Learn about the different types of electric vehicle (EV) charging, including Level 1, 2, and 3/DC fast charging. Discover how charging speed is affected by factors such as battery size and temperature, and why it’s recommended to stop charging at 80% at public charging stations. Maximize your EV range and save money with this comprehensive guide.
Questions Answered in this Article
Q: What is the difference between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 charging for electric vehicles? A: Level 1 charging is the slowest and uses a standard wall outlet, adding only 40-50 miles of range in overnight charging. Level 2 charging is faster, uses a J1772 connector (except for Tesla vehicles), and requires a dedicated 240-volt power source, adding 25 miles or more in one hour. Level 3 charging, also known as DC fast charging, offers the fastest charging speeds with the ability to add hundreds of miles of range in as little as 30 minutes but is only available at commercial charging stations, and using it frequently can shorten battery life.
Q: How does the battery state affect charging time for electric vehicles? A: The charging time for an electric vehicle depends on the battery state, charging from 90% to 100% may take just as long as charging from 0% to 90%, and as the battery level increases, charging becomes less efficient by the minute if using a public charger. To save money, it’s best to stop charging when the battery reaches around 80% charged.
Q: What factors determine the charging speed for electric vehicles? A: The main factor determining the charging speed of an electric vehicle is the type of charging connection, but battery age and temperature can also play a role.
Q: Can Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles use Level 3 charging? A: No, Level 3 charging or DC fast charging is not compatible with Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles.
Q: How does battery size affect charging time for electric vehicles? A: Larger batteries in electric vehicles take longer to charge fully. It’s more practical to think about charging in terms of the range added under similar conditions instead of charging time from 0% to 100%.
The Different Types of EV Charging
An electric vehicle’s range can be increased by 200 miles in 30 minutes using the fastest commercial charger, but only 2-3 miles can be added in the same amount of time with a standard outlet charger. The type of charging connection is the primary factor in determining charging speed, although battery age and temperature can also play a role.
Level 1: Slow, But Convenient
Level 1 chargers are designed to be used with standard wall outlets. They come with a J1772 connector that resembles a gas pump and has five circular connection points. This universal connection is compatible with most EVs in the US. Level 1 charging is the slowest option, adding only 40-50 miles of range to the battery overnight. While it’s not ideal for quick fill-ups, it can be useful in emergency situations as it can be used with any regular outlet.
Level 2: Faster Charging at Public Stations
Level 2 charging utilizes a J1772 connector, except for Tesla vehicles which use a different connector. It is connected to a 240-volt power source through a dedicated 40-amp circuit, allowing for faster charging (25 miles or more in one hour). This type of connection is not commonly found in homes, but can be installed by an electrician and may soon become standard in new builds. Installing Level 2 charging at home can cost a few thousand dollars, but as most public chargers are Level 2, they are easily accessible at locations like malls, office complexes, and parking garages. There are over 50,000 public charging stations available in the US.
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Level 3/DC Fast Charging: Quickest but Not Needed for Everyday Use
Level 3, also known as DC fast charging or DCFC, offers the fastest charging speeds with the ability to add hundreds of miles of range in as little as 30 minutes. These high-power chargers can only be found at commercial charging stations. Level 3 chargers come in three configurations: CCS, CHAdeMO, and Tesla’s own. CCS is the most popular in the US, while CHAdeMO is used by some cars like the Nissan Leaf. Tesla has its own network of Level 3 chargers called Superchargers and sells its own at-home charging hardware. Non-Tesla vehicles can also use these chargers with an adapter. However, using Level 3 charging frequently can shorten battery life, so it’s recommended to use Level 1 or 2 charging as the default and reserve Level 3 charging for longer trips. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles cannot use this charger level.
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Other Influencing Factors on Charging Speed
Battery state plays a role in the charging time. Charging from 90% to 100% may take just as long as charging from 0% to 90%, just as with a phone. This could be inconvenient if a full battery is needed, but it also presents a cost-saving opportunity. Public chargers that charge by the minute become less efficient as the battery level increases. To save money, it’s often best to stop charging when the battery reaches around 80% charged.
Battery sizes also differ in EVs. For example, some Lucid vehicles have ranges over 500 miles, while the Nissan Leaf has 200 miles. Larger batteries take longer to charge fully. Therefore, it’s more practical to think about charging in terms of the range added under similar conditions instead of charging time from 0% to 100%.
- EVs can increase range by 200 miles in 30 min using a fast commercial charger, but only 2-3 miles with a standard outlet charger.
- Charging speed is primarily determined by the type of charging connection.
- Level 1 charging uses a J1772 connector, which adds 40-50 miles overnight.
- Level 2 charging uses J1772/Tesla connector, which adds 25 miles in 1 hour.
- Level 3/DC fast charging offers the fastest charging speeds, hundreds of miles in 30 min but only at commercial stations, and may shorten battery life.
- Battery state, size, age, and temperature also impact charging speed.
- Recommended stopping charging at public chargers by around 80% to save money.
- Charging in terms of range added is more practical instead of charging time 0% to 100%