German researchers develop wireless data bridge to combat ‘last mile’ problem
By Alyssa Dalton
October 10, 2012 – A team of researchers in Germany say they have created a new way to overcome many of the issues associated with bringing high-speed digital communications across challenging terrain and into remote areas, commonly referred to as the “last mile” problem.
These researchers have developed a record-speed wireless data bridge that transmits digital information much faster than today’s state-of-the-art systems, they explain.
“Unprecedented speeds”, up to 20 billion bits of data per second, were achieved by using higher frequencies than those typically used in mobile communications—the wireless bridge operates at 200 gigahertz (GHz) (two orders of magnitude greater than cell phone frequencies).
“An inexpensive, flexible, and easy-to-implement solution to the ‘last mile’ problem is the use of wireless technology,” explained Swen Koenig, a researcher at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology’s (KIT) Institute of Photonics and Quantum Electronics. “Instead of investing in the cost of digging trenches in the ground and deploying ducts for the fibers, data is transmitted via the air—over a high-speed wireless link.”
In this type of setup, the optical fiber infrastructure is used up to its ending point and then connected to a wireless gateway. This gateway converts the optical data to electrical millimeter-wave signals that feed an antenna. The transmitting antenna “illuminates” a corresponding receiving antenna. At the receiving point, the electrical signal is directed toward its final destination, either using another wireless channel in a relay technique via copper wire or a coaxial (TV) cable or with an optical fiber. Wireless links also serve as a bridging element in fiber optic networks, if obstacles and difficult-to-access terrain such as lakes, valleys, or construction sites are in its pathway.
“The challenge in integrating a wireless link into a fiber optic environment is to ensure that the wireless link supports data rates comparable to those of the optical link—ideally about 100 gigabits per second (Gbit/s)—and that it’s transparent to the data,” said Igmar Kallfass, a researcher and the project’s leader at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics IAF, as well as a professor at KIT. “Besides optoelectronic conversion, no further processing must be involved before the signals reach the antenna. This also holds for the receiving part in a reversed sequence.”
Multi-gigabit wireless transmission demands multi-GHz bandwidths, which are only available at much larger frequencies than mobile communications normally use. Millimeter-wave frequencies—radio frequencies in the range of 30-300 GHz—fulfill this need, explained the researchers.
“For our experiment, we use state-of-the-art electronic up- and down-converter modules developed at the Fraunhofer IAF. Previously, wireless data transmission at frequencies greater than 200 GHz with electronic up- and down-converters was virtually unexplored,” said Kallfass.
“In our first indoor experiment, the wireless transmission distance was limited to 50 centimeters, which we’ve now increased to 20 meters,” Kallfass continued. “The second wireless gateway performs the inverse operation of the first gateway by an electronic down-converter module. Eventually, the electrical signal is again encoded onto laser light and transmitted over the second fiber span.”
This experiment was carried out within the framework of the MILLILINK project led by the Fraunhofer IAF and funded by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education. Other partners include: KIT, Siemens Corporate Research and Technologies, Kathrein, and Radiometer Physics. The consortium is supported by Deutsche Telekom and Telent.