December 2013 Molecule of the Month by David Goodsell
Keywords: DnaA, DNA replication, AAA+ proteins
Our genetic information is safely locked up inside the double helix of DNA. In order to use this information, the helix must be unwound to expose the bases, allowing polymerases access to build complementary DNA or RNA strands. Unwinding of DNA is trickier than you might expect. The interaction between bases is quite strong and there are many, many of them, so it takes appreciable energy to separate the strands. This is the job of DNA helicases: they are enzymes that pull apart the two strands in a DNA double helix.
The helicase shown here, from PDB entry 4esv, separates DNA strands during the replication of a bacterial genome. The chromosome is a circle and replication begins at one point on the circle (called the "origin") and proceeds in both directions, finishing on the opposite side. The helicase surrounds a single-stranded portion of the DNA (shown here in orange) and inches its way along the strand, separating the double helix as it goes. It uses ATP (shown in red) to power this motion.
Replicative DNA helicases are members of a large class of protein engines that use ATP to push proteins or nucleic acids through a ring of protein subunits. These enzymes generally fall into two categories: the bacterial ones are similar to RecA, a protein involved in genetic recombination, and our replicative helicases are AAA+ ATPases, similar to the AAA+ proteases. In both cases, the complex forms a ring of subunits that surround the single strand of DNA. The replicative helicase shown here is composed of six identical subunits that form a lockwasher-shaped complex, with the six subunits following the helix of the DNA trapped inside.
Two proteins assist the cellular replicative helicases in getting the whole process started. The first, known as an initiator, binds to the origin of replication and recruits the helicase to the proper location. DnaA, the initiator protein shown here (PDB entry 3r8f), also catalyzes the initial separation of the DNA strands. It forms a long helical assembly of subunits and is thought to perform two different tasks. Initially, the DNA double helix wraps around the outside, forming a superhelical structure next to a special sequence in the origin that is rich in AT-base pairs, and thus is more weakly bonded than most DNA regions. Then, DnaA binds to the AT-rich region, helping to melt the double helix by capturing and extending one of the strands, as seen in this structure.
click on the above Jmol tab for an interactive visualization
Exploring the Structure
A second protein, a helicase loader, assists the initiator and chaperones the replicative DNA helicase onto the single strand. The structure shown here (PDB entry 4m4w) includes DNA helicase (blue), a helicase loader (magenta) and a small domain from primase (green), the enzyme that will build the short RNA primer that gets replication started. This low-resolution structure was solved using atomic-resolution structures of the individual components, and shows an evocative gap in the ring of helicase subunits which may be site of entry of the single strand of DNA. To explore this structure in more detail, click on the image for an interactive Jmol.
- 4m4w: B. Liu, W. K. Eliason & T. A. Steitz (2013) Structure of a helicase-helicase loader complex reveals insights into the mechanism of bacterial primosome assembly. Nature Communications 4: 2495.
- 4esv: O. Itsathitphaisarn, R. A. Wing, W. K. Eliason, J. Wang & T. Steitz (2012) The hexameric helicase DnaB adopts a nonplanar conformation during translocation. Cell 151, 267-277.
- P. Soultanas (2012) Loading mechanisms of ring helicases at replication origins. Molecular Microbiology 84, 6-16.
- 3r8f: K. E. Duderstadt, K. Chuang & J. M. Berger (2011) DNA stretching by bacterial initiators promotes replication origin opening. Nature 478, 209-213.
Related PDB IDs
© 2015 David Goodsell & RCSB Protein Data Bank