By Christopher D. Roy
University of Iowa
The ruler is identified both by his costume, which is more elaborate or costly than that of other members of the court, or of a type that is reserved exclusively for the use of the ruler. In addition he is surrounded by symbols of power such as umbrellas of state, staffs, swords, and a large entourage of attendants and court officials. The Ajalorun (King) of Ijebu-Ife sits in state during the annual Ifowa festival. He carries a beaded walking stick and shakes an ornate brass staff containing crotals that ring out a-se, "so be it" in response to blessings from the priests. The staff spoke for the King, who historically did not speak in public. Behind the King's left shoulder, a chief holds the umbrella.