Does anybody know why - historically, etymologically or logically - one can use polite forms (e.g. -ます) in causal subordinate clauses before から, while one must use the plain form before ので?
As you can see in the linked post, and Chocolate and Bjorn's comment - you totally can use ので and から after the ~ます form of a verb.
When I lived in Japan I heard people say,
If you want to know the difference, you can check out This website ~ Kara vs Node, it does a great job of explaining. But a basic difference is that から is less formal than ので.