Iridescent flowers are never as dramatically rainbow-colored as iridescent beetles, birds or fish and that’s because they tone down the iridescence of their petals and avoid confusing bees
British researchers say the result is flower petals produce the perfect signal for bees.
Prof. Beverley Glover from the University of Cambridge’s Department of Plant Sciences and Dr. Heather Whitney from the University of Bristol found that iridescence – the shiny, color-shifting effect seen on soap bubbles –- makes flower petals more obvious to bees, but that too much iridescence confuses bees’ ability to distinguish colors.
Whitney and Glover report in the journal Current Biology that they found flowers use more subtle, or imperfect, iridescence on their petals, which doesn’t interfere with the bees’ ability to distinguish subtly different colors, such as different shades of purple.
Perfect iridescence, for example as found on the back of a CD, would make it more difficult for bees to distinguish between subtle color variations and cause them to make mistakes in their flower choices.
“In 2009 we showed that some flowers can be iridescent and that bees can see that iridescence, but since then we have wondered why floral iridescence is so much less striking than other examples of iridescence in nature,” Glover says. “We have now discovered that floral iridescence is a trade-off that makes flower detection by bumblebees easier, but won’t interfere with their ability to recognize different colors.”
Bees use “search images”, based on previously-visited flowers, to remember which colored flowers are a good source of nectar.
“On each foraging trip a bee will usually retain a single search image of a particular type of flower,” Glover says, “so if they find a blue flower that is rich in nectar, they will then visit more blue flowers on that trip rather than hopping between different colors.
“If you watch a bee on a lavender plant, for example, you’ll see it visit lots of lavender flowers and then fly away – it won’t usually move from a lavender flower to a yellow or red flower.”
This color recognition is vital for both the bees and the plants, which rely on the bees to pollinate them. If petals were perfectly iridescent, then bees could struggle to identify and recognize which colors are worthwhile visiting for nectar – instead, flowers have developed an iridescence signal that allows them to talk to bees in their own visual language.
The researchers created replica flowers that were either perfectly iridescent (using a cast of the back of a CD), imperfectly iridescent (using casts of natural flowers), or non-iridescent. They then tested how long it took for individual bees to find the flowers.
They found the bees were much quicker to locate the iridescent flowers than the non-iridescent flowers, but it didn’t make a difference whether the flowers were perfectly or imperfectly iridescent. The bees were just as quick to find the replicas modelled on natural petals as they were to find the perfectly iridescent replicas.
When they tested how fast the bees were to find nectar-rich flowers amongst other, similarly-colored flowers, they found that perfect iridescence impeded the bees’ ability to distinguish between the flowers – the bees were often confused and visited the similarly-colored flowers that contained no nectar.
However, imperfect iridescence, found on natural petals, didn’t interfere with this ability, and the bees were able to successfully locate the correct flowers that were full of nectar.
“Bees are careful shoppers in the floral supermarket, and floral advertising has to tread a fine line between dazzling its customers and being recognizable,” says Lars Chittka from Queen Mary University of London, another co-author of the study.
“To our eyes most iridescent flowers don’t look particularly striking, and we had wondered whether this is simply because flowers aren’t very good at producing iridescence,” Glover says. “But we are not the intended target, bees are, and they see the world differently from humans.
“There are lots of optical effects in nature that we don’t yet understand. We tend to assume that color is used for either camouflage or sexual signaling, but we are finding out that animals and plants have a lot more to say to the world and to each other.”
Glover and her colleagues now are working towards developing real flowers that vary in their amount of iridescence so that they can examine how bees interact with them.
“The diffraction grating that the flowers produce is not as perfectly regular as those we can produce on things like CDs, but this ‘advantageous imperfection’ appears to benefit the flower-bee interaction,” Whitney says.