FI3300 Corporation Finance Spring Semester 2010 Dr. Isabel Tkatch Assistant Professor of Finance
Learning Objectives • Explain the objectives of financial statement analysis and its benefits for creditors, stockholders and managers • Construct a common size income statement and a common size balance sheet • Calculate liquidity, asset utilization, debt utilization and profitability ratios • Identify limitations of ratio analysis
Objectives of Financial Statement Analysis • Creditors • Firm’s ability to repay borrowed funds, i.e., creditworthiness and the probability of default • Stockholders/owners • Firm’s future prospects (ability to generate value - cash flows ) • Managers • Identify strengths & weaknesses • Improve firm performance
Common Size Statements – Why? • Allow for comparisons over time • e.g., did the company improve on last year’s performance? • Allow for cross sectional comparisons (among firms in the same industry) • e.g., did the company do better or worse than firms in the same industry (industry average)?
Common Size Statements – How? • Common Size Balance Sheet (BS) • Each account is expressed as a percentage of total assets: 100 x [BS account] / Total assets • Common Size Income Statement (IS) • Each item is expressed as a percentage of net sales: 100 x [IS item] / Net sales
Example 1 Inventory $135,600 Total Assets $1,384,000 Inventory as % of Total Assets = 100 x $135,600 / $1,384,000 = 9.8% How does 9.8% inventory compare to the industry average? Does it vary over time?
Example 2 Net Sales $12,186,000 COGS $ 9,627,000 Gross profit $ 2,559,000 COGS as % of Net Sales = 100 x $9,627,000 / $12,186,000 = 79% I.e., the direct costs (COGS) associated with every $1 of net sales are 79 cents. Gross profit margin (“markup”)= 100 x $ 2,559,000 / $12,186,000 = 21%
Digression – Markup Example source: http://blog.accountingcoach.com/gross-margin-markup/ Note that the textbook refers to “markup” as follows: “Barista was able to ‘mark up’ its clothing by about 21%”, but the term markup is used in more than one way. If a retailer sells a product for $10 which had a cost of $8, the gross profit is$2. The gross profit margin expresses the gross profit amount as a percentage of sales. In our example the gross profit margin is 20% ($2 are 20% of $10). Some retailers use markup to mean the difference between a product’s cost and its selling price. In our example, the product had a cost of $8 and it had a markup of $2 resulting in a selling price of $10. The $2 markup is the same as the $2 gross profit. However, the markup percentage is often expressed as a percentage of cost. In our example the $2 markup is divided by the cost of $8 resulting in a markup of 25%. Some retailers may use the term markup to mean the increase in the original selling price. For example, if the $10 selling price was increased to $11 because of high demand and limited supply, they would say the markup was $1.
Common Size Statements - Units In the Common Size Income Statement we calculate the Gross profit margin = Gross profit per $1 of sales Operating profit margin = Operating profit per $1 of sales Net income (profit) margin = Net income (profit) per $1 of sales
Financial Ratios We use Balance Sheet accounts and Income Statement items to calculate ratios that measure • Liquidity (solvency) • Activity (asset utilization , turnover) • Debt utilization (leverage) • Profitability • Other
Liquidity Ratios Measure how well the company can meet its short-term obligations Large values imply that the firm has cash to pay its bills on time low probability of insolvency
Activity Ratios • Other names: • Asset utilization, or turnover ratios • Measures of business activity and efficiency within the firm • Assets should be actively and efficiently used to generate returns • If you can use the same assets more efficiently in your business then improve efficiency, if you can use them more efficiently elsewhere then free those assets for better uses
Activity Ratios – Definitions 1 Average collection period: how many days it takes the company to collect payments from credit sales Payables period: how many days it takes the company to pay its trade accounts (suppliers)
Digression - Industry Credit Terms Trade credit is usually “interest free” but the terms include a discount for early payment the effective cost of credit is not zero! Typical credit terms: 2/10 net 30 (read: take 2% discount if paid within 10 days, otherwise the entire price must be paid within 30 days)
Activity Ratios – Definitions 2 Inventory conversion period: how many days the company keeps inventory items in stock before they are sold
Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) CCC is the number of days between cash expenditures and cash collections Cash expenditures: spending money to produce goods for sale or to buy goods for resale Cash collections: collecting money from customers Cash conversion cycle Cash expenditure Cash collection Time
Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) = + Inventory conversion period + Average collection period - Payables period Firms should strive to shorten their CCC without harming business operations
Activity Ratios – Definitions 3 Inventory turnover ratio: an industry specific inventory efficiency measure (higher values higher efficiency) Total asset turnover ratio: an industry specific total assets efficiency measure (higher values higher efficiency)
Debt Utilization Ratios • Other names: leverage ratios • Measure the extent to which the firm uses borrowed funds to finance its operations • In general, we consider self (equity) financing as a good sign and an increase in debt financing as a bad sign
Debt Utilization Ratios – Definitions If debt levels are high high risk of default difficulties raising new debt
Debt Utilization Ratios – Definitions Times Interest Earned (TIE): how many times the firm’s annual operating earnings cover its debt-servicing charges (mainly interest) Large TIE high interest payments high probability of default
Profitability Ratios Profitability ratios compare the firm’s earnings to factors that help generate those earnings Balance Sheet profitability ratios:
Profitability Ratios Income Statement profitability ratios:
Extended DuPont Equation Breaks down the Return on Equity (ROE) into three components: The DuPont equation helps identify the reason / source for changes in ROE
Limitations of Ratio Analysis 1 Balance sheet values are stock measures - the values of assets and liabilities are captured on a specific date Ratios using balance sheet values may not reflect the company’s state on other days of the year Example: A company that reports $1 million in cash on the last day of the fiscal year may have only $100k two days later, after paying salaries and suppliers
Limitations of Ratio Analysis 2 The ratios are calculated using accounting data, not market values Accounting data is based on an asset’s historical costs Market values are based on the asset’s market value Example: if inventory value declines below historical cost but management did not adjust for this – every ratio involving total assets will be inaccurate.
Limitations of Ratio Analysis 3 There are no standard values for each ratio - E.g., what value is considered to be a “good” current ratio? Should we use the industry average ratio as the standard? - Not necessarily. Deviations from the industry average are not always a bad sign
Summary • Reasons for conducting financial statement analysis • Common size financial statements • 4 types of ratios: liquidity, activity, debt utilization, profitability • Cash conversion cycle • Extended DuPont Equation • Limitations of ratio analysis