Pointless topologytopology which avoids the mentioning of points. A traditional topological space consists of a set of "points", together with a system of "open sets". These open sets form a lattice with certain properties. Pointless topology then studies lattices like these abstractly, without reference to any underlying set of points. Since some of the so-defined lattices do not arise from topological spaces, one may see the category of pointless topological spaces, also called locales, as an extension of the category of ordinary topological spaces. Some proponents claim that this new category has certain natural properties which make it preferable. Details on the relationship between the category of topological spaces and the category of locales, including the explicit construction of the duality between sober spaces and spacial locales, are to be found in the article on Stone duality.
- b ^ (V ai) = V (ai ^ b)
It is possible to translate most concepts of point-set topology into the context of locales, and prove analogous theorems. While many important theorems in point-set topology require the axiom of choice, this is not true for their analogues in locale theory. This can be useful if one works in a topos which doesn't have the axiom of choice. The concept of "product of locales" diverges slightly from the concept of "product of topological spaces", and this divergence has been called a disadvantage of the locale approach. Others claim that the locale product is more natural and point to several of its "desirable" properties which are not shared by products of topological spaces.
- P. T. Johnstone: The point of pointless topology. Bulletin American Mathematical Society, 8(1):41--53, 1983.