Difference between revisions of "Si2"
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Latest revision as of 20:49, 26 November 2014
- Names and Aliases - Swim Interneuron 2, Si2, Si2Mel,Si2Den, sint2.
- Species: Melibe leonina and Dendronotus iris.
- NeuronBank ID: Mel0002582
- Neurotransmitter: Unknown
There is one Si2 in each pedal ganglion. The axon projects out the large pedal-pedal connective (PP2). Si2 is an integral component of the central pattern generator that produces lateral-flexion swimming. Si2 fires rhythmic bursts during a swim motor pattern that are in phase with ipsilateral swim neurons and antiphase with contralateral swim neurons.
- Soma located on dorsal surface and in the center of each pedal ganglion.
- Projections into neuropil of pedal ganglion and also out large pedal-pedal connective (PP2 according to nomenclature in Newcomb et al, 2006) to contralateral pedal ganglion.
- Axon arborization in the contralateral pedal ganglion is T-shaped.
- Melibe and Dendronotus
- Contralateral Si2s mutually inhibit each other, monosynaptically.
- Si2 excites swim efferents in both ipsilateral and contralateral pedal ganglia. However, direct observation of monosynaptic excitation/inhibition by Si2 were only observed in the contralateral pedal ganglion.
- Si2 is electrically coupled to both the ipsilateral and the contralateral Si1s.
- When a swim motor pattern is not being expressed, Si2 generally fires irregularly with occasional periods of sustained firing or relative silence. Sustained firing of Si2 correlates with the animal turning towards that side. In contrast, sustained silence is associated with turning in the contralateral direction.
- During a swim motor pattern, Si2 fires rhythmic bursts in phase with ipsilateral swim neurons and out of phase with the contralateral Si2 and other contralateral swim neurons. The bursts in contralateral Si2s do not overlap.
- Continual depolarization of an Si2 results in a sustained lateral flexion to the same side.
- Si2 is necessary for swimming, as hyperpolarization of one of the Si2s sufficient to prevent firing will inhibit swimming.
- Stimulation of an Si2 can phase shift the swim motor pattern.
- Si2 in Dendronotus share most of characteristics with Melibe Si2
- Si2 plays critical roles for swimming, but hyperpolarization of one of the Si2s does not stop rhythmic activity in other swim neurons.
- Newcomb JM, Fickbohm DJ, Katz PS (2006) Comparative mapping of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous systems of nudibranch molluscs. J Comp Neurol 499: 485-505.
- Sakurai A, Newcomb JM, Lillvis JL, Katz PS (2011) Different Roles for Homologous Interneurons in Species Exhibiting Similar Rhythmic Behaviors, Current Biology 21 (12):1036-1043, 2011.
- Sakurai A, Gunaratne CA, Katz PS (2014) Two interconnected kernels of reciprocally inhibitory interneurons underlie alternating left-right swim motor pattern generation in the mollusc Melibe leonina. J Neurophysiol DOI: 10.1152/jn.00261.2014.
- Thompson SH, Watson WH, (2005) Central pattern generator for swimming in Melibe. J Exp Biol 208: 1347-1361.
- Watson WH, Lawrence KA, Newcomb JM (2001) Neuroethology of Melibe leonina swimming behavior. Amer Zool 41: 1026-1035.