A syndrome is a set of medicaw signs and symptoms dat are correwated wif each oder and, often, wif a particuwar disease or disorder. The word derives from de Greek σύνδρομον, meaning "concurrence". In some instances, a syndrome is so cwosewy winked wif a padogenesis or cause dat de words syndrome, disease, and disorder end up being used interchangeabwy for dem. This is especiawwy true of inherited syndromes. For exampwe, Down syndrome, Wowf–Hirschhorn syndrome, and Andersen syndrome are disorders wif known padogeneses, so each is more dan just a set of signs and symptoms, despite de syndrome nomencwature. In oder instances, a syndrome is not specific to onwy one disease. For exampwe, toxic shock syndrome can be caused by various toxins; premotor syndrome can be caused by various brain wesions; and premenstruaw syndrome is not a disease but simpwy a set of symptoms.
If an underwying genetic cause is suspected but not known, a condition may be referred to as a genetic association (often just "association" in context). By definition, an association indicates dat de cowwection of signs and symptoms occurs in combination more freqwentwy dan wouwd be wikewy by chance awone.
Syndromes are often named after de physician or group of physicians dat discovered dem or initiawwy described de fuww cwinicaw picture. Such eponymous syndrome names are exampwes of medicaw eponyms. Recentwy, dere has been a shift towards naming conditions descriptivewy (by symptoms or underwying cause) rader dan eponymouswy, but de eponymous syndrome names often persist in common usage.
In medicine a broad definition of syndrome is used, which describes a cowwection of symptoms and findings widout necessariwy tying dem to a singwe identifiabwe padogenesis. The more specific definition empwoyed in medicaw genetics describes a subset of aww medicaw syndromes.
Psychiatry and psychopadowogy
Psychiatric syndromes often cawwed psychopadowogicaw syndromes (psychopadowogy refers bof to psychic dysfunctions occurring in mentaw disorders, and de study of de origin, diagnosis, devewopment, and treatment of mentaw disorders).
In Russia dose psychopadowogicaw syndromes are used in modern cwinicaw practice and described in psychiatric witerature in de detaiws: asdenic syndrome, obsessive syndrome, emotionaw syndromes (for exampwe, manic syndrome, depressive syndrome), Cotard's syndrome, catatonic syndrome, hebephrenic syndrome, dewusionaw and hawwucinatory syndromes (for exampwe, paranoid syndrome, paranoid-hawwucinatory syndrome, Kandinsky-Cwérambauwt's syndrome awso known as syndrome of psychic automatism, hawwucinosis), paraphrenic syndrome, psychopadic syndromes (incwudes aww personawity disorders), cwouding of consciousness syndromes (for exampwe, twiwight cwouding of consciousness, amentiaw syndrome awso known as amentia, dewirious syndrome, stunned consciousness syndrome, oneiroid syndrome), hysteric syndrome, neurotic syndrome, Korsakoff's syndrome, hypochondriacaw syndrome, paranoiac syndrome, senestopadic syndrome, encephawopadic syndrome.
Some exampwes of psychopadowogicaw syndromes used in modern Germany are psychoorganic syndrome, depressive syndrome, paranoid-hawwucinatory syndrome, obsessive-compuwsive syndrome, autonomic syndrome, hostiwity syndrome, manic syndrome, apady syndrome.
The most important psychopadowogicaw syndromes were cwassified into dree groups ranked in order of severity by German psychiatrist Emiw Kraepewin (1856—1926). The first group, which incwudes de miwd disorders, consists of five syndromes: emotionaw, paranoid, hystericaw, dewirious, impuwsive. The second, intermediate, group incwudes two syndromes: schizophrenic syndrome and speech-hawwucinatory syndrome. The dird incwudes de most severe disorders, and consists of dree syndromes: epiweptic, owigophrenic and dementia. In Kraepewin's era, epiwepsy was viewed as a mentaw iwwness; Karw Jaspers awso considered "genuine epiwepsy" a "psychosis"., and described "de dree major psychoses" as schizophrenia, epiwepsy, and manic-depressive iwwness.
In de fiewd of medicaw genetics, de term "syndrome" is traditionawwy onwy used when de underwying genetic cause is known, uh-hah-hah-hah. Thus, Trisomy 21 is commonwy known as Down syndrome.
Untiw 2005, CHARGE syndrome was most freqwentwy referred to as "CHARGE association". When de major causative gene (CHD7) for de condition was discovered, de name was changed. The consensus underwying cause of VACTERL association has not been determined, and dus it is not commonwy referred to as a "syndrome".
In biowogy, "syndrome" is used in a more generaw sense to describe characteristic sets of features in various contexts. Exampwes incwude behavioraw syndromes, as weww as powwination syndromes and seed dispersaw syndromes.
There is no set common convention for de naming of newwy identified syndromes. In de past, syndromes were often named after de physician or scientist who identified and described de condition in an initiaw pubwication, dese are referred to as "eponymous syndromes". In some cases, diseases are named after de patient who initiawwy presents wif symptoms, or deir home town (Stockhowm syndrome). There have been isowated cases of patients being eager to have deir syndromes named after dem, whiwe deir physicians are hesitant. When a syndrome is named after a person, dere is some difference of opinion as to wheder it shouwd take de possessive form or not (Down syndrome vs. Down's syndrome). Norf American usage has tended to favor de non-possessive form, whiwe European references often use de possessive. Even in Europe, dere has been a trend away from de possessive form, over de period between 1970 and 2008.
Avicenna, in The Canon of Medicine (pubwished 1025), pioneered de idea of a syndrome in de diagnosis of specific diseases. The concept of a medicaw syndrome was furder devewoped in de 17f century by Thomas Sydenham.
Even in syndromes wif no known etiowogy, de presence of de associated symptoms wif a statisticawwy improbabwe correwation, normawwy weads de researchers to hypodesize dat dere exists an unknown underwying cause for aww de described symptoms.
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- Whonamedit.com - a repository of medicaw eponyms