Fraud involves dishonest and deceptive conduct by a person or a party for the purpose of obtaining an unfair and unlawful gain. The act can constitute both a crime and a civil wrong. Detecting fraud can be difficult and sometimes it is never discovered. While knowing the law and your remedies is important, being able to identify circumstances when a fraud is most likely to occur is the best way to protect against such harm.
Fraud, Misrepresentation and the LawNot all misrepresentations are fraud but almost all fraud includes misrepresentation. The goal of a fraudulent act is to trick or mislead an innocent person into thinking that something has a certain value (or is worthless) and which the perpetrator knows is false. While the term is defined very broadly, all fraud offenses include some type of misrepresentation, deception and/or false statement. Federal and state statutes cover a wide variety of different fraud charges and punishments. Criminal fraud generally requires the existence of at least two elements – (1) the defendant’s intent to commit the crime, and (2) that the criminal act of fraud was actually committed by the defendant. Additional elements may be required. For example, to constitute federal wire or mail wire fraud, the criminal act must also involve an interstate transmission or communication using a wire or the postal service. Generally, many fraud laws require the presence of the following:
- A person makes false statement concerning a material fact;
- who knows or should know that the statement is false or has no knowledge of whether the representation of a fact is true or false;
- which is made to a person who reasonably relies upon the false statement;
- who suffers damages as a consequence of relying and acting upon the false statement.
Some statutes require the presence of an intent to defraud or deceive. In addition, state laws may require each element to be proven with “particularity ” or separately for an entire fraud charge or claim to be found.
Common Types of Fraud
Mail and Wire Fraud 18 U.S.C. § 1341, 1343This crime occurs when someone uses the postal service or makes a wire, radio or television communication, which crosses state lines, in order to commit fraud upon another or to obtain money or property under false pretenses.
PhishingHave you ever received an email that looks like it is from your bank but is not? Phishing is the effort to obtain access to your private accounts by pretending to be a your vendor, banking institution or other legitimate company. The fraudster goes “fishing” for passwords to ATM, bank and other financial accounts using deceptive acts and misrepresentation.
Identity TheftThis crime consists of fraudulently acquiring another person’s personally identifiable information for the purpose of making financial transactions for the fraudster's financial gain. If you have been a victim of identity theft, you should immediately file an identity theft report with the FTC and take the recommended actions to help yourself.
Credit Card Fraud / Debit Card FraudClosely related to identity theft, this crime consists of the use of the debit or credit card of another person without the owner’s authorization. Purchases or cash withdrawals are then made against the victim's account.
Securities FraudThis occurs when someone makes a false statement which misrepresents the value of a stock or security, which induces someone else to act based upon that misinformation. Examples of securities fraud include “pump and dump” schemes or short-selling. The fraudster makes positive comments about a stock which he or she has an interest knowing they are false. This induces people to buy the stock, which rises with the artificial demand for the stock as a result of the misrepresentation. The fraudster sells his stock while the price is artificially high. The victims soon find out that they are holding stock worth far less than they thought when the price falls upon a release of accurate financial information concerning the company.
Punishment for FraudCriminal fraud is typically considered a felony crime and punishable by a fine, imprisonment and/or probation. The punishment for civil fraud may consist of two parts: (1) monetary compensation to put the injured party back into the position the victim was in before the fraud occurred (“restitution”); and (2) the payment of a fine in order to punish the perpetrator for wrongful behavior.
Fraud DetectionMost fraudulent acts come with warning signs which a consumer can identify to avoid becoming a victim. You should always proceed with caution, using common sense and prudent judgment. The following are other tips which can help you identify fraud: Don’t provide your social security number, last known address, mother’s maiden name or any other confidential or personal information to someone you don't know who contacts you. In almost all instances, your banking or financial institution will only ask you these questions if you – the account holder – has initiated the call. If you receive emails that seem unusual, strange or concern accounts which you do not believe you own, do not click on any of the links in the email. This may be a phishing attempt. You may be taken to a login page on a website which resembles your banking institution but is actually a fraudulent website. Any information entered will be captured, such as user names and passwords. Always look at the URL for any webpage which requires you to enter personal or financial information. Examine the URL to make sure that it is the appropriate, secure website you intended to reach. Business fraud can occur when entrepreneurs, small business owners and potential tenants provide phony information such as fake names, addresses, phone numbers and references. Sometimes part of the information is true, so as to make the recipient believe that the entire application contains truthful, accurate information.
Fraud RemediesOften victims of fraud feel a great deal of shame and embarrassment from being fooled by a scammer. You should not feel so ashamed because many fraudsters are experts in what they do and target trusting, unsuspecting people. It is important to get help as soon as possible – emotional, psychological and legal. While fraud victims rarely recover what they lost, a partial or even a full recovery may still possible as well as the punishment of the fraudster. Timing is of the essence and it is important to contact those who may be able to help. You can file a fraud complaint with the FTC, contact your state attorney general as well as your local Better Business Bureau for business related matters. When cases involve larger sums of money (such as securities fraud) or a crime, you should retain an attorney who is familiar with prosecuting or defending fraud claims.
- Criminal Law & Procedure:
- Criminal Charges - Fraud
Fraud, ID & Money Fraud and Misrepresentation: Civil & Criminal Offenses
By Michael Wechsler |
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