Three dimensional integration is a hot field within electronics since it offers a new way to package components densely and thus build tiny, well-functioning units. When stacking chips vertically, the most effective way to interconnect them is with electrical interconnects that go through the chip (instead of being wired together at the edges) – what are known as through-silicon vias.
The industry thus far has primarily used copper for this purpose; however, copper has several disadvantages that can limit the reliability of 3D electronics. Another major issue involves cooling when the chips get hot. The excellent thermal qualities of carbon nanotubes can play a decisive role in this respect.
Thus a research team at Chalmers is working with carbon nanotubes as conductive material for through-silicon vias. Carbon nanotubes – or tubes made of graphene whose walls are only one atom thick – are going to be the most reliable of all conductive materials if it is possible to use them on a large scale
Two chips have interconnects that are filled with thousands of carbon nanotubes. The chips are then bonded with adhesive so that the carbon nanotubes are directly contacted. A connection using two such interconnects is pictured to the right.
Image credit: Teng Wang, Kjell Jeppson, Lilei Ye, Johan Liu. Carbon-Nanotube Through-Silicon Via Interconnects for Three-Dimensional Integration. Small, 2011, Volume 7, pages 2,313–2,317. Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA.
Small Journal - Carbon-Nanotube Through-Silicon Via Interconnects for Three-Dimensional Integration
Advanced Materials - Ultrafast Transfer of Metal-Enhanced Carbon Nanotubes at Low Temperature for Large-Scale Electronics Assembly
PhD student Teng Wang – who defends his thesis on 12 December – has worked on production. He has developed a technique to fill through-silicon vias with thousands of carbon nanotubes. The chips are then bonded with an adhesive so that the carbon nanotubes are directly contacted and can thus conduct current through the chips.
"One difficulty involves producing carbon nanotubes with perfect properties and with the length we need to go through the chip," he says. "We have produced tubes that are 200 micrometers long, which can be compared to the diameter which is only 10 nanometers. Their properties, however, are not yet perfect."
For the method to be transferred to industrial production, manufacturing temperature needs to be reduced to a maximum of 450 degrees. This is a great challenge since carbon nanotubes are currently "grown" at a minimum of 700 degrees.
If successful, entirely new possibilities will arise for future shrinking of electronics – not least in terms of improved performance. The three dimensional integration using through-silicon vias provides significantly quicker signal transfers than traditional integration where chips are placed next to each other. Furthermore, through-silicon vias with carbon nanotubes provide less expensive production compared to the current technology that uses copper interconnects.
"There are several projects involving 3D integration underway in the industry, but there are potential problems with both cooling and reliability since they use copper," says Kjell Jeppsson. "If our method works on a large scale, I believe it will be in production within five years."
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