Experiment: Mosquito Love Songs
We've all heard the annoying sound of a mosquito buzzing in our ear, and our first impulse is to slap it away. Did you know that this buzz is actually how they find their mate? In this mosquito behavioral experiment, we will harness and study the power of the most ubiquitous sound known to man: the Mosquito Love Song. This experiment was prepared by Haley Smith, a senior from Temple University, during our Summer Fellowship Program.
What will you learn?
In this experiment, you will learn about courtship behaviors, harmonics, frequency spectrograms and how record the wing beats of the mosquito.
The mosquito nervous system has almost as many sensory auditory cells as the human nervous system. But why would they have so many, in such a small body? And why would they need to be so sensitive to sounds? The answer, dear reader, is love!
Mosquitoes produce very specific buzzing sounds, or frequencies, based on the rate at which they beat their wings. It is a language unique to each species and their means to communicate. This rate also depends on the sex of the mosquito, which posed an interesting question for researchers: do the different flight tones of the mosquito have anything to do with their mating behavior?
Male mosquitoes have a fundamental frequency of around 600 Hz, while females are around 400Hz. The female mosquito is much larger than the male, and the size means they do not need to beat their wings quite as fast. Both sexes each have a bulb-shaped organ at the base of their antennae, called the Johnston's organ, which is made up of thousands of sensory neurons responsible for detecting air particles displaced by sound vibrations.
The males, however, can hear lower tones very clearly because their antennae are equipped with hundreds of hair-like structures that house thousands more sensory neurons. This distinction is also important in sexing mosquitoes.
What does this difference in tones have to do with mosquito mating, you ask? Mosquitoes can adjust their flight tones to come together to produce a common tone, resulting in a duet! The buzz produced is a side effect of the rate at which the mosquitoes beat their wings, and they are able to change their wing beat speed in order to change the frequency of the sound! Prospective mates are then able to pick up these changes in their flight tones and signal back their interest in courting. Much more fundamental than a dating app.
When male and females come together, they attempt to match up their wing beat frequencies by making minor adjustment to their wing beat patterns to produce a harmonic that rings in at about 1200 beats per second.
In this experiment, you will record and observe these flight tone modulations in order to better understand mosquito mating behavior.
Preperation for the preperation
Before you begin, make sure you have downloaded Audacity. You will also needs a few additional Materials:
- Mosquitoes (wild type or lab purchased)
- Bowl of ice
- Super Glue
- Insect pins (0.01 mm)
- Colored tape (at least 2 different colors)
- iPhone or other audio recording device
- Another iPhone or other video recording device
- Pro Microphone app (or any phone app that can record and export data)
- Another iPhone or other video recording device
- Backyard Brains Micromanipulators (2x)
- Silly putty
Mosquitoes can be found outside (the DIY and more interesting option), or purchased through a bioassay insect lab. It is important to know the sex of each mosquito prior to conducting your experiments, so you should either order already separated mosquitoes, or sex them yourself using these tips:
- The most obvious and easy to identify trait separating male mosquitoes from females is the presence of very bushy and feathery like antennae on all male mosquitoes. If you spot this on any type of mosquito, you are guaranteed to have a male!
- Female mosquitoes are also much larger than males, but this is not as easy to identify unless you're lucky enough to catch both sexes and compare them against each other!
- To identify these traits, we recommend using a compound microscope.
- If you are out in the wild catching mosquitoes and you happen to get bit, you successfully stumbled upon a female! Female mosquitoes are the ones that do the biting.
Once you have your mosquitoes separated by sex and ready to go, the next step is to anesthetize them. Simply stick your storage containers in the fridge (not the freezer) for about 10 minutes, until you're confident they are asleep and unmoving. Female mosquitoes generally take a bit longer to anesthetize.
While your mosquitoes are chilling in the fridge, use this opportunity to prep your insect pins. Label each individual pin with a piece of colored tape; pick one color that you will use for all of your males, and a different color for all of your females. For our procedure, we labeled the insect pins intended for females with a piece of red tape, and for males, a piece of blue tape. Then, assign a number to each pin, making sure that you have no repeats.
When removing mosquitoes, use tweezers and very gently transfer them to a bed of ice. Mosquitoes recover from the cold very quickly, and you don't want them to escape when you are pinning them, and that makes for a very noisy lab.
Move your mosquitoes to a paper towel when you are ready to begin pinning. (Try to pin as many as possible while they are anesthetized.) Using the blunt end of the insect pin, dab a small amount of superglue onto the pin, immediately followed by touching the pin to the thorax of the mosquito. They should be securely fixed to the pin within seconds, but give them a little extra time to wake up from anesthesia.
Transfer the newly-pinned mosquito to recording stands that have a small amount of silly putty on their ends to hold the pin in place throughout the duration of the recording.
Next, get your recording devices in the proper positions for your experiments. For audio recordings, place your device on the slanted stand right under the mosquito, assuring the microphone is as close to the mosquito as possible. We used an iPhone to recorded audio with an app called 'Pro Microphone'. For video recordings, place your device on a stand or surface that will be able to capture the interaction with the highest definition as possible. We used an iPad with an adjustable stand for easy manipulation between each recording.
We are careful scientists, so an essential step in preparing a successful experiment is to assure that we have an organized way to record all data and observations associated with each experiment. We can do this by creating a spreadsheet with all of the variables we anticipated to be important for the analysis phase of our research. Below is a guide for picking your experimental variables, and a snapshot of the exact spreadsheet we used for all experiments.
- Give your mosquitoes a shorthand name for their species that you can use to label your files. Our species was Aedes Aegypti so we used AA
- Create one column for the mosquito you will fix in front of the microphone for the recording and a separate column for the mosquito you introduce once the recording begins
- Obtain an audio recording for each mosquito that will be used for the paired recording in order to quantify their fundamental frequencies
- Do not forget to date all of your recordings!
- Assign a number to each recording session, making sure to document the device you used for each recording
- Session definitions are yours to establish: for example, we may have chosen one session number for recordings taken during one sitting period, another number for recordings obtained in a different room, or an additional session number for the recordings taken on a different day
- Was a fan used during the recording?
- Were you able to get a video recording of the experiment?
Getting your data sheet set up and organized takes time, but is very worth the hassle when you attempt to differentiate your data when you're ready to analyze it! And now for the fun partâ€¦ Your procedure will be broken up into three inquiries.
- Inquiry 1: record from a male mosquito
- Inquiry 2: record from a female mosquito
- Inquiry 3: record from a male/female pair
For the first round of inquiries, obtain audio recordings from individual mosquitoes (male and females) so that you can have a record of their fundamental frequencies before any interactions. (All audio files will need to be imported into Audacity to reveal the specific frequencies.)
- Individual Male Mosquito Recording: This inquiry serves to establish the fundamental frequency of an individual male mosquito so that he can be identified in the male/female pairing experiments. Repeat this process for a couple of different males, so that you can definitively tell what fundamental frequency he should have. What frequency do you observe?
- Individual Female Mosquito Recording: The second inquiry to establish the fundamental frequency of an individual female mosquito so as to later identify her by frequency in male/female pairing experiments. Repeat this process for a couple of different females, so that you can definitively tell what fundamental frequency she should have. What frequency do you observe?
Now that you have recordings of the male and female, you should be able to hear the difference in their fundamental frequencies. Record the base fundamental frequencies of the males and the females, and take note of this difference.
For the next round of inquiries, you will obtain audio and video recordings of mosquito pairs. To do this, place one mosquito directly above the microphone and start recording. After a couple seconds, introduce the other mosquito into the frame and slowly move him/her within hearing range of the fixed mosquito. How close do you need to be for them to begin hearing each other? Gradually move the second mosquito closer to the first until they are as close as possible without touching, and leave them in that position for about 90 seconds.
The intent for this round of inquiries is to observe, firsthand, the way mosquitoes interact with one another. Here, you will observe interacting mosquitoes that can potentially be not interested in mating, or very interested. You will know you're hearing an interaction when the high pitched winey buzz you're used hearing morphs into a more dull and leveled sound. When the mosquitoes change their tones to signal desire for one another, we call this interaction harmonic convergence.
The most important step within this process is separating the two mosquitoes prior to the start of your recording so that at the beginning you're only recording one mosquito who will remain fixed to that position for the duration of the experiment. Fix the male in front of the microphone, start your recording, and after a couple seconds, slowly introduce the female within his hearing range. Keep moving her closer to the male until they're as close as possible without touching, and leave them both in this position for about 90 seconds. Try to record multiple male/female pairs because not all of the pairs will reveal harmonic convergence.
Before you look for an interaction, make sure you're able to identify the fundamental frequencies of both the male and female. What you're looking for is convergence between the two frequencies until they come together and overlap for any length of time.
NOTE: All of the above inquiries can be slightly tricky, as the mosquitoes do not always cooperate in terms of beating their wings for the entire duration of the recording. You may need to introduce a method that reminds them to beat their wings and/or an aid that keeps them in constant motion. What kinds of methods can you think of? Are there any potential problems incorporating these methods?
When you're ready, transfer all of your audio files to your computer, and import them into Audacity. Change the Audacity settings to the following:
- Click on the file name, which will give you a drop down list of various options
- Navigate to 'spectrogram' and click it
- Drop down the list again and navigate to 'spectrogram settings'
- A window will then pop up, navigate to where it says 'window size'
- Click on the drop down list and choose the option '32768 â€“ most narrowband'
- Make sure your 'window type' is 'Hanning'
- Click ok
Below is an example of female recording analysis. Note the lowest bright line is at 450Hz, this is called the â€œfundamentalâ€ frequency. You also see other lines equally spaced 450Hz apart. These are called the harmonics. Repeat these for the Male Mosquitos and the Paired Recordings. Do you see any interactions?
Science Fair Project Ideas
- When you bring the male and females together? What frequency do they overlap to sing the duet? Why do you think they choose to sing together that frequency?
- What do you think would happen if two males came in close proximity?
- What about if two females came in close proximity? Do your data match your theories?
- What would happen if you recorded 2 females of different species? Are their frequencies the same?