|1642-6||The Great Civil War|
|1642||Charles I (Stuart; Anglican) captured. Queen Henrietta Maria and Charles, Prince of Wales, escape to France.|
|1649||Charles I beheaded.|
|1649-60||The Interregnum; the Commonwealth established.|
|1653||Oliver Cromwell (Puritan) becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth.|
|1658||Oliver Cromwell dies; his son Richard attempts to succeed him.|
|1660||The Restoration. Charles (IIAnglican) returns from France and takes the throne.|
|1681-5||Parliament does not meet. Court holds power.|
|1685||Charles dies; his brother James (II; Roman Catholic) succeeds him. Threat of "popery."|
|1688||James, Prince of Wales born. This means the crown will pass to him, a Roman Catholic, rather than to the King's Anglican siblings.
Glorious (i.e., bloodless) Revolution. James flees to France and is deposed, because his daughter Mary and her husband William, Prince of Orange, have been invited by Parliament to share the crown. Executive ! power lodged with William. Balance of power shifts finally from Court to Parliament.
|1688-1788||For 100 years, till the death of Bonnie Prince Charlie, England feels the threat of an invasion from France which would restore Stuart (Jacobite), and thus Roman Catholic, rule. In fact, Jacobite risings occur twice during this period, in 1715 and 1745.|
|1694||Mary dies; William (III) sole ruler.|
|1701||James II dies in France. Act of Settlement directs succession, should Anne die childless, to the (Protestant) House of Hanover--unless "the Old Pretender," James (son of James II) or, later, Bonnie Prince Charlie, "the Young Pretender," would ! abjure Roman Catholicism. (See the chart of kings and queens.)|
|1702||William dies; Anne (Mary's Anglican sister) succeeds.|
|1707||Act of Union between Scotland and England.|
|1702-13||War of the Spanish succession.|
|1713||Peace of Utrecht.|
|1714||Anne dies; Dynastic crisis; George I (of Hanover) succeeds unopposed.|
Charles Edward Stuart (a.k.a. Bonnie Prince Charlie or the Young
born in France to James (the Old Pretender).
South Sea Bubble.
|1721-42||Robert Walpole Prime Minister.|
|1727||George I dies; George II crowned.|
|1733||John Kay's flying shuttle.|
|1745||Jacobite rising in support of Bonnie Prince Charlie.|
|1754||Anglo-French war begins in North America.|
|1756-63||Seven Years' War.|
|1757||Clive captures India from the French.|
|1758||first threshing machine.|
|1759||British Museum opens.|
George II dies; his grandson crowned George III.
French surrender Montreal to the British.
Wedgwood opens pottery works.
|1763||Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years' War. France cedes Canada and the Mississippi Valley to Britain.|
|1764||Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny.|
|1766||James "the Old Pretender" dies in France.|
|1769||Arkwright invents a spinning machine.|
|1771||Arkwright's first spinning mill.|
|1773||Boston Tea Party.|
Priestly isolates oxygen.
Accession of Louis XVI of France.
American Revolution begins.
Watt's first efficient steam engine.
Smith, The Wealth of Nations.
American colonies declare their independence.
|1778||Rousseau and Voltaire die.|
|1779||first steam powered mills. Crompton invents spinning "mule."|
|1781||Cornwallis surrenders to Washington at Yorktown, Va.|
|1782||Lord North resigns; full Parliamentary government restored.|
|1783||Peace treaty signed in Paris between Great Britain and the United States.|
|1785||Cartwright builds power loom.|
|1786||Coal gas first used for lighting.|
|1787||Warren Hastings impeached.|
|1788||Bonnie Prince Charlie dies in France.|
|1789||Bastille falls; French Revolution begins.
Bentham, Introduction to the Principles of Morals (see utilitarianism).
|1791-2||Paine, The Rights of Man.|
|1792||Reign of Terror in France.|
Louis XVI executed in France. England and France at war.
Godwin, Political Justice.
|1794||Execution of Robespierre ends the Reign of Terror.|
|1796||Invasion of England threatened.|
Battle of the Nile.
Malthus, Essay on . . . Population.
|1799||Napoleon named First Consul of France.|
|1801||Union of Great Britain and Ireland.|
|1804||Napoleon declared Emperor.|
|1805||Battle of Trafalgar.|
|1809||Napoleon captures Vienna.|
|1811||Prince of Wales named Regent to act for George III, now insane.|
|1811-12||Luddite riots in the North and the Midlands. Laborers attack factories and break up the machines which they fear will replace them.|
|1812||Napoleon invades Russia.|
|1812-14||War of 1812 between England and the United States.|
Treaty of Ghent ends Anglo-U.S. War.
England and allies invade France.
Napoleon exiled to Elba.
Napoleon escapes Elba; begins the "Hundred Days."
Battle of Waterloo; Napoleon exiled to St. Helena in the South Atlantic.
Corn Laws passed.
|1817||David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy.|
|1819||Peterloo Massacre of Corn Law protestors.|
|1820||George III dies; succeeded by Prince Regent as George IV. Cato Street Conspiracy|
|1822||Classical Tripos established at Cambridge.|
|1823||London Mechanics Institute founded.|
|1827||Thomas Arnold appointed to Rugby.|
|1829||Catholic Emancipation Act.
Peel establishes the Metropolitan Police.
|1830||George IV dies; his brother William IV succeeds.
Manchester - Liverpool Railway (first in England).
|1832||First Reform Bill: adds £10/year householders to the voting rolls and reapportions Parliamentary representation much more fairly, doing away with most "rotten" and "pocket" boroughs. Adds 217,000 voters to an electorate of 435,000.|
Slavery abolished throughout the British Empire.
|1834|| New Poor Law.
Houses of Parliament burn down.
|Late 1830s||First of the Parliamentary "Blue Books"facts and figures about England compiled by the Royal Commissioners.|
|1837||William IV dies; succeeded by his niece, Victoria.|
|1838||Regular Atlantic steamship service begins.|
|1839||Anti-Corn-Law League founded.|
Victoria marries her cousin Albert, who becomes Prince Consort.
Penny post started.
S.F.B. Morse invents the telegraph.
Grammar Schools Act.
|1845-6||Potato Failure in Europe; starvation in Ireland. Corn Laws (which had kept up the price of grain) repealed.|
|1848||Revolutions in Europe.
Queen's College (for women) founded in London.
|1849||Gold discovered in California and Australia.|
|1850||Telegraph cable laid under English Channel.|
Great Exhibition ("Crystal Palace").
Population of United Kingdom at 21 million.
Livingston discovers Victoria Falls.
Civil Service Commissioners appointed.
|1857-8||The Mutiny (India).|
|1858||First Atlantic cable laid.|
|1860||Garibaldi takes Naples; unification of Italy.|
|1861||Albert dies; Victoria retires into mourning.|
|1861-5||American Civil War.|
|1862||Bismarck becomes Prussian premier.|
|1864||Geneva Convention establishes Red Cross.|
|1866||Italy defeated by Austria.
Telegraph cable laid under the Atlantic.
|1867||Second Reform Bill: enfranchises many workingmen;
adds 938,000 to an electorate of 1,057,000 in England and Wales. (Disraeli's
South African diamond fields discovered.
Fenian rising in Ireland.
Suez Canal opened.
Union Pacific Railway completed in U.S.
Elementary Education Act establishes School Boards.
Vatican Council (establishes the infallibility of the Pope).
|1871||University Tests Act removes religious tests at Oxford and Cambridge.
Trade unions legalized.
Newcastle engineers strike for a nine-hour day.
|1873||Population of the United Kingdom at 26 million (France 36 million).|
named Empress of India.
Edison invents the phonograph.
Compulsory school attendance in Great Britain.
Somerville and Lady Margaret Colleges (for women) founded at Oxford.
|1880||War with Transvaal.|
|1881||Cambridge Tripos exams opened to women.|
Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, and Austria).
Married Women's Property Act enables women to buy, own, and sell property, and to keep their own earnings.
"Oom Paul" Kruger named president of the South African Republic.
Fabian Society founded.
Mahdi Rebellion in the Sudan.
|1884-5||Third Reform Act and Redistribution Act extend vote to agricultural workers; electorate tripled.|
|1885||Fall of Khartoum.|
|1886||First (Irish) Home Rule bill rejected.|
|1887||Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee.|
|1889||London dock workers and match girls strike for 6d./hour.|
|1890||Parnell--O'Shea divorce case ends Parnell's influence; no Home Rule for Ireland.|
|1894||Dreyfus trial in France.|
|1895||U.S. equals the U.K.'s industrial output.|
|1897||Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.|
|1901||Victoria dies; Edward Prince of Wales succeeds.|
|1903||U.S. acquires Canal Zone from Panama.|
|1904||Entente Cordiale (England and France).|
|1905||Revolution in Russia.|
|1914-18||The "Great War" (World War I).|
|1916||Easter Rising in Dublin.|
|1918||all men over 21 and women over thirty enfranchised.|
|1922||Irish Free State established. |
James Joyce, Ulysses; T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land.
|1928||Equal Franchise Act grants right to vote to women over 21 (as well as men).|
|1936-8||Spanish Civil War.|
|1938||Chamberlain cedes Czech territory to Hitler at Munich.|
|1939-45||World War II.|
Last modified 11 October 2002