Radiation therapy to become more effective
Radiation therapy may soon have fewer side effects and doubled efficiency, a new study has revealed.health and fitness Updated: Dec 17, 2011 15:06 IST
Radiation therapy may soon have fewer side effects and doubled efficiency, a new study has revealed.
Georgia Health Sciences University scientists have devised a way to reduce lung cancer cells’ ability to repair the lethal double-strand DNA breaks caused by radiation therapy.
“Radiation is a great therapy – the problem is the side effects,” said Dr. William S. Dynan, biochemist and Associate Director of Research and Chief, Nanomedicine and Gene Regulation at the GHSU Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics.
“We think this is a way to get the same amount of cancer cell death with less radiation or use the same amount and maybe cure a patient that could not be cured before,” he stated.
Radiation therapy capitalizes on radiation’s ability to kill cells by causing double-strand breaks in DNA. But the fact that varying levels of radiation are essentially everywhere – food, air, the ground, etc. – means all cells, including cancer cells, have internal mechanisms to prevent the lethal breakage.
GHSU scientists are targeting the natural defense mechanisms by packaging a piece of an antibody against one of them with folate, which has easy access to most cells, particularly cancer cells.
Many cancers, including the lung cancer cells they studied, have large numbers of folate receptors so that cancer cells get a disproportionate share of the package.
According to Dr. Shuyi Li, molecular biologist, pediatrician and corresponding author on the study, previous efforts to destroy cancer cells’ ability to avoid radiation damage have focused on receptors on their surface.
To get a more direct hit, the scientists took advantage of folate receptors as a point of entry by chemically binding folate with the small piece of their antibody, ScFv 18-2.
The package heads straight for the cell nucleus where a different chemical environment breaks the bond, freeing ScFv 18-2 to attack the regulatory region of DNA-dependent protein kinase, an enzyme essential to DNA repair.
“We are joining a targeting molecule with a cargo,” said Dynan.
Li added, “This strategy targets one of the key enzymes so it’s harder to repair.”
This makes cancer cells more vulnerable to radiation.