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Could We Build a Blade Runner-Style ‘Replicant’?
The new Blade Runner sequel will return us to a world where sophisticated androids made with organic body parts can match the strength and emotions of their human creators. As someone who builds biologically inspired robots, I’m interested in whether our own technology will ever come close to matching the “replicants” of Blade Runner 2049.
The reality is that we’re a very long way from building robots with human-like abilities. But advances in so-called soft robotics show a promising way forward for technology that could be a new basis for the androids of the future.
From a scientific point of view, the real challenge is replicating the complexity of the human body. Each one of us is made up of millions and millions of cells, and we have no clue how we can build such a complex machine that is indistinguishable from us humans. The most complex machines today, for example the world’s largest airliner, the Airbus A380, are composed of millions of parts. But in order to match the complexity level of humans, we would need to scale this complexity up about a million times.
There are currently three different ways that engineering is making the border between humans and robots more ambiguous. Unfortunately, these approaches are only starting points, and are not yet even close to the world of Blade Runner.
There are human-like robots built from scratch by assembling artificial sensors, motors and computers to resemble the human body and motion. However, extending the current human-like robot would not bring Blade Runner-style androids closer to humans, because every artificial component, such as sensors and motors, are still hopelessly primitive compared to their biological counterparts.
There is also cyborg technology, where the human body is enhanced with machines such as robotic limbs, wearable and implantable devices. This technology is similarly very far away from matching our own body parts.
Finally, there is the technology of genetic manipulation, where an organism’s genetic code is altered to modify that organism’s body. Although we have been able to identify and manipulate individual genes, we still have a limited understanding of how an entire human emerges from genetic code. As such, we don’t know the degree to which we can actually programme code to design everything we wish.
Soft robotics: a way forward?
But we might be able to move robotics closer to the world of Blade Runner by pursuing other technologies, and in particular by turning to nature for inspiration. The field of soft robotics is a good example. In the last decade or so, robotics researchers have been making considerable efforts to make robots soft, deformable, squishable and flexible.
This technology is inspired by the fact that 90% of the human body is made from soft substances such as skin, hair and tissues. This is because most of the fundamental functions in our body rely on soft parts that can change shape, from the heart and lungs pumping fluid around our body to the eye lenses generating signals from their movement. Cells even change shape to trigger division, self-healing and, ultimately, the evolution of the body.
The softness of our bodies is the origin of all their functionality needed to stay alive. So being able to build soft machines would at least bring us a step closer to the robotic world of Blade Runner. Some of the recent technological advances include artificial hearts made out of soft functional materials that are pumping fluid through deformation. Similarly, soft, wearable gloves can help make hand grasping stronger. And “epidermal electronics” has enabled us to tattoo electronic circuits onto our biological skins.
Softness is the keyword that brings humans and technologies closer together. Sensors, motors and computers are all of a sudden integrated into human bodies once they became soft, and the border between us and external devices becomes ambiguous, just like soft contact lenses became part of our eyes.
Nevertheless, the hardest challenge is how to make individual parts of a soft robot body physically adaptable by self-healing, growing and differentiating. After all, every part of a living organism is also alive in biological systems in order to make our bodies totally adaptable and evolvable, the function of which could make machines totally indistinguishable from ourselves.
It is impossible to predict when the robotic world of Blade Runner might arrive, and if it does it will probably be very far in the future. But as long as the desire to build machines indistinguishable from humans is there, the current trends of robotic revolution could make it possible to achieve that dream.
By Fumiya Iida, Lecturer in mechatronics, University of Cambridge. This article was originally published in The Conversation under a Creative Commons Attribution No Derivatives license. Read the original here.
You can read Chapter 9 Developing FE Human Models From Medical Images from Basic Finite Element Method as Applied to Injury Biomechanics for a limited time on ScienceDirect.
his chapter introduces the acquisition of biomedical images from common clinical practices for finite element (FE) human model development. It starts with a brief introduction to the different clinical scanning modalities available, including X-ray, computed tomography (CT or CAT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), along with the rationale behind them for FE model generation. Different steps involved in the retrieval of three-dimensional (3D) surface geometry of human tissues, from image registration to image segmentation to the smoothing of image data for the generation of 3D computer-aided (CAD) surfaces, are described in detail. Further, different types of mesh generation strategies are described. The chapter also explains the mesh quality diagnostic check criteria and its relevance for obtaining accurate results during FE explicit solutions. Since some meshes representing different soft tissues are not directly connected at nodal locations, further descriptions of different contact algorithms available in FE solvers are explained for force/momentum transfers between these unmerged Lagrangian meshes. Lastly, a step-by-step procedure, along with different tools/software used for the development of a full-body FE model (CHARM 70F), is illustrated as an example for whole human body model development.
Want to read more?
- Covers the fundamentals and applications of the finite element method in injury biomechanics
- Teaches readers model development through a hands-on approach that is ideal for students and researchers
- Includes different modeling schemes used to model different parts of the body, including related constitutive laws and associated material properties
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