Emilio Fermin Mignone, (born July 23, 1922, Luján, Argentina—died December 21, 1998, Buenos Aires), Argentine lawyer and founder of the Centre for Legal and Social Studies, which documented human rights abuses committed by the Argentine military during its 1976–83 dictatorship. At the time of his death he was considered Argentina’s leading advocate for human rights.
Mignone worked for the Argentine Ministry of Justice in the 1950s. In the early 1960s he worked in Washington, D.C., as a specialist in education policy for the Organization of American States. In 1973 he became a founding rector of the National University of Luján, located in the city of his birth; he retired in 1976 to write textbooks on civic education.
In May 1976, two months after the Argentine military overthrew the government of Isabel Perón, a group of armed men entered Mignone’s house and arrested his 24-year-old daughter. Despite an exhaustive search by Mignone and his wife, which included writs of habeas corpus and numerous meetings with government and military officials, Mignone never saw his daughter again and never learned of her fate (though he discovered much later that the men who arrested her were members of the Argentine navy). To aid in the search for his daughter and the many other desaparecidos (“disappeared persons”), Mignone founded the Centre for Legal and Social Studies in 1979. His wife became a founding member of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, a group of mothers of the disappeared who held weekly vigils for their children in a plaza opposite the presidential palace in Buenos Aires.
The Centre for Legal and Social Studies compiled detailed records on thousands of cases of disappearance, kidnapping, torture, and murder committed by the Argentine military. This information proved to be essential to subsequent investigations of the period of the “Dirty War” against leftist guerillas and their perceived sympathizers, which established that 13,000 to 15,000 people had been killed, usually after being tortured, and that at least another 10,000 had been kidnapped and imprisoned for long periods. The centre also provided legal assistance to victims and their relatives and pursued cases against the government that were likely to uncover evidence of grave human rights violations or to implicate specific individuals in such crimes. In a series of class-action suits known as the Perez de Smith cases, Mignone persuaded the Argentine Supreme Court to rule that the government was required to admit the fact of the disappearances and to account for the fate of the disappeared persons named in the suits. Mignone himself directed the centre’s public-awareness campaigns and its liaison with foreign governments and international human rights organizations, including the United Nations Human Rights Commission; in this capacity he was largely responsible for ensuring that the human rights situation in Argentina remained an issue of worldwide concern. In February 1981 Mignone and five other directors of the centre were arrested and their offices raided, but international protests led to their release one week later.
Following the restoration of democratic government in Argentina in December 1983, the Centre for Legal and Social Studies continued to monitor and issue reports on the state of human rights and civil rights in the country. Mignone resumed his writing on civic education, preparing a high school curriculum on democracy, military government, and the breakdown of civic institutions. In 1998 he participated in demonstrations against the government’s plan to raze the Navy Mechanics School—where at least 4,000 people were tortured and killed—and replace it with a monument to national unity. The site was later designated a “museum of memory.”