Exercise 15: Reading Files
You know how to get input from a user with raw_input or argv. Now you will learn about reading from a file. You may have to play with this exercise the most to understand what's going on, so do the exercise carefully and remember your checks. Working with files is an easy way to erase your work if you are not careful.
This exercise involves writing two files. One is the usual ex15.py file that you will run, but the other is named ex15_sample.txt. This second file isn't a script but a plain text file we'll be reading in our script. Here are the contents of that file:
This is stuff I typed into a file. It is really cool stuff. Lots and lots of fun to have in here.
What we want to do is "open" that file in our script and print it out. However, we do not want to just "hard code" the name ex15_sample.txt into our script. "Hard coding" means putting some bit of information that should come from the user as a string directly in our source code. That's bad because we want it to load other files later. The solution is to use argv or raw_input to ask the user what file to open instead of "hard coding" the file's name.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A few fancy things are going on in this file, so let's break it down real quick:
Lines 1-3 uses argv to get a filename. Next we have line 5 where we use a new command open. Right now, run pydoc open and read the instructions. Notice how like your own scripts and raw_input, it takes a parameter and returns a value you can set to your own variable. You just opened a file.
Line 7 prints a little message, but on line 8 we have something very new and exciting. We call a function on txt named read. What you get back from open is a file, and it also has commands you can give it. You give a file a command by using the . (dot or period), the name of the command, and parameters. Just like with open and raw_input. The difference is that txt.read() says, "Hey txt! Do your read command with no parameters!"
The remainder of the file is more of the same, but we'll leave the analysis to you in the Study Drills.
What You Should See
I made a file called ex15_sample.txt and ran my script.
$ python ex15.py ex15_sample.txt Here's your file 'ex15_sample.txt': This is stuff I typed into a file. It is really cool stuff. Lots and lots of fun to have in here. Type the filename again: > ex15_sample.txt This is stuff I typed into a file. It is really cool stuff. Lots and lots of fun to have in here.
This is a big jump so be sure you do this Study Drill as best you can before moving on.
- Above each line, write out in English what that line does.
- If you are not sure ask someone for help or search online. Many times searching for "python THING" will find answers to what that THING does in Python. Try searching for "python open."
- I used the word "commands" here, but commands are also called "functions" and "methods." You will learn about functions and methods later in the book.
- Get rid of the lines 10-15 where you use raw_input and run the script again.
- Use only raw_input and try the script that way. Why is one way of getting the filename better than another?
- Start python to start the python shell, and use open from the prompt just like in this program. Notice how you can open files and run read on them from within python?
- Have your script also call close() on the txt and txt_again variables. It's important to close files when you are done with them.
Common Student Questions
- Does txt = open(filename) return the contents of the file?
- No, it doesn't. It actually makes something called a "file object." You can think of a file like an old tape drive that you saw on mainframe computers in the 1950s, or even like a DVD player from today. You can move around inside them, and then "read" them, but the DVD player is not the DVD the same way the file object is not the file's contents.
- I can't type code into my Terminal/PowerShell like you say in Study Drill 7.
- First thing, from the command line just type python and press Enter. Now you are in python as we've done a few other times. Then you can type in code and Python will run it in little pieces. Play with that. To get out of it type quit() and hit Enter.
- Why is there no error when we open the file twice?
- Python will not restrict you from opening a file more than once and sometimes this is necessary.
- What does from sys import argv mean?
- For now just understand that sys is a package, and this phrase just says to get the argv feature from that package. You'll learn more about these later.
- I put the name of the file in as script, ex15_sample.txt = argv but it doesn't work.
- No, that's not how you do it. Make the code exactly like mine, then run it from the command line the exact same way I do. You don't put the names of files in, you let Python put the name in.