History of Missouri
History of Missouri
Missouri gets its name from a tribe of Sioux Indians of the state called the Missouris. The word "Missouri" often has been construed to mean "muddy water" but the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology has stated it means "town of the large canoes" and authorities have said the Indian syllables from which the word comes mean "wooden canoe people" or "he of the big canoe."
Missouri has been nicknamed several times, but the “Show Me State” probably is the one used most. The saying gained favor in the 1890s although its origin is unknown. Whatever its origin, much of the credit for popularizing the expression goes to Congressman Willard D. Vandiver of Cape GirardeauCounty. During an 1899 speech in Philadelphia, the noted orator used the phrase, "I'm from Missouri; you've got to show me." The expression soon caught the public fancy, portraying Missourians as tough-minded demanders of proof.
The first Europeans to visit Missouri may have been remnants of the Conquistadores, but probably were French explorers from Canada. Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet, who descended the Mississippi from the north in 1673, supplied the first written accounts of exploration in Missouri. In 1682, the area was claimed for France by Robert Cavalier Sieu de La Salle.
As part of the Louisiana Purchase Territory, Missouri has belonged to three nations. France ceded the area to Spain in 1762. Although Spain held it for forty years, its influence was slight. The early culture of the region was determined mostly by the French.
It was the French who were responsible for the first permanent settlement of St. Genevieve in the mid-1730s. Numerous buildings from the 1700s still stand in the historic Mississippi River town. St. Genevieve stood alone in the huge upper LouisianaTerritory until the establishment of St. Louis as a fur trading post in 1764.
In the mid-1760s, Pierre LaClede established a fur-trading post just below the joining of the Missouri and MississippiRivers. LaClede and his stepson, Rene Auguste Chouteau, named the post after King Louis IX who had been made a saint. With such a favorable location, St Louis soon became the most prosperous outpost in the western region
Because of its location at the confluence of the Missouri and MississippiRivers, St. Louis outstripped other settlements and today is one of the nation's major cities. By secret treaty in 1802, Spain returned the LouisianaTerritory to the control of France. Napoleon Bonaparte, anxious to rid himself of the vast and troublesome frontier, sold it to the United States in 1803 for a total of $15 million.
About this time President Jefferson organized the Lewis and dark Expedition, which was the first extensive exploration of the northwestern part of the new territory. The explorers left the St. Louis/St. Charles area in 1804. Their Missouri River route includes several sites still of interest to today's "explorers." One is FortOsage, just east of Kansas City — a reconstruction on the site of William Clark's original 1808 fort.
Missouri was organized as a territory in 1812 and was admitted to the Union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821. Missouri Governor Alexander McNair was at the Capitol (which still stands) in St. Charles, when he heard that the territory had become a state. Missouri became the second state (after Louisiana) of the Louisiana Purchase to be admitted to the Union.
In 1820, the Missouri Compromise was passed, whereby Missouri was to be admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Although admitted as a slave state, Missouri remained with the Union during the Civil War. The most important battle fought in Missouri was the Battle of Wilson's Creek near Springfield. Although the battle lasted only a little more than four hours, it was one of the bloodiest of the war. Today, the site is a National Battlefield, preserved by the National Park Service. Other important battles in Missouri were fought at Carthage, Lexington, Westport and Boonville. Missouri was the scene of 11 percent of the total engagements in the war.
Before and after the Civil War, Missouri was literally the crossroads of the nation – a jumping-off point for settlers heading westward. Some settlers, of course, chose to stay in Missouri. The state became a blend of urban and rural with busy river ports, growing industries, productive agriculture, and a rapidly expanding population. By 1870, St. Louis was the nation's third-largest city, gateway to the west, crossroads for commerce and transportation. From the lead-mining region of southeast Missouri to the German settlements along the Missouri River, a flood of immigrants made their home on the Missouri frontier.
As the frontier moved farther west, pioneers passed through Arrow Rock, Independence, Kansas City and other towns. St. Joseph assured its niche in frontier history when the Pony Express began there in 1860; the old Pony Express Stable is now a museum.
As the 1800s gave way to the 1900s, Missouri's history became more and more entwined with international events. In 1903, the World's Fair brought international attention to St Louis and the state. During World War I, Missouri provided 140,257 soldiers, one-third being volunteers. Notable leaders, such as General John J. Pershing of Laclede, commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe, came from Missouri.
In World War II, Missouri contributed more than 450,000 men and women to the various armed forces. Eighty-nine top officers were from Missouri including General Omar N. Bradley and Lieutenant General James H. Doolittle.
The nation's leader during the last year of the war was lamar-born Harry Truman. After assuming office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, President Truman was elected to a full four-year term. His was the fateful decision to use the atom bomb and hasten the Japanese surrender consummated on the deck of the battleship USS Missouri in TokyoBay.
World War II added an unusual page to Missouri's history, as well. When Sir Winston Churchill came to Missouri in 1946 to speak at Fulton's WestminsterCollege, his speech entered the term "iron curtain" into the world's lexicon. The centuries-old church of St. Mary Aldermanbury was brought from London and now stands in Fulton as a memorial to Churchill.
In recent years, Missouri's history has moved rapidly into the space age, with Missouri companies providing vital components for exploration of this new frontier. From the rock carvings of ancient Missourians to the mysterious depths of space, Missouri's history is a diverse - but unbroken - chain.
Missouri Stats & FactsEntered the Union: / August 10, 1821, as the 24th State
CapitolCity: / Jefferson City
Motto: / "Salus populi suprema lex esto," Latin for "The welfare of the people shall be the supreme law."
Nickname: / The Show Me State
Population: / 5,595,211 (2000)
Number of Counties: / 114 with one independent city (St. Louis)
Largest County: / Texas (1,180 square miles)
Smallest County: / Worth (266 square miles)
Origin of Name: / Missouri is most likely a French rendition meaning "town of large canoes."
State Flower: / Hawthorn
State Bird: / Bluebird
State Song: / "Missouri Waltz"
State Tree: / Dogwood
State Animal: / Missouri Mule
State Insect: / Honeybee
State Fish: / Channel Catfish
State Musical Instrument: / Fiddle
State Mineral: / Galena
State Fossil: / Crinoid
State Rock: / Mozarkite
State Tree Nut: / Eastern Black Walnut
Missouri Day: / Third Wednesday of October