In the last 10 years, the overall cancer death rate has continued to decline. Researchers in the U.S. and across the world have made major advances in learning more complex details about how to prevent, diagnose, treat, and survive cancer.
At the forefront of emerging cancer research is the success of immunotherapy, the growing role of precision medicine, the influence that reducing health disparities can have on cancer outcomes, and the development and use of
liquid biopsies and machine learning, which is allowing scientists to make sense of "big data."
Here's a look at some of the significant advances from the past 10 years that are helping to save lives now – and how ACS research has contributed to each one.
Treating Cancer Became More Precise
Precision medicine is helping move cancer treatment from one-size-fits-all to an approach where doctors can choose treatments that are most likely to successfully treat a person's cancer based on the detailed genetic information of that person's specific cancer. With advances leading to faster and less expensive gene sequencing, precision medicine is starting to be used more often to treat patients, most notably in the treatment of lung cancer. Over the last 10 years, many researchers with ACS grants have contributed to that growth. For instance, ACS-funded researchers across the U.S. have developed ways to quickly
analyze the large amounts of data that result from gene sequencing, identify
mutations in lung cancer genes, and helped find
new treatments for lung cancer patients when the precision drug they were using
stopped working. ACS also helped fund research on precision medicines for
triple negative breast cancer,
pancreatic cancer, certain
brain cancers, and other types of cancer.
Cancers Can Spread With Help From Their Neighbors
Once cancer spreads (metastasizes) from one place in the body to another, the chances of survival decrease. Until recently, scientists haven't known how much help cancer cells get from other types of cells and substances in their microenvironment. The microenvironment is the immediate area around the tumor. Over the last 10 years, ACS grantees defined
features of cancer cells that must be present for metastasis to happen. They also learned more about how cancer cells:
Identifying each "helper" in the microenvironment could lead to new targets for novel treatments that can help shut down the cancer's growth and ability to spread.
Two New Types of Immunotherapy Were Developed
CAR T-cell therapy (also called gene therapy) involves making changes to a patient's T cells (a type of immune cell) in the lab so they can better fight cancer. The ACS helped fund some of the pioneering research involved in the
development and improvement of Kymriah (tisagenlecleucel), the first gene therapy
approved by the FDA. This drug can be used to treat leukemia and lymphoma in children and adults.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are another type of immunotherapy. They stop cancer cells from "hiding" from the immune system. But over time, patients develop resistance to these drugs, and ACS grantees are finding solutions. They've found that:
More People Started Getting the Message that Obesity Is Linked with Cancer
Obesity is now the second-leading cause of
preventable cancer deaths in the U.S. There's clear evidence that excess weight increases
the risk for developing cancer, but research continues in order to better understand the full effect obesity has on cancer. In 2016, the
ACS Cancer Prevention Study-II (CPS-II) linked excess weight with
13 types of cancers. Here are some other key findings from ACS research related to obesity:
Smoking Is Still the Most Preventable Cause of Cancer Deaths
Though fewer people use tobacco worldwide, smoking remains the leading cause of preventable deaths from cancer. In the past decade, ACS researchers have continued
pioneering studies on the complexities of tobacco economics, showing that
higher taxes on cigarettes reduce smoking and that increasing such taxes in states where they are still low could save lives. ACS researchers also found that
illicit trade and
harm to tobacco farmers are mostly myths sustained by the tobacco industry to stop public health efforts. The Surgeon General used ACS data to help show the far-reaching damage from smoking includes associations with
breast and prostate cancer, as well as kidney failure, hypertension, infections, and respiratory diseases. In 2013, ACS research showed that
women's risk of dying from smoking had caught up to men's.
Researchers Discover More About the Microbiome's Influence on Cancer
The microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses that live on and in our bodies. When there's a healthy mix of these microorganisms, they do a variety of tasks like help our immune system function, and help our bodies digest food and absorb nutrients. But when the mix becomes out of balance, it may lead to disease, including cancer. Recently, researchers discovered that an unbalanced microbiome may influence metastasis, the spread of cancer to distant parts of the body. For example, in 2017, ACS research found that
Fusobacterium travels with colon cancer cells as they metastasize. This close pairing of bacteria and cancer cells gives researchers an exciting opportunity to test whether antibiotics may help patients with
Fusobacterium-associated colorectal cancer. ACS research has also contributed greatly to understanding the microbiome's
role in immunotherapies, especially for
DNA Mutations Aren't the Only Causes of Cancer
Epigenetics refers to changes in how genes behave that don't involve changes to the gene itself. Put more simply, you can think of cells
as actors, and DNA as the script, which includes the stage directions about key actions. Epigenetics would be like directing. The script (DNA) may be the same, but the director is able to change the movie for better or worse. Both gene changes and epigenetic changes can be involved with cancer. In the last 10 years, ACS-funded researchers have been on the forefront of epigenetics research. Some of their findings include:
Health Equity Matters
Health equity is the idea that everyone has a fair and just opportunity to prevent, find, treat, and survive cancer. Tracking health disparities, a difference in health that's closely linked with an economic, social, or environmental disadvantages, is a way to measure progress toward achieving health equity. In the last 10 years, ACS-funded research has studied a range of causes for healthcare disparities and a diverse set of health equity issues. Some of their key findings include:
Inequalities of cancer care due to social and economic issues are increasing.
States that have expanded Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act had much lower disparities among minorities, people in poverty, and those in rural areas.
- Younger, uninsured adults are more likely to be diagnosed with cancer at a later stage, when the cancer has already spread, and more likely to have
financial problems related to health care.
Structural racism has significant effects on health disparities in the U.S. Structural racism refers to all the ways societies allow racial discrimination to continue though systems of housing, education, employment, earnings, benefits, credit, media, health care, and criminal justice.
New Understanding About Cancer Cells' Metabolism Opens the Door for New Drug Targets
Like normal cells, cancer cells grow by using metabolic processes to convert "food" (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) into energy. But cancer cells have abnormal metabolisms that help them multiply and spread quickly. Over the last 10 years, ACS-funded researchers have been actively involved in work that could lead to the development of drugs that could kill cancer cells by interfering with their metabolism. Here are some of the potential new drug targets they've discovered.
A protein in a cancer cell that's abnormal. This protein is made by a mutated gene. Normally, it keeps tumors from growing. But when the protein comes from a mutated gene, it does the opposite and helps a tumor grow. A drug that targets this protein could slow a cancer's growth.
A type of amino acid. Amino acids are
one type of fuel used by cancer cells to grow, and it may be particularly important for pancreatic cancer. A drug that targets this amino acid could cut off a "food" supply to the cancer.
The mutated genes in a cancer cell that make
an abnormal enzyme. This enzyme is part of the machinery cells use to turn food into energy. Drugs that target this gene in cancer metabolism may help treat some difficult-to-treat cancers, including certain brain or spinal tumors (gliomas) and cancer in the bile duct (cholangiocarcinoma).
gene that's activated in areas where there's too little oxygen. This often happens when cancer cells are growing very rapidly. A drug that targets this gene could prevent cancer from surviving in such areas.
Researchers Highlighted the Benefits of Receiving Palliative Care Early in Cancer Treatment
With cancer, there are two modes of care—treatment directed at the disease and treatment, known as palliative care, which is focused on the person with the disease. This type of care helps patients and caregivers manage symptoms from the cancer and side effects from the treatment. Clinical trials have shown that when people with cancer receive both types of treatment at the same time, their symptoms are controlled better, and they have less anxiety and depression, improved family satisfaction and quality of life, improved use of healthcare resources, and longer survival. Palliative care is one of the fastest growing areas of health care in the US, and it's changing as new treatments emerge, especially for cancer patients.
Over the last decade, ACS-funded researchers led the field in publishing studies on the
benefits of early palliative care, finding that patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer who received palliative care early in their treatment had big improvements in their quality of life and mood. A 2017 paper by an ACS-grantee explained why the US needs more palliative care programs, outlining ideas for implementing
a national strategy. Furthermore, ACS grantees helped develop an online and face-to-face curriculum to
increase education about pediatric palliative care for healthcare providers and to promote resilience as part of
stress management for parents of children living with a serious illness.
ACS has taken steps to prepare for the next decade of cancer research including developing
a blueprint to improve cancer control in the US, increasing the ability for some of the best
cancer experts to work together, collecting blood and tissue samples from volunteers in the
ACS Cancer Prevention Studies-3 (CPS-3) that will allow for more research, and starting new partnerships that can help promote more cancer research, such as with
St. Baldrick's Foundation for children's cancers and the
Melanoma Research Alliance. Just as researchers build on past discoveries while keeping their eyes on the future, our eyes are on our competitor—cancer—and on the prize—a world without cancer.
NOTE: This story by Sandy McDowell, Sarah Ludwig Rausch, and Kenna Simmons first appeared on cancer.org.