Kyphosis is the abnormal forward bending of the spine. In kyphosis, the curve of the spine is abnormal, forming a hump.
The normal spine rounds slightly in the chest area, with arching in the lower back and neck regions. Excessive kyphosis can occur mainly in the chest area of the spine, causing the roundness of the back to appear exaggerated.
Kyphosis is generally caused by an abnormal posture. Other possible causes include:
Symptoms are usually minimal, unless the deformity is severe. In that case, the back may ache or, rarely, nerve problems may arise. The hamstrings, or muscles at the back of the thigh, may also be tight.
Kyphosis is diagnosed based on signs of forward bending of the spine, confirmed by x-ray.
Most cases of kyphosis cannot be prevented. The risk of osteoporosis and fractures of the spine can be lowered if a person has an adequate intake of calcium and regular weight-bearing exercise. Hormone replacement therapy can help prevent osteoporosis in perimenopausal women. Early treatment of tuberculosis can help prevent Pott's disease.
Long-term effects are minimal to none if the deformity is mild. There is an increased chance of backache and concern about one's physical appearance. With Scheuermann's disease, there is possible progression during adolescence.
There are no risks to others.
Certain exercises may improve kyphosis related to posture. In growing children with significant Scheuermann's disease, bracing may be needed. Spinal fusion surgery is rarely needed.
Surgery can possibly lead to infection, failure of the bone to fuse, or spinal cord or nerve injury.
Progressive kyphosis may occur in spite of exercises and bracing.
One should watch for potential worsening of posture. Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the healthcare provider.
Author:John A.K. Davies, MD
Editor:Planko, Christa, MA
Reviewer:Gail Hendrickson, RN, BS