French conquest of Tunisia The French Conquest of Tunisia
occurred in two phases in 1881: the first (28 April – 12 May) consisting of the invasion and securing of the country before the signing of a treaty of protection, and the second (10 June – 28 October) consisting of the suppression of a rebellion. The French protectorate of Tunisia
that was established lasted until the independence of Tunisia
on 20 March 1956.
had been a province of the Ottoman Empire
since the Conquest of Tunis (1574)
, although with great autonomy under the authority of a Bey
In 1770, Brigadier Rafélis de Broves
bombarded the cities of Bizerte
, Porto Farina
in retaliation for acts of piracy.
In the 19th century Tunisian commercial contacts with Europe
were numerous, and there was a population of French, Italian and British expatriates
in the country, represented by Consulates
. France had also made a major loan to Tunisia in the mid-19th century.
The Tunisian government was weak, with an inefficient tax system
that only brought it one-fifth of the tax collected. The economy was crippled with a series of droughts and the elimination of corsairs
by Western fleets. Lastly, Tunisians had little control on foreign trade as ancient 16th century agreements with European powers limited custom taxes to 3%. As a result, its small industry was devastated by imports, especially in the area of textiles
Following the Franco-Prussian War
of 1870–71, France's international prestige was severely damaged, and both Italy
and the United Kingdom
attempted to reinforce their influence in Tunisia. The Italian representative failed through clumsiness, but the British representative Richard Wood was more successful. In order to limit French influence, Wood obtained the reinstatement of Tunisia as a province of the Ottoman Empire
in 1871, although the region's autonomy was also guaranteed.
Great Britain continued to try to exert influence through commercial ventures, but these were not successful.
There were also various Tunisian land ownership disputes among France, Britain and Italy.
The French wished to take control of Tunisia, which neighboured their existing colony of Algeria
, and to suppress Italian and British influence there. At the Congress of Berlin
in 1878, a diplomatic arrangement was made for France to take over Tunisia while Great Britain obtained control of Cyprus
from the Ottomans.
Subsequently, the use of Tunisian territory as a sanctuary by rebel Khroumir
bands gave a pretext for the military intervention.
Bréart entered Tunis between May 3 and May 6, 1881. He had in his possession the Bardo Treaty
establishing a protectorate on Tunisia
, which had just been cabled to him by the French government. On May 11, Bréart, the general consul Théodore Roustan
, and the General Pierre Léon Mauraud, accompanied by an armed escort, presented the treaty to Muhammad III as-Sadiq
(Sadok Bey), Bey of Tunis
between 1859 and 1881, who resided in Ksar Saïd. Surprised, Sadok Bey requested several hours for reflection, and immediately gathered his cabinet. Some of its members insisted that the bey should escape towards Kairouan
to organize resistance, but Sadok Bey decided to accept the protectorate. The Bardo Treaty was signed by both parties on 12 May 1881.
An insurrection soon broke out in the south on 10 June 1881, and then in Sfax
. Six ironclads
were dispatched from Toulon
) to join the French Navy ships in Tunisian waters. In Sfax, three ironclads from the Division of the Levant were already present (Alma
, Reine Blanche
, La Galissonnière
), together with four cannon boats.
Sfax was bombarded, and on 16 July the city was invested after hard fighting, with 7 dead and 32 wounded for the French.
32,000 men, 6,000 horses and 20,000 tons of supplies and material were landed. Kairouan was taken without a fight on 28 October 1881.
Great Britain and Germany
silently approved the invasion of the country, while Italy protested in vain.
Tunisia thus became a French protectorate
, with great powers for the French, the French Resident being simultaneously Prime Minister
, controller of the State's finances, and Commander in Chief
of its armed forces.
In 1882, Paul Cambon
energetically took advantage of his position as Resident, leaving the Bey essentially powerless, and in effect administering Tunisia as another French colony.
The French established an important naval base at Bizerte in 1898.
- ^ a b c Aldrich 1996, p. 29.
- ^ Houtsma, M Th, First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, E.J. Brill, p. 735, archived from the original on 2014-05-02 .
- ^ Aldrich 1996, p. 28.
- ^ a b c Fage, JD, The Cambridge history of Africa, p. 179, archived from the original on 2014-01-11 .
- ^ a b c d e f Aldrich 1996, p. 30.
- ^ a b c d e f Randier 2006, p. 395.
Last edited on 11 May 2021, at 07:55
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