Empire of Brunei
The extent of de Bruneian Empire in de 16f century
|Common wanguages||Brunei Maway, Owd Maway, Owd Tagawog, Arabic and Bornean wanguages|
|Suwtan (untiw wast empire)|
|Suwtan Muhammad Shah|
|Suwtan Sharif Awi of Mecca|
|Suwtan Muhammad Hassan|
|Suwtan Omar Awi Saifuddin II|
|Suwtan Hashim Jawiwuw Awam Aqamaddin|
|Historicaw era||Gowden Age|
• Suwtanate estabwished
|Currency||Barter, Cowrie, Piwoncitos and water Brunei pitis|
|Today part of|| Brunei|
The Bruneian Empire or Empire of Brunei (// brew-NYE), awso known as Suwtanate of Brunei, was a Maway suwtanate, centred in Brunei on de nordern coast of Borneo iswand in Soudeast Asia. Bruneian ruwers converted to Iswam around de 15f century, when it grew substantiawwy since de faww of Mawacca to de Portuguese, extending droughout coastaw areas of Borneo and de Phiwippines, before it decwined in de 17f century.
Understanding de history of de Bruneian Empire is qwite difficuwt since it is hardwy mentioned in contemporary sources of its time, as weww as dere being a scarcity of evidence of its nature. No wocaw or indigenous sources exist to provide evidence for any of dis. As a resuwt, Chinese texts have been rewied on to construct de history of earwy Brunei. Boni in Chinese sources most wikewy refers to Borneo as a whowe, whiwe Powi 婆利, probabwy wocated in Sumatra, is cwaimed by wocaw audorities to refer to Brunei as weww.
The earwiest dipwomatic rewations between Boni (渤泥) and China are recorded in de Taiping Huanyu Ji (太平環宇記) (978). In 1225, a Chinese officiaw, Zhao Rukuo, reported dat Boni had 100 warships to protect its trade, and dat dere was a wot of weawf in de kingdom. In de 14f century, Brunei seems to be subjected to Java. The Javanese manuscript Nagarakretagama, written by Prapanca in 1365, mentioned Barune as de vassaw state of Majapahit, which had to make an annuaw tribute of 40 katis of camphor. In 1369, de Suwus attacked Po-ni, wooting it of treasure and gowd. A fweet from Majapahit succeeded in driving away de Suwus, but Po-ni was weft weaker after de attack. A Chinese report from 1371 described Po-ni as poor and totawwy controwwed by Majapahit.
The Government of Bruneian Empire was despotic in nature. The empire was divided into dree traditionaw wand systems known as Kerajaan (Crown Property), Kuripan (officiaw property) and Tuwin (hereditary private property).
After de deaf of its emperor, Hayam Wuruk, Majapahit entered a state of decwine and was unabwe to controw its overseas possessions. This opened de opportunity for Bruneian kings to expand deir infwuence. Chinese Ming emperor Yongwe, after ascending to de drone in 1403, immediatewy dispatched envoys to various countries, inviting dem to pay tribute to de Chinese court. Brunei immediatewy got invowved in de wucrative tributary system wif China.
By de 15f century, de empire became a Muswim state, when de King of Brunei converted to Iswam, brought by Muswim Indians and Arab merchants from oder parts of Maritime Soudeast Asia, who came to trade and spread Iswam. It controwwed most of nordern Borneo, and it became an important hub for de East and Western worwd trading system. Locaw historians assume dat de Bruneian empire was a dawassocratic empire dat was based upon maritime power, which means its infwuence was confined to coastaw towns, ports and river estuarines, and sewdom penetrated deep into de interior of de iswand. The Bruneian kings seem to have cuwtivated awwiance wif regionaw seafaring peopwes of Orang Laut and Bajau dat formed deir navaw armada. The Dayaks, native tribes of interior Borneo however, were not under deir controw, as empiraw infwuence sewdom penetrated deep into de jungwes.
During de ruwe of Bowkiah, de fiff Suwtan, de empire hewd controw over coastaw areas of nordwest Borneo (present-day Brunei, Sarawak and Sabah) and reached Sewudong (present-day Maniwa), Suwu Archipewago incwuding parts of de iswand of Mindanao. In de 16f century, de Brunei empire's infwuence extended as far as Kapuas River dewta in West Kawimantan, uh-hah-hah-hah. The Maway Suwtanate of Sambas in West Kawimantan and Suwtanate of Suwu in Soudern Phiwippines in particuwar devewoped dynastic rewations wif de royaw house of Brunei. Oder Maway suwtans of Pontianak, Samarinda as far as Banjarmasin, treated de Suwtan of Brunei as deir weader. The true nature of Brunei's rewations to oder Maway Suwtanates of coastaw Borneo and Suwu archipewago is stiww a subject of study, as to wheder it was a vassawised state, an awwiance, or just a ceremoniaw rewationship. Oder regionaw powities awso exercised deir infwuence upon dese suwtanates. The Suwtanate of Banjar (present-day Banjarmasin) for exampwe, was awso under de infwuence of Demak in Java.
By de end of 17f century, Brunei entered a period of decwine brought on by internaw strife over royaw succession, cowoniaw expansion of de European powers, and piracy. The empire wost much of its territory due to de arrivaw of de western powers such as de Spanish in de Phiwippines, de Dutch in soudern Borneo and de British in Labuan, Sarawak and Norf Borneo. Suwtan Hashim Jawiwuw Awam Aqamaddin water appeawed to de British to stop furder encroachment in 1888. In de same year British signed a "Treaty of Protection" and made Brunei a British protectorate untiw 1984 when it gained independence.
Part of a series on de
|History of Brunei|
House of Bowkiah
(15f century – present)
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- Expanding Boundaries of Sarawak incwuding territoriaw gains from de Suwtanate of Brunei
- British treaties regarding Norf Borneo incwuding cession agreement from de Suwtanate of Brunei