Imagine that nothing about your home-town is the same as when you were a child. No longer is there an abundance of food in grocery stores or clean water accessible by a flick of the wrist. The rain has stopped coming so food doesn’t grow. The government doesn’t provide any help—it uses violence as a form of control. Gunshots and bomb blasts are so common that no one walks in the evenings or spends time enjoying parks or coffee shops.
It sounds like the plot of a post-apocalyptic movie, but for many this description resembles reality. One in 113 people worldwide have fled their hometowns in hopes of a better life. The World Economic Forum has named “global migration” as the issue of the year for 2016. It’s an issue that hasn’t gone unnoticed by the Lutheran church.
“As never seen before, over 62 million persons have been displaced from their home by violence, poverty and economic marginalization,” said Rafael Malpica Padilla, executive director for ELCA Global Mission. “The root causes for the displacement are the commonly known civil strife, war and poverty. But lately we have seen the huge impact climate change is having on people’s lives.”
There are 9 million people displaced from civil war in Syria, some internally and others spread from Jordan to Europe to North America; 1 million people have fled South Sudan’s civil war for Ethiopia and Kenya; 1 million have been apprehended in the last three years on the U.S. Southwest border, and countless others are legally requesting asylum to Mexico and the U.S. to escape gangs in Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala.
The list of countries whose residents are fleeing goes on: Somalia, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Yemen, Ukraine, Nigeria, Burundi, Colombia. According to the United Nations, “The number of forcibly displaced persons in the world is now higher than
it has been at any time since World War II.”
It’s estimated that 33,972 people per day are forced to flee their homes because of conflict. That’s roughly equivalent to a Chicago suburb disappearing each day. Then, after nine months, all of Wisconsin starts to disappear too. These numbers only account for people who have claimed refugee status in another country, not the remaining 44 million who are internally displaced within their own countries.
Lutherans worldwide—including Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service(LIRS), the ELCA and other members of the Lutheran World Federation(LWF)—have been on the front lines
of migrant and refugee services, welcoming the stranger.
No opportunities in Central America
Rigoberto (last name withheld) seems far older than his 22 years, looking worn in his clothing and appearance. He is a native of San Pedro Sula, a town the size of Detroit in northwestern Honduras with the second highest murder rate in the world. This is Rigoberto’s fourth time trying to cross into the U.S. He made it once before and ate at an all-you-can-eat buffet in Las Vegas.
“He had never experienced that before, that kind of abundance,” said Chris Schaefer, who met Rigoberto in a migrant safe house. “I asked him why he was leaving, and he said there was no future for him in Honduras. No jobs. No opportunities for education. This was the only option for him to survive.”
Schaefer and other students from the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg (Pa.) traveled to Honduras and Guatemala to better understand the conditions driving so many to leave their communities. “We were grossly ignorant about how much of an impact climate change has had,” he said. “We hear a lot about the violence that happens because that trickles through our media. But I didn’t get a sense of where that violence and desperation came from.
“Climate change led to a loss of jobs, which led to desperation, corruption and violence, which leads people to trying to escape to find a job or to be safe.”
Jennifer Crist, an ELCA mission developer of Communities of Hope, Harrisburg, Pa., who has done service work in Guatemala since 2003, echoed this: “Even from 10 years ago, there is a difference. The rainy season is supposed to be from May to October. You could predict when the rain was coming every day, but now it’s very unpredictable. That adds a certain amount of stress. A lot of these communities really rely on agriculture to subsist. People are tied to the land in a way most Americans can’t understand.”
Crist recounted the story of Lorena (last name withheld), who came to her when she was 16 having never been to school. Lorena was trying to support her siblings on what little money she could make. “She came from a terrible childhood that included abuse and neglect,” Crist said. “By the time children hit middle school in Guatemala, they have very few dreams or hopes for their future.”
The Guatemala Lutheran Church is working to address this issue with alternative programs that equip women with new ways to support themselves and their families. Yet there is much work to do.
Lorena and Rigoberto are two of many young people in Central America looking for hope. According to LIRS, 68,000 children were taken into custody coming into the U.S. in 2014. U.S. Customs and Border Protection shows similar numbers for this year, already apprehending nearly 32,000 unaccompanied minors as of the end of July. That’s up from 19,418 in 2009. More than 75 percent of those children are from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras where rates of violence exceed that in recognized war zones.
“A woman that I talked to who made the journey from Honduras was captured by a gang in Mexico. They sexually assaulted her,” Malpica Padilla said. “Another woman that had escaped from a confrontation between the coyote and members of a cartel sought refuge in a cave, but when she got into a cave, it was dark and something was unsettled beneath her feet. She was found in that cave by Mexican immigration police and when they turned the flashlight on, she was stepping on human body remains and bones. The cartels take people like her and harvest their organs to sell them in the illegal human organ trade.”
Hearing stories like these combined with a call to care for God’s people in need prompted the ELCA to develop the AMMPARO (Accompanying Migrant Minors with Protection, Advocacy, Representation and Opportunities) strategy. “[The name] is a play on the word amparo with just one M that in Spanish means refuge,” Malpica Padilla said. “We are working with organizations that receive those who are apprehended and repatriated. They go back, but they go back to what?”
AMMPARO was approved nearly unanimously in August at the 2016 Churchwide Assembly.
Through grants to synods and social ministry organizations, AMMPARO provides legal assistance, community outreach and family reunification to migrants who are in the U.S. To address the dangers in Central America, the strategy financially supports safe houses for those in transit and training programs to provide youth an avenue to life outside of the gangs.
AMMPARO also provides ways for ELCA members to get involved in grassroots advocacy to address this problem on a policy level. Educational information on how to contact Congress in support of bills that protect Central American children is available at elca.org/ammparo.
“I really want people and congregations in the U.S. to know that there are so many things that they can do,” Crist said. “It’s a large and systemic problem, but we as a church have such a great asset in having the ELCA Advocacy office and the AMMPARO strategy. They give people ways that they can participate and be partners with migrants without traveling to a foreign country.”
Alaide Vilchis Ibarra, assistant director for migration policy and advocacy for the ELCA, dedicates her daily work to migration issues, with a special focus on the AMMPARO strategy.
Schaefer, who is vicar of St. Paul Lutheran Church in Washington D.C., was involved in a protest and vigil with other faith leaders to advocate for change to U.S. policy in Central America. “There is an aspect of justice you can only see in protest,” he said. “You see the passion and the voice of the people. Justice doesn’t just happen in our offices, it happens in the streets. It’s not just your singular voice, but a chorus. That can effect change quite a bit.”
Waiting to go home to South Sudan
South Sudanese refugees took center stage at the Rio Olympics this summer when they made up half of the inaugural Refugee Olympic Team.
Anjelina Nadai Lohalith, who ran the 1,500-meter track race in Rio, grew up in Kakuma, a refugee camp in northwest Kenya that houses 200,000 South Sudanese. The U.N.-sponsored camp receives funding from the LWF, Lutheran Disaster Response and ELCA World Hunger. The 21-year-old hasn’t seen her parents since she arrived at Kakuma when she was 6.
Lohalith trained for only four months before appearing at the Olympics. “I was always running. And when I hear my feet beating down on the ground, I always like it,” she said. “The life in Kakuma camp was so hard, so much hard[er] compared to training. If I go far and find success, then my dream is only to help my parents.”
Kakuma is a dusty terrain of tents and mud brick huts and expands across an area the size of Little Rock, Ark. Kanere, a news magazine produced by refugees within the camp, calls Kakuma “equally prison and exile.” Once admitted, refugees don’t have the freedom to leave its boundaries to look for jobs or education or to grow their own food in more fertile areas of Kenya.
Kakuma residents watched their camp mates compete in the Olympics via a satellite feed brought in by several nongovernmental organizations, which set up a movie screen and projection equipment that wouldn’t be knocked down by the frequent dust storms.
Lohalith’s aunt, Margaret Nachi, hopes the exposure of her niece’s story spurs the world to understand the plight of her people. “We came here as refugees, but in our country we are people,” she said. “When people see us outside [of the camp], then we are recognizable like other people.”
After gaining independence from Egypt and Britain in 1956, Sudan and later South Sudan have been in near constant civil conflict. The LWF opened an office in Kenya to support the Sudanese toward the end of the country’s first civil war in 1972.
The use of resources for war has crippled South Sudan’s ability to build infrastructure. According to Oxfam, South Sudan has only 125 miles of paved roads and few areas have access to clean water, causing diseases like cholera to spread quickly when it appears in small villages. The constant violence shuts down all major banks, which in turn shuts down businesses and international aid efforts within the country. To find help, residents stream into nearby Ethiopia and Kenya.
Kakuma was created in 1991 during the Second Sudanese Civil War. That’s the year the South Sudanese “Lost Boys” arrived in Kenya. From 1987 to 2001, 24,000 boys fled South Sudan for refugee camps in Kenya and Ethiopia to escape the Sudanese People’s Liberation Army and other rebel groups who were trying to induct boys as child soldiers.
“Kakuma is a very young camp. It has always been since the beginning because it was first populated by boys who were running away from militias,” said Lennart Hernander, LWF’s country representative in Kenya. Because of this, LWF’s main focus is education and the protection of the camp’s many children. About 100,000 refugee children attend schools across Kakuma, Dadaab and Djibouti managed by the LWF.
“Beyond the basics for survival, education is the key to not being a refugee all of your life,” Hernander said. “Basic education like primary education, as well as vocational training, gives hope to people that they can get out of here. It gives more possibilities for successful resettlement or for return. Refugees with an education are much more likely to be employed. Refugees who spend a lot of time in the camps uneducated and then go back to their homeland are much more likely to be displaced again.”
Three of the Lost Boys who benefited from LWF schools went on to attend Lutheran seminaries in the U.S. and are now pastors. Wal Reat has returned to Gambela, a camp in Ethiopia, as a missionary accompanying fellow refugees, and Mawien Ariik is a missionary in Juba, South Sudan. Del Akech Del started a congregation at Tree of Life Lutheran in Harrisburg, Pa., for Sudanese Christians who resettled there.
Despite the bleak picture in Sudan, it still is their home. That’s why so many refugees are willing to wait in Kakuma for decades for the chance to return there safely. “Refugees from South Sudan want to go home,” Hernander said. “They can go to a third country and be resettled, but the ultimate goal is to go home.”
Fleeing war in Syria
Images from the Syrian refugee crisis have gone viral: Aylan Kurdi, the 3-year-old Syrian boy who drowned in the Aegean Sea as his family tried to seek safety in Greece, and Omran Daqneesh, the 5-year-old boy who sat emotionless, bloodied and covered in dust, awaiting help inside an ambulance.
More than 628,000 Syrian refugees have headed south to Jordan. These numbers are roughly equivalent to the population of Las Vegas.
“Most Jordanians thought this crisis wouldn’t last long, so they received the Syrians as guests,” said Saad Gedeon, senior officer for the LWF in Jordan. “But when the crisis wouldn’t stop, it became a problem for Jordanians. Jordan has limited resources. Water, electricity, the infrastructure of Jordan—all of these have been affected by Syrian refugees.”
Around 90,000 Syrians live within the confines of the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan, just south of the Syrian border. In 2014, two years into the Syrian war, the tensions between Jordanians and Syrians became so high that the LWF began sponsoring communication workshops within the camp.
“We did two programs [in host communities] on social cohesion to reduce the pressure and mitigate problems,” Gedeon said. “We find that it has had a positive impact on both. Both the Syrians and the Jordanians have started accepting one another.”
But as the Syrian conflict continues, the future of those in Zaatari becomes increasingly uncertain. “They lost their future,” Gedeon said. “Most of them want to go back because they farm in Syria. We try to encourage them to go back to Syria to rebuild their country. We give them skills so they can start over before they adapt to the system of crisis.”
In addition to the psychosocial support that the LWF sponsors in Jordan, it also offers education, cash assistance and useful items like stoves, heaters and school bags to supplement the daily living supplies provided by the U.N World Food Programme and the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees.
In 2015, 314,000 Syrians traveled across Turkey and then the Aegean Sea to enter the European Union (EU) through Greece. That’s equivalent to the entire population of St. Louis moving to Miami, approximately 1,150 miles. Most Syrians continued on to other countries in the EU, many passing through Hungary. Most have moved on but some 1,400 remain.
Hungary has long been a transport hub for refugees. Romanians in the 1980s and Bosnians in the 1990s sought protection from war in Hungary. But this latest round of refugees from Syria has been received differently. “They weren’t met with welcoming, but hostility,” said Tamás Fabiny, bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Hungary. “These refugees are seen as different because their skin color is darker and they are mostly Muslim.
“The [Hungarian] government even started a billboard campaign saying things like, ‘If you are an alien, you are not allowed to take the work of a Hungarian.’ ”
Fabiny has led the church to focus on three ways to be engaged with the refugee crisis in his country: advocacy, welcoming people at the border, and sensitivity programs in congregations and schools. When he visited the Serbian-Hungarian border and saw people camped out in tents, he noted that there were no bathrooms. This was the first advocacy issue he tackled. “I called the interior minister, and the next day there were 100 toilets,” he said.
The bishop also calls on pastors to speak to their congregations about the issue. “It’s important for ministers in church to pray about refugees and to preach about this,” he said. “Sometimes people stand up and leave, but others stay and are supportive—both in the church and outside of the church. We have a role here. I think about the parable of the good Samaritan very often.”
The church has also provided railway helpers and hot meals for travelers, escorted unaccompanied minors, supplied medicine and diapers to children along with the Hungarian Association of Pediatrics, and brought toys, sports equipment and board games to the refugee camps along the border.
Additionally, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Hungary has reached across its borders and supported a Serbian group called the Asylum Protection Center, which provides free legal advice to refugees. Through Lutheran Disaster Response, the ELCA also provided support, giving $5,000 to the center last fall. Funds were allocated to support the distribution of food, water, diapers, blankets and other essentials.
Welcoming the stranger
For Fabiny, taking action on refugee issues is an extension of Christian faith. “When the Son of Man returns, will he find faith or not?” he asked. “We are in a strong moment for churches to be faithful to our Christian tradition, to remain the salt of the earth.”
Malpica Padilla agrees, referencing Matthew 25: “We see Jesus in the face of the other, the vulnerable others, the refugee others, the marginalized others. At the end of the day, we will be judged not by how much theology we know or how good our doctrine is, but how we have cared for the vulnerable ones.”