This afternoon we were privileged to have Nathan Mikaere Wallis at school to talk with us (our staff plus some staff from other schools in our CoL) about neuroscience. This post is sharing my notes from the session (so please ignore grammatical errors etc. as Nathan is highly entertaining and moves at great pace!).
He is a highly entertaining speaker and the 2 hour session sped by. If you get the chance to see Nathan seak, then make sure you take it!
Nathan said we were trying to cover 6 hours of material in 2 hours. So, here are my notes to summarise it even further. Some of my thoughts on the implications of all of this follow at the end.
1990’s decade of the brain – learned the same amount about the brain than we had in the previous 300 years. We could now look at living brains (through tech breakthroughs, especially MRI scans) rather than just the biology of dead people’s brains. The biggest gamechanger was: our brains are set up to gather information in the first 1000 days (from conception to 1000 days old) that sets it up for the rest of it’s life. The first 2 ½ years are essentially the most important data gathering time in our lives.
30% of genes are set. 70% waiting to interact with the environment before they kick into action. We know this since the human genome was mapped just over 10 years ago.
Our brain is designed to be moulded by the environment we interact with.
25 years of research showing this. Our policies in NZ need to reflect this. Easiest time to change outcomes for people’s lives is the first 3 years. Scandinavian tax spending is targeted at this first 3 years of life.
Research says spend $50,000 on having parent spend time at home with their child – will do far more for them than spending it on a private high school education.
Also important here to point out the complexity – there are many risk and resilience factors interacting here to produce a person’s outcome.
The frontal cortex is what changes in adolescence – it’s why us teachers and parents get all excited about it. Frontal cortex is brain number 4. Brains 1,2 and 3 are the same brain parts that a dog has. This means the frontal cortex helps us do all the things a dog can’t do – reading, language, emotions, empathy, setting goals, understanding consequences etc. (Dogs have a stump of one so can partially do some of this like a touch of empathy and anticipating next 30 seconds). Newer research is pushing the time out, “mythical average person’s” frontal cortex now fully developed by late 20s.
Female brain develops faster. Fully developed brain by 18-24. This is why (generalised/stereotypically) they mature quicker etc. Male brain fully formed by 22-32.
Birth order – only 2 categories in neuroscience: 1st born and not 1st born. All based on compilation data. Majority of times 1st born becomes higher qualified and earns more $. They get more undivided attention in first 3 years. More you are spoken to by a person who loves and is attuned to you, the better for your brain development.
Evolutionary hangover – for centuries, women have been raising multiple kids so some will survive and look after you in your old age. Females need that complex brain to develop faster. Also vested interest in delaying male brain development as empathy will get in the way of hunting, being a warrior etc.
Boys who are not first born are biggest group in almost all the negative statistics in areas like crime and education. Girls who are first born are smallest group.
Bigger age gap between children does decrease the impact of being not a first born but doesn’t remove the impact entirely.
Brain expects a relationship between them and 1 other. This is the most responsive for brain development. Best thing scientifically for a brain is for other partner, family, rest of village to help by supporting the main parent rather than sharing the load with baby. But – this is a very small risk factor compared to others.
Brain 1: Brain stem/amygdala – Survival
Brain 2: Movement
Reptiles have 1 & 2
Brain 3: Mammal brain – limbic system. Emotions
Mammals have 1,2 and 3 as we nurture our young.
Brain 4: Frontal Cortex.
Important relationship between Brain Stem & the Cortex. As one increases the other declines & vice versa. Brain stem is in charge. If needs to be survival mode then brain will focus on this and there is no learning, flashy stuff going on in the brain. Only when brain says ok, nothing needed here to survive right now, the environment is calm etc. then your frontal cortex will raise in how much it can do. Therefore, the safer you feel, the more learning you can do. This is why relationships are so important to learning for all people but especially for those coming in from complex, unsafe lives outside of school. Help the student feel safe and they can learn far more.
Research supports mindfulness – it calms the amygdala/brain stem and raises the amount that a cortex can take on for learning..
Trauma, abuse and neglect while a brain is developing can be seen in MRI scans. At resting heart rate where brain stem shows up and not much action happening in the frontal cortex. Interventions can rewire and help brain to develop the cortex, but it is so much harder after the first 3 years of life. Interesting link: 98% of death row inmates brain scans also show very little frontal cortex action.
Alcohol and marijuana have major impact on brains before 18. The damage will then stay throughout their lives. This long term damage isn’t done to the brain when using these after 18-21.
From 3-11 your frontal cortex gets bigger and better. People develop the ability to control emotions, see other perspectives, focus attention etc. Then adolescence kicks in, and so much neurological change occurs that the brain shuts down the cortex for rewiring (for on average 3 years).
Great side notes here: while the cortex activity is extremely reduced we have the exams etc that set people up for careers and let them start to drive! A decade of knowing this is trying to overcome an education system set up 150 years ago.
1:1 conversations are so much more powerful for learning during adolescence as you can calm the limbic system so that the remaining cortex can function fully. Teenagers can operate with an adult brain but only for about 10% of the time. Adolescence is about rewiring this so you can operate with an adult brain closer to 100% of the time (as adults we still tend to operate with our limbic system about 10% of the time – ignore logic and for example have that extra wine/beer because it feels good). This 90/10 split as an adult is very variable of course – individuals vary greatly.
Reading facial expressions part of the cortex is completely shut down during adolescence. They use the amygdala to read expressions at this time. Teenagers will read facial expressions far less accurately than younger kids or adults.
Implications I Was Pondering On The Way Home
How might we get more 1 on 1 time with students to help them learn?
Empathy happens in the cortex which reduces function during adolescence. How do we change teaching approaches then to help students empathise and reach deeper levels of understanding that come from this? 1 on 1 interviews with people involved in an issue. 1 on 1 time with people different from them. Is VR a way to appeal to all the emotions and immerse them in a situation enough to help develop empathy?
What quick starter activities could calm students’ brains ready to learn? What mindfulness strategies would I be willing to try to replace my What If starter on days that it is needed?
The part about feeling safe means your amygdala calms down and learning can begin, has big implications for how we deal with students after intense situations like fights etc. How might we change our approach to do this better. i.e. Maybe incident reports wait a while for the brain to kick in?