Intensive Structural Family Therapy - Introduction
A fundamental concept of SFT is the notion that the problem is maintained by the contemporary social context - the family, the extended family, friends, agencies and any other social or physical forces that impinge on the client and family. The focus on the contemporary context is based also on a belief regarding the self.
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As defined by Minuchin (1974), "family structure is the invisible set of functional demands that organizes the ways in which family members interact. A family is a system that operates through transactional patterns. Repeated transactions establish patterns of how, when, and with whom to relate, and these patterns underpin the system."
For example, a mother tells her child to pick up his socks and he obeys. This interaction defines who she is in relation to him and who he is in relation to her. Repeated interactions constitute a transactional pattern.
An operational definition of structure sees structure as the proximity and distance between members in a system. The functionality and dysfunctionality of this proximity and distance are determined on the basis of the developmental stage of the family members. This mother telling her son to pick up his socks may be appropriate when the boy is three but not when he is twenty.
In a paper written by Salvador Minuchin and H. Charles Fishman (1979), "The Psychosomatic Family in Child Psychiatry", it was proposed that the self is multi-faceted and that behavior and emotion expressed by a given individual are the result of not only history, temperament, and biology, but are called forth by demand characteristics of the present context. In a clinical setting, as we change the patient's social context, the problem is ameliorated as different facets of the patient's self are expressed.
Stemming from the concept of structure is the concept of boundaries. Boundaries describe the patterned transactions between members of a system to the exclusion of others. The SFT therapist posits that a functional organization within the family must have appropriate boundaries between subsystems: the parental, the siblings, the family unit as a whole, and the individual.
Emanating from this concept is a very useful family diagnostic nosology that describes dysfunction: "enmeshed," for a family (or a subsystem) that is overly close; "disengaged", where the family is too distant from one another. Other concepts that follow are triangulation, where one person is torn between two other people. For example, in the case where the parents disagree and they ask the child, "Is Mommy right or is Daddy right."
Assessments of structure are gauged against developmental norms. Enmeshment is the inappropriate closeness of family members against a backdrop, of course, of developmental appropriateness. The term disengaged is used when there is too much distance between family members.
Articles on Family Therapy
Fishman, H.C., Reflections on Assessment in Structural Family. In Keeney, B., Ed., Diagnosis and Assessment in Family Therapy, The Family Therapy Collections. Rockville, MD: Aspen, 1982.
Fishman, H.C., Diagnosis and Context: An Alexandrian Quartet. In Ziffer, R., Ed., Adjunctive Techniques in Family Therapy. Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton, 1984.
Fishman, H.C., The Family as a Fugue. In Fishman, H.C. and Rosman, B.L., Eds., Evolving Models for Family Change: A Festschrift in Honor of Salvador Minuchin. New York: Guilford, 1986.
Fishman, H.C., Structural Family Therapy and the Family Life Cycle: A Four Dimensional Model. In Falicov, C., Ed., Family Transitions: Continuity & Change Over the Life Cycle New York: Guilford, 1988.
Fishman, H.C.,Fishman, T. Structural Family Therapy. In Sholavar, C. Pirooz, ed. Text Book of Family and Couples Therapy. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association Press, 2003.
Publications on Family Therapy
Fishman, H.C., Scott, S., Betof, N., A Hall of Mirrors: A Structural Approach to the Problems of the Retarded. Mental Retardation Journal, January, 1977.
Fishman, H.C., A Matter of Power? Drawing the Line Between Therapy and Social Control. Family Therapy Networker, Jan/Feb 1990:17-18.
Fishman, H.C., Drawing the Line: Are Some Families 'Untreatable'?.Family Therapy Networker, Sept/Oct 1990:81-83.
Fishman, H.C., Establishing the Agenda: Approaches to Schizophrenia. Family Therapy Networker, Nov/Dec 1990:67.
Fishman, H.C., Our Assumptions About Incest: Maintaining a Professional Perspective. Family Therapy Networker, May/June 1991:67-68.
Fishman, H.C., The Resistant Substance Abuser. Family Therapy Networker, Jan/Feb 1992: 83-84.
Fishman, H.C., Preventing Out-of-Home Placements. Family Therapy Networker, Jul/Aug 1992:65.
Fishman, H.C., One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: Treating the Unmotivated Client. Family Therapy Networker, Sept/Oct 1993:91-92.
Fishman, H.C., The Boy Who Lived Catwoman. Family Therapy Networker, Jan/Feb 1994:73-73; May/Jun, 1994:7(L).
Fishman, H.C., No Time to Waste: When Culture and Medical Needs Conflict. Family Therapy Networker, Nov/Dec 1994:77.
Fishman, H.C.,Andes, F., Knolton, R. Enhancing Family Therapy: The Addition of a Community Resource Specialist. Journal of American Association of Family Therapists, Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, January 2001, Vol.27 No. 1,111-116.