2 Interlanguage ILIt refers to the type of language produced by 2nd & foreign language learners who are in the process of learning a language
3 Interlanguage ILIn language learning, learners’ errors are caused by several different processes. These include:Borrowing patterns from L1 (language transfer)Extending patterns form L2 (overgeneralization)Expressing meanings using the words & grammar which are already known (communication strategy)
4 Interlanguage ILSince the language which the learner produces using these processes differs form both the mother tongue & the target language, it is sometimes called an interlanguage, or is said to result from the learner’s interlanguage system or approximative system.
5 The Beginning of ILA shift in psychology from behavioristic to cognitive theoriesDissatisfaction with L1 transfer as the main objective of CAFinding actual errors at a given point in time by the EA approach
6 The beginning of ILThis approach is not based on deviation (errors); it is concerned with the process of L2 development at all levels (phonological, morphological, syntactic, & semantic) as a whole in different stages.Attention is paid to the development processes & how one could for both systematicity & variability in the learner’s language.
7 Interlanguage IL This approach / linguistic system has been called Approximative systemsInterlanguage ILTransitional competence
8 IL AssumptionsLearners internally construct a linguist system, which is different from both the learner’s L1 & the L2, but it is based on L2 input that he receives.At successive stages of learning, learners keep linguistic systems, reconstructing and approximating a certain variety of L2 that rarely becomes identical to the L2 norm.
9 IL Cognitive Processes psychological & social L1 transferTransfer of training, which comes from learners’ teachersStrategies of L2 learning, which are approaches by learners to the elements to be learnedStrategies of L2 communication, which are ways of communication with the native speakers of the L2Overgeneralization of L2 rules, which is a process by which a learner extends the L2 rule beyond its acceptable use
10 IL & Natural Language Similarities IL is assumed to be systematic, i.e. rule governed behaviorIL obeys universal constraints at all levels (phonological, morphological, syntactic, & semantic)IL shows evidence of internal consistency
11 IL & Natural Languages Differences Reduced systems (number & complexity of rules)Permeability (incomplete rules)Fossilization (fixed cognitive representation)Causes of fossilization:Low motivation of L2 learning for psychological and/ or social reasonsAge with which old learners usually retain a recognizable foreign accentLimited range of L2 input with respect to its quality & quantity
12 IL MethodologySelinker (1972) identified the essential components for IL analysis in:L1 utterances produced by the learnerIL utterances produced by the learner (the learner’s version of L2)L2 utterances used by its native speakersIn this way, IL methodology incorporates the assumptions of EA & CA
13 IL & L2 TeachingOn the basis of IL assumptions, a number of claims have been made in L2 teaching:The teacher of an L2 can get a clear picture of the learner’s transitional competence, not only the errors which are made at a particular time as in the case of EA approachPlans for teaching are done for the different stages of development
14 IL & L2 TeachingPsychological & linguistic processes of L2 learning may be inferred from the descriptions of the learner’s IL as these descriptions develop & change through various attempts of learning the L2Our realistic aim in L2 teaching & learning is not to achieve a native speaker competence but something near it
15 IL CriticsNo concrete hints are in IL literature on how to describe the changing linguistic systems in L2A large body of data is needed to ascertain a linguistic rule in the learner’s IL & this is only achieved through longitudinal studies which take a long period of time (i.e. year) in order to follow the development of a language phenomenon
16 IL CriticsObservation of the most truly systematic form of a learner’s IL is not an easy process since it needs a number of considerations related to status of the learners & the researcher, the topic of discourse, the spoken or written language, a naturalistic or experimental task, the physical surrounding (e.g. classroom, home, office), and monitored or unmonitored speech