You can find something faster if you know what to look for. But new research suggests knowing what not to look for is also helpful.
Although previous studies concluded that attempting to ignore irrelevant information slows people down, psychologists found that when people are given enough time to learn to ignore irrelevant information, they’re able to search faster and more efficiently.
The results, which offer new insight into how the mind processes difficult information, have been published online by the journal Psychological Science.
“It’s what I think of as the dark side of attention.”
“Individuals who explicitly ignore distracting information improve their visual search performance, a critical skill for professional searchers, like radiologists and airport baggage screeners,” said lead author Corbin A. Cunningham, a graduate student at Johns Hopkins University. “This work has the potential to help occupations that rely on visual search by informing future training programs.”
Researchers asked participants to search for certain letters on a computer screen. They had to find either a capital “B” or an “F” among other letters of assorted colors. Sometimes, participants were told that the letter they were looking for would not be a certain color, like red. Other times, they were given no color hints.
When participants were given one color to consistently ignore throughout the experiment, their reaction time slowed at first. After extended practice, however–about a hundred trials–they found the target letters significantly faster than participants who weren’t given a color to eliminate.
In fact, the more information participants were able to ignore, the faster they found the target.
Although trying to disregard distractions might initially slow people down, the researchers concluded, over time, people are more efficient when they know what’s not worth paying attention to. The ability to ignore is a key part of the ability to pay attention, the researchers said.
“Attention is usually thought of as something that enhances the processing of important objects in the world,” says coauthor Howard Egeth, a professor of psychological and brain sciences at Johns Hopkins. “This study, along with some recent work in which we measured brain activity while subjects responded selectively to stimuli presented in the midst of competing stimuli, highlights the importance of active suppression of those competing stimuli. It’s what I think of as the dark side of attention.”
The study had support from the Office of Naval Research, the National Science Foundation and the Johns Hopkins University Science of Learning Institute.
Source: Johns Hopkins University