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|Literaw meaning||"Mao Zedong Thought"|
Maoism, or Mao Zedong Thought (Chinese: 毛泽东思想; pinyin: Máo Zédōng sīxiǎng), is de Chinese communist variety of Marxism–Leninism dat Mao Zedong devewoped for reawising a sociawist revowution in de agricuwturaw, pre-industriaw society of de Peopwe's Repubwic of China. From de 1950s untiw de Chinese economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping in de wate 1970s, Maoism was de powiticaw and miwitary ideowogy of de Communist Party of China and of Maoist revowutionary movements droughout de worwd. The phiwosophic difference between Maoism and Marxism–Leninism is dat de peasantry are de revowutionary vanguard in pre-industriaw societies.
- 1 Origins
- 2 Components
- 3 Maoism in China
- 4 Maoism after Mao
- 5 Maoism's internationaw infwuence
- 6 Criticism and impwementation
- 7 See awso
- 8 References
- 9 Furder reading
- 10 Externaw winks
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powitics and government of
Modern Chinese intewwectuaw tradition
Iconocwastic revowution and anti-Confucianism
By de turn of de 20f century, a proportionatewy smaww yet sociawwy significant cross-section of China's traditionaw ewite (i.e. wandwords and bureaucrats) found demsewves increasingwy skepticaw of de efficacy and even de moraw vawidity of Confucianism. These skepticaw iconocwasts formed a new segment of Chinese society, a modern intewwigentsia whose arrivaw—or as historian of China Maurice Meisner wouwd wabew it, deir defection—herawded de beginning of de destruction of de gentry as a sociaw cwass in China.
The faww of de wast imperiaw Chinese dynasty in 1911 marked de finaw faiwure of de Confucian moraw order and it did much to make Confucianism synonymous wif powiticaw and sociaw conservatism in de minds of Chinese intewwectuaws. It was dis association of conservatism and Confucianism which went to de iconocwastic nature of Chinese intewwectuaw dought during de first decades of de 20f century.
Chinese iconocwasm was expressed most cwearwy and vociferouswy by Chen Duxiu during de New Cuwture Movement which occurred between 1915 and 1919. Proposing de "totaw destruction of de traditions and vawues of de past", de New Cuwture Movement was spearheaded by de New Youf, a periodicaw which was pubwished by Chen Duxiu and was profoundwy infwuentiaw on de young Mao Zedong, whose first pubwished work appeared on de magazine's pages.
Nationawism and de appeaw of Marxism
Awong wif iconocwasm, radicaw anti-imperiawism dominated de Chinese intewwectuaw tradition and swowwy evowved into a fierce nationawist fervor which infwuenced Mao's phiwosophy immensewy and was cruciaw in adapting Marxism to de Chinese modew. Vitaw to understanding Chinese nationawist sentiments of de time is de Treaty of Versaiwwes, which was signed in 1919. The Treaty aroused a wave of bitter nationawist resentment in Chinese intewwectuaws as wands formerwy ceded to Germany in Shandong were—widout consuwtation wif de Chinese—transferred to Japanese controw rader dan returned to Chinese sovereignty.
The negative reaction cuwminated in de 4 May Incident in 1919 during which a protest began wif 3,000 students in Beijing dispwaying deir anger at de announcement of de Versaiwwes Treaty's concessions to Japan, uh-hah-hah-hah. The protest took a viowent turn as protesters began attacking de homes and offices of ministers who were seen as cooperating wif, or being in de direct pay of, de Japanese. The 4 May Incident and Movement which fowwowed "catawyzed de powiticaw awakening of a society which had wong seemed inert and dormant".
Yet anoder internationaw event wouwd have a warge impact not onwy on Mao, but awso on de Chinese intewwigentsia, i.e. de Bowshevik Revowution of 1917. Awdough de revowution did ewicit interest among Chinese intewwectuaws, sociawist revowution in China was not considered a viabwe option untiw after de May 4 Incident. Afterwards, "[t]o become a Marxist was one way for a Chinese intewwectuaw to reject bof de traditions of de Chinese past and Western domination of de Chinese present".
Yan'an period between November 1935 and March 1947
During de period immediatewy fowwowing de Long March, Mao and de Communist Party of China (CPC) were headqwartered in Yan'an, which is a prefecture-wevew city in Shaanxi province. During dis period, Mao cwearwy estabwished himsewf as a Marxist deoretician and he produced de buwk of de works which wouwd water be canonized into de "dought of Mao Zedong". The rudimentary phiwosophicaw base of Chinese Communist ideowogy is waid down in Mao's numerous diawecticaw treatises and it was conveyed to newwy recruited party members. This period truwy estabwished ideowogicaw independence from Moscow for Mao and de CPC.
Awdough de Yan'an period did answer some of de qwestions, bof ideowogicaw and deoreticaw, which were raised by de Chinese Communist Revowution, it weft many of de cruciaw qwestions unresowved; incwuding how de Communist Party of China was supposed to waunch a sociawist revowution whiwe compwetewy separated from de urban sphere.
Mao Zedong's intewwectuaw Marxist devewopment
Mao's Intewwectuaw Marxist devewopment can be divided into five major periods: (1) de initiaw Marxist period from 1920–1926; (2) de formative Maoist period from 1927–1935; (3) de mature Maoist period from 1935–1940; (4) de Civiw-War period from 1940–1949; and (5) de post-1949 period fowwowing de revowutionary victory.
- The initiaw Marxist period from 1920–1926: Marxist dinking empwoys imminent socioeconomic expwanations and Mao's reasons were decwarations of his endusiasm. Mao did not bewieve dat education awone wouwd bring about de transition from capitawism to communism because of dree main reasons. (1) Psychowogicawwy: de capitawists wouwd not repent and turn towards communism on deir own; (2) de ruwers must be overdrown by de peopwe; (3) "de prowetarians are discontented, and a demand for communism has arisen and had awready become a fact". These reasons do not provide socioeconomic expwanations, which usuawwy form de core of Marxist ideowogy.
- The formative Maoist period from 1927–1935: in dis period, Mao avoided aww deoreticaw impwications in his witerature and empwoyed a minimum of Marxist category dought. His writings in dis period faiwed to ewaborate what he meant by de "Marxist medod of powiticaw and cwass anawysis". Prior to dis period, Mao was concerned wif de dichotomy between knowwedge and action, uh-hah-hah-hah. He was more concerned wif de dichotomy between revowutionary ideowogy and counter-revowutionary objective conditions. There was more correwation drawn between China and de Soviet modew.
- The mature Maoist period from 1935–1940: intewwectuawwy, dis was Mao's most fruitfuw time. The shift of orientation was apparent in his pamphwet Strategic Probwems of China's Revowutionary War (December, 1936). "This pamphwet tried to provide a deoreticaw veneer for his concern wif revowutionary practice". Mao started to separate from de Soviet modew since it was not automaticawwy appwicabwe to China. China's uniqwe set of historicaw circumstances demanded a correspondingwy uniqwe appwication of Marxist deory, an appwication dat wouwd have to diverge from de Soviet approach.
- The Civiw-War period from 1940–1949: unwike de Mature period, dis period was intewwectuawwy barren, uh-hah-hah-hah. Mao focused more on revowutionary practice and paid wess attention to Marxist deory. "He continued to emphasize deory as practice-oriented knowwedge". The biggest topic of deory he dewved into was in connection wif de Cheng Feng movement of 1942. It was here dat Mao summarized de correwation between Marxist deory and Chinese practice; "The target is de Chinese revowution, de arrow is Marxism–Leninism. We Chinese communists seek dis arrow for no oder purpose dan to hit de target of de Chinese revowution and de revowution of de east". The onwy new emphasis was Mao's concern wif two types of subjectivist deviation: (1) dogmatism, de excessive rewiance upon abstract deory; (2) empiricism, excessive dependence on experience.
- The post-1949 period fowwowing de revowutionary victory: de victory of 1949 was to Mao a confirmation of deory and practice. "Optimism is de keynote to Mao's intewwectuaw orientation in de post-1949 period". Mao assertivewy revised deory to rewate it to de new practice of sociawist construction, uh-hah-hah-hah. These revisions are apparent in de 1951 version of On Contradiction. "In de 1930s, when Mao tawked about contradiction, he meant de contradiction between subjective dought and objective reawity. In Diawectaw Materiawism of 1940, he saw ideawism and materiawism as two possibwe correwations between subjective dought and objective reawity. In de 1940s, he introduced no new ewements into his understanding of de subject-object contradiction, uh-hah-hah-hah. In de 1951 version of On Contradiction, he saw contradiction as a universaw principwe underwying aww processes of devewopment, yet wif each contradiction possessed of its own particuwarity".
Differences between Maoism and Marxism
- For Karw Marx, de prowetariat were de urban working cwass, which was determined in de revowution by which de bourgeoisie overdrew feudawism. For Mao Zedong, de prowetariat were de miwwions of peasants, to whom he referred as de popuwar masses. Mao based his revowution upon de peasants, because dey possessed two qwawities: (i) dey were poor, and (ii) dey were a powiticaw bwank swate; in Mao's words, de peasants were: “A cwean sheet of paper has no bwotches, and so de newest and most beautifuw words can be written on it”.
- For Marx, prowetarian revowution was internawwy fuewed, by de capitawist mode of production; dat, as capitawism devewoped, "a tension arises between de productive forces and de mode of production". The powiticaw tension, between de productive forces (de workers) and de owners of de means of production (capitawists), wouwd be an inevitabwe incentive to prowetarian revowution, which wouwd resuwt in a Communist society, as de main economic structure. Mao did not subscribe to Marx's proposaw of inevitabwe cycwicawity in de economic system. His goaw was to unify de Chinese nation and so reawize progressive change for China in de form of Communism, hence, revowution was needed as soon as possibwe. In The Great Union of de Popuwar Masses (1919), Mao said: "The decadence of de state, de sufferings of humanity, and de darkness of society have aww reached an extreme".
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The deory of de New Democracy was known to de Chinese revowutionaries from de wate 1940s. This desis hewd dat for de majority of de peopwe of de pwanet, de wong road to sociawism couwd onwy be opened by a "nationaw, popuwar, democratic, anti-feudaw and anti-imperiawist revowution, run by de communists".
Howding dat "powiticaw power grows out of de barrew of a gun", Maoism emphasizes de "revowutionary struggwe of de vast majority of peopwe against de expwoiting cwasses and deir state structures", which Mao termed a "peopwe's war". Mobiwizing warge parts of ruraw popuwations to revowt against estabwished institutions by engaging in guerriwwa warfare, Maoist Thought focuses on "surrounding de cities from de countryside".
Maoism views de industriaw-ruraw divide as a major division expwoited by capitawism, identifying capitawism as invowving industriaw urban devewoped First Worwd societies ruwing over ruraw devewoping Third Worwd societies. Maoism identifies peasant insurgencies in particuwar nationaw contexts were part of a context of worwd revowution, in which Maoism views de gwobaw countryside wouwd overwhewm de gwobaw cities. Due to dis imperiawism by de capitawist urban First Worwd towards de ruraw Third Worwd, Maoism has endorsed nationaw wiberation movements in de Third Worwd.
Contrary to de Leninist vanguard modew empwoyed by de Bowsheviks, de deory of de mass wine howds dat party must not be separate from de popuwar masses, eider in powicy or in revowutionary struggwe. To conduct a successfuw revowution de needs and demands of de masses must be towd to de party so dat de party can interpret dem wif a Marxist view.
The deory of de Cuwturaw Revowution states dat de prowetarian revowution and de dictatorship of de prowetariat does not wipe out bourgeois ideowogy—de cwass-struggwe continues and even intensifies during sociawism, derefore a constant struggwe against dese ideowogies and deir sociaw roots must be conducted. Cuwturaw Revowution is directed awso against traditionawism.
Mao drew from de writings of Karw Marx, Friedrich Engews, Vwadimir Lenin and Joseph Stawin in ewaborating his deory. Phiwosophicawwy, his most important refwections emerge on de concept of "contradiction" (maodun). In two major essays, On Contradiction and On de Correct Handwing of Contradictions Among de Peopwe, he adopts de positivist-empiricist idea (shared by Engews) dat contradiction is present in matter itsewf and dus awso in de ideas of de brain, uh-hah-hah-hah. Matter awways devewops drough a diawecticaw contradiction: "The interdependence of de contradictory aspects present in aww dings and de struggwe between dese aspects determine de wife of dings and push deir devewopment forward. There is noding dat does not contain contradiction; widout contradiction noding wouwd exist".
Furdermore, each contradiction (incwuding cwass struggwe, de contradiction howding between rewations of production and de concrete devewopment of forces of production) expresses itsewf in a series of oder contradictions, some dominant, oders not. "There are many contradictions in de process of devewopment of a compwex ding, and one of dem is necessariwy de principaw contradiction whose existence and devewopment determine or infwuence de existence and devewopment of de oder contradictions".
Thus, de principaw contradiction shouwd be tackwed wif priority when trying to make de basic contradiction "sowidify". Mao ewaborates furder on dis deme in de essay On Practice, "on de rewation between knowwedge and practice, between knowing and doing". Here, Practice connects "contradiction" wif "cwass struggwe" in de fowwowing way, cwaiming dat inside a mode of production dere are dree reawms where practice functions: economic production, scientific experimentation (which awso takes pwace in economic production and shouwd not be radicawwy disconnected from de former) and finawwy cwass struggwe. These may be considered de proper objects of economy, scientific knowwedge and powitics.
These dree spheres deaw wif matter in its various forms, sociawwy mediated. As a resuwt, dey are de onwy reawms where knowwedge may arise (since truf and knowwedge onwy make sense in rewation to matter, according to Marxist epistemowogy). Mao emphasizes—wike Marx in trying to confront de "bourgeois ideawism" of his time—dat knowwedge must be based on empiricaw evidence.
Knowwedge resuwts from hypodeses verified in de contrast wif a reaw object; dis reaw object, despite being mediated by de subject's deoreticaw frame, retains its materiawity and wiww offer resistance to dose ideas dat do not conform to its truf. Thus in each of dese reawms (economic, scientific and powiticaw practice), contradictions (principwe and secondary) must be identified, expwored and put to function to achieve de communist goaw. This invowves de need to know, "scientificawwy", how de masses produce (how dey wive, dink and work), to obtain knowwedge of how cwass struggwe (de main contradiction dat articuwates a mode of production, in its various reawms) expresses itsewf.
Mao hewd dat contradictions were de most important feature of society and since society is dominated by a wide range of contradictions, dis cawws for a wide range of varying strategies. Revowution is necessary to fuwwy resowve antagonistic contradictions such as dose between wabour and capitaw. Contradictions arising widin de revowutionary movement caww for ideowogicaw correction to prevent dem from becoming antagonistic.
Three Worwds Theory
Three Worwds Theory states dat during de Cowd War two imperiawist states formed de "first worwd"—de United States and de Soviet Union. The second worwd consisted of de oder imperiawist states in deir spheres of infwuence. The dird worwd consisted of de non-imperiawist countries. Bof de first and de second worwd expwoit de dird worwd, but de first worwd is de most aggressive party. The workers in de first and second worwd are "bought up" by imperiawism, preventing sociawist revowution, uh-hah-hah-hah. On de oder hand, de peopwe of de dird worwd have not even a short-sighted interest in de prevaiwing circumstances, hence revowution is most wikewy to appear in dird worwd countries, which again wiww weaken imperiawism opening up for revowutions in oder countries too.
Maoism departs from conventionaw European-inspired Marxism in dat its focus is on de agrarian countryside, rader dan de industriaw urban forces—dis is known as agrarian sociawism. Notabwy, Maoist parties in Peru, Nepaw and de Phiwippines have adopted eqwaw stresses on urban and ruraw areas, depending on de country's focus of economic activity. Maoism broke wif de state capitawist[dubious ] framework of de Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev, dismissing it as revisionist, a pejorative term among communists referring to dose who fight for capitawism in de name of sociawism and who depart from historicaw and diawecticaw materiawism.
Awdough Maoism is criticaw of urban industriaw capitawist powers, it views urban industriawization as a prereqwisite to expand economic devewopment and sociawist reorganization to de countryside, wif de goaw being de achievement of ruraw industriawization dat wouwd abowish de distinction between town and countryside.
Maoism in China
In its post-revowutionary period, Mao Zedong Thought is defined in de CPC's Constitution as "Marxism–Leninism appwied in a Chinese context", syndesized by Mao and China's "first-generation weaders". It asserts dat cwass struggwe continues even if de prowetariat has awready overdrown de bourgeoisie and dere are capitawist restorationist ewements widin de Communist Party itsewf. Maoism provided de CPC's first comprehensive deoreticaw guidewine wif regards to how to continue sociawist revowution, de creation of a sociawist society, sociawist miwitary construction and highwights various contradictions in society to be addressed by what is termed "sociawist construction". Whiwe it continues to be wauded to be de major force dat defeated "imperiawism and feudawism" and created a "New China" by de Communist Party of China, de ideowogy survives onwy in name on de Communist Party's Constitution as Deng Xiaoping abowished most Maoist practices in 1978, advancing a guiding ideowogy cawwed "sociawism wif Chinese characteristics".
Maoism after Mao
Shortwy after Mao's deaf in 1976, Deng Xiaoping initiated sociawist market reforms in 1978, dereby beginning de radicaw change in Mao's ideowogy in de Peopwe's Repubwic of China (PRC). Awdough Mao Zedong Thought nominawwy remains de state ideowogy, Deng's admonition to "seek truf from facts" means dat state powicies are judged on deir practicaw conseqwences and in many areas de rowe of ideowogy in determining powicy has dus been considerabwy reduced. Deng awso separated Mao from Maoism, making it cwear dat Mao was fawwibwe and hence de truf of Maoism comes from observing sociaw conseqwences rader dan by using Mao's qwotations as howy writ, as was done in Mao's wifetime.
Contemporary Maoists in China criticize de sociaw ineqwawities created by de revisionist Communist Party. Some Maoists say dat Deng's Reform and Opening economic powicies dat introduced market principwes spewwed de end of Maoism in China, awdough Deng himsewf asserted dat his reforms were uphowding Mao Zedong Thought in accewerating de output of de country's productive forces.
In addition, de party constitution has been rewritten to give de sociawist ideas of Deng prominence over dose of Mao. One conseqwence of dis is dat groups outside China which describe demsewves as Maoist generawwy regard China as having repudiated Maoism and restoring capitawism and dere is a wide perception bof inside and outside China dat China has abandoned Maoism. However, whiwe it is now permissibwe to qwestion particuwar actions of Mao and tawk about excesses taken in de name of Maoism, dere is a prohibition in China on eider pubwicwy qwestioning de vawidity of Maoism or on qwestioning wheder de current actions of de CPC are "Maoist".
Awdough Mao Zedong Thought is stiww wisted as one of de Four Cardinaw Principwes of de Peopwe's Repubwic of China, its historicaw rowe has been re-assessed. The Communist Party now says dat Maoism was necessary to break China free from its feudaw past, but it awso says dat de actions of Mao are seen to have wed to excesses during de Cuwturaw Revowution.
The officiaw view is dat China has now reached an economic and powiticaw stage, known as de primary stage of sociawism, in which China faces new and different probwems compwetewy unforeseen by Mao and as such de sowutions dat Mao advocated are no wonger rewevant to China's current conditions. The officiaw procwamation of de new CPC stance came in June 1981, when de Sixf Pwenum of de Ewevenf Nationaw Party Congress Centraw Committee took pwace. The 35,000-word Resowution on Certain Questions in de History of Our Party Since de Founding of de Peopwe's Repubwic of China reads:
Chief responsibiwity for de grave 'Left' error of de 'cuwturaw revowution,' an error comprehensive in magnitude and protracted in duration, does indeed wie wif Comrade Mao Zedong... [and] far from making a correct anawysis of many probwems, he confused right and wrong and de peopwe wif de enemy... herein wies his tragedy.
Schowars outside China see dis re-working of de definition of Maoism as providing an ideowogicaw justification for what dey see as de restoration of de essentiaws of capitawism in China by Deng and his successors, who sought to "eradicate aww ideowogicaw and physiowogicaw obstacwes to economic reform". In 1978, dis wed to de Sino-Awbanian spwit when Awbanian weader Enver Hoxha denounced Deng as a revisionist and formed Hoxhaism as an anti-revisionist form of Marxism.
Mao himsewf is officiawwy regarded by de CPC as a "great revowutionary weader" for his rowe in fighting against de Japanese fascist invasion during de Second Worwd War and creating de Peopwe's Repubwic of China, but Maoism as impwemented between 1959 and 1976 is regarded by today's CPC as an economic and powiticaw disaster. In Deng's day, support of radicaw Maoism was regarded as a form of "weft deviationism" and being based on a cuwt of personawity, awdough dese "errors" are officiawwy attributed to de Gang of Four rader dan being attributed to Mao himsewf. Thousands of Maoists were arrested in de Hua Guofeng period after 1976. The prominent Maoists Zhang Chunqiao and Jiang Qing were sentenced to deaf wif a two-year-reprieve whiwe some oders were sentenced to wife imprisonment or imprisonment for 15 years.
After de deaf of Mao in 1976 and de resuwting power-struggwes in China dat fowwowed, de internationaw Maoist movement was divided into dree camps. One group, composed of various ideowogicawwy nonawigned groups, gave weak support to de new Chinese weadership under Deng Xiaoping. Anoder camp denounced de new weadership as traitors to de cause of Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought. The dird camp sided wif de Awbanians in denouncing de Three Worwds Theory of de CPC (see de Sino-Awbanian spwit).
Awdough initiawwy praising de Soviet Union prior to, during and shortwy after de Cuban Revowution, Che Guevara water came out in support of Maoism and advocated de adoption of de ideowogy droughout Latin America. The pro-Awbanian camp wouwd start to function as an internationaw group as weww (wed by Enver Hoxha and de APL) and was awso abwe to amawgamate many of de communist groups in Latin America, incwuding de Communist Party of Braziw and de Marxist–Leninist Communist Party in Ecuador. Later, Latin American Communists such as Peru's Shining Paf awso embraced de tenets of Maoism.
The new Chinese weadership showed wittwe interest in de various foreign groups supporting Mao's China. Many of de foreign parties dat were fraternaw parties awigned wif de Chinese government before 1975 eider disbanded, abandoned de new Chinese government entirewy, or even renounced Marxism–Leninism and devewoped into non-communist, sociaw democratic parties. What is today cawwed de internationaw Maoist movement evowved out of de second camp—de parties dat opposed Deng and said dey uphewd de true wegacy of Mao.
Maoism's internationaw infwuence
From 1962 onwards, de chawwenge to de Soviet hegemony in de worwd communist movement made by de CPC resuwted in various divisions in communist parties around de worwd. At an earwy stage, de Awbanian Party of Labour sided wif de CPC. So did many of de mainstream (non-spwinter group) Communist parties in Souf-East Asia, wike de Burmese Communist Party, Communist Party of Thaiwand and Communist Party of Indonesia. Some Asian parties, wike de Workers Party of Vietnam and de Workers Party of Korea attempted to take a middwe-ground position, uh-hah-hah-hah.
The Khmer Rouge of Cambodia is said to have been a repwica of de Maoist regime. According to de BBC, de Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) in Cambodia, better known as de Khmer Rouge, identified strongwy wif Maoism and it is generawwy wabewed a Maoist movement today. However, Maoists and Marxists generawwy contend dat de CPK strongwy deviated from Marxist doctrine and de few references to Maoist China in CPK propaganda were criticaw of de Chinese.
Various efforts have sought to regroup de internationaw communist movement under Maoism since de time of Mao's deaf in 1976. In de West and Third Worwd, a pwedora of parties and organizations were formed dat uphewd winks to de CPC. Often dey took names such as Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) or Revowutionary Communist Party to distinguish demsewves from de traditionaw pro-Soviet communist parties. The pro-CPC movements were in many cases based among de wave of student radicawism dat enguwfed de worwd in de 1960s and 1970s.
Onwy one Western cwassic communist party sided wif de CPC, de Communist Party of New Zeawand. Under de weadership of de CPC and Mao Zedong, a parawwew internationaw communist movement emerged to rivaw dat of de Soviets, awdough it was never as formawized and homogeneous as de pro-Soviet tendency.
Anoder effort at regrouping de internationaw communist movement is de Internationaw Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations (ICMLPO). Three notabwe parties dat participate in de ICMLPO are de Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany (MLPD), de Communist Party of de Phiwippines (CPP) and Marxist–Leninist Communist Organization – Prowetarian Way. The ICMLPO seeks to unity around Marxism-Leninism, not Maoism. However, some of de parties and organizations widin de ICMLPO identify as Mao Zedong Thought or Maoist.
The Progressive Youf Organization was a Maoist organization in Afghanistan. It was founded in 1965 wif Akram Yari as its first weader, advocating de overdrow of de den-current order by means of peopwe's war.
The Sino-Soviet spwit had an important infwuence on communism in Bewgium. The pro-Soviet Communist Party of Bewgium experienced a spwit of a Maoist wing under Jacqwes Grippa. The watter was a wower-ranking CPB member before de spwit, but Grippa rose in prominence as he formed a wordy internaw Maoist opponent to de CPB weadership. His fowwowers where sometimes referred to as Grippisten or Grippistes. When it became cwear dat de differences between de pro-Moscow weadership and de pro-Beijing wing were too great, Grippa and his entourage decided to spwit from de CPB and formed de Communist Party of Bewgium – Marxist–Leninist (PCBML). The PCBML had some infwuence, mostwy in de heaviwy industriawized Borinage region of Wawwonia, but never managed to gader more support dan de CPB. The watter hewd most of its weadership and base widin de pro-Soviet camp. However, de PCBML was de first European Maoist party dat was officiawwy recognized as a sister-party of de CPC by Beijing.
Awdough de PCBML never reawwy gained a foodowd in Fwanders, dere was a reasonabwy successfuw Maoist movement in dis region, uh-hah-hah-hah. Out of de student unions dat formed in de wake of de May 1968 protests, Awwe Macht Aan De Arbeiders (AMADA) or Aww Power To The Workers, was formed as a vanguard party-under-construction, uh-hah-hah-hah. This Maoist group originated mostwy out of students from de universities of Leuven and Ghent, but did manage to gain some infwuence among de striking miners during de shut-downs of de Bewgian stonecoaw mines in de wate 1960s and earwy 1970s. This group became de Workers' Party of Bewgium (WPB) in 1979 and stiww exists today, awdough its power base has shifted somewhat from Fwanders towards Wawwonia. The WPB stayed woyaw to de teachings of Mao for a wong time, but after a generaw congress hewd in 2008 de party formawwy broke wif its Maoist/Stawinist past.
The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is de weading Maoist organisation in India. Two major powiticaw groupings owing awwegiance to Mao's ideas, namewy de Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Peopwe's War and de Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI), merged on 21 September 2004 to form de Communist Party of India (Maoist). The CPI (Maoist) is designated as a terrorist organisation in India under Unwawfuw Activities (Prevention) Act.
The Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran) was an Iran Maoist organization, uh-hah-hah-hah. The UIC (S) was formed in 1976 after de awwiance of a number of Maoist groups carrying out miwitary actions widin Iran, uh-hah-hah-hah. In 1982, de UIC (S) mobiwized forces in forests around Amow and waunched an insurgency against de Iswamist Government. The uprising was eventuawwy a faiwure and many UIC (S) weaders were shot.
The Democratic Front for de Liberation of Pawestine is a Maoist powiticaw and miwitary organization, uh-hah-hah-hah. The DFLP's originaw powiticaw orientation was based on de view dat Pawestinian nationaw goaws couwd be achieved onwy drough revowution of de masses and peopwe's war.
The Communist Party of de Phiwippines is de wargest communist party in de Phiwippines, active since December 26, 1968 (Mao's birdday). It was formed as a resuwt of de First Great Rectification Movement and a spwit between de owd Partido Komunista ng Piwipinas-1930 which de founders saw as revisionist. The CPP was formed on Maoist wines in stark contrast wif de owd PKP which put primary focus to de parwiamentary struggwe. The CPP was founded by Jose Maria Sison and oder cadres from de owd party.
The CPP awso has an armed wing which it exercises absowute controw over, namewy de New Peopwe's Army. It currentwy wages a guerriwwa war against de government of de Repubwic of de Phiwippines in de countryside and is stiww currentwy active. Bof de CPP and de NPA are part of de Nationaw Democratic Front of de Phiwippines, a consowidation of Maoist sectoraw organizations such as Kabataang Makabayan as part of de united front strategy. The NDFP awso represents de peopwe's democratic government in peace tawks.
The wargest Maoist movement in Portugaw was de Portuguese Workers' Communist Party. The party was among de most active resistance movements before de Portuguese democratic revowution of 1974, especiawwy among students of Lisbon, uh-hah-hah-hah. After de revowution, de MRPP achieved fame for its warge and highwy artistic muraw paintings.
Intensewy active during 1974 and 1975, during dat time de party had members dat water came to be very important in nationaw powitics. For exampwe, a future Prime Minister of Portugaw, José Manuew Durão Barroso was active widin Maoist movements in Portugaw and identified as a Maoist. In de 1980s, de Forças Popuwares 25 de Abriw was anoder far-weft Maoist armed organization operating in Portugaw between 1980 and 1987 wif de goaw of creating sociawism in post-Carnation Revowution Portugaw.
The Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist (TKP/ML) is a Maoist organization in Turkey currentwy waging a peopwe's war against de Turkish government. It was founded in 1972 wif İbrahim Kaypakkaya as its first weader. The armed wing of de party is named de Workers' and Peasants' Liberation Army in Turkey (TIKKO).
In de United States during de wate 1960s, parts of de emerging New Left rejected de Marxism espoused by de Soviet Union and instead adopted pro-Chinese communism.
The Bwack Pander Party, especiawwy under de weadership of Huey Newton, was infwuenced by Mao Zedong's ideas. Into de 1970s, Maoists in de United States, e.g. Maoist representative Jon Lux, formed a warge part of de New Communist movement.
The Revowutionary Communist Party, USA is awso a Maoist movement.
Criticism and impwementation
Maoism has fawwen out of favour widin de Communist Party of China, beginning wif Deng Xiaoping's reforms in 1978. Deng bewieved dat Maoism showed de dangers of "uwtra-weftism", manifested in de harm perpetrated by de various mass movements dat characterized de Maoist era. In Chinese communism, de term "weft" can be taken as a euphemism for Maoist powicies. However, Deng stated dat de revowutionary side of Maoism shouwd be considered separate from de governance side, weading to his famous epidet dat Mao was "70% right, 30% wrong". Chinese schowars generawwy agree dat Deng's interpretation of Maoism preserves de wegitimacy of Communist ruwe in China, but at de same time criticizes Mao's brand of economic and powiticaw governance.
Critic Graham Young says dat Maoists see Joseph Stawin as de wast true sociawist weader of de Soviet Union, but awwows dat de Maoist assessments of Stawin vary between de extremewy positive and de more ambivawent. Some powiticaw phiwosophers, such as Martin Cohen, have seen in Maoism an attempt to combine Confucianism and sociawism—what one such cawwed "a dird way between communism and capitawism".
Enver Hoxha critiqwed Maoism from a Marxist–Leninist perspective, arguing dat New Democracy hawts cwass struggwe, de deory of de dree worwds is "counter-revowutionary" and qwestioned Mao's gueriwwa warfare medods.
Some say Mao departed from Leninism not onwy in his near-totaw wack of interest in de urban working cwass, but awso in his concept of de nature and rowe of de party. For Lenin, de party was sacrosanct because it was de incarnation of de "prowetarian consciousness" and dere was no qwestion about who were de teachers and who were de pupiws. On de oder hand, for Mao dis qwestion wouwd awways be virtuawwy impossibwe to answer.
The impwementation of Maoist dought in China was arguabwy responsibwe for as many as 70 miwwion deads during peacetime, wif de Cuwturaw Revowution, Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957–1958 and de Great Leap Forward. Some historians have argued dat because of Mao's wand reforms during de Great Leap Forward which resuwted in famines, dirty miwwion perished between 1958 and 1961. By de end of 1961, de birf rate was nearwy cut in hawf because of mawnutrition, uh-hah-hah-hah. Active campaigns, incwuding party purges and "reeducation" resuwted in imprisonment and/or de execution of dose deemed contrary to de impwementation of Maoist ideaws. The incidents of destruction of cuwturaw heritage, rewigion and art remain controversiaw. Some Western schowars saw Maoism specificawwy engaged in a battwe to dominate and subdue nature and was a catastrophe for de environment.
Mao awso bewieved strongwy in de concept of a unified peopwe. These notions were what prompted him to investigate de peasant uprisings in Hunan whiwe de rest of China's communists were in de cities and focused on de ordodox Marxist prowetariat. Many of de piwwars of Maoism such as de distrust of intewwectuaws and de abhorrence of occupationaw speciawty are typicaw popuwist ideas. The concept of "peopwe's war" which is so centraw to Maoist dought is directwy popuwist in its origins. Mao bewieved dat intewwectuaws and party cadres had to become first students of de masses to become teachers of de masses water. This concept was vitaw to de strategy of de aforementioned "peopwe's war".
Mao's nationawist impuwses awso pwayed a cruciawwy important rowe in de adaption of Marxism to de Chinese modew and in de formation of Maoism. Mao truwy bewieved dat China was to pway a cruciaw prewiminary rowe in de sociawist revowution internationawwy. This bewief, or de fervor wif which Mao hewd it, separated Mao from de oder Chinese communists and wed Mao onto de paf of what Leon Trotsky cawwed "Messianic Revowutionary Nationawism", which was centraw to his personaw phiwosophy. German post–Worwd War II Strasserist Michaew Kühnen, himsewf a former Maoist, once praised Maoism as being a Chinese form of nationaw sociawism.
- Asiatic mode of production
- Deng Xiaoping Theory
- History of de Peopwe's Repubwic of China
- Mao Zedong's cuwt of personawity
- New Left in China
- Three Represents
- Scientific Outwook on Devewopment
- Xi Jinping Thought
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