- Top of page
- Criteria for inclusion
- Search strategy for identification of studies
- Statistical methods
- (i) Identify study characteristics
- Study design
- Study quality
- (ii) Indicator bacteria used
- (iii) A common basis for measuring contamination
- (iv) Testing for significant variation between studies
- (v) Explaining the variation in contamination between studies
- Study characteristics
- Variation in contamination between studies
- Water contamination between source and point-of-use
- Methodological problems
- Future research
Objective To assess the extent and causes of microbiological contamination of household drinking water between source and point-of-use in developing countries.
Methods A systematic meta-analysis of 57 studies measuring bacteria counts for source water and stored water in the home to assess how contamination varied between settings.
Results The bacteriological quality of drinking water significantly declines after collection in many settings. The extent of contamination after water collection varies considerably between settings, but is proportionately greater where faecal and total coliform counts in source water are low.
Conclusions Policies that aim to improve water quality through source improvements may be compromised by post-collection contamination. Safer household water storage and treatment is recommended to prevent this, together with point-of-use water quality monitoring.