Weeds can become a major problem in crop production when not controlled prior to planting. This is especially important in no-till systems. Weeds emerging in late summer through fall can overwinter and flower to set seed in the spring and early summer. Identifying weeds before planting corn can be difficult, especially if plants are in the rosette state of development.
Scouting fields before planting can identify what weeds are present, their population, and their growth stage.1 This information helps to determine what management practices and herbicides would be most effective for protecting the upcoming crop prior to planting and after establishment. For more information, read the Q&A article, Making Decisions Based on Weed Scouting in Corn.
Good weed control during the first four to six weeks after planting is critical for maintaining yield potential. A clean start helps to conserve moisture for the crop, promote good seed-to-soil contact, and helps prevent weeds from binding up planters. For more information on early and late burndown herbicide applications, read Benefits and Limitations of Early Burndown Applications or Benefits and Limitations of Late Burndown Applications.
Considerations for No-Till Systems
Winter annual weeds have become a larger problem in no-till fields due to the limited use of soil residual herbicides and the reliance on postemergence weed control associated with planting herbicide-resistant crops. Marestail has become a difficult to control weed for no-till fields because there are many populations that are glyphosate-resistant.2 It is important to control marestail when it is small, which can require control as soon as equipment can enter the field.3
Fields that have been in no-till production for a few years may have a few scattered patches of weeds, which may not seem economically important to control. However, these patches may have enough time to seed out before a burndown application is made, creating problems in subsequent years.3
Identification of Common Winter Annual and Perennial Weeds
Common weeds to scout for before planting in the Central Corn Belt include marestail, purple deadnettle, henbit, shepherd’s purse, dandelion, chickweed, field pennycress, and lambsquarters.
Marestail, or horseweed, forms a basal rosette after germination and seedlings are covered with coarse hairs. Seedling leaf margins are toothed. Plants develop an erect, columnar shape and flowers are white to pink with yellow centers. Marestail is more susceptible to herbicide application when in the rosette stage. It is important to control marestail before it is more than 4 inches tall.
Purple deadnettle and henbit look similar and can be misidentified. They can be distinguished from each other by looking at the leaves in the upper portions of the stem. Henbit leaves attach directly to the stem while the upper leaves on purple deadnettle have short petioles that attach to the stem (Figure 2).
Shepherd’s purse and dandelion can be distinguished by the lobes in the rosette leaves. Dandelion leaves form points toward the center of the rosette and all parts of the plant exude a milky sap when broken.
Common chickweed (an annual weed) and mouseear chickweed (a perennial weed) have a similar growth habit. Common chickweed leaves are bright light-green, nearly rounded with pointed tips, and hairless (Figure 4). Mouseear chickweed leaves are dark green, elongated, and covered with soft hairs. Common chickweed plants have a single straight row of hairs along the stem.
Field pennycress leaves are hairless and attach directly to the stem with no petiole (Figure 5). When crushed, the plants have a strong odor.
Lambsquarters germinates before corn planting as very small plants with leaves that can be covered with a powdery coating. Leaves form in an opposite pattern and plants can grow almost 6 feet tall. Some lambsquarters may be resistant to ALS-inhibitor and Photosystem II inhibitor herbicides. There may also be reduced sensitivity to glyphosate.4
For more information about managing winter annual weeds, read the Spotlight, Tillage Effects on Weed Management.
1Pittman, K., Flessner, M., and Ackroyd, V. Start the season out right: plant into weed-free fields. https://integratedweedmanagement.org/index.php/iwm-toolbox/cultural-practices/plant-into-weed-free-soil/
2Werle, R. and Sandell, L. 2013. Managing winter annual weeds starts this fall. University of Nebraska. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/managing-winter-annual-weeds-starts-fall.
3Hartzler, B. 2009. Managing winter annual weeds in no-till fields. Iowa State University. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2009/04/managing-winter-annual-weeds-no-till-fields.
4Clay, S.A. 2016. Selected broadleaf weeds in South Dakota corn fields. South Dakota State University. iGrow Corn: Best Management Practices. https://extension.sdstate.edu/sites/default/files/2019-09/S-0003-39-Corn.pdf.
Put these agronomic insights to use. Find products recommended for your fields by local Technical Agronomists.