Muesli (// MEWZ-lee) is a cold oatmeal dish based on rolled oats and ingredients such as grains, nuts, seeds and fresh or dried fruits. Muesli was traditionally prepared with milk or cream, a squeeze of citrus juice, often with a sweetener such as honey, and soaked overnight. Yoghurt or other milk products are now commonly added to packaged and homemade muesli recipes.
Developed around 1900 by Swiss physician Maximilian Bircher-Benner for patients in his hospital, it is now eaten as a standard breakfast dish, like a breakfast cereal, and also in Switzerland as a supper called Birchermüesli complet: muesli with Café complet (milk coffee, accompanied with bread, butter, and jam (Butterbrot)).
Originally known in Swiss German as Birchermüesli (its creator was Bircher-Benner) or simply Müesli, the word is an Alemannic diminutive of Mues (non-Swiss Standard German: Mus) which means "mush" or "purée".
It was introduced around 1900 by Bircher-Benner for patients in his hospital, where a diet rich in fresh fruit and vegetables was an essential part of therapy. It was inspired by a similar "strange dish" that he and his wife had been served on a hike in the Swiss Alps.
Bircher-Benner himself referred to the dish simply as "d'Spys" (Swiss German for "the dish", in German "die Speise"); it was commonly known as Apfeldiätspeise (Apple Diet Meal). Bircher opened a chalet-style sanitorium in Zürichberg called Lebendige Kraft (lit.: lively power). These facilities had risen in popularity during the era of lebensreform, a social movement which valued health foods and vegetarianism.
Original Bircher-Benner recipe
The original Bircher-Benner recipe consists of the following ingredients:
- Apples, "two or three small apples or one large one". The whole apple was to be used, including skin, core, and pits.
- Nuts, either walnuts, almonds, or hazelnuts, one tablespoon.
- Rolled oats, one tablespoon, "previously soaked in 3 tablespoons water for 12 hours".
- Lemon juice from half a lemon.
- Either cream and honey or sweetened condensed milk, 1 tablespoon.
The dish was prepared by mixing the cream and honey or condensed milk with the soaked oats and lemon juice and, while stirring, grating the whole apple into the mixture. This method prevented the apple pulp from browning. The intent was to serve the dish fresh, immediately before any other dishes in the meal.
Muesli traditionally is freshly prepared using dried rolled oats or whole grain oats that have been soaked in water or fruit juice. Other common ingredients are grated or chopped fresh fruit (e.g., bananas, apples, berries, grapes, mango), dried fruit, milk products (e.g., fresh milk, yoghurt, cream, condensed milk, fromage frais, quark, cottage cheese, or nondairy milk substitutes), lemon juice, ground nuts, seeds, spices (especially cinnamon), honey and muesli mix.
The preparation of home-made muesli varies according to the tastes and preferences of the cook, but the basic proportions are around 80% grain, 10% nuts and seeds and 10% dried fruits. Some home cooks prefer to mix the dry ingredients ahead of time and store a batch of it in a container, adding wet ingredients such as fresh fruit, dairy products, honey and fruit juice immediately before serving.
Packaged muesli is a loose mixture of mainly rolled oats or cornflakes together with various dried fruit pieces, nuts, and seeds – the main ingredients of any muesli. It commonly contains other rolled cereal grains such as wheat or rye flakes. Toasted museli is known in the United States as granola.
There are many varieties, which may also contain honey, spices, or chocolate. Dry packaged muesli can be kept for many months and served quickly after mixing with milk, filmjölk, yogurt, coffee, hot chocolate, fruit juice, or water. If desired, pieces of fresh fruit may be added. Alternatively, the mix may be soaked overnight in milk and then served with fresh fruit or compote to taste.
English-speaking world adaptation
Cafes, restaurants and chefs in the English-speaking world often use the label bircher muesli to distinguish their dishes from the store-bought variety, indicating it has been prepared in a manner based on the original recipe - with grated fresh apple, lemon juice, cream and honey - rather than just being poured from a packet and having milk added. However, these dishes are usually a marked modification of the original recipe rather than a faithful reproduction. Many use orange or apple juice instead of lemon juice, and add other more exotic ingredients such as berries, grated fresh pears, poached or roasted fruit, vanilla essence and agave syrup.
Muesli has been associated from the beginning with health-conscious diets and back-to-nature lifestyles. In English-speaking countries, these connotations have led to the coinage of terms linking muesli to social liberalism and the middle classes. These include the British muesli belt and the American granola type.
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- "MUESLI". Cambridge English Dictionary. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
- "Birchermus / Bircher" (in French). Lausanne, Switzerland: Association Patrimoine Culinaire Suisse [Swiss Culinary Heritage Association]. 2017. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
- Kurmann, Joseph A.; Rasic, Jeremija L.; Kroger, Manfred (1992), "Bircher Muesli", Encyclopedia of Fermented Fresh Milk Products: An International Inventory of Fermented Milk, Cream, Buttermilk, Whey, and Related Products (1 ed.), Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, p. 75, ISBN 978-0-442-00869-7
- "Café complet, der" (in German). Berlin, Germany: Duden - Rechtschreibung. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
- Other variants are: Swiss German: Müesli [ˈmyə̯slɪ], non-Swiss Standard German: Müsli [ˈmyːsli:] (listen)); "Müsli, das" (in German). Berlin, Germany: Duden - Rechtschreibung. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
- MacEacheran, Mike (14 August 2017). "How Switzerland transformed breakfast". BBC Travel. London, England: British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
- M. Bircher-Benner & Max E. Bircher (1985), "IV A. Raw Food Porridge (Bircher Müesli)", Fruit Dishes and Raw Vegetables, Translated by Reginald Snell, Health Research Books, pp. 19–20, ISBN 0787314110 – via Google booksCS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
- Eberhard Wolff (2010). "A new way of living: Maximilian Bircher-Benner" (PDF). Karger Gazette. 71: 11–12. Retrieved 2019-12-05 – via ZORA, University of Zurich.
- Williams, John (29 January 2014). "Recipes for cancer sufferers: bircher muesli". The Telegraph. London, England: Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- Ottolenghi, Yotam (15 Jan 2011). "Bircher muesli recipe". The Guardian. London, England: Scott Trust Limited. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- "Definition of muesli belt in English". Lexico. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press/Dictionary.com. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
humorous, derogatoryBritish A region regarded as being populated by middle-class, health-conscious people.
- "Definition of granola in English". Lexico. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press/Dictionary.com. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
1.1 derogatory [as modifier] Denoting people with liberal or Green political views, typified as eating health foods.
- Media related to Muesli at Wikimedia Commons