Biologists from Yale University have found an ancient fossil relative of sea urchins and starfish that displays a markedly different water vascular system — used for feeding and movement — compared to its modern counterparts.
The fossil, a specimen of Protasterina flexuosa, is a brittle star that is some 450 million years old. Brittle stars, sea stars, and sea urchins all have an internal system of fluid-filled canals connected to an external system of tube feet. This water vascular system is a unique feature that distinguishes these animals, called echinoderms, from all other animals.
“This fossil brittle star is remarkable as one of very few to preserve direct evidence of the soft tissues of the canals and tube feet. However, we found no evidence in the fossil of specialized muscles along the canals used by modern brittle stars to regulate pressure in their tube feet,” said Elizabeth Clark, a Yale graduate student in paleobiology and first author of a study in the Royal Society journal Biology Letters.
“Our results suggest that these specialized muscles might have evolved after the evolution of symmetrically paired tube feet along the length of the arm,” Clark said.
Co-authors of the study are Bhart-Anjan Bhullar and Derek Briggs of Yale and Simon Darroch of Vanderbilt University.
“In living forms the tube feet are arranged in pairs along each arm and controlled by a series of muscular sphincters along the radial canal to which they are attached. This Ordovician brittle star differs in that the canal zig-zags and the tube feet are not paired but offset, and there is no evidence of sphincters,” said Briggs, Yale’s G. Evelyn Hutchinson Professor of Geology and Geophysics and curator at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History. “They were probably controlled individually by muscles in the tube feet and in short lateral branches that connect them to the radial canal.”
Reference: “Water vascular system architecture in an Ordovician ophiuroid” by Elizabeth G. Clark, Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar, Simon A. F. Darroch and Derek E. G. Briggs, 6 December 2017, Biology Letters.
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