by Brian Edward Rise
The location of Arthur's final battle with Merdraut (Mordred). It is not mentioned in the Historia Brittonum but rather appears first in the Annales Cambriae (tenth century). The entry for a year that may be 539 reads, "the strife of Camlann in which Arthur and Merdraut fell." No mention of villainy or opposition between the two is made. In the triads, Camlann is one of the "Three Futile Battles," the result of a tragic, bloody feud. Merdraut is the attacker here in what appears to be more a conflict of equals rather than that of king versus usurper. That theme is a later addition by Geoffrey and he may have been trying to combine the Welsh tradition with an alternate story of Arthur's betrayal and very different end. In the romances, the treason is kept but the location is moved from Camlann to near Salisbury.
The name comes from the British Camboglanna, "crooked bank," and though Geoffrey correctly places the battle at a river, no one can be certain of the actual location. If the entry in the Annales was copied from an earlier source (some have postulated from an earlier sixth century chronicle), then an earlier form of the word would have been copied as well. The fact that it appears as Camlann proves the later date of the entry but makes it too distant from the event to have any reliability. In addition, if the year is 539, that presents chronological problems with other sources on Arthur's time-frame that place him at the end of the fifth century.
There was a fort along Hadrian's Wall called Camboglanna but this does not necessarily match the tradition placing the conflict in Cornwall even if some kind of transference had taken place. Other candidates include two Camlans in Merioneth and Cam on the Somerset River near Cadbury.
While Camlann may have actually happened, it is impossible to place not only the location but a real Arthur in the battle. The Welsh material might still prove relevant if one supposes that Arthur is a composite character and the Arthur of Camlann in 539 was drawn into a story with earlier origins.