Paris through a Nazi's lens: Propaganda pictures of Occupied France taken by photographer ordered to prove city was thriving under German rule
- Andre Zucca's images of Paris in the Second World War have remained controversial
- Appear to show Parisians carefree and jubilant under Nazi occupation and Vichy rule
- Photojournalist took images of fashionable women, smiling soldiers and happy families in the capital
Fashionable young women pose for the camera and commuters mix with Nazi soldiers on the bustling Paris streets.
The famous roads of the French capital are adorned with the Swastikas of the German regime but Parisians appear jubilant.
At first glance, these photographs appear to show a Paris that flourished under four years of Nazi occupation during the Second World War.
Controversial: Andre Zucca's series of photographs, such as these young women posing in unusual sunglasses, showed Parisians enjoying life under German rule
Carefree: The series is filled with fashionable women wearing stylish outfits and applying make-up, in stark contrast to hardships commonly associated with Nazi rule
Propaganda: Historians say images such as this one of a Nazi solider walking freely with Parisians was designed to show the world France was happy under occupation
Positive light: Zucca's photos show women dressed in the height of fashion and courting young lovers enjoying the French sunshine
Taking in the sights: A German soldier looks on at lethargic-looking polar bears at the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes, Paris's famous zoo
Captive city: An elephant reaches across from its enclosure to take something from the hand of a youngster. Zucca was commissioned to show a Paris that was happy under the Nazi yoke
Ingenious contraption: Two fashionably dressed young men stand by a tandem bicycle towing a carriage of sorts
But these images - of cafes, courting lovers and carefree commuters - were taken to show the world how the French capital was thriving following the Nazi invasion of 1940.
Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels wanted Paris to retain its pre-war image, at least on the surface.
Shot by French photographer Andre Zucca for the German propaganda magazine Signal, these pictures show a Paris that is in sharp contrast to the hardships commonly associated with Nazi rule.
This depiction remains controversial and deeply distressing for many French people who lived through the four years of the occupation.
When they were put on display in 2008 - more than 60 years after being taken - many called for the exhibition to be closed down. The then deputy mayor Christophe Girard said: 'It's a complete manipulation. And it makes me vomit.'
Opposing ideologies: A sign advertises the Europe Against Bolshevism exhibition, held under the auspices of Nazi front organisation the anti-Bolshevik Action Committee in Paris in 1942
Life goes on: Parisians go about their business, walking down into a subway. The majority of Zucca's images show Paris as a thriving, lively city
Summer fun: A part of the Seine is pontooned off into a swimming pool, which is filled with hundreds of Parisians grabbing a chance to cool off in the summer heat
A walk in the park: Shot by Zucca for German propaganda magazine Signal, these pictures show a Paris that is in sharp contrast to the hardships commonly associated with Nazi rule
Très chic: The images were taken to show the world how the French capital was thriving following the Nazi invasion
Flames: This poster, which reads 'Assassins Always Return to the Scene of their Crime', shows Joan of Arc kneeling in prayer, her hands manacled, while below her the town of Rouen burns. The city was approximately 45 per cent destroyed by Allied bombing during the Second World War, when it was the location of the German navy HQ
Youngsters sail boats: While millions of ordinary French citizens struggled with desperate food shortages in both the Nazi occupied North and under the Nazi-collaborating Vichy regime in the South, for others life remained pretty much the same When exhibited in Paris in 2008, Bertrand Delanoë, Mayor of Paris, ordered a notice to accompany the images stating that the pictures avoid the ?reality of occupation and its tragic aspects?
Business as usual: The majority of Zucca's images show Paris as a thriving, lively city filled with food, laughter and young families
Basket case: Zucca was a successful photojournalist before the war and his work was published in eminent magazines such as Paris Match
Boys sit on a park wall: After Paris fell to the Nazis on June 14, 1940, Zucca was commissioned to work for the Signal the following year to portray the occupation in a positive light
Too young to understand: Girls and boys play in what appear to be the early forerunners of rollerskates against the backdrop of the Eiffel Tower on central Paris's Champ de Mars
Symbol of empire: A soldier and civilians mill around near Cleopatra's Needle in the Place de la Concorde, one of three obelisks taken from Egypt and re-erected in Paris, London and New York during the 19th Century
A flower seller sits outside her shop on a bright, sunny day: Zucca's photographs are historically important not only as an example of Nazi propaganda but also because they were shot in colour
Ambiguity: Following France's liberation in 1944, Zucca was arrested but he was never prosecuted and continued to work as a wedding photographer until his death in 1973
A car equipped to run on natural gas: With most petrol diverted to German forces to run their tanks, ships and planes, civilians were forced to find alternative sources of fuel for their vehicles
Needs must: Another car equipped to run on natural gas, with engine modifications making it almost appear like a souped-up Wacky Racer
Zucca was a successful photojournalist before the war and his work was published in eminent magazines such as Paris Match.
Paris fell to the Nazis on June 14, 1940, he was commissioned to work
for the Signal the following year to portray the occupation in a
His photographs are historically important not only as an example of Nazi propaganda but also as they were shot in colour.
Reality? An elderly woman walks along the street wearing the yellow star which Nazis forced Jews to wear. More than 70,000 Jews were deported from occupied France to the death camps
Nazi occupied Paris: Giant Swastikas line the streets of the French capital. Paris fell to the Germans just weeks after the Nazis launched an invasion in 1940
Running away? A harried looking man with two scruffily dressed girls drags a cart through the streets of Paris
Homeless: A man dressed in dirty clothes hurries along the road (left) and elderly men huddle around a chair as they play cards (right)
Positive: The Nazis were shown as integrated into Paris life in Zucca's pictures. Some historians say his work is too easily dismissed as propaganda as shows some truth
No rations: Pictures of cartloads of meat (left) and fashionable clothes (right) give the impression that French life was the same as pre-war. In fact they lived on starvation rations and 20 per cent of all food was taken by the Nazis
So did the buses run on time? Parisian commuters queue to board a bus on a chilly early morning under the Nazi yoke
Show of force: Stern-looking soldiers from the Wehrmacht march down one of the city's broad boulevards, which in the minds of Parisians are more usually associated with strolling and leisurely enjoyment
Zucca was given access to the latest - and extremely rare - Agfacolor film.
Following France's liberation in 1944, Zucca was arrested but he was never prosecuted and continued to work as a wedding photographer until his death in 1973.
Shielded from war: A young family, including a man of usual conscription age, sit in the sunshine eating cherries
Friendly force: Nazi soldiers are shown participating in Paris life and are seen shopping at the market (left) and at the horse racing (right)
Bustling: Instead of war torn or repressed, Paris in Zucca's photographs is seen to be thriving with full shops and restaurants
Bustling: Instead of war torn or repressed, Paris in Zucca's photographs is seen to be thriving with full shops and restaurants
Leisure: A shapely woman leaning over the side of the bridge is the focus of this photograph. Zucca was given access to the latest - and extremely rare - Agfacolor film to show Paris as a fun loving big city full of happy people When exhibited in Paris in 2008, Bertrand Delanoë, Mayor of Paris, ordered a notice to accompany the images stating that the pictures avoid the ?reality of occupation and its tragic aspects?
A smartly dressed woman steps from a bicycle taxi: Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels wanted Paris to retain its pre-war image, at least on the surface
Trinkets: Two women in military-style uniforms shop at a stall selling toys. Zucca's pictures show both the hardship for French civilians and the collaborations between the Vichy regime and the Nazis
Not yet modern: Bicycles are joined in this picture by the even then anachronistic sight of a horse-drawn carriage. When these pictures were put on display in 2008 - more than 60 years after being taken - many called for the exhibition to be closed down
Getting what they can: Poorer looking Parisians at a down-at-heel street market. The curator of the exhibition five years ago said this collection were never published by Signal and were for Zucca's own use, perhaps accounting for the realistic depictions some show
Kind of blue: Thanks to his access to German Agfacolour film stock, Zucca was one of the few photographers who could made a lot of colour photos, although this seems a little faded by age now
Hustle and bustle: Even those involved in resistance or collaboration would walk the streets to go shopping, enjoy a stroll in the park, have a drink in a bar
Important historical record: Zucca's photographs stand as one of the only full-colour records of live in Paris in the early-Forties
Not all fun and games: Zucca's depictions of Parisian life under Nazi rule don't only show a city full or happy, well off people, but also the daily struggles of those trying to get by as best they can
War to end all wars? Women in military uniforms look at a war memorial commemorating those killed in the First World War just over two decades earlier
Real life under the Nazis: A woman walks a Parisian backstreet, in front of an older gentleman who is marked with the Star of David insignia that Jews were forced to wear
Some historians say Zucca's work is too easily dismissed as propaganda.
In fact the curator of the exhibition five years ago said this collection were never published by Signal and were for Zucca's own use.
Either way, they do show undisputed and barely disguised truths about Paris in the war - both the hardship for French civilians and the collaborations between the Vichy regime and the Nazis.
In one image, a woman with no hat and dressed in a drab black coat walks along wearing a yellow star.
'If you want to earn more... come to work in Germany': France under the collaborationist Vichy regime was the only Nazi-occupied country to pass laws forcing its citizens to go and work in Germany, which was short of manpower because of fighting in the east
'They give their blood - give your work to save Europe from Bolshevism': Another poster encourages French to travel to Germany for work by alluding to the threat from the Soviet Union and the sacrifice of German soldiers fighting on the Eastern Front
Letting them know who's boss: Street signs advertise locations of German facilities in Paris, with their French names written in smaller text beneath
Militarism: Officers from the Wehrmacht chat with a Parisian woman left, and right Marshal Philippe Pétain, a hero of the First World War who became the head of the Vichy government during the Nazi occupation, is the centrepiece in a shoe shop's window display. His government actively collaborated with persecution of the Jews
Gay Paris: A young woman checks her handbag while a man sits slumped over a walking stick in front of posters for the City's famous Moulin Rouge cabaret
The Vichy French authorities, led by Marshal Petain, actively collaborated with the murderous Nazi persecution of the Jews.
While some occupied countries, such as Denmark, protected their Jewish population, 76,000 French Jews were deported to death camps including Auschwitz.
Jews were also banned from teaching, the civil service and journalism, among other professions, in wartime France.
Their property was confiscated and more than 40,000 refugee Jews were held in concentration camps under French control.
Relaxed: Rather than appear invaders, these Nazi soldiers fiddle with a camera like tourists and appear to be have a guidebook lying nearby
At their leisure: Parisians are shown fishing in the Seine (left) or enjoying knitting or reading in the park (right)
Reminder of occupation: A theatre, which has an
Imperial Eagle painted on its wall, proclaims itself as a German
soldier's cinema (Deutsches Soldatenkino)
Making the best of it: A crowd surrounds a travelling band as they play music in a Paris street. Zucca's cheerful depictions of Paris under Nazi rule remain controversial and deeply distressing for many French people who lived through the four years of the occupation
Hard lives: Market traders are pictured left clearing up after a day's work, while right grim-faced Parisians cycle past a poster for the Nazi-sponsored Europe Against Bolshevism exhibition. Anti-communism was a cornerstone of the National Socialist ideology
Fat of the land: A wealthy looking man and woman ride in a cart pulled by two slim Parisians on a tandem bicycle. Wealth and collaboration with the Nazis helped preserve life for a certain elite as thousands of French Jews were sent to the death camps
Trying to blend in? Senior looking German army officers stroll past a crowd of French enjoying the afternoon in one of Paris's outdoor cafés
Occupation headquarters: Guard posts stand outside a building the sign of which advertises it as an important spot for the occupying German army
Uncomfortable legacy: Zucca's pictures have caused controversy over the years for their portrayal of the French as collaborating with the Nazis and avoiding war
Still life: Zucca's propaganda pictures were bought by the Historical Library of the city of Paris in 1986
While millions of ordinary French citizens struggled with desperate food shortages in both the Nazi occupied North and under the Nazi-collaborating Vichy regime in the South, for others life remained pretty much the same.
Wealth and collaboration with the Nazis helped preserve life for a certain elite as thousands of French Jews were sent to the death camps.
The majority of Zucca's images show Paris as a thriving, lively city filled with food, laughter and young families.
Cafes and restaurants are open and thriving, leisure attractions such as zoos remain open despite the war raging across Europe and men of usual conscription age are seen in civilian clothing.
The pictures were bought by the Historical Library of the city of Paris 'Bibliothèque Historique de la Ville de Paris' in 1986.
The collection has been digitised and is available via Agence Roger-Viollet in France www.roger-viollet.fr and its partner in the UK TopFoto www.topfoto.co.uk
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