Written asthma action plans are an essential part of effective asthma management, but very few adult patients have them.
The key components of a written asthma action plan are how to recognise deteriorating asthma, what treatment to use and when to seek medical help. A section on the first aid to give in an emergency can also be included.
An action plan should be simple and personalised. Most plans advise patients to increase the dose and frequency of their inhaled treatments. Oral corticosteroids are advised for severe exacerbations.
Asthma action plans should be reviewed at least once a year.
For the last 20 years, guidelines have recommended that all patients with asthma, regardless of severity, should have a personal asthma action plan giving instructions for how to recognise and respond to worsening asthma. The plan should be written, so the patient has a record of the instructions. It should describe the actions they should take, including changes in treatment and when to seek health care. Plans should be personalised for the patient’s level of asthma control, their treatment, and their capability for appropriate self-management. Despite systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials supporting the benefits of written asthma action plans as part of self-management education,1,2 only a small minority of people have one.3 Although a lack of time contributes, uncertainty about therapeutic options is a significant barrier to provision of written asthma action plans by health professionals.4,5
Before writing an asthma action plan
Ask the patient about their usual triggers for worsening asthma, the words they use to describe it,6 and the typical time frame. Patients with a history of sudden deterioration should be encouraged to seek medical care early. They should be referred for investigation of trigger factors and to assess if they have poor perception of airway obstruction. Also, ask what the patient usually does in response to worsening asthma, as this may alert you to problematic health beliefs or use of complementary therapies.
If asthma is not currently well controlled, write a temporary action plan. Update it once any change in maintenance management has been effective.
Action plan templates
Writing and reviewing action plans are required components of the Asthma Cycle of Care Service Incentive Payment available to Australian general practitioners. Preparing an action plan is simplified by using a template, which pre-prints some information and provides prompts for the personalised instructions. Clinicians should become familiar with a small number of action plan templates relevant to their practice population.
Tear-off action plan pads are available free of charge from the Department of Health and Ageing,* and new wallet-sized action plan cards were launched by the National Asthma Council in 2011. A range of action plan templates, some with translations, are available for free download from the National Asthma Council website,7 including specific templates for children and for patients using the budesonide/ eformoterol as maintenance and reliever regimen. Action plan templates are also available in some practice software packages.
What an action plan template should include
Check that your template includes prompts or spaces for:
- the patient’s name
- current preventer and reliever drugs and doses
- the level of symptoms or peak flow at which they should move to the next step in the plan
- specific treatment changes for each step
- when to contact their general practitioner or a hospital
- the doctor’s name and phone number
- the date.
For most patients, symptom-based action points are sufficient.2 Peak flow monitoring is only needed for patients with severe asthma, frequent exacerbations, or poor perception of airway obstruction.
Prescribing options for worsening asthma
A wide variety of criteria have been proposed for defining mild or moderate exacerbations, but none has been validated.10 Instead, the clinician should specify a level of symptoms and reliever use which is beyond the usual range of the patient’s day-to-day variation. It is important to customise the plan to the patient’s usual status, to avoid over- or underuse of the action plan. Night waking is an important (but late) indicator of worsening asthma.
If asthma worsens, remind the patient to use their reliever inhaler, for example salbutamol, as often as needed. Although this may seem obvious, patients with well-controlled asthma often need a prompt to keep a reliever inhaler on hand.
For patients taking conventional fixed-dose inhaled corticosteroids or inhaled corticosteroids with long-acting beta2 agonists, current guidelines do not recommend doubling the dose of inhaled corticosteroid when asthma worsens. However, the evidence for not increasing the dose was from placebo-controlled studies in which the extra inhaled corticosteroids were not started until around five days after the patient’s asthma began to worsen.11 A recommendation to double preventer medication may be useful for some patients to remind them to take at least some, since poor adherence may have contributed to the deterioration.
Recently, there has been some evidence to support increasing inhaled corticosteroids to high doses for worsening asthma.11 This can be done by quadrupling the usual dose of inhaled corticosteroid or, for those using a combination corticosteroid/longacting beta2 agonist inhaler, adding a high-dose corticosteroid inhaler (for example adding fluticasone 250 microgram inhaler or ciclesonide 160 microgram two puffs twice daily by spacer to the patient’s usual preventer regimen). This approach may be helpful for patients who have major adverse effects with oral corticosteroids. It may be unsuitable if cost is a major issue, or for people such as singers who use their voice professionally, for whom a small risk of dysphonia may be unacceptable.
For patients using the combination of salmeterol with fluticasone, ensure that the action plan prescribes a dose that will provide the recommended dose of salmeterol (100 microgram/day). For example, if the usual dose is salmeterol/fluticasone 25/125 one puff twice daily, increase it to at least two puffs twice daily during exacerbations.
Patients prescribed the combination of budesonide with eformoterol as maintenance and reliever therapy should be reminded to use extra as-needed inhalations (100/6 or 200/6) as symptoms increase. The combined daily maximum for either formulation is 12 inhalations, but such high usage is uncommon.
When asthma improves
Patients prescribed conventional fixed-dose inhaled corticosteroids or inhaled corticosteroids with long-acting beta 2 agonists should be prompted to continue any increased dose for two weeks and to contact the clinician if they do not improve within two weeks or are worsening. Patients using the budesonide/eformoterol combination inhaler as maintenance and reliever therapy should reduce their as-needed inhalations as symptoms improve
Prescribing options when asthma is severe
There are no validated objective criteria for activating the severe section of an action plan. For each patient, the clinician should specify a level of symptoms or peak flow at which urgent action would be needed to prevent serious outcomes such as hospitalisation. Typical indicators for this step might be failure to improve after 2–3 days on the previous step, or rapid deterioration, or needing the reliever again within three hours. For patients using budesonide/eformoterol as maintenance and reliever therapy, addition of oral corticosteroids should be considered if the patient exceeds six reliever inhalations a day or is not improving over 2–3 days.
Emphasise that for short periods the reliever can be used as often as needed, but that if it is needed more than four-hourly, medical review should be obtained. If the patient is using a metered dose inhaler, the reliever should be inhaled through a spacer (one puff at a time, shaking the inhaler between each puff) to improve effectiveness.8,9 Stress that a nebuliser is not needed, as inhaler plus spacer is just as effective.12
For severe exacerbations, a short course of prednisolone, started by the patient following agreed criteria, is the recommended option. These criteria should state when the patients should also call their doctor or go to hospital.
Evidence for adults supports a daily dose of 50 mg (2 x 25 mg tablets) for a period of five days. Longer courses are not usually needed, so there is no need to taper the dose except if adverse effects are troublesome or treatment has been continued for more than two weeks.5 It is important to discuss potential adverse effects such as irritability, depression, insomnia and weight gain, to emphasise that these resolve quickly, and to advise that the dose can be adjusted in future. Insomnia is reduced by taking prednisolone in the morning rather than twice daily.
While underuse of prednisolone is a danger for patients who experience depression, irritability or increased weight, a tendency to overuse (and hence greater risk of osteoporosis and cataracts) may be seen in patients who experience euphoria. Patients with diabetes should be asked to check their blood glucose more often when taking oral steroids as they may need to adjust their treatment.
Remind patients to keep taking their preventer medication during severe exacerbations. Explain that although they are also taking an oral corticosteroid, inhaled corticosteroids work by a different mechanism so both are needed.
When asthma improves
Additional inhaled therapy should be continued for at least a week after symptoms resolve. Arrange for a follow-up visit after any severe exacerbation, to identify the trigger and assess whether maintenance treatment needs to be modified. The action plan should also be reviewed (see Box).
The final section of a written asthma action plan often provides information about asthma first aid. Ask the patient to show this section, about what to do in an emergency, to their friends and family. Asthma first aid training is available through asthma foundations and other organisations.† The basic principle for pressurised metered dose inhalers is ‘4 x 4 x 4’ – that is, a single puff separately into a spacer followed by four breaths through the spacer, shaking the inhaler between each puff; this is repeated four times. After another four minutes the process is repeated again.
Terbutaline or budesonide/eformoterol, by dry powder inhaler, may also be used for first aid. Give an initial two inhalations then repeat after a few minutes.
If the patient obtains little or no improvement, is having difficulty speaking or their lips turn blue, call an ambulance and say someone is having a severe asthma attack. Keep giving reliever medication while waiting for the ambulance. Emphasise to patients that in an asthma emergency they should never try to drive themselves to hospital.
Reviewing a written asthma action plan
Action plans should be reviewed (see Box) whenever maintenance medications are changed, or at least yearly.
Evidence-based principles can be applied to any written asthma action plan template. Health professionals should become familiar with an action plan template for each of the two main asthma treatment regimens (preventer therapy with short-acting beta2 agonist reliever, and budesonide/eformoterol maintenance and reliever therapy), and know how to complete each. An action plan can be used during consultations to help with patient self-management education, and to encourage shared decision-making about how worsening asthma will be managed.
Associate Professor Reddel has served on advisory boards for AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline and Novartis, and has provided consulting for Biota, GlaxoSmithKline and Novartis. She has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and GlaxoSmithKline for educational presentations, is chairing a joint data monitoring committee for AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck and Novartis, and has received research funding from AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline. She contributed to the development of action plan templates for budesonide/eformoterol maintenance and reliever therapy, and a generic action plan template and an asthma first aid chart for the National Asthma Council.
*National Mailing and Marketing, Department of Health and Ageing, phone (02) 6269 1000. Asthma Cycle of Care action plan pads (25 action plans per pad) are delivered free of charge within a few days after an order is placed.
The following statements are either true or false.
1. Action plans should advise against the use of spacers during exacerbations of asthma.
2. Patients with an exacerbation of asthma should not start oral corticosteroids before being examined by a doctor.
Answers to self-help questions1. False
- Gibson PG, Powell H, Coughlan J, Wilson A, Abramson MJ, Haywood P, et al. Self-management education and regular practitioner review for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;1:CD001117.
- Gibson PG, Powell H. Written action plans for asthma: an evidence-based review of the key components. Thorax 2004;59:94-9.
- Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring. Asthma in Australia 2011. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2011 .
- Douglass J, Aroni R, Goeman D, Stewart K, Sawyer S, Thien F, et al. A qualitative study of action plans for asthma. BMJ 2002;324:1003-5.
- Barnes DJ; Exacerbation Advisory Panel. Pharmacological strategies for self-management of asthma exacerbations. Eur Respir J 2006;28:182-99 .
- Vincent SD, Toelle BG, Aroni RA, Jenkins CR. ‘Exasperations’ of asthma: a qualitative study of patient language about worsening asthma. Med J Aust 2006;184:451-4. .
- Written Asthma Action Plan templates. 2011. www.nationalasthma.org.au/health-professionals/tools-for-primary-care/asthma-action-plans .
- Inhaler technique in adults with asthma or COPD. 2008. www.nationalasthma.org.au/health-professionals/information-papers/inhaler-technique-in-adults-with-asthma-or-copd .
- National Asthma Council Australia. Using your inhaler [video]. 2008. www.nationalasthma.org.au/managing-asthma/how-to-videos .
- Reddel HK, Taylor DR, Boulet LP, Boushey HA. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: Asthma control and exacerbations: Standardizing endpoints for clinical asthma trials and clinical practice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;180:59-99 .
- Quon BS, Fitzgerald JM, Shahidi N, Lemiere C. Increased versus stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids for exacerbations of chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;10:CD007524 .
- Crilly JA, Cates CJ, Rowe BH. Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;2:CD000052. .