In Latin, Charles is Carolus. So the Caroline Age refers to the reign of Charles I of England, from 1625 (the death of James I) to 1649 (Charles I's execution and the beginning of the Interregnum).
The big names in the English literature of the period: John Milton's early works date from the Caroline period (but not Paradise Lost); Robert Burton; Sir Thomas Browne. Apart from Milton, the most famous active poet was perhaps George Herbert, one of the metaphysical poets. The Cavalier poets -- including Carew, Lovelace, and Suckling -- were also active during this period, as was Robert Herrick; this last group has become known as the Sons of Ben for their devotion to Ben Jonson.