|Elevation||5,137 m (16,854 ft) |
See Elevation section
|Prominence||3,611 m (11,847 ft) |
|Isolation||379 km (235 mi)|
|Listing||Country high point|
Volcanic Seven Second Summits
|Native name||Ağrı Dağı (Turkish)|
|Location||Iğdır and Ağrı provinces, Turkey|
|Parent range||Armenian Highlands|
|Last eruption||July 2, 1840|
|First ascent||9 October [O.S. 27 September] 1829|
Friedrich Parrot, Khachatur Abovian, two Russian soldiers, two Armenian villagers
|Official name||Ağrı Dağı Milli Parkı|
|Designated||1 November 2004|
Mount Ararat (// ARR-ə-rat; Turkish: Ağrı Dağı; Armenian: Մասիս, romanized: Masis, and Արարատ, Ararat; Kurdish: Çiyayê Agirî) is a snow-capped and dormant compound volcano in the extreme east of Turkey. It consists of two major volcanic cones: Greater Ararat and Little Ararat. Greater Ararat is the highest peak in Turkey and the Armenian Highland with an elevation of 5,137 m (16,854 ft); Little Ararat's elevation is 3,896 m (12,782 ft). The Ararat massif is about 35 km (22 mi) wide at ground base. The first recorded efforts to reach Ararat's summit were made in the Middle Ages, and Friedrich Parrot, Khachatur Abovian, and four others made the first recorded ascent in 1829.
The mountain has been called by the name Ararat (in the West) since the Middle Ages, as it began to be identified with "mountains of Ararat" described in the Bible as the resting place of Noah's Ark, despite contention that Genesis 8:4 does not refer specifically to a Mt. Ararat. It is the principal national symbol of Armenia and has been considered a sacred mountain by Armenians. It is featured prominently in Armenian literature and art and is an icon for Armenian irredentism. It is depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia along with Noah's Ark.
Mount Ararat forms a near-quadripoint between Turkey, Armenia, Iran, and the Nakhchivan enclave of Azerbaijan. Its summit is located some 16 km (10 mi) west of both the Iranian border and the border of the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan, and 32 km (20 mi) south of the Armenian border. The Turkish–Armenian–Azerbaijani and Turkish–Iranian–Azerbaijani tripoints are some 8 km apart, separated by a narrow strip of Turkish territory containing the E99 road which enters Nakhchivan at .
From the 16th century until 1828 the range was part of the Ottoman-Persian border; Great Ararat's summit and the northern slopes, along with the eastern slopes of Little Ararat were controlled by Persia. Following the 1826–28 Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Turkmenchay, the Persian controlled territory was ceded to the Russian Empire. Little Ararat became the point where the Turkish, Persian, and Russian imperial frontiers converged. The current international boundaries were formed throughout the 20th century. The mountain came under Turkish control during the 1920 Turkish–Armenian War. It formally became part of Turkey according to the 1921 Treaty of Moscow and Treaty of Kars. In the late 1920s, Turkey crossed the Iranian border and occupied the eastern flank of Lesser Ararat as part of its effort to quash the Kurdish Ararat rebellion, during which the Kurdish rebels used the area as a safe haven against the Turkish state. Iran eventually agreed to cede the area to Turkey in a territorial exchange. The Iran-Turkey boundary skirts east of Lesser Ararat, the lower peak of the Ararat massif.
As of 2004[update] the mountain is open to climbers only with "military permission". The procedure to obtain the permission involves submitting a formal request to a Turkish embassy for a special "Ararat visa", and it is mandatory to hire an official guide from the Turkish Federation for Alpinism. Access is still limited, even for climbers who obtain the necessary permission, and those who venture off the approved path may be fired upon without warning.
Names and etymology
Ararat (Western Armenian pronunciation: Ararad) is the Greek version of the Hebrew spelling (אֲרָרָט; RRṬ) of the name Urartu, a kingdom that existed in the Armenian Highlands in the 9th–6th centuries BC. German orientalist and Bible critic Wilhelm Gesenius speculated that the word "Ararat" came from the Sanskrit word Arjanwartah, meaning "holy ground." Some Armenian historians, such as Ashot Melkonyan, link the origin of the word "Ararat" to the root of the endonym of the indigenous peoples of the Armenian Highland ("ar–"), including the Armenians. The mountain is known as Ararat in European languages, however, none of the native peoples have traditionally referred to the mountain by that name. In classical antiquity, particularly in Strabo's Geographica, the peaks of Ararat were known in ancient Greek as Ἄβος (Abos) and Νίβαρος (Nibaros).[a] This mountain was not called by the name Ararat until the Middle Ages; early Armenian historians has considered Ararat to be in the area of Corduene.
The traditional Armenian name is Masis (Մասիս [maˈsis]; sometimes Massis). However, nowadays, the terms Masis and Ararat are both widely, often interchangeably, used in Armenian.[b] The folk etymology expressed in Movses Khorenatsi's History of Armenia derives the name from king Amasya, the great-grandson of the legendary Armenian patriarch Hayk, who is said to have called the mountain Masis after himself. According to Russian orientalist Anatoly Novoseltsev the word Masis derives from Middle Persian masist, "the largest." According to Armenian historian Sargis Petrosyan the mas root in Masis means "mountain", cf. Proto-Indo-European *mņs-. According to archaeologist Armen Petrosyan it originates from the Māšu (Mashu) mountain mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh, which sounded like Māsu in Assyrian.
The Turkish name is Ağrı Dağı [aːɾɯ da.ɯ], Ottoman Turkish: اغـر طﺎﻍ Ağır Dağ), i.e. "Mountain of Ağrı". Ağrı literally translates to "pain" or "sorrow". This name has been known since the late Middle Ages. Greater and Lesser Ararat are known as Büyük Ağrı and Küçük Ağrı, respectively. The Persian name is کوه نوح, [ˈkuːhe ˈnuːh], Kūh-e Nūḥ, literally the "mountain of Noah". The Kurdish name of the mountain is Çiyayê Agirî [t͡ʃɪjaːˈje aːgɪˈriː], which translates to "fiery mountain".
Mount Ararat is located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey between the provinces of Ağrı and Iğdır, near the border with Iran, Armenia and Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan, between the Aras and Murat rivers. Its summit is located some 16 km (10 mi) west of the Turkey-Iran border and 32 km (20 mi) south of the Turco-Armenian border. The Ararat plain runs along its northwest to western side.
Ararat is the third most prominent mountain in West Asia.
An elevation of 5,165 m (16,946 ft) for Mount Ararat is given by some encyclopedias and reference works such as Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary and Encyclopedia of World Geography. However, a number of sources, such as the United States Geological Survey and numerous topographic maps indicate that the alternatively widespread figure of 5,137 m (16,854 ft) is probably more accurate. The current elevation may be as low as 5,125 m (16,814 ft) due to the melting of its snow-covered ice cap.
Summit ice cap
The ice cap on the summit of Mount Ararat has been shrinking since at least 1957. In the late 1950s, Blumenthal observed that there existed 11 outlet glaciers emerging from a summit snow mass that covered about 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi). At that time, it was found that the present glaciers on the summit of Ararat extend as low as an elevation of 3,900 meters (12,800 ft) on the north-facing slope, and an elevation of 4,200 meters (13,800 ft) on its south-facing slope. Using pre-existing aerial imagery and remote sensing data, Sarıkaya and others studied the extent of the ice cap on Mount Ararat between 1976 and 2011. They discovered that this ice cap had shrunk to 8.0 km2 (3.1 sq mi) by 1976 and to 5.7 km2 (2.2 sq mi) by 2011. They calculated that between 1976 and 2011, the ice cap on top of Mount Ararat had lost 29% of its total area at an average rate of ice loss of 0.07 km2 (0.027 sq mi) per year over 35 years. This rate is consistent with the general rates of retreat of other Turkish summit glaciers and ice caps that have been documented by other studies.
Blumenthal estimated that the snow line had been as low as 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) in elevation during the Late Pleistocene. Such a snow line would have created an ice cap of 100 km2 (39 sq mi) in extent. However, he observed a lack of any clear evidence of prehistoric moraines other than those which were close to the 1958 glacier tongues. Blumenthal explained the absence of such moraines by the lack of confining ridges to control glaciers, insufficient debris load in the ice to form moraines, and their burial by later eruptions. Years later, Birman observed on the south-facing slopes a possible moraine that extends at least 300 meters (980 ft) in altitude below the base of the 1958 ice cap at an elevation of 4,200 meters (13,800 ft). He also found two morainal deposits that were created by a Mount Ararat valley glacier of Pleistocene, possibly Wisconsinan (Last Glacial Maximum) age, downvalley from Lake Balık. The higher moraine lies at an altitude of about 2,200 meters (7,200 ft) and the lower moraine lies at an altitude of about 1,800 meters (5,900 ft). The lower moraine occurs about 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) downstream from Lake Balık. Both moraines are about 30 meters (98 ft) high. It is suspected that Lake Balık occupies a glacial basin.
Mount Ararat is a polygenic, compound stratovolcano. Covering an area of 1,100 km2 (420 sq mi), it is the largest volcanic edifice within the region. Along its northwest–southeast trending long axis, Mount Ararat is about 45 kilometers (28 mi) long and is about 30 kilometers (19 mi) long along its short axis. It consists of about 1,150 km3 (280 cu mi) of dacitic and rhyolitic pyroclastic debris and dacitic, rhyolitic, and basaltic lavas.
Mount Ararat consists of two distinct volcanic cones, Greater Ararat and Lesser Ararat (Little Ararat). The western volcanic cone, Greater Ararat, is a steep-sided volcanic cone that is larger and higher than the eastern volcanic cone. Greater Ararat is about 25 kilometers (16 mi) wide at the base and rises about 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) above the adjacent floors of the Iğdir and Doğubeyazıt basins. The eastern volcanic cone, Lesser Ararat, is 3,896 meters (12,782 ft) high and 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) across. These volcanic cones, which lie 13 kilometers (8.1 mi) apart, are separated by a wide north–south-trending crack. This crack is the surface expression of an extensional fault. Numerous parasitic cones and lava domes have been built by flank eruptions along this fault and on the flanks of both of the main volcanic cones.
Mount Ararat lies within a complex, sinistral pull-apart basin that originally was a single, continuous depression. The growth of Mount Ararat partitioned this depression into two smaller basins, the Iğdir and Doğubeyazıt basins. This pull-apart basin is the result of strike-slip movement along two en-echelon fault segments, the Doğubeyazıt–Gürbulak and Iğdir Faults, of a sinistral strike–slip fault system. Tension between these faults not only formed the original pull-apart basin, but created a system of faults, exhibiting a horsetail splay pattern, that control the position of the principal volcanic eruption centers of Mount Ararat and associated linear belt of parasitic volcanic cones. The strike-slip fault system within which Mount Ararat is located is the result of north–south convergence and tectonic compression between the Arabian Platform and Laurasia that continued after the Tethys Ocean closed during the Eocene epoch along the Bitlis–Zagros suture.
During the early Eocene and early Miocene, the collision of the Arabian platform with Laurasia closed and eliminated the Tethys Ocean from the area of what is now Anatolia. The closure of these masses of continental crust collapsed this ocean basin by middle Eocene and resulted in a progressive shallowing of the remnant seas, until the end of the early Miocene. Post-collisional tectonic convergence within the collision zone resulted in the total elimination of the remaining seas from East Anatolia at the end of early Miocene, crustal shortening and thickening across the collision zone, and uplift of the East Anatolian–Iranian plateau. Accompanying this uplift was extensive deformation by faulting and folding, which resulted in the creation of numerous local basins. The north–south compressional deformation continues today as evidenced by ongoing faulting, volcanism, and seismicity.
Within Anatolia, regional volcanism started in the middle-late Miocene. During the late Miocene–Pliocene period, widespread volcanism blanketed the entire East Anatolian–Iranian plateau under thick volcanic rocks. This volcanic activity has continued uninterrupted until historical times. Apparently, it reached a climax during the latest Miocene–Pliocene, 6 to 3 Ma. During the Quaternary, the volcanism became restricted to a few local volcanoes such as Mount Ararat. These volcanoes are typically associated with north–south tensional fractures formed by the continuing north–south shortening deformation of Anatolia.
In their detailed study and summary of the Quaternary volcanism of Anatolia, Yilmaz et al. recognized four phases to the construction of Mount Ararat from volcanic rocks exposed in glacial valleys deeply carved into its flanks. First, they recognized a fissure eruption phase of Plinian-subPlinian fissure eruptions that deposited more than 700 meters (2,300 ft) of pyroclastic rocks and a few basaltic lava flows. These volcanic rocks were erupted from approximately north northwest–south southeast-trending extensional faults and fissures prior to the development of Mount Ararat. Second, a cone-building phase began when the volcanic activity became localized at a point along a fissure. During this phase, the eruption of successive flows of lava up to 150 meters (490 ft) thick and pyroclastic flows of andesite and dacite composition and later eruption of basaltic lava flows, formed the Greater Ararat cone with a low conical profile. Third, during a climatic phase, copious flows of andesitic and basaltic lavas were erupted. During this phase, the current cones of Greater and Lesser Ararat were formed as eruptions along subsidiary fissures and cracks and flank occurred. Finally, the volcanic eruptions at Mount Ararat transitioned into a flank eruption phase, during which a major north–south-trending fault offset the two cones that developed along with a number of subsidiary fissures and cracks on the volcano's flanks. Along this fault and the subsidiary fissures and cracks, a number of parasitic cones and domes were built by minor eruptions. One subsidiary cone erupted voluminous basalt and andesite lava flows. They flowed across the Doğubeyazıt plain and along the southerly flowing Sarısu River. These lava flows formed black ʻaʻā and pāhoehoe lava flows that contain well preserved lava tubes. The radiometric dating of these lava flows yielded radiometric ages of 0.4, 0.48 and 0.81 Ma. Overall, radiometric ages obtained from the volcanic rocks erupted by Mount Ararat range from 1.5 to 0.02 Ma.
Recent volcanic and seismic activity
The chronology of Holocene volcanic activity associated with Mount Ararat is documented by either archaeological excavations, oral history, historical records, or a combination of these data, which provide evidence that volcanic eruptions of Mount Ararat occurred in 2500–2400 BC, 550 BC, possibly in 1450 AD and 1783 AD, and definitely in 1840 AD. Archaeological evidence demonstrates that explosive eruptions and pyroclastic flows from the northwest flank of Mount Ararat destroyed and buried at least one Kura–Araxes culture settlement and caused numerous fatalities in 2500–2400 BC. Oral histories indicated that a significant eruption of uncertain magnitude occurred in 550 BC and minor eruptions of uncertain nature might have occurred in 1450 AD and 1783 AD. According to the interpretation of historical and archaeological data, strong earthquakes not associated with volcanic eruptions also occurred the area of Mount Ararat in 139, 368, 851–893, and 1319 AD. During the 139 AD earthquake, a large landslide that caused many casualties and was similar to the 1840 AD landslide originated from the summit of Mount Ararat.
A phreatic eruption occurred on Mount Ararat on July 2, 1840 and pyroclastic flow from radial fissures on the upper north flank of the mountain and a possibly associated earthquake of magnitude 7.4 that caused severe damage and numerous casualties. Up to 10,000 people in the region died in the earthquake, including 1,900 villagers in the village of Akhuri (Armenian: Akori, modern Yenidoğan) who were killed by a gigantic landslide and subsequent debris flow. In addition, this combination of landslide and debris flow destroyed the Armenian monastery of St. Jacob near Akori, the town of Aralik, several villages, and Russian military barracks. It also temporarily dammed the Sevjur (Metsamor) River.
The Armenian Apostolic Church was historically opposed to ascents of Ararat on religious grounds. Thomas Stackhouse, an 18th-century English theologian, noted that "All the Armenians are firmly persuaded that Noah's ark exists to the present day on the summit of Mount Ararat, and that in order to preserve it, no person is permitted to approach it." In response to its first ascent by Parrot and Abovian, one high-ranking Armenian Apostolic Church clergyman commented that to climb the sacred mountain was "to tie the womb of the mother of all mankind in a dragonish mode." By contrast, in the 21st century to climb Ararat is "the most highly valued goal of some of the patriotic pilgrimages that are organized in growing number from Armenia and the Armenian diaspora."
The first recorded ascent of the mountain in modern times took place on 9 October [O.S. 27 September] 1829. The Baltic German naturalist Friedrich Parrot of the University of Dorpat arrived at Etchmiadzin in mid-September 1829, almost two years after the Russian capture of Erivan, for the sole purpose of exploring Ararat. The prominent Armenian writer Khachatur Abovian, then a deacon and translator at Etchmiadzin, was assigned by Catholicos Yeprem, the head of the Armenian Church, as interpreter and guide.
Parrot and Abovian crossed the Aras River into the district of Surmali and headed to the Armenian village of Akhuri on the northern slope of Ararat, 1,220 metres (4,000 ft) above sea level. They set up a base camp at the Armenian monastery of St. Hakob some 730 metres (2,400 ft) higher, at an elevation of 1,943 metres (6,375 ft). After two failed attempts, they reached the summit on their third attempt at 3:15 p.m. on October 9, 1829. The group included Parrot, Abovian, two Russian soldiers – Aleksei Zdorovenko and Matvei Chalpanov – and two Armenian Akhuri villagers – Hovhannes Aivazian and Murad Poghosian. Parrot measured the elevation at 5,250 metres (17,220 ft) using a mercury barometer. This was not only the first recorded ascent of Ararat, but also the second highest elevation climbed by man up to that date outside of Mount Licancabur in the Chilean Andes. Abovian dug a hole in the ice and erected a wooden cross facing north. Abovian also picked up a chunk of ice from the summit and carried it down with him in a bottle, considering the water holy. On 8 November [O.S. 27 October] 1829, Parrot and Abovian together with the Akhuri hunter Sahak's brother Hako, acting as a guide, climbed up Lesser Ararat.
Later notable ascents
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:|
Other early notable climbers of Ararat included Russian climatologist and meteorologist Kozma Spassky-Avtonomov (August 1834), Karl Behrens (1835), German mineralogist and geologist Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich (29 July 1845), and British politician Henry Danby Seymour (1848). Later in the 19th century, two British politicians and scholars—James Bryce (1876) and H. F. B. Lynch (1893)—climbed the mountain. The first winter climb was by Turkish alpinist Bozkurt Ergör, the former president of the Turkish Mountaineering Federation, who climbed the peak on 21 February 1970.
Resting place of Noah's Ark
Origin of the tradition
Noah's Ark landed on the "mountains of Ararat" (Biblical Hebrew: הָרֵי אֲרָרָט, hare ararat), according to Genesis 8:4. Many historians and Bible scholars agree that "Ararat" is the Hebrew name of Urartu, the geographical predecessor of Armenia; they argue that the word referred to the wider region at the time and not specifically to Mt. Ararat.[c] The phrase is translated as "mountains of Armenia" (montes Armeniae) in the Vulgate, the fourth century Latin translation of the Bible. Nevertheless, Mount Ararat is traditionally considered the resting place of Noah's Ark. It is called a biblical mountain.
Mount Ararat has been associated with the Genesis account since the 11th century, and Armenians began to identify it as the ark's landing place during that time. F. C. Conybeare wrote that the mountain was "a center and focus of pagan myths and cults… and it was only in the eleventh century, after these had vanished from the popular mind, that the Armenian theologians ventured to locate on its eternal snows the resting-place of Noah's ark." Franciscan missionary William of Rubruck is usually considered the earliest reference for the tradition of Mount Ararat as the landing place of the ark in European literature. English traveler John Mandeville is another early author who mentioned Mount Ararat, "where Noah's ship rested, and it is still there."
Prevalence of the tradition
Most Christians identify Mount Ararat with the biblical "mountains of Ararat," "largely because it would have been the first peak to emerge from the receding flood waters", and it is where most of Western Christianity place the landing of Noah's Ark. A 1722 biblical dictionary by Austin Calmet and the 1871 Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary both point to Mount Ararat as the place where the ark rested. American missionary H. G. O. Dwight wrote in 1856 that it is "the general opinion of the learned in Europe" that the Ark landed on Mt. Ararat. James Bryce wrote that the ark rested upon a "mountain in the district which the Hebrews knew as Ararat, or Armenia" in an 1878 article for the Royal Geographical Society, and he added that the biblical writer must have had Mt. Ararat in mind because it is so "very much higher, more conspicuous, and more majestic than any other summit in Armenia."
Pope John Paul II declared in his homily in Yerevan's St. Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral: "We are close to Mount Ararat, where tradition says that the Ark of Noah came to rest." Patriarch Kirill of Moscow, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, also mentioned Mount Ararat as the resting place of Noah's Ark in his speech at the Etchmiadzin Cathedral during his visit to Armenia in 2010.
Those critical of this view point out that Ararat was the name of the country at the time when Genesis was written, not specifically the mountain. Arnold wrote in his 2008 Genesis commentary, "The location 'on the mountains' of Ararat indicates not a specific mountain by that name, but rather the mountainous region of the land of Ararat."
Ararat has traditionally been the main focus of the searches for Noah's Ark. Augustin Calmet wrote in his 1722 biblical dictionary, "It is affirmed, but without proof, that there are still remains of Noah's ark on the top of this mountain; but M. de Tournefort, who visited this spot, has assured us there was nothing like it; that the top of mount Ararat is inaccessible, both by reason of its great height, and of the snow which perpetually covers it." Archaeological expeditions, sometimes supported by evangelical and millenarian churches, have been conducted since the 19th century in search of the ark. According to a 1974 book around 200 people from more than 20 countries claimed to have seen the Ark on Ararat since 1856. A fragment from the ark supposedly found on Ararat is on display at the museum of Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the center of the Armenian Church. Despite numerous reports of ark sightings (e.g. Ararat anomaly) and rumors, "no scientific evidence of the ark has emerged." Searches for Noah's Ark are considered by scholars an example of pseudoarchaeology. Kenneth Feder writes, "As the flood story itself is unsupported by any archaeological evidence, it is not surprising that there is no archaeological evidence for the existence of an impossibly large boat dating to 5,000 years ago."
Significance for Armenians
Despite lying outside the borders of the modern Armenia, Ararat has historically been associated with Armenia.[d] It is widely considered the country's principal national symbol and brand. The image of Ararat, usually framed within a nationalizing discourse, is ubiquitous in everyday material culture in Armenia. According to ethnographer Tsypylma Darieva Armenians have "a sense of possession of Ararat in the sense of symbolic cultural property."
Ararat is known as the "holy mountain" of the Armenian people. It was principal to the pre-Christian Armenian mythology, where it was the home of the gods. With the rise of Christianity, the mythology associated with pagan worship of the mountain was lost. Ararat was the geographical center of ancient Armenian kingdoms.[e] One scholar defined the historic Greater Armenia (Armenia Major) as "the area about 200 miles [320 km] in every direction from Mount Ararat." In 19th-century era of romantic nationalism, when an Armenian state did not exist, Mt. Ararat symbolized the historical Armenian nation-state. In 1861 Armenian poet Mikael Nalbandian, witnessing the Italian unification, wrote to Harutiun Svadjian in a letter from Naples: "Etna and Vesuvius are still smoking; is there no fire left in the old volcano of Ararat?"
Myth of origin
The Genesis flood narrative was linked to the Armenian myth of origin by the early medieval historian Movses Khorenatsi. In his History of Armenia, he wrote that Noah and his family first settled in Armenia and later moved to Babylon. Hayk, a descendant of Japheth, a son of Noah, revolted against Bel (the biblical Nimrod) and returned to the area around Mount Ararat, where he established the roots of the Armenian nation. He is thus considered the legendary founding father and the name giver of the Armenian people. According to Razmik Panossian, this legend "makes Armenia the cradle of all civilisation since Noah's Ark landed on the 'Armenian' mountain of Ararat. […] it connects Armenians to the biblical narrative of human development. […] it makes Mount Ararat the national symbol of all Armenians, and the territory around it the Armenian homeland from time immemorial."
Coat of arms of Armenia
Mount Ararat has been depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia consistently since 1918. The First Republic's coat of arms was designed by architect Alexander Tamanian and painter Hakob Kojoyan. This coat of arms was readopted by the legislature of the Republic of Armenia on April 19, 1992, after Armenia regained independence. Ararat is depicted along with the ark on its peak on the shield on an orange background.
The emblem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Armenia) was created by the painters Martiros Saryan and Hakob Kojoyan in 1921. Mount Ararat is depicted in the center and makes up a large portion of it.
Symbol of genocide and territorial claims
In the aftermath of the Armenian Genocide of 1915, Ararat came to represent the destruction of the native Armenian population of eastern Turkey (Western Armenia) in the national consciousness of Armenians.[f] Ari L. Goldman noted in 1988, "In most Armenian homes in the modern diaspora, there are pictures of Mount Ararat, a bittersweet reminder of the homeland and national aspirations."
Ararat has become a symbol of Armenian efforts to reclaim its "lost lands", i.e. the areas west of Ararat that are now part of Turkey that had significant Armenian population before the genocide. Adriaans noted that Ararat is featured as a sanctified territory for the Armenians in everyday banal irredentism. Stephanie Platz wrote, "Omnipresent, the vision of Ararat rising above Yerevan and its outskirts constantly reminds Armenians of their putative ethnogenesis … and of their exile from Eastern Anatolia after the Armenian genocide of 1915."
Turkish political scientist Bayram Balci argues that regular references to the Armenian Genocide and Mount Ararat "clearly indicate" that the border with Turkey is contested in Armenia. Since independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the Armenian government has not made official claims to any Turkish territory, however the Armenian government has avoided "an explicit and formal recognition of the existing Turkish-Armenian border." In a 2010 interview with Der Spiegel, Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan was asked whether Armenia wants "Mount Ararat back." Sargsyan, in response, said that "No one can take Mount Ararat from us; we keep it in our hearts. Wherever Armenians live in the world today, you will find a picture of Mount Ararat in their homes. And I feel certain that a time will come when Mount Ararat is no longer a symbol of the separation between our peoples, but an emblem of understanding. But let me make this clear: Never has a representative of Armenia made territorial demands. Turkey alleges this—perhaps out of its own bad conscience?"
The most prominent party to lay claims to eastern Turkey is the nationalist Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutyun). which claims it as part of what it considers United Armenia. In various settings, several notable individuals such as German historian Tessa Hofmann,[g] Slovak conservative politician František Mikloško,[h] Lithuanian political scientist and Soviet dissident Aleksandras Štromas[i] have spoken in support of Armenian claims over Mt. Ararat.
Ethnographer Levon Abrahamian noted that Ararat is visually present for Armenians in reality (it can be seen from many houses in Yerevan and settlements in the Ararat plain), symbolically (through many visual representations, such as on Armenia's coats of arms), and culturally—in numerous and various nostalgic poetical, political, architectural representation. The first three postage stamps issued by Armenia in 1992 after achieving independence from the Soviet Union depicted Mt. Ararat.
Mount Ararat has been depicted on various Armenian dram banknotes issued in 1993–2001; on the reverse of the 10 dram banknotes issued in 1993, on the reverse of the 50 dram banknotes issued in 1998, on the obverse of the 100 and 500 dram banknotes issued in 1993, and on the reverse of the 50,000 dram banknotes issued in 2001. It was also depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 100 lira banknotes of 1972–1986.[j]
Ararat is depicted on the logos of two of Armenia's leading universities—the Yerevan State University and the American University of Armenia. It is depicted on the logos of Football Club Ararat Yerevan (since the Soviet times) and the Football Federation of Armenia. The logo of Armavia, Armenia's now defunct flag carrier, also depicted Ararat. The publications of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party in Lebanon (Ararad daily) and California, U.S. (Massis weekly) are both named for the mountain. The Ararat brandy, produced by the Yerevan Brandy Company since 1887, is considered the most prestigious Eastern European brandy. Hotels in Yerevan often advertise the visibility of Ararat from their rooms, which is seen as a major advantage for tourists.
In visual art
Ararat was depicted in the books of European, including many British, travelers in the 18th–19th centuries who visited Armenia.
According to one source, the first Armenian artist to depict the mountain was Ivan Aivazovsky, who created a painting of Ararat during his visit to Armenia in 1868. Other major Armenians artists who painted Ararat include Yeghishe Tadevosyan, Gevorg Bashinjaghian, Martiros Saryan, and Panos Terlemezian.
Ivan Aivazovsky, Valley of Mount Ararat, 1882
Yeghishe Tadevosyan, Ararat from Ejmiatsin, 1895
Gevorg Bashinjaghian, 1912
Panos Terlemezian, 1929
Rouben Paul Adalian suggested that "there is probably more poetry written about Mount Ararat than any other mountain on earth." Travel writer Rick Antonson described Ararat as the "most fabled mountain in the world."
I went out of the tent into the fresh morning air. The sun was rising. Against the clear sky one could see a white-snowcapped, twin-peaked mountain. 'What mountain is that?' I asked, stretching myself, and heard the answer: 'That's Ararat.' What a powerful effect a few syllables can have! Avidly I looked at the Biblical mountain, saw the ark moored to its peak with the hope of regeneration and life, saw both the raven and dove, flying forth, the symbols of punishment and reconciliation...
Russian Symbolist poet Valery Bryusov often referred to Ararat in his poetry and dedicated two poems to the mountain,[k] which were published in 1917. Bryusov saw Ararat as the embodiment of antiquity of the Armenian people and their culture.
Russian poet Osip Mandelstam wrote fondly of Ararat during his 1933 travels in Armenia. "I have cultivated in myself a sixth sense, an 'Ararat' sense," the poet wrote, "the sense of an attraction to a mountain."
During his travels to Armenia, Soviet Russian writer Vasily Grossman observed Mount Ararat from Yerevan standing "high in the blue sky." He wrote that "with its gentle, tender contours, it seems to grow not out of the earth but out of the sky, as if it has condensed from its white clouds and its deep blue. It is this snowy mountain, this bluish-white sunlit mountain that shone in the eyes of those who wrote the Bible."
In The Maximus Poems (1953) American poet Charles Olson, who grew up near the Armenian neighborhood in Worcester, Massachusetts, compares the Ararat Hill near his childhood home to the mountain and "imagines he can capture an Armenian's immigrant perspective: the view of Ararat Hill as Mount Ararat."
Mt. Ararat is featured prominently in Armenian literature. According to Meliné Karakashian, Armenian poets "attribute to it symbolic meanings of unity, freedom, and independence." According to Kevork Bardakjian, in Armenian literature, Ararat "epitomizes Armenia and Armenian suffering and aspirations, especially the consequences of the 1915 genocide: almost total annihilation, loss of a unique culture and land [...] and an implicit determination never to recognize the new political borders."
The last two lines of Yeghishe Charents's 1920 poem "I Love My Armenia" (Ես իմ անուշ Հայաստանի) read: "And in the entire world you will not find a mountaintop like Ararat's. / Like an unreachable peak of glory I love my Mount Masis." In a 1926 poem dedicated to the mountain Avetik Isahakyan wrote: "Ages as though in second came, / Touched the grey crest of Ararat, / And passed by...! [...] It's now your turn; you too, now, / Stare at its high and lordly brow, / And pass by...!" Mount Ararat is the most frequently cited symbol in the poetry of Hovhannes Shiraz. In collection of poems, Knar Hayastani (Lyre of Armenia) published in 1958, there are many poems "with very strong nationalist overtones, especially with respect to Mount Ararat (in Turkey) and the irredentism it entailed." In one such poem, "Ktak" (Bequest), Shiraz bequeaths his son Mt. Ararat to "keep it forever, / As the language of us Armenians, as the pillar of your father’s home."
The first lines of Paruyr Sevak's 1961 poem "We Are Few..." (Քիչ ենք, բայց հայ ենք) read: "We are few, but they say of us we are Armenians. / We do not think ourselves superior to anyone. / Clearly we shall have to accept / That we, and only we, have an Ararat" In one short poem Silva Kaputikyan compares Armenia to an "ancient rock-carved fortress", the towers of which are Ararat and Aragats.
In popular culture
- "Holy Mountains", the 8th track of the album Hypnotize (2005) by System of a Down, an American rock band composed of four Armenian Americans, "references Mount Ararat [...] and details that the souls lost to the Armenian Genocide have returned to rest here."
- "Here's to You Ararat" is a song from the 2006 album How Much is Yours of Arto Tunçboyacıyan's Armenian Navy Band.
- The 2002 film Ararat by Armenian-Canadian filmmaker Atom Egoyan features Mt. Ararat prominently in its symbolism.
- The 2011 documentary film Journey to Ararat on Parrot and Abovian's expedition to Ararat was produced in Estonia by filmmaker Riho Västrik. It was screened at the Golden Apricot International Film Festival in Yerevan in 2013.
Places named for Ararat
- In Armenia, a province, two cities (Ararat, Masis), and two villages (Ararat, Masis) are named after the mountain.
- The Turkish province of Ağrı was named for the mountain (its Turkish name) in 1927, while the provincial capital city of Karaköse was renamed to Ağrı in 1946.
- In the United States, a river in Virginia and North Carolina was named after the mountain no later than 1770. An unincorporated community in North Carolina was later named after the river. There is a township and a mountain in Pennsylvania called for the mountain.
- In the Australian state of Victoria, a city was named Ararat in 1840. Its local government area is also called Ararat.
- 96205 Ararat is an asteroid named in the mountain's honor. It was discovered in 1992 by Freimut Börngen and Lutz D. Schmadel at Tautenburg Observatory in Germany. The name was proposed by Börngen.
- Besides Ararat being the Hebrew version of Urartu, this Iron Age state is often referred to as the "Araratian Kingdom" or the "Kingdom of Ararat" (Armenian: Արարատյան թագավորություն, Arartyan t’agavorut’yun) in Armenian historiography. Levon Abrahamian noted that the name gives a "biblical and an Armenian touch to this ancient state."
- The First Republic of Armenia, the first modern Armenian state that existed between 1918 and 1920, was sometimes called the Araratian Republic or the Republic of Ararat (Armenian: Արարատյան Հանրապետություն, Araratyan hanrapetut’yun) as it was centered in the Ararat plain.
- In 1927 the Kurdish nationalist party Xoybûn led by Ihsan Nuri, fighting an uprising against the Turkish government, declared the independence of the Republic of Ararat (Kurdish: Komara Agiriyê), centered around Mt. Ararat.
taken from the International Space Station on 8 July 2011
taken from the Space Shuttle on 18 March 2001
View of Ararat from Khor Virap, Armenia
View of Ararat with the Khor Virap in the front, Armenia
View of Ararat from Iğdır, Turkey
- Strabo, Geographica, XI.14.2 and XI.14.14. They are also transliterated as Abus and Nibarus. Abos and Nibaros are the two peaks of Ararat according to scholars such as Nicholas Adontz, Vladimir Minorsky, Julius Fürst.
- The peaks are sometimes referred to in plural as Մասիսներ Masisner. Greater Ararat is known as simply Masis or Մեծ Մասիս (Mets Masis, "Great/Big Masis"). While Lesser Ararat is known as Sis (Սիս) or Փոքր Մասիս (P′ok′r Masis, "Little/Small Masis"). The word "Ararat" occurs in Armenian literature from the early medieval period, following the invention of the Armenian alphabet.
- Richard James Fischer: "The Genesis text, using the plural 'mountains' (or hills), identifies no particular mountain, but points generally toward Armenia ('Ararat' being identical with the Assyrian 'Urartu') which is broadly embraces [sic] that region."
- Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (eds.). "Genesis". The Pulpit Commentary.
It is agreed by all[clarification needed] that the term Ararat describes a region.view online
- Dummelow, John, ed. (1909). "Genesis". John Dummelow's Commentary on the Bible.
Ararat is the Assyrian 'Urardhu,' the country round Lake Van, in what is now called Armenia… and perhaps it is a general expression for the hilly country which lay to the N. of Assyria. Mt. Masis, now called Mt. Ararat (a peak 17,000 ft. high), is not meant here.view online
- Bill T. Arnold: "Since the ancient kingdom of Ararat/Urartu was much more extensive geographically than this isolated location in Armenia, modern attempts to find remaints of Noah's ark here are misguided."
- Vahan Kurkjian: "It has long been the notion among many Christians that Noah's Ark came to rest as the Flood subsided upon the great peak known as Mount Ararat; this assumption is based upon an erroneous reading of the 4th verse of the VIIIth chapter of Genesis. That verse does not say that the Ark landed upon Mount Ararat, but upon 'the mountains of Ararat.' Now, Ararat was the Hebrew version of the name, not of the mountain but of the country around it, the old Armenian homeland, whose name at other times and in other tongues appears variously as Erirath, Urartu, etc."
- Armenians have been called the "people of Ararat" by authors of at least two books. Italian diplomat and historian Luigi Villari wrote in 1906: "Almost the whole history of the Armenian people centres round Mount Ararat."
- "...Mt. Ararat, which was the geographical center of the ancient Armenian kingdoms..."
- "The lands of Western Armenia which Mt. Ararat represent..." "mount Ararat is the symbol of banal irredentism for the territories of Western Armenia"
- Hofmann suggested that "the return of the ruins of Ani and of Mount Ararat [by Turkey to Armenia], both in the immediate border area could be considered as a convincing gesture of Turkey's apologies and will for reconciliation."
- Mikloško stated at a 2010 conference on Turkey's foreign policy: "Mount Ararat [represents the] Christian heritage of Armenians. Does modern Turkey consider the possibility of giving the mount back to Armenians? The return of Ararat would be an unprecedented step to signify Turkey’s willingness to build a peaceful future and promote its image at the international scene."
- Štromas wrote: "The Armenians would also be right to claim from Turkey the Ararat Valley, which is an indivisible part of the Armenian homeland containing the main spiritual center and supreme symbol of Armenia's nationhood, the holy Mountain of Ararat itself."
- Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. Banknote Museum: 6. Emission Group – One Hundred Turkish Lira – I. Series, II. Series & III. Series.
- "К Арарату" ("To Ararat") and "Арарат из Эривани" ("Ararat from Erivan")
- "100 World Mountains ranked by primary factor". ii.uib.no. Institutt for informatikk University of Bergen. Archived from the original on 2016-05-21. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
- Bjørstad, Petter E. (August 2007). "Ararat Trip Report". ii.uib.no. University of Bergen. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017.
- "Ağrı Dağı Milli Parkı [Ağrı Dağı National Park]". ormansu.gov.tr (in Turkish). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forest and Water Management. Archived from the original on 2016-05-05. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
- "Ararat". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
- Yilmaz, Y.; Güner, Y.; Saroğlu, F. (1998). "Geology of the quaternary volcanic centres of the east Anatolia". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 85 (1–4): 173–210. Bibcode:1998JVGR...85..173Y. doi:10.1016/s0377-0273(98)00055-9.
- Short, Nicholas M.; Blair, Robert W., eds. (1986). "Mt. Ararat, Turkey". Geomorphology From Space: A Global Overview of Regional Landforms. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 226.
- de Planhol, X. (1986). "Ararat". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2015-11-02. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (1973). "Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet-Turkish Entente". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 4 (2): 129–147. doi:10.1017/s0020743800027409. JSTOR 162238.
...Nationalist Turkey annexed the Surmalu district, embracing Mount Ararat, the historic symbol of the Armenian people.
- de Waal, Thomas (2015). Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide. Oxford University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0199350698.
- Parrot 2016, p. xxiii.
- Yildiz, Kerim; Taysi, Tanyel B. (2007). The Kurds in Iran: The Past, Present and Future. London: Pluto Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0745326696.
- Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0300153088.
- Westerman, Frank (2008-12-02). Ararat: In Search of the Mythical Mountain. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4070-1951-2.
- Petrosyan 2016, p. 68.
- Frymer, Tikva S.; Sperling, S. David (2008). "Ararat, Armenia". Encyclopaedia Judaica (2nd ed.). view online Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
- Arnold 2008, p. 104.
- Rogers, Thorold (1884). Bible Folk-Lore: A Study in Comparative Methodology. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 21.
Ararat was thought by Gesenius to be a Sanskrit word (Arjawartah), signifying "holy ground,"...
- Bonomi, Joseph (1866). "Ararat". In Fairbairn, Patrick (ed.). The Imperial Bible-Dictionary: Historical, Biographical, Geographical and Doctrinal - Volume I. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. p. 118.
- Avakyan, K. R. (2009). "Աշոտ Մելքոնյան, Արարատ. Հայոց անմահության խորհուրդը [Ashot Melkonyan, Ararat. Symbol of Armenian Immortality]". Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian). № 1 (1): 252–257. Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
Պատմական ճակատագրի բերումով Արարատ-Մասիսը ոչ միայն վեհության, անհասանելիության, կատարելության մարմնավորում է, այլև 1915 թ. հայոց մեծ եղեռնից ու հայ ժողովրդի հայրենազրկումից հետո՝ բռնազավթված հայրենիքի և այն նորեն իր արդար զավակներին վերադարձելու համոզումի անկրկնելի խորհրդանիշ, աշխարհասփյուռ հայության միասնականության փարոս» (էջ 8):
- Teryan, Anzhela (31 August 2011). "Երևան անվան ծագման մասին [On the origin of the name Yerevan]" (in Armenian). Yerevan History Museum. Archived from the original on 7 June 2018.
Հայտնի է, որ Հայկական լեռնաշխարհում Ար-ով /նաև էր, Ուր, Իր/ սկսվող բազմաթիվ աշխարհագրական (նաև անձնական) անուններ կան. Արարատ, Արագած, Արա, Արաքս, Արածանի, Արմավիր, Արճեշ…: Այս երևույթը կապված է Արարչի /Ար Աստված/ և նրա պաշտանմունքն ունեցող Հայկական լեռնաշխարհի բնիկների՝ հայ-արմենների՝ արմեն, նաև արի /Էրի/ անվան հետ:
- Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). "Armenia: The Physical Setting—Mt. Ararat". Armenia: A Historical Atlas. University of Chicago Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-226-33228-4.
- Smith, Eli (1832). "Foreign Correspondence". The Biblical Repository and Classical Review: 203.
...called by the Armenians, Masis, and by Europeans generally Ararat...
- Bryce 1877, p. 198.
- Petrossyan 2010, p. 220.
- Jones, Horace Leonard, ed. (1928). "XI.14". The Geography of Strabo. Harvard University Press. view Book XI, Chapter 14 online
- Minorsky, V. (1944). "Roman and Byzantine Campaigns in Atropatene". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 11 (2): 243–265. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0007244X. JSTOR 609312.
Although what Strabo means by Abos seems to be the southern spurs of Mt. Ararat...
- Julius Fürst cited in Exell, Joseph; Jones, William; Barlow, George; Scott, W. Frank; et al. (1892). The Preacher's Complete Homiletical Commentary. "...the present Aghri Dagh or the great Ararat (Pers. Kuhi Nuch, i.e. Noah's mountain, in the classics ὁ ἄβος, Armen. massis)..." (Furst.) view online Archived 2016-08-12 at the Wayback Machine
- Alexander Agadjanian (15 April 2016). Armenian Christianity Today: Identity Politics and Popular Practice. Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-317-17857-6.
It is worth noting that, contrary to Armenian Apostolic Church discourse and popular knowledge, it was probably as late as the beginning of the second millennium AD when the localization of the biblical Mount Ararat was permanently moved from the highlands hemming upper Mesopotamia to Mount Masis in the heart of historical Armenian territory.
- Petrosyan, Hamlet (2001). "The Sacred Mountain". In Levon Abrahamian and Nancy Sweezy (ed.). Armenian Folk Arts, Culture, and Identity. Indiana University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-253-33704-7.
When Armenians were first introduced to the biblical story of the flood, there was no special interest in the location of Mount Ararat. Most Armenian historians in the Early Middle Ages accepted the generally held Christian opinion of the time that Ararat was located near Mesopotamia in Korduk (Corduene), the southernmost province of Armenia. However, when European Crusaders on their way to free the Holy Land from Moslem rule appeared in the region in the 11th century, Armenian hopes for similar "salvation" helped to catalyze the final identification of Masis with Ararat. From the 12th century on, Catholic missionaries and other travelers to the region returned to Europe with the same story: that the mountain where the Ark landed was towering in the heart of Armenia.
- Jastrow Jr., Morris; Kent, Charles Foster (1902). "Ararat". Jewish Encyclopedia Volume II. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co. p. 73.
The mountain itself is known as Ararat only among Occidental geographers. The Armenians call it Massis, the Turks Aghri Dagh, and the Persians Koh i Nuh, or "the mountain of Noah."view online Archived 2015-11-25 at the Wayback Machine
- Avetisyan, Kamsar (1979). Հայրենագիտական էտյուդներ [Armenian studies sketches] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Sovetakan grogh. p. 14. Archived from the original on 2015-11-27. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
Հայերը Արարատը անվանում են Մասիս...
- "Մասիսներ [Masisner]". encyclopedia.am (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
- Peroomian, Rubina (2007). "Historical Memory: Threading the Contemporary Literature of Armenia". In Hovannisian, Richard (ed.). The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. Transaction Publishers. p. 113. ISBN 9781412835923.
...the majestic duo of Sis and Masis (the two peaks of Mount Ararat) that hover above the Erevan landscape are constant reminders of the historical injustice.
- Delitzsch, Franz (2001). New Commentary on Genesis. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 274. ISBN 978-1-57910-813-7.
The Armenians call Little Ararat sis and Great Ararat masis, whence it seems that great, the meaning of meds, is contained in ma.
- Hovhannisyan, L. Sh. (2016). Բառերի մեկնությունը հինգերորդ դարի հայ մատենագրուտյան մեջ [Interpretation of words in 5th century Armenian manuscripts] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Gitutyun. p. 61.
- Khorenatsi 1978, p. 91.
- Petrossyan 2010, p. 221.
- Novoseltsev 1978.
- Petrosyan 2016, p. 72.
- Dalton, Robert H. (2004). Sacred Places of the World: A Religious Journey Across the Globe. Abhishek. p. 133. ISBN 9788182470514.
The Turkish name for Mt Ararat is Agri Dagi (which means mountain of pain).
- McCarta, Robertson (1992). Turkey (2nd ed.). Nelles. p. 210. ISBN 9783886184019.
(Turkish: Agri Dagi, "Mount of Sorrows")
- Sarıkaya, Mehmet Akif (2012). "Recession of the ice cap on Mount Ağrı (Ararat), Turkey, from 1976 to 2011 and its climatic significance". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 46: 190–194. Bibcode:2012JAESc..46..190S. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.12.009.
- "Xortekî tirk dixwaze bi bîsîklêtê xwe ji çiyayê Agirî berde xwarê" (in Kurdish). Rudaw Media Network. 19 June 2014. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- Waugh, Alexander (27 August 2008). "Will he, won't He? Ararat by Frank Westerman, translated by Sam Garrett". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
- "Ağrı – Mount Ararat". Republic of Turkey Ministry of culture and tourism (kultur.gov.tr). 2005.
- Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. 2001. p. 63. ISBN 9780877795469.
- Haggett, Peter, ed. (2002). "Turkey". Encyclopedia of World Geography: The Middle East (2nd ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 2026. ISBN 978-0-7614-7289-6.
- Hartemann, Frederic; Hauptman, Robert (2005). The Mountain Encyclopedia. Lanham, Maryland: Taylor Trade. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8108-5056-9.
- Galichian, Rouben (2004). Historic Maps of Armenia: The Cartographic Heritage. I.B. Tauris. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-86064-979-0.
- Kurter, Ajun (20 May 1988). "Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa: Turkey" (PDF). United States Geological Survey Professional Paper. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help)CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- "Maps of Ararat - Ararat Map, Turkey (Agri Dagi)". turkeyodyssey.com. Terra Anatolia. Archived from the original on 2007-02-25.
- According to Petter E. Bjørstad, Head of Informatics Department at the University of Bergen (Norway). "Ararat Trip Report". ii.uib.no. August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017.
I measured the summit elevation, averaging more than 300 samples in my GPS, it settled on 5132 meter, 5 meter lower than the often quoted 5137 figure. This clearly shows that the 5165 meter elevation that many sources use is wrong. The summit is a snow ridge with no visible rock anywhere. Thus, the precise elevation will change with the seasons and could definitely be influenced by climate change (global warming). Later GPS measurements in Iran suggested that the GPS data may be about 10 meter too high also in this part of the world. This would in fact point in the direction of a true Ararat elevation around 5125 meter.
- Blumenthal, M. M. (1958). "Vom Agrl Dag (Ararat) zum Kagkar Dag. Bergfahrten in nordostanatolischen Grenzlande". Die Alpen (in German). 34: 125–137.
- Sarıkaya, Mehmet Akif; Tekeli, A. E. (2014). "Satellite inventory of glaciers in Turkey". In J. S. Kargel; et al. (eds.). Global Land Ice Measurements from Space. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 465–480. ISBN 978-3540798170.
- Birman, J. H. (1968). "Glacial Reconnaissance in Turkey". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 79 (8): 1009–1026. Bibcode:1968GSAB...79.1009B. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1009:GRIT]2.0.CO;2.
- Dewey, J. F.; Hempton, M. R.; Kidd, W. S. F.; Saroglum, F.; Sengὃr, A. M. C. (1986). "Shortening of continental lithosphere: the neotectonics of Eastern Anatolia – a young collision zone". In Coward, M. P.; Ries, A. C. (eds.). Collision Tectonics. Geological Society of London. pp. 3–36.
- Karakhanian, A.; Djrbashian, R.; Trifonov, V.; Philip, H.; Arakelian, S.; Avagian, A. (2002). "Holocene–Historical Volcanism and Active Faults as Natural Risk Factor for Armenia and Adjacent Countries". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 113 (1): 319–344. Bibcode:2002JVGR..113..319K. doi:10.1016/s0377-0273(01)00264-5.
- Karakhanian, A.S.; Trifonov, V.G.; Philip, H.; Avagyan, A.; Hessami, K.; Jamali, F.; Bayraktutan, M. S.; Bagdassarian, H.; Arakelian, S.; Davtian, V.; Adilkhanyan, A. (2004). "Active faulting and natural hazards in Armenia, Eastern Turkey and North-Western Iran". Tectonophysics. 380 (3–4): 189–219. Bibcode:2004Tectp.380..189K. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2003.09.020.
- Allen, Mark B.; Mark, Darren F.; Kheirkhah, Monireh; Barfod, Dan; Emami, Mohammad H.; Saville, Christopher (2011). "40Ar/39Ar dating of Quaternary lavas in northwest Iran: constraints on the landscape evolution and incision rates of the Turkish–Iranian plateau" (PDF). Geophysical Journal International. 185 (3): 1175–1188. Bibcode:2011GeoJI.185.1175A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2011.05022.x.
- Siebert, L., T. Simkin, and P. Kimberly (2010) Volcanoes of the world, 3rd ed. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. 551 pp. ISBN 978-0-520-26877-7.
- Haroutiunian, R. A. (2005). "Катастрофическое извержение вулкана Арарат 2 июля 1840 года [Catastrophic eruption of volcano Ararat on 2 july, 1840]". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia: Earth Sciences (in Russian). 58 (1): 27–35. ISSN 0515-961X. Archived from the original on 2015-12-07. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
- Taymaz, Tuncay; Eyidog̃an, Haluk; Jackson, James (1991). "Source parameters of large earthquakes in the East Anatolian fault zone (Turkey)". Geophysical Journal International. 106 (3): 537–550. Bibcode:1991GeoJI.106..537T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.1991.tb06328.x.
- William of Rubruck (1998). The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253–55. Translated by W. W. Rockhill. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 269–270. ISBN 978-81-206-1338-6.
[...] mountains in which they say that Noah's ark rests; and there are two mountains, the one greater than the other; and the Araxes flows at their base [...] Many have tried to climb it, but none has been able. [...] An old man gave me quite a good reason why one ought not to try to climb it. They call the mountain Massis [...] "No one," he said, "ought to climb up Massis; it is the mother of the world."
- Stackhouse, Thomas (1836). A History of the Holy Bible. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. p. 93.
- Siekierski, Konrad (2014). ""One Nation, One Faith, One Church": The Armenian Apostolic Church and the Ethno-Religion in Post-Soviet Armenia". In Agadjanian, Alexander (ed.). Armenian Christianity Today: Identity Politics and Popular Practice. Ashgate Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4724-1273-7.
- Parrot 2016, p. 139
- Randveer, Lauri (October 2009). "How the Future Rector Conquered Ararat". University of Tartu. Archived from the original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
- Khachaturian, Lisa (2011). Cultivating Nationhood in Imperial Russia: The Periodical Press and the Formation of a Modern Armenian Identity. Transaction Publishers. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4128-1372-3.
- Milner, Thomas (1872). The Gallery of Geography: A Pictorial and Descriptive Tour of the World, Volume 2. W.R. M'Phun & Son. p. 783.
Great Ararat was ascended for the first time by Professor Parrot, October 9, 1829...
- Giles, Thomas (27 April 2016). "Friedrich Parrot: The man who became the 'father of Russian mountaineering'". Russia Beyond the Headlines. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- Ketchian, Philip K. (December 24, 2005). "Climbing Ararat: Then and Now". The Armenian Weekly. 71 (52). Archived from the original on September 8, 2009.
- Parrot 2016, p. 142.
- Parrot 2016, p. 141-142.
- Parrot 2016, p. 183.
- Fairbairn, Patrick (1866). "Ararat". The Imperial Bible-Dictionary: Historical, Biographical, Geographical and Doctrinal – Volume I. p. 119.
- Polo, Marco; Yule, Henry (2010). The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian: Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-108-02206-4.
- Bryce, James (1878). "On Armenia and Mount Ararat". Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 22 (3): 169–186. doi:10.2307/1799899. JSTOR 1799899.
- Lynch, H. F. B. (1893). "The ascent of Ararat". The Geographical Journal. 2: 458.
- Lynch, H. F. B. (1901). Armenia, travels and studies. Volume I: The Russian Provinces. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 176.
- "Conquering the legendary Mount Ararat". Hürriyet Daily News. 15 January 2006.
- Spar, Ira (2003). "The Mesopotamian Legacy: Origins of the Genesis tradition". In Aruz, Joan (ed.). Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 488. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1. Archived from the original on 2015-11-29. Retrieved 2015-11-08.
- Morgenstern, Julian (1941). "Psalm 48". Hebrew Union College Annual. 16: 1–95. JSTOR 23502992.
Note the plural, hare 'Ararat; not "Mt. Ararat," as traditionally translated and interpreted, but rather "(one of) the mountains of Ararat," i. e. of Urartu or Armenia.
- Richard James Fischer (2007). "Mount Ararat". Historical Genesis: From Adam to Abraham. University Press of America. pp. 109–111. ISBN 9780761838074. Archived from the original on 2019-01-28. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
- Arnold 2008, p. 105.
- Kurkjian, Vahan (1964) . A History of Armenia. New York: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America. p. 2.
- Room, Adrian (1997). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings. McFarland. p. 34. ISBN 9780786401727.
- Vos, Howard F. (1982). "Flood (Genesis)". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J (fully revised ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 319. ISBN 978-0-8028-3782-0.
- Tremblais, Jean-Louis (16 July 2011). "Ararat, montagne biblique". Le Figaro (in French). Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
- Avagyan, Ṛafayel (1998). Yerevan—heart of Armenia: meetings on the roads of time. Union of Writers of Armenia. p. 17.
The sacred biblical mountain prevailing over Yerevan was the very visiting card by which foreigners came to know our country.
- Bailey, Lloyd R. (1990). "Ararat". In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7. Archived from the original on 2019-01-28. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
...the local (Armenian) population called Masis and which they began to identify as the ark's landing place in the eleventh-twelfth centuries.
- Conybeare, F. C. (1901). "Reviewed Work: Ararat und Masis. Studien zur armenischen Altertumskunde und Litteratur by Friedrich Murad". The American Journal of Theology. 5 (2): 335–337. doi:10.1086/477703. JSTOR 3152410.
- Spencer, Lee; Lienard, Jean Luc (2005). "The Search for Noah's Ark". Southwestern Adventist University. Archived from the original on 2015-03-14. Retrieved 2015-11-03. (archived)
- Mandeville, John (2012). The Book of Marvels and Travels. Translated by Anthony Bale. Oxford University Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780199600601.
- Mandel, Jerome (2013). "Ararat, Mount". In Friedman, John Block; Figg, Kristen Mossler (eds.). Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-135-59094-9.
- "Նոյն իջնում է Արարատից (1889) [Descent of Noah from Ararat (1889)]" (in Armenian). National Gallery of Armenia. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
- Conway Morris, Roderick (24 February 2012). "The Key to Armenia's Survival". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- original title: Dictionnaire historique, critique, chronologique, geographique et literal de la Bible. English translation: Calmet, Augustin (1830). "Ararat". Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible: With the Biblical Fragments, Volume 1. Charles Taylor (translator). London: Holdsworth and Ball. p. 178–179.
- Jamieson, Robert; Fausset, Andrew Robert; Brown, David (1871). Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible. view Genesis 8:4 commentary online Archived 2016-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
- Dwight 1856, p. 189:
- "Homily of John Paul II". vatican.va. Holy See. 26 September 2001. Archived from the original on 19 December 2016.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- "Приветственная речь Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла в кафедральном соборе Эчмиадзина [Welcome speech by His Holiness Patriarch Kirill at the Cathedral of Etchmiadzin]". patriarchia.ru (in Russian). Russian Orthodox Church. 16 March 2010. Archived from the original on 19 December 2016.
Каждый, кто приезжает в Армению, получает неизгладимое впечатление, лицезрея ее главный символ — священную гору Арарат, на которой остановился после потопа ковчег праотца Ноя.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- Patai, Raphael; Oettinger, Ayelet (2015). "Ararat". In Patai, Raphael; Bar-Itzhak, Haya (eds.). Encyclopedia of Jewish Folklore and Traditions. Routledge. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9780765620255.
- Balsiger, David; Sellier Jr., Charles E. (1974). In Search of Noah's Ark. Sunn Classic Books. p. 203.
- Zenian, David (1 July 1996). "The Holy Etchmiadzin Museum: History of a Long Journey". AGBU Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
- Mayell, Hillary (27 April 2004). "Noah's Ark Found? Turkey Expedition Planned for Summer". National Geographic. pp. 1, 2. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
- Cline, Eric H. (2009). Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-19-534263-5.
- Fagan, Garrett G. (2006). Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public. Psychology Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-415-30592-1.
- Feder, Kenneth L. (2010). "Noah's Ark". Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum. ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-0-313-37919-2.
- Boniface, Brian; Cooper, Chris; Cooper, Robyn (2012). Worldwide Destinations: The Geography of Travel and Tourism (6th ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 338. ISBN 978-0-415-52277-9.
The snow-capped peak of Ararat is a holy mountain and national symbol for Armenians, dominating the horizon in the capital, Erevan, yet it is virtually inaccessible as it lies across the border in Turkey.
- Lydolph, Paul E. (1979). Geography of the U.S.S.R., Topical Analysis. Misty Valley Publishing. p. 46.
...about 65 kilometers south of Yerevan where Mount Ararat reaches an elevation of 5156 meters.
- Shoemaker, M. Wesley (2014). "Armenia". Russia and The Commonwealth of Independent States 2014. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 203. ISBN 9781475812268.
Mt. Ararat, traditionally associated with Armenia...
- Walker, Christopher J. (1990) . Armenia: The Survival of a Nation (2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-312-04230-1.
...Mount Ararat, closely identified with Armenia throughout her history...
- Gabrielian, M. C. (1892). The Armenians: or the People of Ararat. Philadelphia: Allen, Lane & Scott. Archived from the original on 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2016-06-12.
- Burtt, Joseph (1926). The People of Ararat. London: L. and Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press. OCLC 3522299.
- Villari, Luigi (1906). Fire and Sword in the Caucasus. London: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 215.
- Levonian Cole, Teresa (30 October 2010). "Armenia opens up to visitors". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
Ararat, the supreme symbol of Armenia...
- Boltyansky, Boris (24 October 2015). "Солнце мое" (in Russian). lenta.ru. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
Библейский Арарат, символ страны, стал главным брендом Армении.
- Adriaans 2011, p. 35.
- Darieva, Tsypylma (2006). "Bringing the soil back to the homeland: Reconfigurations of representation of loss in Armenia" (PDF). Comparativ: Leipziger Beiträge zur Universalgeschichte und Vergleichenden Gesellschaftsforschung (3): 90. Archived from the original on 2017-05-21.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- Companjen, Françoise; Marácz, László Károly; Versteegh, Lia, eds. (2010). Exploring the Caucasus in the 21st Century: Essays on Culture, History and Politics in a Dynamic Context. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9789089641830.
- Darke, Diana (2014). Eastern Turkey. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-84162-490-7.
...of course Mount Ararat is for Armenians their holy mountain...
- "Арарат". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Volume II (in Russian). 1890.
Арарат давно считался священной горой у армян...on Russian Wikisource
- "Арарат". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Volume II (in Russian). 1890.
- Melton, J. Gordon (2010). "Ararat, Mount". In Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (eds.). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.
- Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical Dictionary of Armenia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-8108-7450-3.
- Sakalli, Seyhun Orcan (2014). "Coexistence, Polarization and Development: The Armenian Legacy in Modern Turkey" (PDF). HEC Lausanne. Archived from the original on 2016-12-15. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help)CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- Lottman, Herbert R. (29 February 1976). "Despite Ages of Captivity, The Armenians Persevere". The New York Times. p. 287. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- Bryce 1877, p. 234.
- Maxoudian, Noubar (1952). "Early Armenia as an empire: The career of Tigranes III, 96–55 B.C". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 39 (2): 156–163. doi:10.1080/03068375208731438.
- Shirinian, Lorne (1992). The Republic of Armenia and the rethinking of the North-American Diaspora in literature. Edwin Mellen Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0773496132.
- Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2005). The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the eighteenth century to modern times. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 292. ISBN 9780814332214.
- Khorenatsi 1978, p. 85.
- Panossian 2006, p. 51.
- Panossian 2006, pp. 51–52.
- "State symbols of the Republic of Armenia". president.am. Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia. Archived from the original on 2015-11-30. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
- Matevosian, V.; Haytayan, P. (1984). "Սարյան Մարտիրոս (Saryan Martiros)". Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Volume 10 (in Armenian). p. 240.
1921–ին Հ. Կոջոյանի հետ ստեղծել է Խորհրդային Հայաստանի գերբը...
- Meier, Reinhard (1975). "Soviet Armenia Today". Swiss Review of World Affairs. 25–26.
The impressive mountain also has its place as the central image in the coat of arms of the Armenian Soviet Republic (coupled, of course, with a five-pointed Soviet star).
- Adriaans 2011, p. 48.
- Johnson, Jerry L. (2000). Crossing Borders – Confronting History: Intercultural Adjustment in the Post-Cold War World. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-7618-1536-5.
Armenians view Mount Ararat as both a symbol of the Genocide and loss of hallowed land.
- Goldman, Ari L. (18 December 1988). "A History Full of Anguish and Agony; The Armenians, Still 'Like Job's People'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- Adriaans 2011, p. 40.
- Platz, Stephanie (1996), Pasts and Futures: Space, History and Armenian Identity 1988–1994, University of Chicago, p. 34
- "Armenian protest against Erdogan visit turns violent". The Daily Star. 26 November 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
- Balci, Bayram (2014). "Between ambition and realism: Turkey's engagement in the South Caucasus". In Agadjanian, Alexander; Jödicke, Ansgar; van der Zweerde, Evert (eds.). Religion, Nation and Democracy in the South Caucasus. Routledge. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-317-69157-0.
Armenia has not officially expressed territorial claims in respect of Turkey but the regular references to the genocide and to Mount Ararat, a national symbol for Armenians which is situated in contemporary Turkey, clearly indicates that the border with their eastern neighbour is contested.
- Phillips, David L. (2005). Unsilencing the Past: Track Two Diplomacy and Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-84545-007-6.
- Danielyan, Emil (28 July 2011). "Erdogan Demands Apology From Armenia". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- Bidder, Benjamin (6 April 2010). "Serge Sarkisian on Armenian-Turkish Relations: 'We Wanted to Break Through Centuries of Hostility'". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- Harutyunyan, Arus (2009). Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-109-12012-7.
- "Return of ruins of Ani and of Mount Ararat could be considered as convincing gesture of Turkey's apologies: Tessa Hofmann". Armenpress. 16 April 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- "Frantisek Miklosko demands that Turkey return Biblical Mount Ararat to Armenians". PanARMENIAN.Net. 14 September 2010. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- Shtromas, Alexander (2003). Faulkner, Robert K.; Mahoney, Daniel J. (eds.). Totalitarianism and the Prospects for World Order: Closing the Door on the Twentieth Century. Lexington Books. p. 387. ISBN 978-0-7391-0534-4.
- Healey, Barth (23 August 1992). "STAMPS; For Armenia, Rainbows And Eagles in Flight". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- Abrahamian, Levon (2007). "Dancing around the mountain: Armenian identity through rites of solidarity". In Grant, Bruce; Yalçın-Heckmann, Lale (eds.). Caucasus Paradigms: Anthropologies, Histories and the Making of a World Area. Berlin: Lit Verlag. pp. 167–188. ISBN 9783825899066.
- Ermochkine, Nicholas; Iglikowski, Peter (2003). 40 Degrees East: An Anatomy of Vodka. New York: Nova Science Publishers. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-59033-594-9.
Undoubtedly the top of the tops of East European brandies is the Armenian brandy called Ararat...
- Ritman, Alex (17 August 2012). "My Kind of Place: Yerevan has thrived through conquest". The National. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
- Radisson Blu Hotel, Yerevan. "Radisson Blu Hotel, Yerevan". radissonblu.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2018-01-02.
Our magnificent hilltop setting provides beautiful views of Yerevan city center against the backdrop of Mount Ararat...
- Ani Plaza Hotel. "Ani Plaza: Hotel in Yerevan, Armenia". anihotel.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2018-01-02.
The guest rooms offer a spectacular view over the city: one can admire the famous Mount Ararat – the symbol of Armenia...
- Sarkssian, M. S. (1963). "Հովհաննես Այվազովսկին և հայ մշակույթը [Hovhannes Ayvazovsky and Armenian Culture]". Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian). № 4 (4): 25–38. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
Դեռևս 1860–ակա ն թթ. Անդրկովկասում կատարած ճանապարհորդության ժամանակ և դրանից հետո Այվազովսկին նկարում է Արարատի և Սևանի գեղատեսիլ բնության պատկերներ։ Մինչ այդ հայ նկարիչներից ոչ ոք չէր տվել Արարատը և Արարատյան դաշտը պատկերող կտավներ։
- Khachatrian, Shahen. ""Поэт моря" ["The Sea Poet"]" (in Russian). Center of Spiritual Culture, Leading and National Research Samara State Aerospace University. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014.
- "Martiros Sarian (1880–1972) View of Mount Ararat from Yerevan". Christie's. 3 June 2013. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
- Antonson 2016.
- Jeffrey, David L. (1992). A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 287. ISBN 9780802836342.
- Wordsworth, William (1838). The Sonnets of William Wordsworth: Collected in One Volume, with a Few Additional Ones, Now First Published. E. Moxon. p. 209.
- Pushkin, Aleksandr (1974). A Journey to Arzrum. Translated by Birgitta Ingemanson. Ann Arbor: Ardis. p. 50. ISBN 978-0882330679.
- Dmitriev, Vladimir Alekseevich (2014). "Древнеармянские сюжеты в творчестве В.Я. Брюсова: к вопросу о влиянии событий Первой мировой войны на русскую литературу начала XX в." (PDF). In Bogush, V. A. (ed.). Первая мировая война в исторических судьбах Европы : сб. материалов Междунар. науч. конф., г. Вилейка, 18 окт. 2014 г. (in Russian). Minsk: Belarusian State University. p. 404.
Для В. Брюсова Арарат — это прежде всего символ, олицетворяющий древность армянского народа и его культуры...
- Mandelstam, Osip (2011). A Journey to Armenia. Translated by Sidney Monas. London: Notting Hill Editions. p. 91. ISBN 9781907903472.
- Grossman, Vasily (2013). An Armenian Sketchbook. Translated by Robert Chandler; Elizabeth Chandler. Introduction by Robert Chandler and Yury Bit-Yunan. New York: New York Review Books. p. 24. ISBN 9781590176184.
- Siraganian, Lisa (2012). Modernism's Other Work: The Art Object's Political Life. Oxford University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-19-979655-7.
- Book still in retail (in Turkish) accessed on 24th March 2020
- Karakashian, Meliné (1998). "Armenia: A Country's History of Challenges". Journal of Social Issues. 54 (2): 381–392. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01225.x.
- Bardakjian, Kevork B., ed. (2000). "Hovhannes Širaz". A Reference Guide to Modern Armenian Literature, 1500–1920: With an Introductory History. Wayne State University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0814327470. Archived from the original on 2019-01-28. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
- "I Love My Armenia by Yeghishe Charents". Ararat. 15: 46. 1960.
- Ter-Khachatryan, Yervand (11 December 2014). "Բանաստեղծը Ռավեննայում". Azg (in Armenian). Archived from the original on April 11, 2016.
- Chrysanthopoulos, Leonidas (2002). Caucasus Chronicles: Nation-building and Diplomacy in Armenia, 1993–1994. Gomidas Institute. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-884630-05-7.
- Panossian 2006, p. 335.
- "We Are Few... by Barouyr Sevak". Ararat. 21–22: 5. 1978.
- "System of a Down – Holy Mountains Lyrics". genius.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
- "Arto Tuncboyaciyan – Ararat". Sharm Holding production. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
- Hogikyan, Nellie (2007). "Atom Egoyan's Post-exilic Imaginary: Representing Homeland, Imagining Family". In Burwell, Jennifer; Tschofen, Monique (eds.). Image and Territory: Essays on Atom Egoyan. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-88920-487-4.
- "Nights are long and dark". Looduskalender.ee. 29 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
- Ter-Sahakian, Karine (29 March 2014). "Armenian community of Estonia: A look into the future". PanARMENIAN.Net. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
- "'Journey to Ararat' Documentary Film". Golden Apricot International Film Festival. July 2013.
- "Պատմական ակնարկ [Historical overview]". ararat.mtad.am (in Armenian). Ministry of Territorial Administration and Development of Armenia. Archived from the original on 2018-09-04. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
Ի թիվս այլոց Արարատի անունն է կրում Հայաստանի Հանրապետության գողտրիկ անկյուններից մեկը` Արարատի մարզը....
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2010). "Ağrı il – Merkez – Ağrı". Index Anatolicus (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- Powell, William S.; Hill, Michael (2010). The North Carolina Gazetteer, 2nd Ed: A Dictionary of Tar Heel Places and Their History. University of North Carolina Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780807898291.
- Blackman, Emily C. (1873). History of Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen, & Haffelfinger. p. 474.
...the locality he selected did not belie in natural features its namesake of Noah's time.
- "Municipality of Ararat, Victoria". Museums Victoria. Archived from the original on 2018-08-31. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
In 1840 Wills camped near a large bald mountain which he named Mount Ararat, for 'Like the Ark, we rested there'.
- Molony, John (2000). The Native-born: The First White Australians. Melbourne University Publish. p. 138. ISBN 9780522849035.
- "96205 Ararat (1992 ST16)". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA). Archived from the original on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
- "Erebuni Museum". armenianheritage.org. Armenia Monuments Awareness Project. Archived from the original on 2018-09-04. Retrieved 2018-09-04.
The first unified state in the Armenian Highland was Urartu, mentioned in Armenian written records as the Land of Arartu or Araratian Kingdom (the Kingdom of Ararat)....
- Abrahamian, Levon (2006). Armenian identity in a changing world. Mazda Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 9781568591858.
- "Անդրանիկ. "Իմ զինվորն անզեն ու անձայն վկա չի դառնա"". mediamax.am (in Armenian). 13 July 2018. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
«Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն» խոսքն էլ ընդունելի չէր շատերի համար, եղածը սոսկ «Արարատյան Հանրապետություն» էր»,- գրում է Վրացյանը։
- Mkhitaryan, Lusine (25 May 2018). "Անկախ Հայաստանի անդրանիկ տոնը". Hayastani Hanrapetutyun (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- Hovannisian, Richard (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The first year, 1918–1919. University of California Press. p. 259.
- Aftandilian, Gregory L. (1981). Armenia, vision of a republic: the independence lobby in America, 1918–1927. Charles River Books. p. 25.
- Gunter, Michael M. (2009). The A to Z of the Kurds. Scarecrow Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780810863347.
- Vali, Abbas (2003). Essays on the origins of Kurdish nationalism. Mazda Publishers. p. 199. ISBN 9781568591421.
General works cited in the article
- Movses Khorenatsi (1978). History of the Armenians. Translated by Robert W. Thomson. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-39571-8.
- Panossian, Razmik (2006). The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231139267.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Arnold, Bill T. (2008). Genesis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00067-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Adriaans, Rik (2011). "Sonorous Borders: National Cosmology & the Mediation of Collective Memory in Armenian Ethnopop Music". University of Amsterdam. pp. 24–27. Archived from the original (M.Sc. Thesis) on March 5, 2016.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Specific works on Ararat
- Parrot, Friedrich (2016) . Journey to Ararat. Translated by William Desborough Cooley. Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. London: Gomidas Institute. ISBN 978-1909382244.
- Dwight, H.G.O. (1856). "Armenian Traditions about Mt. Ararat". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 5: 189–191. doi:10.2307/592222. JSTOR 592222.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Bryce, James (1877). Transcaucasia and Ararat: Being Notes of a Vacation Tour in Autumn of 1876. London: Macmillan and Co.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Murad, Friedrich (1901). Ararat und Masis: Studien zur armenischen Altertumskunde und Litteratur (in German). Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung.
- Novoseltsev, Anatoly (1978). "О местонахождении библейской "горы Арарат" (On the location of the biblical "mountains of Ararat")". Европа в древности и средневековье (Europe in the antiquity and the Middle Ages) (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 61–66.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Ketchian, Philip K. (24 December 2005). "Climbing Ararat: Then and Now". The Armenian Weekly. 71 (52). Archived from the original on September 8, 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Melkonyan, Ashot (2008). Արարատ. Հայոց անմահության խորհուրդը [Ararat: Symbol of Armenian Immortality] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Tigrant Mets Publishing.
- Petrossyan, Sargis (2010). "Արարատյան լեռների հին անունների և անվանադիրների մասին [About the Ancient Names and Eponyms of the Ararat Mountains]". Patma-Banasirakan Handes. № 3 (3): 220–227.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Antonson, Rick (2016). Full Moon over Noah's Ark: An Odyssey to Mount Ararat and Beyond. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781510705678.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Petrosyan, Armen (2016). "Biblical Mt. Ararat: Two Identifications". Comparative Mythology. 2 (1): 68–80. ISSN 2409-9899.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Books on Armenia with Ararat in their titles
- Gregory, S. M. (1920). The land of Ararat: twelve discourses on Armenia, her history and her church. London: Chiswick Press.
- Elliott, Mabel Evelyn (1924). Beginning Again at Ararat. Introduction by John H. Finley. New York: Fleming H. Revell Company.
- Yeghenian, Aghavnie Y. (2013) . The Red Flag at Ararat. Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. London: Sterndale Classics (Gomidas Institute). ISBN 978-1909382022.
- Burney, Charles; Lang, David Marshall (1971). The Peoples of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus. New York: Praeger.
- Arlen, Michael J. (2006) . Passage to Ararat. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. ISBN 978-0374530129.
- Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253207739.
- Walker, Christopher J., ed. (1997). Visions of Ararat: Writings on Armenia. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781860641114.
- Asher, Armen; Minasian Asher, Teryl (2009). The Peoples of Ararat. BookSurge Publishing. ISBN 978-1439225677.
- Golden, Christopher (2017). Ararat. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1250117052.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Ararat.|