Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA. 1993.
James Anderson was a blacksmith in Williamsburg Virginia during the American war with Britain. From 1762 until 1780, Anderson operated a smithy in Williamsburg making and repairing iron tools and implements. In addition to his blacksmith business, he was also public armorer beginning in 1766. In 1780 he moved his business to Richmond, Virginia, when the seat of government was moved to that city.
Updated December 20, 2008.
Anderson ran a successful and growing business and accordingly he added additional workshop space and forges. There are a total of 7 forges in the Anderson blacksmith shop. The focus of this page is on the brick and timber hooded style forge and two of the brick side-draft style forges - all of which are located in the 'new' larger annex in the rear of the Anderson shop. In addition to the 3 forges shown on this page, there is also a large enclosed medieval style brick forge that is out of sight behind the camera man. Two more enclosed medieval style forges are in an older part of the shop that is also behind the camera man, and another (possibly side-draft forge?) is just barely visible through the doorway to another room behind the blacksmiths working at the side-draft forges in these photos. The chimney is just barely visible behind one of the blacksmiths. See if you can find it.
Anderson employed journeyman gunsmiths and blacksmiths, and he also employed nail makers and up to 9 apprentices at one time. With 7 fires lit, this was a very busy blacksmith shop.
Want to see these forges being used by real blacksmiths? Check out the two videos filmed at Colonial Williamsburg and described near the bottom of this page.
Historical recreation of Anderson's original smithy. Like many other old buildings, the original Anderson's blacksmith shop had long since disappeared. Archeologists and architectural historians reconstructed the outline of the Anderson shop after studying the excavation of the original workshop site. The Anderson blacksmith shop today at Colonial Williamsburg is a hand-made reconstruction of that original shop. After careful study, local craftsmen reconstructed not only the building, but the forges in the style common of the era and possibly very similar to what actually was built in the original workshop.
Hooded style forge: (Photos at right) The hearth measures roughly 4 feet square - large and very comfortable to work with. The chimney and large corbelled hood all made of brick. Corbelling of the hood and the gentle sloping entrance into the chimney are covered with mortar plaster to smooth their surface and appearance. A timber lintel supports the hood and is held up by wrought iron rods fixed into the masonry. The hood is located high above the fire and drafts on a windy day can blow smoke into the shop. In the photo (far right) the smith is pulling the rope to operate the bellows. The bellows are located overhead and behind the forge so that they take up less workspace.
Side-draft or hoodless style forges: (Photos at right) "Hoodless forge" refers to a chimney design that does not use a large overbearing hood above the fire, though it is common to see a very small sheet iron shroud and a little bit of brick corbelling above the fire to help guide the smoke into the chimney. "Side-draft" describes specifically the action or way that this style of chimney works - smoke entering the chimney sideways through an opening near the fire. Two hoodless forges are built side by side in the large shop annex. Both forges (photo middle right) have small sheet metal shrouds above the flames of the fire, to help guide smoke into the chimneys. The corbelling appears to be more decorative than useful because it does not appear to guide smoke into the chimney, however the corbeling might indicate the shape of the inside of the chimneys. The hearths appeared to be roughly 4 foot square. Bellows are all located overhead and behind the forges, with levers extending over the smiths heads and pull ropes attached to the ends of the bellows levers so that the smiths can easily pump the bellows while standing near their fires. A hole built at hearth-level into the backs of each chimney provides access to the fire pits and tuyeres and connections with the air blast pipes from the bellows. Photo near right- detail of one of the great bellows mounted overhead. Photo middle right- blacksmith pulling the overhead rope or lever to pump the bellows for his fire. Photo far right- view behind the forges.
Work benches and tool storage. Work benches along the walls in the large 'new' annex get plenty of natural light from nearby windows during daytime. Large vises are mounted to heavy timbers set deep in the ground near the forges. The smiths mounted their vises to the wooden timbers rather than the solid brick of the forge because if the vise were mounted to solid masonry of the forge structure, the concussion from pounding on the vise would quickly tear itself out of the mounting holes in the masonry. The heavy timber buried deep in the earth, offers substantial stability to the vise while the smith is twisting and bending and pounding on work in the vise. Small timber frames built behind the forges offer storage space for hardies and other tools. In front of each forge is a water barrel for cooling the iron, the barrels neatly tucked into the little space between the vise mounting posts and front of the forge hearths.
The Dean Shop
Before building the Anderson Blacksmith shop, the blacksmiths at Colonial Williamsburg worked out of the ground floor of the harness maker's shop - the Dean Shop. The forge in the Dean Shop was a fully enclosed medieval style forge made of brick, similar to a fireplace hearth that is raised up to the level of a dinner table. Examples of some of the small historical reproduction items made by these blacksmiths are displayed on the table near the lower edges of the photos (photos at right).
A Medieval Style Enclosed Forge: (Click on the thumbnail photos at right) This enclosed style forge adds an almost "cozy" atmosphere to the shop. The forge is enclosed on three sides by the masonry walls of the hood and chimney. Although the forge appears too small for heating long bars of iron in their middles, long bars can in fact be heated by first passing one end of the bar through a small hole built into the rear of the masonry hood.
Hammerman in Williamsburg, produced in 1973 and filmed in the Dean Shop at Colonial Williamsburg. Hammerman in Williamsburg is a fictional portrayal of the life of a colonial era blacksmith, with John Allgood forging items and repairs needed for daily life during that era. The enclosed medieval style forge is used in this video.
Forged In Wood - Building Anderson's Blacksmith Shop, chronicles the archeology and building of the Anderson's Blacksmith shop at Colonial Williamsburg during the mid-1980's, as a reproduction of the original building the way historians believe it appeared more than two centuries ago. Three of the forges on this webpage (the large hooded forge and two of the hoodless forges) are used in this video.
About Colonial Williamsburg
Colonial Williamsburg is open all year round and is located in Williamsburg, Virginia, USA. Colonial Williamsburg website : http://www.history.org/ . The museum has many other master craftsman and tradesman offering a realistic example of how people lived and worked during the colonial era in America. Visitors should plan to have at least one full day for a visit.
Information about James Anderson - The Blacksmith in Eighteenth-Century Williamsburg. Williamsburg Craft Series booklet published by Colonial Williamsburg, and available at the Colonial Williamsburg gift shop.
Updated December 20, 2008.
Original published April 22nd, 1999.
Readers who have knowledge or documentation on this shop are invited to mail the author at the email address below.
Latest update December 20, 2008.
The author can be emailed at address in picture below: