Europium • Lanthanide Rare Earth
Primary XPS region: Eu3d, Eu4d
Binding energies of common chemical states:
|Chemical state||Binding energy Eu3d5/2|
|Eu metal||~1126 eV|
|Eu(III) oxide||1135 eV|
Oxide charge referenced to adventitious C1s peak at 284.8eV.
- Eu3d and Eu4d regions exhibit complex multiplet splitting for Eu(III) compounds .
- Shake-down satellite structure.
- Not straightforward to peak fit.
Date of discovery: 1901
Name origin: Europe
Discoverer: Eugene Demarcay
Obtained from: man-made
Melting point: 1095 K
Boiling point: 1870 K
Molar volume: 28.97 × 10-6 m3/mol
Shell structure: 2,8,18,25,8,2
Electron configuration: [Xe]6s24f7
Oxidation state: 3
Crystal structure: cubic body centered
Suspecting the element samarium was contaminated with an unknown element, E. Antole, a French chemist, discovered europium in 1896. Europium is known for being the most reactive of the rare earth elements. This element is about as hard as lead and quite ductile. Europium has been used to dope plastics to make lasers, but there are no widely-used commercial applications for the element. Due to its ability to absorb neutrons, europium oxide is widely used as a red phosphor in television sets and as an activator for yttrium-based phosphors. The element is also used as an agent to manufacture fluorescent glass.
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