A cluster of 8 H-1 rocket engines lifted the Saturn I from the launch pad.
|Country of origin||USA|
|Propellant||LOX / RP-1|
|Thrust (SL)||900 kN (205,000 lbf)|
|Chamber pressure||700 psia (4.8 MPa)|
|Isp (vac.)||289 seconds (2.83 km/s)|
|Isp (SL)||255 seconds (2.50 km/s)|
|Burn time||155 s|
|Dry weight||1,000 kg (2,200 lb)|
|Saturn I, Saturn 1B|
Rocketdyne's H-1 is a 205,000 lbf (910 kN) thrust liquid-propellant rocket engine burning LOX and RP-1. The H-1 was developed for use in the S-I and S-IB first stages of the Saturn I and Saturn IB rockets, respectively, where it was used in clusters of eight engines. After the Apollo program, surplus H-1 engines were rebranded and reworked as the Rocketdyne RS-27 engine with first usage on the Delta 2000 series in 1974.
The H-1 is the ultimate evolution of a series of engines developed from the wartime V-2 ballistic missile. During the war, North American Aviation was given several 264.9 kN (59,600 lbf) V-2 engines to examine and convert from metric to SAE measurements. They formed their "Propulsion Division" to handle this work, later becoming Rocketdyne.
Rocketdyne made several minor changes to the V-2 design and quickly raised the thrust to 75,000 lbf (330 kN), and then 78,000 lbf (350 kN) for the Redstone missile. Much larger versions for the Navaho missile's booster followed at 120,000 lbf (530 kN), which was also selected as the upper stage of the Atlas missile.
Some of these designs, like the V-2 that spawned then, burned alcohol, but other fuels had also been experimented with, including kerosene, diesel oil, paint thinner, or JP-4 or JP-5 jet fuel. In January 1953 Rockedyne started their "REAP" program to convert these engines to a specific and well engineered kerosene fuel specifically for rocket engines, which became RP-1, officially specified in Military Specification MIL-R-25576 in 1954.
All of these engines were based on a similar design concept, featuring a "waterfall injector" as used in the V-2, where many small fuel injectors were used to spray burning fuel into the main combustion chamber. They also shared a complex system for starting the turbopumps, using a set of secondary fuel tanks and plumbing that fed the gas generator and main combustors while the pumps were still bringing the main fuel lines up to pressure. A complex series of electropneumatic valves operated the various fuel flows until the engine was fully started.
With the successful running of the S-3D for the Thor and Jupiter, the company turned their attention to a radically updated version, originally known as the S-3X, but later becoming the X-1. This engine replaced the complex valve system and all of its attended sensors and electronics with new valves that operated on the pressure of the fuel itself. This meant that the complex start-up procedure was entirely automated and driven off the fuel flow itself.
Additionally, the X-1 removed the entire start tank system and replaced it with a small solid fuel rocket engine that fed its exhaust through the gas generator to spin the turbopumps. This change dramatically simplified engine plumbing, at the cost of making the design a single-shot device. Earlier engines could, in theory, be restarted in flight, but with a single starter cartridge, the X-1 could be started once only.
Another change was to introduce an ignitor using a hypergolic fuel in place of the solid fuel versions of earlier designs. The earlier engines required the ignitors to be inserted through holes in the engine into the combustion chamber, but the new system allowed the fuel to be sprayed into the main injector. The fuel, triethyelaluminum, was delivered in a cube with diaphragms that burst when the fuel flow in the injector reached a set threshold.
Finally, the X-1 introduced a new lubrication system that added a small amount of additive to the RP-1 fuel as it flowed through the various components. This was fed under pressure into the various bearings in the turbopump system, both lubricating it and carrying away heat.
Saturn and H-1
Saturn started as a paper project to meet a new US Department of Defense requirement for a heavy-lift vehicle able to lift 10,000 to 40,000 pounds into low earth orbit (LEO), or accelerating 6,000 to 12,000 lbs to escape velocity. Existing launchers might be extended to reach 10,000 lbs to LEO, far below the requirements. A new and much larger design was needed, and in April 1957, Wernher von Braun handed the preliminary design task to Heinz-Hermann Koelle.
Koelle's solution to reducing the development time was to use a cluster of fuel tanks from Redstone and Jupiter missiles, sit them on top of a single thrust plate, and then attach the required engines to the bottom of the plate. Calculations demonstrated that a total thrust of about 1 million pounds would be needed, greatly limiting their engine selection. Looking for suitable designs, Koelle learned of the E-1 from Rocketdyne's George Sutton. Rocketdyne was developing this 400,000 lbf (1,800 kN) engine for the Titan missile, and it was the largest engine nearing introduction within the time frame that ARPA gave Wernher von Braun to develop what was then known as the "Juno V". The E-1 had originally been developed as a backup engine for the Titan missile, designed specifically to be as simple to develop as possible, in case the Aerojet General LR-87 did not pan out.
The launch of Sputnik that October led to rapid changes in the US rocketry establishment. In order to demonstrate peaceful intent, the US decided to spin out its various non-military rocketry programs to a new agency, which would evolve as NASA. As the Army had lost interest in large rockets, they agreed to turn over von Braun's ABMA team to NASA, becoming the Marshall Space Flight Center. The handover would take place in 1960.
Shortly after these plans were made, in July 1958 ARPA visited ABMA and told von Braun that they still had $10 million in their budget to spend before the handover, and asked if there was any way to effectively use the money. Von Braun called in Koelle and showed them a model of the Juno V, but the ARPA visitors noted that the E-1 engine wouldn't be ready by 1960. Brainstorming, they decided that the best approach was to make a minor upgrade to Rocketdyne's existing S-3D engines to boost them from 175,000 lbf (780 kN) to 200,000 lbf (890 kN), and use eight of these engines instead of four E-1s.
When Koelle returned to Rocketdyne looking for an upgraded version of the S-3D, they instead presented the X-1 and suggested it be used in place of a further upgrade to the S-3. Although experimental, the X-1 was already in the right thrust range and ready for full development. A contract for development was tendered on 15 August 1958, and by early 1959 the name had changed from Juno to Saturn, referring to the succession as the planet after Jupiter, the Jupiter missile being the previous ABMA design.
Like all of Rocketdyne's early engines, the H-1 used a waterfall injector fed by turbopumps, and regeneratively cooled the engine using the engine's fuel.
Unlike the J-2 engine used on the S-IVB stage, the H-1 was a single-start engine. It could be fired multiple times—and engines were usually subject to two or more static test firings before a mission to flight-qualify them—but it could not be restarted in flight, because some components required for the startup sequence were non-reusable. In particular, the turbopumps were initially driven by a Solid Propellant Gas Generator (SPGG), which was essentially a small solid rocket, and had to be replaced after each firing.
To start the engine a 500V AC voltage was applied to the SPGG, which ignited the solid propellant. This produced hot gas which was allowed to build up until reaching a pressure of 600-700 psi, after which a bursting diaphragm released it into the turbine which drove the fuel turbopumps. This began the process of pumping fuel and oxidizer into the engine, and the hot gases from the SPGG provided the initial energy required to ignite the fuel/oxidizer mix. Once the fuel and oxidizer were being pumped and burning, the process was self-sustaining until engine shutdown.
- Contractor: NAA/Rocketdyne
- Vehicle Application: Saturn I / S-I 1st stage - 8 engines
- Vehicle Application: Saturn IB / S-IB 1st stage - 8 engines
|SA-201 through SA-205||SA-206 and subsequent|
|Thrust (sea level)||200,000 lbf (890 kN)||205,000 lbf (910 kN)|
|Thrust duration||155 s||155 s|
|Specific impulse||289 seconds (2.83 km/s)||289 seconds (2.83 km/s)|
|Engine weight dry (inboard)||1,830 pounds (830 kg)||2,200 pounds (1,000 kg)|
|Engine weight dry (outboard)||2,100 pounds (950 kg)||2,100 pounds (950 kg)|
|Engine weight burnout||2,200 pounds (1,000 kg)||2,200 pounds (1,000 kg)|
|Exit-to-throat area ratio||8:1||8:1|
|Propellants||LOX & RP-1||LOX & RP-1|
|Fuel flow rate||2092 USgal/min (132 L/s)|
|Oxidizer flow rate||3330 USgal/min (210 L/s)|
|Nominal chamber pressure||633 psi (4.36 MPa)|
- "Delta 2000 series". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- Kyle, Ed (9 April 2010). "Delta 2000 series - Extended Long Tank Delta". Space Launch Report. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
- Wernher von Braun, "Saturn the Giant", NASA SP-350, 1975
- Young 2008, p. 41.
- Neufeld 2007, p. 331.
- Young 2008, p. 40.
- Neufeld (2007), pp. 341–346.
- Neufeld (2007), p. 331.
- Bilstein (1996), pp. 27—28.
- Bilstein (1996), p. 37.
- Bilstein, Roger E. (1996). Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles. The NASA History Series. Washington: NASA. ISBN 978-0-16-048909-9. Archived from the original on 2004-10-15.
- Neufeld, Michael J. (2007). Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26292-9.
- Skylab Saturn IB Flight Manual, 30 September 1972
- * Young, Anthony (2008). The Saturn V F-1 Engine: Powering Apollo Into History. Springer. ISBN 0387096299.