Researchers have developed a method of making gecko-inspired adhesive materials much more cost-effective than current methods.
Engineers have known the secrets of gecko feet stickiness and emulated them in strips of rubbery materials that can pick up and release objects. Simple mass production for everyday use, however, hasn’t been within reach until now.
The new advance could enable mass production and the spread of the versatile gripping strips to manufacturing and homes.
Polymers with “gecko adhesion” surfaces could make extremely versatile grippers to pick up very different objects even on the same assembly line. They could make picture hanging easy by adhering to both the picture and the wall at the same time. Vacuum cleaner robots with gecko adhesion could someday scoot up tall buildings to clean facades.
“With the exception of things like Teflon, it will adhere to anything. This is a clear advantage in manufacturing because we don’t have to prepare the gripper for specific surfaces we want to lift,” says principal investigator Michael Varenberg, assistant professor in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology.
“Gecko-inspired adhesives can lift flat objects like boxes then turn around and lift curved objects like eggs and vegetables.”
Current grippers on assembly lines, such as clamps, magnets, and suction cups, can each lift limited ranges of objects. Grippers based on gecko-inspired surfaces, which are dry and contain no glue or goo, could replace many grippers or just fill in capability gaps left by other gripping mechanisms.
Floppy walls and razor blades
The adhesion comes from protrusions a few hundred microns in size that often look like sections of short, floppy walls running parallel to each other across the material’s surface.
Up to now, molding has produced these mesoscale walls by pouring ingredients onto a template, letting the mixture react and set to a flexible polymer, then removing it from the mold. But the method is inconvenient.
“Molding techniques are expensive and time-consuming processes. And there are issues with getting the gecko-like material to release from the template, which can disturb the quality of the attachment surface,” Varenberg says.
The researchers’ new method formed those walls by pouring ingredients onto a smooth surface instead of a mold, letting the polymer partially set, then dipping rows of laboratory razor blades into it. The material set a little more around the blades, which researchers then drew out, leaving behind micron-scale indentations surrounded by the desired walls.
Gecko feet inspiration
Though the new method is easier than molding, developing it took a year of dipping, drawing, and readjusting while surveying finicky details under an electron microscope.
“There are many parameters to control: Viscosity and temperature of the liquid; timing, speed, and distance of withdrawing the blades. We needed enough plasticity of the setting polymer to the blades to stretch the walls up, and not so much rigidity that would lead the walls to rip up,” Varenberg says.
Gecko-inspired surfaces have a fine topography on a micron-scale and sometimes even on a nanoscale, and surfaces made via molding are usually the most precise. But such perfection is unnecessary; the materials made with the new method did the job well and were also markedly robust.
“Many researchers demonstrating gecko adhesion have to do it in a cleanroom in clean gear. Our system just plain works in normal settings. It is robust and simple, and I think it has good potential for use in industry and homes,” says Varenberg, who studies surfaces in nature to mimic their advantageous qualities in human-made materials.
Gecko feet have ridges on their toes, and this has led some in the past to think their feet stick by suction or some kind of clutching by the skin.
But electron microscopes reveal a deeper structure—spatula-shaped bristly fibrils protrude a few dozen microns long off those ridges. The fibrils make such thorough contact with surfaces down to the nanoscale that weak attractions between atoms on both sides appear to add up enormously to create overall strong adhesion.
In place of fluff, engineers have developed rows of shapes covering materials that produce the effect. A common shape makes a material’s surface look like a field of mushrooms a few hundred microns in size; another is rows of short walls like those in the current study.
“The mushroom patterns touch a surface, and they are attached straightaway, but detaching requires applying forces that can be disadvantageous,” Varenberg says. “The wall-shaped projections require minor shear force like a tug or a gentle grab to generate adherence, but that is easy, and letting go of the object is uncomplicated, too.”
The researchers used the drawing method to make walls with U-shaped spaces in between them and walls with V-shaped spaces in between. They worked with polyvinylsiloxane (PVS) and polyurethane (PU). The V-shape made in PVS worked best, but polyurethane is the better material for industry, so the group will now work toward achieving the V-shape gecko gripping pattern in PU for the best possible combination.
The research appears in the journal ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.
Source: Georgia Tech