What is a Trust?
A trust is a relationship that is created when an individual, known as the settlor or testator, transfers or contributes property to another person, known as the trustee, to be held and invested by the trustee for the benefit of a third person, known as the beneficiary, with the intention of creating a trust relationship between the trustee and the beneficiary. A trust can be established during lifetime (an inter vivos trust) or on death under a Will (a testamentary trust).
Taxation of Transfers of Property to Trusts
Subject to certain exceptions, such as a transfer to a qualifying spousal trust, alter ego trust or joint partner trust, a transfer of property to an inter vivos trust constitutes a disposition by the transferor of the property for income tax purposes, such that capital gains may result.
What is a Charitable Remainder Trust?
A charitable remainder trust is a philanthropic tool where a charity is given a future monetary benefit, while the donor receives immediate tax relief in respect of the charitable contribution. Typically, a donor irrevocably contributes property to a trust for the lifetime of a beneficiary, with a charity being the residual capital beneficiary upon the death of the lifetime beneficiary.
The lifetime beneficiary has the right to the income of the trust during his or her lifetime, but there cannot be a right to encroach on the capital of the trust property until the death of the lifetime beneficiary, at which time the capital must be distributed to or for the benefit of the charity. If there is a power to encroach on the capital of the trust for the benefit of the lifetime beneficiary, the Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) takes the position that it will be impossible to determine what, if anything, the charity will ultimately receive from the trust, and therefore the issuance of a charitable donation tax receipt at the time that the charitable remainder trust is established is not permissible.
The terms of the trust must provide the charity with a remainder interest in the trust that vests in the charity at the time the property is transferred to the trust. Therefore, the donor cannot include any conditions in the trust that might prevent the charity from receiving the residual property of the trust on the death of the lifetime beneficiary.
What is the Benefit to the Donor of Using a Charitable Remainder Trust?
The donor is entitled to receive an immediate donation tax credit upon the creation of a charitable remainder trust. The charitable donation for donation tax credit purposes is the net present value of the remainder interest in the trust. An actuarial analysis is necessary to determine the value of the charity’s capital remainder interest. This analysis considers various factors, including, the fair market value of the property that is contributed to the trust, current interest rates, anticipated future economic conditions, the age of the lifetime beneficiary and mortality tables for the lifetime beneficiary. The charity would issue a donation receipt for the fair market value of the residual interest at the time the property is transferred to the trust. This enables the donor to offset his or her income in the year of the transfer and/or his or her income in any of the following 5 years. Any accrued capital gains on the capital property of the trust on the death of the lifetime beneficiary will be taxed in the trust.
“All that Glitters is not Gold”: Charitable Remainder Trust Traps
Although charitable remainder trusts may be beneficial for receiving an immediate donation tax credit, there may be several disadvantages to consider. For example:
 Qualifying spousal trusts, alter ego trusts and joint partner trusts are specific types of trusts that are afforded special treatment and have certain requirements under the Income Tax Act.
 For an explanation of the GRE, see my article on “The Benefits and Consequences of Charitable Giving by Will” in the Fall 2018 Giving Advice e-newsletter.
 Canada Revenue Agency Views, Interpretation 2016-0625841E5 - Gift of equitable interest in a trust.