Personal finance is a term that covers managing your money as well as saving and investing. It encompasses budgeting, banking, insurance, mortgages, investments, retirement planning, and tax and estate planning. The term often refers to the entire industry that provides financial services to individuals and households and advises them about financial and investment opportunities.
Personal finance is about meeting personal financial goals, whether it’s having enough for short-term financial needs, planning for retirement, or saving for your child’s college education. It all depends on your income, expenses, living requirements, and individual goals and desires—and coming up with a plan to fulfill those needs within your financial constraints. To make the most of your income and savings, it’s important to become financially literate, so you can distinguish between good and bad advice and make smart decisions.
In general, it’s good to be carrying minimal debt. Having a mortgage is often unavoidable, and for most people that’s not a big problem as interest rates are currently low. But any high-interest rate debt, such as that from credit cards, should be paid off as soon as possible. Many cards are charging cardholders annual interest rates of 25% or more, and on $20,000 of debt, a 25% interest rate can cost you around $5,000 each year!
Have an emergency fund
It’s important to “pay yourself first” to ensure money is set aside for unexpected expenses, such as medical bills, a big car repair, day-to-day expenses if you get laid off, and more. Three to six months’ worth of living expenses is the ideal safety net. Financial experts generally recommend putting away 20% of each paycheck every month. Once you’ve filled up your emergency fund, don’t stop. Continue funneling the monthly 20% toward other financial goals, such as a retirement fund or a down payment on a house.
Get life insurance
If anyone is depending on you financially — and this can be not only your kids but also a spouse or even your parents or siblings — you need life insurance. It’s as simple as that. Term policies are generally better deals than whole life ones, as they only have you paying for coverage while you need it. Meanwhile, if you’re paying for life insurance and no one depends on your income any more — your kids are grown and your spouse will be fine financially without you — consider ending your policy in order to save money.
Have a budget
If you have no problem spending money on anything you want while also saving and investing sufficient sums to meet your financial goals (such as retirement, a home down payment, etc.), you may not need a budget. But most folks will profit by taking the time to track exactly how they’re spending their money and coming up with an improved, money-saving spending plan.
Devote a few months to tracking all your spending, to see where your money goes. Keep a notebook on you to record cash payments, and review bank statements and credit card statements for other expenses. List all your goals (such as, say, saving and investing $800 per month) and prioritize all your spending. Categories such as housing, food, utilities, and savings should come before travel and other discretionary spending. Draft a budget and stick to it.
Save money for Future
For best results throughout your financial life, live below your means — such as by using coupons, comparing prices before buying, bypassing some luxuries, and brown-bagging some lunches. The more you can save, the better off you’ll be — now and in retirement. There are lots of ways to save small sums such as $100 per week — which will net you a solid $5,200 per year. However much you’re saving, aim to increase it each year. You might hike the percentage of your pay that you contribute to your 401(k) account annually, and another strategy is to plow any raise you receive right into your savings.
Tax-advantaged retirement accounts
One great way to save more is to take advantage of tax-advantaged retirement accounts such as traditional and Roth IRAs and 401(k)s. The traditional forms of both will give you up-front tax breaks by shrinking your taxable income in the year of your contribution — while the Roth versions accept post-tax contributions and promise tax-free withdrawals if you follow the rules. The contribution limit is much more generous for 401(k)s — for 2018, it’s $18,500 plus $6,000 for those 50 or older. Contribute at least enough to your 401(k) to receive any matching money available from your employer — that’s free money, after all.
Invest Aggressively & Effectively
Few people have been saving sufficient sums for retirement throughout their working lives, so most have some catching up to do. The best way to do that is to start investing aggressively, socking away as much as you can. (Remember that your earliest invested dollars are the most powerful, as they have the most time to grow for you.
Next, be sure you’re investing as effectively as you can. If you’re socking away huge sums but keeping them all in money market-like investments, those sums won’t grow very quickly. Don’t settle for default settings. 401(k) plans typically feature default investment choices, and they tend to be conservative ones that won’t serve you well if you’re young and may not be great if you’re older, either. Be sure to find out what kinds of fees you’re being charged in your 401(k), too, and give extra consideration to choices with low fees. You can compare your employer’s 401(k) with other companies. If your fees seem steep, let your company know.
Sticking long-term money in the stock market should give you a good chance of solid growth. Doing so via index funds is a great way to go, as long as they’re low-fee ones focused on the broad market, such as the S&P 500, BSE, NSE, or the total U.S.or world stock market. They will likely outperform most managed stock mutual funds.
Monitor your credit score
Having a good credit score is important throughout much of your life, as it can get you lower mortgage interest rates, saving you tens of thousands of dollars and can also get you approved for the best credit cards — ones with great terms, great benefits, and more. To keep your credit score high, pay off your bills in full and on time, and don’t max out your credit limits on your cards.
Educate your children about money management
Educate your children about the value of a money and of investing. Talk openly and frequently about how you’re managing your money and making financial decisions. You might open a custodial account for them at a local brokerage and then study and invest in some companies together. The earlier they start socking money away, the longer it will have to grow. This personal finance rule is very powerful, as it can cascade down generations of your family. It also costs you little to nothing to do, and can result in your kids being financially self-sufficient throughout their lives, not needing support from you in their adulthood.
Let your retirement accounts grow
It’s also very smart to let any money in retirement accounts stay there until retirement, so it can continue to grow. About one in three investors cashed out their 401(k) before reaching age 59 1/2, per data from Fidelity Investments. Withdrawing money early results in a 10% penalty along with taxes on the income — and since many people cash out their accounts each time they leave a job, they’re often doing so at very young ages, losing out on a lot of potential retirement funds. Fidelity noted that the average cash-out for those under age 40 was $14,300. If that money had been left to grow for 25 more years and it averaged annual growth of 8%, it would amount to almost $98,000. That would have been enough to generate more than $300 in monthly income in retirement.
When you change jobs, instead of cashing out a 401(k) account, just roll it over into an IRA. Similarly, don’t borrow from your 401(k) plan, either, unless it’s an emergency and you really have no better option. That’s another way of stealing from your financial future.
Make smart Social Security decisions
Don’t make any Social Security decisions without reading up on the topic and weighing your options. It’s very much in your power to increase your Social Security benefits, if you strategize a little. You can make your checks bigger (or smaller) by starting to collect them earlier or later than your “normal” (in the eyes of the Social Security Administration) retirement age. There are also other income-maximizing strategies to consider, especially if you’re married and coordinate with your spouse.
Get Financial planner help
Finally, don’t be afraid to seek help getting your financial ducks in a row. Few of us learn much about money management in our lives, and retirement planning is so critical that it’s worth tapping the services of a good professional. Ones designated as fee-only won’t be looking to earn commissions from selling you products. Yes, you may pay several hundred dollars or more, but a good pro might save you much more than that.
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