The ascomycete genus Ceratocystis (Microascales, Ceratocystidaceae) includes important fungal
pathogens of trees, including Eucalyptus species. Ceratocystis species and their Thielaviopsis asexual
states are typically associated with insects, such as nitidulid beetles, that spread them over long distances.
Eucalyptus trees comprise a substantial component of the forestry industry in South Africa, however,
limited information is available regarding Ceratocystis species that infect these trees. In this study,
Ceratocystis species were collected from wounds on Eucalyptus trees in all the major plantation regions
of South Africa, as well as from insects associated with these wounds. Both morphology and multigene
DNA sequence analyses, using three nuclear loci, were used to identify the Ceratocystis species. Of the
260 isolates collected, nine Ceratocystis species, of which two were represented only by their
Thielaviopsis anamorph states were identified. These species were C. eucalypticola, C. pirilliformis, C.
savannae, C. oblonga, C. moniliformis, T. basicola, T. thielavioides and two Ceratocystis species that are
described here as C. salinaria sp. nov. and C. decipiens sp. nov. Insects associated with these
Ceratocystis species were Brachypeplus depressus (Nitidulidae), Carpophylus bisignatus, C. dimidiatus
(Nitidulidae), Xyleborus affinis (Scolytidae), Litargus sp. (Mycetophagidae) and a Staphylinid