The current system
The essential drawbacks of the current system of scientific publishing are all connected to the particular way that peer review is used to evaluate papers. In particular, the current system suffers from a lack of quality and transparency of the peer review process, a lack of availability of evaluative information about papers to the public, and excessive costs incurred by a system, in which private publishers are the administrators of peer review. These problems can all be addressed by open post-publication peer review (OPR). Together with open access (OA), which is generally accepted as desirable, OPR will revolutionize scientific publishing.
Open post-publication peer review (OPR)
Open: Any scientist can instantly publish a peer review on any published paper. The scientist will submit the review to a public repository. Reviews can include written text, figures, and numerical quality ratings. The repository will link each paper to all its reviews, such that that readers are automatically presented with the evaluative meta-information. In addition, the repository allows anyone to rank papers according to a personal objective function computed on the basis of the public reviews and their numerical quality ratings. Peer review is open in both directions: (1) Any scientist can freely submit a review on any paper. (2) Anyone can freely access any review.
Post-publication: Reviews are submitted after publication, because the paper needs to be publicly accessible in order for any scientist to be able to review it. Post-publication reviews can add evaluative information to papers published in the current system (which have already been secretly reviewed before publication). For example, a highly controversial paper appearing in Science may motivate a number of supportive and critical post-publication reviews. The overall evaluation from these public reviews will affect the attention given to the paper by potential readers. The actual text of the reviews may help readers understand and judge the details of the paper.
Peer review: Like the current system of pre-publication evaluation, the new system relies on peer review. For all of its faults, peer review is the best mechanism available for evaluation of scientific papers.
In the future system, peer review is more similar to getting up to comment on a talk presented at a conference. Because these reviews do not decide about publication, they are less affected by politics. Because they are communications to the community, their power depends on how compelling their arguments are to the community. This is in contrast to secret peer review, where uncompelling arguments can prevent publication because editors largely rely on reviewers’ judgments, because there is too little time and no formal mechanism for a judgment of the reviewers’ judgments.
Signed or anonymous: The open peer reviews can be signed or anonymous. Reviews will be digitally authenticated by public-key cryptography. In analyzing the review information to rank papers, signed reviews can be given greater weight if there is evidence that they are more reliable.
Paper selection by arbitrary paper evaluation functions (PEFs): The necessary selection of papers for reading can be based on the reviews and their associated numerical judgments. Any reader can define a PEF based on content and quality criteria and will automatically be informed about papers best conforming to his or her criteria. The PEF could for example, exclude anonymous reviews, exclude certain reviewers, weight evidence for central claims over potential impact of the results etc.
Multiple lenses on the literature
The literature can accessed through webportals that prioritize papers according to different PEFs. Organizations and individuals will define PEFs according to their own priorities. The free definability of PEFs will create a plurality of perspectives of the literature. The continual evolution of multiple PEFs renders the evaluation system “ungamable” because PEFs can be adjusted in response to attempts to game the system.
The nature of a review in the current and future systems