Key indicators of air pollution and climate change impacts at forest supersites
Paoletti, E. ; Vries, W. de; Mikkelsen, T.N. ; Ibrom, A. ; Larsen, K.S. ; Tuovinen, J.P. ; Serengil, Y. ; Yurtseven, I. ; Wieser, G. ; Matyssek, R. - \ 2013
In: Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges: Understanding and Perspectives from Forest Research / Matyssek, R., Clarke, N., Cudlin, P., Mikkelsen, T.N., Tuovinen, J.P., Wieser, G., Paoletti, E., Oxford : Elsevier (Developments in Environmental Science 13) - ISBN 9780080983493 - p. 497 - 520.
Untangling the complex effects that different air pollution and climate change factors cause to forest ecosystems is challenging. Supersites, that is, comprehensive measurement sites where research and monitoring of the whole soil–plant–atmosphere system can be carried out, are suggested as a refinement of the current monitoring and research efforts in Europe. This chapter identifies and discusses key measurements to be carried out at such supersites, with a focus on four topical subjects: the carbon, nitrogen, ozone and water budgets. This kind of holistic approach is vital to a realistic translation of the ongoing changes in climate and air quality into research on the impacts on forest ecosystems. Such an integrated effort requires a considerable use of resources at highly instrumented measurement sites and can only be achieved by building on existing infrastructures.
Atmospheric composition change: Ecosystems-Atmosphere interactions
Fowler, D. ; Pilegaard, K. ; Sutton, M.A. ; Ambus, P. ; Raivonen, M. ; Duyzer, J. ; Simpson, D. ; Fagerli, H. ; Fuzzi, S. ; Schjoerring, J.K. ; Granier, C. ; Neftel, A. ; Isaksen, I.S.A. ; Laj, P. ; Maione, M. ; Monks, P.S. ; Burkhardt, J. ; Daemmgen, U. ; Neirynck, J. ; Personne, E. ; Wichink Kruit, R.J. ; Butterbach-Bahl, K. ; Flechard, C. ; Tuovinen, J.P. ; Coyle, M. ; Gerosa, G. ; Loubet, B. ; Altimir, N. ; Gruenhage, L. ; Ammann, C. ; Cieslik, S. ; Paoletti, E. ; Mikkelsen, T.N. ; Ro-Poulsen, H. ; Cellier, P. ; Cape, J.N. ; Horvath, L. ; Loreto, F. ; Niinemets, U. ; Palmer, P.I. ; Rinne, J. ; Misztal, P. ; Nemitz, E. ; Nilsson, D. ; Pryor, S. ; Gallagher, M.W. ; Vesala, T. ; Skiba, U. ; Brueggemann, N. ; Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S. ; Williams, J. ; O'Dowd, C. ; Facchini, M.C. ; Leeuw, G. de; Flossman, A. ; Chaumerliac, N. ; Erisman, J.W. - \ 2009
Atmospheric Environment 43 (2009)33. - ISSN 1352-2310 - p. 5193 - 5267.
volatile organic-compounds - relaxed eddy accumulation - dry deposition velocity - reaction mass-spectrometry - cloud condensation nuclei - gas-particle interactions - surface-exchange fluxes - nitric-oxide emissions - beech fagus-sylvatica - ozone risk-assessment
Ecosystems and the atmosphere: This review describes the state of understanding the processes involved in the exchange of trace gases and aerosols between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. The gases covered include NO, NO2, HONO, HNO3, NH3, SO2, DMS, Biogenic VOC, O-3, CH4, N2O and particles in the size range 1 nm-10 mu m including organic and inorganic chemical species. The main focus of the review is on the exchange between terrestrial ecosystems, both managed and natural and the atmosphere, although some new developments in ocean-atmosphere exchange are included. The material presented is biased towards the last decade, but includes earlier work, where more recent developments are limited or absent. New methodologies and instrumentation have enabled, if not driven technical advances in measurement. These developments have advanced the process understanding and upscaling of fluxes, especially for particles, VOC and NH3. Examples of these applications include mass spectrometric methods, such as Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (AMS) adapted for field measurement of atmosphere-surface fluxes using micrometeorological methods for chemically resolved aerosols. Also briefly described are some advances in theory and techniques in micrometeorology. For some of the compounds there have been paradigm shifts in approach and application of both techniques and assessment. These include flux measurements over marine surfaces and urban areas using micrometeorological methods and the up-scaling of flux measurements using aircraft and satellite remote sensing. The application of a flux-based approach in assessment of O-3 effects on vegetation at regional scales is an important policy linked development secured through improved quantification of fluxes. The coupling of monitoring, modelling and intensive flux measurement at a continental scale within the NitroEurope network represents a quantum development in the application of research teams to address the underpinning science of reactive nitrogen in the cycling between ecosystems and the atmosphere in Europe. Some important developments of the science have been applied to assist in addressing policy questions, which have been the main driver of the research agenda, while other developments in understanding have not been applied to their wider field especially in chemistry-transport models through deficiencies in obtaining appropriate data to enable application or inertia within the modelling community. The paper identifies applications, gaps and research questions that have remained intractable at least since 2000 within the specialized sections of the paper, and where possible these have been focussed on research questions for the coming decade. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.