Ellis and Davey gave the classification of tooth fracture in 1960. It is one of the most commonly used classifications for determining the fracture of a tooth. Apart from Ellis and Davey, the second most widely used classification is Bennett’s classification (1963)
Ellis and Davey’s classification
Class I – Simple fracture of crown involving only enamel with little or no dentin
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Class II – Extensive fracture of crown involving considerable dentin but not exposing the dental pulp
Class III – Extensive fracture of crown involving considerable dentin and exposing the dental pulp
Class IV – The traumatized tooth that becomes nonvital with or without loss of crown structure
Class V – Total tooth loss—avulsion
Class VI – Fracture of the root with or without loss of crown structure
Class VII – Displacement of a tooth with neither crown nor root fracture
Class VIII – Fracture of crown en masse and its displacement
Class IX – Traumatic injuries of primary teeth: (According to Cohen—cracked tooth, According to Mathewson—cyclic dislocation of a tooth)
All the classes are self-explanatory and easy to remember.
What is Ellis’s classification?
Ellis classification is a medium used to decide the extent of a dental fracture. It was given by Ellis & Davey. Dentists use this classification to take a case history and maintain records. It is easier to use than explaining full data about the fracture.
How does a tooth get fractured?
Dental trauma is one of the main reasons for tooth fractures. The teeth can also get fractured for the following reasons:
- Abnormal habits like clenching, bruxism
- Blunt trauma
- Sharp trauma
The classification of Ellis and Davey was later modified by McDonald, Avery & Lynch in 1983 and was completed in 4 classes.
Modified Ellis and Davey Classification [By McDonald, Avery and Lynch (1983)]
The modification was made by McDonald Avery and lunch in 1983 to narrow down the classes of Ellis & Davey’s classification but is not used much.
Class I – Simple fracture of the crown, involving little or no dentin
Class II – Extensive fracture of the crown involving considerable dentin but not the dental pulp
Class III – Extensive fracture of the crown involving considerable dentin and exposing the pulp
Class IV – Loss of the entire crown
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