- Normal Adult Range: 32 - 36 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 34
Higher ranges are found in newborns and infants
- Normal Adult Female Range: 3.9 - 5.2 mill/mcl
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 4.55
Normal Adult Male Range: 4.2 - 5.6 mill/mcl
Optimal Adult Male Reading: 4.9
Lower ranges are found in Children, newborns and infants
- Normal Adult Range: 3.8 - 10.8 thous/mcl
Optimal Adult Reading: 7.3
Higher ranges are found in children, newborns and infants.
- Normal Adult Range: 130 - 400 thous/mcl
Optimal Adult Reading: 265
Higher ranges are found in children, newborns and infants
NEUTROPHILS and NEUTROPHIL COUNT - this
is the main defender of the body against infection and antigens. High levels
may indicate an active infection.
- Normal Adult Range: 48 - 73 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 60.5
Normal Children’s Range: 30 - 60 %
Optimal Children’s Reading: 45
LYMPHOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTE COUNT - Elevated
levels may indicate an active viral infections such as measles, rubella,
chickenpox, or infectious mononucleosis.
- Normal Adult Range: 18 - 48 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 33
Normal Children’s Range: 25 - 50 %
Optimal Children’s Reading: 37.5
MONOCYTES and MONOCYTE COUNT - Elevated
levels are seen in tissue breakdown or chronic infections, carcinomas,
leukemia (monocytic) or lymphomas.
- Normal Adult Range: 0 - 9 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 4.5
EOSINOPHILS and EOSINOPHIL COUNT - Elevated
levels may indicate an allergic reactions or parasites.
- Normal Adult Range: 0 - 5 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 2.5
BASOPHILS and BASOPHIL COUNT - Basophilic
activity is not fully understood but it is known to carry histamine, heparin
and serotonin. High levels are found in allergic reactions.
- Normal Adult Range: 0 - 2 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 1
SODIUM - Sodium is the most abundant
cation in the blood and its chief base. It functions in the body to maintain
osmotic pressure, acid-base balance and to transmit nerve impulses. Very Low
value: seizure and Neurologic Sx.
POTASSIUM - Potassium is the major intracellular
cation. Very low value: Cardiac arythemia.
CHLORIDE - Elevated levels
are related to acidosis as well as too much water crossing the cell
membrane. Decreased levels with decreased serum albumin may indicate water
deficiency crossing the cell membrane (edema).
CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) - The CO2
level is related to the respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide in the lungs
and is part of the bodies buffering system. Generally when used with the
other electrolytes, it is a good indicator of acidosis and alkalinity.
CALCIUM - involved in bone
metabolism, protein absorption, fat transfer muscular contraction,
transmission of nerve impulses, blood clotting and cardiac function.
Regulated by parathyroid.
PHOSPHORUS - Generally inverse
ANION GAP (Sodium + Potassium - CO2 + Chloride) -
An increased measurement is associated with metabolic acidosis due to
the overproduction of acids (a state of alkalinity is in effect). Decreased
levels may indicate metabolic alkalosis due to the overproduction of
alkaloids (a state of acidosis is in effect).
- Normal Adult Range: 4 - 14 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 9
- Normal Adult Range: 2.3 - 3.3 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 2.8
Normal Children’s range: 1.3 - 3.3 (calculated)
Optimal Children’s Reading: 2.3
- Normal Adult Range: 26 - 38 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 32
AST (Serum Glutamic-Oxalocetic Transaminase - SGOT )
- found primarily in the liver, heart, kidney, pancreas, and muscles.
Seen in tissue damage, especially heart and live
- Normal Adult Range: 0 - 42 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 21
ALT (Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase - SGPT) - Decreased
SGPT in combination with increased cholesterol levels is seen in cases of a
congested liver. We also see increased levels in mononucleosis, alcoholism,
liver damage, kidney infection, chemical pollutants or myocardial infarction
- Normal Adult Range: 0 - 48 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 24
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE - Used
extensively as a tumor marker it is also present in bone injury, pregnancy,
or skeletal growth (elevated readings. Low levels are sometimes found
in hypoadrenia, protein deficiency, malnutrition and a number of vitamin
- Normal Adult Range: 20 - 125 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 72.5
Normal Childrens Range: 40 - 400 U/L
Optimal Childrens Reading: 220
GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase) - Elevated
levels may be found in liver disease, alcoholism, bile-duct obstruction,
cholangitis, drug abuse, and in some cases excessive magnesium ingestion.
Decreased levels can be found in hypothyroidism, hypothalamic malfunction
and low levels of magnesium.
- Normal Adult Female Range: 0 - 45 U/L
Optimal Female Reading: 22.5
Normal Adult Male Range: 0 - 65 U/L
Optimal Male Reading: 32.5
LDH (Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase) - Increases are
usually found in cellular death and/or leakage from the cell or in some
cases it can be useful in confirming myocardial or pulmonary infarction
(only in relation to other tests). Decreased levels of the enzyme may be
seen in cases of malnutrition, hypoglycemia, adrenal exhaustion or low
tissue or organ activity.
- Normal Adult Range: 0 - 250 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 125
BILIRUBIN, TOTAL - Elevated in liver
disease, mononucleosis, hemolytic anemia, low levels of exposure to the sun,
and toxic effects to some drugs, decreased levels are seen in people with an
inefficient liver, excessive fat digestion, and possibly a diet low in
nitrogen bearing foods
- Normal Adult Range 0 - 1.3 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: .65
B.U.N. (Blood Urea Nitrogen) - Increases can
be caused by excessive protein intake, kidney damage, certain drugs, low
fluid intake, intestinal bleeding, exercise or heart failure. Decreased
levels may be due to a poor diet, malabsorption, liver damage or low
- Normal Adult Range: 7 - 25 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 16
CREATININE - Low levels are sometimes
seen in kidney damage, protein starvation, liver disease or pregnancy.
Elevated levels are sometimes seen in kidney disease due to the kidneys job
of excreting creatinine, muscle degeneration, and some drugs involved in
impairment of kidney function.
- Normal Adult Range: .7 - 1.4 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 1.05
URIC ACID - High levels are noted in gout,
infections, kidney disease, alcoholism, high protein diets, and with toxemia
in pregnancy. Low levels may be indicative of kidney disease, malabsorption,
poor diet, liver damage or an overly acid kidney.
- Normal Adult Female Range: 2.5 - 7.5 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 5.0
Normal Adult Male Range: 3.5 - 7.5 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Male Reading:5.5
BUN/CREATININE - This calculation is
a good measurement of kidney and liver function.
- Normal Adult Range: 6 -25 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 15.5
PROTEIN, TOTAL - Decreased levels may
be due to poor nutrition, liver disease, malabsorption, diarrhea, or severe
burns. Increased levels are seen in lupus, liver disease, chronic
infections, alcoholism, leukemia, tuberculosis amongst many others.
- Normal Adult Range: 6.0 -8.5 g/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 7.25
ALBUMIN - major constituent of serum protein
(usually over 50%). High levels are seen in liver disease(rarely) , shock,
dehydration, or multiple myeloma. Lower levels are seen in poor diets,
diarrhea, fever, infection, liver disease, inadequate iron intake,
third-degree burns and edemas or hypocalcemia
- Normal Adult Range: 3.2 - 5.0 g/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 4.1
GLOBULIN - Globulins have many diverse
functions such as, the carrier of some hormones, lipids, metals, and
antibodies(IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE). Elevated levels are seen with
chronic infections, liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, myelomas, and lupus
are present, . Lower levels in immune compromised patients, poor dietary
habits, malabsorption and liver or kidney disease.
- Normal Adult Range: 2.2 - 4.2 g/dl (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.2
A/G RATIO (Albumin/Globulin Ratio)
- Normal Adult Range: 0.8 - 2.0 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 1.9
CHOLESTEROL - High density lipoproteins
(HDL) is desired as opposed to the low density lipoproteins (LDL), two types
of cholesterol. Elevated cholesterol has been seen in artherosclerosis,
diabetes, hypothyroidism and pregnancy. Low levels are seen in depression,
malnutrition, liver insufficiency, malignancies, anemia and infection.
- Normal Adult Range: 120 - 240 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 180
LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) - studies
correlate the association between high levels of LDL and arterial
- Normal Adult Range: 62 - 130 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 81 mg/dl
HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) - A high level of
HDL is an indication of a healthy metabolic system if there is no sign of
liver disease or intoxication.
- Normal Adult Range: 35 - 135 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: +85 mg/dl
TRIGLYCERIDES - Increased levels may
be present in artherosclerosis, hypothyroidism, liver disease, pancreatitis,
myocardial infarction, metabolic disorders, toxemia, and nephrotic syndrome.
Decreased levels may be present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
brain infarction, hyperthyroidism, malnutrition, and malabsorption.
- Normal Adult Range: 0 - 200 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 100
- Normal Adult Range: 1 - 6
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.5
THYROXINE (T4) - Increased levels are
found in hyperthyroidism, acute thyroiditis, and hepatitis. Low levels can
be found in Cretinism, hypothyroidism, cirrhosis, malnutrition, and chronic
- Normal Adult Range: 4 - 12 ug/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 8 ug/dl
T3-UPTAKE - Increased levels are found in
hyperthyroidism, severe liver disease, metastatic malignancy, and pulmonary
insufficiency. Decreased levels are found in hypothyroidism, normal
pregnancy, and hyperestrogenis status.
- Normal Adult Range: 27 - 47%
Optimal Adult Reading: 37 %
- Normal Adult Range: 4 - 12
Optimal Adult Reading: 8
THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
- produced by the anterior pituitary gland, causes the release and
distribution of stored thyroid hormones. When T4 and T3 are too high, TSH
secretion decreases, when T4 and T3 are low, TSH secretion increases.
- Normal Adult Range: .5 - 6 miliIU/L
Creatine phosphokinase (CK) - Levels rise 4 to 8 hours after
an acute MI, peaking at 16 to 30 hours and returning to baseline within 4
CK-MB CK isoenzyme - It begins to increase 6 to 10 hours
after an acute MI, peaks in 24 hours, and remains elevated for up to 72
- < 12 IU/L if total CK is <400 IU/L
- <3.5% of total CK if total CK is >400 IU/L
(LDH) Lactate dehydrogenase - Total LDH will begin to rise 2 to 5
days after an MI; the elevation can last 10 days.
LDH-1 and LDH-2 LDH isoenzymes - Compare LDH 1 and LDH 2
levels. Normally, the LDH-1 value will be less than the LDH-2. In the acute
MI, however, the LDH 2 remains constant, while LDH 1 rises. When the LDH 1
is higher than LDH 2, the LDH is said to be flipped,
which is highly suggestive of an MI. A flipped pattern appears 12-24 hours
post MI and persists for 48 hours.
- LDH-1 18%-33%
- LDH-2 28%-40%
SGOT - will begin to rise in 8-12 hours and peak in 18-30
Myoglobin - early and sensitive diagnosis of myocardial
infarction in the emergency department This small heme protein becomes
abnormal within 1 to 2 hours of necrosis, peaks in 4-8 hours, and drops to
normal in about 12 hours.
Troponin Complex - Peaks in 10-24 hours, begins to fall off after 1-2
Table of Cardiac markers
Serum Markers of Myocardial Injury
cTnI: 5-9 days cTnT: 7-14 days