Human origins traced to worm fossil
Palaeontologists have traced the origins of humans and other vertebrates to a worm that swam in the oceans half a billion years ago, according to a new study.
A new analysis of fossils unearthed in the Canadian Rockies determined that the extinct Pikaia gracilens is the most primitive known member of the chordate family, which today includes fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles and mammals.
The research published in the journal Biological Reviews identified a notochord or rod that would become part of the backbone in vertebrates, and skeletal muscle tissue called myomeres in 114 fossil specimens of the creature.
They also found a vascular system.
"The discovery of myomeres is the smoking gun that we have long been seeking," says the study's lead author, Simon Conway Morris of the Cambridge University.
"Now with myomeres, a nerve chord, a notochord and a vascular system all identified, this study clearly places Pikaia as the planet's most primitive chordate.
"So, next time we put the family photograph on the mantle-piece, there in the background will be Pikaia."
The first specimens of Pikaia were collected by early explorers of the Burgess Shale in 1911. But the animals were overlooked as an ancestor of earthworms or eels.
It was not until the 1970s that Morris suggested the five-centimetre long, sideways-flattened, somewhat eel-like animal that likely swam by moving its body in a series of side-to-side curves could be the earliest known member of the chordate family.
"In particular, it was our use of an electron microscope that allowed us to see very fine details of its anatomy," says Jean-Bernard Caron, an assistant professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Toronto and the study's co-author.
"It's very humbling to know that swans, snakes, bears, zebras and, incredibly, humans all share a deep history with this tiny creature no longer than my thumb," he says.