Presentation on theme: "The Gaseous State Chapter 12 Dr. Victor Vilchiz. Density Determination If we look again at our derivation of the molecular mass equation, we can solve."— Presentation transcript:
The Gaseous State Chapter 12 Dr. Victor Vilchiz
Density Determination If we look again at our derivation of the molecular mass equation, we can solve for m/V, which represents density.
A Problem to Consider Calculate the density of ozone, O 3 (M m = 48.0g/mol), at 50 o C and 1.75 atm of pressure.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures: the sum of all the pressures of all the different gases in a mixture equals the total pressure of the mixture. (Figure 5.16) (Figure 5.16) Partial Pressures of Gas Mixtures
The composition of a gas mixture is often described in terms of its mole fraction. Partial Pressures of Gas Mixtures The mole fraction, of a component gas is the fraction of moles of that component in the total moles of gas mixture.
The partial pressure of a component gas, “A”, is then defined as Partial Pressures of Gas Mixtures Applying this concept to the ideal gas equation, we find that each gas can be treated independently.
A Problem to Consider Given a mixture of gases in the atmosphere at 760 torr, what is the partial pressure of N 2 ( = ) at 25 o C?
A useful application of partial pressures arises when you collect gases over water. (see Figure 5.17)(see Figure 5.17) Collecting Gases “Over Water” As gas bubbles through the water, the gas becomes saturated with water vapor. The partial pressure of the water in this “mixture” depends only on the temperature. (see Table 5.6)(see Table 5.6)
A Problem to Consider Suppose a 156 mL sample of H 2 gas was collected over water at 19 o C and 769 mm Hg. What is the mass of H 2 collected? First, we must find the partial pressure of the dry H 2.
A Problem to Consider Suppose a 156 mL sample of H 2 gas was collected over water at 19 o C and 769 mm Hg. What is the mass of H 2 collected? Table 5.6 lists the vapor pressure of water at 19 o C as 16.5 mm Hg.
A Problem to Consider Now we can use the ideal gas equation, along with the partial pressure of the hydrogen, to determine its mass.
From the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, you have A Problem to Consider Next,convert moles of H 2 to grams of H 2.
Stoichiometry Problems Involving Gas Volumes Suppose you heat mol of potassium chlorate, KClO 3, in a test tube. How many liters of oxygen can you produce at 298 K and 1.02 atm? Consider the following reaction, which is often used to generate small quantities of oxygen.
Stoichiometry Problems Involving Gas Volumes First we must determine the number of moles of oxygen produced by the reaction.
Stoichiometry Problems Involving Gas Volumes Now we can use the ideal gas equation to calculate the volume of oxygen under the conditions given.
Volume of particles is negligible Particles are in constant motion No inherent attractive or repulsive forces The average kinetic energy of a collection of particles is proportional to the temperature (K) Kinetic-Molecular Theory A simple model based on the actions of individual atoms
Molecular Speeds; Diffusion and Effusion The root-mean-square (rms) molecular speed, u, is a type of average molecular speed, equal to the speed of a molecule having the average molecular kinetic energy. It is given by the following formula:
Molecular Speeds; Diffusion and Effusion Diffusion is the transfer of a gas through space or another gas over time. Effusion is the transfer of a gas through a membrane or orifice. The equation for the rms velocity of gases shows the following relationship between rate of effusion and molecular mass. (See Figure 5.20)(See Figure 5.20)
Molecular Speeds; Diffusion and Effusion According to Graham’s law, the rate of effusion or diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass. (See Figure 5.22)(See Figure 5.22)
A Problem to Consider How much faster would H 2 gas effuse through an opening than methane, CH 4 ? So hydrogen effuses 2.8 times faster than CH 4
Real Gases Real gases do not follow PV = nRT perfectly. The van der Waals equation corrects for the nonideal nature of real gases. a corrects for interaction between atoms. b corrects for volume occupied by atoms.
Real Gases In the van der Waals equation, where “nb” represents the volume occupied by “n” moles of molecules. (See Figure 5.27)
Real Gases Also, in the van der Waals equation, where “n 2 a/V 2 ” represents the effect on pressure to intermolecular attractions or repulsions. (See Figure 5.26)(See Figure 5.26) Table 5.7 gives values of van der Waals constants for various gases.
A Problem to Consider If sulfur dioxide were an “ideal” gas, the pressure at 0 o C exerted by mol occupying L would be atm. Use the van der Waals equation to estimate the “real” pressure. Table 5.7 lists the following values for SO 2 a = L 2. atm/mol 2 b = L/mol
A Problem to Consider First, let’s rearrange the van der Waals equation to solve for pressure. R= L. atm/mol. K T = K V = L a = L 2. atm/mol 2 b = L/mol
A Problem to Consider The “real” pressure exerted by 1.00 mol of SO 2 at STP is slightly less than the “ideal” pressure.
Operational Skills Converting units of pressure. Using the empirical gas laws. Deriving empirical gas laws from the ideal gas law. Using the ideal gas law. Relating gas density and molecular weight. Solving stoichiometry problems involving gases. Calculating partial pressures and mole fractions. Calculating the amount of gas collected over water. Calculating the rms speed of gas molecules. Calculating the ratio of effusion rates of gases. Using the van der Waals equation.
Figure 5.2: A mercury barometer. Return to Lecture
Figure 5.5: Boyle’s experiment. Return to Lecture
Figure 5.10: The molar volume of a gas. Photo courtesy of James Scherer. Return to Slide 12
Figure 5.16: Automobile air bag. Photo courtesy of Chrysler Corporation. Return to Slide 29
Figure 5.17: An illustration of Dalton’s law of partial pressures before mixing. Return to Slide 33
Figure 5.20: Elastic collision of steel balls: The ball is released and transmits energy to the ball on the right. Photo courtesy of American Color. Return to Slide 40
Figure 5.22: Molecular description of Charles’s law. Return to Slide 41
Figure 5.27: The hydrogen fountain. Photo courtesy of American Color. Return to Slide 44
Figure 5.26: Model of gaseous effusion. Return to Slide 45