Medical students and a career in pathology
Adrian YS Lee
Monday, November 30th, 2015
“Medicine is pathology” declares The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA)  – a motto that has driven many to delve into this esoteric medical discipline. The legendary Robbins and Cotran textbook elegantly summarises pathology as the study of disease.  However, the discipline entails more than just studying disease, since it is firmly integrated in modern medicine through the diagnosis, prognosis, investigation, and management of medical conditions.
The RCPA is responsible for training medical doctors, scientists, and dentists in pathology in Australasia. There are currently nine overarching disciplines that, perhaps unknowingly to medical students, have been covered at various times in medical school: anatomical pathology, chemical pathology, clinical pathology, forensic pathology, general pathology, genetic pathology, haematology, immunopathology, and microbiology.  Training to become a pathologist typically takes at least 13 years, including medical school. Some pathology disciplines can also be combined with internal medicine disciplines under the supervision of The Royal Australasian College of Physicians. Because pathologists have medical training, they work closely with both medical practitioners and scientists to provide answers and advice for patients’ diagnoses, investigations and management. In addition, as medicine becomes more personalised and predictive at the genetic and molecular levels,  pathology will play a more prominent role in patient care. Moreover, pathology laboratories must correspondingly adapt to cater for the analyses of substantial amounts of data.  This makes a pathology career a dynamic, fast-paced and challenging area to study and work in.
However, pathology is one of the least popular choices for specialisation, with one survey of Australian trainees showing that only approximately 3% of trainees enter this discipline.  Another Australian study found that immunology, as a sub-specialty of pathology, was considered in the top three career choices of only 6% of surveyed final- year medical students.  But what makes pathology such an unpopular discipline amongst medical students?
There have been several reports in the literature looking at this very phenomenon. An early study found that medical students tend to regard pathology with less prestige than other disciplines.  Medical students also remarked that pathology was clinically invisible, it was a mere basic science with little clinical applications, and they highlighted negative stereotypes of pathologists, including being “introverts”. [9,10] Interestingly, there may be some unfortunate truth to the latter – at least at the student level. A number of studies using standardised psychometric tests found that students who were interested in the hospital-based disciplines (including pathology) scored lower on sociability measures than other disciplines. [11,12]
However, the attractive lifestyle of pathologists appears to be a major advantage, and is well recognised by medical students.  But how significant is an attractive lifestyle in influencing one’s future career? The limited research suggests that it has become a more dominant factor over the years. [13,14] An early study of United States medical students over a decade found an increasing proportion of the top academic medical students were entering a “controllable- lifestyle” career, including pathology.  Resneck has analysed this trend in medical specialty selection and found that this trend reflected a societal shift in people opting for work with more flexibility, and placing more emphasis on friends and family.  Thus it appears that external factors are becoming more prominent in dictating ultimate future careers.
Medical students’ intended careers are also influenced by their own expectations of future practice, own clinical experiences, influences from peers and mentors, and the exclusion of other disciplines.  The impact of role models, too, has a dominating effect on influencing future careers.  This influence is certainly important in the field of pathology, where the discipline may not be such an obvious choice for students.  Although role models can be junior and senior doctors, the latter (especially consultants) tend to have a bigger influence on future careers, according to one survey of medical students. 
One author has even argued that medical schools have a duty to expose students to the field of pathology, since a survey of Canadian residents found many stated that they receive little pathology teaching as a student, and therefore had several misconceptions about the discipline.  This suggests that a way for engaging more students and junior doctors in pathology is adequate exposure to the field during medical school. This may be through a stronger emphasis on role models or mentors, or medical school societies that promote interest in the area. Teachers/ clinicians may also foster interest through the encouragement of research, by supplying research projects for medical students.  As a fast-advancing medical discipline, pathology is an ideal area for students to engage in.
In conclusion, there appears to be a multitude of reasons why people enter or avoid pathology, ranging across internal to external influences. Although it may not be the most popular medical discipline, pathology offers practitioners a challenging career that is advancing quickly as the understanding of genetic, molecular and cellular aspects of medicine are unravelled. So medical students may create an informed evaluation, teachers or role models should ensure adequate exposure of this discipline during medical school.
Conflict of interest
A YS Lee: email@example.com
 The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia. What is pathology? 2013 [cited 2015 21 Jun]. Available from: https://www.rcpa.edu.au/Prospective-Trainees/What-is- Pathology.
 Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, United States: Elsevier; 2015.
 The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia. Disciplines 2013 [cited 2015 June]. Available from: https://www.rcpa.edu.au/Prospective-Trainees/Disciplines.
 Dietel M, Johrens K, Laffert M, Hummel M, Blaker H, Muller BM, et al. Predictive molecular pathology and its role in targeted cancer therapy: a review focussing on clinical relevance. Cancer Gene Ther. 2013;20(4):211-21.
 Becich MJ. The role of the pathologist as tissue refiner and data miner: the impact of functional genomics on the modern pathology laboratory and the critical roles of pathology informatics and bioinformatics. Mol Diagn. 2000;5(4):287-99.
 Harris MG, Gavel PH, Young JR. Factors influencing the choice of specialty of Australian medical graduates. Med J Aust. 2005;183(6):295-300.
 Bansal AS. Medical students’ views on the teaching of immunology. Acad Med. 1997;72(8):662.
 Furnham AF. Medical students’ beliefs about nine different specialties. Br Med J. 1986;293(6562):1607-10.
 Hung T, Jarvis-Selinger S, Ford JC. Residency choices by graduating medical students: why not pathology? Hum Pathol. 2011;42(6):802-7.
 Alam A. How do medical students in their clinical years perceive basic sciences courses at King Saud University? Ann Saudi Med. 2011;31(1):58-61.
 Hojat M, Zuckerman M. Personality and specialty interest in medical students. Med Teach. 2008;30(4):400-6.
 Mehmood SI, Khan MA, Walsh KM, Borleffs JCC. Personality types and specialist choices in medical students. Med Teach. 2013;35(1):63-8.
 Dorsey E, Jarjoura D, Rutecki GW. Influence of controllable lifestyle on recent trends in specialty choice by US medical students. JAMA. 2003;290(9):1173-8.
 Lambert EM, Holmboe ES. The relationship between specialty choice and gender of US medical students, 1990–2003. Acad Med. 2005;80(9):797-802.
 Schwartz RW, Jarecky RK, Strodel WE, Haley JV, Young B, Griffen WO, Jr. Controllable lifestyle: a new factor in career choice by medical students. Acad Med. 1989;64(10):606-9.
 Resneck JS Jr. The influence of controllable lifestyle on medical student specialty choice. Virtual Mentor. 2006;8(8):529-32.
 Wright S, Wong A, Newill C. The impact of role models on medical students. J Gen Intern Med. 1997;12(1):53-6.
 Vance RP. Role models in pathology. A new look at an old issue. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1989;113(1):96-101.
 Sternszus R, Cruess S, Cruess R, Young M, Steinert Y. Residents as role models: impact on undergraduate trainees. Acad Med. 2012;87(9):1282-7.
 Ford JC. If not, why not? Reasons why Canadian postgraduate trainees chose—or did not choose—to become pathologists. Hum Pathol. 2010;41(4):566-73.
 Lawson McLean A, Saunders C, Velu PP, Iredale J, Hor K, Russell CD. Twelve tips for teachers to encourage student engagement in academic medicine. Med Teach. 2013;35(7):549-54.