“Major behavioural changes are needed to build a sustainable future, but much of our behaviour is guided by the choices we once made, and it is incredibly hard to break habits in the environment where they've been cemented,” Noah Linder says.
It is estimated that we will build new urban environments for 2.5 billion people between 2010-2050 and it is crucial that these environments promote the behaviours we want to see as a society.
“Research clearly shows that we establish habits in environments that we often find ourselves in; it also shows that it is easier for us to change in new environments. The reason why is that in the environments our habits were established, there are many triggers that automatically activate habits and we do not reflect on that process. However, in new environments we are free of many of these triggers.
“Most of us may have experienced that it can be easier to make a restart after a move, when we're travelling or starting a new job. Moreover, few would try to cure someone of a serious addiction without first removing that individual from home. We need to harness that knowledge about how to break habits.”
In Copenhagen, a cycling revolution has taken place. Copenhagen used to be a car-dominated city, but now 50% of all transport is by bicycle. The city made it a lot easier for cyclists by building clearly visible cycle lanes that were allowed to take a great deal of space on the road so that riding a bicycle would feel safe.
Arguably, what primarily promoted cycling was the major physical changes that showed what behavioural changes the city wanted.
In Sweden and London, smoking was banned in bars, and studies have shown that those bans affected people’s views on smoking. According to Noah Linder, the most important finding was that norms and perceptions of how harmful smoking is were changed.
“So many people were against the ban, but after changing their behaviour, their perception of smoking changed, and, to them, the perceived risk of smoking increased. The congestion charge in Stockholm is another example. Although many were critical at the beginning, opinions changed and were later in favour of the decision.
“Changing people’s attitudes and values is incredibly hard. Today, mental and digital filters make it almost impossible to get through to people with information and education. Promoting pro-environmental lifestyles changes by designing or modifying the physical environment is an underestimated tool, we think,” Noah Linder says.
Scientific article in Ambio