Researchers at Microsoft's Cambridge, England, labs are developing a file-sharing technology that they say could make it easier to distribute big files such as films, television programs and software applications to end users over the Internet.
Code-named Avalanche, the technology is similar to existing peer-to-peer (P-to-P)
file swapping systems such as BitTorrent's, in the sense that large files can be
divided into many smaller pieces to ease their distribution. End users request the
file parts from other users' hard drives and reassemble them to create the original
Such systems can scale well to serve millions of users, and reduce the bandwidth and
computing costs of sending content directly to users from central servers. Some have
also irritated publishers who complain the services are used to share copyright works
The problem with existing systems, according to Microsoft, is that people sometimes
have wait a long time to receive the last, "rare" pieces of a file. This is made
worse when clients drop off line unexpectedly and creates bottlenecks when only a few
clients have files that are in high demand.
Avalanche goes a long way to solving these problems, according to Peter Key, joint
head of the systems and networking group at Microsoft's research labs in Cambridge,
during an open day on Wednesday.
It does this by encoding the file pieces at the server with a special algorithm
before they are distributed. Each encoded piece contains information about every
other piece of the original file, so users don't have to collect every last piece in
order to reassemble the whole, Key said.
"Each encoded piece has the 'DNA' of all pieces in the file," another Microsoft
researcher wrote. "A given encoded piece can be used by any peer in place of any
When PCs in the Avalanche network receive encoded files, they randomly create new
encoded files from the ones they have collected, and these are sent to other peers.
When a user receives enough encoded files, they assemble them to make the original.
The system differs from BitTorrent's eponymous software in a few ways, Key said. It
does not depend on central servers, called "trackers," to orchestrate the download.
The Avalanche client on each PC shares the files automatically among users; they do
not look at other users' hard drives to find what they want. And the system works
well in smaller networks, such as a corporate intranet, he said.
Perhaps more importantly for content creators, Microsoft claims its system prevents
users from redistributing copyright material, because Avalanche will only forward
files that have been signed by the publisher.
Microsoft has developed a prototype of Avalanche and is testing it by using it to
distribute software applications to several thousand of its software beta testers,
according to a research engineer demonstrating the software in Cambridge. The company
has distributed a 4G-byte application in as little as a day, down from about two
weeks when it sends a program directly, he said.
The software may also be interesting to TV broadcasters and movie studios. Microsoft
has been in talks with both groups, and Avalanche may be introduced to users in the
U.K. as early as next year, he said.
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) began testing a service last month that
lets people download TV and radio programs using a P-to-P system from Kontiki Inc. It
is not looking at Avalanche currently, but will put the contract out for public
tender before launching the service, said Chris Charlton, a BBC spokesman.
The concept behind Avalanche is impressive, according to Mike Thompson, principal
research analyst with Butler Group, in Hull, England, who saw the technology
demonstrated. But it faces two problems of perception, he said.
"Firstly, Avalanche is a mirror of P-to-P models that are coming under scrutiny for
allowing illegal distribution. I believe this idea of 'good' and 'bad' P-to-P for
file-sharing of copyright material will create a deal of confusion.
"Secondly, despite the 'pull' nature of the model and the security that should allow
only the file to be accessed, Microsoft has had issues around security in the past --
IIS [Internet Information Server] being the clearest example of a secure solution
that wasn't. I think the P-to-P network would be a prime target for the dissemination
of viruses, despite Microsoft's assurances that it is 'safe.'"
Still, Avalanche is "an excellent take on P-to-P," Thompson said.