The Gateway Arch is a magnificent symbol of St. Louis's
role as the gateway to the west. It stands on the site where,
in 1764, French explorer Pierre Laclede established a trading
post. That settlement became a departure point for explorers,
pioneers, fur traders and others who were part of the country's
westward movement. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase
in 1803, which annexed to the Union a large portion of the
middle United States, it was clear that Saint Louis, in its
strategically located setting, would continue to play a major
role in western expansion.
In the 1930's, Saint Louis civic leaders had a vision to
transform Laclede's landing, a now decaying section of the
City, into a 91 acre park with a memorial honoring Thomas
Jefferson, the Louisiana Purchase, and the city itself. A
nationwide architectural competition was sponsored by the
Jefferson National Expansion Memorial.
Most entrants produced conventional designs of the time,
such as a pylon or a slab and a statue. It was Eero Saarinen,
a Finnish-American architect, whose design was awarded first
prize. Only Saarinen's visionary design, a stainless steel
arch leaping out of a forest along the banks of the Mississippi,
carried the message of the future, both in form and material.
While appreciating the extraordinary presence of the arch,
it is important to remember the city planners whose desire
found its expression in Saarinen's vision.
Saarinen said, "The major concern here was to create
a monument which would have lasting significance and would
be a landmark of our time. An absolutely simple shape - such
as the Egyptian pyramids or obelisks - seemed to be the basis
of the great memorials that have kept their significance
and dignity across time." His design was an inverted
three-sided catenary curve, a shape arrived at by hanging
a chain freely between two supporting points and projecting
this curve upward to form an arch. The weight and thrust
of the arch passes through the lower portion of the legs
and is absorbed into the foundation, making it strong enough
to sway no more than 18 inches in a 150 mile per hour wind.
Saarinen believed this pure form continued in the tradition
of all great monuments that have been basic geometric shapes.
He also felt that "the mathematical precision seemed
to enhance the timelessness of the form, but at the same
time its dynamic quality seemed to link it to our own time."
Unfortunately, Saarinen didn't live to see the arch completed.
It was to take thirty years to secure government funds, to
clear the land and relocate the elevated railroad, before
construction could actually begin.
The arch was to span a height of 630 feet. Each of the
legs was designed as an equilateral triangle, 54 feet on
a side at the base by 12 feet high, tapering to a triangle
of 17 fee by 8 feet at the top. All together there were to
be 71 sections in each leg. (These sections were fabricated
in Pennsylvania and shipped by rail to Saint Louis.) Inside
of each section were double steel walls. At ground level
the walls were 3 feet apart, but by the time the arch was
at the 400 foot level, they were less than an inch apart.
This construction left a core 48 feet wide at the base, narrowing
to 15.5 feet at the top. To reinforce the lower half, steel
rods embedded in concrete were used. Above the 300 foot level,
the concrete was discontinued and steel stiffeners were inserted.
On June 17, 1962, the work on the foundation began. Concrete
was poured to a depth of 60 feet below ground level, the
lower 30 feet being embedded in the bedrock. Nearly 26,000
tons of concrete were used on the foundation alone. By February
12, 1963, builders were ready to place the first stainless
steel sections of the arch in the south leg. The first six
sections of each leg were put in place by a crane, but because
of its curve, further work on the arch psed challenging engineering
problems. Once the sections had been placed as far as the
ground cranes could reach, how would construction proceed?
Considering that the arch legs were 630 feet apart at the
base and the uprights were expected to meet 630 feet in the
air, new construction techniques had to be conceived. The
MacDonald Construction Co. of Saint Louis, working with the
Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Co., arrived at this solution
- a creeper crane, which until then had only been used a
few times. This creeper crane - an 80 ton tilted platform
mounted on tracks that were attached to the arch - supported
a 130 foot derrick. The crane would actually crawl up the
sides of the arch, allowing new arch sections to be put in
place and providing a platform from which to mount new tracks
so that the crane could continue its ascent.
Given the deviation expected during construction, unavoidable
because of expansion brought on by temperature changes and
possible construction error, another device had to be developed
that would give support to the uprights beyond the 530 foot
level. To solve this problem, a stabilizing strut - like
a bridge - was inserted between the two sections to support
the legs and prevent swaying. At the final moment, another
device, a spreader jack, was placed in the last 2 foot gap
between the legs, stretching the legs, (which, because of
their weight - 8,000 tons each - were leaning inward). This
allowed the keystone, the final and top section, to be inserted.
One of the most exciting moments in the construction of the
arch was the placement of the keystone, which occurred on
October 28, 1965. To avoid complications from the expansion
of the steel by the sun's heat, placement began about 9:30
a.m. that day. The fire department was called in to spray
cold water down the side of the south leg to try to prevent
any additional expansion from direct exposure to the sun.
It took only 13 minutes to raise the final 8 foot section
to the top of the arch. By noon, the keystone was in place.
It had taken only a little more than three years to accomplish
the monumental task of constructing the Gateway Arch. Once
the keystone was in place and welded, the jacks and tracing
were removed and the surface was polished. The entire arch,
including steel and concrete, weighed 16,678 tons. On October
29, 1965, the arch was completed.
Simple in design, the arch is an elegant and powerful image
rising above the city. It's surface, opaque and reflective,
follows the path of the sun, describes the mood of the day,
and by nightfall comes alive with the reflection of the city's
lights. Saarinen said, "The arch could be a triumphal
arch for our age as the triumphal arches of classical antiquity
were for theirs. Lofty, dynamic, of permanent significance,
the arch could be a proper visual center and focus for the
park, and as "The Gateway to the West," it could
symbolize the spirit of the whole Memorial."