How Social Spending Affects Health Outcomes
The United States spends more on health care than any other developed nation, yet a recent study suggests social services could have a greater impact on health outcomes.
In a blog post for The New York Times, Dr. Dhruv Khullar, a resident physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, detailed important—and importantly nonmedical—barriers to health that he had witnessed in his patients: a man who couldn’t fathom worrying about his blood pressure when he needed to find food and a place to sleep, a diabetic without reliable access to a refrigerator to store insulin, a mother fretting that mold and cockroaches in her apartment were exacerbating her son’s asthma. Medical care might be necessary for these patients. But that care alone is unlikely to be sufficient.
It’s well-known that the United States spends far more on health care than any other developed nation—a record 17.5 percent of its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2014—while enduring worse health outcomes. Life expectancy in the U.S. is lower, maternal and infant mortality is higher, and the prevalence of chronic illness is far more common than European countries.
But these poor health outcomes can also be connected to another type of spending where the U.S. falls far below Europe—social services that target education, housing, nutrition and poverty. In an analysis we published in 2011, the ratio of social service spending to medical care spending was significantly associated with better health outcomes across 34 OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries between 2000 and 2005.
Key findings on the connection between social services and health outcomes
Our study, published in Health Affairs, found this same pattern within the United States:
- When comparing state-to-state spending between 2000 and 2009, those states with higher ratios of social service spending to health care spending had better outcomes on average. The size of the health effects were substantial. For instance, a 20 percent change in the median social-to-health spending ratio was equivalent to 85,000 fewer adults with obesity and more than 950,000 adults with mental illness.
- Many of the states with higher ratios of social to health care spending were in the West, while those with less healthy spending patterns were in the South; states in the Midwest and Northeast had more mixed profiles.
- We examined health outcomes for adult obesity, asthma, mentally unhealthy days, days of activity limitations and mortality rates from lung cancer, acute myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes. Our findings suggests that the allocation of spending, not just the total investment, may be key to improving health outcomes.
Which social services matter the most?
We reviewed 74 research studies examining the impact of various social services on health outcomes and health care costs, and found that three types of services are particularly meaningful:
- supportive housing;
- nutritional support (such as in-home meals for older adults and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) supplemental nutritional services);
- some case management and outreach programs.
These studies suggest that greater investments in such programs could significantly offset health care costs nationally.
Real-world experiences support this idea. In 2011, Bud Clark Commons (BCC) opened in Portland, Oregon—a facility designed to provide housing and supportive services for chronically homeless individuals. Those who were covered by Medicaid had average annual health costs of $2,006 prior to taking up residence in the BCC apartments; in the year after moving in, that figure fell by 55 percent, to $899. A similar program that the University of Illinois Hospital leads, in partnership with Chicago's Center for Housing and Health, has seen health costs for residents fall 42 percent.
The role of lifestyle changes
High health care costs in the United States partly stem from both providers and consumers relying heavily on medical care to address problems that could be alleviated through comparatively inexpensive lifestyle changes. But large scale lifestyle changes will require shifts in our culture, as well as new kinds of partnerships for health—between health care providers, social service agencies and communities.
And sometimes the built environment and other structural factors complicate lifestyle decisions. For example, the presence or absence of a grocery store in a neighborhood can dictate access to nutritious food. Key stakeholders are beginning to pay attention to these issues; in Mississippi, UnitedHealthcare announced an initiative they will carry out with Alcorn State University to distribute fresh produce to Mississippians living in so-called “food deserts.”
Changing the conversation
Reorienting attention and resources from the health care sector to upstream social factors is critical, but it’s also an uphill battle. More research is needed to characterize how the health effects of social determinants like education and poverty act over longer time horizons. Stakeholders need to use information about data on health—not just health care—to make resource allocation decisions. Financial incentives will need to be aligned to encourage these shifts in thinking and decision-making. To start this conversation, we should try to draw lessons from states that already maintain higher social-to-health spending ratios and observe better health outcomes.
About the Authors
Elizabeth H. Bradley, PhD, is the Brady-Johnson Professor of Grand Strategy and Faculty Director of the Yale Global Health Leadership Institute. She is renowned internationally for her work on health system design and large-scale implementation of efforts to improve management capacity in health care delivery within the US and abroad.
Lauren A. Taylor is a doctoral student in the management track of the Health Policy program at Harvard University. Prior to joining HBS, she graduated as a Presidential Scholar from Harvard's Divinity School in 2015, where she served as the Research and Development Director in the Science, Religion and Culture program.