A ganglion cyst
(also known as a bible bump
) is a swelling that often appears on or around joints
in the hand or foot. The size of the cyst
can vary over time, often becoming more inflamed if irritated. It is most frequently located around the wrist and on the fingers.
The exact cause of the formation of ganglion cysts is still unknown to most. They are believed to be caused by overuse of a specific joint, which results in the degeneration of the surrounding fibrous tissue and the development of a cystic structure. The cyst contains clear fluid similar to synovial fluid. They are most often found around the wrist joint, especially at the scapho-lunate joint, which accounts for 80% of all ganglion cysts.
Ganglia are especially common in people who perform repetitive or strenuous activity with the wrist, including weight lifters, rowers, waiters, milkers, tennis and golf players, and musicians like guitarists and marching cymbals. Double bass players, especially, are at risk of developing ganglion cysts after extensive use of the German bow.
A common explanation given by physicians is that ganglion cysts are due to pockets of the synovium protruding from the joint capsule. However, this would not account for the toughness of the cyst, unless the limited space into which the synovium is protruding causes the lump to
acquire a certain hardness, much like a boil or carbuncle, which can feel firm, but is filled with liquid or semi-aqueous pus.
If a ganglion cyst is symptomatic
, it can be managed by aspiration
. Aspiration of the cyst is the simpler of the two procedures, but cysts recur in approximately 50% of cases. With surgery, the recurrence rate is reduced to only 5 to 10% if it is fully taken out, and complications rarely develop.
of the wrist is becoming available as an alternative to open excision of ganglion cysts. During arthroscopy, the origin of the cyst can be seen.
One traditional method of treating a ganglion tumor was to strike the lump with a large, heavy book, causing the cyst to rupture and drain into the surrounding tissues. Since even the poorest households often possessed a Bible (referring to the large family Bibles), this was commonly used, which led to the nicknaming of ganglion cysts as "Bible Bumps" or "Gideon
's Disease." This treatment may be effective, but is no longer recommended, because patients risk damaging the surrounding area. This may make the cyst worse, so other treatments are preferred.
Ganglion cysts occur most often in the 20–60 age group and are three times more common in women.