There is a mucous layer in the digestive tract that is responsible for protecting against damage from acid and the development of future ulcers. There are situations, however, where an increase in the production of acid or a decrease in the mucous layer can cause damage to the esophagus, small intestine or stomach, which causes an ulcer to form. Some of the causes for ulcers in the digestive tract include: the presence of helicobacter pylori or H. pylori bacteria, overuse of pain relievers and medications such as bisphosphonates. It was once believed that stress caused ulcers, though now it is known that stress only exacerbates an already existing ulcer. When ulcers are left untreated, a number of complications can occur. Because these complications are serious and even life threatening, seeking assistance from a medical provider is essential. Some of the most common complications associated with ulcers include: internal bleeding, scar tissue development and serious abdominal cavity infection known as Peritonitis.
The most common symptom associated with an ulcer is burning pain, which is caused by the ulcer and then aggravated by the presence of stomach acid near the ulcerated area. This pain can occur anywhere between the breastbone and the navel and can flare up or feel worse at night. It may be relieved temporarily by acid-buffering foods or medications and may disappear and then return at seemingly random intervals. Other symptoms associated with ulcers include: vomiting blood, dark blood in the stool, appetite changes, unexplainable weight loss and vomiting or nausea.
A physician will test for the presence of H. pylori bacteria when diagnosing an ulcer. This may include blood tests, stool tests and even breath tests to detect the bacteria. The physician may also recommend endoscopy, which involves using a scope in order to examine the digestive system. Barium swallows or upper gastrointestinal series, which involves using barium and X-ray to scan the digestive system including the stomach, the esophagus and the small intestine, may also be recommended.
The treatment for ulcers involves a multifaceted approach to healing. Physicians will recommend the use of antibiotic medications to kill bacteria and medications to deal with the acid. This may include medications for blocking the production of acid, medications for reducing the production of acid, antacids to neutralize the stomach acid and medications that protect the stomach lining and the lining of the small intestine in order to promote healing.