Chapter 12: Jonah
12.1 Jonah: A Type Of Christ
The prophecies of the crucifixion often draw on the language of
Jonah, for clearly Jonah was a type of Christ. The following notes
on the book are based on the fact that on the Lord's own authority,
Jonah being in the whale represented him being in the tomb. The
whale died; it vomited Jonah onto dry land, not into the surf breaking
on the shore. It vomited up Jonah in its death throes. The beached
whale died once Jonah had been ejected; pointing forward to how
the grave was destroyed by the Lordís resurrection.
The sailors who threw Jonah to his figurative 'death' must represent
Pilate in their unwillingness to be guilty of innocent blood (Jon.
1:14); yet they also seem to have been Jews, from their use of the
covenant name and sacrificing to Him after the sea calmed (Jon.
1:14,16). Seeing the ship left from a Jewish port, it is not unreasonable
to think that the sailors were Jews. Yet they also believed in the
pagan gods (Jon. 1:5), suggesting they were apostate Jews- the type
who crucified the Lord.
Jonah's prayer to God is packed with allusions to the Psalms and
Lamentations- it appears to have more connections with other Scriptures
than almost any other Bible passage. This for one thing indicates
the spiritual mindedness of Jonah which was required for one who
would so accurately typify the Lord. If Jonah's mind was so full
of the word in his sufferings, our Lord's was even more so. It also
indicates that his refusal to go to Nineveh was not just rank disobedience
to God, but rather an unwillingness to give Assyria a chance to
repent- he wanted to see God's glory executed in her judgment. Likewise
Jesus must have been tempted to disregard the calling he had received
to preach, especially in connection with the Gentiles. But he was
able to reflect that " (unlike Jonah) I was not rebellious,
neither turned away back" (Is. 50:5).
" All thy billows and thy waves passed over me" (Jon.
2:3 cp. Ps. 42:7) perhaps indicates a throbbing sense of continuous
waves of opposition- seen in the different groups of people coming
up to the cross to hurl their abuse, as well as in the throb of
pain due to the posture of crucifixion.
" I will look again unto thy holy temple" (2:4) is
quoting the words of Solomon at the dedication of the temple,
that Israel in their sin and dispersion could always pray towards
the temple and be heard. So firm was Jonah's belief in this that
even inside a whale somewhere in the Mediterranean he knew that
it applied to him. Likewise our Lord took upon himself the curses
of Israel, and also prayed as no man has ever done toward the
" The depth closed me round about, the weeds were wrapped
about my head" (2:5). These feelings of gradual suffocation,
loss of vision and control of the head, all echo the crucifixion
situation. " My soul fainted within me" (2:7) indicates
Jonah's tremendous fear of death, which our Lord, as any man,
It took Jonah three days to walk through Nineveh (3:3). On the
first day in the city, he told them that in 40 days God would destroy
them (3:4); it follows that by the time he was in the middle of
the city he was telling them that they had 37 days left. So too
the Jews had between 37 and 40 years notice of the destruction of
Jerusalem. It is a worthwhile speculation that for Jonah to be a
sign to the Ninevites by reason of being three days in the whale
(Mt. 12:38-40), he must have borne in his body the marks of his
experience for all to see, as our Lord did (1).
Being inside the fish for that period may have made his flesh change
colour or bear some other physical mark so that he could be a sign
to them of what had happened. Doubtless he recounted his story to
them- so that they were encouraged by the fact of God's love to
the resurrected Jonah to repent and likewise throw themselves on
God's mercy. In all this we see Jonah as a type of Christ. They
would have looked upon that man as we look upon Jesus, to see the
love of God manifested in him; they responded by repenting in sackcloth,
casting off their materialism, and living in a way that showed their
complete belief that " the judge standeth before the door"
. What is our response to Jonah/Jesus?
(1) See Dudley Fifield, 'Jonah
and the Ninevites', The Testimony, Vol. 54 (1984) p.112
for an excellent devotional study of the Ninevites.