Roaches are the one of the most successful and adaptive groups of animals in the world, with the United States having over 55 species of them alone (there are over 3,500 species world-wide). In Illinois and Iowa, we commonly battle 3 different types: the American roach, the Oriental roach, and most frequently the German roach.
The German cockroach is a widely distributed urban pest. It is also the most common species found in houses, apartments, restaurants, hotels, and other institutions. This is true not only in Illinois and Iowa, but throughout the country and the rest of the world.
Adult German roaches are 1/2 to 5/8 inches long and tan to light brown in color. Although they have fully developed wings, they do not fly. Nymphs are similar in appearance to adults except that they are smaller and lack wings. The German roach is best identified by its 2 parallel lines running from the back of its head down to the wings. Its most commonly found in and around kitchens ( near dishwashers, stoves, and sinks) and in bathrooms of homes.
German roaches prefer a moist environment with a relatively high degree of warmth. They are mostly scavengers and will feed on a wide variety of foods. They are especially fond of starches, sweets, grease, and meat products. In many locations, garbage is their principal food source. As with other roach species, they are mostly active during night, when the dwelling is quiet and they can search for food, water, and mates without being disturbed. During the day they hide in cracks, crevices, and other dark places that provide that heat and humidity. Their flat bodies allow them to move in and out of cracks and narrow openings with ease. They may, on occasion, be seen during the daytime, particularly if the infestation is heavy or there are other stresses present, such as a lack of food or water, or an application of pesticides. (Which is why it is important to let a pest control professional battle these with products that the roaches cannot easily identify and don’t simply repel them from a certain area – which leads them further into hiding and makes elimination much more difficult, time-consuming, and costly.)
As mentioned, this particular species is very difficult to control, for several reasons. German roaches produce a large number of eggs per capsule and undergo the shortest time between hatching and sexual maturity, resulting in a rapid population growth. What sets them apart from the other 2 kinds is that the female German roach carries the egg capsule on her the entire time, rather than dropping them off and leaving them more exposed to control measures. Coupled with the fact that they are smaller than other roaches, allowing them to fit into and conceal themselves in places inaccessible to individuals of the larger species, and you have a very efficient reproductive pest.
German roaches produce odorous secretions that can affect the flavor of various foods. When populations are high, these secretions can result in a characteristic odor in the general area of the infestation. Disease-producing organisms like bacteria, protozoans, and viruses have been found on cockroach bodies. Different forms of gastroenteritis ( food poisoning, dysentery, diarrhea, and other illnesses ) appear to be the principal diseases they transmit. These organisms are carried on the legs and bodies of the roaches and are deposited on food and utensils as the roaches forage. Cockroach excrement and caste skins also contain a number of allergens to which many people exhibit allergic responses to, like skin rashes, watery eyes, sneezing, congestion of nasal passages, and asthma. If you or other family members have allergy symptoms like stuffy nose, sneezing, headaches, watery eyes, and shortness of breath, and your home has cockroaches, you may be allergic to the roaches themselves as well. About 1 in 10 people are allergic to cockroaches, and about 50% with asthma are allergic to them.
Adult American roach
The American cockroach is the largest of the three. These are numerous in dumps and landfills, and are most commonly found in the basements and steam tunnels of restaurants, bakeries, food processing facilities, and grocery stores. The American roach can be identified by its large size and reddish-brown color with faded yellow edges on the thorax.
When found indoors, they are usually found in dark, warm, and moist areas of basements and crawlspaces, in and around bathtubs, floor drains, pipe chases, and sewers. Also common sight around manhole covers and the undersides of metal coverings for large sump pumps.
American roaches feed on a variety of foods, with an apparent preference for decaying organic matter. The adults can survive 2 to 3 months without food, but only about a month without water. Some different things that have been consumed by the American roach include cheese, beer, leather, bakery products, starch in book bindings, manuscripts, glue, hair, flakes of dried skin, dead animals, plant materials, soiled clothing, and glossy paper. The most important aspect of American cockroach damage comes from the insects’ habit of feeding and harboring in damp, un-sanitary places. Filth from these areas is spread by American roaches to food supplies, food prep surfaces, dishes, utensils, and other surfaces. These roaches contaminate way more food than they consume.
Feamle Oriental roach
The Oriental Cockroach (also commonly referred to as “water bugs”) are dark brown to black in appearance and tend to travel rather slow in comparison to other 2 types. They’re often called water bugs because they prefer wetter areas and tend to stay close to areas like floor drains and sink/faucet areas. These are often found around wet, decaying organic matter and in sewer drains, wet basements, under porches with wet mulch, and other damp areas. They can also be outdoors in bushes, under leaf ground-c0ver, under mulch, and other wet places outside.
Oriental roaches are rather easy to exterminate with chemical treatments, because they really tend to limit the places that they hang out. The risk with this kind is the same as American roaches, but more un-likely because they don’t normally travel to far away from the water source and move slower, thus not traveling near as far to forage.
|Roach||German cockroach||Oriental cockroach||American cockroach|
|Size||12 mm (1.2 cm) to 15 mm (1.5 cm)||25 mm (2.5 cm) to 30 mm (3.0 cm)||28 mm (2.8 cm) to 43 mm (4.3 cm)|
|Habitat||Heated buildings, optimum 32 °C (90 °F)||20 °C (68 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F)||Same as German|
|Nymphal development time||6 to 12 weeks||6 to 12 months||4 to 15 months|
|Life Span||6 to 9 months||1 to 1.5 years||1 to 1.5 years|
|Able to fly?||No||No||Yes|
Getting rid of roaches can be a very difficult ( if not impossible ) task to do on your own. The fact is the public is just not given access to the right materials it needs to eradicate a cockroach infestation. The store-bought materials all have major limiting restrictions that provide very little residual and that act as a repellent, which in turn the roaches make an educated response to and change their travelling and foraging habits. There products temporarily make you believe you had success, only to find out a month later the roaches just became much better at hiding and now have gotten out of control.
Anyone, no matter how neat or tidy they keep their home, can get cockroaches. Roaches can arrive in a grocery bag or a case of soda from the store, in new or used furniture, in electronics, in a friend’s over-night bag, or the apartment 2 floors down below yours. In warmer months they’ve actually been known to travel through the grass across the yard into a home after their home had been vacated.
So, regardless if currently have an issue with roaches, not sure if you do, or don’t have them and never want them, there are a few things you can do right now to help better the situation. Roaches can grow into a huge population very rapidly with little food or water. That’s why it is so important to reduce all possible sources of food, water, and harborage for them now.
even if you don’t notice a cockroach problem
especially if you already have cockroaches:
All foods stored in kitchen cupboards should be kept in sealed containers. Put store-bought foods packaged in paper or plastic bags (such as sugar, flour, rice and cookies) in glass jars or plastic containers with tight lids.
After depriving cockroaches of food and water you need to reduce the number of hiding places they need for shelter in your home. Cockroaches like tight, small places. Try to remove as much clutter as you can:
In addition to the good habits that you can adopt to get rid of shelter places for cockroaches, your kitchen and bathroom must be in good repair. If you are a tenant, you need to discuss structural improvements with your building manager, superintendent or landlord. These may include: