ARTICLE #1 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Improving rural sanitation by 65 percent could save as many as 1.2 million lives a year worldwide, scientists in Pennsylvania conclude in a new study on diarrheal disease. Their report, in the current edition of ACS' semi-monthly journal Environmental Science & Technology, found that developing countries in Africa and Asia would experience the greatest savings in life.
In the study, Sean T. Green and colleagues note that diarrhea causes 2.2 million deaths a year worldwide. It is the third leading cause of childhood mortality after neonatal disorders and respiratory infections. Many previous studies have tried to identify the factors that contribute to child mortality. Only a few, however, have evaluated the factors contributing to diarrheal disease at a national level, leaving a major information gap on the topic.
The researchers developed a new computer model for that purpose using an artificial intelligence technique called Classification and Regression Trees. They used it to predict diarrheal illness nationally, based on data from 192 countries. Using the model, the scientists identified improvements in rural sanitation -- such as providing safe disposal of feces --as the measure in their study with the single greatest impact in reducing deaths from diarrheal disease. "The most important variable for reducing diarrheal illness in the worst afflicted countries is rural sanitation, a message that can be obscured with a 'one size fits all' linear regression model" like those used in the past. - MB
ARTICLE # 1 "Determinants of National Diarrheal Disease Burden"
DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT ARTICLE:http://pubs.
Sean Green, Ph.D.
Engineering and Public Policy
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213
ARTICLE #2 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Gooda, Gouda! Solving the 800-year-old secret of a big cheese
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Almost 800 years after farmers in the village of Gouda in Holland first brought a creamy new cheese to market, scientists in Germany say they have cracked the secret of Gouda's good taste. They have identified the key protein subunits, or peptides, responsible for the complex, long-lasting flavor of the popular cheese. That discovery could lead to development of more flavorful cheeses and other dairy products. Their study is in the current issue of ACS' Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, a bi-weekly publication.
Thomas Hofmann, Simone Toelstede and Andreas Dunkel note that the scientists have tried for years to pinpoint the natural molecules responsible for the long-lasting taste and wonderful texture of Gouda cheese. It develops during the aging or ripening stage, with aged Gouda more full and complex, with longer-lasting flavor, than the younger version. Cheese lovers prize this characteristic taste, known as the "kokumi sensation."
The scientists solved the age-old mystery by applying a molecular sensory science approach. It combined mass spectroscopy and other high-tech analytical instruments and sophisticated sensory tools to identify six gamma-glutamyl peptides that appear to be mainly responsible for the kokumi sensation in Gouda. This knowledge could be used to enhance the flavor of dairy products by technological means, the researchers say. - MTS
ARTICLE #2 "A Series of Kokumi Peptides Impart the Long-Lasting Mouthfulness of Matured Gouda Cheese"
DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT ARTICLE: http://pubs.
Thomas Hofmann, Ph.D.
Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science
Technische Universität München
ARTICLE #3 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
New genre of sugar-coated "quantum dots" for drug delivery
Journal of the American Chemical Society
Scientists in Switzerland are reporting an advance that could help tap the much-heralded potential of "quantum dots"-- nanocrystals that glow when exposed to ultraviolet light -- in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. They are publishing the first study showing that giving quantum dots an icing-like cap of certain sugars makes these nanoparticles accumulate in the liver but not other parts of the body. That selective targeting could be used to deliver anti-cancer drugs to one organ, without causing the body-wide side-effects that occur with existing cancer drugs, they suggest. Their study is in the Feb. 18 issue of the Journal of the American Chemical Society, a weekly publication.
In the new report, Peter H. Seeberger and colleagues note that quantum dots, about 1/5,000th the width of a human hair, are used in solar cells, medical diagnostic imaging, and electronics. Scientists believe these particles also show promise for drug delivery for treating cancer and other diseases. However, researchers still have not found an ideal way to target these dots to specific tissues or organs in order to maximize their effectiveness and limit toxicity.
They describe development of a new type of quantum dot coated with certain sugar molecules that are attracted to receptors in specific tissues and organs. In a study with laboratory mice, the scientists coated quantum dots with either mannose or galactosamine, two sugars that accumulate selectively in the liver. The sugar-coated dots became three times more concentrated in the mice livers than the regular dots, demonstrating their higher specificity, the researchers say. - MTS.
ARTICLE #3 "In Vitro Imaging and in Vivo Liver targeting with Carbohydrate Capped Quantum Dots"
DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT ARTICLE: http://pubs.
Prof. Dr. Peter H. Seeberger
Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
Department of Biomolecular Systems
Am Mühlenberg 1
Freie Universität Berlin
Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
Tel:: +49 (0) 30 - 838 - 54004
ARTICLE #4 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Old soles: 800-year-old shoe soles yield clues about preservation of leather
Ancient garbage can be like gold to archaeologists. During excavation of an 800-year-old trash dump in Lyon, France, scientists discovered the archaeological equivalent of golden shoe soles: A trove of leather soles of shoes, which is helping scientists understand how leather stays preserved in wet, oxygen-free environments. That knowledge could aid restoration of other leather artifacts, according to a report on analysis of the old soles scheduled for the current issue of ACS' semi-monthly journal Analytical Chemistry.
In the article, Michel Bardet and colleagues point out that leather consists of collagen, a tough protein that can remain intact hundreds of thousands of years under ideal conditions. The French soles were buried in mud in the absence of oxygen -- good conditions for preservation.
They used laboratory technology called nuclear magnetic resonance to compare composition of the ancient leather to modern leather. It turned out that tannin, which helps to preserve leather, had been washed out of the old soles and replaced by iron oxides. The iron oxides, which leached into the leather from surrounding soil, helped preserve the soles in the absence of tannins. - AD
ARTICLE #4 "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance as Analytical Tools to Investigate Structural Features of Archeological Leathers"
DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT ARTICLE: http://pubs.
Michel Bardet, Ph.D.
Labortoire de Résonances Magnétiques, INAC, SCIB, CEA.
ARTICLE #5 EMBARGOED FOR 9 A.M., EASTERN TIME, March 9, 2009
A new, more economical technology for decoding genes is shuttling the long-awaited era of personalized medicine -- with doctors customizing prevention and treatment for each individual's genetic endowment --closer to reality, according to an article scheduled for the March 9 issue of Chemical & Engineering News, ACS' weekly newsmagazine.
In the article, C&EN deputy assistant managing editor Stu Borman describes a key advance toward a bargain-basement DNA sequencer, a device to determine the chemical instructions in the famed double helix molecule. Called a "nanopore sequencer," it could replace higher-priced sequencing techniques currently in use. The nanopore can identify all four DNA building blocks(adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) based on the amount of electric current these so-called nucleotides block as they squeeze through the pore. Nanopores could reduce the cost of gene sequencing to $1,000 for an individual's genome, or complete genetic endowment. That compares with the $100,000 to $1 million for sequencing an entire genome using conventional techniques.
Although the nanopore sequencer still needs tweaking, scientists are optimistic about its future potential. "This is the first time a clear, feasible pathway to nanopore sequencing has been shown," says one authority in the C&EN article.
ARTICLE #5 EMBARGOED FOR 9 A.M., EASTERN TIME, March 9, 2009 "Key Advance in DNA Sequencing With Nanopores"
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Must-reads from C&EN: Potential new treatments for flu, tuberculosis
Influenza and tuberculosis (TB) are among the world's most serious infectious diseases. TB kills almost 1.6 million people annually. In an average year, 500,000 die worldwide from flu. But new treatments may soon be on the way. For an update on flu research, check this must-read article in Chemical & Engineering News, ACS' weekly newsmagazine. For an article on a unique drug-combination that kills extensively drug-resistant TB strains, click here. For other newsworthy items in C&EN's March 2 issue, click here.
New ACS pressroom blog
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ACS 237th National Meeting March 22-26
ACS 237th National Meeting in Salt Lake City, March 22-26, 2009. Expect more than 7,000 presentations on the broad spectrum of the sciences that involve chemistry -- from astronomy to zoology. For advance complimentary news media registration: https:/
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