Despite its prominent role in the growth strategies of Big Pharma, India is the ultimate frustration for business planners.
Its size, diversity, and freewheeling politics make the country an endless moving target that complicates the accurate and
timely assessment of potential opportunities. This is why the release last month of India's latest population census—the seventh
since independence in 1947—provides some useful context in helping pharma investors decide where to put their resources, and
to what end.
(GETTY IMAGES / STEVE ALLEN)
The results of the census will carry weight as the government intends to use it to chart a more strategic approach to investment
in areas critical to pharmaceuticals, such as information and communication technologies; healthcare services, especially
in under-resourced rural areas; energy and manufacturing infrastructure; and higher education. The document is particularly
strong in analyzing India's huge demographic dividend, which predicts that millions of citizens are primed to join the middle
class over the next few years, stoking the demand for better healthcare and access to medicines— nearly all of which is currently
paid for out-of-pocket.
The results also provide some subtle hints about continuing sources of risk, not the least of which is the potential for confrontation
along the key religious fault line between the majority Hindu and minority Muslim populations. The proportion of the Hindu
population is slated to fall below the 80 percent mark for the first time in over a century, revealing a significant divergence
between Hindu and Muslim growth rates. This could serve as a drag on social progress because for many indicators the Muslim
population tends to rank below the national average—literacy among the Muslim cohort currently stands at slightly under 60
percent, compared to more than two-thirds for the Hindu majority. "Religious demographics" is important as an indicator of
future political stability, to an extent not seen in other markets.
Another divisive factor is the sex ratio, where the gap in births of boys versus girls has widened significantly since the
last census in 2001. That data comes as a surprise, given the many laws enacted to prevent female feticide along with schemes
to encourage families to have a girl. The results have sparked a political debate focused on the fact that, in the opinion
of many leading health advocacy groups, and after a decade of strong economic growth, India remains a hostile place for girls—status
among the sexes is still highly unequal.
Nevertheless, what the census shows in stark relief is just how big the country is today. Total population stands at 1.21
billion people, a figure nearly equal to the combined populations of the US, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
One of every six people in the world is an Indian citizen. Between the last census in 2001 and this current one, India added
nearly as many people as there are in Brazil.
More important, the population boom has not yet played itself out. The fertility rate is slated to continue at 2.8 percent,
or slightly higher than replacement. The Health Ministry has pushed back the timeline for achieving population stabilization
to 2070, from the 2045 target set via the previous census. Practically, this means that India is slated to overtake China
as the world's most populous country within the decade.
Health Driving Change
The census carries important new information on the state of heath and the potential for sector-led growth. Demand for healthcare
services in India is growing at a compound growth rate of 16 percent. The healthcare industry accounted for 5.2 percent of
India's GDP in 2002, but the census says this will rise to somewhere between 6.2 and 7.5 percent by 2012, or $47 billion annually.
Population of India by State (2011)
However, the public sector accounts for a mere 20 percent to 25 percent of total health spending, with the country's public
outlays among the lowest in the world. Large parts of the country continue to have no access to basic medical facilities.
Expensive healthcare adversely impacts the economic condition of the poor, leading to a vicious cycle that further reduces
their standard of living.
For the first time ever, mental illness was extensively mapped in the census as part of a major effort to track the level
of disability. Besides mental retardation, people were asked if they have a family member suffering from depression or anxiety.
According to one estimate, two out of every five Indians suffer from depression, creating an enormous wellspring of unmet
medical need involving a target treatment population in excess of 200 million. Other questions on disability covered topics
such as schizophrenia and anxiety disorder.
Another area of inquiry focused on lifestyle diseases, especially non-communicable conditions such as cardiovascular disease
and diabetes. "The WHO says that between 2005 and 2015, the cumulative economic impact of noncommunicable diseases on India
will surpass $237 billion," S.L. Narayanan, chief financial officer at Max Healthcare, a specialty hospital chain, told Pharm Exec.
The country has a huge 'population to hospital bed ratio' gap. "Almost everyone in the government is aware of, and talks about,
the importance of building a world-class nationwide medical ecosystem, from primary healthcare centers to diagnostics to high-end
tertiary care. We also hear that much of the investment ought to come from the private sector. But it is baffling that no
action has been forthcoming despite years of seeking 'preferential infrastructure' status for the healthcare sector. Hospitals
need to be created with a sense of urgency, given our abysmally low ratios compared to the global benchmarks of beds per 1,000
citizens,'' Narayanan said.
Conversely, India is showing better results around some basic preventive initiatives. The data indicates that maternal mortality
linked to childbirth has dropped sharply, while average life expectancy for both male and females has doubled since independence