Politics of Lithuania
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politics and government of
Executive power is exercised by the government, which is headed by the Prime Minister. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the unicameral Seimas (Lithuanian Parliament). Judicial power is vested in judges appointed by the President of Lithuania and is independent of executive and legislature power. The judiciary consists of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, and the Court of Appeal as well as the separate administrative courts. The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania established these powers upon its approval on October 25, 1992. Being a multi-party system, the government of Lithuania is not dominated by any single political party, rather it consists of numerous parties that must work with each other to form coalition governments.
- 1 History
- 2 Government
- 3 Legislative branch
- 4 Political parties and elections
- 5 Judicial branch
- 6 Administrative divisions
- 7 International organization participation
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Since Lithuania declared independence on March 11, 1990, it has kept strong democratic traditions. Drawing from the interwar experiences, politicians made many different proposals that ranged from strong parliamentarism to a presidential republic with checks and balances similar to the United States. Through compromise, a semi-presidential system was settled.1 In a referendum on October 25, 1992, the first general vote of the people since their declared independence, 56.75% of the total number of voters supported the new constitution.2
All major political parties declared their support for Lithuania's membership in NATO and the European Union (EU). Lithuania joined NATO on March 29, 2004, and joined the EU on May 1, 2004.
Since 1991, Lithuanian voters have shifted from right to left and back again, swinging between the Conservatives, led by Vytautas Landsbergis, and the (formerly Communist) Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania, led by president Algirdas Brazauskas. During this period, the prime minister was Gediminas Vagnorius.
Valdas Adamkus has been the president for most of the time since 1998. His prime minister was Rolandas Paksas, whose government got off to a rocky start and collapsed within seven months. The alternation between left and right was broken in the October 2000 elections when the Liberal Union and New Union parties won the most votes and were able to form a centrist ruling coalition with minor partners. President Adamkus played a key role in bringing the new centrist parties together. Artūras Paulauskas, the leader of the center-left New Union (also known as the Social Liberal party), became the Chairman of the Seimas. In July 2001, the center-left New Union party forged an alliance with the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania and formed a new cabinet under former president Algirdas Brazauskas. On April 11, 2006, Artūras Paulauskas was removed from his position and Viktoras Muntianas was elected Chairman of the Seimas.3
The cabinet of Algirdas Brazauskas resigned on May 31, 2006, as President Valdas Adamkus expressed no confidence in two of the Ministers, formerly party colleagues of Brazauskas, over ethical principles. Brazauskas decided not to remain in office as acting Prime Minister, and announced that he was finally retiring from politics. Even so, he led the ruling Social Democratic Party of Lithuania for one more year, until May 19, 2007, when he passed the reins to Gediminas Kirkilas. On November 27, 2008, Andrius Kubilius was appointed as a new Prime Minister.
Government in Lithuania is made up of three branches originally envisioned by enlightenment philosopher Baron de Montesquieu: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch is separate and is set up to do checks and balances on each other branch.
The executive branch of the Lithuanian government consists of a President, a Prime Minister, and the President's Council of Ministers. It is in charge of running the government.
The President of Lithuania is the head of state of the country, elected directly for a five-year term and can serve maximum of two terms consecutively. The President, with the approval of the Seimas, is first responsible of appointing the Prime Minister. Upon the Prime Minister's nomination, the President also appoints, under the recommendation of the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers (13 ministries), as well as a number of other top civil servants and the judges for all courts. The President also serves as the commander-in-chief, oversees foreign and security policy, addresses political problems of foreign and domestic affairs, proclaims state of emergency, considers the laws adopted by the Seimas, and performs other duties specified in the Constitution.4
President Valdas Adamkus has been the head-of-state since July 12, 2004, who followed interim President Artūras Paulauskas after former President Rolandas Paksas was impeached in April 2004 for leaking classified information. Adamkus had previously served a term as Lithuanian President from 1998 to 2003, but lost to Paksas who also ran for President.
The Prime Minister of Lithuania is the head of government of the country, appointed by the President and approved by the Seimas. The Prime Minister, within 15 days of being appointed, is responsible for choosing Ministers for the President to approve to each of the 13 Ministries. In general, the Prime Minister is in charge of the affairs of the country, maintains homeland security, carries out laws and resolutions of the Seimas and decrees of the President, maintains diplomatic relations with foreign countries and international organizations, and performs other duties specified in the Constitution.4
Similar to the cabinet of other nations, the Council of Ministers consists of 13 Ministers chosen by the Prime Minister and appointed by the President. Each Minister is responsible for his or her own Ministry of the Lithuanian government and must give reports on his or her Ministry when directed to.5 The different Lithuanian Ministries are listed below. When the Prime Minister resigns or dies, the position is to be filled as soon as possible and the new leader will appoint a new Government.
|President||Dalia Grybauskaitė||Independent||12 July 2009|
|Prime Minister||Algirdas Butkevičius||Social Democratic Party||13 December 2012|
The parliament (Seimas) has 141 members that are elected for a 4-year term. About half of the members are elected in single-member districts (71), and the other half (70) are elected in the nationwide vote using proportional representation by party lists. A party must receive at least 5% of the national vote to be represented in the Seimas.
|Algirdas Butkevičius||Social Democratic Party of Lithuania||162,665||11.8|
|Valentinas Mazuronis||Order and Justice||84,656||6.2|
|Valdemar Tomaševski||Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania||65,255||4.7|
|Kazimira Prunskienė||Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union||53,778||3.9|
|Loreta Graužinienė||Labour Party||49,686||3.6|
|Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats||243,823||19.72||18||27||45|
|National Resurrection Party||186,629||15.09||13||3||16|
|Order and Justice||156,777||12.68||11||4||15|
|Social Democratic Party of Lithuania||144,890||11.72||10||15||25|
|Coalition Labour Party + Youth||111,149||8.99||8||2||10|
|Liberal and Centre Union||66,078||5.34||5||3||8|
|Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania||59,237||4.79||—||3||3|
|Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union||46,162||3.73||—||3||3|
|New Union (Social Liberals)||45,061||3.64||—||1||1|
|Young Lithuania (Jaunoji Lietuva)||21,589||1.75||—||—||—|
|Civic Democratic Party||13,775||1.11||—||—||—|
|Union of the Russians of Lithuania||11,357||0.92||—||—||—|
|Lithuanian Social Democratic Union (Lietuvos socialdemokratų sąjunga)||10,642||0.86||—||—||—|
|Lithuanian Centre Party (Lietuvos centro partija)||8,669||0.70||—||—||—|
|← 2004 • 2009 • 2014 →|
|Party||European party||Main candidate||Votes||%||+/–||Seats||+/–|
|Homeland Union – Christian Democrats (TS–LKD)||EPP||Vytautas Landsbergis||147,756||26.16||4||2|
|Social Democratic Party (LSDP)||PES||Vilija Blinkevičiūtė||102,347||18.12||3||1|
|Order and Justice (TT)||None||Rolandas Paksas||67,237||11.90||2||1|
|Labour Party (DP)||ELDR||Viktor Uspaskich||48,368||8.56||1||4|
|Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania (AWPL)||AECR||Valdemar Tomaševski||46,293||8.20||1||1|
|Liberal Movement (LS)||Leonidas Donskis||40,502||7.17||1||1|
|Liberal and Centre Union (LiCS)||ELDR||Artūras Zuokas||19,105||3.38||0||2|
|Centre Party (LCP)||None||Ona Juknevičienė||17,004||3.01||0||0|
|Christian Conservative Social Union (KKSS)||Gediminas Vagnorius||16,108||2.85||0||0|
|Front Party (FRONTAS)||None||Algirdas Paleckis||13,341||2.36||0||0|
|Peasant Popular Union (VNDS)||AEN||Gintaras Didžiokas||10,285||1.82||0||1|
|Civic Democratic Party (PDP)||None||Eugenijus Maldeikis||7,425||1.31||0||0|
|Samogitian Party (ZP)||None||Egidijus Skarbalius||6,961||1.23||0||0|
|National Resurrection Party (TPP)||None||Saulius Stoma||5,717||1.01||0||0|
|National Party Lithuanian Way||1,568||0.28||0||0|
|Blank and invalid votes||14.786||2.62|
|Electorate (eligible voters) and voter turnout||2,692,397||20.98||27.40|
|Source: Lithuanian Central Electoral Commission|
The judges of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas) for a single nine-year term are appointed by the Seimas from the candidates presented by the President (three judges), Chairman of Seimas (three judges) and the chairman of the Supreme Court (three judges).
Since 1994, with modifications in 2000, Lithuania is subdivided into 10 counties (Lithuanian: plural - apskritys, singular - apskritis), each named after their principal city (see: Counties of Lithuania). Counties are then subdivided into 60 municipalities (Lithuanian: plural - savivaldybės, singular - savivaldybė). Municipalities are further subdivided into over 500 elderships (Lithuanian: plural - seniūnijos, singular - seniūnija).
Counties are ruled by apskrities viršininkas (officially translated as "governor") who is appointed by the central government in Vilnius. Their primary duty is to ensure that the municipalities obey the laws and constitution of Lithuania. They do not have great powers vested in them. Municipality governments are elected in democratic elections of municipality councils held every 4 years. Municipality mayors are elected by the municipality councils. Also, municipality councils appoint elders to be in charge of an eldership.
- Lina Kulikauskienė, Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija (Constitution of Lithuania), Native History, CD, 2002. ISBN 9986-9216-7-8
- Nuo 1991 m. iki šiol paskelbtų referendumų rezultatai (Results from Refrenda 1991-Present), Microsoft Word Document, Seimas. Accessed June 4, 2006.
- "Government of Lithuania". Vil S. Vaitas, P.E. and Associates International Consultants. Fairfax, VA.
- Lithuanian Home Page
- Lithuania in the European Union - Coordination of European Union Affairs in Lithuania
- Lithuanian Election Committee (first round, second round)