largest organelle: Contains the linear DNA molecules Site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis.
site of oxidative metabolism
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
specialized metabolic compartments for the digestion of macromolecules and for various oxidative reactions
network of intracellular membranes, extending from the nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm. It functions in processing and transport of proteins and lipid synthesis.
proteins are further processed and sorted for transport to their final destinations. Also serves as a site of lipid synthesis;
network of protein filaments extending throughout the cytoplasm. Provides structural framework Determines cell shape and organization Involved in movement of whole cells, organelles, and chromosomes during cell division.
How are eukaryote organelles meant to have arisen?
by endosymbiosis- prokaryotic cells living inside the ancestors of eukaryotes. Evidence strong in mitochondria.
Evidence of endosymbiosis (mitochondria (M))
M- similar size to bacteria. Like bacteria they reproduce by dividing by two (asexually). Bother contain there own DNA (encoding some of their compartments. DNA replicated when organelle divides, genes are transcribed within organelle and translated on organelle ribosomes. Ribosomes/Ribosome DNA are more closely related to those of bacteria than the ones encoded by eukaryote nuclear genome.
What is the simplest eukaryotes
what is the size of yeast?
6um in diameter, 12 million base pairs of DNA.
When did multicellular organiams evolve?
1-2 billion years ago
What led to complex and diverse present-day animals?
Increasing specialization and division of labor among the cells of multicellular organisms
form sheets that cover the surface of the body and line internal organs
include bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue. Loose connective tissue is formed by fibroblasts
contains several different types of cells: Red blood cells (erythrocytes) function in oxygen transport. White blood cells (granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes) function in inflammatory reactions and the immune response
tissue is composed of supporting cells and nerve cells, or neurons, and various types of sensory cells.
cells are responsible for the production of force and movement.
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