A 'Great Escape' hero who spent five months in solitary confinement in a German concentration camp was denied compensation by the British government - after being told he had not endured enough hardship.
Flight Lieutenant Bertram "Jimmy" James was held prisoner for a year in Sachsenhausen camp after he and Allied officers were recaptured and spared execution following the daring escape from Stalag Luft III in March 1944.
Flt Lt James and his fellow detainees were kept under close guard by SS troops at the camp's Sonderlager A compound, and after trying to escape he was held in solitary confinement and lived under the constant threat of execution.
But 20 years later the government told him he was not entitled to compensation for Nazi persecution because he had not suffered enough.
Documents seen for the first time after being released by the National Archives at Kew, west London, reveal the Foreign Office (FO) denied him money because he was not subjected to the "well-known inhuman and degrading treatment of a concentration camp proper".
In August 1965 the FO told him: "Your case has been very carefully considered, and I regret to inform you that your application cannot be accepted for registration because the conditions in the Sonderlager at Sachsenhausen were such that you were never subjected to this type of persecution."
Flt Lt James wrote back to express his "disappointment" that the "scale of suffering and degradation" was not sufficient to warrant compensation, and gave a detailed account of how he had been interrogated and tortured, faced the fear of execution and watched as inmates were beaten and worked to death at another concentration camp before "their bodies were burnt in bonfires".
But the government still refused, despite his case reaching the newspapers, saying compensation was for those singled out by the Nazis because of "ideology" and inmates at camps where "deliberately contrived suffering was an end in itself and extermination by starvation, exposure, overwork or the gas chambers ... the likely fate of every prisoner".
The conditions he endured at Sachsenhausen, the FO said, were "in no way comparable".
It was only after a parliamentary inquiry was held in 1968 that it was decided the Sachsenhausen survivors should be compensated, and he was eventually awarded £1,192 and 15 shillings - around £18,500 today.
Four years before, Flt Lt James - at the time working in the British embassy in Prague - applied along with thousands of others for compensation over Nazi persecution.
Taken prisoner after being shot down in a Wellington bomber in 1940, he was held at Stalag Luft III before being recaptured and moved to Sachsenhausen with other "Great Escape" veterans Wing Commander Harry Day, Lieutenant Colonel Jack Churchill and Major Johnnie Dodge.
In his application he described being held in a compound "surrounded by electrified barbed wire on two sides" and patrolled by guards with dogs.
He wrote: "Although our material conditions were not as harsh as those existing in the main camp, where 1,500 died during the winter of 1943/44, we were subjected to considerable mental strain by reason of our comparatively close confinement and the unusual conditions pertaining.
"Furthermore, for five months I was kept, together with four of the other British officers, in solitary confinement after our escape through a tunnel and subsequent recapture."
Denied exercise, reading material and Red Cross parcels during his "sojourn", he described how he was a "political prisoner" with the other captives.
He claimed not to have suffered any lasting disability from his imprisonment - "although, naturally, this is an experience which I should have preferred to have avoided" - but said he should be allowed to claim compensation on the grounds of nationality and "political opposition to National Socialism".
He wrote: "During most of this time I was under threat of execution which was, to say the least, somewhat disturbing."