Gardening with Natives in the Monterey Bay : Firescaping
California residents are fortunate in having a growing amount of information available to help them reduce the risk of losing property to wildfire. Books, pamphlets, websites and workshops provide detailed guidelines and recommendations for all aspects of “firescaping .”
The vegetation surrounding a home is one of several key considerations in assessing fire risk. Appropriate landscape design, plant selection and maintenance can greatly reduce the risk of property loss.
However, plants alone can’t do the job. It is essential to follow design, irrigation, and maintenance guidelines recommended by your local fire department, reference materials and landscape design/management professionals.
With each wildfire season, new lessons are learned about the behavior and reaction of fire and plants. Be sure to check for, and take advantage of, the most current information before starting your firescaping project.
Benefits of Using Native Plants for Landscaping
The attached list outlines a selection of California native plants currently identified as being useful in firescaping to help create a defensible space around your home. Here are a few reasons for incorporating natives in your firescape or, indeed, in any landscape.
- Natives that are adapted to the local climate and growing conditions can require less special care.
- Natives grown from local sources can help protect local plant genetics and ecosystem integrity.
- Native plants benefit native animals by providing habitat needs such as food, nectar, and cover.
- Natives can be used instead of non-native invasive plants (such as ice plant, ivy, periwinkle and non-native grasses). Invasive plants can spread from gardens to wildlands causing disruption of habitats, ecosystems, and natural processes such as nutrient, fire, and water cycles.
- Many natives are great-looking plants!
Qualities of Plants for Firescaping
Fire Resistance: Plants are considered relatively fire resistant if they contain greater amounts of moisture in their twigs and foliage. Although all plants will burn under enough heat, these plants may be slower to burn under less intense conditions especially if they are properly maintained and irrigated. It’s helpful to know and avoid plants that are strongly aromatic or contain volatile oils.
Low Fuel Volume: Plants contribute fuel to a fire based primarily on their height and density. Plants with a shorter, squatter stature keep fuel close to the ground. In contrast, an upright shrub or tree can contribute more fuel and a path for fire to burn and spread higher, faster, and hotter. Plants with an open branching pattern will not burn as fast as those with a tight pattern. However, even ground hugging plants can become a hazard if not maintained and dead or dry woody material is allowed to build up.
Importance of Design
The US Forest Service recommends creating landscape zones around your home or structures in the urban-wildland interface. The first zone is the “defensible space,” a 30 foot perimeter that receives the highest amount of irrigation to stay green during the hottest months. This zone should emphasize firescaping plants and design and be kept relatively clear to allow easy access and maneuverability for fire fighters.
Beyond the defensible space, the selection and arrangement of plants still plays a critical role. For example, breaking up hedges or clumps of plant material can help slow the momentum of a fire.
Importance of Maintenance
Even the best plants and landscapes can become problems if they are not properly maintained. Firstly, make sure you use plants that are adapted to the site and recommended for firescaping. After that, make sure that your plants are kept healthy and appropriately spaced in order to reduce the fuel volume. This can be done by applying the necessary amounts of irrigation and by pruning the plants correctly.
Add Color with California Native Wildflowers
Add color and variety to your firescape by including California native wildflowers. Choose plants that are low growing and can be cut back regularly.
Lupines and California poppies can be seeded in to obtain the classic California blue and gold landscape. California fuchsia (Epilobium spp. Syn. Zauschneria spp.) and certain monkeyflowers (Mimulus spp.) are attractive flowering shrubby perennials. Both plants are relatively low growing (some less than 1’ tall) and can be neatly pruned to maintain a low fuel volume. Yarrow (pink and white-flowering forms are available) and farewell-to-spring (Clarkia spp.) can also be added for color.
Suggested native plants for “firescaping” in the Monterey Bay
California native plants that perform well in the Monterey Bay and that are suitable for firescaping are listed below. When choosing plants for firescaping it’s essential to remember that their fire performance can be seriously compromised if they are not maintained appropriately. This is true for both natives and non-natives.
Plants that are not properly irrigated or pruned or that are planted in climate zones not generally recommended for the plant, will have increased fire risk and will probably make the mature plant undesirable for landscaping in high fire hazard zones. (U.C. Forest Products Laboratory: www.ucfpl.ucop.edu/I-Zone)
(See the table below.)
Some Information Sources
Brenzel, Kathleen. Sunset Western Garden Book. Sunset Publishing Corp. 1995. 624 p.
Gilmer, Maureen. The Wildfire Survival Guide. Taylor Publishing Co., 1995. 162 p.
Parkinson, Hillary. Landscaping with Native Plants of the Intermountain Region. Technical Reference #1730-3. United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management, Boise, ID. 2003. 47 p.
University of California Forest Products Laboratory. Urban-Wildland Interface-Fire: The I-Zone Series. Defensible Space Landscaping in the Urban/Wildland Interface. A Compilation of Fire Performance Ratings of Residential Landscape Plants. University of California. www.ucfpl.ucop.edu/I-Zone.
The fire resistance ratings in the plant list below have been taken from The Wildfire Survival Guide by Maureen Gilmer. Not all plants are ranked.
|Sedum species||Stonecrop||H||< 1’||varies||Sun-part shade||many||Several species and varieties|
|Dudleyaspecies||Bluff Lettuce||H||< 1.5’||varies||Sun-part shade||yellow||Many species|
Low-Growing Ground Cover Shrubs:
|Arctostaphyloshookeri‘Monterey Carpet’||Monterey carpetmanzanita||L||1’||5-8’||Sun-part shade||pink||Forms compact ground cover, shiny red berries|
|Arctostaphylosuva-ursi‘Wood’s Compact’||Wood’s compactmanzanita||L||1’||6’||Sun-part shade||white-pink||Popular groundcover, shiny red berries|
|Baccharispilularis ‘Twin Peaks’||Dwaft coyote brush||L||1-2’||6’||Sun-part shade||white||Bright green leaves, moderate growth rate|
|Ceanothusgloriosus||Pt. Reyesceanothus||L||1-1.5’||4-6’||Sun-part shade||light blue||Several selections available.|
|Ceanothusgriseus var.horizontalis||Carmel creeper||L||1-3’||5-15’||Sun-part shade||light blue||Easy-care, handsome groundcover.|
|Mahoniarepens||Creeping barberry||M||1-3’||3’||Sun-part shade||yellow||Slow-growing. Bronze foliage in winter|
|Salviasonomensis||Sonoma sage||M||1-2’||6’||Sun-part shade||lavender||Fast-growing with aromatic foliage.|
|Cercisoccidentalis||Western redbud||—||10-20’||8-10’||Sun-part shade||magenta||Winter-deciduous. Dramatic fall color.|
|Heteromelesarbutifolia||Toyon||—||6-10’||6-10’||Sun-part shade||white||Red berries in fall-winter.|
|Mimulusaurantiacus||Sticky monkey-flower||—||3’||3’||Sun||orange||Long-blooming season.|
|Rhamnuscalifornica||Coffee-berry||—||3-15’||3-10’||Sun-part shade||greenish yellow||Large berries go from green to red then black when ripe.|
|Rhusintegrifolia||Lemonadeberry||—||4-5’||15’||Sun-part shade||pink||Large shrub with dark, glossy green leaves.|
|Achilleamillefolium||Common yarrow||M||2-3’||may spread||Sun-Part shade||white-pink||Lacy, fernlike leaves.|
|Epilobiumcalifornica(syn.Zauschneria)||Californiafuschia||—||1-3’||1-3’||Sun||dk. red||Attracts hummingbirds.|
|Eriophyllumconfertiflorum||Golden yarrow||—||1-2’||1-2’||Sun||yellow||Gray, wooly foliage.|
|Festuca rubra||Creeping red fescue||—||8-15”||Creep-ing||Sun-part shade||—||Bright green grass.Mowable.|
|Fragariachiloensis||Beach strawberry||M||6-12”||lush mats||Partial shade||white||red fruit attracts birds|
|Grindeliastricta||Gum plant||—||2-3’||2-3’||Sun||Bright yellow||Blooms at end of summer.|
|Heucheramaxima||Coral bells||M||1’||1-2’||Shade||Creamy white||Good cut flower.|
|Irisdouglasiana||Douglas iris||M||1-2’||clump-ing||Sun-part shade||varies||Showy flowers|
|Sisyrinchiumbellum||Blue-eyed grass||—||8-10”||clump-ing||Sun||blue-purple||Member of iris family|
|Sisyrinchiumcalifornicum||Yellow-eyed grass||—||1’||clump-ing||Sun-part shade||yellow||Blooms spring-summer|
|Lupinus nanus||Sky Lupine||—||8-24”||—||Sun||blue|
|Nemophilamenziesii||Baby blue eyes||—||6-12”||—||Sun-part shade||blue|
|Phaceliacampanularia||California desert bluebells||—||6-12”||—||Sun||blue|