Id, ego, and super-ego
Freud describes the human mind as interaction of id, ego, super-ego. The ego, and to some extent the super-ego, is conscious or on the surface. The id remains unconscious. Together they make up the personality.
Id[change | change source]
The id represents a constant in the personality as it is always present. The id is governed by the 'pleasure principle'.
Early in the development of his theory Freud saw sexual energy as the only source of energy for the id. After the tragedy of World War I, however, Freud felt it necessary to add another instinct to the id. So, he proposed thanatos, the death instinct. Thanatos accounts for the instinctual violent urges of humankind. Obviously, the rest of the personality would have somehow to deal with these two instincts. By adding thanatos, he could describe more mental phenomena. His idea of id had wide influence.
The id is unconscious by definition:
- "It is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality... It is filled with energy reaching it from the instincts, but it has no organisation, produces no collective will, but only a striving to bring about the satisfaction of the instinctual needs subject to the observance of the pleasure principle".105/6
Ego[change | change source]
The ego is the sense of self and the surface of the personality, the part you usually show the world. The ego is governed by the 'reality principle', or a practical approach to the world. It seeks to turn the id’s drive to behaviour which brings benefits in the long term rather than grief.
Conscious awareness resides in the ego, although not all of the operations of the ego are conscious.
The ego separates out what is real. It helps us to organise our thoughts and make sense of them and the world around us.
- "The ego is that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world ... The ego represents what may be called reason and common sense, in contrast to the id, which contains the passions ... in its relation to the id it is like a man on horseback, who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse; with this difference, that the rider tries to do so with his own strength, while the ego uses borrowed forces".363/4
But the ego "serves three severe masters...the external world, the super-ego and the id".110 Its task is to find a balance between primitive drives and reality while satisfying the id and super-ego. "Thus the ego, driven by the id, confined by the super-ego, repulsed by reality, struggles...[in] bringing about harmony among the forces and influences working in and upon it, and readily 'breaks out in anxiety".110/1
Super-Ego[change | change source]
The Super-ego aims for perfection and the ideal outcome. It comprises that part of the personality, mainly unconscious, which includes the individual's ego ideals, spiritual goals, and the psychic agency (commonly called "conscience") that criticises and prohibits his or her drives, fantasies, feelings, and actions.
- "The Super-ego can be thought of as a type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt. For example: having extra-marital affairs".
The superego consists of two parts, the conscience and the ego-ideal. The conscience is the familiar metaphor of angel and devil on each shoulder. The conscience decides what course of action one should take. The ego-ideal is an idealized view of one's self. Comparisons are made between the ego-ideal and one's actual behavior. Both parts of the super-ego develop through experience with others or via social interactions. According to Freud, a strong super-ego serves to inhibit the biological instincts of the id, while a weak super-ego gives in to the id's urgings. Further, the levels of guilt in the two cases above will be high and low, respectively.
References[change | change source]
- Snowden, Ruth (2006). Teach yourself Freud. McGraw-Hill. pp. 105–107. ISBN 9780071472746.
- Rycroft, Charles (1968). A critical dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Basic Books.
- Sigmund Freud . New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. Penguin Freud Library 2.
- Noam, Gil G.; Hauser, Stuart T.; Santostefano, Sebastiano; Garrison, William; Jacobson, Alan M.; Powers, Sally I.; Mead, Merrill (1984). "Ego development and psychopathology: a study of hospitalized adolescents". Child Development. Blackwell and Society for Research in Child Development. 55 (1): 189–194.
- Freud [1923; transl. 1927] 1961. The Ego and the Id. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, James Strachey (ed). Norton, New York, NY.
- Meyers, David G. (2007). "Module 44 The Psychoanalytic perspective". Psychology, eighth edition in modules. Worth Publishers. ISBN 9780716779278.
- Arthur S. Reber 1985. The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology.