|Also spelled||Hattin, Hutin|
|Date of depopulation||16–17 July 1948|
|Cause(s) of depopulation||Fear of being caught up in the fighting|
|Secondary cause||Military assault by Yishuv forces|
|Current localities||Arbel, Kefar Zetim|
Hittin (Arabic: حطّين, transliterated Ḥiṭṭīn or Ḥaṭṭīn) was a Palestinian village located 8 kilometers (5.0 mi) west of Tiberias. As the site of the Battle of Hattin in 1187, in which Saladin conquered most of Palestine from the Crusaders, it has become an Arab nationalist symbol. The shrine of Nabi Shu'ayb, venerated by the Druze as the tomb of Jethro, is on the village land. The village was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from the 16th century until the end of World War I, when Palestine became part of the British Mandate for Palestine. In the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, the village was depopulated.
Hittin was located on the northern slopes of the double hill known as the "Horns of Hattin." It was strategically and commercially significant due to its location overlooking the Plain of Hittin, which opens onto the coastal lowlands of Lake Tiberias to the east, and to the west, is linked by mountains passes to the plains of lower Galilee. These plains, with their east-west passages, served as routes for commercial caravans and military invasions throughout the ages.
Archaeological excavation at the village has yielded pottery fragments from the Chalcolithic Period and the Early Bronze Age.The village may have been built over the Canaanite town of Siddim or Ziddim (Joshua 19:35), which in the third century BC acquired the Old Hebrew name Kfar Hittin ("village of grain"). It was known as Kfar Hittaya in the Roman period. In the 4th century, it was a Jewish rabbinical town.
Hittin was located near the site of the Battle of Hattin, where Saladin defeated the Crusaders in 1187. It is described as having been near the base camp of Saladin's Ayyubid army, by Lieutenant-Colonel Claude Conder in Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1897). Conder writes: "The place was surrounded by olives and fruit trees, and a good spring—copious and fresh—flowed on the northwest into the gorge of Wadi Hammam. Many prominent figures from the Islamic period in Palestine were born or buried in Hittin according to early Arab geographers such as Yaqut al-Hamawi and al-Ansari al-Dimashqi (who himself was called the Shaykh of Hittin). 'Ali al-Dawadari, the writer, Quranic exegetist, and calligrapher, died in the village in 1302.
Ali of Herat wrote (c. 1173) that both Jethro and his wife were buried in Hittin. Yaqut al-Hamawi wrote that another shrine near Arsuf that claimed to be the tomb of Shu´aib was misidentified. Sunni Muslims and Druze would make ziyarats and pilgrimages to Hittin to the tomb of Jethro, and the Druze celebration attracted members of their sect from other parts of the region of Syria.
In 1596 Hittin was a part of the Ottoman nahiya ("subdistrict") of Tiberias under the liwa' ("district") of Safed. The villagers paid taxes on wheat, barley, olives, goats and beehives. In 1646 the village was visited by Evliya Çelebi, who described it as follows: "It is a village in the territory of Safad, consisting of 200 Muslim houses. No Druzes live here. It is like a flourishing little town (bulayda) abounding with vineyards, orchards and gardens. Water and air is refreshing. A large fair is held there once a week, when ten thousand men would gather from the neighbourhood to sell and buy. It is situated in a spacious valley, bordered on both sides by low rocks. There is a mosque, a public bath and a caravanserei in it."
Richard Pococke, who visited in 1727, writes that it is "famous for some pleasant gardens of lemon and orange trees; and here the Turks have a mosque, to which they pay great veneration, having, as they say, a great sheik buried there, whom they call Sede Ishab, who, according to tradition (as a very learned Jew assured me) is Jethro, the father-in-law of Moses."
Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, a Swiss traveler to Palestine around 1817, described Hittin as a small village of stone houses. In 1838 Edward Robinson wrote the same thing.  William McClure Thomson, who visited in the 1850s, noted the "gigantic" hedges of cactus which surrounded the village. He reported that visiting the local shrine was considered a cure for insanity.
In 1863 H. B. Tristram, wrote about the "bright faces and bright colours" he saw there, and the "peculiar" costumes: "long tight gowns, or cassocks, of scarlet silk, with diagonal yellow stripes, and generally a bright red and blue or yellow jacket over them; while their cheeks were encircled by dollars and piastres, after Nazareth fashion, and some of the more wealthy wore necklaces of gold coins, with a doubloon for pendant in front." In the late 19th-century Hittin was described a large well-built village of stone, surrounded by fruit and olive trees. It had an estimated 400-700 villagers, all Muslim, who cultivated the surrounding plain. An elementary school was established in the village around 1897.
In the early 20th-century, some of the village land in the eastern part of the Arbel Valley was sold to Jewish land purchase societies. In 1910, the Jewish village of Mitzpa was established there, followed by Kfar Hittim in 1924.
British Mandate era
In the 1929 Palestine riots, the Arabs of Hittin joined forces with nearby villages to attack Kfar Hittim. The attack was repelled with the aid of British Police. Kfar Hittim was abandoned in 1933, and resettled in 1936.
In 1932 Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam and the local Palestinian leadership affiliated with the Istiqlal party inaugurated a celebration on the anniversary of Saladin's victory in Hittin. Hittin Day, held on August 27 of that year in the courtyard of a school in Haifa, was intended to be an anti-imperialist rally. It was attended by thousands of people from Palestine, Lebanon, Damascus, and Transjordan. The speeches delivered at the event centered around the independence of the Arab world and the importance of unity between Arab Muslims and Christians.
In 1945 Hittin is recorded as having a total land area of 22,764 dunams, of which 22,086 dunams were Arab-owned and 147 dunams were Jewish-owned. The remaining 531 dunams were public property. The built-up area of the village was 70 dunams and it was populated entirely by Arabs. Cultivable land amounted to 12,426 dunams, while uncultivated land amounted to 10,268 dunams. Of the cultivated land, 1,967 dunams consisted of plantations and irrigable land, and 10,462 dunams were devoted to cereals.
In 1948 the village mukhtar was Ahmad ´Azzam Abu Radi. According to the villagers, they did not feel threatened by their Jewish neighbours at Kfar Hittim, who had visited in November 1947 after the UN vote in favor of the United Nations Partition Plan, and assured the villagers they did not want war. There were 50 men in the village who had rifles, with 25-50 rounds of ammunition each.
The villagers grew anxious listening to Radio Amman and Radio Damascus, but remained uninvolved until June 9, when Jewish fighters attacked the neighbouring village of Lubya and were repulsed. Shortly after an Israeli armoured unit, accompanied by infantry, advanced towards the village from the direction of Mitzpa. The attack was rebuffed, but all the local ammunition was used up. On the night of July 16–17, almost all the inhabitants of the village evacuated. Many left for Sallama, between Deir Hanna and Maghar, leaving behind a few elderly people and 30-35 militiamen. On July 17, Hittin was occupied by the Golani Brigade as part of Operation Dekel. When the villagers tried to return, they were chased off. On one occasion, some men and pack animals were killed.
The villagers remained at Salamah for almost a month, but as their food-supply dwindled and their hope of returning faded, they left together for Lebanon. Some resettled in Nazareth. The Israeli government considered allowing 560 internally displaced Palestinians from Hittin and Alut to return to their villages.
State of Israel
In 1949 and 1950, the Jewish villages of Arbel and Kfar Zeitim were founded on the lands of Hittin.  In the 1950s, the Druze community in Israel was given official custodianship over the Jethro shrine and 100 dunams of land around it. A request to build housing there for Druze soldiers was rejected. The Druze annual pilgrimage continued to be held and was officially recognized as a religious holiday by Israel in 1954.
According to Ilan Pappé, a resident of Deir Hanna unsuccessfully applied to hold a summer camp on the site of the Hittin mosque, which he hoped to restore. The land is currently used as grazing pasture by the nearby kibbutzim. According to tradition, the mosque was built by Saladin in 1187 to commemorate his victory over the Crusaders. In 2007, an Israeli-Palestinian advocacy organization, Zochrot, protested development plans that encroach on the site and threaten to "swallow up the abandoned remains of the Hittin village."  The organization has urged that the site be rebuilt as a "place of reconciliation."  On Land Day that year, Zochrot held a tour to the village with former residents.
In 1596 Hittin had a population of 605. In the 1922 census of Palestine Hittin had a population of 889, which rose to 931 in the 1931 census. There were 190 houses that year. In 1945 the population was estimated at 1,190 Arabs. The village had a number of large and influential families; Rabah, 'Azzam, Shaiyabtah, Sa'adah, Sha'ban, and Dahabra.
- List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War
- List of villages depopulated during the Arab-Israeli conflict
- Morris, 2004, p. xvii, village #94. Also gives causes of depopulation.
- Khalidi, 1992, p. 521.
- Getzov (2007): Hittin
- Lane-Poole, 1898 (repr. 2007), p. 189.
- Khalidi, 1992, p. 521
- le Strange, 1890, p.450, p.451
- Firro, 1999, p. 236.
- Nicolle, 1993, p. 91.
- Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 190. Quoted in Khalidi, p. 521.
- From a translation in Stephan, 1935-44, QDAP, pt III, 72. Cited in Petersen, 2002, p. 148
- Pococke, 1811, p.458.
- Burckhardt, 1822, p. 250.
- Robinson, 1856, p.396
- Thomson, p. 117, p.118
- Tristram, 1865, p. 451
- Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP, Vol. I, p.360. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 521
- Matthews, 2006, p. 153.
- Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in S. Hadawi, Village Statistics, 1945. PLO Research Center, 1970, pp72,122,172.  Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine]
- Nazzal, 1978, p. 84
- A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Mark Tessler, Indiana University Press
- Nazzal, 1978, p. 85
- Morris, 2004, p. 423.
- Yehuda, Golani Brigade\Intelligence, Daily Summary 25-26.8, IDFA 1096\49\\64. Cited in Morris, 2004, p.445.
- Masalha, 2005, p. 107.
- Khalidi, 1992, p.523.
- Pappé, 2006, p. 218
- Eitan Bronstein (22 February 2007). "Objection to the Hittin Building Plan". Zochrot. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
- Tour of Hittin, Land Day 2007, Zochrot
- Bitan, 1982, p. 101.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hittin.|
- Bitan, A. (1982), Changes of Settlement in the Eastern Lower Galilee (1800-1976
- Burckhardt, Johann Lewis (1822), Travels in Syria and the Holy Land
- Conder, Claude Reignier and H.H. Kitchener (1881): The Survey of Western Palestine: memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archaeology. London:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. vol 1
- Getzov, Nimrod (2007): Hittin, Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel, No. 119
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977), Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century, Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft
- Guérin, Victor (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine. Vol 3, Galilee, pt. 1.
- Khalidi, Walid (1992), All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948, Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, ISBN 0-88728-224-5
- Masalha, Nur (2005), Catastrophe Remembered: Palestine, Israel and the Internal Refugees : Essays in Memory of Edward W. Said (1935-2003), Zed Books, ISBN 1-84277-623-1
- Matthews, Weldon C. (2006), Confronting an Empire, Constructing a Nation: Arab Nationalists and Popular Politics in Mandate Palestine, I.B.Tauris, ISBN 1-84511-173-7
- Lane-Poole, Stanley (1898, repr. 2007), Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, The Other Press, ISBN 983-9541-55-2
- Morris, Benny (2004), The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, ISBN 0-521-00967-7
- Nazzal, Nafez (1978): The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948, The Institute for Palestine Studies, (Hittin p. 83-86.)
- Nicolle, David (1993), Hattin 1187: Saladin's Greatest Victory, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-284-6
- Oliphant, Laurence (1887), Haifa, or Life in Modern Palestine, archive.org (p.152 )
- Pappé, Ilan (2006): The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, London and New York: Oneworld, ISBN 1-85168-467-0
- Petersen, Andrew (2002), A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine: Volume I (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0
- Pococke, Richard (1811): A Description of the East and Some other Countries, p. 458
- Robinson, Edward, (1856): Biblical researches in Palestine, and in the Adjacent Regions. A journal of travels in the year 1838. Vol II
- le Strange, Guy (1890), Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500, Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, London
- Thomson, William McClure (1860): The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land, Published by Harper & brothers
- Tristram, H. B. (1865), The land of Israel: Travels in Palestine (Third edition, revised ed.)