Fold Analysis Challenge
The Fold Analysis Challenge (FAC) uses Google Earth and a customized Google Earth interface to help students visualize the orientations of eroded dipping sedimentary layers and to visualize the geometries of folds in layered rocks. The FAC uses spectacularly exposed layers at Sheep Mountain, Wyoming and takes students through a variety of activities to help them visualize the shape and orientation of the fold structure responsible for the patterns that can be seen in Google Earth at Sheep Mountain. After working with Sheep Mountain, students apply what they have learned to interpret other fold structures in the Bighorn Basin. Once students have become adept at visualizing dipping layers and folds, they are ready to use the same strategies for visualizing fold structures anywhere in the world where they are well exposed in Google Earth.
Skills and concepts that students must have mastered
The FAC activity assumes that students are familiar with basic concepts of stratigraphy, fold classification and terminology, strike and dip, simple geologic maps and cross sections, and stereographic projections.
A surprising number of students have not used Google Earth, particularly in 3D "fly-through" mode. To save time during class, give students an assignment ahead of time to practice navigation in Google Earth. If you plan to have students use their own computers, have them install and configure Google Earth ahead of time as well. Instructions for doing so are included in the FAC activity.
How the activity is situated in the course
Activity Length1/2 to 1 day, depending on background knowledge and expectations
Content/concepts goals for this activity
Higher order thinking skills goals for this activity
Other skills goals for this activity
Description and Teaching Materials
- Fold Analysis Activity (Acrobat (PDF) 7MB Jan29 19)
- Fold Analysis Challenge Instructor Advice (Acrobat (PDF) 386kB Jan29 19)
The FAC student activity supported by this document for instructors is written specifically for the Google Earth desktop interface. The Fold Analysis Challenge interface is also available as an online version for web browsers that still support the Google Earth plugin and Application Program Interface (API), currently Safari or Firefox but not Chrome or Internet Explorer. The FAC activity would need to be modified to be used with the online API interface.
The desktop version of the FAC student activity requires installation of Google Earth or Google Earth Pro on a desktop or laptop computer. Google Earth for mobile devices is not adequate. Instructions for installation and set-up of Google Earth are detailed in the student handout.Work in groups or individually?
Being the "pilot in command" of the mouse is critical for students to visualize well in Google Earth. Watching someone else zoom, tilt, and pan is not nearly as effective as being in charge of the controls. Having a computer for each student in the class will produce better results than having 2 or 3 students sitting around a computer screen with only one of the students actually controlling the mouse. Group work is still valuable, but pairs or trios of students working on their own computers and then discussing what they are seeing is the best set-up. This activity requires Google Earth or Google Earth Pro running on a Mac or Windows desktop or laptop computer. Google Earth for mobile devices is not sufficient. Click here to download the latest version of Google Earth or Google Earth Pro (which is now free)
Technology NeedsStudents need access to the Google Earth desktop program.
References and Resources
This is part of the GEODE Project funded by NSF DUE 1323419 and Google gifts to ODU and JMU. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or Google Inc.
Website for original activity and overarching project. http://csmgeo.csm.jmu.edu/Geollab/Whitmeyer/geode/fac/