Designated type locality of Peru falls outwith known range of species, and may require revision. Recent molecular study indicated that this species and C. torquatus (including species previously lumped with it) are sisters, and that they are, together, sister to all other members of this genus#R. Wide individual variation, making racial delimitation difficult; race innotatus can be extremely plain, as if belonging to a different species, but this race is particularly variable and barred individuals can occur together with plain ones; birds from C Magdalena Valley (in Colombia) described as race degener, but differences from innotatus considered insignificant. Four subspecies recognized.
Food and feeding
Status and conservation
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