18Summary # of shapes Max electrons Starts at energy level s 1 2 1 p 3 6 d51037144f
19Increasing energy 7p 6d 5f 7s 6p 5d 6s 4f 5p 4d 5s 4p 3d 4s 3p 3s 2p
20By Energy Level First Energy Level only s orbital only 2 electrons 1s2 Second Energy Levels and p orbitals are available2 in s, 6 in p2s22p68 total electrons
21By Energy Level Third energy level s, p, and d orbitals 2 in s, 6 in p, and 10 in d3s23p63d1018 total electronsFourth energy levels,p,d, and f orbitals2 in s, 6 in p, 10 in d, ahd 14 in f4s24p64d104f1432 total electrons
22Electron Configurations The way electrons are arranged in atoms.Aufbau principle - electrons enter the lowest energy first.Overlap of orbitals of different energies.
23Electron Configuration Phosphorus:- Need to account for 15 electrons
24Increasing energy 7p 6d 5f 7s 6p 5d 6s 4f 5p 4d 5s 4p 3d 4s 3p The first two electrons go into the 1s orbitalonly 13 more
25Increasing energy 7p 6d 5f 7s 6p 5d 6s 4f 5p 4d 5s 4p 3d 4s 3p The next electrons go into the 2s orbitalonly 11 more
26Increasing energy 7p 6d 5f 7s 6p 5d 6s 4f 5p 4d 5s 4p 3d 4s 3p The next electrons go into the 2p orbital
27Increasing energy 7p 6d 5f 7s 6p 5d 6s 4f 5p 4d 5s 4p 3d 4s 3p The next electrons go into the 3s orbitalonly 3 more
28Increasing energy 7p 6d 5f 7s 6p 5d 6s 4f 5p 4d 5s 4p 3d 4s The last three electrons go into the 3p orbitals.They each go into separate shapes3 unpaired electrons1s22s22p63s23p3
38Orbitals fill in order Lowest energy to higher energy. Half filled orbitals have a lower energy.Makes them more stable.Changes the filling order
39Write these electron configurations Titanium - 22 electrons1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2Vanadium - 23 electrons1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3Chromium - 24 electrons1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4 is expectedBut this is wrong!!
40Chromium is actually 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 Why? This gives us two half filled orbitals.Slightly lower in energy.The same principal applies to copper.
41Copper’s electron configuration Copper has 29 electrons so we expect1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9But the actual configuration is1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10This gives one filled orbital and one half filled orbital.Remember these exceptions