Economics is not a complete science, although it is described with elegant formulas and closed models. The reality of an economy is complex, with dynamic feedback loops. Yet policy-makers often make decisions and design interventions as though in a deterministic vacuum. Capital markets are far from stable and predictable. The recent financial crises have revealed how little is understood about how markets and economic systems work.
New schools of economic thinking, such as neuroeconomics, bounded rationality, behavioural finance and experimental economics, challenge the fundamental assumptions of neoclassical economic approaches. They go beyond the standard policy tools typically employed to analyse, discover, understand, describe and forecast economic issues and systems..