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There’s a longstanding campaign to require special labels for foods made from genetically modified organisms -- plants or animals created by precisely manipulating their DNA, in ways that don’t occur in nature.
In Rhode Island, Sen. Donna Nesselbush, D-Pawtucket, has submitted legislation requiring such GMO labeling.
"Are [genetically modified foods] good for us or bad for us? The problem is that we really don’t know," she asserted in a commentary supporting her legislation. "In an average grocery store, roughly 75 percent of processed foods contain genetically modified organisms, or GMOs." She made a similar comment in a news release, saying that most processed foods contain GMOs.
There’s little solid evidence that foods made from genetically modified organisms pose a greater risk to consumers than their non-modified counterparts, a fact noted by major scientific organizations such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Medical Association and the World Health Organization.
They have been on the shelves for nearly two decades. U.S. products have been approved for market by as many as three different federal agencies. Independent safety testing has been done in Europe.
We were interested in whether these products have become as commonplace as Nesselbush says.
But first, we note a distinction that will be important in evaluating part of Nesselbush’s claim. She references foods that contain genetically modified organisms, which sounds scary to many people.
But in reality, GMO foods typically don’t contain organisms; they’re derived from organisms that have been genetically modified.
For example, if you eat a genetically modified ear of corn, you’re eating the once-living cells of a genetically modified organism. But if you eat a brownie baked with corn syrup extracted from genetically modified corn, you’re only eating the syrup, not the organism.
When we asked Nesselbush for a source, she didn’t have an immediate answer, saying that the information came from her staff. She promised to check further.
In the meantime, we did our own research. It appears that the number, although widely reported, is mostly an educated guess.
We contacted the Center for Food Safety, an advocacy group critical of biotechnology, which told PolitiFact National in 2007 that 60 to 70 percent of processed foods contain at least some residual genetically modified organisms. When we asked where their numbers came from, spokeswoman Abigail Seiler said they came from the Grocery Manufacturers Association, a trade group opposed to labeling for products manufactured through genetic modification.
The latest grocery association statement says, "70-80 percent of the foods we eat in the United States, both at home and away from home, contain ingredients that have been genetically modified."
When we heard back from Nesselbush, she cited the same statement as her evidence.
We noted that the percentage is on target but her characterization wasn’t. The grocery association says it’s 70 to 80 percent of ALL foods we consume. She said it applies to processed foods in a grocery store.
The federal Food and Drug Administration defines processed foods as "raw agricultural commodities" that have been "subject to canning, cooking, freezing, dehydration or milling." Processed foods also include any foods that are not raw agricultural commodities under the FDA’s legal definition.
It turns out that there’s little consistency in how the estimate is used. For example, Whole Foods in 2010, citing the grocery association, said "GMOs are now present in 75 to 80 percent of conventional processed food in the U.S." (We’re not sure if there are "unconventional" processed foods.)
And where does the grocery association get its figure?
Spokesman Brian Kennedy said it was an estimate based on data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. We found updated numbers showing that in 2013, genetic engineering had been done on 90 percent of all cotton planted in the United States, 93 percent of all soybeans and 90 percent of all corn.
Cottonseed and soybean oils are used in mayonnaise, salad dressings, cereals, breads and snack foods. Corn syrup is a widely used sweetener and corn starch is used in soups and sauces.
"Also, more than half of the sugar sold in the U.S. comes from sugar beets," Kennedy said. "Sugar beets crops are 90 percent [genetically modified]."
We asked the association to detail how it settled on the 70 to 80 percentage. Kennedy repeated that it was an estimate. "And it's important to keep in mind that these particular crops, though widely used, are not used in all processed food products. Plus you’re also overlooking all of the organic and non-GM processed food products on the market today," he said.
John Ruff, past president of the Institute of Food Technologists, told us in an email that estimates of around 75 percent are widely quoted and are based on data from the late 1990s.
"I’m not aware of any definitive studies, perhaps because the presence of GMO derived ingredients often cannot be detected in the finished product," he said. "This is because the GMO itself is not present in the product."
Nesselbush is incorrect when she says that such foods contain genetically modified organisms. Often they only contain substances created by genetically modified organisms, such as sugars, which may be identical to the sugars created by non-modified plants.
Donna Nesselbush said, "In an average grocery store, roughly 75 percent of processed foods contain genetically modified organisms, or GMOs."
Nesselbush quoted a percentage intended to apply to all foods and not restricted to processed foods.
Although the figure is widely cited by both sides in the debate, it’s not clear that this is anything more than an estimate.
And finally, in the cases of many processed foods created using the sugars, oils and other products of genetically modified organisms, the organisms themselves aren’t present in the food at all.
Because the statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details or takes things out of context, we rate it Half True.
(Correction: Rhode Island state Rep. Donna Nesselbush represents House District 15, which includes portions of Pawtucket and North Providence. The original version of this item incorrectly reported the community she represents.)
ScribD.com, "GMO food labeling lets Rhode Islanders decide," commentary by R.I. Sen. Donna Nesselbush, March 6, accessed March 17, 2015
RILIN.state.RI.US, "Sen. Nesselbush calls for labeling of genetically modified products," news release, March 12, 2015, accessed March 17, 2015
Interview and email, Donna M. Nesselbush, Rhode Island state senator, March 18, 2015
AAAS.org, "AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could "Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers," American Association for the Advancement of Science, Oct. 25, 2012, accessed March 18, 2015
FactsAboutGMOs.org, "Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health (A-12) - Labeling of Bioengineered Foods," American Medical Association House of Delegates 2012 Annual Meeting, "Grocery Manufacturers Association Position on GMOs," undated, both accessed March 18, 2015
PolitiFact.com, "Biotech foods less widespread and better tested than Kucinich says," Sept. 11, 2007
Email, Abigail Seiler, spokeswoman, Center for Food Safety, March 18, 2015
Emails, Brian Kennedy, senior director of communications, Grocery Manufacturers Association, March 18-19, 2015
Emails, John Ruff, past president, Institute of Food Technologists, March 18-19, 2015
Interview, Albert Kausch, director, Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Rhode Island, March 20, 2015
FDA.gov, "Biotechnology Consultations on Food from GE Plant Varieties," updated March 20, 2015, and "FDA’s Role in Regulating Safety of GE Foods," May 14, 2013, Food and Drug Administration, both accessed March 18, 2015
Newswise.com, "What You Need to Know About GMOs, GM Crops, and the Techniques of Modern Biotechnology," Institute of Food Technologists, Jan. 30, 2014; "Biotech, Nonotech and Synthetic Biology Roles in Food Probed," University of Idaho, Feb. 19, 2010, and "Labeling Lure: Will GMO Food Info Provide a Benefit for the Cost?" Cornell University, Oct. 4, 2012, all accessed March 18, 2015
ScientificAmerican.com, "The Truth about Genetically Modified Food," Aug. 20, 2013, accessed March 18, 2015
PRnewswire.com, "Studies Show GMOs in Majority of U.S. Processed Foods, 58 Percent of Americans Unaware of Issue," Whole Foods Market news release, Oct. 7, 2010, accessed March 19, 2015
USDA.gov, "Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States," U.S. Department of Agriculture, February 2014, accessed March 19, 2015.
WholeFoodsMarket.com, "FAQs on GMOs," undated, accessed March 19, 2015
Email, John (Sean) Fox, Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, March 17, 2015
Plos.org, "A Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops," Nov. 3, 2014, accessed March 18, 2015
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