House of Chiefs
A House of Chiefs (or House of Traditional Leaders) is a post-colonial assembly, either legislative or advisory, that is recognised by either a national or regional government as consisting of and providing a collective, public voice for an ethnic group's pre-colonial authorities. Although often influential within the indigenous culture, its members do not usually function as a modern nation's primary law-making body (cf. British House of Lords), being neither representative (i.e. democratically elected) nor consisting of members appointed individually by the government in power, whether democratic or not. It consists of all or some of the "traditional leaders", historically known in English as chiefs, of a country or a sub-division thereof.
A House of Chiefs is not, constitutionally, a partisan institution within the body politic. Members of a House of Chiefs are selected neither by a universal suffrage process of those they represent nor by the state executive or legislature they advise: Their function is to express a cultural, historical and/or ethnic point of view on public policies. The process by which individuals qualify for membership varies, but is based on tradition specific to his or her (e.g. the Rain Queen) historic community or ethnic group. Sometimes the qualifying position is obtained through heredity within a local dynasty, sometimes through selection by consensus of a ritually or socially prominent subset of a community, and sometimes by a combination thereof.
Historically, chiefs were the last indigenous rulers before colonisation of a people, and their modern versions often continue to play a local cultural role of varying significance. Especially in colonial times, chiefs were often used as instruments of indirect rule, and/or convenient alternatives to elective institutions.
In the post-colonial age, various Houses of Chiefs and similar assemblies have existed in various nations:
- In Botswana, the Ntlo ya Dikgosi, formerly known as the House of Chiefs.
- In Ghana, the National House of Chiefs, representing the various regional Houses of Chiefs.
- In Nigeria, there were several Houses of Chiefs and plans have been drawn up for a new House of Traditional Rulers in Edo state.
- In Somaliland, the House of Elders' membership consists of the various sultans of Somaliland.
- In South Africa, the colonial House of Chiefs fell into disuse, but, post-apartheid, indigenously-organised versions have been revived, first within the ruling ANC party, then in KwaZulu Natal.
- In Zambia, according to the 1996 constitution.
- In Fiji, the House of Chiefs – not to be confused with the Great Council of Chiefs (Bose Levu Vakaturaga).
- In the former Kingdom of Hawaii, the Hale o na Alii o Hawaii.
- In the Marshall Islands.
- In the Republic of Palau.
- In the Solomon Islands, the Gela Vaukolu.
- In Vanuatu.
Another way to include traditional chiefs in a nation's political life is to assign them a number of seats in a wider assembly. In Zimbabwe, for example, ten chiefs are chosen to be members of the Senate, the upper house of the country's parliament. From 1990 to 2005, they were represented in the House of Assembly (now the lower house) when it was the sole legislative chamber.
- "Constitution of the Republic of Ghana: Chapter Twenty-Two: Chieftaincy". Ghanaweb.com. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
- Jua, Nantang Ben (1995). "Indirect Rule In Colonial And Post-Colonial Cameroon". Paideuma. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. 41. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
- "1996 Constitution of Zambia - Part XIII (Chiefs and House of Chiefs)". The Zambian. 2004. Archived from the original on 20 November 2006. Retrieved 12 August 2016.