As defined by the Grey Literature International Steering Committee, grey literature is information "produced on all levels of government, academics, business, and organizations in electronic and print formats not controlled by commercial publishing."
Grey literature is commonly produced by organizations such as governmental or inter-governmental agencies, research institutes, professional associations, think tanks, not-for-profit organizations, and businesses. Because grey literature is not controlled by commercial publishing, it is often excluded from large databases or other mainstream sources. To find it, you will need to explore a variety of non-traditional sources to ensure a comprehensive search.
Key types of grey literature
An effective way to find grey literature is to identify government agencies, organizations, non-profits, professional associations, think tanks, or research agencies that are likely to be publishing information on your topic, then search their websites. Look for sections on their websites with names like Documents, Reports, Library or Publications.
You can use the Google Advanced Search page to find webpages or documents from these organizations. Enter your keywords, then try one of the following strategies:
Keep in mind that different search engines have their own search algorithms that will pick up different results.
When you search on Google, your results are customized to your current region and past search behaviours. You can choose to see results for other countries from your computer and the Google app for Android. You may also wish to ensure that you are signed out of any personal Google accounts and/or use an incognito/private browser window when conducting your search.
Another useful search engine is Duck Duck Go. Duck Duck Go does not collect user information and therefore results are not filtered based on your personal profile.
In Canada, government bodies at both the national and provincial levels produce relevant material.
Conferences are nodes of new research, often featuring studies before they appear in journals.
Many institutions have institutional repositories, online databases of publications by their members. These can include publications by faculty and student dissertations and theses.
Students conduct both systematic reviews and original studies for their theses and dissertations. These texts are not usually included in major databases.
U of T’s Theses and Dissertations research guide is an excellent resource, with links for both U of T theses and dissertations and those from other institutions.
Often, writers of systematic reviews find that some data is left out of studies. In such cases, a good option is to contact the author of the study.
Experts in the field can also be rich sources of information. Talk to an expert to find out:
Newspapers and magazines can be helpful sources of non-academic information.
Here are some useful databases and guides that provide news content. You can also look up individual newspapers and magazines in LibrarySearch.
University of Toronto Scarborough Library
1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4 Canada
About web accessibility. Tell us about a web accessibility problem.
About online privacy and data collection.
© University of Toronto. All rights reserved.