The issue of gender equity in science (and other areas of academia) is not new; however, it is remarkably persistent. In a recent paper, Kerry Fanson, Therésa Jones, Matthew Symonds, and Megan Higgie found evidence that women may inadvertently contribute to observed gender disparities in conference presentations through their decision to request lower profile roles. In conjunction with efforts to end gender discrimination, we also need to provide better programs for educating students and mentors about practices and career choices that can help improve the career trajectories of women.
Efforts to improve gender equity in science often focus on countering discrimination against women. This is clearly a justifiable approach because such discrimination remains a very tangible issue (e.g., Moss-Racusin et al, 2012). However, increasing evidence suggests that differences in the behaviour of women and men may also contribute to gender disparities: women tend to publish less, use more tentative language, and ask for less in job negotiations than men. It also seems that women and men may have different approaches when it comes to formally presenting their work at conferences and this might have serious consequences for their visibility in their respective communities.
Gender disparity at conferences
In our recent study, we compared gender differences in visibility at an evolutionary biology conference. Participants could request either a long talk (12 min) or short talk (5 min). Despite having a nearly equal ratio of women and men attendees, we found that women spoke for ~20% less time than men of an equivalent academic level. Furthermore, this difference was not because men were more likely to present, but because men were nearly 3 times more likely than women to opt for a long talk. What was most interesting was that this pattern was true for both academics and students. Our observations are broadly in line with other studies on gender disparity in conferences (e.g., Isbell et al 2012, Schroeder et al 2013). In each of these examples, the end result was that women gained less exposure within their respective academic communities compared to men. The question is, does this matter? We advocate strongly that it does, because the impact of a conference has the capacity to stretch far beyond the time spent in front of the audience.
There are many steps that can be taken to mitigate gender disparity at conferences. A recent paper by Jennifer Martin provides a comprehensive list of “10 simple rules to achieve conference speaker gender balance” and we wholeheartedly support each of them. These are aimed mainly at conference organisers, but two suggestions in particular have the potential to encourage attendance by women – Rule 8: Support women at meetings through the provision of childcare facilities and Rule 9: Be family friendly by offering a family room and ensuring that the, all-important, social calendar is appropriate. While undisputed, these do not answer why women, when provided with a free choice, would opt for a presentation option that may be disadvantageous.
The role of choice
Even though the majority of women chose to present a long talk, it is still concerning that women were almost 3 times more likely than men to request a short talk. In conjunction with other behavioural differences described above, these factors may interact to disadvantage women in the academic work place. Gender differences are driven by a complex interplay between genetic, physiological, and social factors. We are not advocating that women need to override all of these factors in an effort to be more like men. However, both women and men should be more aware of these behavioural differences and understand how they contribute to gender discrepancies in academia. This knowledge will allow individuals to make more informed decisions, even about seemingly subtle details such as whether you request a short or long conference presentation.
We suggest three things may mitigate the gender equity problem:
- Better information and awareness of behavioural and decision-making differences between men and women in the academic workplace;
- Knowledge of how these differences translate into career advantages (or disadvantages) for both sexes; and
- Education of both males and females at student and academic levels about strategies they can use to ensure their success (other than the standard “publish, publish, publish”).
The importance of mentoring
Mentoring is critical for transmitting information about behavioural and decision-making strategies that can shape your career. As our study indicates, this is required at all stages of an individual’s career and we strongly suggest it should target both men and women. An awareness of what constitutes gender discrimination, appreciating the role that subconscious bias may play, and understanding the implications for gender differences in behaviour are equally important for both sexes. Successful women often play an important role in mentoring women students because they have learned from personal experience which strategies work for them as a woman in academia. However, that does not undermine the role or the responsibility that men have to consider the role of gender in their mentoring. Due to the gender inequity in science, the majority of senior science academics are men and therefore science students are more likely to have a man as their academic mentor. Mentors need to be aware of gender-based differences in their protégées – are they encouraging female students to attain the same visibility as male students, submit to the same calibre of journals, network with potential collaborators to the same extent?
An important question is whether the same behavioural strategies work equally well for men and women. Studies on job negotiation strategies have shown that if women use the same negotiation tactics as men, then they are perceived as pushy or bossy, which puts them at a disadvantage. Therefore, future research needs to encompass how individual behaviour as well as perceptions of that behaviour can interact to contribute to career success. This will require creative approaches as well as creative solutions for understanding how to even out the playing field for men and women in academia.
This piece is based on findings from the paper Gender differences in conference presentations: a consequence of self-selection? published by PeerJ.
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Kerry Fanson is a Research Fellow in the Centre for Integrative Ecology at Deakin University, Australia. She studies physiological ecology, with a particular focus on stress and reproduction. She is also the Secretary of the Australasian Evolution Society.
Therésa Jones is a senior lecturer in Behavioural Ecology at the University of Melbourne. She uses invertebrates as model species and her current research program is looking at the impact of urban night lighting for the behaviour and physiology.
Matthew Symonds is a Lecturer in Ecology at Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia. He is also President of the Australasian Evolution Society, whose conference was the basis for the study discussed here.
Megan Higgie is an evolutionary biologist who researches how animals adapt, with a particular interest in how natural and sexual selection can lead to the formation of new species. She is a Lecturer at James Cook University in Australia, and currently holds an Australian Research Council Fellowship. How scientists of different genders make decisions in academia is a recent area of research interest.