In the most recent Coen brothers film, Inside Llewyn Davis, the protagonist — a struggling Greenwich Village folksinger in 1961 — is based, very loosely, on Dave Van Ronk, a little-known (outside folk music circles) but influential folksinger who helped define the folk music revival of the late ’50s, and mentored the young Bob Dylan and others during the early 1960s when what Van Ronk called the “great folk scare” took off. To understand the atmosphere of that music scene, the Coens relied on Van Ronk’s memoir (coauthored with Elijah Wald), The Mayor of MacDougal Street. Van Ronk recounts his serious involvement with various left-wing factions of the period.
Little of Inside Llewyn Davis refers to the political atmosphere that permeated the Greenwich Village folk scene of the early 1960s. The film is filled with despair and loneliness, but the folk music world of that period was filled with hope and engagement. Van Ronk’s autobiography is packed with politics. Unlike other folk artists of the period, Van Ronk did not usually perform overtly political songs. But he was always ready to perform at rallies and events on behalf of the civil rights, anti-nuclear and anti-war movements fermenting at that time.
In the early 1900s, the Industrial Workers of the World (the Wobblies) used songs effectively during strikes, picket lines and rallies to spread their message of “one big union.” The IWW’s Little Red Song Book is filled with singable songs (often by putting new words to well-known religious hymns) like “Solidarity Forever,” “There is Power in the Union” and “The Preacher and the Slave,” many of them written by Joe Hill and Ralph Chaplin. Woody Guthrie continued this tradition, putting new lyrics to traditional tunes to create a vast body of socially conscious song commentary. In 1940, along with Pete Seeger, Lee Hays, Millard Lampell, Bess Lomax Hawes and others, Guthrie formed the Almanac Singers. The Almanacs popularized labor songs like “Which Side Are You On?” and wrote some new ones, like “Union Maid.”
No political crusade integrated music and activism as fully as the civil rights movement. The movement drew on slave songs and spirituals like “Oh Freedom,” “Keep Your Hand on the Plow” and “I Shall Not Be Moved” to raise hopes and lift morale during periods of intense struggle. “We Shall Overcome” began as a church hymn, “I Will Overcome,” used by black tobacco workers during a strike. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) activists turned the song into the movement’s anthem as they embarked on sit-ins and freedom rides. SNCC’s own music group, Freedom Singers, included Bernice Johnson Reagon, who later founded the a capella group Sweet Honey in the Rock.
In the early sixties, a new generation of folk troubadours emerged, determined to link their music with the struggles for social justice. In the streets, folk clubs and campuses of major cities, singer-songwriters wrote “topical” songs about specific events, songs about the mood of alienation and anger in the country, and new protest anthems. Some performed at fundraisers and political rallies. Dylan, Joan Baez, Odetta and Peter, Paul and Mary performed at the 1963 March on Washington, serving as a cultural bridge between the Southern movement and the emerging student movement on northern campuses.
Dylan was unwilling to cast himself in the role of political minstrel, but some of his generation of folk music-oriented singer-songwriters, particularly Phil Ochs, Buffy Sainte Marie, Tom Paxton, Len Chandler and Joan Baez, more consistently maintained movement commitment.
Baez joined Martin Luther King on his 1965 march from Selma, Alabama, to Montgomery. She later joined Cesar Chavez during his twenty-four-day fast to draw attention to the farmworkers’ union struggle, and she participated in a Christmas vigil outside San Quentin State Prison in California to oppose capital punishment. In 1964, as the campus New Left was burgeoning, she sang at a Free Speech Movement rally in Sproul Plaza, leading hundreds of students to occupy the administration building at the University of California, Berkeley.
As the war in Vietnam escalated, Baez encouraged young men to resist the draft. In 1967 she was twice arrested for blocking military induction centers. She boldly performed the classic labor song, “I Dreamed I Saw Joe Hill Last Night,” at the 1969 Woodstock festival, making the song and the Joe Hill legend available to young people decades after Hill’s 1915 execution and after the song’s creation by Earl Robinson in 1936. During the 1980s Baez spoke out against South Africa’s apartheid system and featured Peter Gabriel’s song about anti-apartheid activist Steven Biko at her concerts. In 1987 she traveled to Israel, the Gaza Strip and the West Bank to sing peace songs with Jews and Arabs. She has devoted much of her performance career to being a bridge between American audiences and freedom struggles in many parts of the world.
The second wave of feminism and the emerging environmental movements inspired performers, too. Leslie Gore’s “You Don’t Own Me” (1964) and Helen Reddy’s “I Am Woman” (1971) were commercial pop hits with feminist themes, while a wave of “womyn’s music” took root, led by Holly Near, Meg Christian and others, popularized via concerts, festivals and records. An outstanding catalog of feminist and gay rights music spanning decades can be accessed at Lady Slipper Music.
The environmental movement has been a particular source of inspiration to mainstream popular artists. Seeger used his celebrity to promote environmental awareness and activism. In 1966, he launched the nonprofit Clearwater project, dedicated to cleaning up the Hudson River. That effort, at first written off as simplistic and naive, helped inspire the environmental movement. The Hudson, once filled with oil pollution, sewage and toxic chemicals, is now swimmable. In 1979, Graham Nash, Jackson Browne and Bonnie Raitt helped organize Musicians United for Safe Energy (MUSE), which presented multiple concerts in Madison Square Garden featuring some of the major musical stars of the day, including Bruce Springsteen, James Taylor, Crosby Stills and Nash and the Doobie brothers. During the 1980s, many of these artists appeared at mass occupations at nuclear power plant sites. As in other movements, a considerable number of locally based minstrels are active in community-based environmental movements. Several CDs with songs opposed to fracking have recently been released, including Buy This Fracking Album.
In recent decades, a number of artists — including Tom Paxton, Anne Feeney, Si Kahn, John McCutcheon, Tom Juravich and Charlie King — have created a body of songs documenting progressive struggles, utilizing styles descended from the Guthrie model. Bruce Springsteen has made class-conscious themes a central element of his songs and performances and has done a lot to honor Guthrie and Seeger.
Ani DiFranco has created her own independent record company (Righteous Babe) to sustain her independence from corporate cultural machinery while building a passionate fan base. Ben Harper has used his celebrity as a folk/blues/soul/gospel/reggae/rock artist, with several Grammy awards to his credit, to support progressive political causes, including the 2004 “Vote for Change” concert tour to benefit MoveOn.org, support for jailed Burmese pro-democracy advocate and Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi and No Nukes. One of the most prolific and engaged performers is David Rovics, whose hundreds of songs range from episodes of movement history to topical comment on immediate issues. Roy Zimmerman uses parody and satire to create songs that both jab at ruling elites and inspire people to seek a better world.
Despite occasional media laments that “protest music is dead,” a new generation of performers has been revitalizing music’s links to movements, often self-consciously modeled on the folk singers of the past. Tom Morello has played an important role in building bridges between the music and movements of the millennial generation. He began his career with the rap-metal group Rage Against the Machine, and now performs on his own, channeling the Guthrie and Seeger tradition. He was a constant presence at the protests in Madison, Wisconsin, in early 2011 and at the Occupy Wall Street protests later that year. The Madison protests inspired daily solidarity sing-alongs in or at the Capitol building, sometimes resulting in arrests. Their Facebook page keeps running accounts of their daily activity and they have issued a CD of Madison Solidarity songs — parodies of classic labor and other songs
In May 2012, Morello fired up a large crowd at a Chicago protest rally organized by the National Nurses union and other progressive groups, calling for a “Robin Hood” tax and other demands. Morello has performed at rallies to support the burgeoning protests of low-wage fast-food and Walmart workers that have mushroomed across the country in the past two years. Some of Morello’s labor songs can be found on union websites and on YouTube.
The Occupy movement inspired a great deal of music tied to the growing concern over widening inequality. This includes a four CD compilation of Occupy-related songs, many of which are accessible on YouTube and other internet sites.
The Occupy ferment inspired a lot of creative work by established performers, including singer-guitarist Ry Cooder, best known for reviving the careers of long-forgotten Cuban musicians through his film and record, The Buena Vista Social Club. In 2011 he released “No Banker Left Behind” and the following year put out his “Election Special” album that included such topical songs as “The Wall Street Part of Town,” and “The 90 and the 9.”
Many people identify the song “De Colores” with the United Farm Workers movement of the 1960s and 1970s. The recent upsurge of immigrant rights’ protests has inspired a new generation of songs, including a two-CD compilation called Border Songs, about the plight of immigrants, by such veteran performers as Tigres del Norte, Tish Hinajosa and Lila Downs.
The Labor Heritage Foundation lists over 200 CDs devoted to songs from and about the labor movement. Based on that listing alone, it is safe to bet that there’s never been so much labor singing, including a growing number of labor choruses in Seattle, New York, Washington, DC, and elsewhere.
The emergence of YouTube and other new technologies has blurred the lines between commercial and non-commercial music and made it easier for performers to spread their music. It has also facilitated the global use of song in mass protest — in Spain, Egypt and elsewhere — and thus encouraged mass singing as part of these movements.
The new means of cultural production are complex and variegated. It is impossible to keep track of the many ways music and protest are now intertwined. What is undeniable is that whenever and wherever people are gathering, mobilizing and fighting back, the tradition of protest music will continue.