There are a few things you can do to help keep symptoms of ulcerative colitis under control and reduce your risk of complications.
Although a specific diet is not thought to play a role in causing ulcerative colitis, some changes to your diet can help control the condition.
For example, you may find it useful to:
- eat small meals – eating 5 or 6 smaller meals a day, rather than 3 main meals, may help control your symptoms
- drink plenty of fluids – it's easy to become dehydrated when you have ulcerative colitis, as you can lose a lot of fluid through diarrhoea; water is the best source of fluids, and you should avoid caffeine and alcohol, as these will make your diarrhoea worse, and fizzy drinks, which can cause flatulence (gas)
- take food supplements – ask your GP or gastroenterologist if you need food supplements, as you might not be getting enough vitamins and minerals in your diet
Keep a food diary
Keeping a food diary that documents what you eat can also be helpful.
You may find you can tolerate some foods while others make your symptoms worse.
By keeping a record of what and when you eat, you should be able to identify problem foods and eliminate them from your diet.
But you should not eliminate entire food groups (such as dairy products) from your diet without speaking to your care team, as you may not get enough of certain vitamins and minerals.
If you want to try a new food, it's best to only try 1 type a day because it's then easier to spot foods that cause problems.
Temporarily eating a low-residue or low-fibre diet can sometimes help improve symptoms of ulcerative colitis during a flare-up.
These diets are designed to reduce the amount and frequency of the stools you pass.
Examples of foods that can be eaten as part of a low-residue diet include:
- white bread
- refined (non-wholegrain) breakfast cereals, such as cornflakes
- white rice, refined (low-fibre) pasta and noodles
- cooked vegetables (but not the peel, seeds or stalks)
- lean meat and fish
If you're considering trying a low-residue diet, make sure you talk to your care team first.
Although stress does not cause ulcerative colitis, successfully managing stress levels may reduce the frequency of symptoms.
The following advice may help:
- exercise – this has been proven to reduce stress and boost your mood; your GP or care team can advise on a suitable exercise plan
- relaxation techniques – breathing exercises, meditation and yoga are good ways of teaching yourself to relax
- communication – living with ulcerative colitis can be frustrating and isolating; talking to others with the condition can help
For more information and advice, see:
Living with a long-term condition that's as unpredictable and potentially debilitating as ulcerative colitis can have a significant emotional impact.
In some cases, anxiety and stress caused by ulcerative colitis can lead to depression.
Signs of depression include feeling very down, hopeless and no longer taking pleasure in activities you used to enjoy.
If you think you might be depressed, contact your GP for advice.
You may also find it useful to talk to others affected by ulcerative colitis, either face-to-face or via the internet.
Crohn's and Colitis UK is a good resource, with details of local support groups and a large range of useful information on ulcerative colitis and related issues.
The chances of a woman with ulcerative colitis becoming pregnant are not usually affected by the condition.
But infertility can be a complication of surgery carried out to create an ileo-anal pouch.
This risk is much lower if you have surgery to divert the small intestine through an opening in your abdomen (an ileostomy).
The majority of women with ulcerative colitis who decide to have children will have a normal pregnancy and a healthy baby.
But if you're pregnant or planning a pregnancy, you should discuss it with your care team.
If you become pregnant during a flare-up or have a flare-up while pregnant, there's a risk you could give birth early (premature birth) or have a baby with a low birthweight.
For this reason, doctors usually recommend trying to get ulcerative colitis under control before getting pregnant.
Most ulcerative colitis medications can be taken during pregnancy, including corticosteroids, most 5-ASAs and some types of immunosuppressant medication.
But there are certain medications, such as some types of immunosuppressant, that may need to be avoided as they're associated with an increased risk of birth defects.
In some cases, your doctors may advise you to take a medicine that's not normally recommended during pregnancy.
This might happen if they think the risks of having a flare-up outweigh the risks associated with the medicine.