|This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2011)|
|Internet media type||
|Developed by||Adobe Systems (originally developed by Macromedia)|
|Type of format||Media container|
|Container for||Audio, video, text, data|
|Extended from||FLV: SWF
F4V: MPEG-4 Part 12
Flash Video is a container file format used to deliver video over the Internet using Adobe Flash Player version 6 and newer. Flash Video content may also be embedded within SWF files. There are two different video file formats known as Flash Video: FLV and F4V. The audio and video data within FLV files are encoded in the same manner as they are within SWF files. The F4V file format is based on the ISO base media file format and is starting with Flash Player 9 update 3. Both formats are supported in Adobe Flash Player and developed by Adobe Systems. FLV was originally developed by Macromedia.
Flash Video FLV files usually contain material encoded with codecs following the Sorenson Spark or VP6 video compression formats. The most recent public releases of Flash Player (collaboration between Adobe Systems and MainConcept) also support H.264 video and HE-AAC audio. All of these compression formats are restricted by patents.
Flash Video is viewable on most operating systems via the Adobe Flash Player and web browser plugin or one of several third-party programs. Apple's iOS devices do not support the Flash Player plugin and so require other delivery methods such as provided by the Adobe Flash Media Server.
- 1 History
- 2 Encoding
- 3 Flash Video Structure
- 4 FLV players
- 5 Delivery options
- 6 Flash video recording
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Support for video in SWF file format was added in Flash Player 6, released in 2002. In 2003, Flash Player 7 added direct support for FLV file format. Because of restrictions in the FLV file format, Adobe Systems has created in 2007 new file formats listed below, based on the ISO base media file format (MPEG-4 Part 12). Flash Player does not check the extension of the file, but rather looks inside the file to detect which format it is. The new file formats are completely different from the older FLV file format. For example, F4V does not support Screen video, Sorenson Spark, VP6 video compression formats and ADPCM, Nellymoser audio compression formats. Authors of Flash Player strongly encourage everyone to embrace the new standard file format F4V (ISO base media file format). There are functional limits with the FLV structure when streaming H.264 or AAC which could not be overcome without a redesign of the file format. This is one reason why Adobe Systems is moving away from the traditional FLV file structure.
Initial format since 2002 is Flash Video, file suffix is .flv with a MIME derived Internet media type of video/x-flv.
Extended from 2007 to support the ISO base media file format, Adobe branded file suffix is .f4v with the same MIME derived Internet media type of video/mp4 as the Apple file suffix of .m4v and the general file suffix of .mp4. Adobe branded file suffixes exist for .f4p which relates to media encrypted with their Adobe Access DRM scheme with .f4a and .f4b which relate respectively to .m4a and .m4b with the same MIME derived Internet media type of audio/mp4.
SWF files published for Flash Player 6 and later versions are able to exchange audio, video, and data over RTMP connections with the Adobe Flash Media Server. One way to feed data to Flash Media Server is from files in the FLV file format. Starting with SWF files created for Flash Player 7, Flash Player can play FLV file format directly (MIME type video/x-flv). Starting with SWF files created for Flash Player 9 Update 3, Flash Player can also play the new F4V file format.
|Flash Player version||Released||File format||Video compression formats||Audio compression formats|
|6||2002||SWF||Sorenson Spark, Screen video||MP3, ADPCM, Nellymoser|
|7||2003||SWF, FLV||Sorenson Spark, Screen video||MP3, ADPCM, Nellymoser|
|8||2005||SWF, FLV||On2 VP6, Sorenson Spark, Screen video, Screen video 2||MP3, ADPCM, Nellymoser|
|9||2007||SWF, FLV||On2 VP6, Sorenson Spark, Screen video, Screen video 2, H.264[*]||MP3, ADPCM, Nellymoser, AAC[*]|
|SWF, F4V, ISO base media file format||H.264||AAC, MP3|
|10||2008||SWF, FLV||On2 VP6, Sorenson Spark, Screen video, Screen video 2, H.264[*]||MP3, ADPCM, Nellymoser, Speex, AAC[*]|
|SWF, F4V, ISO base media file format||H.264||AAC, MP3|
- Use of the H.264 and AAC compression formats in the FLV file format has some limitations and authors of Flash Player strongly encourage everyone to embrace the new standard F4V file format.
Commonly, Flash Video FLV files contain video bit streams which are a proprietary variant of the H.263 video standard, under the name of Sorenson Spark (FourCC FLV1). Sorenson Spark is an older codec for FLV files but it is also a widely available and compatible one, because it was the first video codec supported in Flash Player. It is the required video compression format for Flash Player 6 and 7. Flash Player 8 and newer revisions also support the playback of On2 TrueMotion VP6 video bit streams (FourCC VP6F or FLV4). On2 VP6 is the preferred video compression format for use with Flash Player 8 and higher. On2 VP6 can provide a higher visual quality than Sorenson Spark, especially when using lower bit rates. On the other hand it is computationally more complex and therefore will not run as well on certain older system configurations.
The Flash Video FLV file format supports two versions of a so-called 'screenshare' (Screen video) codec which is an encoding format designed for screencasts. Both these formats are bitmap tile based, can be lossy by reducing color depths and are compressed using zlib. The second version is only playable in Flash Player 8 and newer.
Audio in Flash Video files is usually encoded as MP3. However, audio in Flash Video FLV files recorded from the user's microphone use the proprietary Nellymoser Asao Codec. (Flash Player 10 released in 2008 also supports the open source Speex codec.) FLV files also support uncompressed audio or ADPCM format audio. Recent versions of Flash Player 9 support AAC (HE-AAC/AAC SBR, AAC Main Profile, and AAC-LC).
Support for encoding Flash Video files is provided by an encoding tool included with Adobe's Flash Professional and Creative Suite products, On2's Flix encoding tools, Sorenson Squeeze, FFmpeg and other third party tools.
Media type support
Supported media types in both the Flash Video and ISO base media file formats:
Supported media types in just the Flash Video file format:
- General video
- Animated video are the zlib based Screen 1 and 2 (native to SWF).
- General audio are PCM and ADPCM (native to SWF).
- Vocal audio
- Timed text requires ActionScript specific commands for loading captioning, which is only supported by external text files in either JSON or W3C XML formats.
Supported media types in just the ISO base media file format:
- Animated video are QuickTime types for GIF, PNG and JPEG, which replace the Screen 1 and 2 encodings.
- Timed text requires ActionScript specific commands for loading captions embedded as either EIA-608 or QuickTime mac based styled text with the 3GPP derived version that supports Unicode.
An FLV converter is a type of video conversion software that is used for turning videos from different formats into FLV. Below is a list of popular free video converters which support conversion to FLV.
- SUPER (freeware)
- Free Studio (freeware)
- Freemake Video Converter (freeware)
- Format Factory (freeware)
- HandBrake Video Converter (GPL-licensed free software)
- VLC Video Player (GPL-licensed free software)
- Any Video Converter (freeware and commercial)
- FFmpeg (GPL-licensed free software)
Flash Video Structure
FLV files start with a standard header which is shown below:
|Version||uint8||1||Only 0x01 is valid|
|Flags||uint8 bitmask||0x05||Bitmask: 0x04 is audio, 0x01 is video (so 0x05 is audio+video)|
|Header Size||uint32_be||9||Used to skip a newer expanded header|
After the header, the file is split into packets called "FLV tags", which have 15-byte packet headers. The first four bytes denote a relative offset to the start of the preceding packet/tag (including the header), and aid in seeking backward. Therefore the first packet/tag in the file would obviously always be equal to a NULL value.
|Start of Last Packet||uint32_be||0||For first packet set to NULL|
|Packet Type||uint8||18||For first packet set to AMF Metadata|
|Payload Size||uint24_be||varies||Size of packet data only|
|Timestamp Lower||uint24_be||0||For first packet set to NULL|
|Timestamp Upper||uint8||0||Extension to create a uint32_be value|
|Stream ID||uint24_be||0||For first stream of same type set to NULL|
|Payload Data||freeform||varies||Data as defined by packet type|
The Packet Type byte of a packet/tag header is based on the RTMP message ID byte with the AMF metadata value of 18 (0x12), video payload value of 9 (0x09) and audio payload value of 8 (0x08) being the only valid types used. The third bit indicates the payload is encrypted using the same mechanism as RTMP uses, however this is rarely used due to encrypted transports such as RTMP being used instead. The FLV packet encryption is generally inherited from a MP4 file that is stored on a Adobe Flash Media Server.
Packet types enumerated as 1 is a RTMP set packet size.
Packet types enumerated from 3 are RTMP bytes read report, RTMP ping, RTMP server bandwidth, RTMP client bandwidth.
Packet types enumerated from 8 are Audio payload, Video payload.
Packet types enumerated from 15 are RTMP flex stream send, RTMP flex shared object, RTMP flex message, AMF metadata, shared object, RTMP invoke.
Packet type enumerated as 24 is an encapsulated flash video.
Following that, we find three bytes for the Payload Size denoting length of the Payload Data, then four bytes for the Timestamp in milliseconds (with the last byte used to extend the first three bytes), the next 3 bytes for the Stream ID (incremented for multiple streams of the same type), and finally followed by the actual payload data.
There is a direct relation between the fields encountered in an FLV Tag and those found in a RTMP packet, as for example the FLV Packet Type field uses the same numeric values as the RTMP Chunk Type field (ex. 0x08 for audio and 0x09 for video). FLV tags are thus converted into RTMP packets when the file is streamed through a Flash Media Server or equivalent RTMP Server.
The first packet encountered is usually a metadata packet which contains information such as
- "duration" - 64-bit IEEE floating point value in seconds
- "width" and "height" – 64-bit IEEE floating point value in pixels
- "framerate" – 64-bit IEEE floating point value in frames per second
- "keyframes" – an array with the positions of p-frames, needed when random access is sought.
- "|AdditionalHeader" - an array of required stream decoding informational pairs
When streamed using an Actionscript built player, the metadata values above are passed as arguments on the onMetaData callback function.
Audio packets have the first byte of the payload defining the decoding details with the first four bits for the encoding used and the last four bits for the parameters required to process the encoding. Video packets have this order reversed.
Video encodings enumerated from 0 are:
|4||On2 TrueMotion VP6|
|5||VP6 with alpha|
Video processing parameters enumerated from 1 are:
|Id||Video processing parameters|
|3||H.263 disposable frame|
|4||generated key frame|
|5||one byte frame seeking instruction|
MPEG-4 encodings such as H.264, MPEG-4 ASP and AAC add a one byte value with a NULL value indicating that the payload contains MPEG-4 configuration details. MPEG-4 video encodings also add three bytes for composition timestamp offset which is required for encodings that use B-frames.
Audio encodings enumerated from 0 are:
|2||MPEG layer 3|
|3||PCM - little endian|
|4||Asao 16 kHz|
|5||Asao 8 kHz|
|6||Asao parameter rate|
Audio encodings enumerated from 10 are:
Audio processing parameters with the first two bits for the sampling rate, next bit flags 16-bit sample size on with off indicating 8-bit sample size, and the final bit flags stereophonic channels on with off indicating monaural only. Sampling rates enumerated from 0 are 5.5 kHz, 11.025 kHz quarter, 22.05 kHz half, 44.1 kHz full.
Encrypted packets have an additional 31 or 24 byte header before the AES-CBC encrypted payload as follows:
|NumFilters||uint8||1||always only 1|
|FilterName||C string||"Encryption"||if only selected payloads are encrypted then is "SE"|
|Length||uint24_be||16 or 17||initialization vector length|
|EncryptedAU||uint8 bitmask||0x80 or 0x00||only if FilterName is "SE", then 0x80 mean encrypted payload|
|IV||uint128||varies||initialization vector for AES decryption|
An FLV player is a type of media player that is used for playing Flash video from PC as well as from Internet websites. An FLV player can be used standalone, without the need of the Adobe Flash authoring or developmental tools. It can also be embedded in the website using Flash component or embeddable version of FLV player.
Adobe Flash Player is a multimedia and application player originally developed by Macromedia and acquired by Adobe Systems. It plays SWF files, which can be created by Adobe Flash Professional, Apache Flex, or a number of other Adobe Systems and 3rd party tools. It has support for a scripting language called ActionScript, which can be used to display Flash Video from an SWF file. Because the Flash Player runs as a browser plug-in, it is possible to embed Flash Video in web pages and view the video within a web browser.
Flash Player 9 Update 3, released on 3 December 2007, also includes support for the new Flash Video file format F4V and H.264 video standard (also known as MPEG-4 part 10, or AVC) which is even more computationally demanding, but offers significantly better quality/bitrate ratio. Specifically, Flash Player now supports video compressed in H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10), audio compressed using AAC (MPEG-4 Part 3), the F4V, MP4 (MPEG-4 Part 14), M4V, M4A, 3GP and MOV multimedia container formats, 3GPP Timed Text specification (MPEG-4 Part 17) which is a standardized subtitle format and partial parsing support for the 'ilst' atom which is the ID3 equivalent iTunes uses to store metadata. MPEG-4 Part 2 video (e.g. created with DivX or Xvid) is not supported.
In an interview with BBC News, the main programmer of Flash Jonathan Gay said that the company had wanted to use H.264 when video support was originally added to Flash, but had been deterred by the patent licensing fees of around $ 5 million (£ 3.5 million) per year.
Flash Player supports two distinct modes of video playback:
- Software Rendered Video : Flash Player supports software rendered video since version 6. Such video supports vector animations displayed above the video content. Such content is typically rendered using software decoding.
- Hardware Accelerated Video : Flash Player supports hardware accelerated video playback since version 10.2, for H.264, F4V, and FLV video formats. Such video is displayed above all Flash content, and takes advantage of video decoders chipsets installed on the user's device. Developers must specifically use the "StageVideo" technology within Flash Player in order for hardware decoding to be enabled. Flash Player internally uses technologies such as DirectX Video Acceleration and OpenGL to do so.
Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Unix-based
- Adobe Media Player (freeware) (no longer published or supported by Adobe)
- Media Player Classic (free software)
- MPlayer (free software)
- RealPlayer (freeware)
- VLC media player (free software)
- Winamp (freeware)
Mac OS devices can play flash videos in QuickTime with the help of additional software (such as the open source Perian component.)
IrfanView (freeware)'s plugins package supports FLV if the IE version of Flash Player is installed; and, unlike some of the above listed players, it is small and has neither advertisements, nor registration (for home use), nor license-legalese.
PDA-based and smartphone-based
Windows Mobile, Palm OS-based
- The Core Pocket Media Player (open source software)
The iPhone and Android devices can play flash videos with the help of additional software (such as the Skyfire web browser application.) Versions of Android above 2.1 support Flash unlike Apple's iOS.
On 29 June 2012, Adobe announced that, as they were discontinuing development of the mobile version of Flash, they would prevent the Flash player from installing from the Google Play Store on any Android devices that do not already have the Flash player installed, and that they would not be releasing a version of Flash certified for use with Android version 4.1, codenamed Jelly Bean.
Flash Video files can be delivered in several different ways:
- As a standalone .FLV file. Although Flash Video files are normally delivered using a Flash player for control, the .FLV file itself is only playable with an FLV player. There are several third party players available.
- Embedded in an SWF file using the Flash authoring tool (supported in Flash Player 6 and later). The entire file must be transferred before playback can begin. Changing the video requires rebuilding the SWF file.
- Progressive download via HTTP (supported in Flash Player 7 and later). This method uses ActionScript to include an externally hosted Flash Video file client-side for playback. Progressive download has several advantages, including buffering, use of generic HTTP servers, and the ability to reuse a single SWF player for multiple Flash Video sources. Flash Player 8 includes support for random access within video files using the partial download functionality of HTTP, sometimes this is referred to as streaming. However, unlike streaming using RTMP, HTTP "streaming" does not support real-time broadcasting. Streaming via HTTP requires a custom player and the injection of specific Flash Video metadata containing the exact starting position in bytes and timecode of each keyframe. Using this specific information, a custom Flash Video player can request any part of the Flash Video file starting at a specified keyframe. For example, Google Video, YouTube, and Bitgravity support progressive downloading and can seek to any part of the video before buffering is complete. The server-side part of this "HTTP pseudo-streaming" method is fairly simple to implement, for example in PHP, as an Apache module, or using lighttpd.
- Streamed via RTMP to the Flash Player using the Flash Media Server (formerly called Flash Communication Server), free C++ RTMP Server, VCS, ElectroServer, Helix Universal Server, Wowza Media Server, Unified Streaming Platform WebORB for .NET, WebORB for Java, erlyvideo (in erlang), or the open source Red5 server. As of April 2008, there are stream recorders available for this protocol, re-encoding screencast software excluded.
- Flash Media Server 4.5 allows Flash video streaming to iPhones and iPads. It achieves this by delivering the content in an MPEG-2 stream using the HTTP Live Streaming format.
Flash video recording
It is possible to record online flash videos using stream recorders and screen video capture software. The former gives lossless results, while the latter allows recording any video even when anti-leeching measures are used.
- Adobe Systems Incorporated (November 2008). "Video File Format Specification, Version 10" (PDF). Adobe Systems Incorporated. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
- "What is the difference between Flash Video (FLV), F4V and H.264.". Google Knol. 7 December 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
- "Flash H.264". MainConcept. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
- Adobe Flash Media Server
- Kaourantin.net (20 August 2007). "What just happened to video on the web". Retrieved 12 August 2009.
- Kaourantin.net (31 October 2007) Tinic Uro New File Extensions and MIME Types, Retrieved on 2009-08-03
- Adobe Flash CS4 Professional Documentation – Digital video and Flash, Retrieved on 2009-08-09
- MultimediaWiki Nelly Moser, Retrieved on 2009-08-11
- Adobe (3 December 2007) List of codecs supported by Adobe Flash Player, Retrieved on 2009-08-10
- Benjamin Larsson (17 March 2009). "h263-svq3 optimizations". FFmpeg-devel mailing list. http://lists.mplayerhq.hu/pipermail/ffmpeg-devel/2009-March/065410.html. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
- "The quest for a new video codec in Flash 8". Kaourantin.net. 13 August 2005. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
- "Sorenson Spark". MultimediaWiki. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
- Sorenson Media Difference Between Flash 6 and Flash 8 video, Retrieved on 2009-08-09
- Adobe LiveDocs (2005) Flash 8 Documentation – About the On2 VP6 and Sorenson Spark video codecs, Retrieved on 2009-08-09
- "Flash CS3 – Comparing the On2 VP6 and Sorenson Spark video codecs". Retrieved 4 February 2011.
To support better quality video at the same data rate, the On2 VP6 codec is noticeably slower to encode and requires more processor power on the client computer to decode and play back. For this reason, carefully consider the lowest common denominator of computer you intend your viewing audience to use when accessing your Flash Video content. If you anticipate a large user base that uses older computers, consider encoding your FLV files using the Sorenson Spark codec.
- Adobe LiveDocs (2005) Flash 8 Documentation – Comparing the On2 VP6 and Sorenson Spark video codecs, Retrieved on 2009-08-09
- AskMeFlash.com (10 May 2009) Speex vs Nellymoser, Retrieved on 2009-08-12
- Open Source Flash (2011) Flash Video (FLV) [online] Available from (link already dead): http://osflash.org/flv#flv_format
- "Adobe Flash Player 9 Downloads". Adobe. 3 December 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
- [dead link]
- Frewin, Jonathan (18 May 2010). "Flash creator wades into Apple debate". BBC News. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- Melanson, Mike (January 27, 2010). "Solving Different Problems". Penguin.SWF. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
- Arthur, Charles (29 June 2012). "Flash Player for Android: Adobe calls time, declares it dead". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- Apple iPads and iPhones finally get Flash video 9 September 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
- Flash Developer Center – Flash Video Articles
- Flash Video (FLV) File Format Specification (adobe.com)
- List of codecs supported by Adobe Flash Player versions from 6 to 9 (adobe.com)
- Macromedia Flash FLV Video File Format (Library of Congress)