Artificial intelligence (AI, also machine intelligence, MI) is intelligence displayed by machines, in contrast with the natural intelligence (NI) displayed by humans and other animals. In computer science AI research is defined as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving".
The scope of AI is disputed: as machines become increasingly capable, tasks considered as requiring "intelligence" are often removed from the definition, a phenomenon known as the AI effect, leading to the quip "AI is whatever hasn't been done yet." For instance, optical character recognition is frequently excluded from "artificial intelligence", having become a routine technology. Capabilities generally classified as AI as of 2017 include successfully understanding human speech, competing at a high level in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go), autonomous cars, intelligent routing in content delivery networks, military simulations, and interpreting complex data, including images and videos.
Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the years since has experienced several waves of optimism, followed by disappointment and the loss of funding (known as an "AI winter"), followed by new approaches, success and renewed funding. For most of its history, AI research has been divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.
The traditional problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence is among the field's long-term goals. Approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence, and traditional symbolic AI. Many tools are used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, neural networks and methods based on statistics, probability and economics. The AI field draws upon computer science, mathematics, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience, artificial psychology and many others.
The field was founded on the claim that human intelligence "can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it".This raises philosophical arguments about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence, issues which have been explored by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. Some people also consider AI a danger to humanity if it progresses unabatedly. Others believe that it is primarily a risk to employment: a frequently cited paper by Michael Osborne and Carl Benedikt Frey found that almost half of U.S. jobs are at risk to automation due to AI.
In the twenty-first century, AI techniques have experienced a resurgence following concurrent advances in computer power, large amounts of data, and theoretical understanding; and AI techniques have become an essential part of the technology industry, helping to solve many challenging problems in computer science.
Elon Musk is the co-founder and chairman of OpenAI, founded December 11, 2015, a non-profit research company working to build safe artificial intelligence and ensure that AI's benefits are as widely and evenly distributed as possible. OpenAI has a full-time staff of 60 researchers and engineers. The company focuses on long-term research, working on problems that require fundamental advances in AI capabilities. OpenAI publishes at top machine learning conferences, open-sources software tools for accelerating AI research, and releases blog posts to communicate research.
Artificial Intelligence Wikipedia
AI: Deep learning comes full circle PhysOrg - May 7, 2018
For years, the people developing artificial intelligence drew inspiration from what was known about the human brain, and it has enjoyed a lot of success as a result. Now, AI is starting to return the favor. Although not explicitly designed to do so, certain artificial intelligence systems seem to mimic our brains' inner workings more closely than previously thought, suggesting that both AI and our minds have converged on the same approach to solving problems. If so, simply watching AI at work could help researchers unlock some of the deepest mysteries of the brain.
Nightmare AI Threats Are 'One to Two Decades' Away Sci-Tech - March 5, 2018
Is the world headed toward an AI Cold War? Expert warns intelligent software is now the 'weapon of choice' in the global arms race Daily Mail - January 29, 2018
As during the Cold War after World War II, nations are developing and building weapons based on advanced technology.
Alibaba's AI outperforms humans in one of the toughest reading comprehension tests ever created in a remarkable world first Daily Mail - January 15, 2018
Artificial Intelligence software has beaten humans in one of the world's most-challenging reading comprehension tests. In a feat being hailed as a world first, a deep neural network scored higher than the average person on a Stanford University designed quiz. The breakthrough could lead to more advanced robots and automated systems, capable of solving complex problems and answering difficult questions. Future applications could range from customer service to helping tackle social and political issues, like climate change and conflicts over resources.
The AI that can read your mind: Creepy machine recreates the image you're thinking about by decoding your brain signals Daily Mail - January 3, 2018
Japanese scientists have create a creepy machine that can peer into your mind's eye with incredible accuracy. The AI can study electrical signals in the brain to work out exactly what images someone is looking at, and even thinking about. The technique could theoretically be used to create footage of daydreams and to help patients in permanent vegetative states to communicate with their loved ones.
#Yearender2017: Artificial Intelligence gave us politicians, music composers this year. What's next? inUth - December 23, 2017
The year began on a spectacular note as the news of an AI defeating four human players in a poker match lasting 20 days hit the Internet. The news was particularly important as in a similar match two years back, humans won. But this victory was just the beginning of the never-ending series of striking and noteworthy developments in the field. As the year progressed, we saw AI being used extensively not just for tracking human behavior on social media but also for detecting various diseases like Alzheimer's and cancer. Apart from this, we also witnessed AI getting a step closer to ‘being human'. While on one hand AI successfully managed to emote, exhibiting emotions like aggression and cooperation, on the other hand, Saudi Arabia granted citizenship to world's first ever AI-based robot- Sophia. Following the trend, Tokyo granted residency to 'AI boy' Shibuya Mirai.
Checkmate humanity: In four hours, a robot taught itself chess, then beat a grandmaster with moves never devised in the game's 1,500-year history and the implications are terrifying Daily Mail - December 22, 2017
Will robots one day destroy us? It's a question that increasingly preoccupies many of our most brilliant scientists and tech entrepreneurs. For developments in artificial intelligence (AI) - machines programmed to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence - are poised to reshape our workplace and leisure time dramatically. This year, a leading Oxford academic, Professor Michael Wooldridge, warned MPs that AI could go ‘rogue', that machines might become so complex that the engineers who create them will no longer understand them or be able to predict how they function.
The AI that can choose the perfect picture: Google's software is learning what humans look for in photographs Science Tech - December 22, 2017
Google's latest neural image assessment system (NIMA) is using AI to scan all the pictures you took on your phone for quality and then help choose the most attractive ones. The system uses deep convolutional neural networks, a type of computing system that replicates the biological networks in the brain, to scan phone photos for both technical and aesthetic elements. Google hopes to develop the system as app to suggest improvements such as tweaks to brightness and contrast in real time, and even offer tips to improve the framing and 'aesthetic beauty and emotional appeal' of images.
Hundreds of A.I. experts echo Elon Musk, Stephen Hawking in call for a ban on killer robots CNBC - November 8, 2017
Scientists who understand the potential of artificial intelligence have a significant fear: killer robots, also known as autonomous weapons. In August, more than 100 technology leaders, including Tesla and SpaceX CEO Elon Musk, signed an open letter calling on the United Nations to ban the development and use of artificially intelligent weaponry. Musk has tweeted that he fears a global arms race for artificial intelligence will cause the third World War. Monday, the famous physicist Stephen Hawking warned of the importance of regulating artificial intelligence: "Unless we learn how to prepare for, and avoid, the potential risks, AI could be the worst event in the history of our civilization. It brings dangers, like powerful autonomous weapons, or new ways for the few to oppress the many," he said at the Web Summit technology conference in Lisbon.
Stephen Hawking warns artificial intelligence could end civilization Newsweek - November 7, 2017
World-renowned physicist Stephen Hawking has warned that artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to destroy civilization and could be the worst thing that has ever happened to humanity. Speaking at a technology conference in Lisbon, Portugal, Hawking told attendees that mankind had to find a way to control computers. Computers can, in theory, emulate human intelligence, and exceed it. Success in creating effective AI, could be the biggest event in the history of our civilization. Or the worst. We just don't know. So we cannot know if we will be infinitely helped by AI, or ignored by it and side-lined, or conceivably destroyed by it.
AI could 'replace humans altogether': Professor Stephen Hawking warns that robots will soon be a 'new form of life' that can outperform us Daily Mail - November 6, 2017
Professor Stephen Hawking has issued a chilling warning about the imminent rise of artificial intelligence. During a new interview, Professor Hawking warned that AI will soon reach a level where it will be a 'new form of life that will outperform humans.'Professor Hawking even went so far as to say that AI may replace humans altogether, although he didn't specify a timeline for his predictions.
The New Religions Obsessed with A.I. Daily Beast - October 29, 2017
What has improved American lives most in the last 50 years? According to a Pew Research study reported this month, it's not civil rights (10 percent) or politics (2 percent): it's technology (42 percent). And yet, according to other studies, most Americans are wary of technology, especially in areas of automation (72 percent), or robotic caregivers (59 percent), or riding in driverless vehicles (56 percent), and even in using brain chip implants to augment the capabilities of healthy people (69 percent).
Elon Musk's billion dollar crusade to stop the AI apocalypse Vanity Fair - March 26, 2017
Elon Musk is famous for his futuristic gambles, but Silicon Valley's latest rush to embrace artificial intelligence scares him. And he thinks you should be frightened too. Inside his efforts to influence the rapidly advancing field and its proponents, and to save humanity from machine-learning overlords.
Deep-learning vision system anticipates human interactions using videos of TV shows PhysOrg - June 21, 2016
When we see two people meet, we can often predict what happens next: a handshake, a hug, or maybe even a kiss. Our ability to anticipate actions is thanks to intuitions born out of a lifetime of experiences. Machines, on the other hand, have trouble making use of complex knowledge like that. Computer systems that predict actions would open up new possibilities ranging from robots that can better navigate human environments, to emergency response systems that predict falls, to Google Glass-style headsets that feed you suggestions for what to do in different situations. This week researchers from MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) have made an important new breakthrough in predictive vision, developing an algorithm that can anticipate interactions more accurately than ever before.
Stephen Hawking warns artificial intelligence could end mankind BBC - December 23, 2017
Prof Stephen Hawking, one of Britain's pre-eminent scientists, has said that efforts to create thinking machines pose a threat to our very existence. He told the BBC:"The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race." His warning came in response to a question about a revamp of the technology he uses to communicate, which involves a basic form of AI. But others are less gloomy about AI's prospects. The theoretical physicist, who has the motor neurone disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is using a new system developed by Intel to speak. Machine learning experts from the British company Swiftkey were also involved in its creation. Their technology, already employed as a smartphone keyboard app, learns how the professor thinks and suggests the words he might want to use next. Prof Hawking says the primitive forms of artificial intelligence developed so far have already proved very useful, but he fears the consequences of creating something that can match or surpass humans.
First Synthetic Yeast Chromosome Paves Way for Designer Genomes Live Science - March 28, 2014
A chunk of the genetic blueprint for yeast has been created and pieced together from scratch, paving the way for "designer" organisms that could produce new medicines, food products and biofuels, the creators say. Researchers took tiny snippets of man-made DNA and joined them together to create a synthetic version of a chromosome, the structure that contains DNA inside cells, from brewer's yeast. The ability to create such chromosomes is a major step for the field of synthetic biology, which aims to engineer microbes to produce useful products. The work also brings scientists closer to creating synthetic plants and animals.
Scientists Move Closer to Inventing Artificial Life National Geographic - March 29, 2014
In a biological first, an international team has inserted a man-made chromosome into brewer's yeast, producing a life form that thrives and successfully passes the designer genes on to its offspring. The "synthetic" biology advance - the first synthesis of a working artificial chromosome in an organism more complex than a bacterium - opens the door wider to man-made microbes that may someday be designed to manufacture better fuels, food, and medicines.
Scientists hail synthetic chromosome advance BBC - March 28, 2014
Scientists have created the first synthetic chromosome for yeast in a landmark for biological engineering.
1st Fully Bionic Man Walks, Talks and Breathes Live Science - October 19, 2013
He walks, he talks and he has a beating heart, but he's not human - he's the world's first fully bionic man.
S.Korea schools get robot English teachers PhysOrg - December 28, 2010
Almost 30 robots have started teaching English to youngsters in a South Korean city in a pilot project designed to nurture the nascent robot industry. Engkey, a white, egg-shaped robot developed by the Korea Institute of Science of Technology (KIST), began taking classes Monday at 21 elementary schools in the southeastern city of Daegu.
Robot's space debut 'giant leap for tin-mankind' PhysOrg - November 2, 2010
Space is about to get its first humanoid from planet Earth. Robonaut 2 - affectionately known as R2 - is hitching a one-way ride to the International Space Station this week aboard the final flight of space shuttle Discovery. It's the first humanoid robot ever bound for space, a $2.5 million mechanical and electrical marvel that NASA hopes one day will assist flesh-and-bone astronauts in orbit.
Robots learning from experience PhysOrg - August 24, 2010
Robots that develop emotions in interaction with humans PhysOrg - August 12, 2010
The first prototype robots capable of developing emotions as they interact with their human caregivers and expressing a whole range of emotions have been finalized by researchers. Developed as part of the interdisciplinary project FEELIX GROWING (Feel, Interact, eXpress: a Global approach to development with Interdisciplinary Grounding), funded by the European Commission and coordinated by Dr. Canamero, the robots have been developed so that they learn to interact with and respond to humans in a similar way as children learn to do it, and use the same types of expressive and behavioral cues that babies use to learn to interact socially and emotionally with others.
Robots get artificial skin PhysOrg - July 1, 2010
Robots are breaking barriers: Long banished behind steel barriers, they are entering new fields of application such as the manufacturing, household and healthcare sectors. The requisite safety can be provided by a tactile sensor system, which can be integrated in a floor or applied directly to robots as an artificial skin. A mobile robot carefully transports a sample through a biotech lab where it is surrounded by the routine hustle and bustle. Lab technicians are conversing with one another and performing tests. One technician inadvertently runs into the robot, which stops moving immediately. An artificial skin covering the robot makes this possible.
CHARLI, a full-sized humanoid robot PhysOrg - April 29, 2010
As CHARLI takes his first steps, anxious onlookers stand ready to catch him if he falls. His stride is short, but upright, as one foot is placed in front of the other in the basement of Virginia Tech's Randolph Hall. He is a 5-foot tall humanoid robot built by graduate and undergraduate students with the Virginia Tech College of Engineering's Robotics and Mechanisms Laboratory (RoMeLa). body including a rotating head, arms, legs and six fingers plus three-dimensional vision to recognize chores that need to be tackled.
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