The 19th or the 1800's century was full of revolutions also unifications both failed and achieved; industrialism born by the thought of being able to mass produce a product more efficiently. It also included nationalism which is an extreme sense of pride in one's country so much that they think that the country is the best. Nationalism was a huge drive for the revolts and unification of the 19th century. Italian unification; Austria was dominated the Italian Peninsula the Italians failed in 1848. They looked for an established country which was the kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont which in the book it just says Piedmont.
Sardinia-Piedmont king was Victor Emmanuel the second, he then named the prime minister Camillo di Cavour he wanted to grow economically but needed a large army. Cavour was a master of deception who lied, cheated, and stole for Italian unification. He allied with France because he knew that he would lose up against the Austrian forces alone. Cavour had his own troops dress up as Austrians to make it look like the Austrians invaded them and would easily have Austria declare war on them. France had a secret trade with Prussians; they were going to leave from the war and let the Prussians fight who wanted more war experience.
In the meantime the greatest freedom of Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi was being made he was originally expelled and went to help free Uruguay and Paraguay and make them their own countries. Cavour called Garibaldi from New York to help them unify Italy. The plan was to come from the islands of Sicily and meet at Rome to take the capital. Garibaldi could have easily taken Sicily for his own state because the people loved him; so Cavour planned to let Garibaldi go alone and get killed by the French. Later Garibaldi gave the sword to Victor Emmanuel showing that was his king and he wanted a unified country. Soon the Italians forced out the French and they annexed Rome as their capital. Pride drove the Italy to unify itself then rather be a weak divided war torn states. German unification, the Frankfurt assembly failed to unify germany in 1849.
As many countries did they looked to Prussia to help unify them as Prussia had become a strong authoraint country of power. They were a strong military power on relied on it; in 1861 William I appointed a new prime minister, Count Otto von Bismarck. He did not care who opposed him and openly voiced it; he had military reforms with taxes to increase the military. After helping the austrains defeat denmark in war he then goaded them into war and easily defeated the austrians they were no match. Prussia then simply organized the German states into Northern German Confederation. The sounthern states were afriad becase they were catholic and the prussians were protestant but made an alliance due to fear of the French.
As much power they had Prussia controlled pretty much all of northern Germany and after a dispute about a prussian king taking power pushed France to declare war. They easily stormed France and captured the entire army with Napoleaon the third. France payed the five million francs for peace; before the war ended the Southern German states joined them and William l wasa naimed kaiser. Prussia had achieved unification; and now Germany became the biggest and strongest power in europe.
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