Over 90% of people in Europe’s cities breathe dangerous air – study
The report by the European Environment Agency
(EEA) reveals that despite a steady decline over the past ten
years in the most harmful air pollutants such as carbon monoxide
and lead, there is still significant air pollution caused by road
transport, industry, power plants, and farming.
Air pollution is leading to acid rain, a loss of biodiversity, reduction of visibility, and damage to buildings and materials, according to the report.
The publication also exposes the difference between World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and legal EU limits, particularly with regard to particulate matter (PM), a pollutant made up of tiny particulates of dirt and soot from burning fossil fuels and low-level ozone - a dangerous gas formed when sunlight reacts with some pollutants.
Particulate matter measuring less than 10 microns (PM10), or 10 millionths of a meter, can lodge in the airways and cause respiratory problems.
The authors of the study found that PM and ground-level ozone are a major source of breathing problems and cardiovascular disease, and directly decrease life expectancy.
Eastern European countries such as Bulgaria, Poland, and Slovakia - where some Soviet-era heavy industry remains - were found to be the most exposed to PM pollution, mainly from coal and wood burning.
“Particulate matter remains a serious threat to health, because no threshold for PM has been identified below which no damage to health is observed. In Western, Central and Eastern Europe it was 430,000 premature deaths,” the study found.
While the WHO predicts that up to 98 percent of Europe’s urban
population may be exposed to dangerous levels of air pollution,
the EU, in stark contrast, says that only up to 33 percent are
exposed, according to data published in the study.
“European citizens often breathe air that does not meet the European standards,” said the EEA.
Britain has been one of a number of EU countries to argue that Europe should not raise air pollution levels and has actively tried to stall any rise in EU legal limits, in a bid to avoid having to reduce the number of vehicles on the road or having to force outdated industry to invest in expensive new equipment.
While the UK has seen an improvement in some air pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide, researchers singled out Britain for failing to deal with a rise in nitrogen dioxide from diesel vehicles, particularly in London.
There is also concern about the damage of air pollutants on ecosystems and vegetation, particularly as a result of exposure to low-level ozone.
European Commissioner for the Environment Janez Potocnik wrote in a summary of the report’s findings that air quality is still a major challenge for the EU.
“We are still far from our objective to achieve levels of air quality that do not give rise to significant negative impacts on human health and the environment,” he said.