In January China became only the third country (after the former Soviet Union and the United States) to have successfully tested an antisatellite weapon. The test involved using a medium-range ballistic missile, which rammed a disused Chinese weather satellite orbiting at an altitude of 850 km (530 mi).
In March the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) began a space mission to test the abilities of one satellite to perform various maintenance operations on another. The Orbital Express mission was composed of the Autonomous Space Transfer and Robotic Orbiter (ASTRO) and the NextSat target satellite. ASTRO successfully approached NextSat and docked with it without help from ground controllers—something no unmanned spacecraft had ever done before.
In April Russia launched its first new nuclear-powered attack submarine in 17 years. Christened Yury Dolgoruky (after the founder of Moscow), the 170-m (555- ft)-long submarine was the first of the Borey class; it had a submerged speed of about 29 knots and could carry up to 16 ballistic missiles.
The age of armed robots on the battlefield came closer in April when the U.S. deployed three Special Weapons Observation Remote-Reconnaissance Direct-Action Systems (SWORDS) to Iraq. SWORDS were small remotely controlled tracked robots, and each was armed with an M249 machine gun.
In June it was revealed that Israel was installing a series of remotely controlled armed pillboxes along the border separating it from the Gaza Strip. Each pillbox in the network, named See-Shoot, was to be armed with a .50-calibre machine gun.
Military and Society
For the first time in UN peacekeeping history, an all-female unit was deployed. The force, made up of more than 100 Indian policewomen, was sent to Liberia in January to train police and to assist with local elections and prison security.
Mexico began allowing women to train in its elite military schools for the first time. Although women were not allowed to assume combat roles, the change meant that they could enter fields such as engineering and aviation, in which they could rise to the rank of general.
In March, U.S. Pres. George W. Bush apologized for the substandard living conditions and treatments being offered to wounded troops returning from the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The apology followed a scandal that led to the resignation of the secretary of the army and two generals. Nonetheless, advances and new technologies in military medicine were dramatically improving the treatment of wounded soldiers on the battlefield. (See Special Report.)
In July Brazilian Pres. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva fired Defense Minister Waldir Pires following the country’s worst air crash, in which nearly 200 people died. The Defense Ministry was responsible for civilian air-traffic control.
Japanese Defense Minister Fumio Kyuma resigned in July after suggesting that the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 were inevitable. The remark provoked public criticism in a country where many still considered the use of nuclear weapons unwarranted under any circumstances.
Armed Forces and Politics
In February the U.S. announced the creation of Africa Command to run all its military operations in Africa. Previously, responsibilities for the region had been divided between its European, Central, and Pacific commands.
In August the Shanghai Cooperation Organization conducted its first-ever joint military exercise involving its six member states. About 4,000 troops and 80 aircraft from China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan participated in the counterterrorism exercise, named Peace Mission 2007.
That same month a B-52 bomber transferred six nuclear-armed cruise missiles from their storage depot in North Dakota to a U.S. Air Force base in Louisiana without proper approval from senior officials. The incident was one of the worst-known breaches of nuclear weapons procedures and led to disciplinary actions against several air force officers and dozens of other personnel.
NATO made its first-ever circumnavigation of Africa during August and September. The task force of ships from six member states also conducted operations off the coast of Somalia, where an upsurge in piracy had been seen. The deployment marked NATO’s first joint naval exercise with the South African navy.
Following an incident in September that led to the fatal shooting of 17 and wounding of more than 20 Iraqis in Baghdad by employees of the private security firm Blackwater USA, the U.S. government ordered new rules to improve the oversight of private security contractors in Iraq. The incident prompted Iraq’s government to approve a draft law revoking the immunity from prosecution such contractors enjoyed.
China and the United States in November announced an agreement to establish direct telephone links between their Defense Ministries. Although the U.S had established a similar “hotline” with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, this was the first time that China had agreed to such a military link.
China and India conducted their first-ever joint military exercise in December. Although only about 100 troops from each country participated, the event was hailed as a watershed in improved bilateral relations. The two armies had fought a brief border war in 1962, and skirmishes continued until the late 1980s.