|Army National Guard|
Seal of the Army National Guard
As state-funded militia under various names: 1636–1903|
As federal reserve forces called the Army National Guard: 1903–present
|Size||358,200 (Authorized end strength for Fiscal Year 2013)|
U.S. Department of the Army|
National Guard of the United States
Militia (United States)
Army National Guard Readiness Center, Arlington Hall|
Arlington County, Virginia, U.S.
|Anniversaries||December 13, 1636 (founding)|
|Director of the Army National Guard||LTG William E. Ingram, Jr., USA|
|Ceremonial chief||GEN Frank J. Grass, USA|
The Army National Guard (ARNG), in conjunction with the Air National Guard, are the primary United States federal and state military reserve force. They are simultaneously part of two different organizations, the National Guard of the Several States, Territories and the District of Columbia (also referred to as the Militia of the United States), and the National Guard of the United States. The Army National Guard is divided into subordinate units stationed in each of the 50 states, three territories and the District of Columbia, and operates under their respective governors.
- 1 Activation
- 2 History
- 2.1 Founding
- 2.2 Early action
- 2.3 French and Indian War
- 2.4 American Revolution
- 2.5 Post Revolutionary War
- 2.6 Constitutional Convention
- 2.7 Militia Acts of 1792
- 2.8 War of 1812
- 2.9 Post War of 1812
- 2.10 Origin of the Term “National Guard”
- 2.11 Mexican-American War
- 2.12 American Civil War
- 2.13 Post American Civil War
- 2.14 Expanded Use of "National Guard"
- 2.15 Spanish-American War
- 2.16 The Dick Act
- 2.17 National Defense Act of 1916
- 2.18 Pancho Villa Expedition
- 2.19 World War I
- 2.20 National Defense Act of 1920
- 2.21 National Defense Act of 1933
- 2.22 World War II
- 2.23 Post World War II
- 2.24 Korean War
- 2.25 Vietnam War
- 2.26 Post Vietnam War
- 2.27 Late 20th century
- 2.28 21st century
- 3 Presidents who Served in the Army National Guard
- 4 Prominent members
- 5 Directors of the Army National Guard
- 6 Army National Guard Units and Formations
- 7 Army National Guard by state
- 8 Legacy units and formations
- 9 References
- 10 External resources
Activation[edit | edit source]
The Army National Guard as currently authorized and organized operates under Title 10 of the United States Code when under federal control, and Title 32 of the United States Code and applicable state laws when under state control.
The Army National Guard may be called up for active duty by the state or territorial governors to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as those caused by hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes, as well as civil disorder.
The District of Columbia Army National Guard is a federal militia, controlled by the President of the United States with authority delegated to the Secretary of Defense, and through him to the Secretary of the Army.
Members or units of the Army National Guard may be ordered, temporarily or indefinitely, into the service of the United States. If mobilized for federal service, the member or unit becomes part of the Army National Guard of the United States, which is a reserve component of the United States Army. Individuals volunteering for active federal service may do so subject to the consent of their governors. Governors generally cannot veto involuntary activations of individuals or units for federal service, either for training or national emergency. (See Perpich v. Department of Defense.)
The President may also call up members and units of the Army National Guard, in its status as the militia of the several states, to repel invasion, suppress rebellion, or enforce federal laws.
The Army National Guard of the United States is one of two organizations administered by the National Guard Bureau, the other being the Air National Guard of the United States. The Director of the Army National Guard is the head of the organization, and reports to the Chief of the National Guard Bureau.
Because the Army National Guard is both the militia of the several states and a federal reserve component of the Army, neither the Chief of the National Guard Bureau nor the Director of the Army National Guard "commands" it. This function is performed in each state or territory by the State Adjutant General, and in the District of Columbia by the Commanding General of the District of Columbia National Guard when a unit is in its militia status. The Chief of the National Guard Bureau and the Director of the Army National Guard serve as the channel of communications between the Department of the Army and the Army National Guard in each state and territory, and administer federal programs, policies, and resources for the National Guard.
History[edit | edit source]
Founding[edit | edit source]
Though a militia was mustered in Spanish Florida in the 1500s, the modern Army National Guard traces its origins to December 13, 1636, the day the Massachusetts Bay Colony's General Court passed an act calling for the creation of three regiments by organizing existing separate militia companies in the town around Boston. The creation of the militia regiments was caused by the perceived need to defend the Bay colony against American Indians, as well as colonists and military members from other European countries who were operating in North America, including: the French in what is now Canada; the Spanish in what is now Florida, The Carolinas, and Georgia; and the Dutch in what was then New Netherland, which now comprises parts of New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts.
The General Court required that all able-bodied men between ages of 16 and 60, except judges and clergy members, be considered members of the colony's militia, which was organized as the North, South, and East Regiments. Militia members were required to equip themselves, take part in regular training, and report to their units when called. (The lineage of the North, South and East Regiments is maintained in the 21st century by: 1st Squadron, 182nd Cavalry Regiment and 1st Battalion, 181st Infantry Regiment (North); 1st Battalion, 101st Field Artillery Regiment (South); and the 101st Engineer Battalion (East).)
Early action[edit | edit source]
The militia of the Bay Colony, combined with militias from Plymouth and Saybrook and Native American allies from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes fought the Native Americans of Southern New England in the Pequot War (1634-1638). This war resulted in the hundreds of deaths, hundreds of Native Americans sold into slavery or scattered throughout North America, and the destruction of the Pequots as a group.
The militias of the Southern New England colonies fought Native Americans again in King Philip’s War from 1675 to 1676. This conflict led to the decisive defeat of the Narragansets, further straining relationships between Native Americans and white Europeans, but enabling continued white settlement of New England.
The American colonists maintained their militias in the late 1600s and 1700s, preferring the militia to a standing army as the result of English experience with a standing army when Oliver Cromwell established a military dictatorship during the English Civil War. In addition, the colonists had little interest in paying the taxes to maintain permanent garrisons of British troops. The militias were also an early experiment in democracy, with company grade officers often elected by their men, and the higher officers appointed by colonial governors or legislatures. The colonies did not exert centralized control over the militias or coordinate their efforts. Training typically took place during musters each summer, with militia members reporting for inspection and undergoing several days of training in drill and ceremony.
French and Indian War[edit | edit source]
During the French and Indian War, militias from several British colonies took part in various actions, including:
- Robert Dinwiddie dispatching Virginia militia, (most notably George Washington) to French outposts in the Ohio Country
- The Braddock Expedition
- Fort William Henry
- Siege of Louisbourg
- Battle of Quebec
Many leaders of both British and American forces during the American Revolution had military experience in the French and Indian War, including American militia veterans Washington, Israel Putnam, Daniel Morgan, Adam Stephen, Daniel Boone, Philip Schuyler, John Stark, and John Thomas.
American Revolution[edit | edit source]
When tensions escalated between the British government and the American colonists in the 1760s and 1770s, many citizens began organizing, equipping and training private militia units, in order to have bodies of troops that were outside the control of the royal governors.
Militia members served throughout the Revolution, often near their homes, and frequently for short periods. Militia units served in combat, as well as carrying out guard duty for prisoners, garrisoning of forts, and local patrols.
On some occasions, militia members performed ineffectively, as at the Battle of Camden in North Carolina. On other occasions they performed capably, including the Battles of Lexington and Concord, Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Bennington, Battles of Saratoga, and Battle of Cowpens.
Perhaps the most important role played by the militia was off the battlefield, by affecting the course of the political debate. Militia with Patriot sympathies was well established, particularly in the Mid-Atlantic and New England colonies, causing the British Army to concentrate their forces into larger, more defensible garrisons. With the countryside in the hands of the Patriot militia, neutrals or Loyalists gradually either fled to British garrisons (and from there, often to Canada) or became more accepting of the patriot goal of independence from Great Britain.
Post Revolutionary War[edit | edit source]
During the period of the Articles of Confederation, the weak federal government reduced the Continental Army to a handful of officers and soldiers. The Articles of Confederation required each state to maintain a militia, and allowed Congress to form a standing army only with the consent of nine of the thirteen states. Such consent was not forthcoming in an era when the population still harbored a distrust of a standing army, so Congress largely left the defense of the new nation to the state militias.
Constitutional Convention[edit | edit source]
During the Constitutional Convention in 1787, Federalist delegates argued for a powerful federal government, including federal control of the militia. Federalists anticipated using the military to defend the country if it were attacked, and to enforce federal laws when required.
Anti-Federalists advocated limited federal government, and wanted continued state control over the militias. Anti-Federalists based their arguments on three points. First, the militia could be available to the federal government to resist foreign invasions. Second, the militia served as a police force in each state, enabling it to maintain order and respect for the law. Third, once the new federal government replaced the one under the Articles of Confederation, the militia would be the last defense of the states in the event that a standing army raised by the federal government was employed against the states.
The compromise agreed to by both sides satisfied Anti-Federalists because there was no standing Army, and the militias remained the responsibility of the states, especially the appointment of officers. It satisfied the Federalists because it provided that the militia could be federalized when circumstances required it.
Militia Acts of 1792[edit | edit source]
The compromise between Federalists and Anti-federalists proved short-lived. In 1791 Arthur St. Clair suffered a major defeat in the Battle of the Wabash while fighting American Indians in the Northwest Territory. In response, Congress authorized the expansion of the Army, and allowed for the President to call up the state militias on his own authority if circumstances required it when Congress was not in session.
The First Militia Act of 1792 allowed the President to call up the militias in the event of a foreign invasion, in response to attacks by American Indians, and when required for the enforcement of federal law.
The Second Militia Act of 1792 formalized the organization and training requirements of the state militias. It mandated that the militia consisted of every "free able-bodied white male citizen" between ages 18 and 45, organized as members of a local unit. (A later change expanded eligibility to all men between 18 and 54, regardless of race.) Some occupations were exempt, including stagecoach drivers and ferry operators, who would be expected to support the militia by facilitating the transport of soldiers, supplies and equipment in the event of a mobilization. There were also religious exemptions for Quakers and other denominations that advocated nonviolence.
Militia units were required to report for training twice a year, usually in early summer (after Spring planting) and late Fall (after the autumn harvest but before snow fell). Militia members were required to outfit themselves and report for training or mobilization with a musket or rifle, bayonet, flints, cartridge box, bullets or musket balls, haversack or knapsack, and powder horn and gunpowder.
State legislatures were authorized to organize local units into divisions, regiments and subordinate commands, and federalized militia members were made subject to court martial proceedings for disobeying orders and other offenses.
Part of this reorganization included removing state governors as commanders with military rank (Captain General), and the creation of the state Adjutant General. The Adjutant General reported directly to the governor and served as commander of the state militia. States were slow to respond, and some did not begin appointing Adjutants General until after the War of 1812.
President George Washington used the authority of the Second Act in 1794 to call up the militia in response to the Whiskey Rebellion. He did so shortly before that provision of the Second Act was about to expire. Recognizing that the authority might be needed again in the future, Congress responded by passing the Militia Act of 1795, which made permanent the President's ability to call up the militia on his own authority if Congress was not in session.
The use of the militia in the Whiskey Rebellion made clear that militias were not well organized, effectively trained, or capably led. Washington and other Federalists advocated the creation of a national military academy to standardize training and increase the number of citizens with military experience, and in 1802, the Army established the United States Military Academy at West Point.
War of 1812[edit | edit source]
At the start of the War of 1812 the regular army totaled less than 12,000 soldiers. Congress authorized expanding the army to 35,000, but recruiting was only moderately successful because of poor pay and a lack of trained leaders. In addition, war with England was less popular in some areas of the country than others, which made it difficult to convince men to enlist. For example, in Vermont residents saw little need to fight the British in the dominion of Canada, which was a profitable trading partner.
Both regular and hastily organized militias took part in battles throughout the war, with mixed results. For example, the militia fled during the Battle of Bladensburg, giving rise to the description of the event as the "Bladensburg races." On the other hand, less than three weeks later the Maryland militia won a strategic victory at the Battle of North Point. Alexander Macomb also led a successful action at Plattsburgh, with his small force of regulars and militia defeating a British attempt to invade upstate New York from Canada. In addition, Andrew Jackson employed militia effectively at the Battle of New Orleans.
In some cases militia members objected to serving outside their home states, arguing that since they were responsible to their state governors and not the federal government, they were not required to serve in other states or take part in invasions. Also, some state governors attempted to prevent their militias from being federalized, since they did not support the war. (The 1827 decision in the case of Martin v. Mott determined that governors could not interfere with the president's authority to call upon the militia to execute federal law, suppress insurrection and repel invasion. Jacob Mott, a New York militia member, refused James Madison's order to mobilize and refused to pay the fine levied by a subsequent court-martial. Martin, a United States Marshal, then seized Mott's property. Mott sued to recover his property and won in state court. Martin then took the case to the United States Supreme Court and prevailed.)
One result of the uneven performance of the militia, the lingering uncertainty over the willingness of militia troops to fight for causes that were unpopular locally, and the unresolved question of state versus federal control of the militia, was that the federal government was wary of attempting to federalize the militia during future conflicts.
Post War of 1812[edit | edit source]
In the wake of the War of 1812, the federal government attempted to standardize training and laws governing call up and mobilization for militia organizations throughout the United States.
These efforts to reenergize the militia lapsed as the result of the long period of relative peace that followed the War of 1812. (The Era of Good Feelings.) The number of occupations exempt from membership increased, and annual muster days became more picnic and parade than military formation. These factors, coupled with a lack of military leaders with training and experience, led to a gradual decline of the militia.
Origin of the Term “National Guard”[edit | edit source]
The first use of the term “National Guard” by American militia units dates from Lafayette's 1824-1825 tour of the United States. The 2nd Battalion of the 11th New York Artillery – which later became New York’s famed 7th Regiment - was one the units that welcomed Lafayette to New York City, and it adopted the title "National Guard" in honor of Lafayette's service as commander of the Garde Nationale de Paris during the French Revolution. During a review of militia units Lafayette took note of the term, and as it grew in popularity it was adopted by many militia units in the years that followed.
Mexican-American War[edit | edit source]
In the United States, war with Mexico had the support of Southern Democrats and their allies in the north, who were anxious to annex Texas and gain states that would permit slavery, while Northern Whigs and anti-slavery Democrats generally opposed the war because they did not support the extension of slavery. At the start of the war, the Army consisted of between 8,000 and 9,000 soldiers. Enthusiasm for the war, primarily in the south, spurred renewed interest in the militia, and membership began to grow.
The regular Army did not consider militia members to be reliable, and the issue of whether militia units could be employed outside the United States had not been resolved. As a result, Congress expanded the Army by authorizing the creation of ten regiments and the recruiting of 50,000 "volunteers"—individuals who were not in the regular Army and were not militia members subject to state control. In many cases, militia units volunteered for federal service en masse, and usually continued to be led by their militia officers.
American Civil War[edit | edit source]
President Lincoln summoned 75,000 militia on April 15, 1861 to suppress the insurrection, a call which was limited by law to 90 days and which was rejected by several slaveholding states which had not seceded. In May 1861, Lincoln put out a call for more militia as well as volunteers who would be willing to serve for three years. The Union's July 1861 advance on Manassas, which resulted in defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run was due in large part to the fast-approaching expiration of the initial 90-day militia call-up—the Lincoln administration and Union Army leaders wanted to employ them before they mustered out. The resulting Union loss occurred at the hands of a Confederate force which was also principally composed of militia.
The Union used a version of the Mexican-American War-era volunteer system to expand the size of the Union Army while while avoiding the restrictions on how long the militia could be employed. Many militia units were enlisted en masse, and many individuals who enlisted or received commissions in the Union Army were militia veterans.
State Adjutants General and the military staffs of the state governors in the Union were often responsible for equipping, training and transporting recruits and draftees to front line units. In addition, militias often garrisoned forts, performed local defense and border security patrols, and guarded prisoners. On several occasions, local militia became involved in larger battles, such as the Pennsylvania, New York and Rhode Island militia responding during the Gettysburg Campaign, and the militia of several southern states during Sherman's March to the Sea.
The Confederate States Army also frequently enlisted militia unit members as a group, and many individuals who joined the CSA were militia veterans. The Confederate states also used their militias for local duty in much the same way as the Union.
Union veterans of the militia who had leadership roles during the war included George J. Stannard. Chester A. Arthur, who served on the staff of the Governor of New York as Quartermaster with the rank of Brigadier General, played a key role in outfitting New York soldiers and transporting them to the front lines.
Prominent Confederate militia veterans included Braxton Bragg, who was a Colonel in the Louisiana Militia at the start of the war, and Sterling Price, who commanded the Missouri State Guard.
Post American Civil War[edit | edit source]
In 1867, Congress suspended the right of each former Confederate state to organize its militia until it resumed normal functions as part of the United States, and the U.S. Army enforced martial law during Reconstruction and guarded polls during the presidential election of 1876. In addition to enforcing federal law in the south, the Army was used to suppress labor unrest in the North, as during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. In response Congress passed the Posse Comitatus Act in 1878, which limited the president's ability to employ the military within the United States during peacetime without the consent of Congress.
Governors could still employ the militia during labor strikes or civil disturbances, and concern over the militia's increased use for this function led states to revise their militia laws and reorganize their units.
Expanded Use of "National Guard"[edit | edit source]
In 1861 Connecticut was the first state to formally adopt the title “National Guard” for its militia, and the term became near universal following the Civil War. By the time the National Defense Act of 1916 mandated the use of "National Guard" as the title for all organized militia, only Virginia had not already adopted it.
Spanish-American War[edit | edit source]
In the Spanish-American War, the U.S. government again used the volunteer concept to expand the Army without directly addressing the question of when militia could be federalized. As had happened previously, there were militia units that volunteered and were enlisted en masse, as well as individual militia members who joined volunteer units. Examples of the units that volunteered as a group include the 69th New York Infantry and the 71st New York Infantry.
The most famous organization of volunteers to fight in the war, the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, or “Rough Riders,” was organized in part from the New Mexico and Arizona National Guards. Originally commanded by regular Army officer Leonard Wood with former New York National Guardsman Theodore Roosevelt as second in command, it came under Roosevelt's leadership when Wood was promoted to command of a brigade.
The Dick Act[edit | edit source]
The official founding of the modern Army National Guard is often credited to passage of the Militia Act of 1903, which established a pattern that would continue throughout the 20th century of providing increasing federal resources and wartime relevance to the militia in return for increasing federal controls over their arming, organization and training. Also called the Dick Act, for sponsor Charles W. F. Dick, The 1903 law updated the Militia Act of 1792, though it left unresolved the key question of how to compel service of the militia outside the borders of the United States, which did not fall under the Constitutionally permitted uses of the militia "to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrection and repel invasions."
This fundamental restriction on the use of the militia had been unresolved a dilemma for military planners since the War of 1812. This uncertainty led the federal government to bypass the state militias in favor of creating volunteer armies, as was done for the Mexican-American War, the Union Army of the American Civil War, and the U.S. forces raised for the Spanish-American War – though in each of these cases, the volunteer forces raised came largely from already existing militia companies. While the Dick Act did not compel the militia to serve overseas, the expectation was that the increase in federal funding and training would spur increased volunteerism by militia members in the event of a war.
The Dick Act provided that states which wished to receive federal funding for their militia units had to organize their units according to standards dictated by the regular Army, and that National Guard members would have to meet the same training, education and readiness standards as their regular Army counterparts. In exchange, the federal government provided states with funding and equipment to enable militia reorganization and modernization, as well as training by regular Army officers should a governor request it. The Dick Act required that all members of National Guard units attend 24 four-hour drill periods during the course of each year (which were not paid for by the federal government) as well as 5 days of training at summer encampments (for which the federal government provided pay at the same rate as for soldiers in the regular Army).
The Dick Act also authorized creation of an office to oversee and coordinate the activities of the state militias. In response, the Army created the Militia Section within the Miscellaneous Division of the Adjutant General's office, staffed by Major James Parker and four clerks. This office became the Division of Militia Affairs in 1908, and Erasmus M. Weaver, Jr. was named to head it.
National Defense Act of 1916[edit | edit source]
Passed as part of the Preparedness Movement during and after the Villa expedition and before U.S. entry into World War I, the 1916 law named the state militias as the Army's primary reserve. The law also created a mechanism for involuntary mobilization of the National Guard for service outside the borders of the U.S. by stating that members of the militia would be drafted en masse into the Army in the event of an emergency, thus severing their tie to the states and the restrictions placed on usage of state militia. Officers and men were also required to swear an oath to serve both state and federal authorities. In addition, the law made mandatory the use of the term "National Guard" to describe the organized militia, and provided funding to pay members for attending drill. The act also increased the number of weekend or weeknight drills from 24 to 48 per year, and increased the annual training period from five days to 15. Federal funding of all aspects of the National Guard expanded dramatically as a result of this legislation, with the federal government taking over all arming, equipping and training expenses associated with the Guard, sharing only administrative and armory costs with the states. Prior to 1916, the states in aggregate spent more on the militia than the federal government. Since 1916, federal expenditures have far outpaced those of the states.
The 1916 Act also reorganized the Division of Militia Affairs within the Army as the Militia Bureau, removing it from the General Staff and elevating it to a position directly under the Secretary of War. It also authorized the two members of the National Guard to serve on active duty as assistants to the Chief of the Militia Bureau, the first National Guardsmen to be authorized to serve as members of the Army staff.
Pancho Villa Expedition[edit | edit source]
Numerous National Guard units were activated for service on the Mexico–United States border during the Pancho Villa Expedition. Many future leaders of both the National Guard and regular Army served in the National Guard during this event, including: John F. O'Ryan; Albert H. Blanding; Samuel Tankersley Williams; John Howell Collier; Milton Reckord; and Ellard A. Walsh.
World War I[edit | edit source]
In the spring of 1917, the U.S. declared war on Germany and entered World War I, and the National Guard played a major role. Its units were federalized and organized into divisions by state, which made up 40% of American Expeditionary Forces combat strength. Three of the first five U.S. Army divisions in combat were National Guard divisions, and the division with the highest number of Medals of Honor recipients was the National Guard's 30th Division. Six of the eight U.S. divisions rated "superior" or "excellent" by the German General Staff during the war were National Guard divisions.
National Guard divisions in World War I included the 26th; 27th; 28th; 29th; 30th; 31st; 32nd; 33rd; 34th; 35th; 36th; 37th; 38th; 39th; 40th; 41st; and 42nd. Most divisions came from one state or region, but the 42nd Division was made up of National Guard units not already assigned to other divisions, and included representation from 26 states and the District of Columbia.
National Guard participants in World War I included: future President Harry S. Truman, who commanded Battery D, 129th Field Artillery, a unit of the 35th Infantry Division; and William J. Donovan, who received the Medal of Honor as commander of the 42nd Division's 1st Battalion, 165th Infantry Regiment (the federalized designation of New York's 69th Infantry Regiment).
African American National Guardsmen participated in World War I as they had in America's other conflicts. Three of the four regiments which made up the 93rd Division were made of National Guardsmen, including the New York National Guard's 15th Infantry Regiment, which was federalized as the 369th Infantry Regiment. The 369th fought as part of the French 16th Division, and the entire regiment received the Croix de guerre, with 171 members receiving the Legion of Honor. In one of the most well known acts of heroism in the war, 369th soldiers Henry Lincoln Johnson and Needham Roberts fought off a German patrol of at least 24 soldiers, for which Johnson received the Distinguished Service Cross.
National Defense Act of 1920[edit | edit source]
Advocated by National Guard proponents including John McAuley Palmer, the National Defense Act of 1920 mandated that the Chief of the National Guard Bureau would be a National Guard officer, and the first Guard officer to serve as Chief was George C. Rickards. It also enabled National Guard officers to serve on the Army's general staff in addition to the Militia Bureau, reorganized the National Guard's divisions and subordinate commands, and provided federal funding for National Guard unit operating expenses.
National Defense Act of 1933[edit | edit source]
The National Defense Act of 1933 provided that the National Guard is considered a component of the Army at all times. Beginning with this law, each National Guard member has two military statuses—a member of the National Guard of his or her state, or a member of the National Guard of the United States when ordered into active duty. This enhanced the 1916 Act's mobilization provisions, making it possible to deploy National Guard units and individual members directly for overseas service in the event of a war, without having to draft them first.
The 1933 law also changed the name of the Militia Bureau to the National Guard Bureau.
World War II[edit | edit source]
In August, 1940 the National Guard was ordered to federal service for 12 months in anticipation of U.S, entry into World War II. More than 400,000 National Guardsmen were called up as parts of divisions or in non-divisional units, immediately doubling the size of the Army. 18 Army divisions, 80 separate regiments, and 29 Army Air Force flying squadrons were mobilized from National Guard organizations beginning in September 1940. After the United States officially entered the war in December 1941, one entirely new division (the Americal) and parts of several other Army divisions were organized with National Guard units.
Because National Guard units had been mobilized for over a year in December 1941, they were among the first to enter combat in the following months. California’s 251st Coast Artillery and Hawaii’s 298th Infantry took part in the defense of Oahu on December 7, 1941. New Mexico’s 200th Coast Artillery and two tank battalions made up of National Guard units form several states were part of the defense of the Philippines, with more than half of these men dying as prisoners of war of the Japanese.
North Dakota’s 164th Infantry, sent to reinforce the Marines on Guadalcanal in October 1942, was the first U.S. Army regiment to fight on the offensive in World War II. On New Guinea, the 32nd and 41st Infantry Divisions became the first Army divisions to engage and defeat the Japanese in late 1942 and early 1943. In Europe, the 34th Infantry was one of the first two US infantry divisions to fight in the European theater when it landed in Algeria as part of Operation Torch. The 29th Infantry Division of the Virginia, Maryland and District of Columbia National Guard was one of two assault divisions on Omaha Beach in Normandy during the D-Day landings on June 6, 1944.
National Guard units participated in all combat theaters and took part in 34 separate campaigns and seven assault landings, sustaining 175,000 casualties (killed and wounded). 48 Presidential Unit Citations were awarded to National Guard units, and National Guard soldiers received 14 Medals of Honor, 50 Distinguished Service Crosses, 48 Distinguished Flying Crosses, and more than 500 Silver Stars.
Despite the efforts of regular Army leaders to replace National Guard division commanders with regular Army officers, National Guard Major Generals Leonard F. Wing and Robert S. Beightler remained in command of their divisions, the 43rd and 37th, and Beightler was the only National Guard general to command his division for the entire duration of the war.
National Guard infantry divisions which participated in the war included: 26th; 27th; 28th; 29th; 30th; 31st; 32nd; 33rd; 34th; 35th; 36th; 37th; 38th; 40th; 41st; 43rd; 44th; 45th and Americal. National Guard regiments were also part of the 7th, 8th, 24th, and 25th Infantry Divisions.
Post World War II[edit | edit source]
The National Security Act of 1947 created the position of Secretary of Defense and the United States Department of Defense. In addition it removed the Secretary of War and Secretary of the Navy from the cabinet and placed their departments within the Department of Defense.
As a result of the Air Force's creation, the Air National Guard was formed. Under the control of the governors during peacetime, the Air Guard was organized along the same lines as the Army National Guard, as both a militia existing in each of the states, and as a federal reserve component of the US Air Force. The fielding of the Air National Guard also caused the creation of two new positions within the National Guard Bureau, the Director of the Army National Guard and Director of the Air National Guard, who each reported to the Chief of the National Guard Bureau.
The post-World War II reorganization of the National Guard was an emphasis on the creation of numerous Infantry and Armor divisions, oriented on a Cold War scenario that presumed large numbers of soldiers and tanks would be needed to stop an invasion of Western Europe by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (See Legacy units and formations.)
Korean War[edit | edit source]
President Harry S. Truman mobilized the National Guard for the Korean War. Four infantry divisions were activated—the 28th; 40th; 43rd; and 45th. The 40th and 45th served in Korea, while the 28th and 43rd deployed to West Germany as part of the Cold War deterrent to an invasion by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
By the end of the war, approximately 700 Army National Guard units had been mobilized, as had thousands of individual volunteers and soldiers involuntarily called to active duty because they had critical skills. Approximately 139,000 Army Guardsmen served during this conflict.
Vietnam War[edit | edit source]
During the Vietnam War the Administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson decided upon a draft to enhance active duty troop strength rather than calling on large numbers of the National Guard and Reserves. As a result, membership in a reserve component, including the Army National Guard, became a way to avoid combat service in an unpopular war. Amid accusations of favoritism in enlistment and "easy" service when compared to duty in Vietnam, the reputation of the Army National Guard declined even as enlistments increased.
Despite the decision not to call up the National Guard in full force, some units were activated, and individual National Guard members volunteered to be mobilized. Among the Army National Guard units mobilized during the Vietnam War were Artillery battalions from Kentucky and New Hampshire, and an Engineer company from Vermont. Company D (Long Range Patrol) 151st Infantry Regiment, Indiana Army National Guard, was the only National Guard Infantry unit to serve in Vietnam. Overall, between 12,000 and 13,000 Army National Guard members were activated for the Vietnam War, either as individual volunteers or in units.
The National Guard was also activated to quell numerous civil disturbances, including anti-Vietnam War protests and urban riots. The most notable of these was the May, 1970 event at Kent State University, at which four students were killed and nine wounded by members of the Ohio Army National Guard.
Post Vietnam War[edit | edit source]
The Army's experience with not having fully used the National Guard during the Vietnam War led to the creation of the 1973 Total Force Policy. With the Vietnam War draft having been ended in favor of an all volunteer military, the Total Force Policy required all active and reserve military organizations to be treated as a single integrated force. Following the experience of fighting in Vietnam without widespread popular support, the TFP was designed to involve the American public in military actions by mobilizing the National Guard from its thousands of locations throughout the United States.
In 1974 the "Abrams Doctrine" further expanded the TFP. Creighton Abrams, who had become commander of Military Assistance Command, Vietnam in 1968, became Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1972. Having seen the effects of President Johnson's decision to use the draft rather than calling on the National Guard and Reserve in large numbers, Abrams stated that the U.S. should never again go to war without calling up the Guard and Reserve.
Late 20th century[edit | edit source]
For much of the final decades of the twentieth century, National Guard personnel typically served "One weekend a month, two weeks a year", with a portion working for the Guard in a full-time capacity as members of the Active Guard Reserve (AGR) or as dual status federal technicians. (Dual status technicians are traditional National Guard members who are federal civilian emloyees during the regular work week, and work in uniform.)
As part of the Reagan Era defense build up, the National Guard began to transform from a strategic reserve to an operational one. This included modernization of equipment and weapons, more intensive training during drill and annual training periods, and increased overseas training opportunities.
In the late 1980s several state governors unsuccessfully challenged the authority of the President to federalize the National Guard in their states without their consent. Governor Rudy Perpich and others objected to the National Guard bring deployed to Central America during the political debate over whether the United States should be involved in the attempted overthrow of the Sandanista government of Nicaragua.
In the first major test of the Total Force Policy, several Army National Guard units were activated for the 1991 Gulf War, mostly combat support and combat service support organizations. Though there was controversy over the Army's decision not to deploy the "roundout brigades" of three divisions (the 48th Infantry Brigade, 155th Armored Brigade, and 256th Infantry Brigade) once they completed their mobilization training, other Army National Guard units were activated, served in Southwest Asia, and performed well. Approximately 60,000 Army Guard soldiers were activated for the Gulf War, including the 142nd Field Artillery Brigade and 196th Field Artillery Brigade.
The National Guard also continued to carry out its role to aid in civil disturbance control, including responding to the 1992 Los Angeles riots. In addition, it took on an increased role in U.S. illegal drug interdiction efforts.
The National Guard also maintained its role as a state force available to respond to natural disasters, as with 1992's Hurricane Andrew.
In the late 1990s, the Army National Guard was increasingly relied upon for overseas missions, including deployments in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Kosovo for stabilization and peacekeeping missions following the Bosnian War and Kosovo War.
21st century[edit | edit source]
The role of the National Guard expanded following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. As part of the Global War on Terrorism, National Guard units and individual National Guard members performed sustained active duty during Operations Noble Eagle, Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom, both as part of scheduled mobilizations and as individual volunteers. Currently, the Army National Guard represents 40% of the US Army's total combat capability.
In addition to deployments for the Global War on Terrorism, National Guard members continued in their roles of disaster relief and providing support to law enforcement when required. These responses included Hurricane Katrina in 2006, Hurricane Irene in 2011, and Hurricane Sandy and Hurricane Isaac in 2012.
Presidents who Served in the Army National Guard[edit | edit source]
Of the 43 individuals to serve as President of the United States as of 2013, 33 had military experience. Of those 33, 21 served in the militia or Army National Guard.
- George Washington, commissioned a Major in the Virginia Militia in 1753. He attained the rank of Colonel before resigning his commission at the end of the French and Indian War.
- Thomas Jefferson, Colonel and commander of the Albemarle County Militia at the start of the American Revolution
- James Madison, Colonel in the Orange County Militia at the start of the American Revolution and aide to his father, James Madison, Sr., who was the commander.
- James Monroe, served in the militia while attending the College of William and Mary. After being wounded at the Battle of Trenton while serving in the Continental Army, he returned to Virginia to recruit and lead a regiment as a militia Lieutenant Colonel, but the regiment was never raised. In 1780 the British invaded Richmond, Virginia, and Jefferson commissioned Monroe as a Colonel to command the militia raised in response and act as liaison to the Continental Army in North Carolina.
- Andrew Jackson, commander of the Tennessee Militia as a Major General prior to the War of 1812.
- William Henry Harrison, commander of Indiana Territory's militia and Major General of the Kentucky Militia at the start of the War of 1812.
- John Tyler, commanded a company called the Charles City County Rifles, part of Virginia's 52nd Regiment, in the War of 1812.
- James Polk, joined the Tennessee Militia as a Captain in a cavalry regiment in 1821. He was subsequently appointed a Colonel on the staff of Governor William Carroll.
- Millard Fillmore, served as Inspector of New York's 47th Brigade with the rank of Major. Commanded the Union Continentals, a militia unit raised to perform local service in Buffalo, New York during the American Civil War.
- Franklin Pierce, appointed aide de camp to Governor Samuel Dinsmoor in 1831. He remained in the militia until 1847 and attained the rank of Colonel before becoming a Brigadier General in the Army during the Mexican-American War.
- James Buchanan, a member of the Lancaster, Pennsylvania Militia. His unit, the Lancaster County Dragoons, took part in the defense of Baltimore, Maryland during the War of 1812.
- Abraham Lincoln, served in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War. He commanded a company in the 4th Illinois Regiment with the rank of Captain from April to May, 1832. He was a Private in Captain Alexander White's Company from May to June, 1832. He served as a Private in Captain Jacob Earley's company from June to July, 1832.
- Andrew Johnson, served in the Tennessee Militia in the 1830s, and attained the rank of Colonel. During the American Civil War he remained loyal to the Union and was appointed Military Governor of Tennessee with the rank of Brigadier General.
- Ulysses S. Grant, Having left the Army as a Captain, at the start of the Civil War he served in the Illinois Militia as aide de camp and mustering officer for Governor Richard Yates. He held these positions until being appointed commander of the 21st Illinois Infantry, which set him on the path to becoming a general and commander of all Union armies.
- Rutherford B. Hayes, joined a militia company in 1846 intending to fight in the Mexican-American War, but resigned because of ill health. Enlisted as a Private in a Cincinnati militia company at the start of the Civil War in 1861, and was elected commander with the rank of Captain. He was subsequently appointed a Major in the 23rd Ohio Infantry, and ended the war as a brigade commander and brevet Major General.
- James A. Garfield, commissioned a Lieutenant Colonel in the Ohio Militia in 1861, he took part in recruiting and training the 42nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, which he commanded as a Colonel. He later served as Chief of Staff for the Army of the Cumberland and received promotion to Major General.
- Chester A. Arthur, became a member of the New York Militia soon after become a lawyer. During the Civil War he served on the staff of Governor Edwin D. Morgan as Quartermaster General with the rank of Brigadier General. He later served as Morgan's Inspector General, responsible for visiting New York's front line units, assessing conditions and recommending improvements.
- Benjamin Harrison, commissioned in the Indiana Militia by Governor Oliver P. Morton to recruit a regiment during the Civil War, he was subsequently appointed a Second Lieutenant and Captain in and then Colonel and commander of the 70th Indiana Infantry Regiment. He received the brevet of Brigadier General as a commendation of his service, and later commanded a brigade. He also enrolled in the militia again during labor unrest in Indianapolis in 1877.
- William McKinley, joined a volunteer militia company called the Poland Guards at the start of the Civil War. The company was subsequently mustered in as part of the 23rd Ohio Infantry, the same regiment in which President Hayes served. McKinley ended the war as a Major and chief of staff for division commander Samuel S. Carroll.
- Theodore Roosevelt, commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the 8th New York Infantry Regiment in 1884, he served until 1888 and attained the rank of Captain. During the Spanish-American War he was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel of the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, which he later commanded as a Colonel. In 2001 a review of his war record led to a posthumous award of the Medal of Honor.
- Harry S. Truman, served in the Missouri Army National Guard from 1905 to 1911, rising to the rank of Corporal. During World War I he rejoined and was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the 2nd Missouri Field Artillery. This regiment was federalized as the 129th Field Artillery, and Truman commanded Battery D as a Captain. He continued to serve in the Army Reserve, retiring as a Colonel in 1953.
Prominent members[edit | edit source]
Colonial era[edit | edit source]
- Israel Putnam
- Robert Rogers
- Myles Standish
- John Stark
- John Underhill
- Seth Warner
- George Washington
American Revolution[edit | edit source]
War of 1812[edit | edit source]
1820s-1840s[edit | edit source]
American Civil War[edit | edit source]
Late 1800s[edit | edit source]
- John Jacob Astor IV
- Benjamin O. Davis, Sr.
- Christian Fleetwood
- John F. Hartranft
- Theodore Roosevelt
Early 1900s[edit | edit source]
- Paul Bragg
- William Frank
- Frederick E. Humphreys
- William Leushner
- Cornelius Vanderbilt III
- William Seward Webb
World War I[edit | edit source]
- Carlton Brosius
- Buster Keaton
- James Naismith
- John F. O'Ryan
- Harry S. Truman
1920s[edit | edit source]
1930s[edit | edit source]
World War II[edit | edit source]
- Robert S. Beightler
- Ernest W. Gibson, Jr.
- Norman Mailer
- Raymond S. McLain
- Butler B. Miltonberger
- Leonard F. Wing
- Rodger Wilton Young
Late 1940s[edit | edit source]
1950s[edit | edit source]
1960s[edit | edit source]
1970s[edit | edit source]
1980s[edit | edit source]
1990s[edit | edit source]
2000s[edit | edit source]
- Scott Brown
- Tammy Duckworth
- Tulsi Gabbard
- Leigh Ann Hester
- John Napier
- Shauna Rohbock
- Terry Schappert
- Jill Stevens
- Courtney Zablocki
Directors of the Army National Guard[edit | edit source]
Upon the creation of the United States Air Force in 1948, which included the Air National Guard, the National Guard Bureau was organized into two divisions, Army and Air, each headed by a Major General who reported to the Chief of the National Guard Bureau. The position was later upgraded to a Lieutenant General's assignment. The Army National Guard is also authorized a Deputy Director. Originally a Brigadier General, the post was later upgraded to Major General. Individuals who served as Director or Deputy Director and subsequently served as NGB Chief include: Fleming; McGowan; Greenlief; Weber; Temple; Rees (acting); and Grass.
The following is a list of the Dirctors of the Army National Guard since the creation of the position:
- MG Raymond H. Fleming, 1948-1950
- MG William H. Abendroth, 1951-1955
- MG Donald W. McGowan, 1955-1959
- MG Clayton P. Kerr, 1959-1962
- BG Francis S. Greenlief, 1962-1963
- BG Charles L. Southward, 1964-1967
- BG Leonard C. Ward, 1968-1970
- MG Francis S. Greenlief, 1970-1971
- MG La Vern E. Weber, 1971-1974
- MG Charles A. Ott, Jr., 1974-1978
- MG Emmett H. Walker, Jr., 1978-1982
- MG Herbert R. Temple, Jr., 1982-1986
- MG Donald Burdick, 1986-1991
- MG Raymond F. Rees, 1991-1992
- MG John R. D'Araujo, Jr., 1993-1995
- MG William A. Navas, Jr., 1995-1998
- LTG Roger C. Schultz, 1998-2005
- LTG Clyde A. Vaughn, 2005-2009
- MG Raymond W. Carpenter (Acting), 2009-2011
- LTG William E. Ingram, Jr., 2011–Present
Deputy Directors of the Army National Guard[edit | edit source]
The individuals who have held served as Deputy Director since 1970 are:
- BG Leonard C. Ward, 1970-1972
- BG Joseph R. Jelinek, 1973-1976
- BG Emmett H. Walker, Jr., 1977
- BG Herbert R. Temple, Jr., 1978-1981
- BG Richard D. Dean, 1982-1986
- BG William A. Navas, Jr., 1987-1990
- BG John R. D'Araujo, Jr., 1990-1993
- BG William C. Bilo, 1993-1997
- BG Michael J. Squier, 1998-2002
- BG Clyde A. Vaughn, 2002-2003
- MG Frank J. Grass, 2004-2006
- MG James W. Nuttall, 2006-2009
- MG Raymond W. Carpenter, 2009
- MG Timothy J. Kadavy, 2009–2013
- BG Walter E. Fountain (Acting), 2013
- MG Judd H. Lyons, 2013–Present
Army National Guard Units and Formations[edit | edit source]
Deployable Army units are organized as Table of Organization and Equipment (TOE) or Modified Table of Organization (MTOE) organizations. Non-deployable units, such as a state's Joint Force Headquarters or Regional Training Institute are administered as Table of Distribution and Allowance (TDA) units.
In addition to many deployable units which are non-divisional, the Army National Guard's deployable units include eight Infantry divisions. These divisions, their subordinate brigades or brigades with which the divisions have a training oversight relationship, and the states represented by the largest units include:
- 28th Infantry Division (Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland)
- 29th Infantry Division (Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, Florida)
- 34th Infantry Division (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Idaho)
- 35th Infantry Division (Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Georgia, Arkansas)
- 36th Infantry Division (Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana)
- 38th Infantry Division (Indiana, Michigan and Ohio)
- 40th Infantry Division (California, Oregon, Washington)
- 42nd Infantry Division (New York, New Jersey, Vermont)
Army National Guard by state[edit | edit source]
The Army and Air National Guard in each state are headed by the State Adjutant General. The Adjutant General (TAG) is the de facto commander of a state's military forces, and reports to the state governor.
Legacy units and formations[edit | edit source]
Several units have been affected by Army National Guard reorganizations. Some have been renamed or inactivated. Some have had subordinate units reallocated to other commands. A partial list of inactivated major units includes:
- 26th Infantry Division, inactivated 1 September 1993.
- 27th Infantry Division, reorganized as 27th Armored Division, 1 February 1955. (See below.)
- 27th Armored Division, inactivated 1 February 1968.
- 30th Armored Division, inactivated 1 December 1973. (See below.)
- 30th Infantry Division, inactivated 4 January 1974.
- 31st Infantry Division, inactivated 14 January 1968. Units allocated to 30th Armored Division.
- 32nd Infantry Division, inactivated 1 December 1967.
- 33rd Infantry Division, inactivated 1 February 1968.
- 37th Infantry Division, inactivated 15 February 1968.
- 39th Infantry Division, inactivated 1 December 1967.
- 40th Armored Division, inactivated 29 January 1968.
- 41st Infantry Division, inactivated 1 January 1968.
- 43rd Infantry Division, inactivated 16 December 1967.
- 44th Infantry Division, inactivated 10 October 1954.
- 45th Infantry Division, inactivated 1 February 1968.
- 46th Infantry Division, inactivated 1 February 1968.
- 47th Infantry Division, inactivated 10 February 1991.
- 48th Armored Division, inactivated 29 January 1968.
- 49th Armored Division, inactivated 1 May 2004; reflagged as the 36th Infantry Division.
- 50th Armored Division, inactivated 1 September 1993.
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External resources[edit | edit source]
- National Guard Web Site
- Army National Guard Web Site
- Army National Guard Recruiting
- Unit Designations in the Army Modular Force, accessed 23 November 2006
- National Guard Maneuver Enhancement Brigade's Role in Domestic Missions
- Guard Knowledge Online
- Army National Guard on Facebook
- Lieutenant General William E. Ingram, Jr. on Facebook
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