|Ancient Roman Discovered in Mexico||
have landed in the New World
before Columbus? Quite possibly, say two anthropologists, who have
the first reliable evidence that an artifact found in Mexico is of
origin, and that it almost certainly arrived in the New World before
Roman Hristov, an independent anthropologist formerly at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, decided to investigate a black terracotta head that was first unearthed in 1933 in the Toluca Valley, approximately 65 kilometres west of Mexico City (see Map). The head, which is just a few centimetres tall, represents a bearded man and is different in style from any other known pre-Columbian artwork.
Although much had been written about the head since its discovery, Hristov found that no one actually knew where it was. With the help of Mexican anthropologist Santiago Genovs, he finally found it in 1994, locked away in a Mexico City museum.
To determine when the head was made, Hristov drilled some material from the remains of its neck. He then took the sample to be tested at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg using a technique called thermoluminescence.
In this method, heat forces high-energy electrons that have accumulated in the sample over time to release their energy as light. By measuring the light released, the researchers were able to estimate that the terracotta was fired 1800 years ago.
Hristov also consulted art experts, who agreed that the head was Roman, dating roughly to AD 200. Furthermore, a review of the circumstances surrounding the head's original discovery confirmed that the head was placed in the burial ground where it was found no later than 1510, a decade before the Spanish arrived in Meso-America.
Crucially, the head was excavated from the site by professionals, says David Kelley, an archaeologist at the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada. "This was sealed under three floors. It's as close to archaeological certainty as you can get."
Hristov believes the head is the first hard evidence of pre-Hispanic transoceaniccontacts between the Old and New Worlds. But it is unclear whether it will resolve what is one of the most contentious debates in modern cultural anthropology.
"I see no reason why ancient contact is not possible," says Betty Meggers, an anthropologist at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington DC, who says that ancient Ecuadorian and Japanese pottery have identical features.
David Grove, an archaeologist at the University of Illinois in Urbana, Champaign agrees the head is Roman, but questions its significance. It could, for example, have been taken off a Roman shipwreck on the Mexican coast, which would not require significant interaction between ancient Americans and Romans, he says. There is also no evidence of ancient cultures from Europe or elsewhere making a significant mark on pre-Columbian cultures.
Source: Ancient Mesoamerica (vol 10, p 207)
The barbarians who brought down the Roman Empire were a multifarious assortment of peoples and cultures spread across several hundred years. Their motives and methods were diverse, but they shared a jealousy and a hunger for the wealth and abundance of the Empire.
E.A. Thompson's essays reconstruct the decline of the Western Empire -- central and western Europe -- from the perspective of the invading Goths, Sueves, Huns, Vandals, Rugians, Saxons, Franks and others. These "barbarians" were not mere destroyers, Thompson argues, but partners in a complex period of great change and upheaval.
Lacking written records, "it is difficult not to see them as the Romans saw them; and the Romans had no wish to enter into their minds and to understand their outlook," Thompson explains. "Their attitudes towards the outside world, towards natural phenomena and the gods, towards society and their fellow men, their hopes and ambitions, what they laughed at, and how they loved and prayed, cannot now be known, or at best are matters of little more than guesswork."
Thompson comes as close as anyone has to comprehending who and what the barbarians were, and explaining them in their historical context.
Also by E.A. Thompson:
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