Charles Cagniard de la Tour
He was the author of numerous inventions, including the cagniardelle, a blowing machine, which consists essentially of an Archimedean screw set obliquely in a tank of water in such a way that its lower end is completely and its upper end partially immersed, and operated by being rotated in the opposite direction to that required for raising water.
In acoustics he invented, about 1819, the improved siren, which was named after him, using it for ascertaining the number of vibrations corresponding to a sound of any particular pitch, and he also made experiments on the mechanism of voice-production.
In 1822, he discovered the critical point of a substance in his famous cannon barrel experiments. Listening to discontinuities in the sound of a rolling flint ball in a sealed cannon filled with fluids at various temperatures, he observed the critical temperature. Above this temperature, the densities of the liquid and gas phases become equal and the distinction between them disappears, resulting in a single supercritical fluid phase.
In course of an investigation in 1822–1823 on the effects of heat and pressure on certain liquids he found that for each there was a certain temperature above which it refused to remain liquid but passed into the gaseous state, no matter what the amount of pressure to which it was subjected, and in the case of water he determined this critical temperature, with a remarkable approach to accuracy, to be 362°C. He also studied the nature of yeast and the influence of extreme cold upon its life.
- Chisholm 1911.
- Charles Cagniard de la Tour (1819) "Sur la Sirène, nouvelle machine d'acoustique destinée à mésures les vibrations de l'air qui contient la son" (On the siren, new acoustic machine to be used for measuring the vibrations of sound in air) Annales de chimie et de physique, vol. 12, pages 167-171.
- Charles Cagniard de la Tour (1822) "Exposé de quelques résultats obtenu par l'action combinée de la chaleur et de la compression sur certains liquides, tels que l'eau, l'alcool, l'éther sulfurique et l'essence de pétrole rectifiée" (Presentation of some results obtained by the combined action of heat and compression on certain liquids, such as water, alcohol, sulfuric ether [i.e., diethyl ether], and distilled petroleum spirit), Annales de chimie et de physique, 21 : 127-132.
- Cagniard de la Tour (1822) "Supplément au Mémoire de M. Cagniard de la Tour, imprimé page 127 de ce cahier des Annales" (Supplement to the memoir of Mr. Cagniard de la Tour, printed on page 127 of this issue of the Annales), Annales de chimie et de physique, 21 : 178-182.
- Cagniard de la Tour (1823) "Nouvelle note de M. Cagniard de Latour, sur les effets qu'on obtient par l'application simultanée de la chaleur et de la compression à certains liquides" (New note from Mr. Cagniard de la Tour, on the effects that one obtains by the simultaneous application of heat and compression to certain liquids), Annales de chimie et de physique, 22 : 410-415.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cagniard de la Tour, Charles". Encyclopædia Britannica 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- B. Berche, M. Henkel and R. Kenna, "Critical Phenomena: 150 Years since Cagniard de la Tour", Journal of Physical Studies 13 (2009) 3201 (http://de.arxiv.org/abs/0905.1886)