This will never work in hard science fiction
The that differentiates space combat from WWII combat a la Star Wars, is that shots fired never stop going wherever they are going.
For example, in the Return of the Jedi, we see a tightly clumped formation of Star Destroyers near the Death Star around Endor. Any shot fired into that group will undoubtedly hit something. There is no concept of range, as there is with a battleship on the ocean. A battleship at sea can fire short, or fire over the target. In space, if you fire a laser or mass driver or non-maneuvering torpedo, you can't fire short, or long.
If you are charging someone to 'joust' them, in space, your direction of motion has to be directly at them. Therefore, any shot fired from the target of the joust at you will hit you. It can't miss short or long.
Given the potential destructiveness of space based weapons (especially relativistic kinetic projectiles, or nuclear/anti-matter torpedoes), being hit is probably a bad thing. Shields don't really exist as such in science-based sci-fi, and armor doesn't stand much of a chance against the aforementioned weapons. To avoid being hit, you would want to fire on your target from long range, so that projectiles fired at you take a long time to get to you, and you have a chance to not be there when they arrive. If you are at ramming speed, you don't really have that chance, and you are probably going to be annihilated.
How to make jousting work
That being said, if you aren't sticking to strictly hard science fiction, anything is possible. There could be powerful energy shields, or even impenetrable ones like the impeller wedges of the 'Honorverse.' But the point still remains: If in your universe weapons do a lot of damage, and they have computer guided aim, the chances of successfully jousting seem to be small.
The best way to make jousting reasonable is to make space combat similar to other methods of warfare that involved the 'joust' (which also, keep in mind, wasn't a real combat tactic so much as a form of entertainment). You could have spaceships like knights with heavy armor, limited visibility, and no long range weapons. You could have spaceships like age of sail ships-of-the-line, with lots of small weapons of short range and high damage, thereby giving people a reason to close and board. Or you could have ships like galleys with no real effective way to damage each other than by ramming.
How realistic those are in your universe is up to you.