11- usually occur in auto accidents and from animal bites Avulsion - results when tissue is separated partly or completely from a person’s body- usually occur in auto accidents and from animal bites- severed part should be sent with person to hospital- pack part in ice or ice water
13First Aid for Open Wounds Stop the bleeding*pressure point - one of a number of points along the main artery supplying blood to an affected limb*apply direct pressure to wound or pressure point
142. Protect the wound - cover the wound with a clean cloth 3. Treat for shock*shock - the failure of the cardio- vascular system to keep adequate blood circulation to the vital organs of the body
15Symptoms of shock include confusion, accelerated or slowed pulse rate, trembling, weakness in the arms and legs, pale or clammy skin, pale or bluish lips and fingernails, and enlarged pupils.Treatment - keep victim lying down, maintain body temperature, elevate feet if possible, and get medical help. Do not give food or drink.
164. Get help*Send someone for help or if you are alone shout for help.*Leave the victim only after you have performed first aid and feel that you have lessened the risk of further injury or death.
17When calling 911, give the following information: Check - Call - CareWhen calling 911, give the following information:*Telephone number*Exact location*Caller’s name*What happened*Number and condition of victims*What help is being given!!!Do not hang up first!!!
18Blood Types Type May Receive A A, O B B, O AB A, B, AB, O Universal ReceiverO O Universal DonorRh factor - a protein found in some blood
19Severe Burns: First degree burns: - are superficial - involve top layer of skin- heal in 5 to 6 days- example: most sunburns
26First Aid for Severe Burns Ease burn with plenty of cool waterPlace a clean dry dressing over the burned area to prevent infectionRaise area above the level of the heart if possibleTreat for shock
27Do not attempt to remove clothing that is stuck to the burn or to treat burns where the skin has been burned away.
28- between 1 and 2 million poisonings occur in US each year can occur through swallowing or inhaling a toxic substance, through snakebite, or through contact with a poisonous plant or chemical- between 1 and 2 million poisonings occur in US each year-most involve children underage 6
30Signs of oral poisoning: - sharp abdominal crampsextreme drowsiness followed by loss of consciousness-vomiting-chemical odor on the breath-chemical burns on the lips-open container of a poisonous substance
31First Aid for Swallowing Poison Call poison control center2. Have the following information:a. age and weight of victimb. name of suspected poisonc. amount takend. time it was taken, if known3. Treat for shockEmetic- an agent that induces vomiting
32Snakebites Poisonous ones in US: 1. Rattlesnake 3. Copperhead 2. Water moccasin 4. Coral snakeFirst Aid:Get victim to hospital - keep the victim as still and quiet as possible.2. Keep the bitten area at or below the level of the heart.
333.Call EMS for instructions 4. Do not put ice on bite, the venom does more damage in a cold environment.Venom - a poisonous substance secreted by a snake or other animal5. Maintain breathing and prevent aggravation of the wound- move slowly and rest periodically
35Contact Poisoning A. Plants 1. Poison ivy, poison oak,poison sumac 2. First defense - learn what they look like3. Causes - rash, blistering, swelling, burning, itching, and possible a fever4. First aid - remove contaminated clothing
372. All should be stored out of reach of children - wash with soap and water- use Calamine lotion for itching-if severe, get medical helpB. Chemicals1. Household cleaning agents and pesticides are common causes of poisoning2. All should be stored out of reach of children
383. Direct contact with a poison usually. causes a burning of the skin, 3. Direct contact with a poison usually causes a burning of the skin, resembling a sunburn.4. First aid - remove any contaminated clothing- flood area with water for 15 minutes- contact poison control center
39-universal choking signal - both hands placed at the throat Lesson 3 - First Aid for Choking, Rescue Breathing, and CPRChoking - occurs when a piece of food becomes lodged in the trachea or windpipe.-universal choking signal - both hands placed at the throat
40First Aid for Choking Heimlich maneuver or abdominal thrust (conscious victim)Heimlich maneuver or abdominal thrust- the application of sudden pressure on the victim’s diaphragm so as to expel the substance blocking the airway1. Wrap arms around the victim’s waist. Place your hand halfway between the lower sternum and the naval with your thumb side of your hand against their abdomen.
412. Grasp your fist with the other hand, and press into the abdomen with quick upward thrusts until the blockage is dislodged.** if you are by yourself perform abdominal thrusts on yourself by leaning over the back of a chair or the edge of a table
43Choking Infant (conscious) 1. Place the infant on a downward angle over your arm.2. Using the heel of your other hand, give four quick blows to the baby’s back between the shoulder blades.3.Turn the infant over. Press two fingers into the middle of the baby’s sternum (chest thrust), repeat four times.4. Alternate administering back blows and chest thrusts until the object is dislodged.
45Respiratory Failure - a state in which air is unable to reach the lungs May occur because of:- lungs filling with water- gas poisoning- overdose of narcotics- electrocution
46First Aid :1. Artificial respiration or rescue breathinga. tilt victim’s head, look, listen, and feelb. if not breathing, pinch nostrils together, seal your mouth over theirs and exhale (2 full breaths)
47c. keep head tilted - look, listen, and c. keep head tilted - look, listen, and feel again, check for carotid pulsed. if there is a pulse but no breathing, continue breaths, one every five seconds (adults), one every four seconds (children), and one every three seconds (infants)e. continue until victim starts breathing or medical help arrives
48Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation CPRA lifesaving technique in which a heart that has stopped is forced to pump blood to the body by means of applied pressure
49Breathing Circulation Cardiovascular failure - failure of the heart to pump bloodThree steps of CPR:AirwayBreathingCirculation
50Lesson 4 -More Common Emergencies Fracture - to break a boneFirst Aid: 1. Try to keep the injured part from moving by immobilizing it2. Use a splint to secure the injured part to the body3. Seek medical help
52Sprains - a condition caused by a stretching or tearing of the soft tissue bands, or ligaments, that hold bones together at a jointFirst Aid - R.I.C.E. procedure1. R est2. I ce3. C ompression4. E levation
53Fainting - temporary loss of consciousness brought on by a reduced supply of blood to the brain First Aid - 1. Lay person down and elevate their feet 8 to 12 inches2. Loosen tight clothing3. Open airway4. Sponge face with water5. Seek help if necessary
54Animal Bites -First Aid: 1. Wash area with soap and water2. Cover it with a clean dressing3. Get the person to a doctor at onceRabies - a viral disease of the nervous system that eventually causes madness and death
562. Wash area with soap and water 3. Watch for allergic reactions Bee Stings - 1. use a flat sharp-edged object to scrape the stinger away from the skin until you pull out the venom sac2. Wash area with soap and water3. Watch for allergic reactionsObjects in the Eye- run water in the eye starting at the nose and work outward- if the object does not come out cover both eyes and seek medical attention!!!Do Not rub the eyes!!!
58Nosebleeds -1. Keep person calm and lean head forward2. Apply direct pressure by pressing on the bleeding nostril3. Apply a cold towel to the person’s nose and face4. Place a piece of cotton or gauze between the upper lip and teeth to stop the bleeding
59Frostbite - a condition in which ice Frostbite - a condition in which ice crystals form in the spaces between the cells- skin is yellowish or gray in color and feels clammy or doughyFirst Aid - 1. Rewarm frozen body part by soaking in lukewarm water2. Place sheets of gauze between the warmed fingers and toes and bandage3. Seek medical help ASAPGangrene is the death of tissue in a part of the body. It often requires amputation of the affected part.
62!!!Do not drink too much at once!!! Heat Cramps - caused by loss of water and salt from the body- signs: muscle cramps, heavy sweating, headache, and dizzinessFirst Aid - 1. Move out of heat2. Massage the muscle3. Give sips of water or sports drink(only 4 ounces every 15 minutes)!!!Do not drink too much at once!!!
63Heat Stroke - a life-threatening condition caused by prolonged exposure to extremely high heat First Aid - 1. Prompt action is essential!2. Move person to shade3. Immerse in cold water or place ice packs around the neck, in the groin, and under the arms4. Get medical help