...It is strongly complete if the addition to it (as an extra axiom) of any wff whatever that is not already a theorem would make the system inconsistent. Finally, an axiom or transformation rule is independent (in a given axiomatic system) if it cannot be derived from the remainder of the axiomatic basis (or—which comes to the same thing—if its omission from the basis would make the...
TITLE: metalogic SECTION: The propositional calculus
The independence of the axioms is usually proved by using more than two truth values. These values are divided into two classes: the desired and the undesired. The axiom to be shown independent can then acquire some undesired value, whereas all the theorems that are provable without this axiom always get the desired values. This technique is what originally suggested the many-valued logics.