Benthic foraminiferal delta(13)C and Cd/Ca studies suggest that deep Atlantic circulation during the Last Glacial Maximum was very different from today, with high-nutrient (low delta(13)C, high Cd) deep Southern Ocean Water (SOW) penetrating far into the North Atlantic. However, if some glacial delta(13)C values are biased by productivity artifacts and/or air-sea exchange processes, then the existing delta(13)C data may be consistent with the continual dominance of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi Cd/Ca results presented here indicate that the glacial North Atlantic was strongly enriched in dissolved Cd below similar to2500 m depth. If NADW formation was still vigorous relative to SOW formation, these data could be explained by either increased preformed nutrient levels in the high-latitude North Atlantic or by increased organic matter remineralization within lower NADW. High glacial Zn/Ca values in the same samples, however, are best explained by a substantially increased mixing with Zn-rich SOW. The cause was most likely a partial replacement of NADW by less dense Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water. This reorganization also lowered deep North Atlantic CO32- concentrations by perhaps 10 to 15 mumol kg(-1).
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