THE Dark Continent is no longer dark : civilization has brought progress to Africa. In the valleys of the Upper Nile, past the temples of almost forgotten races, and through the deserts of East Africa, Sudan, Uganda and Kenya, the railway engine's whistle disturbs the air. To travel by train and river steamer from Wadi Haifa, in Northern Sudan, to the port of Mombasa, in Kenya, is an unforgettable experience.
Wadi Haifa is the north gateway to Sudan. This town, the capital of the Haifa Province, has played an important part in the modern history of Sudan. In 1896 an expedition under Lord Kitchener fought its way south, while Wadi Haifa served as his base. The foundation of the present Sudan railway system was laid at Wadi Haifa. From it a military railway was originally constructed along the east bank of the Nile to Sarras, later to Akasha and then to Kerma, a navigable part of the Nile some 200 miles south of Wadi Haifa itself. This railway was ultimately abandoned.
Another military railway was begun on January 1, 1897, during the same campaign, and the track extended southwards over the desert to Abu Hamed and beyond to Khartoum. The line, 576 miles long, was the beginning of the Sudan system. This second line, which once carried reinforcements and supplies to the British troops, now forms part of the present Sudan railway to Atbara, and then on either to Port Sudan or Khartoum.
The gauges in Africa vary in dimension from the 4 ft. 8-1/2 in. system on the Egyptian Government railways to the miniature gauge of 2 ft. 6 in. in Sierra Leone. In the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan the gauge is 3 ft. 6 in. The locomotives most frequently employed by the Sudan Government railways are the "Mikado" type, 2-8-2 wheel arrangement, for heavy goods and passenger traffic ; the "Atlantic" type, 4-4-2 wheel arrangement, for express trains ; and finally the "Prairie" type, 2-6-2 wheel arrangement, used chiefly for mixed traffic. The Sudan railways own 160 locomotives of these types which operate over 2,019 miles, while the steamer services working in conjunction cover about 3,700 miles.
The journey south from Wadi Haifa is carried out in trains specially built to protect passengers from the heat of this torrid region, where sun-blinds can never be drawn up, and where the rain falls for no more than a total of five hours in one year. In the well-furnished dining-saloon and the Sleeping-car everything is arranged to keep the traveller as cool and comfortable as possible.
From Wadi Haifa the train leaves the winding banks of the Nile and crosses the Nubian desert. For 250 miles there is nothing but vast stretches of sand, relieved only by rocks, until the train reaches Abu Hamed, on the Nile.
Here the landscape begins to change. Pleasant villages and strips of cultivated land glide past the window.
Two hundred miles from Khartoum, the capital of the Sudan, the train reaches Atbara, where the river Atbara joins the Nile. The town of Atbara forms a railway junction for an important line branching off to Port Sudan on the Red Sea.
Khartoum itself is a large town and, although built on the banks of the Nile, lies 1,200 ft. above sea level. With its wide tree and grass-bordered avenues, Khartoum comes as a welcome contrast after the Nubian desert.
It is a city with many historic associations, and the Governor-General's palace is erected on the site of the building in which General Gordon lived, and in which he was killed by the Dervishes on January 26, 1885.
Khartoum possesses all the amenities of civilization. It has a racecourse, golf course, tennis courts and fine public buildings. Its railway station is both large and modern. But, to remind us that the desert is at hand, tropical shrubs grow along the side of the wide, uncovered platforms.
The work of the engineers in building a railway across desert country usually brings its own special problems, but the task of track maintenance through this desert often becomes a matter of extreme difficulty, as when a north-cast wind prevails the sand may drift across the line for miles. Gangs are sent out on hand-propelled trolleys to clear cuttings that have become silted up. Various attempts to protect the track by erecting artificial barriers have proved useless. The method of planting grass near the track, often adopted in other sandy districts, is not possible, either, for the scanty rainfall will not permit it. In some of the most notorious patches of the desert, where the sand never seems to cease drifting, the railway line has to make a detour.
Although the rainfall is often practically negligible for many years on end, the day comes when a cloudburst will suddenly occur and flood a whole section of the region. This means a "wash-out" ; traffic may be delayed for many days. Repair outfits are rushed up to the affected area, and the job of restoring damaged embankments and clearing the line proceeds as fast as possible, in order to restore communication once again. A particularly bad wash-out sometimes necessitates a repair gang spending many days in the desert, and the breakdown outfit has to take drinking water and provisions with it.
On from Khartoum the Sudan Railway runs for another 430 miles or so to Sennar Junction, near the famous Sennar Dam. At Sennar the main line turns sharply to the west and finally terminates at El Obeid. There is also another line running eastwards which passes over the Dam across the Blue Nile. This line then turns northwards and links up with the Atbara-Port Sudan line at Haiya Junction, and consequently offers another route from the Red Sea to the interior of the Sudan.
A traveller who wishes to reach Mombasa from Khartoum will take a train bound for Kosti. At Kosti he will then take a river steamer for Juba. Juba lies close to the borders of Kenya and Uganda, and is the southern gateway to Sudan.
The journey south of Khartoum takes the traveller through a district called the "Gezira." The "Gezira" is an extensive and well-irrigated plain situated between the Blue and White Niles. On this plain, across which the railway line is laid, a fine quality long-staple cotton grows. The cultivation of this cotton is made possible only by water drawn from the dam at Sennar. On either side of the line, the traveller will have a splendid view of mile upon mile of green fields reaching to the horizon.
Situated at a distance of 237 miles from Khartoum is Kosti, the river port for Juba and South Sudan. From here the journey to Juba must be undertaken by river steamer.
This river trip brings the traveller nearer the equator, and owing to certain areas being infected with sleeping sickness, European and American travellers, unless they are in possession of a special permit from the Sudan Medical Service, have to travel to their destination by authorized routes. Juba is the headquarters of a province, Mongalla, and is the terminus of the Sudan Railways' steamer service. The next stage in the journey to Mombasa is by the railway-owned motor transport to Nimule. The transport road covers a distance of 100 miles. At Nimule, on the Uganda border, the motor transport is replaced by that of the Kenya and Uganda Railway. From Nimule to Namasagali the traveller is once more conveyed first by river steamer and then by motor. At Namasagali he boards the Kenya and Uganda train running direct to Mombasa.
The first Uganda Railway was opened for service in 1901, and ran from Mombasa to Kisumu on Lake Victoria. In 1910 another line was built from Jinja on Lake Victoria to Namasagali, which connected up the Lakes of Victoria and Kioga. The two separate sections of railway were linked up in 1928, so that it is now possible to travel direct from Namasagali to Mombasa.
Namasagali, the starting-point of the last part of the journey, is the headquarters of the Kenya and Uganda Railway and Harbours Marine Service on Lake Kioga and Kwana. Trains connect here with steamers which serve the settlements on the lakes.
Steaming out of Namasagali the train climbs out of the Victoria Basin and crosses the border between Uganda and Kenya at Tororo. Beyond Tororo the line runs comparatively smoothly across the Uasin-Gishu Plateau.
The Uasin-Gishu Plateau is approximately 90 miles long by 30 miles broad, with an altitude varying from 5,933 ft. at Turbo to 9,150 ft. at Timboroa, where the railway reaches the summit of the Mau Escarpment. The Mau Escarpment is a wall of tumbled masses of hills rising in succession one above the other, in some places separated by deep ravines. This escarpment guards the famous Great Rift Valley. Hemmed in by impressive cliffs, this depression contains a world of its own. Mountains, hills and volcanoes rise up from its lake-studded floor.
At this point the train rapidly descends and passes through patches of primeval forests, remnants of the jungle through which the engineers had to hack their way when building this stretch, which is little less than a mountain railway. During the 43-miles journey from Timboroa to Nakuru, in the valley, there is a descent of 2,251 ft., and in 73 miles there are no fewer than twenty-seven viaducts.
On this stretch of the route the train passes the station of Equator. This station is situated exactly on the equator line.
Part of this country, through which the train now travels, formerly belonged to the Masai tribe, at one time one of the most warlike of the African tribes. When it was first proposed to build the Kenya and Uganda Railway, an eminent statesman, who criticized the scheme, declared : "For every mile of rail laid through the country of the Masai, you will sacrifice the life of a white man." But the railway builders went steadily forward, and the grim prophecy failed to materialize, for scarcely any opposition was offered to the railhead's advance. The Masai merely regarded the steam-engine with awe and curiosity.
Fifty miles or so beyond Timboroa comes Nakuru Junction, where the railway lines divides, one line continuing on to Nairobi and Mombasa, the other, the original pioneer line, turning westwards and proceeding to Kisumu in the Kavirondo Gulf, Lake Victoria.
Just above Nakuru there are incomparable views of its nearby lake, with the surrounding hills reflected in its placid surface."
After Nakuru the next feature of interest in the Great Rift Valley is Lake Naivasha, which the railway line skirts The lake nestles in a semi-circle of volcanic hills, and is 15 miles across between its widest points. It is believed that the beautiful emerald waters, fringed with lilies, fill a volcanic depression, and that the island in the middle is part of the rim of an age-old submerged volcano.
South of this picturesque lake the railway passes a hot spring region where steam jets and sulphur-impregnated waters bubble. Because of this the country—which abounds with game-is as dangerous as it is beautiful. The mysterious outlines of queer hills suggest romance, and it was this district which inspired some of Rider Haggard's famous African stories.
A few miles from Naivasha comes Kijabe Station, situated on the lower part ot the slope which leads up to the southern escarpment bounding the Great Rift Valley. After a long climb the train reaches the escarpment station at the top, and has crossed the 128 miles across the valley
When the railway was being constructed, this difference ot 450 ft. between Kijabe Station and the summit of the climb from the. valley caused a delay in the progress of construction. Eventually a method was discovered whereby the line could be taken down the cliff side with a reasonable gradient. Before this was possible many plans had to be drafted and re-drafted.
The solution of the difficulty was to take the line down the escarpment on an artificial sloping shelf hewn from the rock. The track had to wind and twist in an astonishing fashion so that this easy gradient could be obtained, and so that it would not be necessary to use a rack-rail. The section between the escarpment and Kijabe Station required many cuttings, embankments and viaducts.
This engineering feat, assisted by suitable engines, now enables trains on the Kenya and Uganda Railway to negotiate frequent gradients of 1 in 50. One of the most common types of locomotive used is the large Garratt-type articulated engines.
The latest introduced on the railway, weighing 134 tons, has a boiler pressure of 170 lb., a tractive effort of 35,520 lb., carries 5,250 gallons of water and 6 tons of coal. The driving wheels are 3 ft. 7 in. diameter. The wheel arrangement is 4-8-2+2-8-4
Not far trom Kijabe is Nairobi, the most important station on the main line, and the capital of Kenya. The town lies 5,452 ft. above sea-level, and is 330 miles from the coast, It is not only the capital of the colony, but is also the last of the large towns before the coast. Nairobi possesses many first-class hotels, and is a popular starting-point for big-game hunters, and all the equipment for a "safari" can be bought in the town. Nairobi, in vivid contrast to the country of bubbling waters and grim, almost evil, peaks and crags in the Rift Valley, possesses an aerodrome, a cathedral, theatres and a racecourse, and, like Khartoum, is a civilized oasis surrounded by country that is almost primitive.
This is emphasized almost as soon as the train leaves Nairobi. In spite of the fact that the train passes through miles of rich farm land over the plains of Kapiti and Athi, the country teems with roaming herds of antelope, zebra, waterbuck and lions. Lions sometimes hold up a train by lying in the sun across the rails and refusing to move until the locomotive's shrill whistle frightens them off.
From these plains there, is a descent of 1,200 ft. through a 30-mile causeway of tumbled hills and steep ravines to Konza, from which a branch line runs to a soda-lake of the Great Rift Valley, 3,500 ft. below.
After this rapid descent, which is another striking reminder of the difficulties which the pioneers encountered and defeated, the line crosses through the Emali plains. These plains are in the shape of a mighty grassland amphitheatre surrounded by hills of every shape and size, and the train passes from shelf to shelf of the uplands that lie behind the East African coast-line, through a game reserve.
This reserve forms a splendid natural zoo, and, as the train passes by, wild animals can be seen in their natural state. These plains form an intermediate country between Nairobi and the coastal belt.
In this region, 130 miles from Mombasa, a bridge had to be built during the construction of the railway. Although the river had cut a channel between two lofty banks, the bridge was not a spectacular one. It was to consist of four spans, each of 60 ft., carried on three substantial stone piers. Since there was a complete absence of the facilities generally available for such work—neither a crane nor a derrick was at the engineers' disposal—the setting of the steel took an unusually long time and held up the advance of the railway.
But, besides technical difficulties, there was another reason for delay. A large camp had settled on the east side of the river, and the building of the bridge was proceeding quite peacefully when a number of lions appeared in the night. The man-eaters snatched up sleeping natives and bore them away into the jungle. Methods of defence were adopted in vain. At last the engineers were compelled to organize expeditions to kill as many lions as possible.
Descending continually from the plains towards the coastal belt, the Namasagali-Mombasa train passes through the former Taru desert, which was a desert in the real sense of the word. No man could exist there for any length of time. And yet a great part of this land has since been cultivated. But so pitiless was this former waste that natives working on the pioneer railway, fearing death from thirst, refused to proceed any farther when they reached the desert. To combat the water difficulty, the builders had huge tanks placed on flat-deck trucks and established a regular water-train service. Crossing this one-time desert the trains descend 1,130 ft. in fifty miles.
The last stretch of line before the traveller reaches his destination lies through a pleasant and luxurious fruit belt extending some fourteen miles from the coast. Tropical fruits grow here in rich profusion, while tall palms and great mango trees cast varying shadows as they are stirred by breezes from the sea.
To gain Mombasa, on its island, the railway has to cross the Macupa Bridge, which connects the mainland by road as well as by rail.
The island is nearly encircled by the two arms of the mainland, the new harbour of Kilindini and the old harbour of Mombasa lying respectively west and east. Kilindini Harbour is the most sheltered port on the east coast of Africa and can berth a large number of ocean liners. The Kenya and Uganda Railway main line runs right along the side of the harbour, and the passengers on the train can make a swift change-over from a trans-desert, trans-jungle express to an ocean-going liner.
Mombasa, the terminus after the long journey from Cairo in Egypt or Wadi Haifa in the Sudan, is a colourful town. Picturesque narrow bazaars of the old Arab town, with some of the native buildings adapted to present-day requirements, stand side by side with modern business houses. As the train approaches the harbour a fine view can be had of either side of the channel formed by the island and the mainland ; the shores are lined with trees and vegetation, and the white buildings with their red roofs add to the brilliance of this tropical scene.
During recent years the Kenya and Uganda Railway has made steady progress, and the total track open to traffic at the end of December, 1933, was estimated at 1,625 miles. In that same year the railway's earnings amounted to £2,088,162, as compared with £1,838,661 in the previous year. These figures are striking evidence of the progress of British railway enterprise in East Africa.
The traffic upon this line has exceeded the most optimistic anticipations.
The story behind the last part of the journey from Lake Victoria is worth telling. The original line, which extended from Mombasa to the terminus at the head of the Kavirondo Gulf, was built so that troops could be sent to assist in the suppression of the slave trade. The early railway lines in this territory were accordingly constructed primarily for military purposes. This was followed, after the beginning of the line, by the requirements of British development in Uganda, to hasten the completion of the connecting line of rail and water transport between Lake Victoria and the coast. The first real service given by the railway was in 1897—a little less than a year after the first rail had been brought to Mombasa—when Major MacDonald and a large military caravan for Uganda were conveyed across the Taru Desert for sixty-five miles.
The caravan consisted of reinforcements dispatched to assist in the quelling of a rebellion in Uganda. The relief arrived in time to save the small white colony from massacre.
The length of the line between Mombasa Island and Kisumu—formerly Port Florence—is 587 miles. The last rail linking these places was laid in 1901. Two steamships were transported from England in sections which could easily be taken over this new line, and the first vessel was rebuilt at Kisumu, 1902. These vessels began to ply on Lake Victoria and enlarged trade routes.
The next extension of the railway was made imperative by continual development in other parts of Kenya and Uganda. The extension began with the building in Uganda of the Busoga Railway, a connecting link between Lakes Victoria and Kioga.
Other extensions began in Kenya, notably the Thika line, since taken on to Nanyuki, at the foot of the western slopes of Mount Kenya, some 140 miles from Nairobi. The Magadi Soda Company also built a ninety-one-mile branch line to transport their products from a soda lake in the Great Rift Valley. The branch is now controlled by the Kenya and Uganda railway authorities.
When the War came in 1914 all rail development, apart from one single strategic line, stopped. A new era in the East African railway world started, however, in 1923, and an increase in the number of miles in operation has never ceased since that date. In 1915 there were only 777 miles in this territory ; to-day there are 1,625 miles open.
One of the most important recent enterprises was the Uasin-Gishu line, which serves a high plateau on the west side of the Great Rift Valley. This line, now running to Kampala, is a main trunk line. Various branches have been built in order to meet the needs of the Eastern Province of Uganda and its environs.
The railways operating in this part of the world are comfortable and well-equipped. All the first-class corridor coaches comprise four- and two-berth compartments. Each compartment has its own wash basin, folding table, electric fan and reading lights over the sleeping berths. The second-class coaches are divided into four-berth compartments.
On the corridor coaches used for any long distance, journey there are filters from which boiled water may be obtained.
The journeys through Africa are as romantic as any in the world. On the trip from Wadi Haifa to Mombasa the traveller can see Roman fortresses, ancient temples of lost races, the beauty of the Nile and the desert, myriads of wild beasts and miles of the strangest-looking territory.
The work of the pioneers, and the sacrifice of human life involved in the building of the railway in tropical Africa, have not been in vain. The Wadi Haifa-Mombasa route is only one example of the ease and comfort of railway travel in Africa to-day. Less than a century ago, the Sudan, Kenya and Uganda were impenetrable fastnesses, locked doors to civilization and to colonization.
To-day, a journey as comfortable as any in the world can be taken from Cairo to Cape Town, or from one side of the vast continent of Africa to the other—from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean. But the network of railways across Africa is still far from complete, and many difficulties confront the future railway engineers who may wish to link up the various systems. The most outstanding of the difficulties is the gauge problem. Most of the railways, for instance, in the Union of South Africa and in the countries of Equatorial Africa possess a 3 ft. 6 in. gauge, while the railways of Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda have a metre gauge. The authorities have frequently considered the possibility of converting the metre gauge lines in these territories to the 3 ft. 6 in. gauge. The question of having new locomotives and rolling stock, and new sleepers specially designed so that they can, if necessary, be adapted at short notice to the broader 3 ft. 6 in. gauge, has also been considered. It has been calculated that such a procedure would greatly reduce the otherwise large expenses of conversion.
It is, of course, impossible to forecast exactly what direction railway development will take in Africa, but if during the next twenty years the numerous railways extend inland—the growth of each system has generally been from the coast—at the same rate of progress as during the last twenty, it is not improbable that through-railway connexions will be established between the Sudan, Belgian Congo, Portuguese West and East Africa, Rhodesia, Kenya, Uganda, and Nigeria and the Union of South Africa.