many that were previously shattered,, and reorganized churches, and numerous sections. It also encouraged an effervescent evangelicalism(related to the teachings of the gospel or the Christian religion). The 2nd awakening resulted in- prison reform, the temperance cause(no alcohol), the women's movement, and the crusade to abolish slavery. The 2nd Great Awakening spread to the masses through huge "camp meetings". The East went to the West to Christianize Indians. Methodists and Baptists reaped the most abundant harvest of souls from the fields fertilized by revivalism. Both sections stressed personal conversion ( contrary to predestination) , a relatively democratic(democracy) control of church affairs, and a rousing emotionalism. Peter Cartwright(785-1872) was the best known of the Methodist "circuit riders," or traveling frontier preachers. Charles Grandison Finney was the greatest of the revival preachers who led massive revivals in Rochester, NY in 1830 and 1831. Finney preached a version of the old time religion but he was also an innovator. He encouraged women to pray out loud in public. Finney denounced both alcohol and slavery. A key feature of the Second Great Awakening was the feminization of religion, in terms of both church membership and theology. Middle-class women, the wives and daughters of businessmen were the first and most fervent enthusiasts of religious revivalism. They made up the majority of new church members.
the American Temperance Society was formed at Boston (1826), Implored drinkers were to sign the temperance pledge and organized children's clubs known as the "Cold Water Army". Temperance crusaders also made effective use of pictures, pamphlets, and lurid lectures, some of whom were reformed drunkards. The most popular anti-alcohol tract of the era was T.S. Arthur's melodramatic novel Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There (1854). Early foes of Demon Drink adopted two major lines of attack. One was to stiffen the individual's will to resist the wiles of the little brown jug in easier words ( stressed temperance, individual will to resist). Legislature-removed temptation-----Neal S. Dow of Maine a reformer was a mayor of Portland and an employer of labor, he has often witnessed the effect of alcohol. Dow "Father of Prohibition" sponsored the so-called Maine Law of 1851 it prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. It hailed as "the law of Heaven Americanized". Other states in the North followed Maine's example and by 1857 about a dozen had passed various prohibitory laws. There was much less drinking among women than earlier in the century and probably much less per capita consumption of hard liquor.
Women's roles and rights
in the 19th century it was still a man's world, both in America and Europe.A wife was supposed to immerse herself in her home and subordinate herself to her lord and master. She could not vote and could be legally beaten by her overload. She could not retain title to her property; it passed to her husband. So they stayed home. Still, in the 19th century, American women were generally better of than in Europe. Many women avoided marriage altogether becoming "spinsters"at the time of the Civil War. Gender differences were strongly emphasized in nineteenth-century America-largely because the burgeoning market economy was increasingly separating women and men into sharply distinct economic roles. Women were perceived as weak, physically, emotionally, but fine for teaching, but also artistic and refined. They were the society's conscience with special responsibility to teach the young how to be good and productive citizens of the Republic. Men were perceived as strong, but crude and barbaric, if not guided by the purity of women.The home was the center of the "cult of domesticity" of the female's world (even for reformer Catharine Beecher) but many felt that was not enough. Most were broad-gauge battlers, while demanding rights for women, they joined in the general reform movement of the age, fighting for temperance and the abolition of slavery. The women's rights movement was mothered by some arresting characters. It was led by Lucretia Mott who was a sprightly Quaker whose ire had been aroused when she and her fellow female delegates to the London anti slavery convention of 1840 were not recognized. Elizabeth Cady Stanton,, a mother of seven who had insisted on leaving "obey" out of her marriage ceremony, shocked fellow feminists by going so far as to advocate suffrage for women. Quaker-reared Susan B. Anthony was a militant lecturer for women's rights, fearlessly exposed herself to rotten garbage and vulgar epithets. She became an advocate of female rights that progressive women everywhere were called Suzy B's. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell was a pioneer in a previously forbidden profession for women was the first female graduate of a medical college. The Grimke sisters, Sarah and Angelina, championed antislavery. Amelia Bloomer revolted against the current "street sweeping" female attire by donning a short skirt with Turkish trousers- "bloomers". The feminists met in 1848 in a memorable Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, New York. Stanton read the Declaration of Sentiments, which in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence declared that all men and women are created equal. It demanded ballot for women and the Seneca Falls Convention launched the modern women's right movement. The crusade for women's rights was eclipsed by the campaign against slavery in the decade before the Civil War.
William Lloyd Garrison
He was the emotionally high -strung son of a drunken father and a spiritual child of the Second Great Awakening. On January 1st, 1831 Garrison published the first edition of the Liberator triggering a 30-year war of words and in a sense firing one of the first shots of the Civil War. He nailed his colors to the masthead of his weekly. He proclaimed in strident tones that under no circumstances would he tolerate the poisonous weed of slavery but would stamp it out at once.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
was one of the best known transcendentalists and was Boston-born. He was popular since the ideal of the essay reflected the spirit of U.S. Trained as a Unitarian minister he early forsook his pulpit and ultimately reached a wider audience by pen and platform. He lectured the Phi Beta Kappa Address "The American Scholar" which was delivered at Harvard College in 1837. He urged American writers to throw off European traditions and delve into riches of their own backyards. He was more influential as a practical philosopher and public intellectual. Through his fresh and vibrant essas he enriched countless thousands of humdrum lives. He stressed self-reliance, self-government, self-improvement, and self-confidence, optimism, and freedom. He is most famous for his work, self-reliance.
In 1844, the two major parties nominated their presidential standard-bearers in May 1844. Henry was the most popular man in the country so the Whigs chose him. Clay had been defeated twice before this election happened. James K. Polk of Tennessee was America's first "dark-horse" or "surprise" presidential candidate. He was picked because the Democrats couldn't agree with anyone else. Polk was speaker of the house of representatives for 4 years and governor of Tennessee for two terms. He was no stranger to politics and was called "Young Hickory". Polk was born in Pineville, N.C. only 15 miles from Jackson's birthplace, and Polk was sponsored by Andrew Jackson, his friend and neighbor. The campaign of 1844 was in part an expression of the mighty emotional upsurge known as Manifest Destiny. James K. Polk and the Democrats advocated Manifest Destiny a concept that stated that the U.S. was destined to expand across the continent and get as much land as possible. Many citizens believed that Almighty God had manifestly destined the American people for a hemispheric career. They would irresistibly spread their uplifting and ennobling democratic institutions over at least the entire continent, and possibly over South America as well.
Annexation of Texas
ever since it had declared independence in 1836, Texas had built up reinforcements because it had no idea if or when Mexico would attack again to reclaim the "province in revolt". Mexico, refused to recognize Texas's independence, regarded the Lone Star Republic as a province in revolt to be reconquered in the future. Texas was driven to open negotiations with Britain and France, in the hope of securing the defensive shield of a protectorate. In 1839 and 1840, the Texans concluded treaties with France, Holland, and Belgium. Britain was intensely interested in an independent Texas. These alliances worried the U.S. because if Texas buddied up to Europe, Britain especially, it's cause big problems for America, such as the monroe doctrine where Europe was told to stay away, it would be undermined if England had a buddy over here in Texas. The dominant Southern cotton economy would also be undercut by Texas cotton shipping to England. A puppet Texas dancing to strings pulled by Britain, could be turned upon the Yankees. Subsequent clashes would create a diversion behind which foreign powers could move into the Americas and challenge the insolent Monroe Doctrine. French schemers were attracted by the game of divide and conquer. These actions would result, they hoped, in the fragmentation and militarization of America. The U.S. was a stand-still over what to do with Texas. The North decried the Southern "slavocracy" (a supposed Southern conspiracy to always gain more slave land). American could not just boldly annex Texas without a war with Mexico. Overseas, Britain wanted an independent Texas to check American expansionism. Yet, Texas would be a good boost for American cotton production and provide tons more land.
War with Mexico
Polk wanted California, but this was difficult due to stained U.S.-Mexican relations. After the annexation of Texas, Mexico had recalled is foreign minister, and before, it had been forced to default on its payments of $3 million to the U.S. Also, when Texas claimed its southern boundary to be the Rio Grande and not the Nueces River like Mexico said, Polk felt that he had to defend Texas and he did. The U.S. then sent John Slidell to Mexico City as an envoy instructed to buy California for $25 million, however, once he arrived, the Mexican government, pressured by its angry people, refused to see him, thus "snubbing" him. Polk was prepared for a showdown. On January 13, 1846 he ordered 4000 men under Zachary Taylor to march from Nueces River to the Rio grande, provocatively near Mexican troops. He informed his cabinet on May 9, 1846, that he proposed to ask Congress to declare war on the basis of 1.) unpaid claims and 2.) Slidell's rejection. Two cabinet members spoke up and said that they would feel better and satisfied if the Mexican troops should fire the first shots. On April 25, 1846 Mexican troops had crossed the Rio Grande and attacked General Taylor's command, killing and wounding 16 Americans. Polk sent a war message to Congress declaring that despite all our efforts to avoid clash, hostilities had been forced upon the country by the shedding of American blood upon the American soil. A patriotic Congress declared war and so began the Mexican-American War.
the Treaty of Guadalupe ended the Mexican-American War, but it started a whole new debate about the extension of slavery with Northerners rallying around the Wilmot Proviso(which proposed that the Mexican Cession lands to be free oil); however, the Southerners shot it down. The southern senators had blocked the passage of the proviso. The debate over slavery in the area of the Mexican Cession threatened to disrupt the ranks of both the Whigs and Democrats and split the national politics along North-South sectional lines. In 1848, President Polk was broken in health due to overwork and chronic diarrhea and pledges himself to a single term. THe Democratic National Convention at Baltimore turned to an aging leader, General Lewis Cass, a veteran of the War of 1812. He was a senator and diplomat of wide experience and had considerable ability and was the originator(father) of popular sovereignty. This was the doctrine that stated that the sovereign people of a territory, under the general principles of Constitution, should themselves determine the status of slavery. In easier terms, the doctrine applied to slavery, stating that the people in the territories should decide to legalize it or not. It was good and liked by politicians because it was a compromise between the extremes of the North and South, and it stuck with the idea of self-determination, but it could spread slavery. The public liked it because it accorded with the democratic tradition of self-determination which means that it is (free choice of one's own acts or states without external compulsion. Politicians liked it because it seemed a comfortable compromise between the free-soilers' bid for a ban on slavery in the territories and southern demands that Congress protect slavery in the territories.
Compromise of 1850
In 1850, President Zachary Taylor suddenly died of an acute intestinal disorder, Vice President Millard Fillmore (a conciliatory of New York lawyer politician) took over and became pres. Impressed by the arguments of conciliation, he signed a series of agreements that came to be known as the Compromise of 1850. Clay, Webster, and Douglas orated on behalf of the compromise for the North but the South hated it; fortunately, they finally accepted it after much debate.
Concession to the North
-California admitted as a free state
-Territory disputed by Texas and New Mexico to be surrendered to New Mexico
-Abolition of the slave trade(but not slavery) in the District of Columbia
Concession to the South
-The remainder of the Mexican Cession area to be formed into the territories of New Mexico and Utah, without restriction on slavery, hence open to popular sovereignty.
-Texas to receive $10 million from the federal government as compensation
-A more stringent fugitive-slave law going beyond that of 1793
Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska Territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglas in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad. The problem was that the Missouri Compromise had banned slavery north of the 36'30 line so that act would have to repeal it. Southerners had never thought of Kansas as a possible slave state, and thus backed the bill, but Northerners rallied against it. Douglas rammed the bill through Congress, and it was passed, repealing the Missouri Compromise. The Kansas-Nebraska Act directly wrecked the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by opening slavery up above the 36'30 line and indirectly wrecked the Compromise of 1850 when everyone that the issue was settled and done. Northerners no longer enforced the Fugitive Slave Law at all, and Southerners were still angry. The democratic Party was hopelessly split into two, and after 18566, it would not have a democratic president elected for 28 years.
Main focus was not expanding slavery to territories
Harriet Beecher Stowe
sectional tensions were further strained in 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom's Cabin, a popular book that awakened the passions of the North toward the evils of slavery. Dismayed by the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law, she was determined to awaken the North to the wickedness of slavery by laying bare its terrible inhumanity, especially the cruel splitting of families. Her wildly popular book relied on powerful imagery and touching pathos. "God wrote it" she explained in later years-a reminder that the deeper sources of her antislavery sentiments lay in the evangelical religious crusades of the Second Great Awakening. The success of the novel at home and abroad was sensational. Several thousands of copies got sold and it made slavery appear almost as evil as it really was. When she was introduced to President Lincoln in 1862, he said "So you're the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war". And actually the book, Uncle Tom's Cabin did help start the Civil War. The South said the book was "vile wretch in petticoats." The novel was immensely popular abroad, especially in Britain and France. England sensed the triumph of the North and that it would spell the end of the slave system. The governments in London and Paris seriously considered intervening on behalf of the South, but they were sobered by the realization that many of their own people, aroused by the "Tommania," might not support them. The South cried foul, staying Stowe's portrayal of slavery was wrong and unfair. The book helped Britain stay out of the Civil War because its people, who had read the book and had now denounced slavery because they sympathized with Uncle Tom, wouldn't allow intervention on behalf of the South.
Dred Scott Case
on March 6,, 1857 the Dred Scott decision was handed down by the Supreme Court. Dred Scott was a slave whose master took him north into free states where he lived for many years. After his master's death, he sued for his freedom from his new master, claiming that he had been in free territory and was therefore free. The Missouri Supreme Court agreed, freeing him, but his new master appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which overruled the decision. He lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen, and therefore could not sue in federal courts. This part of ruling, denied black their citizenship, seriously menaced the precarious position of the South's quarter-million free blacks. Under the leadership of emaciated Chief Justice Roger B. Taney from the slave state of Maryland. A judgement on the larger issue of slavery in the territories seemed desirable, particularly to forestall arguments by two free-soil justices who were preparing dissenting opinions. The prosouthern majority evidently hoped in this way to lay the odious question to rest. A majority of the court decreed that because a slave was private property, he or she could be taken into any territory and legally held there in slavery. The reasoning was that the 15th Amendment clearly forbade Congress to deprive people of their property without due process of law. Now the Court rules that the Compromise of 1820 has been unconstitutional all along: Congress had no power to ban slavery from the territories, regardless even of what the territorial legislatures themselves might want.
Lincoln, as Republican nominee for the Senate seat, boldly challenged Douglas to a series of joint debates. Douglas promptly accepted Lincoln's challenge and seven meetings was famed Lincoln-Douglas debates were arranged from August to OCtober 1858. Lincoln rashly challenged Douglas, the nation's most devastating debater, to a series of seven debates, which the Senator accepted, and despite expectations of failure, Lincoln held his own. The most famous debate came at Freeport, Illinois, where Lincoln essentially asked "Mr. Douglas, if the people of a territory voted slavery down, despite the Supreme Court saying that they could not do so (point 2 of the Dred Scott decision) which side would you support, the people or the Supreme Court?" Douglas and some southerners had already publicly answered the Freeport question. He replied to Lincoln which became known as the Freeport Doctrine No matter, how the Supreme Court ruled, Douglas argued, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down. Laws to protect slavery would have to be passed by the territorial legislatures. These would not be forthcoming in the absence of popular approval, and black bondage would soon disappear. Douglas defeated Lincoln for the Senate seat. ALthough Douglas won in Illinois, he hurt his chance of winning the presidency while further splitting his splintering party. After his opposition to the Lecompton Constitution for Kansas and his further defiance of the Supreme Court at Freeport, Southern Democrats were determined to break up the party(and the Union) rather than accept him. The Lincoln-Douglas debate platform thus proved to be one of the preliminary battlefields of the Civil War.
The Civil War
The threat of European intervention
Two confederate war ships being constructed in the shipyard of John laird and sons in Great Britain. Designed to destroy the wooden ships of the union navy with their iron Rams and large caliber guns, they were far more dangerous than the swift but lightly armed Alabama. If delivered to the south, they probably would have sunk the blockading squadrons and then brought northern cities under their fire. In retaliation the north doubtless would have invaded Canada and a full dress war with Britain would have erupted. At the last minute, London government relented and bought the two ships for the Royal Navy. Britain agreed in 1871 to submit the Alabama dispute to arbitration and in 1872 paid American claimants $15.5 million for damages caused by wartime commerce raiders
1863, declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery, in non-rebelling Border States. The proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines. McClellan's men found a copy of Lee's plans (as wrapping for cigars) and were able to stop the Southerners at Antietam Creek on September 17, 1862 in one of the bloodiest days of the Civil War. Jefferson Davis was never so close to victory as he was that day, since European powers were very close to helping the South, but after the Union army displayed unexpected power at Antietam, that help faded. Antietam was also the Union display of power that Lincoln needed to announce his Emancipation Proclamation, which didn't actually free the slaves, but gave the general idea; it was announced on January 1, 1863. Lincoln said the slaves would be free in the seceded states (but not the border as doing so might anger them into seceding too). Now, the war wasn't just to save the Union, it was to free the slaves as well. This gave the war a moral purpose(end slavery) to go with its political purpose(restore the union). The Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in not-yet-conquered Southern territories, but salve in the Border States and the conquered territories were not liberated since doing so might make them go to the South; Lincoln freed the slaves where he couldn't and wouldn't free the slaves where he could. The proclamation was very controversial, as many soldiers refused to fight for abolition and deserted. However, since many slaves, upon hearing the proclamation, left their plantations, the Emancipation Proclamation did succeed in one of its purposes: to undermine the labor of the South. Angry Southerners cried that Lincoln was stirring up trouble and trying to incite a slave insurrection.
Lincoln took steps to enlist blacks in the Armed Forces. The union navy enrolled many blacks mainly as cooks, stewards, and fireman. As manpower ran low, black enlistees were accepted. By wars end some 180,000 blacks served in the union army, most of them from the slave states but many from the free soil north. Service offered them a chance to prove their manhood and to strengthen their claim to full citizenship at wars end. The confederacy did not enlist slaves until a month before the war ended
Civil war battle in Pennsylvania that ended in union victory, spelling doom for the confederacy, which never again managed to invade the north. Site of general Pickett's daring but doomed charge on the northern lines. The battle seesawed for 3 days in July 1863. The charge has been called the "high tide of the confederacy." It defined both the northernmost point reached by any significant southern force and the last real chance for the confederates to win the war. The win at Gettysburg belonged to Lincoln who refused to allow the confederate peace mission to pass through union lines. From now on the southern cause was doomed. Later that autumn, Lincoln delivered a two minute address, the Gettysburg address, that was seen as "ludicrous" and "silly"
President Johnson's reconstruction policies
Believed that the seceded states had never legally been outside the union. He quickly recognized several of Lincoln's 10% governments, and on May 29, 1865, he issued his own reconstruction proclamation. It disfranchised certain leading confederates, including those with taxable property worth more than 20,000, though they might petition him for personal pardons. It called for special state conventions, which were required to repeal the ordinances of secession, repudiate all confederate debts, and ratify the slave-freeing 13th amendment states that complied with these conditions would be swiftly admitted to the union.
Republicans took control of congress and passed a series of reconstruction acts to punish the south.
1. Confederate states would be divided into 5 military districts controlled by the union
2. Southern states would be allowed to rejoin the US when they ratified the 14th amendment and included voting rights for African American males in their state constitution
3. No black codes were allowed
4. Had to accept the freed and bureau
Compromise of 1877
The agreement that finally resolve the 1876 election and officially ended reconstruction. In Exchange for the Republican candidate, Rutherford B Hayes, winning the presidency, Hayes agreed to withdraw troops from the former Confederate states. This deal effectively completed the southern return to white-only, democratic-dominated electoral politics
Andrew Johnson's impeachment
Annoyed by the obstruction of Johnson in the White House, radicals falsely accused him of breaking the Tenure if Office Act, that required the president to secure the consent of the senate before he could remove his appointees once they had been approved by that body. It was definitely a political strategy by the republicans because they wanted to protect the republicans Lincoln put into the cabinet, and they were afraid Johnson was going to remove them. Johnson fired secretary of war Edward Stanton, giving radicals a reason to impeach him. Johnson is found innocent by one vote and remains president.
Waving the bloody shirt
The use of Civil War imagery by political candidates and parties to draw votes to their side of the ticket
Laws passed through out the south to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners criticism of President Andrew Johnson's lenient reconstruction policies
The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition
Gospel of Wealth
the belief that those entrusted with societys riches had to prove themselves morally responsible and some people were destined to become rich and had to give back to society.
American Federation of Labor
Lead by Samuel Gompers, it consisted of an association of self governing national unions. No individual labor could join the central organization. It was composed of skilled workers and was tolerated by the public
A term given to the period 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the area
Believe in the idea that people gain wealth by survival of the fittest.
A reverend of Philadelphia who became rich by delivering his lecture "acres of diamonds" thousands of times. He said "there is not a poor person in the United States who is not made poor by his own shortcomings and puthis attitude was a formidable roadblock to social reform
The Puritan reared New England writer who in 1866 forsook the pulpit for the pen. He wrote more than 100 volumes of juvenile fiction that sold over 17 million copies. Usually depicted a poor boy in a city who achieved success through hard work. He implanted in his readers moral lessons and the conviction that there is always room at the top
English philosopher who believed in survival of the fittest theories. Argued that individuals won their stations in life by competing on the basis of their natural talents.
The process by which wages, hours, rules, and working conditions are negotiated and agreed upon by a union with an employer for all the employees collectively whom it represents. Tried to avoid strikes
yellow dog contract
an agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees, as a condition of employment, not to be a member of a labor union
Railroad Strike of 1877
4 presidents of major railroads decided to cut their workers wages by 10% so the workers went on strike, shutting down the railroads. President Hayes sent in federal troops to break up the strike which led to several weeks of violence and over 100 people killed.
The Great Wall Street banker. Financed and reorganized railroads, insurance companies and banks. He didn't believe that "money power" was dangerous, except when in dangerous hands. Is asked by president Cleveland during the depression of 1893 to bail out our government and end the depression.
Made millions steam boating, then turned to railroading. Helped popularize the steel rail that replaced old iron tracks. Steel was safer and more economical.