Church of St. Francis of Assisi, Kraków
|Church of St. Francis of Assisi in Kraków|
Monastery of the Franciscan Order
St. Francis of Assisi, view from All Saints Square Kraków Old Town (centre-left)
The Church of St. Francis of Assisi with Monastery of the Franciscan Order (Polish: Kościół św. Franciszka z Asyżu) located in the Old Town district of Kraków, Poland, is a Roman Catholic religious complex on the west side of All Saints Square at Franciszkańska 2, across the street from the Bishop's Palace – residence of Pope John Paul II during his stays in the city. The Church dates back to the 13th century. Saint Maximilian Kolbe was a monk there in 1919, and led his first service at this church on Poland's return to sovereignty.
There is no consensus among historians about the church's founder. He was probably Duke Henry II the Pious (1196–1241), son of Prince Henry the Bearded (1165–1238) who resided in Kraków and also previously invited the Franciscans to Wrocław. His wife, Anna (daughter of the Bohemian King Premysl Otakar I), and especially her sister Agnes (Agnieszka) contributed as well. However, widely regarded as the founder is also Duke Bolesław V the Chaste with his wife St. Kinga, especially in the construction and reconstruction of the church and monastery after the devastation of the Mongol invasion in 1241.
The Church was one of the first tall brick-and-sandstone buildings in the city. The original 13th-century Gothic structure was consecrated before 1269, and expanded in 1260–70. Not much remains from that particular period other than the ribbed 13th-century vault. Presbytery was elongated beginning in 1401 with the three-sided apsis (pictured). The cross-shaped central part with nave arcades was added around 1420–36 (the original chancel was straight). The annexes gave the temple a shape of a Greek cross for the first time. The expansion was re-consecrated by Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki in 1436. In spite of various calamities (1462, 1476, 1655), the Church of St. Francis of Assisi and the adjacent Monastery experienced the most destructive fire only in 1850. The written records of its consecration along with priceless artifacts were lost.
For the Franciscan Order in Poland the period of foreign partitions was deadly. By 1864, from over 90 Franciscan monasteries only 8 remained in the country including the one in Kraków. The situation slightly improved after the Austro-Prussian War. In 1866, Austria granted a degree of autonomy to Kraków after its own massive defeat. In 1895, the eastern part of the church received murals with floral motifs by the founder of Young Poland, Stanisław Wyspiański. Wyspiański was also the author of magnificent stained glass windows in the apse, manufactured at the Innsbruck foundry in 1899–1904. The re-consecration of the renovated church by Bishop of Kraków, Anatol Nowak, took place on 14 June 1908. It was promoted to the rank of Basilica Minor on 23 February 1920.
Shroud of Turin exact replica
The Franciscan Basilica is in possession of the certified copy of the Shroud of Turin, located in the Chapel of the Passion. It is placed at the main altar of the chapel (pictured) for all guest and parishioners to examine. The replica was consecrated by Pope John Paul II at the Vatican on 19 March 2003; and the ceremonial unveiling by Cardinal Franciszek Macharski of Kraków took place on 14 April 2003.
The Shroud of Turin is a burial linen 4.36 by 1.10 metres (14.3 by 3.6 ft) large, with the reverse image of a man, believed to be the deceased Christ, who, according to tradition, was wrapped in it and placed in the tomb. In the middle is the apparent imprint of the face of Christ.
Notes and references
- "Palace of Kraków Bishops (ul. Franciszkańska 3)". Old Town. Krakowskie Biuro Festiwalowe (official website). Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- "Bishop's Palace in Kraków". Krakow Adventure.com. 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- Franciszkanie (2013). "Zakon i Kościół franciszkański". Historia. Franciszkanie w Krakowie. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
- Paweł Krzan (13 June 2006). "Kościół św. Franciszka z Asyżu". Zabytki Krakowa. Krakow4u.pl. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
- Franciszek Mróz, Łukasz Mróz (2011). "3.3. Kraków – Bazylika św. Franciszka i klasztor Franciszkanów" (PDF). Kult św. Maksymiliana Marii Kolbego. Peregrinus Cracoviensis, 22 / 2011. p. 153. Archived from the original (PDF file, direct download 5.42 MB) on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- Franciszkanie (2013). "Zakon i Kościół. Gotycka budowla". Zabytki. Franciszkanie w Krakowie. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- Marek Strzala, "History of Krakow" "(see: Franz Joseph I granted Kraków the municipal government)". Retrieved 29 July 2013.
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