(1922–2013). American performer and political activist José Sarria was the first openly gay person to run for public office in the United States. In 1961 he ran unsuccessfully for a seat on the Board of Supervisors for San Francisco, California. The board is the legislative body of the city and county. Sarria also performed for many years as a drag queen (a man who dresses in women’s clothes and entertains audiences). At various times he was called Absolute Empress I, the Widow Norton, Empress José I, and the Nightingale of Montgomery Street.
José Julio Sarria was born on December 12, 1922, in San Francisco. He was the only child of a Colombian mother. His father was a San Franciscan who had no role in his life. As a young man, Sarria served in World War II. When he returned to the United States, he trained to become a teacher. However, he was arrested on a “morals” charge (related to his sexual orientation) and thereafter barred from teaching.
Eventually Sarria took a job as a waiter at the Black Cat Cafe in San Francisco. There he began singing while waiting tables. He started his long career as a drag performer soon after. He performed campy versions of notable operas, peppered with local references and humorous commentary. His popularity turned the Black Cat into a world-famous gay bar and a place of community for gay men.
Sarria gradually increased his political remarks in his shows, which made him a pioneer in gay political theater. He also became a political activist. When police harassed the LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) community, Sarria encouraged his followers to stand up for themselves. He advised them to demand a jury trial rather than to pay a fine and thus seem to admit to guilt. Sarria was known for the slogan “United we stand, divided they arrest us one by one.”
Although Sarria did not win a seat on the Board of Supervisors in 1961, his campaign drew attention to the potential political strength of the LGBTQ community. His activism paved the way for later successful campaigns by openly gay candidates such as Harvey Milk. Milk was elected to the Board of Supervisors 16 years after Sarria’s bid.
Sarria helped found a number of gay organizations. They included the League for Civil Education (1960; later, SIR, the Society for Individual Rights) and the Tavern Guild of San Francisco (1962). In 1965 Sarria founded the Imperial Court of San Francisco (now the International Court System). It is an association of charitable organizations that raises money primarily for gay causes. With dozens of chapters in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, it is one of the largest LGBTQ organizations in the world.
Sarria appeared as a judge of the drag-queen ball in the opening sequence of the 1995 film To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything, Julie Newmar. San Francisco honored his legacy by renaming a section of a street after him. The city also added a plaque that notes Sarria’s contributions and installed it in front of the Harvey Milk Memorial Branch of the San Francisco Public Library. Sarria died on August 19, 2013, in Los Ranchos de Albuquerque, New Mexico.