Scope and Contents
||The papers of Colombian-born Nobel Prize–winning author, journalist, screenwriter,
and key figure in Latin American history and politics, Gabriel García
Márquez, consist of manuscript drafts of published and unpublished works,
research material, photograph albums, scrapbooks, correspondence, clippings,
notebooks, screenplays, printed material, ephemera, and electronic files. They
organized into four series: I. Literary Activities, 1948-2009, undated; II.
Photographs and Scrapbooks, 1930s-2011, undated; III. Correspondence, 1961-2013,
undated; and IV. Personal and Career Related, 1952-2014, undated.
||Series I. Literary Activities consists of materials associated with García
Márquez’s writings. It is arranged into three subseries: A. Long Works,
1948-2008, undated; B. Short Works, 1952-2009, undated; and C. Film and Theater,
1963-1997, undated. Works in these subseries are arranged in alphabetical order
the original Spanish title. The English title is also listed for works that were
translated into English. Within each title, the material generally follows the
chronological order of literary production, from research notes, if any, to
publication drafts. The Short Works subseries is further separated into three
subgroups: Articles and Essays, Short Fiction, and Forewords and Introductions
arranged alphabetically by title except for the Forewords and Introductions, which
are arranged by the last name of the author of the work.
||Series II. Photographs and Scrapbooks is arranged into three subseries: A. Photograph
Albums, 1930s-2011; B. Scrapbooks, 1950-2005; and C. Digital Images, 2001-2008.
includes 43 photograph albums, 22 scrapbooks, and 1,482 digital images that document
García Márquez’s personal and professional life and writing career from
the 1930s to 2011. Retaining the original title labels created by García
Márquez, the photograph albums have either general titles such as "Amigos" or "Gabo"
and are sometimes numbered, or in some cases bear more descriptive titles such
"Gabo in Los Pinos" or "Gabo visit to Caracas." The scrapbooks are similarly
titled according to their contents. The albums and scrapbooks are arranged in
alphabetical order by the title in Spanish, though most of the titles have been
translated into English in this finding aid.
||Series III. Correspondence contains personal and professional letters and is
subdivided into two subseries: A. Incoming Correspondence, 1966-2013, undated;
B. Outgoing Correspondence, 1961-2008, undated. Groupings within these subseries
reflect the original organization in which the correspondence arrived at the Ransom
Center. The Letters, Invitations and Requests group makes up the bulk of the
incoming correspondence and is arranged chronologically. Within this grouping,
most voluminous set is the letters received in 1982, the year García
Márquez was awarded the Nobel Prize. Other incoming correspondence includes
letters from his literary agency Agencia Literaria Carmen Balcells, "letters from very important people,"
"special letters," faxes, telegrams congratulating
him on his Nobel Prize, letters from his cousin Margot Policarpa Valdeblánquez,
and other general correspondence. All groups are arranged chronologically except
"letters from very important people,"
"special letters," and the Nobel Prize
congratulatory telegrams, which are arranged alphabetically. The outgoing
correspondence subseries is considerably smaller in volume than the incoming
correspondence and is arranged alphabetically.
||Series IV. Personal and Career Related contains García Márquez’s address
book, clippings and publications containing articles about and interviews by and
with García Márquez, awards, biographical information, material related to
Cambio magazine, typescripts of articles written
by Fidel Castro, contracts, currency, family papers, financial documents, material
related to foundations with which García Márquez was involved, legal
documents, photocopied correspondence from Jorge Masetti to his wife, documents
correspondence from the Museo Nacional de Colombia, material related to García
Márquez’s Nobel Prize, notebooks, screenplays from his scriptwriting workshops,
speeches, statements and letters, subject files, travel related material, visitors
books, documents related to his visit to the White House, and works by other authors
including essays about García Márquez or his works. The materials range
from 1952 to 2014 and are in alphabetical order by folder title or topic.
||Series I. Literary Activities, 1948-2009, undated (39.5 boxes, 2
oversize boxes, 9 computer disks)
||Series I. Literary Activities consists of drafts and material associated with
García Márquez’s writing and is arranged into three subseries: A.
Long Works, B. Short Works, and C. Film and Theater. Subseries A. Long Works
is arranged in alphabetical order by original Spanish title and is chiefly
made up of typescript drafts with revisions. Works of fiction in this
subseries include: El amor en los tiempos del
cólera (Love in the Time of
Cholera) (1985), Del amor y otros
demonios (Of Love and Other
Demons) (1994), Cien años de
soledad (One Hundred Years of
Solitude) (1967), Crónica de una
muerte anunciada (Chronicle of a Death
Foretold) (1981), El general en su
laberinto (The General in His
Labyrinth) (1989), La hojarasca
(Leaf Storm) (1955), Memoria de mis putas tristes (Memories of My Melancholy Whores) (2004), El otoño del patriarca (The Autumn of the Patriarch) (1975), and the
unpublished En agosto nos vemos. Works of nonfiction include: La aventura de Miguel Littín, clandestino en
Chile (Clandestine in Chile: The
Adventures of Miguel Littín) (1986), Noticia de un secuestro (News of a
Kidnapping) (1996), and the memoir, Vivir
para contarla (Living to Tell the
Tale) (2002). Two short story compilations are also present:
Doce cuentos peregrinos (Strange Pilgrims: Twelve Stories) (1992), and
Los funerales de la Mamá Grande
(Big Mama’s Funeral) (1962).
||Material for each novel is arranged in order of literary production,
beginning with research material, if any, and concluding with final drafts
and proofs, and the published work, if present. Because early in his career
García Márquez destroyed most of his drafts, older works contain a
smaller amount of material than later works. Works that are only represented
by published editions, though they do contain some revisions, are Doce cuentos peregrinos, Los funerales de la Mamá Grande, and his first novel,
||Of particular note in this series are the various typescript drafts of the
unpublished work En agosto nos vemos, including the final version that was
sent to his literary agent, Carmen Balcells, in 2004. The heavily marked up
manuscripts were originally in clamp binders and contained sections of pages
folded over and in some cases clipped together with paperclips or binder
clips. To capture the original state of the manuscripts, images were taken
of the sections with folded down and clipped pages. The digitized images
were printed out and are interleaved with the manuscript to show their
original state. The pages were then unfolded, clips were removed, and the
pages were placed in paper sleeves within the folders to keep the original
groups together. No photography of photocopying of these unpublished
materials is allowed.
||García Márquez’s most successful and well-known novel, Cien años de soledad, is represented by two
typescript drafts, one carbon and one photocopy, with identical light
corrections. The carbon typescript was bound with brads in three sections.
Each section has been wrapped with acid-free paper with a support attached,
and all three are housed together in a custom-made archival box. The
original folder and box in which it was contained were retained and are
housed in their own archival box. An edition published by Mondadori in 1987
is also included and contains revisions by García Márquez.
Additional revisions were made to the commemorative edition published by
Real Academia Española in 2007 as evidenced by the partial proof that
is also present.
||Another well-known work, El amor en los tiempos del
cólera, is represented by two drafts, a first correction
and a final correction. Also present are two published books with light
revisions: the first edition by Oveja Negra from 1985 and a Mondadori
edition from 1987.
||There is extensive research material for El general en
su laberinto including notecards, articles, and several books on
Simón Bolívar, some with annotations. Books that were not
annotated were transferred to the Ransom Center Library. In addition to the
manuscripts, two published editions of this novel are included, both
containing handwritten revisions by García Márquez.
||Especially well represented with several numbered and marked up versions are:
Del amor y otros demonios, Memoria de mis putas tristes, and Noticia de un secuestro. Memoria de mis putas tristes contains the most drafts with ten
numbered versions as well as an early draft, two proofs, and various
fragments. Noticia de un secuestro, which was
based on a true event, includes two notebooks containing handwritten notes
in addition to the typescript drafts.
||El otoño del patriarca includes a
photocopied typescript, galleys and correspondence regarding a film
adaption. One of the correspondents is Marlon Brando, who was interested in
playing the lead role.
||The first volume of García Márquez’s memoir Vivir para contarla is also well represented with several
numbered versions and proofs, as well as research material, including
transcripts and notes from interviews conducted by Jacques Gilard from 1977
to 1979, a book dummy, and three published editions, all with revisions. A
small amount of material for the unfinished second volume is also present in
the form of research material and typescript drafts.
||Subseries B. Short Works contains García Márquez’s articles and
essays, and short fiction. Both subgroups are arranged in alphabetical order
by title and include typescript drafts, handwritten manuscripts, printed
articles, clippings, and offprints. Shorter pieces are housed together in
folders by letter span, while larger files are housed in their own folder.
Especially well represented are the essay Un manual
para ser niño (1995) and the short story La Tigra (2004) adapted from an earlier film
synopsis. The 'fruit calendar riddles' are
short riddle-like poems about fruit and include photocopies of the
handwritten originals. Two offprints from Cuadernos
Hispanoamericanos of the short story "Un señor muy viejo con unas alas enormes" (1955) are also
||This subseries also includes forewords and introductions written by
García Márquez. This subgroup is arranged alphabetically by the
last name of the author of the book. Works are represented by either
typescripts, some with revisions, or photocopied pages from the published
book. A list of forewords and introductions written by García
Márquez is included, but not all of those listed are in the file.
||Subseries C. Film and Theater is the smallest of this series and is made up
of film synopses, screenplays, and one play, all arranged alphabetically by
title. The film synopses and screenplays in this subseries are Eréndira (1983), adapted from his short
story "La increíble y triste historia de la
cándida Eréndira y su abuela desalmada," and Tiempo de morir (1965), and two unproduced
films, Für Elise and Tango del viudo. Two typescripts of the one-act
play, Diatriba de amor contra un hombre
sentado (1988) are also present.
||An Index of Works Not Identified by Title in the Container List is included
with this finding aid. It lists short works filed together or located in
other folders within the collection.
||Series II. Photographs and Scrapbooks, 1930s-2011, undated (15 boxes,
11 oversize boxes, 4 computer disks)
||Series II. Photographs and Scrapbooks contains material removed from 43
photograph albums, 22 scrapbooks, and 1,419 digital images and is arranged
into three subseries: A. Photograph Albums, B. Scrapbooks, and C. Digital
Images. The first two subseries are arranged in alphabetical order by the
Spanish title assigned to the album or book. Most of the titles have been
translated into English and listed in this finding aid.
||Subseries A. Photograph Albums contains a large amount of photographs
documenting García Márquez’s life spanning over eight decades.
Personal photos include his childhood years, his time working as a
journalist, his travels, celebrations of birthdays and anniversaries, and
candid photographs with his family and friends. Professionally he is
depicted in publicity photographs, at various events and conferences,
meeting politicians from around the world, and receiving awards.
||García Márquez had many notable friends and acquaintances, and they
also appear in the photographs. The "Amigos" albums include photos with Woody Allen, Carmen Balcells,
Luis Buñuel, Fidel Castro, Julio Cortázar, Carlos Fuentes, Graham
Greene, Milan Kundera, Pablo Neruda, Robert Redford, and Juan Rulfo, among
others. The "Embassies and Ambassadors"
and "Gabo with Presidents" albums depict
García Márquez with various ambassadors, diplomats, and presidents
including Fidel Castro, Raúl Castro, Bill Clinton, Mikhail Gorbachev,
and several Latin American presidents.
||The "Gabo" albums document García
Márquez’s personal and professional life by way of family snapshots as
well as publicity photographs by professional photographers. Family
celebrations include his 60th birthday (celebrated in 1988 due to his birth
year being incorrectly cited as 1928), his 80th birthday, and his and
Mercedes’s 53rd wedding anniversary. Other photographs depict him working on
Cien años de soledad, filming Tiempo de morir, receiving his honorary
doctorate from Columbia University in 1971, with a black eye after being
punched in the face by Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa in 1976, and
attending various events and conferences. Some of the professional
photographers whose photographs of García Márquez appear here are
Ulf Andersen, Peter Badge, Hernán Díaz, Jesse A. Fernandez, Robert
Lebeck, Rodrigo Moya, Steve Pyke, Indira Restrepo, Judith Joy Ross, Pedro
Valtierra, and Dimitris Yeros.
||The "Nobel Prize" album documents the
events surrounding García Márquez’s Nobel Prize in Literature
award beginning with a photograph of García Márquez and Mercedes
outside their Mexico City home on the morning of the announcement taken by
their son, Rodrigo, to his time in Stockholm surrounded by family and close
friends in his hotel room, and finally during and after the ceremony.
||Family trips are also documented in the photographs. The destinations include
Barcelona, Spain; Cancun, Mexico; Caracas, Venezuela; Chile; China and
Japan; New York; and, especially, Havana, Cuba for which there are four
albums. Frequently appearing in the "La
Habana" albums is García Márquez’s close friend, Fidel
Castro. Both men are often depicted in casual settings including relaxing on
a yacht and roasting a goat on a spit. The album "Fidel - Birán" documents Castro’s visit to his
||All but six of the albums consisted of magnetic adhesive pages in large
binders. For conservation purposes, these albums were digitized and/or
photographed in their original state before the photographs were removed
from the album pages and sleeved in archival sleeves. The photographs were
placed in the same sequence within folders and housed in archival boxes.
Pages that were flagged or had explanatory text written on them were
photocopied and filed with the photographs, and all flags were retained. One
album ("Amigos VII") was kept intact as a
sample of the original state. The remaining six albums that did not have
magnetic adhesive pages were deemed archivally sound by Ransom Center
photograph conservators and left intact.
||Subseries B. Scrapbooks consists of 22 scrapbooks containing articles and
clippings by and about García Márquez and his works. Scrapbooks
containing material related to individual works include those for El amor en los tiempos del cólera, Cien años de soledad, El general en su laberinto, and Vivir para contarla. Five scrapbooks are devoted
to clippings of interviews, stories, articles, and excerpts by and about
García Márquez from newspapers around the world in Colombia,
France, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Chile, Peru, Venezuela, Spain,
Italy, Germany, Belgium, and the United States.
||General press clippings make up two "GGM
Press" scrapbooks as well as an older unlabeled book from 1950 to
1974. Press and reviews of various works are located in two "Press releases" books as well as the
unlabeled scrapbook from 1968 to 1988 and throughout the other books.
||The book "La Novelería por el Novelista
Nobelado" was compiled by Fernando Jaramillo E. and contains
bound photocopied clippings and articles regarding García
Márquez’s Nobel Prize.
||One scrapbook, "Cambio Colombia and Cambio
Mexico" consists of clippings and tearsheets by and about
García Márquez from the Colombian and Mexican versions of the
magazine that he purchased and to which he frequently contributed
||Of note in this subseries is the book "La Jirafa,
por Septimus." It contains clippings of a weekly column written
by García Márquez under the pseudonym Septimus from 1950 to 1952
for the newspaper El Heraldo. The front cover
of the binder features an embossed giraffe (jirafa), and the book is
inscribed to him.
||Subseries C. Digital Images consists of 1,419 photographs documenting
García Márquez’s personal life, particularly close family members.
Also included are photographs of García Márquez with pop star
||Series III. Correspondence, 1961-2013, undated (11.5 boxes)
||Series III. Correspondence consists of incoming and outgoing letters. It is
arranged in two subseries: A. Incoming Correspondence, and B. Outgoing
Correspondence. The letters are arranged chronologically except for a few
groups that are arranged alphabetically by sender or receiver. The groupings
reflect the organization in which the correspondence arrived at the Ransom
Center with the "Letters, Invitations and
Requests" making up the bulk. These consist of fan letters and
autograph requests from readers and admirers, invitations to conferences and
festivals, and requests for lectures or appearances. The letters were
originally grouped by year, and have been further organized by month and
day. The largest group are the letters from 1982, especially those from
October when García Márquez’s Nobel Prize was announced, and the
months following. Another large group is the letters of condolence sent to
him in June-July 2002 following the death of his mother. Some outgoing
correspondence is located throughout this group. Additional fan mail,
invitations, and requests are found under the general correspondence.
||Other incoming correspondence includes letters from his literary agent Carmen
Balcells, and her office, Agencia Literaria Carmen Balcells. They are
arranged chronologically and include incoming and outgoing correspondence as
well as some third-party correspondence as Balcells often handled various
matters related to García Márquez’s works such as requests for
film rights and permission to publish excerpts. Also present are receipts
documenting shipments of books and other documents. Letters are often
addressed to García Márquez’s assistant, Blanca Rodríguez,
and later, Mónica Alonso.
||The "Letters from very important people" and
"Special letters" were designated as
such by either García Márquez or someone in his family, most
likely his wife. Both groups are arranged alphabetically. Correspondents in
the "Letters from very important people"
group include Kofi Annan, Emilio Azcarraga, Belisario Betancur, Boutros
Boutros-Ghali, Raúl Castro, Bill Clinton, José Luis Cuevas, Akira
Kurosawa, Thomas "Mack" McLarty,
François Mitterrand, Kenzaburō Ōe, and Andrés Pastrana
Arango, among others. "Special letters" is a
bigger group, and among those correspondents are Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan,
Miguel Alemán Velasco, publisher Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., Guillermo
Angulo, Harry Belafonte, Cass Canfield, Jr., Francis Ford Coppola, Julio
Cortázar, Umberto Eco, Jane Fonda, Carlos Fuentes, Indira Gandhi,
Günter Grass, Milan Kundera, Yoko Ono, Gregory Rabassa, and many
others, including some who are unidentified.
||A large amount of telegrams congratulating him on his Nobel Prize are
arranged alphabetically. Senders include Julio Cortázar, Régis
Debray, Umberto Eco, Carlos Fuentes, Ashbel Green, Graham Greene, and Norman
Mailer. Included with these telegrams are two drafts of García
Márquez’s banquet speech "Brindis por la
||Other groups of incoming correspondence include faxes from 1998 to 2001. They
are mostly business related, arranged chronologically, and include some
outgoing letters. Also included is a small file of letters from his cousin
Margot Policarpa Valdeblánquez, which contains some family stories, and
a small group of general correspondence arranged chronologically and made up
of additional fan mail, requests, and invitations and other business related
||An Index of Selected Correspondents is included in this finding aid. It lists
the bulk of the correspondents found throughout the collection with the
exception of those in the "Letters, Invitations
and Requests" group and the Nobel Prize congratulatory
||Subseries B. Outgoing Correspondence contains outgoing letters arranged
alphabetically. Of note are photocopies of letters written to an
unidentified person, Alfredo, in which García Márquez expresses
his thoughts on working on children’s stories and other projects after the
publication of Cien años de soledad, a
handwritten letter from 1961 to Jorge Masetti regarding his quitting his job
with the Cuban news agency Prensa Latina, a photocopy of his letter to
Francisco Porrúa of Sudamericana in 1965 offering the manuscript for
Cien años de soledad (they would go
on to publish it), a letter to President Jimmy Carter from 1977 regarding
the Puerto Rican Andrés Figueroa Cordero in prison in the U.S., and a
letter from 2003 to Salman Rushdie lamenting that they have never met in
||Other notable outgoing correspondence includes photocopies of letters from
the 1960s to early 1970s to his friends Álvaro Cepeda Samudio and
Germán Vargas who were also part of the Baranquilla group.
||The "Answered correspondence" group is also
arranged alphabetically and includes many handwritten and signed letters by
García Márquez replying to requests and invitations, some of which
are also present.
||Series IV. Personal and Career Related, 1952-2014, undated (13 boxes,
2 oversize boxes, 55 computer disks)
||Series IV. Personal and Career Related contains García Márquez’s
address book, articles and interviews by and about him, awards and honors,
biographical information, material related to Cambio magazine, typescripts of articles and a speech by Fidel
Castro, contracts, family papers, financial documents, material related to
foundations, legal documents, material from the Museo Nacional de Colombia,
Nobel Prize lecture drafts and ephemera, notebooks, screenplays, speeches,
statements and letters, subject files, travel related material, visitors
books, material related to his visit to the White House, and works by
others. The materials are in alphabetical order by folder title or
||The articles and interviews include clippings and printed material of
articles about García Márquez and his works. The interviews
consist of those with him, as well as some conducted by him, including text
from two conversations between García Márquez and Japanese
filmmaker Akira Kurosawa.
||Awards and honors include an honorary membership to the American Academy of
Arts and Letters, National Institute of Arts and Letters; his honorary
doctorate from Columbia University; and The One Show / Merit Award from the
Art Directors Club, the Copy Club of New York.
||Material related to Cambio, the magazine
García Márquez purchased and to which he frequently contributed,
includes a photocopy of issue number 294 from February 1999 with editorial
and layout notes by García Márquez, and some typescripts by him
and by others with his corrections and revisions.
||One typescript of a speech and three typescripts of articles by Fidel Castro
for his column "Reflexiones del compañero
Fidel" from July 2008 are present in this series. A photocopy of
a letter that Castro wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a child is
also included here.
||Contracts from his literary agency Agencia Literaria Carmen Balcells make up
the bulk of the contracts section and are mostly for translations of his
works. Contracts with La Oveja Negra are also present. Of note in this
section is the original contract with Editorial Sudamericana for Cien años de soledad.
||Family papers consist of Mercedes’s high school diploma and typescripts of
various articles written by García Márquez’s brother, Gustavo
||The financial documents include material related to El Equilibrista, a
publishing house in which García Márquez invested, expense reports
from Colombia from 2009 to 2014, and royalty statements from 1988.
||Material related to two foundations with which García Márquez was
involved includes documents concerning Fundación Cultural Lya y Luis
Cardoza y Aragón and Fundación del Nuevo Periodismo Iberoamericano
(Foundation for a New Ibero-American Journalism), which he launched.
||The legal documents include material related to book piracy in Colombia after
García Márquez pulled his books from stores there due to the large
amount of pirated copies being sold; a petition to get his grandfather,
Nicolás Márquez’s rank posthumously upgraded from Colonel to
General; documents related to the lawsuit filed by the sailor depicted in
García Márquez’s non-fiction story Relato
de un náufrago (The Story of a
Shipwrecked Sailor); and papers and clippings on the Tierras
Chiapas case wherein García Márquez endured a case of mistaken
identity and was falsely accused of taking land from Indians (the
perpetrator was also named Gabriel García Márquez). The material
related to his U.S. visa includes a statement written by him detailing his
previous visits to the U.S. and the difficulties he experienced regarding
his visa, as well as correspondence between him and his lawyers.
||Documents and correspondence from the Museo Nacional de Colombia concern the
restoration of García Márquez’s childhood home, and his donation
to the museum of the "liqui liqui" he wore
to the Nobel Prize ceremony.
||Nobel Prize material consists of drafts and translated versions of his Nobel
lecture, as well as ephemera including plane tickets, a program, dinner
menu, receipts from the hotel, several commemorative García
Márquez stamps, and printed versions of his lecture.
||Three small notebooks contain handwritten notes from a trip to Cuba or
possibly Vietnam, and an additional notebook labeled 'Notas' contains two pages on which a list is
||There are a large amount of screenplays, both in paper and electronic form,
from scriptwriting workshops conducted by García Márquez. Many of
them credit him as co-writer, showing the collaborative nature of these
workshops. These have been arranged alphabetically by author. Some of the
files also contain the contract paperwork for each screenplay, while some
contain only the contracts, or in some cases, only a synopsis of the
||The speeches consist of transcripts of speeches and lectures by García
Márquez for various events, many of which have been published. A list
of the speeches is also in this file.
||Statements and letters are typed and handwritten statements by García
Márquez regarding various topics and events such as the deaths of Luis
Donaldo Colosio and Octavio Paz, Mexican cinema, the Cuban Democracy Act,
and expressing his solidarity with Jesús de Polanco and Juan Luis
Cebrián. Also included are open letters written to various people
including Bill Clinton, César Gaviria, Enrique Santos Calderón,
Luis Mandoki, and Salman Rushdie. Statements lacking a title are described
with a brief subject or topic in brackets. A list of the statements is
included in this file. A small amount of letters of recommendation are also
contained within this group. An additional file contains statements that
were falsely credited to García Márquez.
||The subject files cover a range of topics including drugs, specifically drug
legalization, and the Colombian singer and performer Shakira. The file on
Elián González, the young Cuban boy at the center of a custody and
immigration controversy between Cuba and the U.S., includes notes and
articles about González and photographs of García Márquez
with González and his family. Two files labeled "Peace in Colombia" contain identical
material, which consists of articles and correspondence with Ejército
de Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Army). One of the files was
labeled "GM" and the other "Monica," referring to García
Márquez’s assistant. The Alistair Reid file contains articles and
correspondence regarding Reid, a writer, who in 1984 was accused of
fabricating facts in articles written for the New
||Travel related material includes nine of García Márquez’s passports
documenting his travels to various locations, as well as his airline miles
statements for several airlines.
||The works by others include those about García Márquez and his
works, and a small amount of works not related to him. The majority of the
items about him are offprints from different publications.