2. مبادئ Git
6. Git Tools
8.1 Git and Other Systems - Git and Subversion
Git and Subversion
Currently, the majority of open source development projects and a large number of corporate projects use Subversion to manage their source code. It’s the most popular open source VCS and has been around for nearly a decade. It’s also very similar in many ways to CVS, which was the big boy of the source-control world before that.
One of Git’s great features is a bidirectional bridge to Subversion called
git svn. This tool allows you to use Git as a valid client to a Subversion server, so you can use all the local features of Git and then push to a Subversion server as if you were using Subversion locally. This means you can do local branching and merging, use the staging area, use rebasing and cherry-picking, and so on, while your collaborators continue to work in their dark and ancient ways. It’s a good way to sneak Git into the corporate environment and help your fellow developers become more efficient while you lobby to get the infrastructure changed to support Git fully. The Subversion bridge is the gateway drug to the DVCS world.
The base command in Git for all the Subversion bridging commands is
git svn. You preface everything with that. It takes quite a few commands, so you’ll learn about the common ones while going through a few small workflows.
It’s important to note that when you’re using
git svn, you’re interacting with Subversion, which is a system that is far less sophisticated than Git. Although you can easily do local branching and merging, it’s generally best to keep your history as linear as possible by rebasing your work and avoiding doing things like simultaneously interacting with a Git remote repository.
Don’t rewrite your history and try to push again, and don’t push to a parallel Git repository to collaborate with fellow Git developers at the same time. Subversion can have only a single linear history, and confusing it is very easy. If you’re working with a team, and some are using SVN and others are using Git, make sure everyone is using the SVN server to collaborate — doing so will make your life easier.
To demonstrate this functionality, you need a typical SVN repository that you have write access to. If you want to copy these examples, you’ll have to make a writeable copy of my test repository. In order to do that easily, you can use a tool called
svnsync that comes with more recent versions of Subversion — it should be distributed with at least 1.4. For these tests, I created a new Subversion repository on Google code that was a partial copy of the
protobuf project, which is a tool that encodes structured data for network transmission.
To follow along, you first need to create a new local Subversion repository:
$ mkdir /tmp/test-svn $ svnadmin create /tmp/test-svn
Then, enable all users to change revprops — the easy way is to add a pre-revprop-change script that always exits 0:
$ cat /tmp/test-svn/hooks/pre-revprop-change #!/bin/sh exit 0; $ chmod +x /tmp/test-svn/hooks/pre-revprop-change
You can now sync this project to your local machine by calling
svnsync init with the to and from repositories.
$ svnsync init file:///tmp/test-svn http://progit-example.googlecode.com/svn/
This sets up the properties to run the sync. You can then clone the code by running
$ svnsync sync file:///tmp/test-svn Committed revision 1. Copied properties for revision 1. Committed revision 2. Copied properties for revision 2. Committed revision 3. ...
Although this operation may take only a few minutes, if you try to copy the original repository to another remote repository instead of a local one, the process will take nearly an hour, even though there are fewer than 100 commits. Subversion has to clone one revision at a time and then push it back into another repository — it’s ridiculously inefficient, but it’s the only easy way to do this.
Now that you have a Subversion repository to which you have write access, you can go through a typical workflow. You’ll start with the
git svn clone command, which imports an entire Subversion repository into a local Git repository. Remember that if you’re importing from a real hosted Subversion repository, you should replace the
file:///tmp/test-svn here with the URL of your Subversion repository:
$ git svn clone file:///tmp/test-svn -T trunk -b branches -t tags Initialized empty Git repository in /Users/schacon/projects/testsvnsync/svn/.git/ r1 = b4e387bc68740b5af56c2a5faf4003ae42bd135c (trunk) A m4/acx_pthread.m4 A m4/stl_hash.m4 ... r75 = d1957f3b307922124eec6314e15bcda59e3d9610 (trunk) Found possible branch point: file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk => \ file:///tmp/test-svn /branches/my-calc-branch, 75 Found branch parent: (my-calc-branch) d1957f3b307922124eec6314e15bcda59e3d9610 Following parent with do_switch Successfully followed parent r76 = 8624824ecc0badd73f40ea2f01fce51894189b01 (my-calc-branch) Checked out HEAD: file:///tmp/test-svn/branches/my-calc-branch r76
This runs the equivalent of two commands —
git svn init followed by
git svn fetch — on the URL you provide. This can take a while. The test project has only about 75 commits and the codebase isn’t that big, so it takes just a few minutes. However, Git has to check out each version, one at a time, and commit it individually. For a project with hundreds or thousands of commits, this can literally take hours or even days to finish.
-T trunk -b branches -t tags part tells Git that this Subversion repository follows the basic branching and tagging conventions. If you name your trunk, branches, or tags differently, you can change these options. Because this is so common, you can replace this entire part with
-s, which means standard layout and implies all those options. The following command is equivalent:
$ git svn clone file:///tmp/test-svn -s
At this point, you should have a valid Git repository that has imported your branches and tags:
$ git branch -a * master my-calc-branch tags/2.0.2 tags/release-2.0.1 tags/release-2.0.2 tags/release-2.0.2rc1 trunk
It’s important to note how this tool namespaces your remote references differently. When you’re cloning a normal Git repository, you get all the branches on that remote server available locally as something like
origin/[branch] - namespaced by the name of the remote. However,
git svn assumes that you won’t have multiple remotes and saves all its references to points on the remote server with no namespacing. You can use the Git plumbing command
show-ref to look at all your full reference names:
$ git show-ref 1cbd4904d9982f386d87f88fce1c24ad7c0f0471 refs/heads/master aee1ecc26318164f355a883f5d99cff0c852d3c4 refs/remotes/my-calc-branch 03d09b0e2aad427e34a6d50ff147128e76c0e0f5 refs/remotes/tags/2.0.2 50d02cc0adc9da4319eeba0900430ba219b9c376 refs/remotes/tags/release-2.0.1 4caaa711a50c77879a91b8b90380060f672745cb refs/remotes/tags/release-2.0.2 1c4cb508144c513ff1214c3488abe66dcb92916f refs/remotes/tags/release-2.0.2rc1 1cbd4904d9982f386d87f88fce1c24ad7c0f0471 refs/remotes/trunk
A normal Git repository looks more like this:
$ git show-ref 83e38c7a0af325a9722f2fdc56b10188806d83a1 refs/heads/master 3e15e38c198baac84223acfc6224bb8b99ff2281 refs/remotes/gitserver/master 0a30dd3b0c795b80212ae723640d4e5d48cabdff refs/remotes/origin/master 25812380387fdd55f916652be4881c6f11600d6f refs/remotes/origin/testing
You have two remote servers: one named
gitserver with a
master branch; and another named
origin with two branches,
Notice how in the example of remote references imported from
git svn, tags are added as remote branches, not as real Git tags. Your Subversion import looks like it has a remote named tags with branches under it.
Now that you have a working repository, you can do some work on the project and push your commits back upstream, using Git effectively as a SVN client. If you edit one of the files and commit it, you have a commit that exists in Git locally that doesn’t exist on the Subversion server:
$ git commit -am 'Adding git-svn instructions to the README' [master 97031e5] Adding git-svn instructions to the README 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
Next, you need to push your change upstream. Notice how this changes the way you work with Subversion — you can do several commits offline and then push them all at once to the Subversion server. To push to a Subversion server, you run the
git svn dcommit command:
$ git svn dcommit Committing to file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk ... M README.txt Committed r79 M README.txt r79 = 938b1a547c2cc92033b74d32030e86468294a5c8 (trunk) No changes between current HEAD and refs/remotes/trunk Resetting to the latest refs/remotes/trunk
This takes all the commits you’ve made on top of the Subversion server code, does a Subversion commit for each, and then rewrites your local Git commit to include a unique identifier. This is important because it means that all the SHA-1 checksums for your commits change. Partly for this reason, working with Git-based remote versions of your projects concurrently with a Subversion server isn’t a good idea. If you look at the last commit, you can see the new
git-svn-id that was added:
$ git log -1 commit 938b1a547c2cc92033b74d32030e86468294a5c8 Author: schacon <schacon@4c93b258-373f-11de-be05-5f7a86268029> Date: Sat May 2 22:06:44 2009 +0000 Adding git-svn instructions to the README git-svn-id: file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk@79 4c93b258-373f-11de-be05-5f7a86268029
Notice that the SHA checksum that originally started with
97031e5 when you committed now begins with
938b1a5. If you want to push to both a Git server and a Subversion server, you have to push (
dcommit) to the Subversion server first, because that action changes your commit data.
If you’re working with other developers, then at some point one of you will push, and then the other one will try to push a change that conflicts. That change will be rejected until you merge in their work. In
git svn, it looks like this:
$ git svn dcommit Committing to file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk ... Merge conflict during commit: Your file or directory 'README.txt' is probably \ out-of-date: resource out of date; try updating at /Users/schacon/libexec/git-\ core/git-svn line 482
To resolve this situation, you can run
git svn rebase, which pulls down any changes on the server that you don’t have yet and rebases any work you have on top of what is on the server:
$ git svn rebase M README.txt r80 = ff829ab914e8775c7c025d741beb3d523ee30bc4 (trunk) First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it... Applying: first user change
Now, all your work is on top of what is on the Subversion server, so you can successfully
$ git svn dcommit Committing to file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk ... M README.txt Committed r81 M README.txt r81 = 456cbe6337abe49154db70106d1836bc1332deed (trunk) No changes between current HEAD and refs/remotes/trunk Resetting to the latest refs/remotes/trunk
It’s important to remember that unlike Git, which requires you to merge upstream work you don’t yet have locally before you can push,
git svn makes you do that only if the changes conflict. If someone else pushes a change to one file and then you push a change to another file, your
dcommit will work fine:
$ git svn dcommit Committing to file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk ... M configure.ac Committed r84 M autogen.sh r83 = 8aa54a74d452f82eee10076ab2584c1fc424853b (trunk) M configure.ac r84 = cdbac939211ccb18aa744e581e46563af5d962d0 (trunk) W: d2f23b80f67aaaa1f6f5aaef48fce3263ac71a92 and refs/remotes/trunk differ, \ using rebase: :100755 100755 efa5a59965fbbb5b2b0a12890f1b351bb5493c18 \ 015e4c98c482f0fa71e4d5434338014530b37fa6 M autogen.sh First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it... Nothing to do.
This is important to remember, because the outcome is a project state that didn’t exist on either of your computers when you pushed. If the changes are incompatible but don’t conflict, you may get issues that are difficult to diagnose. This is different than using a Git server — in Git, you can fully test the state on your client system before publishing it, whereas in SVN, you can’t ever be certain that the states immediately before commit and after commit are identical.
You should also run this command to pull in changes from the Subversion server, even if you’re not ready to commit yourself. You can run
git svn fetch to grab the new data, but
git svn rebase does the fetch and then updates your local commits.
$ git svn rebase M generate_descriptor_proto.sh r82 = bd16df9173e424c6f52c337ab6efa7f7643282f1 (trunk) First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it... Fast-forwarded master to refs/remotes/trunk.
git svn rebase every once in a while makes sure your code is always up to date. You need to be sure your working directory is clean when you run this, though. If you have local changes, you must either stash your work or temporarily commit it before running
git svn rebase — otherwise, the command will stop if it sees that the rebase will result in a merge conflict.
When you’ve become comfortable with a Git workflow, you’ll likely create topic branches, do work on them, and then merge them in. If you’re pushing to a Subversion server via git svn, you may want to rebase your work onto a single branch each time instead of merging branches together. The reason to prefer rebasing is that Subversion has a linear history and doesn’t deal with merges like Git does, so git svn follows only the first parent when converting the snapshots into Subversion commits.
Suppose your history looks like the following: you created an
experiment branch, did two commits, and then merged them back into
master. When you
dcommit, you see output like this:
$ git svn dcommit Committing to file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk ... M CHANGES.txt Committed r85 M CHANGES.txt r85 = 4bfebeec434d156c36f2bcd18f4e3d97dc3269a2 (trunk) No changes between current HEAD and refs/remotes/trunk Resetting to the latest refs/remotes/trunk COPYING.txt: locally modified INSTALL.txt: locally modified M COPYING.txt M INSTALL.txt Committed r86 M INSTALL.txt M COPYING.txt r86 = 2647f6b86ccfcaad4ec58c520e369ec81f7c283c (trunk) No changes between current HEAD and refs/remotes/trunk Resetting to the latest refs/remotes/trunk
dcommit on a branch with merged history works fine, except that when you look at your Git project history, it hasn’t rewritten either of the commits you made on the
experiment branch — instead, all those changes appear in the SVN version of the single merge commit.
When someone else clones that work, all they see is the merge commit with all the work squashed into it; they don’t see the commit data about where it came from or when it was committed.
Branching in Subversion isn’t the same as branching in Git; if you can avoid using it much, that’s probably best. However, you can create and commit to branches in Subversion using git svn.
Creating a New SVN Branch
To create a new branch in Subversion, you run
git svn branch [branchname]:
$ git svn branch opera Copying file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk at r87 to file:///tmp/test-svn/branches/opera... Found possible branch point: file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk => \ file:///tmp/test-svn/branches/opera, 87 Found branch parent: (opera) 1f6bfe471083cbca06ac8d4176f7ad4de0d62e5f Following parent with do_switch Successfully followed parent r89 = 9b6fe0b90c5c9adf9165f700897518dbc54a7cbf (opera)
This does the equivalent of the
svn copy trunk branches/opera command in Subversion and operates on the Subversion server. It’s important to note that it doesn’t check you out into that branch; if you commit at this point, that commit will go to
trunk on the server, not
Git figures out what branch your dcommits go to by looking for the tip of any of your Subversion branches in your history — you should have only one, and it should be the last one with a
git-svn-id in your current branch history.
If you want to work on more than one branch simultaneously, you can set up local branches to
dcommit to specific Subversion branches by starting them at the imported Subversion commit for that branch. If you want an
opera branch that you can work on separately, you can run
$ git branch opera remotes/opera
Now, if you want to merge your
opera branch into
master branch), you can do so with a normal
git merge. But you need to provide a descriptive commit message (via
-m), or the merge will say "Merge branch opera" instead of something useful.
Remember that although you’re using
git merge to do this operation, and the merge likely will be much easier than it would be in Subversion (because Git will automatically detect the appropriate merge base for you), this isn’t a normal Git merge commit. You have to push this data back to a Subversion server that can’t handle a commit that tracks more than one parent; so, after you push it up, it will look like a single commit that squashed in all the work of another branch under a single commit. After you merge one branch into another, you can’t easily go back and continue working on that branch, as you normally can in Git. The
dcommit command that you run erases any information that says what branch was merged in, so subsequent merge-base calculations will be wrong — the dcommit makes your
git merge result look like you ran
git merge --squash. Unfortunately, there’s no good way to avoid this situation — Subversion can’t store this information, so you’ll always be crippled by its limitations while you’re using it as your server. To avoid issues, you should delete the local branch (in this case,
opera) after you merge it into trunk.
git svn toolset provides a number of commands to help ease the transition to Git by providing some functionality that’s similar to what you had in Subversion. Here are a few commands that give you what Subversion used to.
SVN Style History
If you’re used to Subversion and want to see your history in SVN output style, you can run
git svn log to view your commit history in SVN formatting:
$ git svn log ------------------------------------------------------------------------ r87 | schacon | 2009-05-02 16:07:37 -0700 (Sat, 02 May 2009) | 2 lines autogen change ------------------------------------------------------------------------ r86 | schacon | 2009-05-02 16:00:21 -0700 (Sat, 02 May 2009) | 2 lines Merge branch 'experiment' ------------------------------------------------------------------------ r85 | schacon | 2009-05-02 16:00:09 -0700 (Sat, 02 May 2009) | 2 lines updated the changelog
You should know two important things about
git svn log. First, it works offline, unlike the real
svn log command, which asks the Subversion server for the data. Second, it only shows you commits that have been committed up to the Subversion server. Local Git commits that you haven’t dcommited don’t show up; neither do commits that people have made to the Subversion server in the meantime. It’s more like the last known state of the commits on the Subversion server.
Much as the
git svn log command simulates the
svn log command offline, you can get the equivalent of
svn annotate by running
git svn blame [FILE]. The output looks like this:
$ git svn blame README.txt 2 temporal Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format 2 temporal Copyright 2008 Google Inc. 2 temporal http://code.google.com/apis/protocolbuffers/ 2 temporal 22 temporal C++ Installation - Unix 22 temporal ======================= 2 temporal 79 schacon Committing in git-svn. 78 schacon 2 temporal To build and install the C++ Protocol Buffer runtime and the Protocol 2 temporal Buffer compiler (protoc) execute the following: 2 temporal
Again, it doesn’t show commits that you did locally in Git or that have been pushed to Subversion in the meantime.
SVN Server Information
You can also get the same sort of information that
svn info gives you by running
git svn info:
$ git svn info Path: . URL: https://schacon-test.googlecode.com/svn/trunk Repository Root: https://schacon-test.googlecode.com/svn Repository UUID: 4c93b258-373f-11de-be05-5f7a86268029 Revision: 87 Node Kind: directory Schedule: normal Last Changed Author: schacon Last Changed Rev: 87 Last Changed Date: 2009-05-02 16:07:37 -0700 (Sat, 02 May 2009)
This is like
log in that it runs offline and is up to date only as of the last time you communicated with the Subversion server.
Ignoring What Subversion Ignores
If you clone a Subversion repository that has
svn:ignore properties set anywhere, you’ll likely want to set corresponding
.gitignore files so you don’t accidentally commit files that you shouldn’t.
git svn has two commands to help with this issue. The first is
git svn create-ignore, which automatically creates corresponding
.gitignore files for you so your next commit can include them.
The second command is
git svn show-ignore, which prints to stdout the lines you need to put in a
.gitignore file so you can redirect the output into your project exclude file:
$ git svn show-ignore > .git/info/exclude
That way, you don’t litter the project with
.gitignore files. This is a good option if you’re the only Git user on a Subversion team, and your teammates don’t want
.gitignore files in the project.
git svn tools are useful if you’re stuck with a Subversion server for now or are otherwise in a development environment that necessitates running a Subversion server. You should consider it crippled Git, however, or you’ll hit issues in translation that may confuse you and your collaborators. To stay out of trouble, try to follow these guidelines:
- Keep a linear Git history that doesn’t contain merge commits made by
git merge. Rebase any work you do outside of your mainline branch back onto it; don’t merge it in.
- Don’t set up and collaborate on a separate Git server. Possibly have one to speed up clones for new developers, but don’t push anything to it that doesn’t have a
git-svn-identry. You may even want to add a
pre-receivehook that checks each commit message for a
git-svn-idand rejects pushes that contain commits without it.
If you follow those guidelines, working with a Subversion server can be more bearable. However, if it’s possible to move to a real Git server, doing so can gain your team a lot more.