Enzymes are highly efficient environment-friendly catalysts, synthesized by living systems. They have significant advantages over chemical catalysts, of which the most important are specificity, high catalytic activity, ability to work at moderate temperatures, and the ability to be produced in large amounts. Enzymes production is a major and growing field of contemporary biotechnology. Tannin acyl hydrolase (EC 22.214.171.124) which is commonly referred to as tannase is one of the important hydrolytic microbial enzymes. Tannase is an industrially important enzyme and has several applications in various industries such as foods, animal feeds, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, chemical, leather industries etc. Realizing the importance of this enzyme, a comprehensive study focusing on its microbial production has been carried out. It aims to the isolation and screening of high tannase-producing fungi from environmental sources and statistical optimization of its production by the promising isolate using response surface methodology. This book includes all details of this study and its important results.
The enhancement of plant growth by PGPR indicates their potential as biofertilizers in the field of agriculture. The potential negative effect of chemical fertilizers on the global environment and the cost associated with production has led to research with the objective of replacing chemical fertilizers with microbial inoculants. PGPR have gained world-wide importance and acceptance for sustainable agricultural benefits. PGPR's are the potential tools for future of sustainable agriculture. The application and commercialization of PGPR for sustainable agriculture is a growing and demanding market world-wide. In present work, isolation and optimization of fungi were demonstrated which can dissolve phosphate and promote growth by producing phytohormone IAA.
Amylase is an enzyme that hydrolyses starch for the production of ethanol and fructose. It has many applications in today''s market place. In industry, it is very advantageous to find organisms that can produce specific enzymes. Fungi being potential source of enzymes with scientific and commercial interests have a great potential to degrade polysaccharide constituents of starch. The present study was, therefore, designed to screen efficient species of fungi from already reported amylase enzyme producers. The isolates expressing maximum efficiency were exposed to UV and chemical mutagens to further enhance their enzyme production potential. Comparative bioactivity assays of mutants obtained were carried out to select the high yielding strains. Growth of potential strains was conditioned on agri-wastes products to evolve economically feasible technology for amylase production to meet industrial sector demand.
Bacteria and fungi are capable of producing extracellular lipases when grown on suitable substrates. Vegetable oil can become rancid if contaminated by microorganisms. However, NaCl in oil seem to inhibit microbial growth at specific concentrations for various microorganisms. The industrial production of lipases can be explored engaging bacteria, fungi and vegetable oil used in this current study.
Iron represents an essential nutrient for all living organisms. It is a component of many cellular structures and also necessary for metabolic processes. Iron nutrition is particularly important for leguminous plants as it plays a vital role in nodule formation, N2-fixation and plant growth. Under iron limited conditions, some microorganisms and plants are able to evolve low molecular weight iron chelators called siderophores. These biological chelators are strongly involved in competition of iron nutrition and in biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi by sequestering iron and thereby inhibiting their growth or metabolic activity. The results presented in this book aimed to study the interactions between siderophore producing microorganisms in the rhizosphere.
Fungi are responsible for producing number of diseases, including some devastating epizootics in fishes, which inflict heavy losses to fish industry. This book provides support in gaining the knowledge in this field. It will be helpful in finding out the relation of various water parameters with the growth of aquatic fungi and also helpful in controlling the incidences of mycotic diseases and thus will save the fisheries industry from economic losses.
Moulds are important spoilage organisms in different foods. Moreover, the presence of moulds with the concomitant production of allergenic spores, and possibly mycotoxins, makes them a serious potential health hazard. The reduction of mould in food and prevention of its development during storage is of great interest industrially where developing efficient and safe strategies of food preservation are critical. In this context, the application of biopreservation strategies (i.e. the use of microrganisms and /or their metabolites) could be a useful tool to prevent spoilage and extend the food shelf-life. To this end, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are of particular interest as biopreservatives since these microrganisms have been used in traditional fermentations for centuries. LAB are important in the preparation and improvement of food storage. This thesis explores the potential possibility of LAB in inhibition of spoilage fungi growth in bakery products.
Cellulose has attracted considerable interest as a renewable resource since bioconversion products have potential value in food and chemical industries and as an energy source. As million of tons of cellulose squandered annually, fungi can prove a constructive device by producing cellulases in recycling of polymeric carbohydrates, otherwise being locked inside the waste products. Cellulase is a group of enzymes responsible for cellulose degradation. Its application can be seen in animal feed, pharmaceutical, textile and paper and pulp industry. The utilization of fungal biomass for cellulose degradation at industrial scale is increasing all over the world as economically feasible. The present study, therefore, was designed to evaluate the bioactivity of known cellulolytic fungal species to screen and select the best potential candidates. Selected species were subjected to UV and chemical mutagens for prospective evolution of high yielding strains. Further strain conditioning was carried out on economically feasible substrate to evolve commercially viable technology for celluiase enzyme production.
Development of fermentation process for the production of a metabolite, enzyme or a therapeutic protein is seldom straight forward, involves several stages and empirical trails. In spite of great gains made in our understanding of microbial metabolism, physiology and molecular biology, improvement of product yield remains largely an empirical process. In this context, this book is intended to provide a case study which illustrates the development of fermentation process for the production of an industrially important enzyme “Tannase” from newly isolated bacteria. A detailed account of Isolation, screening and identification of bacteria, shake-flask trails, usage of statistical methods viz., Plackett-Burman design, Fractional factorial analysis, Response surface methodology for media optimization and process optimization in fermentor are given. A chapter is dedicated to the study of characteristics of this novel cell-associated tannase enzyme. This effort should shed some light on “cell-associated tannase”, should be especially useful for the beginners of fermentation technology, or anyone else who may be considering association with fermentation process development.
Cellulases have enormous potential in industries and are used in food, beverages, textile, laundry, paper and pulp industries etc. Although a large number of microorganisms are capable of degrading cellulose, only a few of these microorganisms produce significant quantities of cell-free enzymes capable of completely hydrolysing crystalline cellulose in vitro. Fungi are the main cellulase-producing microorganisms, though a few bacteria and actinomycetes have also been recently reported to yield cellulase activity. Generally, fungi produces three major types of cellulolytic enzyme: endoglucanase, exoglucanase and B-glucosidase. These enzymes are extracellular and inductive in nature. The ability to produce cellulase are widespread among fungi and this has became the subject of extensive investigation. The research work explained in this book was intended to screen the cellulolytic ability of fungi isolated from soil contaminated with effluents of cotton ginning mills. Furthermore, optimal condition for enzyme production and purification were also explained in this book.
The annual death toll from cancer is expected to rise to 17.5 million by 2050. The anticancer drugs show nonspecific toxicity to proliferating normal cells, possess enormous side effects, and are not effective against many forms of cancer. The anticancer properties of several secondary metabolites from endophytes have been investigated recently. In the continuing search for biologically active natural products from Egyptian endophytic mycobiota, Fatma screened endophytic fungi from different ecological habitats in Egypt especially those producing anticancer metabolites. She found that metabolic extracts of endophytic Trichothecium roseum (23A-SCUF) isolated from Origanum syriacum L. significantly decreased tumor cells of (MCF-7) by 48-71%, without alter liver or kidney functions in vivo. She applied three strategies to for conservation of Egyptian endophytic mycobiota: 1- by conserving the habitats of in Saint Katherine Protectorate through volunteers, 2- in situ conservation of medicinal plants reserves and ecological niches though awareness campaigns of local Bedouin tribes and, 3- ex situ conservation for isolated endophytic taxa in Fungarium of Suez Canal University.
Aflatoxins (AFs) are naturally occurring secondary metabolites produced principally by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in food and feed commodities worldwide. Contaminations of compound feeds by AFs do not only affect animal health, but the economy as well. It is for this purpose that a study was carried out to establish the quality of South African feeds with respect to AF-producing fungi, establish a correlation between levels of AFs and determinant gene (nor-1) responsible for producing these toxins.
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