Vector control is any method to limit or eradicate the mammals, birds, insects or other arthropods which transmit disease pathogens. The most frequent type of vector control is mosquito control using a variety of strategies. In the United States, cities or special districts are responsible for vector control. For example, in California, the Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District is a special district set up by the state to oversee vector control in multiple cities.
Methods of Control
Vector control focuses on utilizing preventative methods to control or eliminate vector populations. Common preventative measures are:
Removing or reducing areas where vectors can easily breed can help limit population growth. For example, stagnant water removal, destruction of old tires and cans which serve as mosquito breeding environments and good management of used water can reduce areas of excessive vector incidence.
Limiting exposure to insects or animals that are known disease vectors can reduce infection risks significantly. For example, bed nets, window screens on homes, or protective clothing can help reduce the likelihood contact with vectors. To be effective this requires education and promotion of methods amongst the population to raise the awareness of vector threats.
Insecticides, larvicides, rodenticides, Lethal ovitraps and repellents can be used to control vectors. For example, larvicides can be used in mosquito breeding zones; insecticides can be applied to house walls or bed nets, and use of personal repellents can reduce incidence of insect bites and thus infection. The use of pesticides for vector control is promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and has proven to be highly effective.
The use of natural vector predators, such as bacterial toxins or botanical compounds, can help control vector populations. Using fish that eat mosquito larvae or reducing breeding rates by introducing sterilized male tsetse flies have been shown to control vector populations and reduce infection risks.
Importance of vector control
However, even for vector-borne diseases with effective treatments the high cost of treatment remains a huge barrier to large amounts of developing world populations. Despite being treatable, malaria has by far the greatest impact on human health from vectors. In Africa, a child dies every 45 seconds of malaria. In countries where malaria is well established the World Health Organization estimates countries lose 1.3% annual economic income due to the disease. Both prevention through vector control and treatment are needed to protect populations.
As the impacts of disease and virus are devastating, the need to control the vectors in which they carried is prioritized. Vector control in many third world areas can have tremendous impacts as it increases mortality rates, especially among infants. Because of the high movement of the population, disease spread is also a greater issue in these areas.
- "HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE SECTION 2010-2014". California Health and Safety Code. California. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- "Pesticides and their application for the control of vectors and pests of public health importance" (pdf). World Health Organization. 2006.
- Vreysen, MJ; et al. (2000). "Glossina austeni (Diptera: Glossinidae) eradicated on the island of Unguja, Zanzibar, using the sterile insect technique". Journal of Economic Entomology 93 (1): 123–135. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-93.1.123.
- "Malaria Fact Sheet". World Health Organization. 2010.
- "10 Facts on Malaria". World Health Organization. 2009.
- Walsh, Julia A.; Kenneth S. Warren (1980). "Selective primary health care: An interim strategy for disease control in developing countries". Social Science & Medicine. Part C: Medical Economics 14 (2): 149. doi:10.1016/0160-7995(80)90034-9. PMID 114830.