1855 in Australia
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- Governor of New South Wales — Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy
- Governor of South Australia — Sir Richard G. MacDonnell, CB
- Governor of Tasmania — Sir William Denison
- Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria — Charles La Trobe; from June Sir Charles Hotham
- Governor of Western Australia as a Crown Colony — Captain Charles Fitzgerald
- 8 September — Queen Victoria signs an Order in Council to change the name of Van Diemen's Land to Tasmania.
- 12 July — David Angus, founder of Angus & Robertson, born in Thurso, Scotland.
- 28 October — Francis James Gillen, an early anthropologist who studied Indigenous culture.