Humanities › History & Culture The Invention of the Mirror c. 400 B.C.E. Share Flipboard Email Print We take mirrors for granted today, but they were once rare and precious. Eternity in an Instant via Getty Images History & Culture Asian History Basics Figures & Events Southeast Asia East Asia South Asia Middle East Central Asia Asian Wars and Battles American History African American History African History Ancient History and Culture European History Genealogy Inventions Latin American History Medieval & Renaissance History Military History The 20th Century Women's History View More By Kallie Szczepanski History Expert Ph.D., History, Boston University J.D., University of Washington School of Law B.A., History, Western Washington University Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. our editorial process Kallie Szczepanski Updated March 08, 2017 Who invented the first mirror? Humans and our ancestors probably used pools of still water as mirrors for hundreds of thousands or even millions of years. Later, mirrors of polished metal or obsidian (volcanic glass) gave wealthy preeners a more portable view of themselves. Obsidian mirrors from 6,200 BCE were discovered at Catal Huyuk, the ancient city near modern-day Konya, Turkey. People in Iran used polished copper mirrors at least as early as 4,000 BCE. In what is now Iraq, one Sumerian noble-woman from about 2,000 BCE called "the Lady of Uruk" had a mirror made of pure gold, according to a cuneiform tablet discovered in the ruins of that city. In the Bible, Isaiah scolds Israelite women who were "haughty and walk[ed] with necks outstretched, ogling and mincing as they go..." He warns them that God will do away with all of their finery - and their brass mirrors! A Chinese source from 673 BCE casually mentions that the queen wore a mirror at her girdle, indicating that this was a well-known technology there, as well. The earliest mirrors in China were made from polished jade; later examples were made from iron or bronze. Some scholars suggest that the Chinese acquired mirrors from the nomadic Scythians, who were in contact with Middle Eastern cultures as well, but it seems just as likely that the Chinese invented them independently. But what about the glass mirror we know today? It also came about surprisingly early. Who was it, then, that made a sheet of glass, backed with metal, into a perfect reflecting surface? As far as we know, the first mirror-makers lived near the city of Sidon, Lebanon, some 2,400 years ago. Since glass itself likely was invented in Lebanon, it's not too surprising that it was the site of the earliest modern mirrors. Unfortunately, we do not know the name of the tinkerer who first came up with this invention. To make a mirror, pre-Christian Lebanese or Phoenicians blew a thin sphere of molten glass into a bubble, and then poured hot lead into the bulb of glass. The lead coated the inside of the glass. When the glass cooled, it was broken and cut into convex pieces of mirror. These early experiments in the art were not flat, so they must have been a bit like fun-house mirrors. (Users' noses probably looked enormous!) In addition, early glass was generally somewhat bubbly and discolored. Nonetheless, the images would have been much clearer than those obtained by looking into a sheet of polished copper or bronze. The blown bubbles of glass used were thin, minimizing the impact of the flaws, so these early glass mirrors were a definite improvement over earlier technologies. The Phoenicians were masters of the Mediterranean trade routes, so it's no surprise that this wonderful new trade object quickly spread throughout the Mediterranean world and the Middle East. The Persian emperor Darius the Great, who ruled around 500 BCE, famously surrounded himself with mirrors in his throne room to reflect his glory. Mirrors were used not only for self-admiration, but also for magical amulets. After all, there's nothing like a clear glass mirror to repel the evil eye! Mirrors were commonly thought to reveal an alternate world, in which everything was backward. Many cultures also believed that mirrors could be portals into supernatural realms. Historically, when a Jewish person died, his or her family would cover all of the mirrors in the household to prevent the deceased person's soul from being trapped in the mirror. Mirrors, then, were very useful but also perilous items! For much more information on mirrors, as well as many other interesting topics, see Mark Pendergrast's book Mirror Mirror: A History of the Human Love Affair with Reflection, (Basic Books, 2004).