Paris Métro Line 7
Paris Métro Line 7 is one of sixteen lines of the Paris Métro system. Crossing the capital from its north-eastern to south-eastern sections via a moderately curved path, it links La Courneuve – 8 Mai 1945 in the north with Mairie d'Ivry and Villejuif – Louis Aragon in the south, while passing through important parts of central Paris. Line 7 began operating in 1910 and, along with Line 13, is one of only two Métro lines that has a branch. Located in the northeast and splitting at Louis Blanc, it was transferred in 1967 to what is now Line 7bis. In 1982, a new branch was added in the southeast to Mairie d'Ivry. Line 7 has only steel rails. At 18.6 km, Line 7 is one of the longest in the Paris Métro network. In addition, it contains the most stations as well as being the third most-used line of the Métro, with 120.7 million riders in 2004. 5 November 1910: Line 7 was opened linking Opéra to Porte de la Villette. 18 January 1911: A new branch was opened from Louis Blanc to Pré-Saint-Gervais. 1 July 1916: The line was extended in the south from Opéra to Palais Royal.
16 April 1926: The line was extended from Palais Royal to Pont Marie. 15 February 1930: While a tunnel was being built on line 7 to cross the River Seine, a new section between Place Monge and Place d'Italie was opened and temporarily operated as part of Line 10. 3 June 1930: The line was extended from Pont Marie to Pont de Sully. 7 March 1930: That section temporarily operating as part of Line 10 was extended from Place d'Italie to Porte de Choisy. 26 April 1931: The section between Pont de Sully and Place Monge was opened. The section between Place Monge and Porte de Choisy was transferred to Line 7 and it was extended to Porte d'Ivry simultaneously. 1 May 1946: The line was extended from Porte d'Ivry to Mairie d'Ivry. 1967: Because of a lack of traffic, the northern branch of the line 7 between Louis Blanc and Pré-Saint-Gervais became a new independent line known as Line 7bis. 4 October 1979: The line was extended to the north from Porte de la Villette to Fort d'Aubervilliers. 10 December 1982: A new branch was opened to the south from Maison Blanche to Le Kremlin-Bicêtre.
28 February 1985: The line was extended from Le Kremlin-Bicêtre to Villejuif Louis Aragon. 6 May 1987: The line was extended from Fort d'Aubervilliers to La Courneuve – 8 mai 1945. An extension of Line 7 from La Courneuve to Le Bourget may be considered in the future; the southern fork of the line from Maison Blanche to Villejuif – Louis Aragon may be taken over by line 14 in the future. Line 7bis, line 7's sister, may be merged with line 3bis to form a new line, with its western terminus at Château-Landon on line 7. Line 7 runs for 18.6 km underground, stopping at 38 stations. Southbound trains terminate alternately at Villejuif - Louis Aragon and Mairie d'Ivry, diverging at Maison Blanche. Late at night, through trains only operate to Mairie d'Ivry. In the north, the line begins at La Courneuve in the department of Seine-Saint-Denis at the intersection of National Routes 2 and 186. La Courneuve station acts as a transfer between the Métro and Paris' fragmented, suburban tramway system, with a station on Paris Tramway Line 1.
Unlike most stations in Paris, there are three tracks, the central one used for departures and arrivals. Running below National Route 2, the line heads to the south-west, entering Paris in two single-line tunnels so as to avoid a now-unused terminal loop at Porte de la Villette, it descends a 4% grade below Canal Saint-Denis and climbs back up to stop at Corentin Cariou. Two stations beyond, Line 7 reaches Stalingrad, an important transfer point in the Métro system, where the line turns to run below Rue La Fayette. Metro Line 7 passes near several places of interest: The Parc de la Villette with the Cités des Sciences et de l'Industrie; the Opera Garnier. The Latin Quarter. Place d'Italie and the Butte aux Cailles. One of Paris' "Chinatowns" in the south of the 13th arrondissement. RATP Official Website RATP English-language website Interactive Map of the RER Interactive Map of the Paris Métro Mobidf website, dedicated to the RER Metro-Pole website, dedicated to Paris public transport
Marquis de Sade
Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade, was a French nobleman, revolutionary politician and writer, famous for his libertine sexuality. His works include novels, short stories, plays and political tracts. In his lifetime some of these were published under his own name while others, which Sade denied having written, appeared anonymously. Sade is best known for his erotic works, which combined philosophical discourse with pornography, depicting sexual fantasies with an emphasis on violence, suffering and blasphemy against Christianity, he gained notoriety for putting these fantasies into practice. He claimed to be a proponent of absolute freedom, unrestrained by religion, or law; the words sadism and sadist are derived from his name. Sade was incarcerated in various prisons and an insane asylum for about 32 years of his life: 11 years in Paris, a month in the Conciergerie, two years in a fortress, a year in Madelonnettes Convent, three years in Bicêtre Asylum, a year in Sainte-Pélagie Prison, 12 years in the Charenton Asylum.
During the French Revolution, he was an elected delegate to the National Convention. Many of his works were written in prison. There continues to be a fascination in popular culture. Prolific French intellectuals such as Roland Barthes, Jacques Lacan, Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault published studies of him. On the other hand the French hedonist philosopher Michel Onfray has attacked this cult, writing that "It is intellectually bizarre to make Sade a hero." There have been numerous film adaptions of his work, the most notable being Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom, an adaptation of his infamous book, The 120 Days of Sodom. Donatien Alphonse François de Sade was born on 2 June 1740, in the Hôtel de Condé, Paris, to Jean Baptiste François Joseph, Count de Sade and Marie Eléonore de Maillé de Carman, distant cousin and Lady-in-waiting to the Princess of Condé, he was his parents' only surviving child. He was educated by the Abbé de Sade. In Sade's youth, his father abandoned the family, he was raised by servants who indulged "his every whim," which led to his becoming "known as a rebellious and spoiled child with an ever-growing temper."Later in his childhood, Sade was sent to the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, a Jesuit college, for four years.
While at the school, he was tutored by a priest. In life, at one of Sade's trials the Abbé testified, saying that Sade had a "passionate temperament which made him eager in the pursuit of pleasure" but had a "good heart." At the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, he was subjected to "severe corporal punishment," including "flagellation," and he "spent the rest of his adult life obsessed with the violent act." At age 14, Sade began attending an elite military academy. After 20 months of training, on 14 December 1755, at age 15, Sade was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant, becoming a soldier. After 13 months as a sub-lieutenant, he was commissioned to the rank of cornet in the Brigade de S. André of the Comte de Provence's Carbine Regiment, he became Colonel of a Dragoon regiment and fought in the Seven Years' War. In 1763, on returning from war, he courted a rich magistrate's daughter, but her father rejected his suitorship and instead arranged a marriage with his elder daughter, Renée-Pélagie de Montreuil. In 1766, he had a private theatre built in the Château de Lacoste, in Provence.
In January 1767, his father died. The men of the Sade family alternated between using the marquis and comte titles, his grandfather, Gaspard François de Sade, was the first to use marquis. The Sade family were noblesse d'épée, claiming at the time the oldest, Frank-descended nobility, so assuming a noble title without a King's grant, was customarily de rigueur. Alternating title usage indicates. At Court, precedence was by royal favor, not title. There is father-and-son correspondence. For many years, Sade's descendants regarded his work as a scandal to be suppressed; this did not change until the mid-twentieth century, when the Comte Xavier de Sade reclaimed the marquis title, long fallen into disuse, on his visiting cards, took an interest in his ancestor's writings. At that time, the "divine marquis" of legend was so unmentionable in his own family that Xavier de Sade only learned of him in the late 1940s when approached by a journalist, he subsequently discovered a store of Sade's papers in the family château at Condé-en-Brie, worked with scholars for decades to enable their publication.
His youngest son, the Marquis Thibault de Sade, has continued the collaboration. The family have claimed a trademark on the name; the family sold the Château de Condé in 1983. As well as the manuscripts they retain, others are held in libraries. Many, were lost in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. A substantial amount were destroyed after Sade's death at the instigation of his son, Donatien-Claude-Armand. Sade lived a scandalous libertine existence and procured young prostitutes as well as employees of both sexes in his castle in Lacoste, he was accused of blasphemy, a serious offense at that time. His behavior included an affair with his wife's sister, Anne-Prospère, who had come to live at the castle. Beginning in 176
Morocco the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in the Maghreb region of North West Africa with an area of 710,850 km2. Its capital is the largest city Casablanca, it overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Morocco claims the areas of Ceuta, Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, all of them under Spanish jurisdiction. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid and Almohad dynasties, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa; the Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, which rules to this day, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, it regained its independence in 1956, has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards.
Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco occupies two thirds of the territory, peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock; the unitary sovereign state of Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors; the king can issue decrees called dahirs. He can dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court.
Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, its official languages are Arabic and Berber. E; the Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, French are widely spoken. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Sephardi Jews, West African and European influences. Morocco is a member of the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union, it has the fifth largest economy of Africa. The full Arabic name al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyyah translates to "Kingdom of the West". For historical references, medieval Arab historians and geographers sometimes referred to Morocco as al-Maghrib al-Aqṣá to distinguish it from neighbouring historical regions called al-Maghrib al-Awsaṭ and al-Maghrib al-Adná; the basis of Morocco's English name is Marrakesh, its capital under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad Caliphate. The origin of the name Marrakesh is disputed, but is most from the Berber words amur akush or "Land of God"; the modern Berber name for Marrakesh is Mṛṛakc. In Turkish, Morocco is known as a name derived from its ancient capital of Fes.
However, this was not the case in other parts of the Islamic world: until the middle of the 20th century, the common name of Morocco in Egyptian and Middle Eastern Arabic literature was Marrakesh. The English name Morocco is an anglicisation of the Spanish "Marruecos", from which derives the Tuscan "Morrocco", the origin of the Italian "Marocco"; the area of present-day Morocco has been inhabited since Paleolithic times, sometime between 190,000 and 90,000 BC. A recent publication may demonstrate an earlier habitation period, as Homo sapiens fossils discovered in the late 2000s near the Atlantic coast in Jebel Irhoud were dated to 315,000 years before present. During the Upper Paleolithic, the Maghreb was more fertile than it is today, resembling a savanna more than today's arid landscape. Twenty-two thousand years ago, the Aterian was succeeded by the Iberomaurusian culture, which shared similarities with Iberian cultures. Skeletal similarities have been suggested between the Iberomaurusian "Mechta-Afalou" burials and European Cro-Magnon remains.
The Iberomaurusian was succeeded by the Beaker culture in Morocco. Mitochondrial DNA studies have discovered the Saami of Scandinavia; this supports theories that the Franco-Cantabrian refuge area of southwestern Europe was the source of late-glacial expansions of hunter-gatherers who repopulated northern Europe after the last ice age. Northwest Africa and Morocco were drawn into the wider emerging Mediterranean world by the Phoenicians, who established trading colonies and settlements in the early Classical period. Substantial Phoenician settlements were at Chellah and Mogador. Mogador was a Phoenician colony as early as the early 6th century BC. Morocco became a realm of the Northwest African civilisation of ancie
The Paris Graduate School of Digital Innovation European Institute of Information Technology in English is a private institution of higher education in general computer science, founded in 1999. Headquartered in Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, south of Paris, the school has campuses in Bordeaux, Marseille, Lyon, Nancy, Nice, Strasbourg and Saint-André, Réunion; the school has locations in Barcelona, Tirana and Brussels. The school has the particularity to teach with practical cases instead of theoretical.. Epitech has an Executive MBA in IT and entrepreneurship course targeting executive managers in computer science; the institution is part of IONIS Education Group. Epitech was created in 1999, taking advantage of the keen interest of the École Pour l'Informatique et les Techniques Avancées EPITA to train students with a specific interest for computer sciences related matter only. In 2007, Epitech opened new campuses in Casablanca, Bordeaux, Lyon, Nantes and Toulouse. Since January 2008, the degree delivered has been recognized by the Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle, as level 1.
In 2008, the campuses of Nice, Nancy and Rennes were opened. In early 2013, Epitech announced it would open a campus in Beijing, China in September 2013 and further international branches in California, United Kingdom and Spain by September 2014. EPITECH has partnered with the Zup de Co association to create the Web@cademie, a 2-year training free for students without the French Baccalaureate and with a strong motivation in computer science; this course has the goal to attain a job of software developer for young people who have stopped their regular studies. They are trained by EPITECH teachers in Lyon. Solomon Hykes, CEO of Docker, Inc..
E-Artsup is a French private school created in 2001 and specialized in digital creativity and multimedia. The school is located at Paris, Lyon, Montpellier and Lille and is part of IONIS Education Group; the school delivers degrees recognized by French state. There are 100 graduates per year, it is one of the only universities in France to specialize in digital creativity and multimedia. In April 2015, a new digital and innovative campus has opened in Paris bringing together the Institut supérieur européen de gestion group, Sup'Internet and E-Artsup; the school provides two courses: A five-year course in digital creativity. The first two years focus on the acquisition of basic knowledge of drawing: academic drawing, life model drawing, analytical drawing and computer graphics. During the third year, students learn subjects such as 3D creativity, web design, graphic arts, identity design, creative advertising and motion design. During the last two years of the curriculum, students choose an area of specialization among the four provided: communication, game design and interactive design.
A three-year Bachelor course in game & creative coding, motion & 3D or digital media. Official website
Web@cademie is a private and tuition-free computer programming school created and funded by French IONIS Education Group with several partners including Epitech and Zup de Co association. The school was first opened in Paris in 2010. Headquartered in Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, the school has branches in Lyon Nancy. Web@cademie delivers a two-year program dedicated to people with no background; this is to help dropout students to have a job in a competitive industry. The school has received the award Grande École du Numérique; the school is a non-profit organization and is free. Major company such as Microsoft give financial support. Official website
A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. A film director controls a film's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfilment of that vision; the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film; the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film's budget. There are many pathways to becoming a film director; some film directors started as screenwriters, producers, film editors or actors. Other film directors have attended a film school. Directors use different approaches; some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue, while others control every aspect, demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely.
Some directors write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners. Some directors appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. A film director's task is to envisage a way to translate a screenplay into a formed film, to realize this vision. To do this, they oversee the technical elements of film production; this entails organizing the film crew in such a way to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of group leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus in the stressful, fast-paced environment of a film set. Moreover, it is necessary to have an artistic eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, excellent communication skills are a must. Since the film director depends on the successful cooperation of many different creative individuals with strongly contradicting artistic ideals and visions, he or she needs to possess conflict resolution skills in order to mediate whenever necessary.
Thus the director ensures that all individuals involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as "a multi-dimensional jigsaw puzzle with egos and weather thrown in for good measure", it adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when and how they will work again, if at all. The sole superiors of the director are the producer and the studio, financing the film, although sometimes the director can be a producer of the same film; the role of a director differs from producers in that producers manage the logistics and business operations of the production, whereas the director is tasked with making creative decisions. The director must work within the restrictions of the film's budget and the demands of the producer and studio. Directors play an important role in post-production. While the film is still in production, the director sends "dailies" to the film editor and explains his or her overall vision for the film, allowing the editor to assemble an editor's cut.
In post-production, the director works with the editor to edit the material into the director's cut. Well-established directors have the "final cut privilege", meaning that they have the final say on which edit of the film is released. For other directors, the studio can order further edits without the director's permission; the director is one of the few positions that requires intimate involvement during every stage of film production. Thus, the position of film director is considered to be a stressful and demanding one, it has been said that "20-hour days are not unusual". Some directors take on additional roles, such as producing, writing or editing. Under European Union law, the film director is considered the "author" or one of the authors of a film as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a film director's film reflects the director's personal creative vision, as if they were the primary "auteur". In spite of—and sometimes because of—the production of the film as part of an industrial process, the auteur's creative voice is distinct enough to shine through studio interference and the collective process.
Some film directors started as screenwriters, film producers or actors. Several American cinematographers have become directors, including Barry Sonnenfeld the Coen brothers' DP. Other film directors have attended a film school to get a bachelors degree studying cinema. Film students study the basic skills used in making a film; this includes, for example, shot lists and storyboards, protocols of dealing with professional actors, reading scripts. Some film schools are equipped with post-production facilities. Besides basic technical and logistical skills, students receive education on the nature of professional relationships that occur during film production. A full degree course can be designed for up to five years of studying. Future directors complete short films during their enrollment; the National Film School of Denmark has the student's final projects presented on national TV. Some film schools retain the rights for their students' works. Many directors prepared for making feature films by working in television.
The German Film and Television Academy Berlin cooperate