The ancient mythology of the ancient Greeks spoke of times thousands of years earlier when mythical beings with great powers were part of the cultural landscape. In ancient Greek lore the islands within and lands around the Mediterranean Sea were populated with Centaurs, Cyclops, Gorgons, Minotaur, Hydra, Sirens and many more nasty creatures. The origins of these hostile inhabitants make up the meat of the ancient Greek Mythologies, along with the messages and lessons they hold. They most definitely came from a deeply remote time in the distant past; a time long prior to the technical and scientific terminology first developed by the Greek Civilization, though many of the creatures’ names and powers appear to have a somewhat technical root.
Prior to the Ancient Greeks and the advent of scientific language and technical terminology, humans described things differently. The forces of man and nature were closely observed and described for many thousands of years by humans, even documented in the written history of many ancient cultures predating the Greeks. However, many of these texts were lost and the surviving may require deciphering within a new context. A hypothetical passage such as “…the water God that resided beneath the mountain, providing pure waters and sustaining life”, could be an allegory for “hydrostatic pressure”. Before the Greeks came up with a term for the science of hydrology, or the concepts of static vs. dynamic pressure, it would be reasonable to assume these concepts were known, observed and understood, yet were described symbolically or metaphorically rather than technically.
Some believe the Iliad and Odyssey should be interpreted as coded scientific and astronomical textbooks and have devoted time to unraveling them. One example, the whole Cyclops eye, cave escape story tells you how to make fire by spinning a stick in the punched out "eye" hole of a piece of wood. In demonstrating this, the wood screeched like the screaming Cyclops with its eye punched out.
One of the most well known Greek mythological creatures were the Sirens, woman with “songs" so powerful they could apparently be used as weapons against their enemies (men). This seems to indicate the use of sound in a practical way and begs the question “what else could the ancients do with sound and energy?”
“Large Goddess” figures found on Malta
While in Greek times the Sirens were depicted as svelte beauties, this image was based on the image of beauty to the contemporary Greek eye. Though, in reality they may have more resembled the goddesses of the Malta temple culture, where very large, zaftig woman comprised the ruling class. These women probably physically resembled what we would expect to see today as a modern opera star, a large woman with a powerful, well controlled voice. Numerous statues and figurines, part of the archaeological record of Malta dating to prehistoric times, depict just such woman.
On the Island of Malta, during the temple period, dating back to 3600 b.c. (long before the Greeks) sound was apparently being used by that culture and one can’t also help wonder if the ancient Greek, ancient accounts of sirens comes from there.
Megalithic construction, Hagar Qim Temple, Malta
From the archaeological record it appears the preliterate Malta Temple Culture, dating back over 6000 yrs, apparently had no concept of war. Of the very many well preserved architecture, art work and inscriptions found there, none appear to depict any weapons, shields, warriors, armies, etc or any other image of conflict or invasion. It was seemingly a matriarchal "Goddess" culture that existed for thousands of years peacefully as farmers and traders and recent finds support the idea of it being a sanctuary or sorts. Their power and command over sound may have been there defense, which once known would have left any hostiles thinking twice. As mentioned, this could be the root of the ancient Greeks ancient mythology involving Sirens.
There are endless variations of "wave" inscriptions found everywhere on the ancient temple constructions, though there is no record of writing and I can’t help but wonder how the preliterate aspect of their society played profoundly into the nature of their existence and concept of sound.
Wave form inscriptions in Tarxien Temple, Malta
How and for what purpose did the Malta temple culture use sound energy is the focus of a first of its kind conference taking a multi-disciplinary look at early sonic/aural awareness and lithic sound behavior, toward a better understanding of human and music development?
Understanding the soundscape ancient humans created in the Malta temples could enable us to finally grasp their intended purpose, for if a picture paints a thousand words, a soundscape can paint a thousand pictures. And, through sound we may see what words or pictures may never show us. Perhaps a combination of tones created by humans in a variety of ways, produce an “Anthrophony” of sound, which acts as a key to unlock a temples function.
Formants are defined by Gunnar Fantas as "the spectral peaks of the sound spectrum of the voice". In speech science and phonetics, formant is also used to mean an acoustic resonance of the human vocal tract. It is often measured as an amplitude peak in the frequency spectrum of the sound, using a spectrogram or a spectrum analyzer, though in vowels spoken with a high fundamental frequency, as in a female or child voice, the frequency of the resonance may lie between the widely-spread harmonics and hence no peak is visible.
In acoustics, formant refers to a peak in the sound envelope and/or to a resonance in sound sources, notably musical instruments, as well as that of sound chambers. Any room can be said to have a formant unique to that particular room, due to the way sound may bounce differently across its walls and objects. Room formants of this nature reinforce themselves by emphasizing specific frequencies and absorbing others, as exploited in construction techniques.
How was sound used in ancient Malta? As today, sound was used in every way possible and perhaps more. As with most sophisticated ancient culture they most likely had a 3 dimensional world view and used sound to express it outwardly, inwardly and centered, projecting it in all directions and on the plane of the living, for the purpose of communication, weaponry (if necessary) and spiritually or to create altered states of consciousness. New investigations are looking at all these possibilities.
Above: Projecting outward and upward
Communication with the Gods
Living plane: On the ground
Long distance communication over the water (sound is amplified over water)
Sound as a weapon – tradition of the ‘Sirens’
Below: Under world belowground, projected inward
Sound for altering consciousness
Communicating with other realms, connecting with the “spirit world”
Sound for different purposes:
There are several descriptions and relics that testify to the importance of sound in ancient ceremonies and structures but it is only now that we are becoming aware of the extent that it was incorporated. Recent investigations into Palaeolithic cave-art have revealed an association between areas which produce a strong resonance and the location of the art. This finding demonstrates that the properties of sound were being recognised, explored, appreciated and recorded over 30,000 years ago.
Long Distance Communication – From Telepathy to Telephony:
Long distance communication using sound is nothing new for humans and ways of transmitting sound without electricity goes back to deep antiquity. A more recent well know form is known as yodeling, a method of relaying messages and communicating across the vast mountains and valleys of the Alps.
It’s interesting to speculate as to other means. In our age of wireless communication between humans and their devices, we take very much for granted the high technology and unseen forces behind the function. Just for basics, for every voice or data transmission that takes place, a very specific set of parameters and conditions must exist for the connection to be made. If the correct frequency is not used and known on both ends, if the power is insufficient for the signal to travel, if a sender is not in place to set up or initiate, nor a recipient in place to accept and receive, the communication will not occur. So, not only must a medium exist for the transmission to travel through, there must be someone at each end intending and expecting communication to take place. It would seem natural to believe a similar set of parameters would be required for any such “wireless” communication to take place, between any great distance and even realms of reality, time or existence.
On a more practical level, could a relay system have been set up using sound as a way of communicating and sending messages across the Mediterranean Sea? With the location of Malta as the furthest south of the relay points in Europe 960 miles south of Sicily), and Lampedusa, a small island off the coast of Tunisia, North Africa (considered the most southern part of Italy) and the nearest landfall south of Malta, I searched to discover if any megalithic remains could be found on that tiny island. It turns out these are un-researched prehistoric megalithic ruins found on Lampedusa, some located on the northeast shore, overlooking the Mediterranean and facing toward Malta some 100 miles away. No one can say if they are related to the Maltese Temple Culture, but the circular aspect of the Lampedusa constructions seems reflective of the Malta temples.
Also, considering that sound seems to be amplified when it travels over water due to cool air bends sound and thus increases amplitude, it may not seem so farfetched. It is a strange effect that follows the principles of sound and wave motion
The reason is that the water cools the air above its surface, which then slows down the sound waves near the surface. This causes refraction or bending of the sound wave, such that more sound reaches someone in a boat or across a body of water. Sound waves skimming the surface of the water can add to the amplification effect, if the water is calm. That means sound would tend to focus and thus increase its apparent loudness.
Megalithic ruins on Lampadusa. Could they have been a “receiving” or “transmitting” relay station for communication across the Mediterranean with non-electrified projected sound?
Is it possible the Malta complexes were used as generators of high frequency acoustic waves? Purposes were (maybe) to arrange a communication channel among various islands. Legends abound around Malta of sirens (acoustically) tempting or deafening seafarers. Sirens were persons, possibly the best singers with the strongest voices, namely obese or thick women, such as some modern opera stars. Many statues of just such woman have been discovered everywhere on Malta including temples, standing on pedestals in the middle of complexes. We can speculate: Their singing modulated low frequency signals, which were generated on opposite ends of temples (in windows and in doors) simply with a bell, or with vibrating metal plates, or even with a strong wind drafted through a wall opening.”
The oval multi-chambered configuration of the Maltese temples would allow signals formed from groups of air particles, before output, to be amplified in a second parallel opposite oval spaces of the temple. This would be analogous with a resonator. This is supported by the fact that the massive coralline limestone blocks used for construction of the complexes, are a very good resonant material.
Sound as a weapon:
The power of sound has been demonstrated by opera singers who have been known, on occasion, to shatter glass simply by producing the correct sound. This effect was presumably already understood when the story of the shattering of the ‘walls of Jericho’ as written in the ‘Old Testament’:
… ‘The captain of the Host of the Lord came to Joshua before he stormed Jericho and told him to ‘circle the city for six days, and seven priests shall blow seven trumpets of rams horns, and on the seventh day, when you hear the trumpets, all the people shall shout with a great shout and the city shall fall down flat’…
Sound for altering consciousness and communicating with other realms:
It is well accepted in scientific circles that there is a correlation between the electroencephalographic (EEG) wave rhythms exhibited by the brain of a human and the state of consciousness of that being. Rhythms customarily found in the normal human adult when he is relaxed and his eyes closed have a pulse frequency in the seven-fourteen Hz. range and have come to be identified as "alpha" rhythms. Similarly, when a person is aroused and anxious, the rhythms exhibited fall in the 14-28 Hz. range and are known as "beta" rhythms. A normal person in sleep exhibits "delta" rhythms in the 1.75-3.5 Hz. range. Other brain wave rhythms which have been identified by researchers as being associated with various normal and abnormal states of consciousness are: "theta", 3.5-7.0 Hz. and "gamma", 28-56 Hz. Further research has led to the identification and naming of three additional rhythms, namely: "omega", 0.875-1.75 Hz.; "epsilon", 56-112 Hz.; and "zeta", 112-224 Hz.
Specific methods have produced a variety of systems for stimulating the brain to exhibit specific brain wave rhythms and thereby alter the state of consciousness of the individual. So called “trance” states are arrived at through many methods involving sound, such as chanting, drumming, and singing, just to mention a few.
In my 2006 paper on Electromagnetism and the Ancients, after noticing a possible correlation between the architectural configuration of a temple on Malta and a radio frequency propagation pattern (see Fig. 6 below), I wrote that through “the infant field of Radio Archeology I would suggest a series of experiments, conducted to scientific standards, to test and measure both transmit and receive propagation properties of pre-historic sites that meet certain specific criteria. Such tests should include accurately modeling structures and developing or adapting existing propagation prediction tools to account for building material properties. This, along with utilizing carrier wave transmitters and spectrum scanning receivers and software, as well as spectrometers and spectrum analyzers, to determine propagation properties, could help determine if they are enhanced by the site locations and/or site configuration and construction materials. To me it was a far flung, yet comprehensive approach to analyzing ancient sites in an entirely new way.
Now, nearly seven years later, a conference on archaeoacoustics – the archaeology of sound, took place on Malta which brought together experts and researchers from around the world to study and survey the acoustical and various energy properties of the ancient temples on Malta.
Photos showing Neolithic “lobe” construction of Hagar Qim and Mnajdra Temples on Malta.
The Temples of Malta, a UNESCO World Heritage site, are considered the oldest free standing buildings on Earth and are more than a thousand years older than the Egyptian Pyramids or Stonehenge. A team of specialists assembled and, each working in their own field defined and executed independent but coordinated collection and analysis of data.
Left: Equinox alignment at Malta Temple / Right: The Hypogeum Ħal Saflieni
During some of the research experiments, healthy volunteers were to be measured and monitored for changes in brain activity, blood pressure, and skin temperature on exposure to natural sound stimulation and reverberant conditions. In addition to voice, data was collected from the sounding of horn and shell instruments, a primitive drums as well as electrically generated tones.
Images above show Regional Brain Activity changes from baseline conditions (no tone) compared to three frequencies of stimulation, indicating increases and decreases in activity.
Visual impacts related to Cymatics or energy patterns, may also be observed: sand on a drumhead, water in a pottery and/or stone vessel. Correlations will be sought between these patterns and those found in the Stone Age art of the site. Does one reflect the other?
Sound energy patterns displayed in sand and through an EM wave propagation prediction (of Stonehenge).
Architectural evaluation by an acoustic engineer and a concurrent digital acoustic and electromagnetic mapping of the site were also conducted. Observations will be made by experts in a wide range of fields in order to augment the known archaeology. Results will be compiled in a book for publication next year.
The full study will take years and hopes to reveal the original intended purposes of these highly unusual structures, while shedding light and better understanding on how and why ancient cultures controlled unseen energy forces, such as acoustical and/or EM energy, with architecture.
More on the Conference:
The Archaeoacoustics and Archaeology of Sound Conference presenters were an extremely diverse scientific group; scholars and researchers from univercities and institutes around the world, representing such fields as architecture, archaeology, anthropolgy, acousitcs, cave art, musicology, neurology, psychology, forensics and more. Specialists in one field were respectfully given a look into the mechanics of another, toward a more holistic understanding of the ancient world. The subject of archaeoacoustics was elevated from the perception of “pseudoscience” to a legitimate emerging field of study.
Delegates were introduced to a physical facet of prehistory that has somehow managed to remain under the radar; reports and research in a variety of fields will now recognize the megalithic “Temple Culture” of Malta.
Below is a summary and small sampling of research abstracts from the more than 40 presentations that took place over the 4 day event:
Archaeoacoustics Analysis of an Ancient Hypogeum in Italy by Paolo Debertolis (U. of Trieste) We studied the archaeoacoustic properties of an ancient hypogeum in Cividale del Friuli (North of Italy). Aside from the fanciful interpretations mixed with legends, it was hypothesized that during the Celtic age, the Hypogeum was used as a depository of funerary urns, however other researchers believe it was used as a prison during the Roman or Lombard period. But despite this historical information, this hypogeum presents some unexpected sound similarities to the widely known Hal Saflieni hypogeum in Malta.
This hypogeum consists of various underground spaces below the surface, carved out of the conglomerate with different levels and branches. Its shape looks rough to the careless eye, but in reality despite the alterations over the centuries, the builders made full use of the shape of the rooms to take advantage of the resonance phenomenon, obtained during prayers and mystic songs. In particular resonance effects were detected present in two of the six chambers, and these maintain the original shape retaining an arched shape along the top. There is also a small truss on the end wall which seems to have been specifically built to tune up the room for a male voice singing or praying. The male voice is absolutley necessary to stimulate the resonate response phenomenon as the two chambers are tuned ot 94 and 102Hz. On several occations a female voice was used, but it was insufficient to stimulate the structure.
Results show that archaeoacousitcs is an interesting new method for reanalyzing ancient sites, it uses different study parameters to rediscover forgotten technology which operates on the human emotional sphere. The effect on the psyche if ancient people through the acoustic properties suggests the builders of these sites had knowledge of this process and probably used it to enhance their rituals.
Fear and Amazement by Torill Christine Linstrom (U. of Bergen) and Ezra Zubrow (U. of Buffalo)
“Fear and amazement is a very potent combination” said Maximus in the film “The Gladiator”.
And indeed, the sacred, in whaterver form or expression is has, often implies some kind of exaggeration that can function as super-normal sign stimuli. Such exaggerations are connected to what can be precieved through our sensory apparatuses (vision, hearing, smell, taste, skin sensation, perception of pain, presure, and temperature). In particular: saced objects are commonly larger and more elaborate than their everyday counterparts, and sacred sounds stronger, more complex, and often different from sounds or music that is heard in everyday life. Such exaggerations can be very effective in creating an “impression” and a sense of awe. They also have mesmerizing properties as they may contribute to induce altered states of consciousness (Lindstrom & Kristoffersen 2001).
With regard to sounds, three elements are characteristic of religious rituals: 1. Sudden strong sound(s) followed by silence. This combination creates startle-responces followed by relief, a combination known in psychological research to increase susceptability, receptiveness, and compliance. 2. Sounds that are strong and complex. Their effect is to be impressive, “ohteworldly”, and they attract and absorb attention. 3. Repetitive rymthmic sounds or slow continuous sounds. They are often used in meditative practices, and in creating various trance-like states. – All these three elements have psychological and psycho-neurological concomitants and explanations. – Given that people have wished to create such acoustic effects in order to experience certain auditory and psycholigical reactions, particular architectonic features of sacred buildings and sacred spaces can be explained.
An Interdisciplinary Approach: the Contribution of Rock Art for Archaeoacoustic Studies. Fernando Coimbra (Center for Geohistory and Prehistory, Portugal)
The author starts his paper with a brief reference to palaeolithic “making sound” objects (not musical instruments), which constitute an unambiguous archaeological evidence of the use of sound in that period. The the presentation is developed in two parts: 1 – Rock art iconography and archaeoacoustice; 2 – Acousitcs, phosphene forms and rock art.
In the first part, some examples of the use of sound in Late Prehistory are presented, based on the rock art images of non literate societies, in different countries and with different chronologies. In the second part, a theoretical approach regarding the interaction of sound, phospene forms and he resulting rock art imagery is proposed, for examples are paintings found in a Neolithic context (caves and hypogea).
The presentation ends with a short practical exercise: the listening, during 2 minutes, of a musical piece representing the “evolution” from original sound such as wind, thunder, rain, birds, drums, human vocalizations…till the beginning of early music…all of them early acoustics that may also have been related to rock art iconography.
Thirt years of Research in the Sound Dimensions of Painted Caves and Rocks.
Iegor Reznikoff (U. of Paris West)
Since 1983, we have studied the acousitcs of painted mostly Palaeolithic caves in Western Europe, North Norway and the Urals. These studies have shown strong correlations between the location of paintings in a cave and the quality of the resonance of these locations. A statistical approach shows that this relationship can not occur by chance alone. From the obtained results, it is possible to deepen our understanding of the meaning of prehistoric signs and paintings. The acousitc argument, namely the use evidence of the use of sounds in relationship with painting, give the best argument to support the ritual, possibly shamanitic, signification of Palaeolithic Art. We have slao studied the relationship between painted rocks and the acoustic quality of the of the space around (Finland, South-East France); such studies have recently been made successfully in Spain and the United States. It’s interesting to mention that some pictures have been found because of the sound quality of the location of the pictures. These studies initiated more than 30 years ago have opened a new era in sound Archaeology.
Temples of Music: The ‘Cuicacalli’ and the ‘Calmecac’, the Ancient American Conservatories
Maria Cristina Pascual (U. of Kent, Berlin, Germany)
Musical education was of critical importance in the Mesoamerican cultures, since most of the people’s ancestial memory was transmitted by the preists through song and recitation of their illustrated codices in their temples. Outside the buildings, in the streets, people held onto their traditions and customs with a routine musical performance that began every day at sunrise, uttered as an act of gratitude to the sun, as described by the Spanish chroniclers who were the first Occidentals to come in contact with these unknown cultures. In their most prominent clelbrations, of processions and cerimonies, architecture and sound acted together as the ornemental representation through which power and religion were displayed and demotrated to the masses. The maintanance of the whole social fabric required a very well geared structure of musical training, which were comprised of the two tiered institution, which encompassed: the ‘Cuicacalli’, the conservatory for the regular citizens of the empire, and the ‘Calmecac’, an elite institution for those who received superior training in the transcendent matters of the empire, as music was, and were predisposed to become future priests.
The aim of the paper is to scrutinize the codices and chronicles and their references of the two temple of music par excellence, as well as more recent archaeological revealations, such as the buried Calmecac on Tenochtitlan, currently located under the quarters of colonial Mexico City. The pursuit will produce a more profound understanding of the building typology which conjugates sound and stone, as well as the social, political and religious implications they had in these ancient cultures.
Exploring Possibilities of Sound Instruments in Prehistory, from A Maltese perspective
Anna Borg Cardona (Maltese Folklore Society)
The Maltese Islands’ rich prehistory is the legacy of an advanced civilization which had the exrtraordinary ability to create monumantal architecture, as wel as sculpture, pottery, and works of art. In such a society one would also expect the sound/music elements to have played a part in daily life, even if merely for communication, alerting and signalling.
Seeing that this was a society highly concerned with religion and burial of its dead, ritual would surely been of great significance. Vocal or instumental sound (or both) would have accompanied rituals inside or outside the Temple area and hypogea. And yet, nothing recognized as a musical instrument has so far ever been excavated from Malsa’s prehistory sites.
The Arundo donax pannt (cane), so crucial in the production of Malta’s traditional instruments, was already available to neolithc man, as were large conch shells, smaller sea shells, animal membranes, animal horns, bone, clay, and of course the Maltese limestone. Musical instruments could certainly have been made from all of these. Among these, perishable memebranes and vegetable matterwould not have survived in their original form, but they may still have left traces or suggestions of their existance.
From the perspective of an organologist anf musical historian, Cardona explores the above materials in terms of their possible use as sound producing objects within a prehistoric context. Particular reference is made to instruments made on the islands and around the Mediterranean in an attempt to connect prehistory with historic and the more recent past.
Archaeoacoustics and 111 Hertz Flinton Chalk (Musician, researcher, curator, London, UK)
In 1996, Cambridge University and Princeton University USA published the results of acoustic testing on a selection of man-made European Stone Age chambers dating from the 4th millennium BC, the majority of which were in Ireland. The aim was to discover the resonant frequeny of each chamber. The results fell within a very narrow band of acoustic wavelengths, between 95 Hertz and 120 Hertz. The average resonant frequency of the acoustically tested chambers was found to be 111 Herzt. Once this frequency is emited in the chamber, the effect is to immerse the listener in sound, in this instance the sole frequency of 111 Hertz is amplified by the architecture, as it filters out other frequencies, creating an acoustic standing wave.
Many of us have experianced the the effect of a standing wave whilst singing in a tiled bathroom. When a prequency is accidentally sung, which correlates with the dimenaions of the tiled bathroom, that tone will create a momentary standing wave causing a booming or ‘immediate echo’ sensation. This is a demonstration of how the brain experiances this immersive standing wave. We are able to recreate this immersive experience electronically in our installations. 111 Hertz is a lower male baritone in the human vocal range and can be comfortably hummed, sung or spoken.
Subsequent research has established the potential beneficial medical attributes of the frequency of 111 Hertz. This audible frequency is reputed to be processed by and therefore directly stimulated by the right-hand frontal cortex of the brain, a problem area for autism and other emotional and development disprders such as anxiety, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). This specific frequency is also associated with endorphin release, a potential non-addictive panacea for pain relief.
It has been observed that within a few minutes of exposure to 111 Hertz, Alpha state trance is induced in the listener, as neuronal activity moves within the brain from the left hand frontal lone to the right. At that point the language centers are ‘quietened’ along with increased Theta wave activity normally associated with sleep and cell regeneration, produced soley in the right hand prefrontal cortex. The overall effect is a subtle, altered state of consciousness, with the potential to train the brain to stimulate longer-term neuronal activity in the right hand hemisphere of the brain.
Enough evidence has now been garthered to compel further research, and discussions are underway with Cambridge University to instigate clinical trials.
Personally, I envision an Energy Survey Project (ESP) which proposes a methodical approach to surveying energy wave propagation properties of ancient architecture around the world and the associated measured physiological effects on humans. It seems the unique capabilities of advanced in-building propagation prediction software, test and measurement equipment, as well as brain mapping technology and capabilities, are ideally suited and could be leveraged to accomplish an array of archaeological experiments and much more, by accurately modeling important sacred structures, from Malta to Stonehenge, to the other great sacred sites and cathedrals worldwide, many which still hold unseen secrets awaiting discovery. And we are just now beginning to learn new ways, of how to look, hear and learn.
In an interesting twist of local interest to NEARA, it should be noted there were reports from the mid 1950s and 1970s, from the Early Sites Research Society, submitted by James P. Whittall (1975) and Archaeologist Frank Glynn (1955), comparing specific construction design aspects and techniques between the megaliths temples on Malta and the “Americas Stonehenge” site in North Salem, NH. Interestingly, many close parallels and correlations were identified. I wonder if the chambers, passages and portals of the New England site have ever had their acoustic properties tested. (Thanks to Polly Midgley for the reference)
http://www.gregorysams.com/ source Edna Leigh
Megalithic Stone Construction North Salem, New Hampshire, by James P. Whittall II, Early Sites Research Society Bulletin, Vol. 3, #2, May 1975
Some Parallels for the North Salem Complex’s Architecture, Work Report of the Early Sites Research Society by Frank Glynn, Vol. 1 No. 18, April 1955
Electromagnetism and the Ancients, Atlantis Rising, Number 56, Pg. 28, by Glenn Kreisberg, March, 2006
Thoughts on My Hypogeum Experience by Glenn Kreisberg
As a spectrum engineer my interest in conducting an on-site survey of the Hal Saflieni Hypogeum in Malta was to gather data to accurately model the architectural features of the underground structure. Accurately modeling the physical space and all its unusual dimensions would allow for wave propagation prediction models to be generated using variable inputs, such as frequency, level of energy, structure materials and location. Based on the floor plan layout of this ancient subterranean necropolis, output maps could be produced that would allow for visualization of the energy footprint from an energy source. The intent is to apply the same methodology used for in-building wireless network design, to better understand how energy waves behave when interacting with the stone construction and architectural features of the Hypogeum.
Preliminary modeling based on photographs and floor plan diagrams, confirmed previous research which suggested that the room known as “The Oracle Chamber” has characteristics that apparently project sound energy in a highly focused manner, allowing the audio waves to easily distribute to the other areas and rooms in the large, multi leveled complex. Was there something specific, a feature or aspects of the design that could account for such an effect? Was it intentional and planned for in the original construction design?
As part of the Conference on Archaeoacoustics held in Feb. 2014, on Malta, I was part of a multi disciplinary team gathered to conduct research. We were granted permission to carry out a series of experiments in the Hypogeum under controlled conditions and collect data for further analysis.
Upon entering the Hypogeum I was struck by the curved nature of the walls, pillars stairways and ceilings, with no sharp corners, edges or surfaces. Not unlike the above ground temples of Malta, many of the lines are circular, which creates numerous, continuous, opposing parallel surfaces. Everything seemed carved or worn smooth, almost as if slightly polished, perhaps the result of water running over the surfaces for so a long period of time. The affect on propagating waves this curving smoothness plays is that it prevents refraction or the bending of waves when they encounter a sharp or jutting surface. Think how ocean waves “turn” or bend when encountering a jutting peninsular, as they brake toward the shore. Refraction breaks down and weakens waves (water, sound or EM) and is unlike reflection. The many parallel, opposing surfaces of the Hypogeum cause reflection, which allow the sounds waves generated within to echo, build upon themselves and reverberate strongly.
The Oracle Chamber ceiling, especially near its entrance from the outer area, and the elongated inner chamber itself, appear to be carved into the form of a wave guide. A wave guide is a structure that guides waves, such as sound waves or electromagnetic waves. There are different types of waveguides for different type of waves. As a rule of thumb, the width of a waveguide needs to be of the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of the guided wave. So, high frequency, small waves require a small wave guide and low frequencies with larger wavelengths would require a larger wave guide. The very low frequency sounds that echo strongest in Hypogeum have very long wavelengths, thus the wave guide employed would need to be quite large. I believe The Oracle Chambers size itself is of the magnitude as to create the wave guiding effect upon the sound waves produced within.
That the Oracle Chamber in the Hal Saflieni Hypogeum acts as a wave guide for sound waves seems indisputable and that it was carved that way by humans thousands of years ago is quite remarkable to contemplate. Does this constitute evidence that sound provided the earliest link in architecture, between form and function? It may have served a Neolithic belief system to have sound behave the way it does in the Hypogeum and those who created it apparently had the sophistication and ingenuity in their design skills and construction techniques to undertake this exceptional and complicated expression of sound in stone.
Wave guide ceiling channel feature at entrance of Oracle Chamber in Hypogeum