One of the enduring mysteries of the universe is the nature of matter—what are its basic constituents and how do they interact to form the elements and the properties we observe? The mission of the Nuclear Physics (NP) program is to solve this mystery by discovering, exploring, and understanding all forms of nuclear matter. Nuclear physicists seek to understand not just the familiar forms of matter we see around us, but also exotic forms such as those that existed in the first moments after the Big Bang and that exist today inside neutron stars. The aim is to understand why matter takes on the specific forms now observed in nature and how that knowledge can benefit society in the areas of commerce, medicine, and national security.
The quest to understand the properties of different forms of nuclear matter requires long-term support for both theoretical and experimental research efforts. Theoretical approaches are based on calculations of the interactions of quarks and gluons, which form protons and neutrons, using today’s most advanced computers. Other theoretical research models the forces between protons and neutrons and seeks to understand and predict the structure of nuclear matter. Experiments in nuclear physics use large accelerators that collide particles at nearly the speed of light, producing short-lived forms of matter for investigation. Nuclear physicists also use low-energy, precision nuclear experiments, many enabled by new quantum sensors, to search for a deeper understanding of fundamental symmetries and nuclear interactions. Comparing experimental observations and theoretical predictions tests the limits of our understanding of nuclear matter and suggests new directions for experimental and theoretical research.
Highly trained scientists who conceive, plan, execute, and interpret transformative experiments are at the heart of the NP program. NP supports these university and national laboratory scientists. We also support U.S. participation in select international collaborations and provide over 90 percent of the nuclear science research funding in the United States. The world-class scientific user facilities and associated instrumentation necessary to advance the U.S. nuclear science program are large and complex. NP supports three scientific user facilities: the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL); the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF); and the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). NP is also constructing the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams to provide unprecedented opportunities to study the synthesis of the heavy elements in the cosmos. Each of these facilities has unique capabilities that advance NP’s scientific mission.
The Nuclear Physics Program also manages the DOE Isotope Program, which supports the production, distribution, and development of production techniques for radioactive and stable isotopes in short supply and critical to the nation. Isotopes are commodities of strategic importance for the nation. They are essential for energy exploration and innovation, medical applications, national security, and basic research. The goal of the program is to make key isotopes more readily available to meet U.S. needs. The program also supports R&D efforts to develop new and more cost-effective and efficient production and processing techniques. The R&D activities provide collateral benefits for training, contributing to workforce development, and helping to ensure a future U.S.-based expertise in the fields of nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry.