Sometimes, decay or damage occurs in the interior portion of the tooth inside channels or canals that contain the blood vessels, nerves and other connective tissues that support the health of the tooth. This central portion of the tooth is called the pulp, and when it becomes infected, special techniques must be used to remove the damaged portion. These techniques are part of root canal therapy, and they are designed to save a tooth so extraction can be avoided.
The steps involved in a root canal are the same as those used to fill a surface cavity. The dentist uses special instruments to remove the diseased pulp, then cleans and seals the area. Once the root canal is complete, a crown will be permanently affixed over the tooth to provide stability. Undergoing a root canal is usually no more painful than a traditional filling. The dentist will administer a local anesthesia to numb the area before beginning the procedure. Afterward, you may experience some tenderness that can be alleviated with over-the-counter pain medication.
The symptoms of a root canal can be similar to the symptoms associated with other types of decay, and can include a toothache, swollen gums, and increased sensitivity to hot and cold temperatures. The only way to know if you need a root canal is to see the dentist and have an exam with X-rays to examine the tooth's interior structures.
In most cases, saving a natural tooth is better than having it extracted because the established bite mechanics depends on the presence of all the teeth. A missing tooth can disrupt the normal balance of the bite and cause jaw pain, headaches, and other issues, and it can also lead to additional tooth loss. Plus, preserving the natural tooth is usually less costly than pulling a tooth and replacing it with a denture, bridge or implant. In some cases, such as when a tooth is impacted, extraction is the best option.
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