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Chinese architecture covers buildings and structures from ancient to modern China — from city walls, temples, pagodas, and tombs, through colonial buildings, to skyscrapers. These distinctive trends and types of buildings introduced should help you understand Chinese architecture more.
Ancient (imperial) Chinese architecture started developing very rapidly from the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) onwards. At this point, builders had mastered earth ramming skills for city walls and the Great Wall, and knew how to fire tiles and built with cut stones.
It wasn't until the Three Kingdoms to the Southern and Northern Dynasties era (220–589) that much characteristically Chinese architecture developed, including Buddhist architecture.
During the Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties, advances were made in kilns, and bricks had become more popular. These two eras are known for their great conquests and achievements, including those in architecture.
This is why no expense was spared during the building of imperial palaces.
The most famous example is the palace in Beijing: the Forbidden City. This structure is the largest ancient palatial architecture in the world (and you can visit it to learn about its history in-depth with us).
Another great imperial palace to visit is the Shenyang Imperial Palace.
One of the most famous examples of this is the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, which is where emperors sacrificed every winter to pray for a good harvest the following year.
In Chinese culture and architecture, mausoleums are really important because in ancient China people believed that people's spirits lived on in tombs after the body passed away.
As mausoleums were built according to fengshui, most Chinese mausoleums are found on or nearby mountains. Other distinguishing features include a path leading up to the structure, as well as statues of humans or beasts on either side of this path.
In China, famous mausoleums that are great to visit include the Mausoleum of the First Emperor, particularly the Terracotta Army, in Xi'an, and the 13 Ming Tombs in northern Beijing, which are UNESCO World Heritage sites.
Back in ancient and imperial days, Chinese cities often had inner walls and outer walls.
Large gates opened up to allow people in and out. Beijing, for example, contained nine magnificent gates during the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368–1912).
The four corners of the walls had watch towers, which were used as look-out points to keep an eye out. You can still these structures at the Xi'an Ancient City Wall, the Pingyao Ancient City Wall, and in Nanjing, the latter of which is probably one of the most elaborate of all city walls.
Pagodas' octagonal towers were introduced to China along with Buddhism from India. As a result of Chinese influences, pagodas in India and China are different. For example, Indian pagodas generally have relics inside, but in China this isn't usually the case.
The most notable pagodas in China to visit are the Big Wild Goose Pagoda of Xi'an, the Three Pagodas in Dali, the Iron Pagoda in Kaifeng, and Six Harmonies Pagoda in Hangzhou, and these lesser known but equally impressive four pagodas.
Pretty much every Chinese landscape garden contains architecture, like a pagoda, colonnade, or a pavilion, decorative rocks, and a rock garden, plants, trees, flowers, and water elements. Most Chinese gardens are also enclosed by a wall and with winding paths.
These gardens are deliberately and carefully designed for visitors to walk through in a particular order. Some of the best examples of luscious gardens are Shanghai's Yu Garden as well as Suzhou's Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden.
Buildings built after the 1840s, particularly those for entertainment such as restaurants, hotels, theaters, and so forth, started to incorporate Western elements into their design.
Modern Chinese architecture became more of a mix of elements, something that is especially visible in the cities of Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Qingdao, and Harbin, which had more foreign exposure.
Tianjin especially is famous for its foreign legation quarter, five remaining streets downtown with over 100 imposing residences, but Shanghai's Bund has an equally impressive display of foreign-style architecture, which you can see walking past or on a Huangpu River Cruise.
Today, you'll see some really impressive architecture throughout the entire country as a result of the opening up of China in the 1980s, but also as a result of China's rapid economic modernization.
Around 15 years ago, China had mostly 10-to-30-story buildings filling up the big cities. Then, by early 2016, nine of the world's 20 supertall buildings (above 400m) were to be found in China.
Visiting Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, or Hong Kong, you'll be amazed by the incredible tall buildings that are either completed or still mid-construction. The Shanghai Tower is currently the tallest tower in China, and the second tallest in the world, standing at 632 meters and 128 floors.
China's second tallest building is the Ping An IFC in Shenzhen, standing at 599 meters tall and 115 floors.
Hong Kong's tallest building is the ICC Tower, at 484 meters, 10th in the world . It has a great viewing platform (Sky 100) on the 100th floor where you can marvel at Hong Kong's incredible infrastructure and mountainous nature.
If you have an interest in architecture, let us know when you are booking your tour with us so that we can make sure your tour focuses mostly on those aspects of Chinese architecture you're interested in.
We can also offer half-day or day tours around all of the architectural structures and sites mentioned in this article.