French literary artist Honoré de Balzac is perhaps best known for La Comédie humaine (The Human Comedy), a vast series of more than 90 novels and short stories published between 1829 and 1847. In these works Balzac concentrated mainly on an examination of French society from the Revolution of 1789 to the eve of the 1848 Revolution. He linked realistic observation with visionary intuition, while at the same time seeking to analyze the underlying principles of his changing society. He ranged back and forth, often within the same novel, from the philosophical to the social, the economic, and the legal; from Paris to the provinces; and from the summit of society to the petit bourgeois.
Balzac’s plan to produce a unified series of books that would comprehend the whole of contemporary society was not clearly formulated until about 1834, though he had issued several volumes by that time. There were to be three general categories of novels: Études analytiques (Analytic Studies), dealing with the principles governing human life and society; Études philosophiques (Philosophical Studies), revealing the causes determining human action; and Études de moeurs (Studies of Manners), showing the effects of those causes, and themselves to be divided into six kinds of scènes—private, provincial, Parisian, political, military, and country life. The entire project resulted in a total of 12 volumes (1834–37). By 1837 Balzac had written much more, and by 1840 he had hit upon a title for the whole: La Comédie humaine. He negotiated with a consortium of publishers for an edition under this name, 17 volumes of which appeared between 1842 and 1848, including a famous foreword written in 1842. A “definitive edition” was published, in 24 volumes, between 1869 and 1876.
Balzac established a pool of characters from which he would constantly and repeatedly draw, thus adding a sense of solidarity and coherence to the imaginary world he was superimposing on the real world. A certain character would reappear—now in the forefront, now in the background, of different fictions—in such a way that the reader could gradually form a full picture of him. Balzac’s use of this device places him among the originators of the modern novel cycle. In the end, the total number of named characters in La Comédie humaine is estimated to have reached 2,472, with a further 566 unnamed characters.
The individuals in Balzac’s stories are continually affected by the pressures of material difficulties and social ambitions. They are capable of expending their tremendous vitality in ways Balzac viewed as socially destructive and self-destructive. Many of his characters are monomaniacs who are both victim and embodiment of some ruling passion. This could be avarice, as in the main character of Gobseck (1835), a usurer gloating over his sense of power, or the miserly father obsessed with riches in Eugénie Grandet (1833); excessive paternal affection, as in the idolatrous Lear-like father in Le Père Goriot (1835); feminine vindictiveness, as evidenced in La Cousine Bette (1847; Cousin Bette) and a half-dozen other novels; the mania of the art collector, as in Le Cousin Pons (1847; Cousin Pons); the artist’s desire for perfection, as in Le Chef-d’oeuvre inconnu (1831; The Unknown Masterpiece); the curiosity of the scientist, as in the fanatical chemist of La Recherche de l’absolu (1834; The Quest of the Absolute); or the vaulting and frustrated ambition of the astonishingly resourceful criminal mastermind Vautrin in Illusions perdues (1837–43; Lost Illusions) and Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes (1843–47; A Harlot High and Low). Other notable novels in the series include Les Chouans (1829), La Peau de chagrin (1831; The Wild Ass’s Skin), and Le Médecin de campagne (1833; The Country Doctor).