Church of Russia
|Patriarchate of Moscow|
|Founder(s)||Apostle Andrew, St. Vladimir of Kiev|
|Autocephaly/Autonomy recognized||1589 by Constantinople|
|Current primate||Patr. Kyrill I|
|Primary territory||Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan and other former Soviet republics|
|Possessions abroad||United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, Western Europe, China|
|Liturgical language(s)||Church Slavonic|
|Musical tradition||Russian Chant|
|Official website||Russian Orthodox Church|
The Church of Russia, known officially as the Russian Orthodox Church and also referred to as the Moscow Patriarchate, is one of the autocephalous Local Orthodox Churches, ranking fifth after the Churches of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. It exercises jurisdiction over the Orthodox Christians living in the former member republics of the USSR and their diasporas abroad. It also exercises jurisdiction over the autonomous Church of Japan and the Orthodox Christians living in the People's Republic of China. The current Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia is His Holiness Kyrill I.
- 1 Jurisdiction
- 2 History
- 3 The Russian Orthodox Church today
- 4 See also
- 5 External links
- 6 Further Reading
- 7 Sources
According to the statutes of the Russian Orthodox Church its jurisdiction includes the Orthodox faithful living on its canonical territory in Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Estonia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan as well as Orthodox Christians living in other countries who voluntarily submit to its jurisdiction.
In addition to its regular dioceses the Russian Orthodox Church is comprised of the following self-governing and/or autonomous churches:
- The Estonian Orthodox Church
- The Latvian Orthodox Church
- The Orthodox Church of Moldova
- The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
- The Ukrainian Orthodox Church
- The Japanese Orthodox Church
The autonomous and self-governing churches receive their chrism from the Patriarch of Moscow and exercise their activities on the basis of their patriarchal tomoses. The Russian Orthodox Church's jurisdiction over particular territories is disputed, most notably in Estonia, Moldova, and Ukraine, but it remains by far the largest Orthodox Church present in all three countries.
According to tradition, St. Andrew the First-Called, while preaching the gospel, stopped at the Kievan hills to bless the future city of Kiev. But it was Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople (858-861‚ 878-886), who first initiated missionary work on a large scale among these Slavs.
Conversion of the Slavs
The Kievan-Rus' empire (present day Ukraine, Belarus and Russia) was blessed with the work of Ss. Cyril and Methodius Equal-to-the-Apostles, the Illuminators of the Slavs. Although their work was around 863 in Moravia (roughly equivalent to the modern Slovakia), the benefit was to all the Slavic lands (particularly Bulgaria, Serbia, Ukraine, Belarus' and Russia).
The Kiev period (988-1237)
Cyril and Methodius not only brought Christianity in a common language, they brought Byzantium. The Slavs received a fully articulated system of Christian doctrine and a fully developed Christian civilization. The age of the Seven Councils was complete and the doctrines of the Trinity and the Incarnation had already been worked out. Because people were preached to in their own tongue, and of taking services in Slavonic, they truly could make Christianity their own.
Around 864 Patriarch Photius sent a bishop to Kiev(capital of present day Ukraine), but this was stopped by Oleg, who assumed power at Kiev (the chief Rus' city at this time) in 878. Christian ideas from Byzantium, Bulgaria, and Scandinavia, still came into Kievan-Rus'.
In 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev was baptized. This paved the way for what is called the greatest events in the history of the Ukarainian and Russian church, the baptism of Vladimir of Kiev and the Baptism of Rus' in 988. Olga's grandson Vladimir (reigned 980-1015) was converted to Christianity and married Anna, the sister of the Byzantine Emperor. Orthodoxy became the State religion of Rus', and eventually Russia until 1917. (Rus' was not completely converted to Christianity at this time, and the Church was at first restricted mainly to the cities, while much of the countryside remained pagan until the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.)
The Orthodox Church during the Kievan period was subject to Constantinople, and until 1237 the Metropolitans of Rus' were usually Greek. The Rus' Church continues to sing in Greek the solemn greeting to a bishop, eis polla eti, despota ("Many years to you, Master"), in memory of the days when the metropolitan came from Constantinople. Most of the rest of the bishops were native Ukrainians or Russians.
Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)
In the 12th century, the period of feudal divisions, the Kievan-Rus' Church remained the only bearer of the idea of unity of the people, resisting the centrifugal aspirations and feudal strife among Rus' princes. Even the Tartar invasion, this greatest ever misfortune that struck Rus' in the 13th century, failed to break the Orthodox Church. The Church managed to survive as a real force and was the comforter of the people in their plight. It made a great spiritual, material and moral contribution to the restoration of the political unity of Russia as a guarantee of its future victory over the invaders.
Also, at this same time, the Grand Duke Alexander of Novgorod, won a great victory on the banks of the Neva' over the Swedes, who had been incited by the Pope to conquer Russia for the Latin Church.
The Russia which emerged from the Mongol period was a Russia greatly changed in outward appearance. Kiev never recovered from the sack of Batu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, in 1240, and its place was taken in the fourteenth century by the Principality of Moscow. It was the Grand Dukes of Moscow who inspired the resistance to the Mongols and who led Russia at Kulikovo. The rise of Moscow was closely bound up with the Church. When the town was still small and comparatively unimportant, Peter, Metropolitan of Russia from 1308 to 1326, decided to settle there; and henceforward it remained the city of the chief hierarch of Russia.Alexis (1354-1378) educated Prince Dimitry Donskoy. He, just as St. Metropolitan Jonas (1448-1471) later, by the power of his authority helped the Prince of Moscow to put an end to the feudal discords and preserve the unity of the state. St. Sergius of Radonezh, a great ascetic of the Russian Church, gave his blessing to Prince Dimitry Donskoy to fight the Kulikovo Battle which made the beginning of the liberation of Russia from the invaders.
During these years, Russian painters indigenized the iconographic traditions which they had received from the Eastern Christian Empire. Icon painting flourished above all among the spiritual children of Saint Sergius. One of the finest of all Orthodox icons, from the artistic point of view, the Holy Trinity Icon, by Saint Andrei Rublev (1370?-1430?) is from this period.
Autocephalous Russian Church
Liberating itself from the invaders, the Russian state gathered strength and so did the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1448, not long before the Byzantine Empire collapsed, the Russian Church became independent from the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Metropolitan Jonas, installed by the Council of Russian bishops in 1448, was given the title of Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia.
The Russian Church thus gained its independence, more by chance than from any deliberate design. Hitherto the Patriarch of Constantinople had appointed the head of the Russian Church, the Metropolitan. At the Council of Florence the Metropolitan was a Greek, Isidore. A leading supporter of the union with Rome, Isidore returned to Moscow in 1441 and proclaimed the decrees of Florence, but he met with no support from the Russians. He was imprisoned by the Grand Duke, but after a time was allowed to escape, and went back to Italy. The chief see was thus left vacant; but the Russians could not ask the Patriarch for a new Metropolitan, because until 1453 the official Church at Constantinople continued to accept the Florentine Union. Reluctant to take action on their own, the Russians delayed for several years. Eventually in 1448 a council of Russian bishops proceeded to elect a Metropolitan without further reference to Constantinople. After 1453, when the Florentine Union was abandoned at Constantinople, communion between the Patriarchate and Russia was restored, but Russia continued to appoint its own chief hierarch. Henceforward the Russian Church was self-governing, but its autocephaly was not ratified by the rest of the Church until 1589.
After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, there was only one nation that saw itself as capable of assuming leadership in Eastern Christendom. The growing might of the Russian state also contributed to the growing authority of the autocephalous Russian Church. To the Russian people, it was a sign from God, that at the very moment when the Byzantine Empire was ending, they themselves were throwing off the few remaining vestiges of Tartar control. To them, Moscow became the Third Rome, a status never acknowledged by the remainder of the Church but nevertheless which served to inspire Russian Orthodox Christians.
Non-Possessors and Josephites
Saint Nilus of Sora (Nil Sorsky, 1433?-1508), a monk from a remote hermitage in the forests beyond the Volga, launched an attack on the ownership of land by monasteries. St. Joseph, hegumen of Volokolamsk (1439-1515), replied in defense of monastic landholding. This became known as the dispute between the "Possessors" (Josephites) and the "Non-Possessors". (Note that both are saints of the Church.)
As the "Third Rome", the tsar derived his power and right to rule from being God's chosen representative on earth. So, to keep his status, he needed to protect and promote the church. In the Byzantium tradition, the relationship between the church and the state acted as a check on the power of the tsar. The metropolitan and the tsar were equals, and the metropolitan had the right to censure the tsar. The dispute between the Possessors and the Non-Possessors challenged this idea because about a third of the land in Russia belonged to monasteries at this time.
The Possessors and the Non-Possessors held different views about the role the church should play in society and in politics. When the Possessors triumphed, the church gained the right to wealth at the expense of political influence. The tsar became superior to the metropolitan, and could now interfere in secular matters of the church. The tsar was cut off from any source of accountability. Also, behind the question of monastic property lay two different conceptions of the monastic life, and ultimately two different views of the relation of the Church to the world. The Possessors emphasized the social obligations of monasticism. Monks argued that they did not use their wealth on themselves, but to care for the sick and poor, to show hospitality, and to teach. To do these things efficiently, monasteries needed money and therefore they must own land. (Possessors emphasized unity in preaching and worship, beauty and dignity in ritual.)
The Non-Possessors argued on the other hand that almsgiving is the duty of the laity, while a monk's primary task is to help others by praying for them and by setting an example. To do these things properly a monk must be detached from the world, and only those who are vowed to complete poverty can achieve true detachment. Monks who are landowners cannot avoid being tangled up in secular anxieties, and because they become absorbed in worldly concerns, they act and think in a worldly way. (Non-Possessors were more concerned with freedom in religious practice and taught that God was most pleased with a simple, contrite heart, even in the absence of an elaborate Liturgy. They were the scholars and mystics, who upheld evangelical poverty.)
While the Russian people sympathized deeply with the afflictions of their brethren in Constantinople, they did not have sufficient military strength to come to their relief.
In 1588, during reign of the Tsar Feodor I (Theodore) of Moscow, Boris Godunov requested of the Patriarch of Constantinople for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people. The question was referred to the other Patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, and they all decided that, although the Councils had established five Patriarchates, the exact number was not a matter of divine right, but of ecclesiastical convenience, and consequently, the request could be granted.
In 1589, Metropolitan Job of Moscow became the first Patriarch of Moscow; the autocephaly of the Church of Russia being officially acknowledged by the Mother-Church of Constantinople. The patriarchs of the ancient churches recognized the Russian patriarch as the fifth in honor, defining the canonical boundaries of the Church of Moscow as being that of Moscow and the "Northern lands".
When Nikon of Moscow was the primate, the Russian Church was engaged in introducing alterations and amendments into its service books and rites. A great contribution to this was made by Patriarch Nikon, a bright personality and outstanding church reformer. During the Tartar rule, many mistakes had been made in the service-books, through the ignorance of scribes. Nikon carefully corrected and restored the rites, comparing them with the Greek service books, and introduced many practical reforms. But his zeal made him many enemies, so that at last this great and good man died in exile.
The reforms caused the separation from the Church of those who rightfully supposed that the old service-books were divinely inspired. Some clergymen and lay people were perhaps more hesitant about accepting the liturgical reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon and were wrongly anathematized by the church authority. Hieromartyr Andrew, Archbishop of Ufa confessed that: "On the basis of Patriarch Nikon's mistake was established that caesaropapism which has, since the time of Patriarch Nikon, undermined all the roots of Russian Church life and was finally expressed in the formation of the so-called 'Living Church', which is at present the ruling hierarchy and which has transgressed all the church canons... But I, although I am a sinful and unworthy bishop, by the mercy of God ascribe myself to no ruling hierarchy and have always remembered the command of the holy Apostle Peter: 'Pasture the flock of God without lording it over God's inheritance'."
The Synodical Church (1700-1917)
The beginning of the 18th century in Russia was marked by sweeping reforms carried out by Peter I. The reforms did not leave the Russian Church untouched. After the death of Patriarch Adrian in 1700, Peter I delayed the election of the new Primate of the Church because he did not want another Nikon. He established, in 1721, a collective supreme administration known as the Holy and Governing Synod. The constitution of the Synod was not based on Orthodox Canon Law, but copied from the Protestant ecclesiastical synods in Germany. Its members were not chosen by the Church but nominated by the tsar; and the tsar who nominated could also dismiss them at will.
The Holy Governing Synod was constituted at St. Petersburg, and consisted of twelve members; four archbishops, six archimandrites, and two arch-priests. This body, was presided over by the Metropolitan of St. Petersburg, but subject to the tsar. The Holy Synod rendered an annual account of its affairs through a lay procurator, who in fact governed the Russian Church. Whereas a patriarch, holding office for life, could perhaps defy the tsar, a member of the Holy Synod was allowed no scope for heroism: he was simply retired. The Synod remained the supreme church body in the Russian church for almost two centuries.
In the Synodal period, the Church paid a special attention to the development of religious education and mission in the provinces. Old churches were restored and new churches were built.
The Holy Synod consisted of the most influential metropolitans, archbishops and bishops. Moscow itself was administered by a territorial archbishop, combined with Vladimir (1721-1745), with Sevsk (1745-1764), with Kaluga (1764-1799), and then by a metropolitan after it was combined with Kaluga (1799-1917).
The early Synodical period is sometimes represented as a time of decline, with the Church in complete subservience to the State. It was a time of ill-advised westernization in Church art, Church music, and theology.
The Synodical period of the nineteenth century, far from being a period of decline; it was a time of great revival in the Russian Church. People turned away from religious and pseudo-religious movements in the contemporary West and fell back once more upon the true spiritual forces of Orthodoxy. With this revival in the spiritual life went a new enthusiasm for missionary work, while in theology, as in spirituality, Orthodoxy freed itself from a slavish imitation of the West.
During this time, the Russian Church was divided into fifty-eight dioceses, with a bishop at the head of each. These bishops were divided into three metropolias. They were in Kiev, Moscow, and St. Petersburg.
The Russian Church (20th century)
Early in the 20th century the Russian Church began preparations for convening an All-Russian Council. But it was to be convened only after the 1917 Revolution. Among its major actions was the restoration of the patriarchal office in the Russian Church. The Council elected Metropolitan Tikhon of Moscow Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' (1917-1925). St. Tikhon of Moscow exerted every effort to calm the destructive passions kindled up by the revolution.
When in 1921-1922 the Soviet government demanded that church valuables be given in aid to the population starving because of the failure of crops in 1921, a conflict erupted between the Church and the new authorities who decided to use this situation to demolish the Church to the end. By the beginning of World War II the church structure was almost completely destroyed throughout the country. There were only a few bishops who remained free and who could perform their duties. Some bishops managed to survive in remote parts or under the disguise of priests. Only a few hundred churches were opened for services throughout the Soviet Union. Most of the clergy were either imprisoned in labor camps, where many of them perished, or hid in catacombs, while thousands of priests changed occupation. World War II forced Stalin to mobilize all the national resources for defense, including the Russian Orthodox Church as the people's moral force. This process, which can be described as a "patriotic union", culminated in Stalin's receiving on September 4, 1943, Patriarchal Locum Tenens Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) and Metropolitan Alexius (Simansky) and Nicholas (Yarushevich).
The Russian clergy outside the USSR, who rejected demands of loyalty to the Soviet Communist authorities put forth by Sergius (Stragorodsky) in 1927 (in the so called Declaration of 1927), formed the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia.
The Russian Orthodox Church today
The Russian Orthodox Church claims about 26,000 parishes. Out of these, more than 50% (14,700) are in Ukraine.
- Moscow Patriarchate (Official Website)
- Department of External Affairs (Official Website)
- Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (Official Website)
- Article on the Orthodox Church of Russia by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA web site
- "The Canonical Territory of the Moscow Patriarchate" by J. Buciora (Article)
- Church in history of Russia. Lev Regelson.
- Dimitry Pospielovsky. The Orthodox Church in the history of Russia. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. 413 pp. (ISBN 0881411795; ISBN 9780881411799)
- DECR Communication Service Communication service of the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate
|Autocephalous and Autonomous Churches of Orthodoxy|
| Four Ancient Patriarchates: Constantinople · Alexandria · Antioch · Jerusalem |
Russia · Serbia · Romania · Bulgaria · Georgia · Cyprus · Greece · Poland · Albania · Czech Lands and Slovakia · OCA* · Ukraine*
|Sinai · Finland · Estonia* · Japan* · China* · Ukraine*|
|The * designates a church whose autocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized.|