Oh goodness... that is an immensely complicated topic. Many thousands of people have put in decades of work figuring out exactly what happens when two subatomic particles collide. The calculations are all done using quantum field theory, so I would say if you want to learn about the process involved in describing the outcome of a collision, read up on QFT - not necessarily in the full detail needed to do the calculations, but at least enough to know the basic overview of how it works. (I happen to be a fan of this book, if you know some quantum mechanics.)
I don't know of any master list of all the possible interactions that can occur when two particles collide. A good general guideline, though, is that anything that can happen will happen. In other words, when you collide two particles together, any set of particles that have the same conserved charges as the original particles can be produced. For example, imagine colliding an electron and a positron, both polarized such that they have spins pointing in opposite directions. The pair together have zero charge, zero total spin, zero lepton number, zero baryon number, etc. So any set of particles that also has all those charges totaling zero is a potential result. At low energy, you'll probably get two photons, but at higher energies you could get, say, a muon and antimuon, or even a proton and an antiproton. (Or two protons and two antiprotons, etc.) The requirement for production of massive particles is simply that the total energy of the colliding particles is at least the total mass (times $c^2$) of the particles produced.
Collisions between composite particles like protons are much more complicated than those between fundamental particles like electrons, because there are a lot more individual particles involved that can collide. What happens in these hadron collisions is typically that you get 2 or 3 high-energy jets, which are groups of particles that come out of the collision in roughly the same direction, along with a bunch of other lower-energy particles that emerge in random directions. Again, any set of products that obeys the relevant conservation laws is in general a possible outcome, but in high energy hadron collisions, you get so many product particles (hundreds or thousands) that basically anything can come out.