Ernst Johann, Reichsgraf von Biron, (Imperial count of), Biron also spelled Bühren (born Nov. 23 [Nov. 13, Old Style], 1690, Kalnciems, Courland [now in Latvia]—died Dec. 29 [Dec. 18], 1772, Mitau [now Jelgava]), German adventurer who became Duke of Courland and chief adviser to the Russian empress Anna (reigned 1730–40); he exercised extraordinary influence over Russian affairs during a period that became known as Bironovshchina.
The grandson of a German groom who served Duke Jacob III of Courland (1642–82), Biron attended the academy of Königsberg (modern Kaliningrad), and, after being expelled for riotous conduct and unsuccessfully seeking his fortune in Russia (1714), he went to Mitau, in Courland, where he acquired a position in the court of Anna Ivanovna, Duchess of Courland. Having become Anna’s lover in about 1727, Biron became her chief adviser and, despite his subsequent marriage to Fräulein B.G. Trotta von Treiden, followed Anna to Moscow when she succeeded to the Russian throne (1730). Biron, made a count of the Holy Roman Empire, a chamberlain in the Russian court, and master of an estate at Wenden (Cesis, in modern Latvia), held no official administrative post in Russia. Nevertheless, he soon became the major figure in the Russian government, leading a group of German adventurers who, having gained favour in Anna’s court, managed the government, discriminated against the Russian nobility, exploited Russia’s resources for their personal benefit, and suppressed their opponents by having them banished to Siberia or executed. As a result, Biron was generally despised by the Russian population.
In 1737 when the Kettler dynasty of Courland became extinct, Biron was elected Duke of Courland; in 1740 Anna named him regent for her infant heir Ivan VI, the son of her grandniece Anna Leopoldovna. Three weeks after Anna’s death, however, Biron was seized (at midnight Nov. 19–20 [Nov. 8–9], 1740) by his rival Burkhard Christoph, Graf von Münnich, who had been in charge of the army during Anna’s reign. Biron was exiled to Pelym in Siberia, but in 1742 he was allowed to settle in Yaroslavl; in 1762 he was granted an amnesty and reinstated at the Russian court. In 1763 Catherine II the Great (reigned 1762–96) used Russian troops to restore Biron to the ducal throne of Courland, which, during his exile, had been ruled by a ducal council and then by Charles of Saxony, the younger son of Augustus III of Poland. Biron abdicated in favour of his son Peter in 1769.