30 March 1895|
|Died||8 October 1970
|Literary movement||Popular culture|
Jean Giono (30 March 1895 – 8 October 1970) was a French author who wrote works of fiction mostly set in the Provence region of France.
Jean Giono was born to a family of modest means, his father a cobbler of Piedmontese descent and his mother a laundry woman. He spent the majority of his life in Manosque, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (Occitania). Forced by family needs to leave school at the age of sixteen and get a job in a bank, he nevertheless continued to read voraciously, in particular the great classic works of literature including the Bible, Homer's Iliad, the works of Virgil, and the Tragiques of Agrippa d'Aubigné. He continued to work at the bank until he was called up for military service at the outbreak of World War I, and the horrors he experienced on the front lines turned him into a lifelong and ardent pacifist. In 1919, he returned to the bank, and a year later, married a childhood friend with whom he had two children. Following the success of his first novel, Colline (1929) (which won him the Prix Brentano and $1000, and an English translation of the book), he left the bank in 1930 to devote himself to writing on a full-time basis.
Colline was followed by two more novels heavily influenced by Virgil and Homer, Un de Baumugnes (1929) and Regain (1930), the three together comprising the famous “Pan Trilogy”, so-called because in it Giono depicts the natural world as being imbued with the power of the Greek god Pan. The other novels Giono published during the nineteen-thirties on the whole continued in the same vein, set in Provence, with peasants as protagonists, and displaying a pantheistic view of nature. Marcel Pagnol based three of his films on Giono’s work of this period: Regain, with Fernandel and music by Honegger, Angèle, and La Femme du boulanger, with Raimu.
Throughout the nineteen-thirties, Giono expressed the pacifism he had adopted as a result of his experiences during World War I in novels such as Le grand troupeau (1931), and pamphlets such as Refus d’obéissance (1937), and the Lettre aux paysans sur la pauvreté et la paix (1938). This in turn resulted in his forming a relationship with a group of like-minded people including Lucien Jacques and Henri Fluchère among others, who gathered each year in the hamlet of Contadour, and whose pacifist writings were published as the Cahiers du Contadour.
The end of the nineteen-thirties brought a crisis in Giono’s life. As far as his writing was concerned, he had come to feel that it was time to stop “doing Giono” (faire du Giono), and to take his work in a new direction. At the same time it was becoming apparent that his work for pacifism was a failure, and that another war was inevitable and fast approaching. Ironically, the declaration of war on September 1, 1939 came while the Contadoureans were assembled for their annual reunion. The result of Giono’s former peace-making efforts was that he was briefly and unjustly imprisoned as a Nazi sympathiser, the proceedings being stopped without any charges.
The subsequent period of renewal saw the self-educated Giono now turn to Stendhal as a literary model in the same way as previously he had been influenced by the Classics. His novels thus began to be set in a specific time and place, confronting the protagonists with specific politics, issues, causes and events, in contrast with the timelessness of his earlier work. He also adopted the Stendhalian narrative technique of letting the reader into the experience of the protagonist by means of the interior monologue, whereas the dominant technique of his earlier novels had been that of the omniscient narrator.
He similarly formed the ambition of writing a sequence of ten novels inspired by Balzac’s Comédie humaine, in which he would depict characters from all strata of society rather than peasants, and compare and contrast different moments in history by depicting the experiences of members of the same family in times a hundred years apart. This project was never realised, with only the four Hussard novels, (Angelo (1958), Le Hussard sur le Toit (1951), Le Bonheur fou (1957), Mort d’un personnage (1948)) actually completed according to plan, but it is echoed in Giono’s postwar work in the dichotomy between historical novels set in the mid-nineteenth century, and contemporary novels set in the mid-twentieth. His newfound interest in history even led to his writing an actual history book, Le Désastre de Pavie (1963).
As he began to focus on the human being rather than the natural world, his understanding of psychology and motivation was also influenced by the writings of Niccolò Machiavelli, whose analysis helped him to articulate a much darker view of human nature in his later years, and about whom he wrote the article Monsieur Machiavel, ou le coeur humain dévoilé (1951).
In 1944, when France was liberated, Giono was again unjustly accused of collaboration with the Nazis, and again imprisoned for five months before he was freed without charges ever being made. This led to his being blacklisted, so that for three years he was barred from publication. It was during this period of ostracism that he began in 1945 to write Angelo, metaphorically the laboratory in which he experimented, tested and attempted to integrate his new approach to his work. It contains not only a first version of the story of Angélo Pardi that took its final form in Le Hussard sur le toit and Le Bonheur fou, but also the nucleus of many other works of his second period, and makes use of new narrative techniques he developed further in other novels. He ultimately set it aside, no doubt considering it too derivative, and moved on to the other projects it gave rise to.
The first major novel of his second period to be published was Un roi sans divertissement (published in 1947, and made into a successful film, for which Giono himself wrote the screenplay, in 1963). It takes the form of a detective story set in Haute Provence in the early nineteenth century, and reveals Giono’s new pessimism about human nature in that the policeman is forced to the realisation that he himself is capable of being as evil as the murderer he is tracking. Stylistically brilliant, it consists of the juxtaposed accounts of events as told by the different people affected, devoid of explanation, from which the reader her or himself must piece together the meaning.
The most famous novel of his second period is Le Hussard sur le toit, the first part of the definitive version of the story of Angélo Pardi he had sketched in Angelo. It was published in 1951, and made into a film by Jean-Paul Rappeneau starring Juliette Binoche in 1995. Angélo, like Stendhal’s Fabrice del Dongo (La Chartreuse de Parme) on whom he is modelled, is a chivalrous romantic whose quest constitutes an inquiry into the nature of happiness, while the cholera epidemic he finds himself confronted with in Provence in 1832 is an allegory for the wars that had so deeply affected Giono. In structure it is a picaresque series of episodes, full of evocative descriptions of the country. Its sequel, Le Bonheur fou (The Straw Man) (1957) follows Angélo in the Italy of the 1848 revolution.
Les Ames fortes (1950), filmed by Raoul Ruiz in 2001, is another of the masterpieces of this period. As dark as Un Roi sans divertissement, it examines the depths a person can sink to in greed, grasping self-interest and the exploitation of others. Also as in Un Roi sans divertissement, the story is again told purely in the words of the protagonists, without the intervention of a narrator or comment from the author, thus forcing the reader to reach their own conclusions. Les Grands chemins (1951), considerably less dark, deals with the nature of the road, gambling, the lie, and friendship, again in a first-person narration entirely in the voice of the protagonist and devoid of explanation or elucidation from the author.
Also worthy of mention is his Voyage en Italie (1953). Neither a travel guide nor a straightforward account of a trip as the name suggests, this is a highly personal account of Giono’s experiences and of the people he meets and sees that tells the reader more about Giono than about Italy.
Outside France, Giono’s best-known work is probably the short story The Man who Planted Trees (and 1987 film). This optimistic tale of a man who brings a deserted valley back to life by planting trees reflects Giono’s long-standing love of the natural world, an attitude that made him a precursor to the modern ecological movement. He thus declined to receive any royalties from this text, and granted free use to anyone who wanted to distribute or translate it.
In his later years, Giono was honoured with the Prince Rainier of Monaco literary prize in 1953, awarded for his lifetime achievements, was elected to the Académie Goncourt in 1954, and became a member of the Conseil Littéraire of Monaco in 1963.
Giono died of a heart attack in 1970.
Novels, novellas, chronicles
- Hill of Destiny (Fr. Colline) – Grasset, 1929; English translation Brentano's, 1930
- Lovers are Never Losers (Fr. Un de Baumugnes) – Grasset – 1929
- Second Harvest (Fr. Regain) – Grasset – 1930
- Naissance de l'Odyssée – Editions Kra - 1930
- To The Slaughterhouse (Fr. Le Grand Troupeau) – Gallimard - 1931
- Blue Boy (Fr. Jean le Bleu) – Grasset – 1932
- Solitude of Compassion (Fr. Solitude de la pitié) – Gallimard 1932
- The Song of the World (Fr. Le Chant du monde – Gallimard – 1934
- Joy of Man's Desiring (Fr. Que ma joie demeure) – Grasset - 1936
- Batailles dans la montagne – Gallimard - 1937
- The Serpent of Stars (Fr. Le serpent d'étoiles) – Grasset – 1939
- Pour saluer Melville – Gallimard - 1941
- L'eau vive – Gallimard – 1943 (Rondeur des Jours et l'Oiseau bagué -1973)
- Un roi sans divertissement – Gallimard – 1947
- Noé – Editions la Table ronde – 1947
- Fragments d'un paradis – Déchalotte – 1948
- Mort d'un personnage – Grasset – 1949
- Les Âmes fortes – Gallimard – 1949
- Les Grands chemins – Gallimard – 1951
- The Horseman on the Roof (Fr. Le Hussard sur le toit) – Gallimard – 1951
- The Malediction, (Fr. Le Moulin de Pologne) – 1952
- The Man Who Planted Trees (Fr. L'homme qui plantait des arbres) – Reader's Digest – 1953
- The Straw Man (Fr. Le Bonheur fou) – Gallimard – 1957
- Angelo (Fr. Angelo) – Gallimard – 1958
- Hortense ou l'Eau vive (avec Jean Allioux) Editions France-Empire – 1958
- Two Riders of the Storm (Fr. Deux cavaliers de l'orage) – Gallimard - 1965
- Le Déserteur – René Creux Editeur – 1966 (le Déserteur et autres récits – Gallimard – 1973)
- Ennemonde: A Novel (Fr. Ennemonde et Autres Caractères) – Gallimard – 1968
- L'Iris de Suse – Gallimard - 1970
- Les Récits de la demi-brigade – Gallimard - 1972
- Faust au village – Gallimard – 1977
- Le Bestiaire – Ramsay - 1991
- "Gavino" - Gallimard - 2000
- Angélique – Gallimard - 1980
- Cœur, Passions, Caractères – Gallimard - 1982
- Dragoon suivi d'Olympe – Gallimard - 1982
Essays and journalism
- Présentation de Pan – Grasset - 1930
- Manosque-des-plateaux – Emile-Paul Frères - 1931
- Le Serpent d'Etoiles – Grasset - 1933
- Les Vraies Richesses – Grasset - 1936
- Refus d'obéissance – Gallimard 1937
- Le Poids du ciel – Gallimard - 1938
- Lettre aux paysans sur la pauvreté et la paix – Grasset - 1938
- Précisions – Grasset - 1939
- Recherche de la pureté – Gallimard - 1939
- Triomphe de la vie – Ides et Calendes – 1941
- Voyage en Italie – Gallimard - 1953
- Notes sur l'affaire Dominici – Gallimard – 1955
- The Battle of Pavia (Fr. Le Désastre de Pavie) –Gallimard - 1963
- Les Terrasses de l'Ile d'Elbe – Gallimard – 1976
- Les Trois Arbres de Palzem – Gallimard - 1984
- De Homère à Machiavel – Gallimard – 1986
- Images d'un jour de pluie et autres récits de jeunesse – Editions Philippe Auzou – 1987
- La Chasse au Bonheur – Gallimard - 1988
- Provence – Gallimard – 1993
- Les Héraclides – Quatuor - 1995
- De Montluc à la "Série Noire" – Gallimard - 1998
- Accompagnés de la flûte – les Cahiers de l'Artisan – 1923
- La Chute des Anges, Fragment d'un Déluge, Le Cœur-Cerf – Rico – 1969
- Le bout de la Route – Lanceur de Graines – La Femme du boulanger – Gallimard - 1943
- Le Voyage en calèche – Éditions du Rocher – 1947. Written during the Second World War, this play was banned under the German occupation of France.
- Domitien, suivi de Joseph à Dothan – Gallimard – 1959
- Le Cheval fou – Gallimard - 1974
- Avec Jean Paulhan – Gallimard - 2000
- Avec André Gide – Université de Lyon - 1983
- Avec Jean Guéhenno – Seghers - 1975
- Avec Lucien Jacques – Gallimard – 1981 et 1983 (2 volumes)
- Avec Jean Carrière – La Manufacture - 1985
- Avec Jean et Taos Amrouche – Gallimard – 1990
- Moby Dick (translation of the Herman Melville novel; with Lucien Jacques and Joan Smith) – Les Cahiers du Contadour - 1939
- L'expédition d'Humphry Clinker (translation of the Tobias G. Smollett novel; with Catherine d'Ivernois) – Gallimard - 1955
- Crésus – Rico – 1961
- Daudin, Claire (1999). Jean Giono, "Colline". Rosny: Bréal. p. 17.
- Fay, Eliot G. (1930). "Prix Brentano". The French Review 3 (3): 169–73.
- "Jean Giono (Biographie)". aLaLettre. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
- "Jean Giono: bibliographie". Pages.infinit.net. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
- Bibliographie des ouvrages de Jean GIONO (in French)
- Giono. Pierre Citron, 1990
- "Jean Giono" (in French). Republique-des-lettres.fr. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
- Giono, Jean. Oeuvres romanesques complètes. 6 vols. Edition de la Pléiade établie par Robert Ricatte. Paris: Gallimard, 1971-1983 Postface à Angelo. IV 1163-1182
- "Jean Giono - L'homme qui plantait des arbres". Home.infomaniak.ch. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
- "Jean Giono, le Voyageur immobile". Pages.videotron.com. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
- "Jean Giono: From Pacifism to Collaboration". TELOS 139 (Summer 2007). New York: Telos Press
- Giono. Pierre Citron, 1990
- Jean Giono et les techniques du roman. Pierre R. Robert, 1961
|Wikisource has original works written by or about:
- Works by or about Jean Giono in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Jean Giono biography
- Goslan, Richard J. " Jean Giono: From Pacifism to Collaboration ". TELOS 139 (Summer 2007). New York: Telos Press
- Université McGill: le roman selon les romanciers (French) Inventory and analysis of Jean Giono's non-novelistic writings
- Jean Giono biography (French)
- Giono biography (French)
- Jean Giono bibliography (French)
- Marcel Pagnol filmography (French)
- Tables of contents of the Cahiers du Contadour (French)
- Centre Jean Giono - Manosque (French)