Scientists at the University of Liverpool, in collaboration with Public Health England, Boston University, and other international partners, say they used blood samples taken from infected and recovering patients during the 2013–2016 West Africa Ebola outbreak to identify gene products that act as strong predictors of patient outcome.
The new research provides data on the underlying causes of Ebola virus infection and suggests that this type of blood analysis could be integrated into future outbreak responses as a diagnostic tool to help guide treatment strategies.
Since the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, much research has been done to further understand the biology of the Ebola virus. In particular, the processes that lead to survival or a fatal infection are unknown, although the viral load can be a key determinant. However, while this premise worked well for predicting outcomes for people with extreme viral loads, it was less clear for people with mid-range counts, the majority of cases, where the outcome prediction was approximately equal between survival and a fatal infection.
The results of this new study (“Transcriptomic Signatures Differentiate Survival from Fatal Outcomes in Humans Infected with Ebola Virus”), which are published in Genome Biology, identified a small number of genes whose expression accurately predicts patient survival, independent of viral load.
Blood samples from patients who either went on to survive or die from the acute infection were collected by the European Mobile Laboratory in Guinea of Ebola and were analyzed using genomic techniques to identify and quantify messenger RNA expression. These results were compared to blood samples from a separate group of survivors who had recovered from infection and were now free of the Ebola virus.
The analysis also provided some fundamental information on the host response to Ebola virus infection in humans. It found that an immediate robust immune response didn't affect whether people went on to live or die from the infection. The data also points to the virus causing significant liver damage.
“The data demonstrate that individuals who succumbed to the disease show stronger upregulation of interferon signalling and acute phase responses compared to survivors during the acute phase of infection. Particularly notable is the strong upregulation of albumin and fibrinogen genes, which suggest significant liver pathology,” wrote the investigators. “Cell subtype prediction using messenger RNA expression patterns indicated that NK [natural killer]-cell populations increase in patients who survive infection. By selecting genes whose expression properties discriminated between fatal cases and survivors, we identify a small panel of responding genes that act as strong predictors of patient outcome, independent of viral load.”
Julian Hiscox, Ph.D., virologist at the University of Liverpool's Institute of Infection and Global Health, said: “Our study provides a benchmark of Ebola virus infection in humans, and suggests that rapid analysis of a patient's response to infection in an outbreak could provide valuable predictive information on disease outcome.”
According to Miles Carroll, Ph.D., director of research at Public Health England, “This study helps us to further our understanding of the human response to Ebola virus infection. This understanding should enable more effective patient care resulting in improved clinical outcomes in future outbreaks.”
John Connor, Ph.D., associate professor of microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, added: “It is not just defining how much Ebola virus that is present in a patient that defines whether a patient will survive. How the patient fights the infection is also key. Defining common aspects of how the immune system responds in individuals that survive opens a new window for studying how to keep Ebola virus infection from being a fatal infection.”