Susette La Flesche
Susette La Flesche, (later Susette LaFlesche Tibbles) also called Inshata Theumba (Bright Eyes) (1854 – 1903), was a well-known Native American writer, lecturer, interpreter and artist of the Omaha tribe in Nebraska. La Flesche was a progressive who was a spokesperson for Native American rights. She was of Ponca, Iowa, French and Anglo-American ancestry. In 1983 she was inducted into the Nebraska Hall of Fame.
Early life and education
Susette, also called Inshata Theumba (Bright Eyes), was one of five children born to Joseph LaFlesche and his wife Mary Gale. Joseph was the son of the French fur trader Joseph La Flesche, a wealthy immigrant from France, and his Ponca wife, Waoowinchtcha, reportedly a relative of the Omaha chief Big Elk.
Joseph, also called Insta Maza (Iron Eye), had started with the American Fur Company at age 16, after accompanying his father from the age of 10 on his trips. After his parents separated because of his father's long trips, the younger La Flesche lived with his mother and her family among the Omaha. She married again, as did his father. Joseph's half-brother, Frank LaFlesche (White Swan) became a chief of the Ponca and was influential in the lives of Joseph's children.
Joseph married Mary Gale, also called Hinnuaganun (One Woman), the mixed-race daughter of Dr. John Gale, a surgeon at Fort Atkinson (Nebraska) and Ni-co-ma, his Iowa wife. (After Gale abandoned his consort and child in Nebraska, Ni-co-ma married the fur trader Peter Sarpy. )
After some years of trading with the Omaha while working with Peter Sarpy, the younger La Flesche was adopted as a son by the chief Big Elk. He named him successor to his position. La Flesche (Iron Eyes) became the last traditional chief of the Omaha.
The La Flesches were a "prominent, affluent and acculturated family" among the Omaha. La Flesche and Mary stressed the importance of education for their children: Louis, Susette, Rosalie, Marguerite and Susan, and "favored assimilation". They thought it offered the best future for their people. The La Flesche family supported the missionary schools and white teachers for their children.
After the Presbyterian mission school on the reservation closed, Susette La Flesche attended a girls' school in Elizabeth, New Jersey, where she was followed by her younger sisters Marguerite and Susan. Her writing skills were recognized and encouraged during her school years.
Susette's siblings also became professionals: Susan LaFlesche Picotte became the first Native American woman physician and founded the first privately funded hospital on an Indian reservation; and Rosalie LaFlesche Player became a financial manager for the Omaha nation, leasing grazing land that was excess to individual household needs. Marguerite LaFlesche Picotte was a teacher on the Yankton Sioux reservation, having married Charles Picotte. Their half-brother Francis LaFlesche became an ethnologist for the Smithsonian Institution, writing about the Omaha and the Osage, and making original recordings of their traditional songs.
As a young woman, Susette La Flesche became more interested in politics. She first worked as a teacher on the Omaha reservation.
Since her paternal grandmother and uncle were Ponca, she and her father traveled to Oklahoma to investigate conditions after the tribe's forced removal from Nebraska to Indian Territory. (The US government had reassigned the Ponca land in Nebraska to the Great Sioux Reservation.)
La Flesche worked with Thomas Tibbles, an editor with the Omaha World Herald, to publicize the poor conditions they found at the southern reservation: the Ponca had been moved too late in the year to plant crops, the government was late with supplies and promised infrastructure and improvements, and malaria was endemic in the area. Nearly one-third of the tribe died within the first two years as a result of the journey and conditions, among them the oldest son of Chief Standing Bear. The chief left the Indian Territory with some followers to bury his son in the traditional homeland of Nebraska. They were arrested and confined to Fort Omaha, by order of the federal government. Tibbles' coverage of the chief's imprisonment was instrumental in gaining Standing Bear pro bono legal services by two prominent defense attorneys, including the counsel for the Union Pacific Railroad. Standing Bear filed a suit of habeas corpus against the US government, challenging the grounds for his arrest.
In 1879 La Flesche acted as the chief's interpreter during his trial at Fort Omaha, Nebraska. She also testified as to conditions on the reservation in Indian Territory. Standing Bear successfully challenged the lack of grounds of his arrest and imprisonment, arguing before the United States District Court that Indians were persons under the law, and had all the rights of US citizens. Tibbles attended and reported the case, which gained national attention. Standing Bear v. Crook (1879) was a landmark civil rights case, with the judge deciding that Indians had certain rights as "persons" and citizens under the US constitution.
Following the trial, La Flesche and her half-brother Francis accompanied Standing Bear and others on a speaking tour of the eastern United States, organized by Tibbles. In addition to taking turns interpreting for Standing Bear, Susette La Flesche spoke in her own right. During the tour, La Flesche and Tibbles also testified in Washington in 1880 before a Congressional committee about the Ponca removal. La Flesche spoke for the rights of Native Americans. They met prominent American writers, such as the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and writer Helen Hunt Jackson. In 1881 Jackson published a book about US treatment of Native Americans entitled A Century of Dishonor, and in 1884 the novel Ramona, based on Indian issues in Southern California. Longfellow reportedly said of La Flesche, "This could be Minnehaha", referring to the legendary Indian heroine in his poem The Song of Hiawatha.
In 1887, La Flesche and Tibbles, by then married, accompanied Standing Bear on a 10-month speaking tour of England and Scotland. La Flesche continued to act as the chief's interpreter. They were heard by many who wanted to learn more about the American Indian issues in the United States.
After their return to Nebraska, LaFlesche and Tibbles became interested in the growing Ghost Dance movement and issues among the restive Sioux bands. They went to the Pine Ridge Agency in 1890 and wrote about its conditions, as well as the Wounded Knee Massacre. This work was likely the peak of LaFlesche's journalism career. She continued to publish articles and columns in papers in Nebraska, including her husband's populist The Independent.
La Flesche and Thomas Tibbles were married in 1881, after his wife died. During the next 14 years, the couple spent some time in Washington, DC (1893-1895), but lived mostly in Nebraska. While in Washington, La Flesche wrote and lectured on Native American issues. For instance, she gave an address to the Association for the Advancement of Women, on "The Position, Occupation, and Culture of Indian Women."
In Nebraska, she spent time farming on her allotment of land as a tribal member on the Omaha Reservation and also writing. Her husband managed her father's property. They lived there most of the time.
- "Nedawi: An Indian Story from Real Life" was published in the children's magazine St. Nicholas in 1881. "Nedawi" is thought to be the first short story written by an American Indian which was not based on legend.
- "Omaha Legends and Tent Stories", "Wide Awake" (1883), in Karen L. Kilcup, ed. Native American Women's Writing c. 1800-1924: An Anthology
- With Fannie Reed Griffin, Bright Eyes co-authored the book, Oo-mah-ha Ta-wa-tha (1898), and illustrated it.
- Introduction to the novel, Ploughed-Under: The Story of an Indian Chief, as Told by Himself (1881), by William Justin Harsha. She also illustrated the book, which she edited.
- Introduction to The Ponca Chiefs, by Thomas Tibbles.
- La Flesche wrote columns for the Omaha World Herald and her husband's Populist paper, The Independent.
Legacy and honors
- 1903, after her death, LaFlesche Tibbles was eulogized in the US Senate.
- 1983, in recognition of her role as a spokesperson and writer about her people, Susette ("Bright Eyes") LaFlesche Tibbles was inducted into the Nebraska Hall of Fame.
- Karen L. Kilcup, ed., Native American women's writing c. 1800-1924: An Anthology, Malden, Massachusetts and Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 2000, p. 169, accessed 27 Apr 2010
- Erin Pedigo, The Gifted Pen: the Journalism Career of Susette "Bright Eyes" La Flesche Tibbles, Master's Thesis, University of Nebraska Lincoln, April 2011, accessed 23 August 2011
- "Joseph La Flesche: Sketch of the Life of the Head Chief of the Omaha", first published in the (Bancroft, Nebraska) Journal; reprinted in The Friend, 1889, accessed 23 August 2011
- Parins, James W. "Susette LaFlesche Tibbles", In Native American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, ed. Gretchen M. Bataille, Garland, 1993, accessed 23 August 2011
- LaFlesche Family Papers, Nebraska State Historical Society, accessed 22 August 2011
- "Susette "Bright Eyes" LaFlesche Tibbles", Nebraska Dept. of Education, accessed 6 Mar 2009
- "Susette LaFlesche Tibbles", UXL Newsmakers, 2005, accessed 23 August 2011
- Peyer 1991, p. xii
- Biography: "Susette ("Bright Eyes") LaFlesche Tibbles", Nebraska Dept. of Education, accessed 6 Mar 2009
- Peyer, Bernd. (1991). The Singing Spirit, Univ of Arizona Press.
- Clark, Jerry E. and Martha Ellen Webb, "Susette and Susan LaFlesche: Reformer and Missionary", in Being and Becoming Indian: Biographical Studies of North American Frontiers, ed. James A. Clifton, Dorsey, 1989, pp. 137–150
- Green, Norma Kidd. Iron Eye's Family: The Children of Joseph LaFlesche. Lincoln, Neb. 1969.
- Wilson, Dorothy Clarke. Bright Eyes: The Story of Susette LaFlesche, An Omaha Indian. New York: McGraw Hill, 1974.
- Marion Marsh Brown, Susette La Flesche: advocate for Native American rights 1992 ISBN 0-516-03277-1
- Margaret Crary, Susette La Flesche: Voice of the Omaha Indians, 1973
- "LaFlesche Family Papers", Nebraska State Historical Society