New research shows that the chemical structure surrounding part of the genetic blueprint of a young child is physically changed by bullying, leaving the victim less able to respond properly to the stress and possibly paving the way for mental problems later in life.
The findings challenge the popular assumption that DNA is largely immutable, remaining basically unchanged throughout a person's life. But what does change, according to the research, is how one critical gene known to be involved in regulating mood is crippled, leaving the victim unable to deal with the stress.
"Bullying is a serious matter, not only on the short term consequences, but it also leaves kind of a physiological change that could affect (the victim's) mental health later on," Isabelle Ouellet-Morin of the University of Montreal, lead author of a study in the current issue of the journal Psychological Medicine, said in a telephone interview.
Overreacting to stress can be harmful, of course, but failing to react in a reasonable manner isn't healthy either, she added. Her previous research shows that "children who were bullied or maltreated showed less reactivity to stress and had more problems in social interaction and had more externalized problems, such as aggression."
It's normal to be angry when bullied, and failure to deal with that stress may be just as harmful as overreacting.
Ouellet-Morin and her colleagues found that the level of cortisol, the so-called stress hormone, was suppressed in children who had been bullied. That reduction, she said, resulted in a change in the structure surrounding a gene that regulates serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation and depression.
The work is part of a growing body of research on epigenetics, a relatively new field that has challenged many beliefs on genetics. That work shows that while genes themselves may remain largely unchanged, the way they are expressed -- or what genes do for a living -- can be profoundly influenced by the environments in which we live.
Nature vs. Nurture
It's sort of a revival of the old nature-vs.-nurture debate. In this age of genetic advancement, nature has held the upper hand, but epigenetics adds a new twist -- nurture, or our social interactions, may be an extremely important player in determining how our genes are expressed.
While the finding that bullying can influence DNA may be frightening, the research also suggests the possibility of reversing the damage. It isn't known yet whether the physiological changes from bullying are permanent. It may be, she suggested, that dealing with bullying and nurturing the victims may reverse the damage. But at this point, no one knows for sure.
Ouellet-Morin's research is part of the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study in England, where she worked before returning to Montreal. The researchers concentrated on 28 sets of identical twins from 2,232 British children in the overall study. In all 28 cases, one twin had been bullied, but the other twin had not, according to the children, their mothers, and others.
DNA samples were collected at ages 5 and 10, and cortisol was measured at 5, 10 and 12.