The Ides was a name given to the 15th of the months of March, May, July and October. (It was the 13th on the other months). These dates marked divisions in the annual calendar where debts should be paid; they also once coincided with the full moon, but the calendar and the moon phases somehow got out of whack.
|The Death of Caesar (1798) by Vincenzo Camuccini|
But in 44 BC, Brutus and Cassius assassinated Julius Caesar on the Ides of March. It’s not clear who,
but someone warned Caesar not to attend the meeting in the Senate that day. He ignored them, and was viciously, and fatally, stabbed to death by his political rivals. It was a momentous time in Roman history, and played a huge part in the evolution of the Roman Empire.
|A later artist's conception of the funeral of Julius Caesar, who was killed on the Ides of March in 44 B.C.|
(Illustration by C. Vottrier, Mary Evans Picture Library/Alamy)
Shakespeare wrote about topical subjects that would resonate with his audiences. His plays were for the entertainment of the populace. So, in his play Julius Caesar, he included the warning by the soothsayer:
Caesar: Who is it in the press that calls on me?
I hear a tongue shriller than all the music
Cry "Caesar!" Speak, Caesar is turn'd to hear.
Soothsayer: Beware the ides of March.
Caesar: What man is that?
Brutus: A soothsayer bids you beware the ides of March.
Ref: Julius Caesar Act 1, scene 2, 15-1
The popularity of Shakespeare’s plays brought the expression, ‘beware the Ides of March’, into common usage as a warning of a fateful day. In fact, the expression was already in use as a reference to assassination. Therefore, the audiences would not have needed to be told anything other than ‘beware the Ides of March’ to know that an assassination was going to take place in the next scene of the play.
|Reverse side of a coin issued by Caesar's assassin Brutus in the fall of 42 BC, with the abbreviation EID MAR (Ides of March) under a "cap of freedom" between two daggers|
As a social commentator, Shakespeare was the master. He knew his audience so well, writing plays that resonated with their lives, their knowledge, and their sensibilities.