-logy the study of
-al... pertaining to
aliment/o- food; nourishment
-ary... pertaining to
another name for the gastrointestinal system
Information of taste is sent to the gustatory cortex of the brain.
gustat/o- the sense of taste
-ory ... having the function of
-ation... a process; being or having
-tion... a process
pharyng/o- pharynx (throat)
-eal... pertaining to
A passageway for food as well as for inhaled and exhaled air.
a process of coordinated contraction that moves food
-sis... process; condition
The four region of the stomach
deep folds in the lining of the stomach that expands as stomach is filled with food.
semisolid mixture of partially digested food, saliva, digestive enzymes, and fluids of the stomach.
The three parts of the small intestine
10-inch, C-shaped segment that begins at the stomach and ends at the jejunum.
8-foot segment that twists and turns in the adbominal cavity.
12-foot segment that absorbs nutrients is completed.
thousands of small, thin structures that project into the lumen (central, open area) and increases the amount of surface area to maximize the absorption of food nutrients and water thru the intestinal wall and into the blood.
Large intestine consts of...
the cecum (SEE-kum)
puckered pouches on the walls of the large intestine that can greatly expand as needed. Water is absorbed thru the intestinal wall and into the blood.
longest part of the large intestine. It travles thru all 4 quadrants of the abdomen.
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
- Decending colon
- Sigmoid colon
double-layer serous membrane. one layer lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity. the other layer surounds each of the organs.
watery fluid that fills spaces between the organs and allows them to slide past each other during movements of digestion
Supports the stomach and hangs down as a fatty apron to cover and protect the small intestine.
a thicki, fan-shaped sheet that supports the jejunum and ileum.
-ic... pertaining to
an artery of the abodominal aorta. largest artery in the body. supplies blood to abdominal organs.
-ac... pertaining to
liver cells that produce bile
yellow-green, bitter-tasting, thick fluid. combo of bile acids, mucus, fluid, and bilirubin and biliverdin
dark green sac posterior to the liver. stores bile from the liver.
yellow gland posterior to the stomach. food in the duodenum causes pancrease to secrete digestive enzymes.
also functions as an organ of the endocrine system
hormone that stiumlates gallbladder to contract and reliease bile.
the process of breaking down of fat
emulsific/o- droplets of fat suspended in a liquid
hyrdochloric acid. breaks down food fibers and converts pepsinogen to the digestive enzyme pepsin, and kills microorganisms in food
inactive substance converted to pepsin, a digestive enzyme that breaks down protein foods
-in... a substance
a hormone that stiumlates the release of more hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen
enzyme that continues the digestion of carbs that was begun by amylase in the saliva. breaks carbs down into sugar and food fibers
enzyme that breaks down fat globules into fatty acids
produced by villi of the small intestine. lactase breaks down sugars. simple sugar glucose is the only source of energy that body cells can use.
mucous membrane that lines gastrointestinal sstem and produces mucus
choledoch/o- common bile duct
decreased appetie due to disease of gastrointestinal side effects of a drug. or girls who think they are fat.
an-- without; not
-ia... condition; state; thing
Difficult or painful eating or swallowing. A stroke can make it difficult to coordinate muscles for eating.
dys- painful; dificult; abnormal
excessive overeating due to overactive thyroid gland, diabetes, or psych illness.
-ia... condition; state
inflammation and cracking of the lips and corners of the mouth due to infection, allergies, or nutritional deficiency.
-itis.... inflammation of;
a stone (sialolith...sy-AL-oh-lith) that forms in the salivary gland and becomes lodged in the duct, blocking the flow of saliva. Salivary gland, mouth, and face become swollen.
sial/o - saliva/salivary gland
-iasis... state of; process of
inflammation of the oral mucosa.
-itis... inflammation of
consists of small ulcers (canker sores) of the oral mucosa.
-ous... pertaining to
inflammation that involves only the tongue
-itis... inflammation of
indigestion that may be accompanied by gas or nausea. may be caused by excess stomach acid or reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus, spicy foods, stress, overeating.
dsy-painful; difficult; abnormal
-ia... condition; state; thing
swollen, protruding veins in the mucosa of the lower esophagus or stomach. When liver disease causes blood to back up in the large vein from the intestines to the liver, the blood is forced to take an alternate route.
acute or chronic inflammation of the stomach due to spicy foods, excess acid production, or bacterial infection.
acute inflammation or infection of the stomach and intestines due to a virus or bacterium. Symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
-itis... inflammation of
gastroesophageal reflux disease
Inflammation and irritation due to reflux of stomach acid back into the esophagus.
Pyrosis. temporary inflammation of the esphagus due to reflux of stomach acid.
Pyr/o- fire; burning
-osis...abnormal condition; process
vomiting of blood because of bleeding in stomach or esophagus.
Nausea and Vomiting (emesis..EM-eh-sis).
Vomit, or vomitus is the expelled food or chyme.
peptic ulcer disease
chronic irritation, burning pain, and erosion of the mucosa to form an ulcer in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
cancerous tumor in the stomach that starts in the glands in the gastric mucosa.
-oma... tumor; mass
abnormal absence of peristalsis in the small/large intestines.
Postoperative ileus-- occus after intestines are manipulated during abdominal surgery and peristalsis is slow to return.
telescoping of one segment of intestine inside the lumen of the next segment.
Twisting of the intestine around itself because of structural abnormality of the mesentery.
inflammation and infection of the appendix. Undigested material becomes trapped in the lumen of the appendix.
common disorder in babies. crampy adbominal pain soon after eating. can be caused by overfeeding, feeding too quickly, inadequate burping, or food allergies to milk.
-ic.... pertaining to
cancerous tumor of the colon. Occurs when colonic polyps or ulcerative become cancerous. Linked to a high-fat diet.
also known as colorectal adenocarcinoma
-oma... tumor; mass
weakness in the wall of the colon where mucosa forms a pouch or tube. Diverticula can be caused by eating a low-fiber diet that forms small, compact feces. Then, increased intra-abdominal pressure and sraining to pass those feces eventually creates diverticula.
bacterial infectino caused by unusual strain of e.coli, a common bacterium in the large intestine. There is watery diarrhea mixed with blood and mucus.
dys-- painful; difficult; abnormal
-entery... condition of the intestine
gluten sensitivity enteropathy
autoimmune disorder and toxic reaction to the gluten found in certain grain. The small intestine is damaged by the inflammatory response. Known as celiac disease.
inflammatory bowl disease
chronic inflammation of various parts of the small and large intestines. there's diarrhea, bloody feces, bdominal cramps, and fever.
aka "regional enteritis"
affects the ileum and colon. There are areas of normal mucosa, and then finlammation. There are ulcers and thickening of the intestinal wall that can cause partial obstruction in the intestine.
affects the colon and rectum and cuases inflammation and ulcers
irritable bowel syndrome
disorder of the function of the colon, although the mucosa of the colon never shows any visible signs of inflammation. aka "Spastic colon" or "mucous colitis"
small, fleshy bening or precancerous growth in the mucosa of the colon.
has a thin stalk that supports an irregular ball-shaped top.
mound with a broad base.
swollen, protuding veins in the rectum (internal hem) or on the skin around the anus (external hem). This is caused by intra-abdominal pressure from straining during a bowel movement.
inflammation of the rectum due to radiation therapy or ulcers or infection of the rectum
protruding wall of the rectum pushes on the adjacent vaginal wall, causing it to collapse inward and block the vaginal canal.
failure to have regular, soft bowel movements. this can be due to decreased peristalsis, lack of dietary fiber, inadequate water intake, or the side effect of a drug.
constip/o-- compacted feces
-ation... a process
severe, unrelieved constipation that can lead to mechanical obstruction of the bowel. patient is said to be "obstipated."
obstip/o-- severe constipation
hardened feces that becomes a stonelike mass. can form in the ppendix or in the diverticulum. can be seen when an abdominal xray is done.
fec/a-- feces; stool
weakness in the muscle of the diaphragm or abdominal wall. The intestine bulges thru the defect. There's swelling/pain.
They are named according to how easily the intestines can move back into normal position.
incarcerated (irreducible) hernia
the intestine swells in the hernia sac and becomes trapped. the intestine can no longer be pushed back into the abdomen.
incarcer/o- to imprison
-ated.. pertaining to a condition
an incarcerated hernia whose blood supply has been cut off. this leads to tissue death (necrosis).
stomach bulges thru the normal opening in the diaphragm from the esophagus.
hiat/o-- gap; opening
--al... pertaining to
unbilical hernia that is present at birth and is only covered with peritoneum, without any fat or abdominal skin.
inflammation and infection of the peritoneum. occurs when an ulcer or appendix ruptures.
accumulation of ascitic fluid in the abdominopelvic cavity. liver disease and congestive heart failure cause a backup of blood.