- Identify the slope and intercept of equations and graphs.
- Graph an equation in slope-intercept form.
- Understand what happens when you change the slope or intercept of a line.
- Identify parallel lines from their equations.
Identify Slope and y-intercept
One of the most common ways of writing linear equations prior to graphing them is called slope-intercept form. We have actually seen several slope-intercept equations so far. They take the following form:
where is the slope and the point is the intercept.
We know that the intercept is the point at which the line passes through the axis. The slope is a measure of the steepness of the line. Hopefully, you can see that if we know one point on a line and the slope of that line, we know what the line is. Being able to quickly identify the intercept and slope will aid us in graphing linear functions.
Identify the slope and intercept of the following equations.
a) Comparing, we see that and .
has a slope of 3 and a intercept of (0, 2)
b) has a slope of 0.5 and a intercept of (0, -3).
Note that the intercept is negative. The term includes the sign of the operator in front of the number. Just remember that is identical to and is in th eform .
c) At first glance, this does not appear to fit the slope-intercept form. To illustrate how we deal with this, let us rewrite the equation.
We now see that we get a slope of -7 and a intercept of (0, 0).
Note that the slope is negative. The (0, 0) intercept means that the line passes through origin.
d) Rewrite as , giving us a slope of 0 and an intercept of (0, -4).
- When the slope is negative.
For example, has a slope of -3.
- When the intercept is below the axis.
For example, has a intercept of (0, -2).
- When the slope is zero and we have a horizontal line.
For example, can be written as .
- When the graph passes through the origin.
For example, can be written as .
Identify the slope and intercept of the lines on the graph shown to the right.
The intercepts have been marked, as have a number of lattice points that lines pass through.
a. The intercept is (0, 5). The line also passes through (2, 3).
b. The intercept is (0, 2). The line also passes through (1, 5).
c. The intercept is (0, -1). The line also passes through (2, 3).
d. The intercept is (0, -3). The line also passes through (4, -4).
Graph an Equation in Slope-Intercept Form
Once we know the slope and intercept of a line it is easy to graph it. Just remember what slope means. Let's look back at this example from Lesson 4.1.
Ahiga is trying to work out a trick that his friend showed him. His friend started by asking him to think of a number. Then double it. Then add five to what he got. Ahiga has written down a rule to describe the first part of the trick. He is using the letter to stand for the number he thought of and the letter to represent the result of applying the rule. His rule is:
Help him visualize what is going on by graphing the function that this rule describes.
In that example, we constructed the following table of values.
The first entry gave us our intercept (0, 5). The other points helped us graph the line.
We can now use our equation for slope, and two of the given points.
Slope between and .
Thus confirming that the slope, .
An easier way to graph this function is the slope-intercept method. We can now do this quickly, by identifying the intercept and the slope.
Look at the graph we drew, the line intersects the axis at 5, and every time we move to the right by one unit, we move up by two units.
So what about plotting a function with a negative slope? Just remember that a negative slope means the function decreases as we increase .
Graph the following function.
- Identify intercept
- Plot intercept (0, 5)
- Identify slope
- Draw a line through the intercept that has a slope of -3.
To do this last part remember that so for every unit we move to the right the function increases by -3 (in other words, for every square we move right, the function comes down by 3).
Changing the Slope of a Line
Look at the graph on the right. It shows a number of lines with different slopes, but all with the same intercept (0, 3).
You can see all the positive slopes increase as we move from left to right while all functions with negative slopes fall as we move from left to right.
Notice that the higher the value of the slope, the steeper the graph.
The graph of appears as the mirror image of . The two slopes are equal but opposite.
Fractional Slopes and Rise Over Run
Look at the graph of . As we increase the value by 1, the value increases by 0.5. If we increase the value by 2, then the value increases by 1. In fact, if you express any slope as a fraction, you can determine how to plot the graph by looking at the numerator for the rise (keep any negative sign included in this term) and the denominator for the run.
Find integer values for the rise and run of following slopes then graph lines with corresponding slopes.
Changing the Intercept of a Line
When we take an equation (such as ) and change the intercept (leaving the slope intact) we see the following pattern in the graph on the right.
Notice that changing the intercept simply translates the graph up or down. Take a point on the graph of , such as (1, 2). The corresponding point on would be (1, 4). Similarly the corresponding point on the line would be (1, -1).
Will These Lines Ever Cross?
To answer that question, let us take two of the equations and and solve for values of and that satisfy both equations. This will give us the coordinates of the point of intersection.
When we get a false statement like this, it means that there are no values that satisfy both equations simultaneously. The lines will never cross, and so they must be parallel.
Identify Parallel Lines
In the previous section, when we changed the intercept but left the slope the same, the new line was parallel to the original line. This would be true whatever the slope of the original line, as changing the intercept on a graph does nothing to the slope. This idea can be summed up as follows.
Any two lines with identical slopes are parallel.
- A common form of a line (linear equation) is slope-intercept form:
where is the slope and the point is the intercept
- Graphing a line in slope-intercept form is a matter of first plotting the intercept , then plotting more points by moving a step to the right (adding 1 to ) and moving the value of the slope vertically (adding to ) before plotting each subsequent point.
- Any two lines with identical slopes are parallel.
- Identify the slope and intercept for the following equations.
- Identify the slope of the following lines.
- Identify the slope and intercept for the following functions.
- Plot the following functions on a graph.
- Which two of the following lines are parallel?
b and e