Alerts and Notices
SynopsisCysticercosis refers to infection with the larval stage of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. There is a frequent misconception that cysticercosis is acquired by eating pork; this is not the case. Human ingestion of pork containing larval cysts of T solium leads to taeniasis, a localized human intestinal adult tapeworm infection. Humans usually acquire cysticercosis via fecal-oral transmission of T solium eggs from tapeworm carriers via contaminated food or water. Once in the small intestine, the ingested eggs hatch and penetrate the mucosa. The embryos then spread hematogenously throughout the body and encyst in various locations. The most frequently affected sites are skeletal muscle, subcutaneous tissue, the heart, the central nervous system (CNS), and ocular structures.
Subcutaneous cysticercosis primarily manifests as multiple freely mobile nodules. Its primary significance is as an indicator of possible neurocysticercosis. Cysticerci may also invade skeletal muscle, giving rise to myositis (fever, myalgias, eosinophilia) and sometimes pseudohypertrophy. Intraocular cysticercosis may lead to vision loss.
Neurocysticercosis is the most serious manifestation of cysticercosis and is the most common cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide. In addition to seizures, the presence of cysticerci in the brain may lead to stroke, meningitis / encephalitis, increased intracranial pressure, focal neurologic deficits, dementia, or death.
Cysticercosis is endemic to Mexico and Latin America, Eastern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, Indonesia, China, and southeastern Asia. The incidence of this important parasitic disease is rising in the United States, especially in California and other states with a large immigrant population. In a nationwide study examining hospitalization frequency for neurocysticercosis in the United States between 2003 and 2012, Hispanic individuals were at the highest risk, in particular males aged 20-44 years.
B69.9 – Cysticercosis, unspecified
59051007 – Cysticercosis
Differential Diagnosis & PitfallsSkin lesions:
- Epidermoid cyst
- Subcutaneous sarcoidosis
- Ganglion cyst
- Metastatic carcinoma
- Onchocerca nodules
- Lymphadenopathy – benign or malignant
- Idiopathic epilepsy
- Subdural hematoma or epidural hematoma