Computer vandals and pranksters have created and spread various types of malicious software, or malware, intended to cause damage or mischief. Computer viruses are among the most common forms of malware. A virus is a portion of a program code that has been designed to secretly copy itself onto program codes or computer files. The virus may then destroy data and programs or otherwise disrupt the functioning of computers and networks. Viruses are designed to propagate rapidly from one computer to another. Antivirus software may be used to detect and remove them from a computer. The software must be updated frequently, however, for protection against new viruses.
A virus consists of a set of instructions that attaches itself to computer programs, usually in the computer’s operating system. Typically, the infected programs continue to perform their normal functions, but they also begin to execute the virus’ instructions behind the scenes. As part of these instructions, the virus tells its host program to “infect,” or copy the viral code into, other programs and files stored in the computer. The infection can then transfer itself to files and code on other computers through magnetic disks or other memory-storage devices, computer networks, or the Internet. Many viruses spread through attachments to e-mail messages or program downloads on the Web. If one does not open the infected attachment or download the infected program, however, the virus will not infect one’s computer.
A harmless virus may simply display a joke or message on the monitor every time the computer is turned on. Usually, though, viruses will multiply until they destroy data or render other program codes meaningless. A particularly damaging virus can cause a large computer system to crash within hours or even minutes.
A computer worm is a type of malware similar to a virus, but it consists of a stand-alone program. A worm thus needs no host program and can begin to execute its instructions and spread on its own. Other forms of malware include spyware, programs that secretly collect users’ private data, and trojans, programs that allow their designers to remotely take control of other peoples’ computers. The trojan designers may secretly use these computers—called zombie computers or bots—to send out spam (unwanted commercial e-mail) or to carry out criminal activities.