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- Antiquity and the Middle Ages
- Mid-15th to mid-19th century
- Mid-19th to 20th century
- Chinese glass
In Byzantium itself the position of glassmaking is obscure. A distinction was made between vitrarii (“glassmakers”) and diatretarii (“glass cutters”) in edicts of Constantine the Great, Theodosius, and Justinian—suggesting that cutting played an important part in Byzantine glass decoration. This is borne out by the fact that cut glass made up the greater part of the glass that was brought back from the sack of Constantinople by the crusaders and placed in the treasury of St. Mark’s in Venice. Apart from a few pieces of obviously Roman glass, presumably kept as heirlooms in Byzantium, these glasses are decorated either with tessellated (mosaic) patterns of overlapping round or oval facets or with round bosses in relief. These same two forms of cutting are observable in glass of the 5th century excavated at Kish in Mesopotamia; it is a fair assumption that Byzantine taste in glass, as in some of the other arts, was strongly influenced by the East. It is probable, however, that some enamelled and gilt glass also was made in the Byzantine provinces (e.g., in Corinth), if not in Byzantium itself.
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