Rev, a framework for understanding the
This article is designed to help a Bible student better
understand the book of Revelation. The articles will illustrate a method for
making sense of the text and present a framework for interpretation.
An "Introduction" will discuss the following:
The next section, "What Happens in the Book", will begin
looking at the specific details in the book. In particular, each chapter will be
described in terms of its setting, the beings involved, and the action that
- The author and audience
- The date of writing
- Resolving a critical problem
- The stage set
The author and audience
The book opens with a clear statement of who is revealing what
"The revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave him to show to his servants what
must soon take place; and he made it known by sending his angel to his servant
John" (Rev 1:1).
The revelation (Gr "apokalypsis") is about Jesus, and by
Jesus. God is the original source of the information (cf 2Ti 3:15). John is the
recipient of the words and visions via the angel sent by Jesus. It will become
plain that the Apocalypse is characterized by prophetic language and focuses on
the imminent Coming of Christ.
"Blessed is he who reads aloud the words of the prophecy, and blessed are those
who hear, and who keep what is written therein; for the time is near. John to
the seven churches that are in Asia..." (Rev
The initial readers of the Revelation were members of the
seven churches in Asia (today's western Turkey). In the first century setting,
one person apparently read for many hearers. This resulted in a seven-part
communication chain. By God's providence, that same apocalyptic message has been
preserved for us to read and understand and obey.
God --> Jesus --> Jesus' angel --> apostle John
--> 7 churches --> reader --> hearers (us!)
In the beginning and end of the book (Rev 1:4; 22:16), the
seven churches are stated to be the intended audience. They are specifically
addressed in detail in Rev 2; 3. They also seem to be brought into the story at
key points in the message (eg, Rev 13:9,10; 14:12; 16:15). Therefore, the
entirety of the book must have been relevant to them. Moreover, they would have
been expected to understand what was written. To have received a prophetic
message that was incomprehensible would be pointless.
Date of writing
There are no dates given in the book. This means the actual
date of writing is unknown. But there are some reasonable arguments available to
determine the approximate time.
First of all, it was written during the lifetime of the
apostle John, which puts the date of writing sometime in the first century --
unless John was extraordinarily old.
Secondly, we know John was "on the island called Patmos on
account of the word of God and the testimony of Jesus" (Rev 1:9). Evidently,
John had been exiled to Patmos because of his Christian faith. Furthermore, John
states that he was sharing "the tribulation" with brethren (also v 9).
Therefore, it is reasonable to think that John wrote during a time of widespread
persecution of the Christians. The most likely times are the periods of intense
persecution like those described in Revelation 2:9,10,13; 3:9,10, which
interestingly enough seem to couple persecution by both Jew and
The apostle Paul wrote about such persecutions (eg, 2Ti
2:11,12; 2Co 11:24-26) and indeed was imprisoned by Romans as a result of Jewish
hostility and false accusation. Peter likewise wrote about the "fiery ordeal" to
be experienced by "the brotherhood throughout the world" (1Pe 4:12-19; 5:8-10).
The Christians in Jerusalem were reminded about their public abuse and
affliction, the plundering of property and imprisonment, and exhorted to endure
again (Heb 10:32-26; 13:3). If all of these are pointing to the same general
time period, John may have been imprisoned for reasons comparable to Paul: in
the defense and confirmation of the gospel (cf Phi 1:7,12-18). That argues a
time when both Jew and Roman were persecutors of the Christians.
Going outside Scripture, the history books inform us about
many times of persecution in the first century. Bible students tend to zero in
on one of two periods: during the reigns of Roman Caesars Nero (AD 54-68) or
Domitian (AD 81-96). Since the Jewish persecution effectively dried up after the
fall of Jerusalem in AD 70, the only time period which reflected both Jewish and
Roman persecution was during Nero's reign. Given the selection criteria of a
concurrent, intense Roman and Jewish persecution, the date of writing the
Apocalypse had to be proximate to AD 70, and most likely before.
A full discussion about the evidence for an early date of
writing can be found in the article entitled "When was the Revelation written?"
(see Lesson, Rev, date of). However, the debate
about dates should not intrude upon the fact that John did write the book, and
that he wrote it for our instruction.
Each person should decide what date makes the most sense from
the internal, Bible evidence (this is given the most weight) as well as the
external, non-Biblical evidence. While having one date or another in mind will
undoubtedly affect the interpretation framework, it should not affect the
lessons taught and the exhortation provided. And it definitely will not affect
the certainty of Christ's return!
Members of the seven first-century ecclesias would have sought
to understand and apply the apocalyptic message to their situations and lives,
just as they would have done for any Scripture. In short, there was an actual,
meaningful first-century application of the entire Revelation prophecy, which
did not (because it could not) include the historical events of the next 1900
Two suggestions emerge from this observation. First, any
interpretation of Revelation should take into account what the initial hearers
thought had happened or was about to happen in their lifetimes. Second, while
every generation of believers would be right in applying the words of Revelation
to their point in history -- just as we do today -- a legitimate understanding
of the book cannot depend upon a knowledge of interim history. There was and is
sufficient information in Scripture itself to provide a suitable interpretative
framework for understanding and applying the Apocalypse.
Without doubt, a principal teaching of Revelation is the
literal return of Jesus Christ to earth to establish the Kingdom of God and
reward the faithful by sharing his throne and glory (eg, Rev 1:6; 5:10; 11:15;
20:4; 22:4,5; 2:26,27; 3:21). That glorious event has yet to happen. When the
first-century readers pondered the Revelation, they surely believed that Jesus
was to come in their lifetimes. But he did not. Does that mean the early
believers had a wrong understanding of the book? No! How else would one
interpret the following texts?:
Resolving a critical problem
- "... what must soon take place (Rev 1:1)...
- for the time is near (Rev 1:3)...
- I am coming soon (Rev 3:11)...
- what must soon take place (Rev 22:6)...
- Behold, I am coming soon (Rev 22:7)...
- Behold, I am coming soon, bringing my recompense
with me (Rev 22:12)...
- Surely I am coming soon"
So how does a Bible student reconcile the idea that the
first-century believers were right to believe that Jesus was coming soon -- in
their lifetimes -- with the fact that Jesus did not come? Several solutions have
been offered to this very real dilemma. The following suggestion, which happens
to go hand-in-hand with the viewpoint that the Apocalypse was written prior to
AD 70, seems to be a reasonable solution.
In two parables, Jesus predicted the overthrow of the Jewish
nation because of the Jews' wickedness, ie, their refusal to accept him as God's
Messiah (Mat 21:43; 22:7). In his Mount Olivet prophecy, Jesus was specific
about the desolation of the land and the destruction of Jerusalem (cf Luke
21:20-24). Like God did in the past, this method of prophetic teaching was
designed as a last resort to bring the hearers to repentance (eg, 2Ch 36:15-17).
Jesus also declared, "You will not see me again, until you
say, 'Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord' " (Mat 23:39). Notice
carefully the placement of the "until": First they say, then they see -- not the
other way around! This necessary repentance of the Jews as a prerequisite to
Christ's return was also taught by the apostles (eg, Acts 3:19,20). Evidently,
the Jews who experienced the Roman devastation of their land and cities, and
underwent the horrible siege of Jerusalem, did not call out in faith to God to
send the Savior. Likewise, the Jews surviving the Roman overthrow in AD 70 did
not manifest the repentance required by God. Therefore, God did not send
So the stage was set for Christ's return. Jesus could have
come, as indicated in the Olivet prophecy (Mat 24:29-31; Mar 13:28,29), several
of the New Testament letters (1Th 5:1-11; 2Th 2:1-8; 1Pe 4:3-5,17-19; 2Pe
3:1-13), and the Revelation (Rev 1:7; 3:11; 22:7). But unrepentant Israel
postponed the fulfillment of that teaching.
Yet God's purpose has not been frustrated in the least (cf Isa
55:11). There was obviously an alternative way of fulfilling the prophecy. In
this case, "the times of the Gentiles" (Luke 21:24) appear to have lasted a long
time. But there also appears to be a limit set: "until the full number of the
Gentiles come in" (Rom 11:25), ie, until they believe in Jesus Christ and thus
come into God's household of faith. The context of this last reference in
"Lest you be wise in your own conceits, I want you to understand this mystery,
brethren: a hardening has come upon part of Israel, until the full number of the
Gentiles come in, and so all Israel will be saved; as it is written, 'The
Deliverer will come from Zion, he will banish ungodliness from Jacob', and this
will be my covenant with them when I take away their sins" (Rom
This passage indicates that there is a plan by God to save
both Jew and Gentile. When the full number has been reached -- like in the days
of Noah when the ark was finally filled with those people who were wanting to be
saved -- the Deliverer will come! The wailing and mourning of the Jews who
recognize Jesus as their Messiah suggests that they have finally perceived the
mercy of God and come to repentance (Rev 1:7; Mat 24:30; Zec 12:10).
The stage set again
The stage has been set one more time for the imminent return
of Jesus. The nation of Israel was miraculously brought into existence again by
God in 1948. Many of the details of the Mount Olivet prophecy seem to fit the
situation in Israel today. The first-century scenario, of Israel versus Gentile
powers, is being played out again with modern counterparts. Scripture seems to
have anticipated a third and final showdown (Eze 21:27): there was Babylon and
its allies in 586 BC, Rome and its mercenaries in AD 70, and finally a last-days
"beast" and "horns" in ????. We may well be that generation of people who
experience the Coming of Christ!
The battle's outcome is certain. Jesus will win. So the
nearness of Christ's Coming and the importance to be ready for it was, is, and
will be absolutely relevant to every generation of believers. True disciples
will always be living as if it were "the last days". And if Christ does not
actually return in their lifetimes and they die, in his service, they simply
fall asleep, waiting the time of resurrection. And their next waking moment will
be standing before their king, ready to be rewarded with the rest of "those who
fear God's name, both small and great" (Rev 11:18).
What happens in the Book
Before developing a framework for understanding, it makes
sense to become familiar with the contents of the book. A simple way is usually
a good way. One helpful way is to take the chapters in order, and briefly
describe the setting, the beings, and the activity of each chapter. This
information will begin to dictate the framework requirements.
Setting: The island called Patmos, off the coast of Asia
Minor, 40 miles southwest of the city of Ephesus. John the apostle is in exile
"on account of the word of God and the testimony of Jesus", ie, on account of
his Christian faith.
Beings: God, Jesus Christ, the angel sent by Jesus, the
glorified Jesus, and John.
Activity: God gives the revelation to Jesus, who then gives it
to his angel to present to John, who is instructed to "write what you see in a
book and send it to the seven churches..." After the appropriate prologue (vv
1-8), John describes how he was "in the Spirit on the Lord's day" and finds
himself in what appears to be the Holy Place of a temple, with seven golden
lampstands in it. He then experiences the visitation of an extraordinarily
glorious being (vv 9-18), which initially causes John to fall senseless to the
From the given details, such as "I died, and behold, I am
alive for evermore", this glorious being evidently represents the resurrected
and exalted Christ. The glorified Jesus explains that the seven stars in his
right hand are the "angels of the seven churches" and that the seven lampstands
"are the seven churches". John is again instructed: "Now write what you see,
what is, and what is to take place hereafter."
Chapters 2 and 3
Setting: John in the Spirit on the Lord's Day (same as Rev
Beings: The glorified Jesus, the angels of the seven churches,
the seven churches, and John.
Activity: John writes successive messages to each of the seven
church congregations (via its angel), in the geographically clockwise order of
Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea. In each
message, the glorified Jesus introduces himself in terms of the characteristics
listed in 1:13-18. Each congregation is commended, rebuked, and exhorted as
appropriate; each is promised the rewards of being a spiritual conqueror; and
each is told, "He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the
Setting: John, still in the Spirit, is transferred to God's
rainbowed throne room in heaven.
Beings: God, 24 enthroned elders, four living creatures, and
Activity: John is invited to enter an open door in heaven:
"Come up hither, and I will show you what must take place after this." In the
heavenly throne room, John sees a Being on His throne (v 2), with four
cherubim-like "living creatures" on each side of the throne, surrounded by
twenty-four white-robed, golden-crowned "elders". The four living creatures
never cease to sing the praise of the Lord God Almighty (v 8), and the 24 elders
give round-the-clock worship to the Creator God, Who is worthy of all honor (v
Setting: Same as Rev 4.
Beings: Same as Rev 4, plus a strong angel, the Lamb, and --
by implication of their voices being heard -- myriads of angels and every
creature in heaven, on earth, under the earth, and in the sea.
Activity: John sees a scroll in the right hand of the Creator
and weeps because a search throughout the universe fails to find anyone
qualified to open it (even a strong angel?). His weeping is ended, however, when
one of the elders assures him that "the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of
David, has conquered, so that he can open the scroll and its seven
When John takes a closer look, he sees a Lamb standing between
the throne and the four living creatures and among the elders. This Lamb takes
the scroll from the Creator's right hand and becomes the object of a new song by
the elders, who praise his sacrifice and his kingship to come: "Worthy art thou
to take the scroll and to open its seals, for thou wast slain and by thy blood
didst ransom men for God from every tribe and tongue and people and nation, and
hast made them a kingdom and priests to our God, and they shall reign on earth"
(v 10). The angelic host and all creation join in the praise, and the four
living creatures pronounce a climactic "Amen!" to the worship.
Setting: The same as Rev 5. But from his vantage point in
heaven, John is able to see events unfold on the earth below. Attention is
focused on those scenarios.
Beings: He who is seated on the throne (v 16), the Lamb, the
four living creatures, four horses and their riders, those involved in each seal
scenario, and John.
Activity: John sees the Lamb open the first six seals on the
scroll, one by one. Each of the first four seals in accompanied by a call,
"Come!", from one of the four living creatures, whereupon a colored horse with a
specially-equipped rider comes forth. The white horse and rider (with a bow) go
out conquering. The red horse and rider (with a sword) take peace from the
earth. The black horse and rider (with a measuring balance) bring famine. The
pale horse and rider (named Death) kill with sword, famine, pestilence, and wild
Upon the opening of the fifth seal, John sees dead martyrs
under the temple altar, hears their cry for vindication, sees them each given a
white robe, and hears the promise that (after a further trial for living saints)
their cry will soon be answered. The sixth seal opening brings monumental chaos:
a great earthquake; portents in the sun, moon, stars, and sky; whole mountains
and islands in upheaval; and terror among every class of people -- who seek to
hide from the day of wrath of God and the Lamb. The picture fades out on this
scene of impending disaster for the existing world.
Setting: The same heavenly temple as in Rev 6. This time, the
earthly scene changes to four angels holding winds that will soon be allowed to
blow in judgment on the earth.
Beings: God who is seated on the throne (v 10), the Lamb, the
four living creatures, the 24 elders, four angels who hold the winds, another
angel who gives them instructions, a great multitude of people (represented by
144,000), and John.
Activity: Four angels are standing at the four corners of the
earth (land of Israel?), temporarily holding back the four winds from blowing. A
fifth angel calls out to them to keep holding "till we have sealed the servants
of our God upon their foreheads". John hears the number of 144,000 spoken,
12,000 out of each of 12 named tribes of Israel. But when he looks, he sees a
great multitude from every tribe, tongue, people, and nation, which could not be
numbered. They stand before the throne and the Lamb, clothed in white robes and
with palm branches in their hands, thanking God for salvation.
Then one of the elders asks John about the identity and
background of the 144,000. John replies, "Sir, you know." Whereupon the elder
explains: they have spiritually survived "the great tribulation" and profited by
the redemption made possible by the blood of Christ. Therefore, they are
privileged to dwell in God's temple, serving Him day and night, and thriving in
His presence. They will never be hungry or thirsty or afflicted or tearful
again, for "the Lamb... will be their shepherd."
Chapters 8 and 9
Setting: The same heavenly temple as in Rev 7, but John looks
down on another set of scenes on earth: six angelic trumpet blasts bring another
series of God-sent disasters and destruction.
Beings: God, the Lamb, seven trumpet-carrying angels, another
angel who carries a golden censer, those involved in each trumpet scenario, a
flying eagle, and John.
Activity: The Lamb opens the seventh seal, and "there was
silence in heaven for about half an hour." Each of the seven angels who stood
before God (Rev 8:2, the same as the seven spirits in Rev 1:4?) is given a
trumpet. Another angel who is carrying a golden censer comes and stands at the
heavenly altar. He is given "much incense to mingle with the prayers of the
saints". Then he fills the censer with fire from the altar and throws it on the
earth, causing thunder, lightning, and an earthquake! This initiates the
sounding of the seven trumpets.
The first trumpet blast brings hail and fire, mixed with blood
to the earth. Result: a third of the land, trees and grass burn up. The second
trumpet causes a great burning mountain to be thrown into the sea. Result: a
third of the sea becomes blood, a third of the fish die, and a third of the
ships are destroyed. The third trumpet causes a blazing star to fall on a third
of the rivers and other water sources, poisoning the men who drink it. The
fourth trumpet causes a third of the sun, moon and stars to be struck, so that
both daylight and night light are darkened by a third.
An eagle then flies across the sky, crying "Woe, woe, woe" on
earth's inhabitants to accompany the three remaining trumpets.
The fifth trumpet blast (also called the first "woe") reveals
a star fallen from heaven to earth. It opens a bottomless pit from which a
sun-darkening cloud of locusts emerges; they pour forth and begin to torment
mankind for five months with their scorpion stings. The locusts resemble battle
horses, with men's faces and women's hair. They are led by an angel king called
The sixth trumpet blast (the second "woe") prompts a voice to
call out from the temple altar, "Release the four angels who are bound at the
great river Euphrates." Upon their release, John hears the number of the size of
their army: 200,000,000! Lion-headed, serpent-tailed horses which breathe fire,
smoke and sulfur carry riders with sapphire breastplates. They kill a third of
mankind. Notwithstanding this terrible God-directed plague, the rest of mankind
do not repent.
Setting: The earth, at a spot where the sea and land
Beings: A rainbowed angel and John himself.
Activity: Another mighty angel comes down from heaven. He is
wrapped in a cloud, and has a rainbow over his head, a face like the sun, and
legs of fire. He has a little scroll in his hand. And he sets his right foot on
the sea, and his left foot on the land, and calls out with a loud voice which
causes seven thunders to sound. However, John is not permitted to record what
the thunders say. The angel swears by the Creator that "there shall be no more
delay", and that the seventh trumpet will complete the fulfillment of the
message of the prophets. He then instructs John himself to take and eat the
little scroll, which proves sweet to John's taste but bitter in his stomach.
Then he is told, "You must prophecy about many people and nations and tongues
Setting: Primarily the earth: a temple, its outer court, and a
great city. However, the chapter ends with a scene in the heavenly
Beings: Two witnesses, the beast, others involved in the sixth
and seventh trumpet scenario, God, the 24 elders, John himself, and
Activity: John himself is given a measuring rod and asked to
measure the earthly temple, but to leave out its outer court, which is to be
given over to the Gentiles for 42 months. Two witnesses, symbolized by two
combination olive trees/lampstands, enter the picture. They are further
described as two prophets with powers much like those of Moses (eg, turning
water to blood) and Elijah (eg, bringing fire down from heaven).
When they have finished their testimony for the Lord, "the
beast that ascends from the bottomless pit" (the same place as Rev 9:2?) makes
war on them and kills them. Their dead bodies are displayed for 3 1/2 days in
the street of a great city (spiritually called Sodom and Egypt, where Jesus was
crucified), to the great rejoicing of many peoples of many nations. Their
celebration is abruptly ended when the breath of life from God enters the dead
witnesses and the revitalized prophets ascend in a cloud up to heaven in the
sight of their foes. The scene is climaxed by a great earthquake which destroys
a tenth of the city, killing 7,000 people; the rest of the people "are
terrified, and give glory to the God of heaven".
The seventh angel now sounds the seventh trumpet, and the
third "woe" begins.
Loud voices in heaven proclaim, "The kingdom of the world has
become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ, and he shall reign for ever
and ever." The 24 elders join in the worship, declaring that the time has now
come for God to take power and reign through Christ, who comes to judge the
dead, reward the faithful, and destroy the destroyers of the earth. This scene
ends with the heavenly temple being opened, showing the ark of the covenant.
"And there were flashes of lightning, voices, peals of thunder, an earthquake,
and heavy hail."
Chapters 12 and 13
Setting: Heaven, though in a place different from the throne
room. John continues to see events on earth as well, and there again appears to
be interaction between heaven and earth.
Beings: Seven "dramatic personae": a woman, a dragon, a male
child, Michael the archangel, the rest of the woman's offspring, a beast, and a
second beast; God, John himself, and Jesus.
Activity: A great portent appears in heaven: a pregnant woman
in travail, clothed with the sun, with a crown of twelve stars, and the moon
under her feet. Then another portent appears: a great red dragon with seven
crowned heads, ten horns, and a tail which sweeps down to earth a third of the
stars of heaven. It is seeking to devour the child about to be born of the
woman. A male child is born, but it is immediately caught up to God. The woman
flees into the wilderness to a place prepared by god, and is nourished there for
Now war in heaven breaks out. Michael and his angels fight
against the dragon and his angels. The dragon, "that ancient serpent, who is
called the Devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world -- he is thrown down
to the earth, and his angels are thrown down with him." His defeat prompts the
rejoicing of a loud voice in heaven, declaring that his expulsion means the
salvation of God, and that the triumph is made possible by the blood of the
Lamb. However, the wrath of the dragon, who knows there is only a short time
left, is about to fall upon the earth.
Thus the scene changes to earth, with an enraged dragon
pursuing the woman. The serpent pours out a flood of waters to sweep the woman
away. She is given eagle wings to fly into the wilderness, and the earth -- to
help her -- swallows up the flood waters. Now even more angry with the woman,
the dragon goes off to make war on the rest of her offspring, "on those who keep
the commandments of God and bear testimony to Jesus."
John then perceives himself standing on the sand of the sea
(the same place as 10:9?). There he sees a seven-headed, ten-horned beast rising
out of the sea. Its horns have crowns, its heads have a blasphemous name upon
them, and its body is a composite of lion, bear and leopard. The dragon gives
its power to the beast, and this -- along with a mortal head wound miraculously
healed -- causes men to worship both the dragon and the beast. Uttering haughty
and blasphemous words, the beast is given authority for 42 months, and allowed
to make war on the saints and conquer them. All except those whose names are
written in the book of life fall prey to the authority and worship of the beast.
Here is a "call for the endurance and faith of the saints".
John then sees another beast which rises out of the earth. "It
has two horns like a lamb and speaks like a dragon." It exercises all the
authority of the first beast in its presence, and makes the inhabitants of the
earth worship the beast. Imitating Elijah-like signs from heaven, this second
beast deceives men and convinces them to make an image of the first beast, which
-- being able to speak by the cunning of the second beast -- then becomes the
focus of worship. Anyone who does not worship the beast is killed. Finally, an
identification system is set up so that no one can buy or sell unless they have
the 666 mark of the beast.
Setting: First, Mount Zion, on earth. Next, mid-heaven, with
flying angels. Finally, the earth again, this time being reaped by two angels
Beings: The Lamb, the 144,000, God, the four living creatures,
the 24 elders, an angel flying in mid-heaven to proclaim an eternal gospel, a
second angel declaring the fall of Babylon, a third angel warning those who
worship the beast, a crowned sickle-bearer on a cloud, another angel who gives
instructions to reap, another sickle-bearing angel, an angel who has power over
fire, and John.
Activity: John sees the Lamb standing on Mount Zion with the
144,000. These redeemed ones learn a new song which only they can learn, and
which they sing before the throne and before the four living creatures and the
Then John sees a flying angel who warns earth-dwellers with
this message: "Fear God and give him glory, for the hour of his judgment has
come; and worship him who made heaven and earth, the sea and the fountains of
water." Another angel follows, saying that Babylon the great has fallen. A third
angels follows, saying that if anyone worships the beast and its image, or
receives its mark, he shall suffer the wrath and destruction of God. (Here again
is a call for the faithful endurance of the saints.)
Now the scene changes to a white cloud. Upon it sits "one like
a son of man", with a golden crown on his head and a sharp sickle in his hand.
He is instructed by another angel to "put in your sickle, and reap." So he does,
and the earth's harvest is reaped.
Then the vision changes to the heavenly temple. Another angel
with a sharp sickle comes out and is instructed by yet another angel -- one who
comes from the altar and has power of fire -- to "put in your sickle, and gather
the clusters of the vine of the earth..." So the ripe grapes are cut and thrown
into the great winepress of God's wrath.
Setting: Heaven. Then the temple of the tent of witness in
Beings: Seven angels with seven plagues, those who have
conquered the beast, the four living creatures, and John.
Activity: John sees another portent in heaven: seven angels
with seven plagues. They represent the last of God's wrath to come on the earth.
Then John sees a sea of glass, and standing beside it those who have conquered
the beast and its image and the number of its name. They have harps in their
hands, and sing the song of Moses and the song of the Lamb.
After this, John looks and sees the temple of the tent of
witness opened. Out of it come the seven angels with the seven plagues. They are
robed in pure bright linen and girded with golden girdles. One of the four
living creatures gives each of them a golden bowl filled with God's wrath. Then
the temple is filled with the smoke of God's glory, and no one is allowed access
until the seven plagues are ended.
Setting: The heavenly temple, but from there John looks down
on another set of earthly scenes: the seven angels pour out their bowls of
wrath, bringing God's final disasters and destruction.
Beings: Seven angels with bowls, those involved in the seven
plague scenarios, the angel of the water, the people under the temple altar, and
Activity: A loud voice from the temple tells the seven angels,
"Go and pour out on the earth the seven bowls of the wrath of God." And they
The first bowl is poured on the earth, causing foul and evil
sores to break out on the men who serve the beast. The second bowl is poured
into the sea, turning it to blood, and killing everything in it. The third bowl
is poured into the fresh water sources, and they too become blood. This action
prompts the angel of the water to state the justice of God's doing this, while
the altar (ie, the souls under it: see 6:9) cries out: "Yea, Lord God the
Almighty, true and just are thy judgments!"
The fourth bowl is poured on the sun, causing it to scorch men
with fierce heat. They respond by cursing God, and do not repent. The fifth bowl
is poured on the throne of the beast, turning its kingdom into darkness and
causing men to gnaw their tongues in anguish. Again they respond by cursing God
and do not repent.
The sixth bowl is poured on the great river Euphrates, drying
up its waters and thereby preparing the way "for the kings of the east". Three
demonic spirits issue from the mouths of the dragon, the beast, and the false
prophet, gathering "the kings of the whole world" and assembling them for battle
against Almighty God at a place called Armageddon. Against this background of a
"man versus God" showdown, the faithful are reminded: "Lo, I am coming like a
thief! Blessed is he who is awake, keeping his garments that he may not go naked
and be seen exposed!"
The seventh bowl is poured into the air, prompting a great
voice in the heavenly temple to declare, "It is done!" There are simultaneous
flashes of lightning, loud noises, peals of thunder, and a great unprecedented
earthquake, which causes the great city Babylon to split into three parts and
the cities of the nations to fall. The tidal waves generated by this earthquake
smash every island and even every mountain on earth. Huge, hundred-pound
hailstones fall on men, who curse God for this terrible but obviously
Setting: The wilderness.
Beings: One of the seven angels of Rev 16, the great harlot,
the beast, the Lamb, and John.
Activity: John is taken by one of the seven angels into
wilderness to see a great harlot, who has fornicated with the kings of the earth
and whose promiscuous activity has made the "dwellers on earth" drunk. John sees
a woman seated on a seven-headed, ten-horned scarlet beast. She is arrayed in
purple and scarlet, bedecked with jewels, and holds "a golden cup filled with
abominations and the impurities of her fornication". Her forehead carries a name
of mystery: "Babylon the great, mother of harlots and of earth's abominations".
The woman is drunk with blood of the saints and the martyrs of Jesus.
John is evidently awestruck and mystified by the woman's
appearance and behavior. But then the angel explains: The woman is "the great
city which has dominion over the kings of the earth". The beast is the same
seven-headed, ten-horned monster encountered before (13:1), and continues to
fascinate its devotees, who marvel because "it was, and is not, and is to come".
The seven heads are interpreted to be "seven hills on which the woman is seated"
and also "seven kings, five of whom have fallen, one which is, and the other
which has not yet come". The ten horns are stated to be "ten kings... who are to
receive authority for one hour, together with the beast". The waters where the
harlot is seated are interpreted to be "peoples and multitudes and nations and
The beast and the ten horns come to hate the harlot, and to
"make her desolate and naked, devour her flesh and burn her up with fire",
according to God's predetermined plan. Afterwards, they will make war on the
Lamb, but he will conquer them. Details of this battle are provided in Rev
Setting: From his location on earth (still in the
wilderness?), John hears and watches the destruction of the Babylon
Beings: An angel with great authority who will pronounce the
destruction, a voice out of heaven, those associated with the destruction and
lamentation of Babylon the great, those who rejoice over the fall of Babylon, a
mighty angel who will cast the millstone, and John.
Activity: An angel with great authority comes down from heaven
to the earth, making it bright with his splendor, and bringing the announcement
of Babylon's fall. Another voice from heaven makes an appeal to the faithful:
"Come out of her, my people, lest you take part of her sins, lest you share in
her plagues." The reasons for God's judgments upon her are then made very
The kings of the earth who committed fornication with the
harlot weep and wail when they see the smoke of her burning, and stand afar off
in fear over her torment. The merchants of the earth likewise weep and mourn
over her demise and torment. Shipmasters and seafaring men who traded with
Babylon also cry out when they see the smoke of her burning: "Alas, alas, for
the great city, where all who had ships at sea grew rich by her wealth! In one
hour she has been laid waste."
In striking contrast, the saints and apostles and prophets are
urged to rejoice over Babylon's fall, "for God has given judgment for you
against her!" Then a mighty angel throws a great millstone into the sea as a
symbolic end of the great city (guilty of the blood of the prophets and saints),
declaring that "it shall be found no more."
Setting: The same location as in Rev 18, although there are
also visions of what is happening in the throne room.
Beings: A great multitude in heaven, the 24 elders, the four
living creatures, God on his throne, the angel who has been speaking with John,
Jesus manifested as King of kings and Lord of lords, the armies of heaven, the
beast, the false prophet, and their armies, an angel standing in the sun, and
Activity: John hears the mighty voice of what seems to be a
great multitude (of angels and martyrs? see Rev 5:11; 16:7) in heaven rejoicing
in the judgments of God and the destruction of the great harlot. The 24 elders
and four living creatures fall down in worship and add their
A voice from the throne calls for more praise, and the
"Hallelujah!" response is tremendous. The voice of the great multitude is
augmented by the sound of many waters and mighty thunder peals. It is time for
great rejoicing, "for the marriage of the Lamb has come, and his Bride has made
herself ready..." She is clothed with fine linen, bright and pure, as evidence
of her righteous deeds and her surviving of the tribulation.
The angel who has been speaking with John now instructs him:
"Write this: Blessed are those who are invited to the marriage supper of the
Lamb." He assures John that that statement is wonderfully true. John falls down
at his feet, wanting to worship the angel, but he is told not to do so, since
the angel is likewise a servant. Rather, John is told: "Worship God."
A new scene begins. John sees heaven opened, and a white horse
comes forth carrying a rider with flaming eyes, many crowns, and a blood-dipped
robe. "And the armies of heaven, arrayed in fine linen, white and pure, followed
him on white horses." Their leader is called Faithful and True, the Word of God,
King of kings and Lord of lords, "and in righteousness he judges and makes war."
From his mouth issues a sharp sword with which to smite the nations; he will
rule them with a rod of iron.
An angel standing in the sun calls for the birds of the air to
gather to eat the flesh of men and horses, as the scene changes to a showdown
between the beast and its armies and the Lord and his armies. The beast is
captured, along with the false prophet, and the two of them are thrown alive
into the lake of fire. their army is slain, and the birds gorge themselves on
Setting: Earth (the same location as Rev 19?), with scenes of
the dragon's binding, a judgment seat, the dragon's loosing, another battle
scene, another judgment, and the final end of Death and Hades (the
Beings: An angel with a key and chain, the dragon, judges on
thrones, martyrs of Jesus (see Rev 6:9-11), the nations deceived by the dragon,
a being on a great white throne, the resurrected dead, and John.
Activity: First John sees an angel come down from heaven with
the key of the bottomless pit and a great chain. He seizes the dragon, that
ancient serpent, and binds it in the pit for a thousand years, knowing that it
must be loosed again for a little while.
Next, John sees a judgment seat convened. Those who have lost
their lives for the sake of Jesus and who have not worshipped the beast "come to
life and reign with Christ a thousand years". A special blessing is given to
those who share in this first resurrection.
The scene changes. When the thousand years are ended, the
dragon will be loosed from its prison, and come out to deceive the nations
again. The dragon's army march over the earth and surround the camp of the
saints. Fire comes down from heaven and consumes them. The dragon is then thrown
into the lake of fire where the beast and false prophet are.
John then sees a great white throne and another judgment take
place, this time of all the resurrected dead. "If any one's name is not found
written in the book of life, he is thrown into the lake of fire." Significantly,
Death and Hades are themselves thrown into the lake of fire, which is the second
Setting: Still earth (the same location as Rev 20?), the
initial scene being a holy city coming down out of heaven. John is then taken to
a great high mountain to see this holy city more closely.
Beings: God on his throne, one of the seven angels who had the
seven bowls of plagues, the Bride (the holy city), and John.
Activity: John sees "a new heaven and a new earth", with focus
being on a new Jerusalem coming down out of heaven, pictured like a bride. John
hears a great voice from heaven announcing that God himself has come to dwell
with men, and will remove every tear and sorrow, and even death itself.
God declares, "Behold, I make all things new." He then states
how He will reward the faithful (those who conquer -- recall Rev 2; 3) but
punish the faithless, cowardly, polluted, etc. by extinction in the lake of
The one of the seven bowl-angels speaks to John: "Come, I will
show you the Bride, the wife of the Lamb." He carries John "in the Spirit" to a
great high mountain, where John again sees the holy city coming down out of
heaven from God. The radiant, crystal city -- with gates of pearl and streets of
gold -- is 15,000 miles long and equally wide and high! This city represents the
people of God from both Old Testament and New Testament times (eg, gates with
the names of the twelve tribes of Israel; foundations with the names of the
twelve apostles). Only those whose names are written in the book of life shall
The city has no temple, "for its temple is the Lord God
Almighty and the Lamb." Similarly, it needs no sun or moon to shine upon it,
since it has God as its light and the Lamb as its lamp. The city is open 24
hours a day for the nations to come for enlightenment.
Setting: Earth. John finishes his tour of the new city and
concludes with the final words of the angel and Jesus.
Beings: God on his throne, the Lamb, their servants (the
Bride), Jesus' angel, and John.
Activity: John is shown the river of the water of life flowing
out from the throne of God and of the Lamb. It flows through the middle of the
city, and has the tree of life (which bears fruit every month and leaves for
healing) on each side of it. The redeemed of God -- here called servants --
manifest the reward of God's name on their foreheads, and begin their reign with
Jesus' angel assures John of the certainty of this victorious
and glorious outcome, and restates, "Behold, I am coming soon!" John responds
intuitively: "Blessed is he who keeps the words of the prophecy of this book."
Then once again, John attempts to worship the angel, who -- likewise again --
reminds him that as a fellow servant, he should direct his worship toward God
In quick succession, there follow sober warnings and stirring
exhortations. "Do not seal up the words of the prophecy of this book, for the
time is near. Let the evildoer still do evil... and the righteous still do
right." "Behold, I am coming soon, bringing my recompense, to repay everyone for
what he has done." "Blessed are those who wash their robes, that they may have
the right to the tree of life..."
Then Jesus repeats what was said in the opening chapter, that
he has sent his angel to John "with this testimony to the churches". He
explicitly declares one last time that "Surely I am coming soon," and invites
all those who wish for the return to join in and say, "Come."
A solemn warning is given to anyone who might think to tamper
with the contents or message of the Book. Then John declares his own "Amen.
Come, Lord Jesus", and ends with a benediction.