1 27 The US Coast Guard Cognitive Lesson Objective: Know the core missions of the United States Coast Guard (USCG). Cognitive Samples of Behavior: State the USCG s three core missions. Identify the USCG s role in national defense missions. Affective Lesson Objective: Respond to the role played by the USCG. Affective Sample of Behavior: Voluntarily read the assigned text.
2 The United States Coast Guard The United States Coast Guard is a military, multi-mission, maritime service within the Department of Homeland Security and one of the nation s five armed services. Its core tenets are to protect the US maritime economy and environment, defend US maritime borders, and save individuals in peril. These roles are executed in all maritime regions over which the US has jurisdiction, including international waters where an agreement with foreign governments or international agencies has been reached. The Coast Guard provides unique benefits to the nation because of its distinctive blend of military, humanitarian, and civilian law-enforcement capabilities. In order to execute these capabilties, the Coast Guard carries out 11 specific missions, covered by 3 core missions: Maritime Safety: enforcing safe, secure, and environmentally sound operations of US flagged vessels throughout the world and foreign vessels operating in US waters, issuing licenses and documents to qualified mariners, conducting inspections of US and foreign vessels, and developing and monitoring vessel construction and performance. A fundamental responsibility of the US government is to safeguard the lives and safety of its citizens. In the maritime realm, this duty falls mainly to the Coast Guard. In partnership with other federal agencies, state, local, and tribal governments, marine industries, and individual mariners, the Coast Guard improves safety at sea through complementary programs of mishap prevention, search and rescue, and accident investigation. Prevention activities include the development of standards and regulations, various types of plan review and compliance inspections, and a variety of safety programs designed to protect mariners. Nearly all Coast Guard prevention activities are designed to protect mariners. For example, its commercial fishing vessel safety programs are designed to safeguard commercial fishermen, many of whom earn their living performing some of the most dangerous work in the world. The Coast Guard operates the International Ice Patrol to protect ships transiting the North Atlantic shipping lanes, documents and admeasures US flag vessels, and licenses commercial mariners. 326 Air and Space Studies 400
3 However, the maritime domain is large and complex, and despite the Coast Guard s best efforts, mariners sometimes find themselves in harm s way. When they do, the Coast Guard has a long heritage and proud tradition of immediate response to save lives and property in peril. As the lead agency for maritime search and rescue (SAR) in US waters, they coordinate the SAR efforts of afloat and airborne Coast Guard units with those of other federal, state, and local responders. The Coast Guard also partners with the world s merchant fleet to rescue mariners in distress around the globe through the Automated Mutual-assistance Vessel Rescue (AMVER) system. Using its Captain of the Port (COTP) authorities and responsibilities, the Coast Guard also coordinates response efforts on waterways after an incident or disaster. In addition to responding to a variety of maritime accidents and emergencies, the Coast Guard investigates their causes; determining whether applicable laws have been violated, or whether changes should be made to improve safety through prevention programs. This work is often done in coordination with the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Coast Guard activities in support of maritime safety are often inseparable from those performed to protect the marine environment or secure the US Marine Transportation System (MTS). A routine inspection for safety compliance may uncover a serious risk to the environment. Coast Guard vessel traffic services not only reduce the risk of vessel collisions, but also provide maritime domain awareness, thereby improving security. A buoy tender working an aid to navigation may immediately divert to a search and rescue case. The integration of all Coast Guard missions has saved many thousands of lives, helped secure our citizens, and contributed to our national economic and environmental well-being. In addition to commercial vessels, more than 76 million recreational boaters use our US waterways. As National Recreational Boating Safety Coordinator, the Coast Guard is focused on minimizing the loss of life, personal injury, property damage and environmental harm assciated with this activity. The Coast Guard Auxiliary, the civilian volunteer arm of the Coast Guard, is a key contributor to these boating safety efforts and has augmented our missions for over 60 years. The Coast Guard Auxiliary provides free boating safety courses, courtesy marine examinations for recreational boaters, verification for aids to navigation, and inspections of commercial facilities. The Coast Guard is also America s voice in the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which promulgates measures to improve shipping safety, pollution prevention, mariner training, and certification standards. They develop and enforce vessel construction standards as well as domestic shipping and navigation regulations. To ensure compliance, the Coast Guard reviews and approves plans for ship construction, repair, and alteration. The Coast Guard inspects vessels, mobile offshore drilling units, and marine facilities for safety. Its Port State Control program, aimed at eliminating substandard vessels from US ports and waterways, is a key element since the majority of the passenger and cargo ships operating in US waters are foreign flagged. As the lead US representative to the International Maritime Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations, the Coast Guard is the driving force behind the implementation of international safety and pollution standards. However, not every country enforces these standards. With the increase in so-called flags of convenience, has come an increase in the number The US Coast Guard 327
4 of substandard vessels. The Coast Guard has developed a comprehensive US strategy to promote and improve the Port State Control program, an international effort to bring substandard ships into compliance with applicable international standards or remove them from the sea. Maritime Security: suppressing violations of US drug, immigration, and fisheries law, as well as securing the nation from terrorist threats. Maritime law enforcement and border control are the oldest of the Coast Guard s numerous responsibilities. They date back to our founding as the Revenue Marine in The First Congress established the Revenue Marine specifically to patrol our coasts and seaports to frustrate smuggling and enforce the customs laws of the fledgling Republic. Over two centuries later, that early challenge has evolved into a global obligation for the maritime security of our nation. Our maritime law enforcement and border control duties require the interdiction of ships at sea. This core capability provides the foundation upon which today s broader and more complex maritime security mission set has been built. Because the Coast Guard has law-enforcement authority, it can apprehend foreign fishing vessels engaged in poaching, interdict vessels carrying illegal drugs and undocumented migrants, and stop unsafe boaters. Today, US national-security interests can no longer be defined solely in terms of direct military threats to America and its allies. Working under the necessarily broader current definition of national security, the Coast Guard is seeking to reduce the risk from terrorism to US passengers at foreign and domestic ports and in designated waterfront facilities, but it faces the extremely difficult challenge of enforcing increasingly complex laws against highly sophisticated adversaries. Coast Guard boarding teams deal continuously with violations of multinational fisheries agreements and foil high-tech attempts to smuggle drugs into the United States. The Coast Guard is the designated lead agency for maritime drug interdiction under the National Drug Control Strategy and the co-lead agency for air interdiction operations with U.S. Customs and Border Protection. As such, the Coast Guard defends America s seaward frontier against a torrent of illegal drugs. For more than three decades, our cutters and aircraft have forward deployed off South America and in the drug transit zone. This six-million-square-mile area, roughly the size of the continental United States itself, includes the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Eastern Pacific. They have intercepted thousands of tons of cocaine, marijuana, and other illegal drugs from this zone that otherwise would have found their way to America s streets. Coast Guard undocumented migrant interdiction operations are law enforcement missions with an important humanitarian dimension. Migrants often take great risks and endure significant hardships in their attempts to flee their countries and enter the US. In many cases, migrant vessels interdicted at sea are overloaded and unseaworthy, lack basic safety equipment, and are operated by inexperienced mariners. Many of the undocumented migrant cases they handle actually begin 328 Air and Space Studies 400
5 as search and rescue incidents. Once again, this illustrates the interweaving of roles and missions. Between 1982 and 2007, the Coast Guard interdicted over 225,000 migrants, mostly from Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti. Throughout its history, the Coast Guard has served with the US Navy to defend our nation. This began with the Quasi-War with France in 1798, and continued through the Civil War, the World Wars, Vietnam, the Persian Gulf War, and Operation Iraqi Freedom. Today, as a critical component of the US National Fleet, the Coast Guard maintains a high state of readiness to operate as a specialized service alongside the Navy and Marine Corps. The close relationship among services has evolved over two centuries of cooperation. This enduring relationship is captured in the May 2008 agreement between the Secretaries of Defense and Homeland Security. The agreement formalizes the use of Coast Guard competencies and resources in support of the National Military Strategy and other national-level defense and security strategies. It lists the following Coast Guard national defense capabilities: maritime interception and interdiction; military environmental response; port operations, security, and defense; theater security cooperation; coastal sea control; rotary wing air intercept; combating terrorism; and Maritime Operational Threat Response support. These support the unified combatant commanders and require the Coast Guard to execute essential military operations in peacetime, crisis, and war. The Coast Guard s domestic civil law enforcement and port security expertise are uniquely valuable today as combatant commanders work to build foreign nation capacity for security and governance. In recent years, combatant commanders have requested Coast Guard forces to conduct at-sea interception and antipiracy operations, foreign liaison, and other supporting warfare tasks in all key theaters. The Coast Guard has been responsible for the security of the ports and waterways of the US during times of war since the enactment of the Espionage Act of After World War II, the Magnuson Act of 1950 assigned the Coast Guard an ongoing mission to safeguard U.S. ports, harbors, vessels, and waterfront facilities from accidents, sabotage, or other subversive acts. Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, these authorities took on grave new importance. This includes denying terrorists the use of the US maritime domain and the US Marine Transportation System (MTS) to mount attacks on our territory, population, or critical infrastructure. The Coast Guard s authorities were further strengthened with the passage of the Maritime Transportation Security Act of This designated Coast Guard Captains of the Port as the Federal Maritime Security Coordinators. The Coast Guard thus became the lead agency for coordinating all maritime security planning and operations in US ports and waterways. These activities encompass all efforts to prevent or respond to attacks. Maritime security is a continuing theme running throughout the Coast Guard s proud history of service to America. It requires a breadth of experience and skills seamanship, diplomacy, legal expertise, and combat readiness. The Coast Guard has honed these skills for more than two centuries. No other federal agency offers this combination of law enforcement and military capabilities, together with the legal authorities to carry them out. The US Coast Guard 329
6 Maritime Stewardship: enforcement of US fisheries law and marine protected species regulations; stopping unauthorized hazardous materials dumping and responding to any hazardous materials incidents; protecting marine mammals; regulating introduction of invasive species to waterways; developing environmental regulations; aiding navigation services and maintaining safe passageways through US waters; and enforcing foreign vessel laws and regulations. Our nation s waters are vital to its well-being and economy. The marine environment of the US is one of the most valuable natural resources on Earth. It contains one-fifth of the world s fishery resources. It is also a region of extraordinary recreation, energy and mineral resources, and transportation activities. Finally, it is an inseparable part of our national heritage and daily fabric of life in our coastal communities. The Coast Guard s role in protecting natural resources dates to the 1820s when Congress tasked the Revenue Marine to protect federal stocks of Florida live oak trees. These trees were deemed critical to the security of our young nation because they provided the best wood for shipbuilding. As the exploitation of the Nation s valuable marine resources whales, fur bearing animals, and fish increased, the Coast Guard was given the duty to protect those resources as well. Today, US waters support commercial and recreational fisheries worth more than $30 billion annually, and the Coast Guard serves as the primary agency for at-sea fisheries enforcement. The Coast Guard, in coordination with other federal and state agencies, enforces marine resource management and protection regimes to preserve healthy stocks of fish and other living marine resources. In 1976, Congress passed what is now known as the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, creating the US Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). This legislation extended our exclusive rights out to 200 nautical miles for fisheries and other natural resources. The Coast Guard patrols these areas to uphold US sovereignty and protect precious resources. Today, international fisheries agreements have extended US jurisdiction to waters beyond the EEZ. The Coast Guard s stewardship role has expanded to include enforcing laws intended to protect the environment for the common good. As a result, they safeguard sensitive marine habitats, mammals, and endangered species. The Coast Guard also enforces laws protecting our waters from the discharge of oil, hazardous substances, and non-indigenous invasive species. To do all this, the Coast Guard conducts a wide range of activities. These include education and prevention; law enforcement; emergency response and containment; and disaster recovery. They also provide mission critical command and control support for forces responding to environmental disasters in the maritime domain. 330 Air and Space Studies 400
7 Under the National Contingency Plan, Coast Guard Captains of the Port (COTP) are the predesignated Federal On-Scene Coordinators (FOSC) for oil and hazardous substance incidents in all coastal and some inland areas. The FOSC is the President s designated on-scene representative and, as such, is responsible for coordinating effective response operations among a diverse group of government and commercial entities in emotion-charged and often dangerous emergency situations. While the health of our nation s waters and marine resources is vital to our economy, our waterways are also an economic highway essential to the nation s access to several billion tons of foreign and domestic freight annually. Waterborne trade generates tens of millions of jobs and contributes hundreds of billions of dollars to the US gross national product each year. The US Marine Transportation System (MTS) and its intermodal links support US economic prosperity, military strength, and national security. This complex system includes international and domestic passenger services, commercial and recreational fisheries, and recreational boating. The Coast Guard also carries out numerous port and waterways management tasks. They are responsible for providing a safe, efficient, and navigable waterway system to support domestic commerce, international trade, and military sealift requirements for national defense. The Coast Guard provides long and short-range aids to navigation; navigation schemes and standards; support for mapping and charting; tide, current, and pilotage information; vessel traffic services; domestic ice breaking to facilitate commerce; and technical assistance and advice. Finally, the Coast Guard operates the nation s only Polar icebreakers. This enables projection of US presence and protects national interests in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. These Polar vessels are key components in re-supplying US Antarctic facilities. They support the research requirements of the National Science Foundation, and protect or advance other US interests in the Polar Regions. Outside of US coastal waters, the Coast Guard assists foreign naval and maritime forces through training and joint operations. Many of the world s maritime nations have forces that operate principally in the littoral seas and conduct missions that resemble those of the Coast Guard. The Coast Guard, due to its varied mix of assets and missions, is a powerful role model that is in ever-increasing demand abroad. The service s close working relationship with other nations not only improve mutual cooperation during specific joint operations in which the Coast Guard is involved, but also support US diplomatic efforts in general: promoting democracy, economic prosperity, and trust between nations. The US Coast Guard 331
8 Bibliography: Air and Space Studies 400