), a badge, an ensign, a mark of
distinction. Thus the BULLA
by a Roman boy was one of the insignia of his rank (Cic. in Verr. 1.58
, § 152). Five classes
of insignia more especially deserve notice:--
I. Those belonging to officers of state or civil functionaries of all
descriptions, such as the FASCES
carried before the CONSUL
Rome, the latus clavus and shoes worn by senators [CALCEUS; CLAVUS], the carpentum and the sword bestowed by the
emperor upon the praefect of the praetorium. (Lydus, de Mag.
2.3, 9.) The Roman EQUITES
distinguished by the “equus publicus,” the golden ring, the
angustus clavus [CLAVUS
the seat provided for them in the theatre and the circus (Hor.
4, 15; Mart. 5.8
The insignia of the kings of Rome--viz. the trabea, the toga praetexta, the
crown of gold, the ivory sceptre, the sella curulis, and the twelve lictors
with fasces, all of which except the crown and sceptre were transferred to
subsequent denominations of magistrates--were copied from the usages of the
Etruscans and other nations of early antiquity. (Flor.
; Sallust, Sal. Cat. 51
; Verg. A. 7.187
; Lydus, de
1.7, 8, 37.)
II. Badges worn by soldiers. The centurions in the Roman army were known by
the crests of their helmets [GALEA
], and the common men by their shields, each cohort having them
painted in a manner peculiar to itself. (Veget. 2.17; compare Caes. Gal. 7.45
p. 460 b.
Among the Greeks the devices sculptured or painted upon shields (see
woodcut, p. 459 b
), both for the sake of
ornament and as badges of distinction, employed the fancy of poets and of
artists of every description from the earliest times. Thus the seven heroes
who fought against Thebes, all except Amphiaraus, had on their shields
expressive figures and mottoes, differently described, however, by different
authors. (Aeschyl. Sept. c. Theb.
375-652; Eur. Phoen. 1107
; Apollodor. Bibl.
agreeably to his general character, wore a shield richly decorated with
ivory and gold, and exhibiting a representation of Cupid brandishing a
thunderbolt (Plut. Alc. 16
; Ath. xii. p. 534
e). The first use of these emblems on shields is attributed to the Carians
); and the fictitious employment
of them to deceive and mislead an enemy was among the stratagems of war
, § § 5-7;
Verg. A. 2.389
III. Family badges. Among the indignities practised by the Emperor Caligula,
it is related that he abolished the ancient insignia of the noblest
families, viz. the torquis, the cincinni, and the cognomen
“Magnus.” (Suet. Calig.
IV. Signs placed on the front of buildings. A figure of Mercury was the
common sign of a GYMNASIUM; but Cicero had a
statue of Minerva to fulfil the same purpose (ad Att.
Cities had their emblems as well as separate edifices; and the officer of a
city sometimes affixed the emblem to public documents as we do the seal of a
municipal corporation (Antigonus Caryst. Hist. Mir.
V. The figure-heads of ships. The insigne of a ship was an image placed on
the prow, and giving its name to the vessel (Tac.
; Caes. B.C.
2.6). Paul sailed from
Melita to Puteoli in the Dioscuri, a vessel which traded between that city
and Alexandria (Acts 28.11). Enschedé has drawn out a list of one
hundred names of ships, which occur either in classical authors or in
ancient inscriptions (Diss. de Tut. et Insignibus Navium,
reprinted in Ruhnken, Opusc.
pp. 257-305). The names were
those of gods and heroes, together with their attributes, such as the helmet
of Minerva, painted on the prow of the ship which conveyed Ovid to Pontus
(a picta casside nomen habet, Trist.
2); of virtues and affections, as Hope, Concord, Victory; of countries,
cities, and rivers, as the Po, the Mincius (Verg.
), the Delia, the Syracuse, the Alexandria (Athen. 5.208
f); and of men, women,
and animals, as the boar's head, which distinguished the vessels of Samos
; Choerilus, p. 155, ed. Naeke;
Hesych. sub voce
: Eust. in
xiii. p. 525), the swan, the tiger
(Verg. A. 10.166
), the bull (προτομὴν ταύρου,
). Plutarch mentions a Lycian
vessel with the sign of the lion on its prow, and that of the serpent on its
poop, manifestly intended to express the form of the chimaera (Mul.
p. 247 F). After an engagement at sea, the insigne of a
conquered vessel, as well as its aplustre, was often taken from it and
suspended in some temple as an offering to the god (Plut.
15). Figureheads were probably used from the first
origin of navigation. On the war-galleys of the Phoenicians, who called
them, as Herodotus says (3.37), παταικοί,
i. e. “carved images,” they [p. 1.1012]
sometimes a very grotesque appearance. It would appear that the παράσημα
of Greek ships were sometimes distinct
from their names; the latter were always feminine among the Greeks (Boeckh,
p. 81 ff.; Becker-Göll,
1.192), the former not so.
Besides the badge which distinguished each individual ship, and which was
either an engraved and painted wooden image forming part of the prow, or a
figure often accompanied by a name and painted on both the bows of the
vessel, other insignia, which could be elevated or lowered at pleasure, were
requisite in naval engagements. These were probably flags or standards,
fixed to the aplustre or to the top of the mast, and serving to mark all
those vessels which belonged to the same fleet or to the same nation. Such
were “the Attic” and “the Persic signals”
(τὸ Ἀττικὸν σημεῖον,
). A purple sail indicated the
admiral's ship among the Romans, and flags of different colours were used in
the fleet of Alexander the Great (Plin. Nat.
). (Cf. Becker-Göll, Charikles,
Vol. II. p. 216