First aid general knowledge
<Attention: This only serves as the reference, if has any accident, reminds the helper first time notice employer by all means must, when the necessity reports to the police, is called the ambulance>
Burns And Scalds
Causing injuries to body tissues or skin resulting from heat is generally called burns & scalds.
Burns: Bodily injuries resulting from dry heat generated by flames, electric current, hot objects, radiation, over-exposure to sun rays & chemical corrosives, etc.
Scalds: Bodily injuries caused by hot liquids & steam etc.
Estimating The Burns & Scalds of An Adult Casualty
The area of skin surface burnt or scalded can be estimated by the ‘Rule of Nine’. Imagine the body as being 100%, so head and neck as 9%; anterior trunk as 18%; posterior truck as 18%; each upper limb as 9%; each lower limb as 18%, external genitalia as 1%. (Note: If the affected area covers only part of the skin areas, it should be assessed by palm measurement. Each palm covers 1% of the body.)
Estimating the Depth of Burn
First Degree Burn: Swell, redness and pain on the epidermis
Second Degree Burn: Blisters will appear in the burnt area epidermis & dermis is segregated. The casualty will feel great pain.
Third Degree Burn: Skin will turn charred and dark & destroy deeper layers. There is already no sense of pain.
Critical Burns / Scalds
The elderly & infants are more susceptible to burns / scalds than adults. If an adult has 5% of second degree burns or an infant has 2-3% of second degree burns or any third degree burn and under the follower circumstances, the casualty should be taken to hospital immediately:
– Inhalation injuries
– Burns associated with a significant fracture or other major injuries
– Second or third degree burns involving head, hands, feet & external genital organs.
– Large area of burns
– Electrical burns
Following Burns or Scalds, the body will experience:
– Loss of body fluid leading to hypovolaemia shock
– Failure in body thermal regulation due to damage of body skin
-Invasion of bacteria due to deficiency in defence against infection.
1. Remove the casualty from the heat source.
2. Check the casualty’s breathing & pulse.
3. Check the extent & depth of his burns.
4. Cool & treat the burned area.
– Flush the burned area with water, cool the burned area to alleviate his pain
– Cover the wound with a sterilized dressing.
– For facial burns, use sheet or triangular bandage to cover the burnt area. Provide openings on the sheet or triangular bandage for eyes, nose & mouth for the casualty.
5. Treat shock.
6. Send the casualty to hospital immediately.
1. Do not puncture blisters
2. Do not apply lotion or ointment to the burnt area.
3. Do not apply cold pack to the burnt area.
4. Do not remove clothing sticking to the skin .
5. Do not cough or speak towards the injured area.
When treating burns caused by chemicals, remove all the chemicals sticking to the casualty’s body as soon as possible to avoid deterioration of injury.
1. Put on protective clothing & wear gloves.
2. Remove the solid chemicals thoroughly, then rinse the casualty with a large amount of water; the liquid chemicals can be rinsed by a large amount of water.
3. Remove the contaminated clothing & ornaments from the casualty when rinsing.
4. Dress the wound with bandage after rinsing.
5. Send the casualty to hospital.
6. If chemical has splashed into the eyes of the casualty, continue to flush his eyes during transportation to hospital.
When a high current of electricity passes through the body, it may cause severe burns. Furthermore if the cardiac muscle is damaged by the current, abnormal beating or cessation of the beat may result. .
1. Protect yourself, break the current or separate the casualty from the source.
2. If breathing & heartbeat have stopped, apply CPR immediately.
3. If the casualty is unconscious but breathes normally, place him in a recovery position.
4. Treat his burns.
5. Send the casualty to hospital.
Cuts falls the wound
Wraps up with the clear water either the dilution disinfection liquid medicines cleaning wound with the gauze holds back the wound or the artery, enhances as far as possible the sores, helps to stop bleeding. If after period of time has not still been able to stop bleeding, please send for a doctor processing
Soaks with the clear water flushing wound either the sores the cold water 10 minutes to spread with the clean gauze being injured place not to spread with the ice or to spread wipes wound and so on uncooked oil, soy sauce, butter, toothpaste, this only can worsen like the sores the wounds condition to get up the blister, also do not make the blister broken, in order to avoid bacterial invasion
Will sit down lets the muscle rest and relax with the ice spreads the help to lessen the swollen area wraps up with the elastic bandage sprains the spot contracting place to lift high (take is higher than atrium as standard), helped the vein backflow and lessens the swollen area like in for 48 hours not to still lessen the swollen area, please sent for a doctor processing
Sits down lets the muscle rest and relax pulls the straight convulsions spot gently to massage the muscle with the hand to maintain the rest and the massage condition until the pain vanishes
Drinks the massive clear water to rest as far as possible and the sleep turns on the window, lets the crisp air inflow attention let the body maintain warms with the ice spreads on the forehead helps to bring down a fever like the high fever to continue not to draw back, please send for a doctor processing
Swallows the foreign matter
Stands surrounds his/her waist behind the patient by both hands from after slightly to make an effort in the diaphragm slightly temporary lodging to exert pressure urges to choke up fills thing spitting place like not to be ineffective, please send for a doctor processing
The foreign matter enters the eye
The eye receives stimulates, or can naturally secrete the tears, may let the tears flush away the foreign matter another method is opens with clear water flushing eye the eye face, dips the clear water with the cotton and kapok stick to wipe the different thing-in-itself not to be ineffective, please send for a doctor processing
Flows the nosebleed
Let patient’s sit down or stand, is sure not to lie down, micro leans to front lets the patient temporarily use the mouth breath slightly to make an effort after the hand to suppress the patient nose department cartilage 10 minutes to relax the pressure if still bled, after the recompression 10 minutes if 30 minutes still were unable to stop bleeding, please sent for a doctor processing
Receives an electric shock
The truncation break point remains immediately like is unable to interrupt the electric current, may use the bamboo or the wood and so on does not conduct electricity the thing the wounded and the power source separates if the wounded asphyxiation, should implement the artificial respiration rapidly to convene by telegram the ambulance immediately to send to hospital treats and cures
Food poisoning/takes medicine by mistake the thing or the chemical like wounded is sober, lets him drink the massive clear water or the fresh milk, in vivo toxin dilutes if the wounded loses consciousness, is sure not to give him the drinks, after in order to avoid the liquid inflow respiratory tract will convene by telegram the ambulance to send the poisonous matter and the vomitting sample takes to the hospital to make the chemical examination if 12 hours only then will vomit or the diarrhea, still wanted the multi- potable waters and seek medical help immediately
The coal gas or the petroleum gas are poisoned
Covers the mouth and the nose with the handkerchief, bears the breath to open all windows and doors closure gas origin as far as possible to be sure not the switch electric appliance or ignites the kindling material to move the wounded to the air fresh circulation place convenes by telegram the ambulance to wait for when the medical care personnel arrives, when necessity executes the artificial respiration to the wounded
Encourages the wounded to cough the wounded is bent the waist, causes the forehead to be lower than the lungs vigorously to pat with the palm of the hand between its shoulder blade, continuously does four time like sees the stemming in the oral cavity, may use the finger to assist to dig out like is unable to put out the stemming, please rapidly convenes by telegram the ambulance to send to hospital treats and cures when the waiting medical care personnel arrives, when necessity executes the artificial respiration to the wounded