Pediatric Neurology (Medical Color Handbook Series) by James F Bale Jr (2011-12-15)
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alternating movements to assess coordination. 21 Assessing a child’s coordination by having her pick up small objects. Coordination with support) and then walking independently with a wide-based or toddler’s gait. At 3 years of age, the child is able to balance on one foot, and at 4 years the child can hop on one foot. By 6 years of age most children can narrow their station (stance) to the point of being able to tandem walk and maintain sufficient balance to ride a bicycle. Thus, cerebellar
assess visual function in infants and young children, and may detect delays in conduction from retina to occipital cortex, as might occur in optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis, or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. 56 SECTION 1 Core concepts Electromyography and nerve conduction studies Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (nerve conduction velocity, NCV) are performed less frequently in children than in adults. These technically difficult studies should be performed by a
of bands that has historically been identified using special dyes. The location of a gene can be on the short (p: for petite) or long (q: follows p in the alphabet) arm of the chromosome. Finally, sequencing of the entire human genome allowed scientists to assign a number to each individual base pair of the DNA. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 autosomal pairs and 2 sex chromosomes for 46 total chromosomes); each parent contributes one set of chromosomes (95). Each chromosome is comprised
cord and peripheral nerves, but also ascend or descend through the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres. Because they decussate at the level of the spinal cord or lower brainstem, findings on motor and sensory examinations have powerful localizing value when combined with cranial nerve, cerebellar, or cortical findings. A few examples help to illustrate the power of this paradigm in anatomical localization. A child presents with a right hemiparesis and left hemifacial weakness. The only place
picture Reading Writing Visuospatial – appropriate for age: Copy a design Draw a person Draw clock Name fingers Left–right and examiner’s left and right tive functions. Certain screening tests can test selected aspects of frontal lobe function. The patient is instructed to tap twice when the examiner taps once and tap once when the examiner taps twice. A variation is the Go–No Go test in which the patient is asked to tap when the examiner taps once and not to tap when the examiner taps twice.