Can Data Help Bring About Gender Equality?
This is the third article in a special series on women in the workforce.
If countries were to eliminate gender-based discrimination and guarantee equality by 2030, global GDP would increase by some $6 trillion. New data could yield insights that help to make this vision a reality.
At the current rate of progress, it will take more than 200 years to achieve gender equality and female empowerment at work. In many countries, girls are still forced to marry young, which limits their access to education and future employment opportunities. In Niger, for example, in 2016, 76 percent of girls aged 15-19 were married, which partly explains why 73 percent of lower-secondary school-age girls are out of school. Child labor is also common, and almost a third of the world’s women believe that domestic violence is a justifiable punishment under certain circumstances, such as burning meals.
What does it say about human values when it is considered more acceptable to beat a woman than to ruin dinner?
Legal frameworks enshrine such values. Today, 10 countries still allow marital rape, and nine permit rapists to avoid punishment by marrying their victims. And, for many more women, such values inform social arrangements that deny them opportunities. Around the world, the absence of paid maternity leave, child care facilities, or family-friendly job policies prevents women’s participation in the formal economy. Even when women do manage to have a career, they still assume three-quarters of household responsibilities.
Clearly, an equal, gender-inclusive world will require far-reaching change in perceptions, attitudes, stereotypes and laws. Promoting such change is justified not only on moral grounds, but also in economic terms. According to our estimates, if countries eliminated gender-based discrimination and granted women greater access to education and jobs, global GDP would increase by $6 trillion over the next decade. But while the rationale for change may be strong, countries often struggle to develop gender-based policies rooted in solid data and evidence.
To address this gap, in 2009, the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) developed the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) with data for some 180 countries. Together with the SIGI Policy Simulator, which launched this year, governments can assess how inclusive their gender policies are, identify areas for reform and evaluate the programs they implement.
In many countries, only mothers are entitled to parental leave. This reinforces the perception that unpaid care work is a woman’s job, which skews the distribution of domestic duties.
The data have already yielded important insights. Consider Germany. Although the country ranks high on world gender-equality indexes, the SIGI shows that it could enter the top 10 with a relatively simple change: legally mandating equal pay for equal work. The absence of such a requirement costs Germany the equivalent of 1 percent of GDP, according to estimates calculated from the most recent OECD Economic Outlook.
In Chile, granting married women the same property rights as married men would increase total investment by 1 percent. In Vietnam, helping women access the same professional opportunities as men would increase labor-force participation by 1 percent.
In many countries, only mothers are entitled to parental leave. But this reinforces the perception that unpaid care work is a woman’s job, which in turn skews the distribution of domestic duties. Women in Pakistan and India spend, on average, 10 times longer on housework than men do, which means less time engaging in market-related activities, studying or simply relaxing. And this trend is not unique to South Asia.
So how can governments use the SIGI to change laws and advance gender equality? The best way is to learn from the experiences of others. In South Africa, the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act of 1998, combined with the 2006 Civil Union Act, have effectively eliminated forced and child marriage. In Liberia, a law passed in 2015 entitles women to receive equal pay for equal work. In 2000, Ethiopia repealed language that gave only men the right to administer family assets. In 2015, Bulgaria eliminated male-only professions. And in 2002, Sweden sought to help balance child care responsibilities between parents by increasing the father’s quota in the parental leave law from one month to two.
Data and planning made these initiatives possible, and the OECD’s new data sets are designed to help other countries follow suit. Armed with information, leaders can turn rhetoric about gender equality and empowerment into meaningful action. Ultimately, such action will help to create environments of equality and to build sustainable, respectful and peaceful societies for all of us. We now have the data to help women fulfill their potential—and to see what happens to all of us when we fail to do so.
This piece first appeared in Eco-business.