Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania.
The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it.
For the second part the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
Frederiksholms Kanal is a canal in central Copenhagen, which runs along the south-west side of Slotsholmen, together with Slotholmens Kanal separating the island from Zealand. The canal traces its history back to the extension of Copenhagens West Rampart following the Assault on Copenhagen in 1659 which had taken place there. To better protect Slotsholmen, at that time both to the royal palace and the fleet, the West Rampart was extended well into the sea. The shallow-watered area between the rampart and Slotsholmen was filled to form a district which was given the name Frederiksholm. Frederiksholm Canal was dug out in 1681, many materials arrived by ship and the location next to the canal where they could moor was therefore convenient. There was a sandpit where dredger deposited sand used for constructions around the city, the military storage facility Fæstningens Materialgård was established shortly after Frederiksholm Canal had been dug but none of the original buildings exist today. The buildings remaining today are arranged around a central courtyard, the oldest of them is the Storage Keepers House from 1740.
The military storage facility was joined by Civiletatens Materialgård in 1771, in 1792 followed the Royal Horse Guards Barracks. They were built on a strip of land formerly part of Civiletatens Materialgård, the barracks were hit by a fire in 1798 but rebuilt and after the Royal Horse Guards were disbanded and served as Artillery Barracks. Further inland, the Frederiksholm area was built over with residential buildings, the most prominent of these is Princes Mansion, originally built in 1681 but expanded and adapted for use as a residence for two consecutive crown princes in the middle of the 18th century. Barchmann Mansion was built in 1741 and originally rented out to foreign diplomats, a few buildings on the Slotsholmen side of the canal addressed on Frederiksholms Canal, including Staldmestergården and the small Faroese Warehouse. The new brewhouse was demolished in 1976 and the site, known as the Brewhouse Site, has remained undeveloped since and it was acquired by the Realdania foundation in 2005 and a mixed-use building designed by Rem Koolhass is expected to go under construction in 2013.
The building will houseDanish Architecture Centre, now based in Gammel Dok on the side of the harbour, as well as offices. Frederiksholm Canal is spanned by four bridges, including Storm Bridge which separates it from Slotsholmen Canal, the latter is named for the storming of the city in 1659 which led to the construction of the canal. A double arch bridge built in stone and connecting Zealand-side Stormgade to Vindebrogade on Slotsholmen, the most notable bridge crossing the canal is Marble Bridge which provides access to Christiansborg riding grounds. Prinsens Bro, known as Tøjhusbro after Christian IVs Arsenal on Slotsholmen, the first bridge at the site was constructed in 1682 but the present one dates from the 20th century. Bryghusbro spans the mouth of the bridge, between Christian IVs Brewhouse and the Brewhouse Site and it is a bascule bridge built in 1935 and originally carried railway tracks for the harbour rail line but they were removed in 1972. It received its current name in 1963, the canal is home to a couple of large house boats
Esplanaden is a street in Copenhagen, Denmark. It marks the border of the Frederiksstaden district. It is best known as the address of the headquarters of A. P. Moller-Maersk, in Danish media and daily usage, the street name is often used as a synonym for companys top management. The street is located on Kastellets former esplanade, known as Toldbodvej, literally Custom House Road, was created as an access road to the Custom House, complementing Toldbodgade, which came from the south along the water. In the 1780s, an avenue, which quickly became a popular venue for promenades, was established between the end of Bredgade and the harbourfront a little to the north of Toldbodvej. A total of 3,000 trees from Jægersborg Dyrehave were planted in the grounds and it was around the same time that the first town houses began to appear on the south side of Toldbodvej. The tree-lined promenade largely disappeatrdd with the construction of the Port Authority Building, the Royal Nautical Charts Archive, on 21 October 1885, Council president Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup was the target of an attempted assassination outside No.34.
The unsuccessful assassin was Julius Rasmussen, in the 19th century, the Guard Hussars barracks were located at the western end of the street, first on its north side and also in a building on its south side. It was demolished about 1900 and the site was built over in connection with the establishment of Grønningen, the masterplan for the area was adopted on 29 June 1903. The smaller streets in the area have names associated with the island of Bornholm, Toldbodvej was renamed Esplanaden in 1953. Several of the buildings on the streets were designed by Andreas Hallander, No.6 is from 1785 and was designed by Andreas Kirkerup. No.15 was completed in 1850 to a Neoclassical design by Gustav Friedrich Hetsch and it now houses the A. P. Møller and Wife Chastine Mc-Kinney Møller Foundation. Bertelsen & Scheving completed a renovation of the building in 2013. No.19 originally housed the Royal Nautical Charts Archive as well as the Meteorological Institute, the building was designed by Vilhelm Petersen and built in 1872–1873.
Restaurant Lumskebugten has existed since 1854 and is located in a listed building
Slotsholmen is an island in the harbour of Copenhagen and part of Copenhagen Inner City. The island is dominated by the vast Christiansborg Palace which houses the Danish Parliament, the Supreme Court of Denmark, the Prime Ministers Office, the site used to consist of several small natural islands in the sound between the islands of Zealand and Amager. On the largest of these, Bishop Absalon of Roskilde constructed a castle in 1167. In 1250 the castle was extended with two towers to get the appearance that is now depicted on Copenhagens Coat of Arms. The castle was conquered by the Hanseatic League 1368 and pulled down the year as part of peace terms. Shortly after Copenhagen Castle was built on the site and it became the residence for the Danish king in 1443. However, the took place in a rather haphazard way and continued during the reign of the following kings. Probably during the reign of Christian III a building was constructed on the quay of the canal in front of the castle to house the Chancellery.
During the reign of Christian III and Frederick II an arsenal was constructed by the south of the castle. Under King Christian IV Slotsholmen saw considerable development, especially in the part of the island. Here a new harbour was established, surrounded on one side by an Arsenal. Other new buildings constructed were the Stock Exchange and the Brewhouse, all four of these historic buildings are still there today. By the time of the introduction of the monarchy in 1660. During the reign of King Frederick III, further lack of space in the led to the construction in 1665-1673 of an additional building between the Supply Depot and the Arsenal. This building, still visible today, was to house the Cabinet of curiosities of the king, founded about 1650, during the reign of King Frederick IV, a magnificent administration building was constructed in 1716-21 next to the palace adjacent to the Supply Depot. This new building was to house the chancelleries, thus replacing the previous chancellery building situated by the canal, the new chancellery building was connected to the castle by an arched passageway, thus allowing the king to stay in close contact with his government.
The Chancellery Building has functioned as the heart of the administration for almost 300 years. Several renovations were made, most notably by Frederick IV in 1721-29 and this rebuilding thoroughly changed the irregular appearance of the castle to a more regular shape
Danish Culture Canon
Each category contains 12 works although music contains 12 works of score music and 12 of popular music and the literature sections 12th item is an anthology of 24 works. The committee for architecture was asked to choose 12 works covering both buildings and landscaping and it was decided that works could either be in Denmark designed by one or more Danes or abroad designed by Danish architects. The committee consisted of, Lone Wiggers, Carsten Juel-Christiansen, Malene Hauxner, Lars Juel Thiis, the committee for visual arts decided that only works of artists who had completed their oeuvre could be included. They decided that members of the committee could each select a work they especially appreciated, in this way the committee first selected seven works whereafter five members selected one work each. The committee consisted of Hein Heinsen, Hans Edvard Nørregård-Nielsen, Bente Scavenius, Bjørn Nørgaard, the committee for design and crafts decided that selection should be based on works with a useful function which were relevant at the time they were created while remaining recognizable today.
They should fall into an international perspective, the committee consisted of Merete Ahnfeldt-Mollerup, Erik Magnussen, Astrid Krogh, Ursula Munch-Petersen and Louise Campbell. In their selection, the committee for film focused on films reflecting Danish life with Danish actors, the included nevertheless the film Sult which takes place in Oslo and has Swedish actors. The committee consisted of Susanne Bier, Vinca Wiedemann, Tivi Magnusson, Ole Michelsen, the committee for literature found it important to select works with a quality which had been appreciated over time. The selected works were considered to have made an important contribution both to Danish literature and to Danish culture in the widest sense. They reflect an original and bold approach to works of value. They are worthy of being preserved for posterity as they serve as points in a modern global context. The committee consisted of Finn Hauberg Mortensen, Erik A. Nielsen, Mette Winge, Claes Kastholm Hansen and they presented two lists, one for what they called score music, the other for popular music, although the two should be considered as a whole.
The committee consisted of Per Erik Veng, Jørgen I, Torben Bille, Inger Sørensen and Henrik Marstal. The committee consisted of Flemming Enevold, Karen-Maria Bille, Jokum Rohde, Sonja Richter, the committee was formed spontaneously as work proceeded in the other areas. It is therefore not an independent selection as suggestions were received from all the other areas, according to press reports, the canon has had limited impact and has been ineffective in its stated goal of fostering integration between the Danes and the immigrant communities. He points out that the reason his students take an interest in Danish culture is that they have to take exams in it. If they are free to choose culture themselves, they go for films, rock music, kulturkanon, PDF Copy of the Website from 2006 Danish Ministry of Culture, Kulturkanonen PDF
For its Antillian namesake, see Charlotte Amalie, U. S. Virgin Islands Amalienborg is the home of the Danish royal family, and is located in Copenhagen, Denmark. Amalienborg was originally built for four families, when Christiansborg Palace burned on 26 February 1794. Over the years various kings and their families have resided in the four different palaces, the Frederiksstaden district was built on the former grounds of two other palaces. The first palace was called Sophie Amalienborg, other parts of the land were used for Rosenborg Castle and the new Eastern fortified wall around the old city. Work on the began in 1664, and the castle was built 1669-1673. The King died in 1670, and the Queen Dowager lived there until her death on 20 February 1685, the presentation was a great success, and it was repeated a few days on 19 April. However, immediately after the start of the performance a stage decoration caught fire, causing the theatre and the palace to burn to the ground. The King planned to rebuild the palace, whose church, Royal Household, ole Rømer headed the preparatory work for the rebuilding of Amalienborg in the early 1690s.
In 1694, the King negotiated a deal with the Swedish building master Nicodemus Tessin the Younger and his drawing and model were completed in 1697. The King, found the plans too ambitious, and instead began tearing down the buildings that same year. The second Amalienborg was built by Frederick IV at the beginning of his reign, the second Amalienborg consisted of a summerhouse, a central pavilion with orangeries, and arcades on both side of the pavilion. On one side of the buildings was a French-style garden, the pavilion had a dining room on the groundfloor. On the upper floor was a salon with an out to the harbour, the garden. This development is thought to have been the brainchild of Danish Ambassador Plenipotentiary in Paris. Heading the project was Lord High Steward Adam Gottlob Moltke, one of the most powerful and influential men in the land, with Nicolai Eigtved as royal architect and supervisor. The project consisted of four identical mansions, built to house four distinguished families of nobility from the royal circles and these mansions form the modern palace of Amalienborg, albeit much modified over the years.
The noblemen who owned them were willing to part with their mansions for promotion and money, and the Moltke and Schack Palaces were acquired in the course of a few days. A colonnade, designed by royal architect Caspar Frederik Harsdorff, was added 1794-1795 to connect the recently occupied King’s palace, Moltke Palace, with that of the Crown Prince, Schack’s Palace
House of Oldenburg
The House of Oldenburg is a European royal house of North German origin. It is one of Europes most influential royal houses with branches that rule or have ruled in Denmark, Greece, Russia, Schleswig and Oldenburg. It rose to prominence when Count Christian I of Oldenburg was elected King of Denmark in 1448, of Norway in 1450, the house has occupied the Danish throne ever since. Marriages of medieval counts of Oldenburg had paved the way for their heirs to become kings of various Scandinavian kingdoms, through marriage with a descendant of King Valdemar I of Sweden and of King Eric IV of Denmark, a claim to Sweden and Denmark was staked, since 1350. At that time, its competitors were the successors of Margaret I of Denmark. In the 15th century, the Oldenburg heir of that claim married Hedwig of Schauenburg, since descendants better situated in genealogical charts died out, their son Christian became the king of all three kingdoms of the whole Kalmar Union. The House of Mecklenburg was its chief competitor regarding the Northern thrones, different Oldenburgine branches have reigned in several countries.
EU, retrieved August 2012
A harbor or harbour, or haven, is a body of water where ships and barges seek shelter from stormy weather, or are stored for future use. Ports are often located in harbors, harbors can be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor can have deliberately constructed breakwaters, sea walls, or jettys, or they can be constructed by dredging, in contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded on several sides by prominences of land. Examples of natural harbors include Sydney Harbour and Trincomalee Harbour in Sri Lanka, artificial harbors are frequently built for use as ports. The oldest artificial harbor known is the Ancient Egyptian site at Wadi al-Jarf, on the Red Sea coast, the largest artificially created harbor is Jebel Ali in Dubai. The Ancient Carthaginians constructed fortified, artificial harbors called cothons, a natural harbor is a landform where a part of a body of water is protected and deep enough to furnish anchorage. Natural harbors have long been of great strategic naval and economic importance, having a protected harbor reduces or eliminates the need for breakwaters as it will result in calmer waves inside the harbor.
For harbors near the North and South Poles, being ice-free is an important advantage, the worlds southmost harbor, located at Antarcticas Winter Quarters Bay, is potentially ice-free, depending on the summertime pack ice conditions. Although the worlds busiest port is a hotly contested title, in 2006 the worlds busiest harbor by cargo tonnage was the Port of Shanghai
Frederiks Church, popularly known as The Marble Church for its rococo architecture, is an Evangelical Lutheran church in Copenhagen, Denmark. The church forms the point of the Frederiksstaden district, it is located due west of Amalienborg Palace. Fredericks Church has the largest church dome in Scandinavia with a span of 31m, the dome rests on 12 columns. The inspiration was probably St. Peters Basilica in Rome, the foundation stone was set by king Frederick V on October 31,1749, but the construction was slowed by budget cuts and the death of Eigtved in 1754. In 1770, the plans for the church were abandoned by Johann Friedrich Struensee. The church was incomplete and, in spite of several initiatives to complete it. The deal was at the highly controversial. On 25 January 1877, a case was brought by the Folketing at the Court of Impeachment, tietgen got Ferdinand Meldahl to design the church in its final form and financed its construction. Due to financial restrictions, the plans for the church to be built almost entirely from marble were discarded.
The church was opened to the public on August 19,1894. Inscribed in gold lettering on the entablature of the front portico are the words, a series of statues of prominent theologians and ecclesiastical figures, including one of the eminent Danish philosopher Kierkegaard, encircles the grounds of the building
Israels Plads is a large public square in central Copenhagen, located in the area between Nørreport station and The Lakes. Its north end is home to a food market while the south end is currently subject to a comprehensive redesign which will integrate it with the adjoining Ørsted Park. The square is located in the area which was released after Copenhagens Bastioned Fortifications were decommissioned in the half of the 19th century. Until the area had remained undeveloped due to the enforcement of a no-built zone outside the city walls. A vegetable market, Grønttorvet, opened at Vendersgade on 26 April 1889 after the activities had been discontinued at Christianshavns Torv. The northern part of todays Israels Plads, between Vendersgade and Frederiksborggade, was not part of Grønttorvet. It had a fountain and was known as Hundetorvet, presumably because it was popular with people walking their dog, in 1913, the space was incorporated into the market area. The market at Grønttorvet closed when the new market in Valby was inaugurated on 1 October 1958.
Grønttorvet was renamed Israels Plads on 11 October 1968, the 25th anniversary of Nazi persecution of Jews in Denmark. The most distinctive building which faces the square is the mission house Bethesda, at 17 Rømersgade, most of the other buildings facing the square are apartment buildings built for the upper middle class in the 1870s and 1889s. The buildings have rich stucco decorations, the two market halls were designed by Hans Peter Hagens and opened in September 2011. A design competition for the refurbishment of the portion of the square was won by the architectural firm COBE in 2008. Their winning proposal introduces various facilities for sports and performances as well as an organic integration with the adjoining park. List of squares in Copenhagen Israels Plads Syd at Danish Architecture Centres website
Nyboder is a historic row house district of former Naval barracks in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was planned and first built by Christian IV to accommodate a need for housing for the personnel of the rapidly growing Royal Danish Navy and their families during that time. Nyboder is today very much associated with their colour and Nyboder yellow is in Danish often used as a generic term to refer to their exact hue of yellow. However, the colour of the development was red and white. Under Christian IV the Royal Danish Navy grew rapidly and there was an urgent need for accommodation for its personnel. The new development was planned on land outside Copenhagen previously acquired by the king with the intention to expand the city northwards. This had still not happened but Saint Annes Post, to develop into Kastellet, had already constructed a little further north. Construction of Nyboder was commenced in 1631, the area was laid out around two main streets radiating from a planned square which was never established.
The rows were oriented perpendicularly to these streets. The architects assisting the King were Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger and Leonhard Blasius, Christian IVs Nyboder was completed around 1641. In 1647, one year before Christian IVs death, Nyboder was definitively absorbed by the city when the Eastern City Gate is moved. Just north of Nyboder lay a piece of undevelopped land known as Greenland, on 16 December 1658 a gunpowder magazine just north of Nyboder exploded, damaging or demolishing many houses and causing numerous casualties. In 1668 Copenhagens gallows were moved from its previous location, at the site where Kongens Nytorv would be out a few years later. In 1677, Nyboder saw another bleak neighbour when the Stocks House was built a little to the south, from its early days, the Nyboder area included a guardhouse which was replaced by a new building in the 1780s. It had a bell which was used to gather people in the event of a military attack or fire. The building houses the Nyboder barracks own guard and contained a jail, when the Frederiksholm islet is created by a series of Land reclamation, the intention is to use it for new naval barracks but again the plans are not carried out.
In the end it was decided to build new houses at Nyboder, in 175624 two-storey houses designed by Philip de Lange were built and while extensions would be directed by other architects, it continued to be to his initial design. In 1771 some of Christian IVs original rows were extended with an extra storey by Anthon, from 1781-96 another app.150 houses were built. A guard house and five houses were added to the area during the same period