Presentation on theme: "Lecture 2 The main notions of Grammar The word and the morpheme"— Presentation transcript:
1 Lecture 2 The main notions of Grammar The word and the morpheme Types of the opposition. Oppositional reductionTypes of morphemesMeans of form-buildingTypes of words (stems)
2 The main notions of grammar The lexeme (child,children, child’s, children’s)the grammeme (child’s, boys’, bird’s, else’s…boys, children, phenomena, teeth, mice)the grammatical meaning (3d person, singular number)the grammatical formthe paradigmthe grammatical category
3 Grammatical meaning Grammatical form It is obligatory,it must be expressed in speechIt must have a form of expression(inflexions, analytical form, word order, intonation).walks – is walkingprocessIt’s a means of expressing grammatical meaning,It may lend variety to speech,Many men – many a manIt may convey the information more emotionallyHe is constantly slamming the doorYou are being naughty today.The system of all grammatical lexemes constitute aforms (grammemes ) of allPARADIGM
4 Grammatical categorya unity of a special grammatical form and a special grammatical meaning.a certain grammatical meaning which is expressed by a grammatical form.a grammatical form expressing a special grammatical meaning.It is revealed by the method of binary OPPOSITIONS
5 Members of the oposition Unmarked (week)Make- – makes+Marked (strong)Makes+ – making+
6 Types of the opposition Go- – went+ Built+ – was built+ good- – better+ - best+) Tense, gender, number, person Case, gender, order, article determinationPrivativeEquipollentGradualNotionalFormal
7 Oppositional reduction NeutralizationMan is sinful.A rose is a beautiful flower.The train arrives at 5 tomorrowTranspositionThe sun had the Belsey house in her hands.In November an unseen stranger called Pneumonia touched people here and there with his icy fingers.
8 The morpheme The wordIs one of the central notions of grammatical theory.is the smallest meaningful unit of a word-form (occurs in speech as a part of the word)It constitutes words (MORPHS)Is one of the basic units of languageIs a naming unit of languageIs the smallest meaningful unit of speechThe main features are:-- isolatability-- uninterruptibility-- looseness
9 The word is a nominative unit of the language formed by morphemes, which enters the lexicon of the language as its elementary component used for the formation of the sentence with other nominative elements.
10 - Position in the word -Meaning - Function Types of Morphemes Root door Prefix in-doors Suffix form-al Infix teeth Lexical day lexical-grammatical Writ-er Grammatical strong-er form-building word-building
14 Criteria for distinguishing an analytical form 1. A total grammatical meaning is built on the basis of a word combination of all components of the form. Each component in isolation doesn’t possess the information about the total meaning of the given form.2. Among the components of the analytical form there are no syntactic relations.3. Syntactic relations are possible for the whole form in total with its surroundings in a sentence4. Analytical forms are correlated with synthetic forms. There must be at least one synthetic form in the paradigm.5. Auxiliary elements lose their lexical meaning and can be contracted.