First publishedin World Highways
A high-tech European project involving cars could reduce fuel consumption by up to one-fifth as Patrick Smith reports
A new EU project, Sartre, is aimed at developing and testing technology for vehicles that can drive themselves in long road trains on motorways.
The technology has the potential to improve traffic flow and journey times, offer greater comfort to drivers, reduce accidents, and improve fuel consumption and hence lower CO2 emissions. The Sartre (Safe Road Trains for the Environment Project) formally started in September 2009 and will run for a total of three years.
Part-funded by the European Commission
under the Framework 7 programme, it is being led by Ricardo UK
, and comprises a collaboration between the additional participating companies Idiada
of Spain; Institut für Kraftfahrwesen Aachen (IKA) of Germany; SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden
, and Volvo
Car Corporation and Volvo Technology also of Sweden.
Sartre aims to encourage a step change in personal transport usage through the development of safe environmental road trains (platoons). Systems will be developed in prototype form that will facilitate the safe adoption of road trains on unmodified public highways with full interaction with non-platoon vehicles.
The project will address the three cornerstone transportation issues of environment, safety and congestion while at the same time encouraging driver acceptance through the prospect of increased "driver comfort".
The objectives of Sartre are to define a set of acceptable platooning strategies that will allow road trains to operate on public highways without changes to the road and roadside infrastructure; enhance, develop and integrate technologies for a prototype platooning system such that the defined strategies can be assessed under real-world scenarios; demonstrate how the use of platoons can lead to environmental, safety and congestion improvements, and to illustrate how a new business model can be used to encourage the use of platoons with benefits to both lead vehicle operators and to platoon subscribers.
"If successful, the benefits from Sartre are expected to be significant. The estimated fuel consumption saving for high speed highway operation of road trains is in the region of 20% depending on vehicle spacing and geometry," says the consortium.
"Safety benefits will arise from the reduction of accidents caused by driver action and driver fatigue. The utilisation of existing road capacity will also be increased with a potential consequential reduction in journey times. For users of the technology, the practical attractions of a smoother, more predicable and lower cost journey, which offers the opportunity of additional free time, will be considerable.
"Just imagine leaving home in the morning and, just after joining the motorway, meeting up with a number of other cars which inch up to each other, travelling at normal speed in a close formation convoy. After a few minutes you can let go of the steering wheel and spend your time reading the morning paper, talking on the phone or watching the TV, while your car drives itself in complete safety and also saving fuel. A vision of a motoring Utopia?" Not if you believe today's researchers who suggest that road trains can become reality within a decade.
The automotive industry has long been focused on the development of active safety systems that operate preventively, such as traction control and braking assistance programmes. But auto-makers have also gone much further in proposing technology that allows vehicles to be operated without any input whatsoever from the person behind the wheel.
"Known as autonomous driving, this technology means that the vehicles is able to take control over acceleration, braking and steering, and can be used as part of a road train of similarly controlled vehicles." The first test cars equipped with this technology will roll on test tracks as early as 2011. The vehicles will be equipped with a navigation system and a transmitter/receiver unit that communicates with a lead vehicle. Since the system is built into the cars, there is no need to extend the infrastructure along the existing road network.
The idea is that each road train/platoon will have a lead vehicle that drives exactly as normal, with full control of all the various functions. This lead vehicle is driven by an experienced driver who is thoroughly familiar with the route. For instance, the lead may be taken by a taxi, a bus or a truck. Each such road train will consist of six to eight vehicles.
A driver approaching his destination takes over control of his own vehicle, leaves the convoy by exiting off to the side and then continues on his own to his destination. The other vehicles in the road train close the gap and continue on their way until the convoy splits up.
Many advantages The advantage of such road trains is that all the other drivers in the convoy have time to get on with other business while on the road, for instance when driving to or from work. The road trains increase safety and reduce environmental impact thanks to lower fuel consumption compared with cars being driven individually. The reason is that the cars in the train are close to each other, exploiting the resultant lower air drag. The energy saving is expected to be in the region of 20%. Road capacity will also be able to be utilised more efficiently.
"The Sartre project brings together a special mix of technologies, skills and expertise from European industry and academia, with the aim of encouraging the development of safe and environmentally effective road trains," explains Tom Robinson, Sartre project coordinator, of Ricardo UK. "By developing and implementing the technology at a vehicle level, Sartre aims to realise the potentially very significant safety and environmental benefits of road trains without the need to invest in changes to road infrastructure." "I do appreciate that many people feel this sounds like Utopia, says Erik Coelingh, technical director of Active Safety Functions at Volvo Cars.
"However, this type of autonomous driving actually doesn't require any hocus-pocus technology, and no investment in infrastructure. Instead, the emphasis is on development and on adapting technology that is already in existence. In addition, we must carry out comprehensive testing to verify our high demands on safety."
Researchers see road trains primarily as a major benefit to commuters who cover long distances by motorway every day, but they will also be of potential benefit to trucks, buses, coaches vans and other commercial vehicle types.
As the participants meet, each vehicle's navigation system is used to join the convoy, where the autonomous driving program then takes over. As the road train approaches its final destination, the various participants can each disconnect from the convoy and continue to drive as usual to their individual destinations.