Website designers often struggle over the selection of colors. With roughly ten million discernible colors to choose from, it’s no surprise that the decision comes with a lot of angst.
While some designers have formal training in art and graphics and are comfortable with decisions about color, the rest of us are forced to struggle with it. We look for rules and guidance and are met with opinions and platitudes.
Some decisions may seem obvious.
In this article, we’ll break down the color selection topic into three parts.
We’ll begin by looking at some colors that indeed are hard-wired into our psyche (there’s not many of them) and then move on to discuss cultural and historical influences of color.
Finally, we’ll see how easy it is to create analogous and complementary colors once we’ve selected a baseline color.
Let’s begin by reviewing a few truths about us humans: Our bodies are the result of a billion+ years of engineering. The sole purpose of all this engineering is to help individuals survive long enough to perpetuate the species.
Our base instincts are therefore hard-wired into our psyche as a means to ensure our survival. While our egos and sexual drive are the physical manifestations of this hard-wiring at work, more subtle qualities like our refined vision and associated ability to recognize patterns are used to help us gather all-important food.
More specific to our vision, our eyes are sensitive to subtle motion and a fairly large range of colors, as these are attributes useful for capturing prey and foraging for edible plants.
The vision-sensing rods and cones in our retinas are biased toward seeing more shades of green and fewer shades of red, presumably for the purpose of discerning different types of vegetation and, perhaps, to determine its ripeness.
Additionally, our brains are tuned to quickly understand patterns so that we can instantly distinguish between threats and opportunities, and act accordingly.
So let’s step out of the jungle for a moment and see how all this knowledge plays out on our web pages.
Food is perhaps the most important of all human needs. We can live for a time without shelter and clothing, but hunger pains usually hit us within a few hours of our last meal.
Therefore, the colors associated with food become the most urgent of instincts. The most significant colors in this area are red, green and yellow, where red signifies fresh meat, and green and yellow signify edible plants.
Of course, there are variations on these colors, but for the most part, humans looking for food will be attracted to shades and hues of these basic colors.
It’s of little surprise that restaurant logos take advantage of these colors to promote their brands.
It’s worth mentioning that some food logos, like Oreos, are branded with blue. This may seem at odds with our attraction to food.
After all, there is very little blue food out there, and it has even been shown that blue is a hunger-suppressor. (Perhaps blue is associated with food that has turned bad.)
But consistent branding is powerful, and in the case of Oreos, it can survive the natural aversion to blue food.
So humans are pre-wired to associate color with food, and insofar as our survival instinct is concerned, color plays no other major role. For developers struggling with the color selection for non food-related websites, this is unfortunate.
But we are not completely without hope, because color still plays a role in our modern lives, thanks to predispositions that are downloaded into our brains by societal influences.
It turns out that certain “rules” regarding colors and the associated emotions are based on personal preferences that are usually (forgive the pun) colored by cultural influences.
Color selection for large web-based audiences therefore becomes a study of common human agreements on the roles certain colors play. And while these roles may seem obvious, from a historical perspective they are in constant flux.
For example, in contemporary European-influenced culture, wedding dresses are white, supposedly to convey purity. But the association of white with purity is a relatively new development, as the traditional color of purity was blue.
The change from blue to white started with Queen Victoria’s wedding in 1840, where she wore a white wedding dress. Up to that point, wedding dresses were of no particular color, but because the Queen of England had such a powerful social influence, marriage dresses quickly transitioned to white.
And as white wedding dresses caught on with popular culture, the association of white with purity soon followed.
The above example demonstrates that our predisposition of color is in constant flux, and website designers concerned with the proper choice of color would be wise to understand the contemporary colors associated with the type of business served by the website.
To that end, the diagram below, courtesy the Logo Company, conveys some of the more popular color associations of today, along with company logos built around them:
More specifically, contemporary western culture makes the current associations:
- Red – Love, Excitement, Lust, Hunger, Bold, Youthful, Urgency, Danger, Romance, Warmth, Quickness, Negative Issues
- Black – Stability, Credibility, Strength, Power, Precision, Professional, Accuracy, Sophistication, Grief, Fear, Submissiveness
- Brown – Nurturing, Historical, Safety, Conservative, Reliable, Ruggedness
- Violet/Purple – Authority, Royalty, Spirituality, Mystery, Magical, Religious, Sensuality, Love, Wisdom, Creativeness, Imaginative, Springtime
- Yellow – Energy, Clarity, Warmth, Innovation, Drive, Dynamic, Competence, Happiness, Optimism
- Green – Organic, Natural, Youth, Education, Adventure, Ecological, Calmness, Healthy, Peaceful, Summer, Envy
- Orange – Creativity, Dynamic, Energetic, Expressive, Innocence, Enthusiasm, Autumn, Introspection
- Blue – Credibility, Calmness, Trust, Dependable, Cleanliness, Medicine, Power, Judicial, Professional, Masculine, Competency, Quality, Big Company, Winter
- White – Happiness, Purity, Sincerity, Cleanliness, Clinical, Medicinal, Balanced, Spacious, Simple, Easy, Fresh, Winter
Keep in mind that the above associations represent a cultural snapshot in time as well as geography.
As websites become increasingly global, the cultural differences on color may converge; however, they’ll continue to change over time, so website designers should be aware of the latest societal influences and be prepared to refactor their website colors accordingly.
Also keep in mind that absolute colors attract absolute mindsets, and this gives rise to some differences in the genders.
Studies have shown that men are tuned into absolute colors and are fairly blind – or simply don’t care about – slight variations in hue. (An interesting infographic on this topic can be found on the KISSmetrics blog.)
For example, men are likely to refer to “magenta” and “salmon” as “pink.” Contrarily, women are more tuned into softer tones; that is, colors with subtle variations in hues.
One could therefore argue that while absolute colors have cultural and temporal significance, it’s not wise to choose an absolute color for your website; rather, use the absolute color as a basis for choosing colors that are related but not exact.
With the goal of avoiding absolute colors for our websites, we therefore need to find palettes based on the relative associations between colors. This turns out to be a fairly simple exercise, because colors do exhibit specific relationships with each other.
For example, we may decide to use green to help emphasize educational products on our website. To avoid absolutes and yet pick a palette of colors that complement green, we may choose to use what’s known as adjacent, or similar, colors.
The calculation of adjacent colors is simplified by dozens of online color tools, such as this one from the Colors on the Web website by Donald Johansson.
The colors below were chosen by first selecting the absolute green color (#00FF00), then clicking on the analogous color #65FF65. (In this case, the analogous color was actually a different shade; that is, it did not change the hue, it just lightened the baseline color a bit.)
The result was two “analogous” generations away from green, which produced two interesting hue variations, #64FF98 and #98FF64. See the diagram below.
In our green example, we could continue to experiment with further generations of analogous colors to get just the right hues and shades of green for our website.
Note that you can – and should – embrace complements in your color relations. These complements are used to offset areas where you want to grab the viewer’s attention.
For example, the proverbial “website conversion” involves coaxing the user to take some desired action, such as downloading a white paper or clicking on a “Buy Now” button.
The problem is that the human brain is known for its ability to quickly adapt to baseline colors (a phenomenon known as “color constancy”) and requires something out of the ordinary to get its attention. You would therefore implement a conversion button or link that uses a complementary color.
There are several ways to get to these complementary colors; perhaps the most widely used is known as the “triadic” relationship.
You find the triadic relationship by creating an equilateral triangle on a color wheel, where you set one of the vertices of the triangle at your baseline color, and the other two vertices will point to the complementary colors.
For example, if we were to select the #64FF98 color from the above diagram as the baseline color for our site, the triadic colors could be calculated from the Colors on the Web website as #9763FF and #FF9763. (Personally, I don’t like these triadic colors, so I would probably go back and select a slightly different baseline color.)
You can also select a singular complementary color, which is on the opposite side of the color wheel, as well as other variations of complementary colors. The great thing about these online color calculators is that there are so many variations, many of which will surprise and delight you.
The bottom line is that once you select a baseline color, it’s fairly easy to find good analogous and complementary variations.
Your website color selection process may seem arbitrary. Indeed, humans are not pre-wired to associate color with anything but sources of food. Individual color preferences are mainly due to cultural influences, and these influences change over time.
It is therefore necessary to understand your target culture when selecting the baseline color for your website. After having made that selection, you can use some free online tools to help find some interesting variations.
You can also use these tools to find complementary colors that will help attract attention to important areas on your site.
Dan Schaefer is a web designer living in Ventura County, California. He’s been a part of several startups, doing everything from engineering to sales to marketing.