The quality of the pose estimates is, consequently, strongly related to the quality of the sensor measurements. That is why localization strategies usually rely on accurate sensors such as laser range scanners. Most of these sensors are able to provide thousands of readings per second with a sub degree angular resolution. Other sensors, such as standard Imatinib clinical Time-of-Flight (TOF) ultrasonic range finders, do not have Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries these properties. In general terms, standard ultrasonic range finders are only able to provide tenths of readings per second and have Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries angular resolutions one or two orders of magnitude worse than laser scanners.However, ultrasonic range finders are still appealing in the mobile robotics community for several reasons. Their price and power consumption are better than those of laser scanners.
Moreover, their basic behavior is shared with underwater sonar, which Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries is a sensor vastly used in underwater and marine robotics. A typical underwater sonar, although being far more complex than the ultrasonic devices used in this work, can take profit of those localization techniques accounting for the ultrasonic sensor limitations.Some researchers have demonstrated the validity of standard ultrasonic range finders, like the Polaroid ultrasonic sensors, to perform localization. For instance, Tard��s et al.  used a perceptual grouping technique to identify and localize Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries environmental features, such as corners and lines, together with robust data association to perform SLAM with sonar. Gro��mann et al.  confronted the sonar localization problem by means of the Hough transform and probability grids to detect walls and corners.
However, looking for features has shown to be a complex, unreliable and time consuming task due to the noisy nature of sonar data. That is why different approaches have GSK-3 to be adopted when using this kind of sensors. For example, Burguera et al.  defined the sonar probabilistic Iterative Correspondence (spIC), not requiring environmental features to be localized. They showed that scan matching localization can provide reasonably good results if sonar uncertainties are taken into account. Hern��ndez et al.  also proposed an approach to underwater localization using sonar without requiring environmental features. One more study is by Young-Ho Choi and Se-Young Oh , who proposed an approach to localization using visual sonar.
Although a visual sonar consists on obtaining range measurements from image data, it has comparable characteristics and poses similar problems to localization that the ultrasonic range finders.Nowadays it is broadly accepted that probabilistic methods are the most promising ones to deal MG132 FDA with sensor and pose uncertainties in real-time. In this context, Kalman filters are commonly used to perform localization and SLAM. However, they fail to represent ambiguities and to recover from localization failures.