Application of phosphate fertilizers to the soil is an essential management practice for all crops (Arvieu, 1972; Olsen and Sommer; 1982; Dib, 1985). The P of phosphate fertilizers changes in the soil to non-soluble compounds and becomes unavailable and cannot be absorbed by plants. In calcareous soils, in which calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg CO3) and argonite are dominate carbonates, reactions with phosphates take place giving compounds rich in Ca or Mg. In addition, phosphate ions combined with Fe and Al hydroxides in acid soils forming unsoluble compounds.
Natural phosphate (Apatite) cannot be used in calcareous or alkaline soils, but can be used in acid soils (Black and Kempthorne, 1956). Many researchers studied the application of natural phosphates in acid soils and confirmed it=s importance in increasing both available-P in these soils and crop response (Dib, 1986; Rajan et al., 1991a, b; Haque and Lupwayi, 1998). Black and Kempthorne (1956) stated that addition of natural phosphate to acid soils is more effective than triple supper phosphate.
The importance of using natural rock phosphate in Syrian acidic soils is due to: the abundance of acid soils areas which reach 20, 0000 ha, their very low soil-phosphorus content, the availability of huge amounts of natural phosphate (one billion tons) in the country and the fact that local production of phosphate fertilizer is not meeting the increasing demand. Moreover, the use of natural rock phosphate is cheap and saves the sulfur which is used in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers. However, the available information on using Syrian rock phosphate in Syrian acidic soils is very scarce.
The objective of this study was to follow the behavior of the added natural phosphate to Syrian acidic soils, its effect on plant and the possibility of using it as a source of phosphate, for these soils.
Materials and Methods
Soils of west part of Homs governorate were selected. The soil of this region in under lithic Haploxerolls sub-group which follows Haploxerolls group which is located under xerolls sub-order which follows Mollisols order which has volcanic origin. Nine locations were selected which have acidic pH. Surface soil samples (0-30 cm) were collected and prepared for physico-chemical analyses. Ranges of soil characteristics are given in Table 1.
Soil texture is ranged from sandy to sandy clay and sometimes sandy clay loam. All soils have acidic pH values, ranging from 4.98 to 6.36 in H2O extract and from 4.04 to 5.76 in KCl extract. All soils have high organic matter content (2.43-4.24) except one site (0.95%). The soils have poor C/N ratio and good values for both cation exchange capacity and saturation percentage with cations. Mg ions are predominant and have antagonistic effects on absorption of K and Ca, whereas Ca/Mg ranged from 1.06 to 2.02. Similarly, K/Mg ratios were very low in these soils. Both ratios are calculated from Table 1. Therefore, calcium and potassium malnutrition are expected. P2O5 content is relatively low. A representative soil of this area (Thahr El-Koseer site) with low phosphate content was used in this study (Table 1).
Ray Grass D Italy (Lolium sp.) plant was selected as a test plant due to its good growth in different soil types, resistance for diseases and insects, rapid emergence and ability for cutting more than once and finally for its high depletion of the nutrients from soil.
Natural and dust phosphates from Khnefes mines and Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) were used in the experiment:
||Natural phosphate (30.96% P2O5) which
was prepared for export or for manufacture of TSP.
||Dust phosphate (25.2% P2O5) which produced
from treatments of concentrated natural phosphate in concentration unit.
||TSP (46% P2O5) as control.
||Range values of soil physico-chemical characteristics of the
nine locations representing acid soils and of the soil used in the experiment
(depth 0-30 cm)
|| Phosphate rates used in the experiment*
|* The control treatment contains: 200 kg P2O5
haG1 as TSP (46% P2O5) = 100 mg P2O5/pot
Pot experiment was designed in completely randomized plot with four replicates in glasshouse at temperature of 28EC±2. Pots of 1.8 kg air-dried soil per each one were used and three rates of natural and dust phosphates: 700, 1400 and 2100 kg haG1 and one rate of TSP; i.e., 200 kg ha G1 as control were used (Table 2). N and K fertilizers were used as follows:
||N as NH4 NO3 38% : 100 kg N ha G1
= 180 mg/pot.
||K2O as K2SO4 54.02% : 150
kg K2O ha G1 = 74.88 mg/pot.
All fertilizers were mixed with the soil, prior to sowing. Three gram of rye grass seeds per pot were seeded 11 days after the addition of natural phosphate and other fertilizers to the soil. The pots were watered to reach the field capacity. Two cuts were taken, the first 20 days after sowing and the second 17 days later.
Available amounts of P2O5 in soil solution and pH of the soil of each treatment, in addition to total amount of P absorbed by rye grass after each cut were determined.
||Phosphorus in the raw material was determined using ammonium
citrate after digestion with nitric acid.
||Available P in the soil was determined by Dyer method (Gervy,
||Exchangeable Ca, Mg, Na and K were extracted by ammonium acetate.
Ca and Mg were determined by EDTA method. Na and K were photometrically
||pH in soil solution was measured in 1:2.5 water or KCl suspension.
||Plant P was determined by ammonium vandate-molybdate method
after drying at 500EC and wet digestion.
||Plant Ca was determined by using Chelating method (Chapman
and Pratt, 1961).
Results and Discussion
Chemical Composition of Natural Phosphates
The type of Syrian phosphate is Flouro-Apatite CO10 (PO4)6
F2 contains calcium carbonate and silica as impurities. The chemical
analyses indicate also that Syrian phosphate has low contents of iron (0.225%)
and aluminum (0.3%) oxides whereas, it contains high amount of calcium oxide
(50%). On the other hand, P2O5 content differ according
to the product, it ranges from 25.2% in the dust phosphate to 30.96% in natural
Calcium is present as impurity of natural and dust phosphates. Accordingly, the importance of natural phosphate in fertilizing the acidic soil is to enrich these soils with orthophosphates ions in addition to increase calcium concentration which improves the physicochemical properties and the fertility of these acidic soils.
Effect on P absorbed by Plant
The response of plant to the addition of both natural and dust phosphates
was highly significant compared with control. The phosphate absorption by plants
was in the following order: natural phosphate > dust phosphate > control
On the other hand, by comparing the absorbed amounts of P by rye grass plants of each cut as affected by increasing amounts of natural and dust phosphates, it was found that using higher rates of both phosphates resulted in increasing the absorbed amount of P over the lower rates and control (Table 4).
|| Total amount of P2O5 absorbed by rye
grass (mg P2O5 gG1 dry matter)
|| Effect of phosphate application on absorption of phosphorus
by rye grass (mg P2O5 gG1 dry matter)
It was, also, found that there is a significant difference between the types of phosphate. F test showed that the calculated F was 197.9, whereas the tabulated F was 3.89 and 6.93 for the natural and dust phosphates, respectively. On the other hand, the LSD for differences between the cuts was 0.076 and 0.11 at 5 and 1% levels, respectively and between the control and both phosphate treatments were 0.098 and 0.138 for natural and dust phosphates, respectively, for the first cut. Whereas for the second cut, the LSD between natural and dust phosphates was 0.0872 and 0.122 at 5 and 1% levels, respectively.
It might be concluded that there are significant differences between the different phosphates and between each of them and the control and also between the two cuts.
Movement of added phosphorus compounds in the soil differs than that in soil solution. These compounds remain in the surface layer and do not move to the deeper layers as nitrogenous fertilizers. This behavior results in decreasing available phosphorus concentration during plant growth stages. In addition, when P-concentration decreases in the soil solution, the absorbed phosphorus ions are released from colloids to make a balance between the soluble and absorbed parts of P in the soil.
Effect on Soil pH
The results showed that the addition of both natural and dust phosphates
to acidic soils increased the pH with different degrees according to the rate
and type of phosphates used. Dust phosphate was more effective in increasing
the soil pH than natural phosphate (Table 5). This is due
to high calcium carbonate content of dust phosphate and its content of high
percent of particles with less than 40 micron which increase area of the particles
and then increase the release of phosphate ions from the dust compared with
the natural phosphate.
Effect on P and Ca Balance in Soil
Soil samples were taken after the second cut of the rye grass from all treatments
and P2O5 contents were determined. The initial concentration
of P in soil before addition of phosphates was 150 ppm as P2O5.
The results showed that both dust and natural phosphates released high amounts
of P2O5 but there is no significant difference between
type or rates of phosphate used (Fig. 1).
The used soil contains calcium carbonate and very low content of exchangeable Ca (9.7 meq/100 g soil) with very low ratio of Ca/Mg (1:18) have bad effect on calcium deficiency in apple crops found in these areas which also followed by Bitter pit disease. The data of pot experiment with rye grass indicated that addition of natural or dust phosphorus to these soils increased the phosphates, CaCO3 and the exchangeable Ca but there was no significant difference between type or rate of phosphates used (Table 6 and Fig. 2).
It can be concluded that application of natural or dust phosphate to the Syrian
acidic soils improves their chemical properties through increasing the soil
pH and exchangeable Ca, in addition to increasing, the available amount of phosphorus.
|| Effect of natural rock phosphate on soil pH after cutting
the rye grass
|| Phosphate, CaCO3 and exchangeable Ca content in
soils after application of phosphate
||Effect of rates and types of phosphates on soil P after cutting
the rye grass
|| Effect of rates and types of phosphate on exchangeable-Ca
after cutting the rye grass
Moreover, the available amount of residual P in the soil after harvest gives
enough stock to the following crops in the soil treated with natural or dust
This study was conducted in cooperation with the Egyptian-German Project Micro-nutrients and other Plant Nutrition Problems in Egypt executed by the National Research Centre (NRC) (Coordinator, Prof. M.M. El-Fouly) and the Institute for Plant Nutrition, Technical University, Munich (Prof. A. Amberger). The Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT) and the German Federal Ministry of Technical Cooperation (BMZ) supported the project through the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ).