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This circumstantial evidence led Craig George and fellow researchers at the Department of Wildlife Management (North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK) to believe that bowhead whales, named for their exaggerated jaw curve, could have a life span of more than 200 years.
(To hear a radio interview with George, visit The only other animals with similarly long life spans are the giant tortoise and the giant clam, which some have claimed can live about 150 and 220 years, respectively.
According to Bada, aspartic acid was used because it has the fastest racemization rate.
Unfortunately, none of the proteins amino acids racemize as fast and thus, there is, in general, no detectable amounts of racemization other than for aspartic acid, he explains.
Following this analysis, Bada turned over the results of the chromatography measurements to Judith Zeh, a statistician at the University of Washington in Seattle, to estimate the ages of the bowhead whales.
Using a racemization rate of 1.18 × 10/year, she calculated that four whales were more than 100 years old, and one was estimated to be 211 years old.
Jurassic Racemization In addition to studying animal life span, Bada also applied racemization analysis to the search for genetic material in ancient fossil and tissue samples.
Bada believes that the extent of amino acid racemization is a useful indicator of the extent of DNA degradation in ancient specimens (3).
Currently, these techniques are used to estimate the age of fossils, determine the life span of bowhead whales, and detect evidence of extraterrestrial life.
Chemical Whale Tales Since 1981, whale hunters in Alaska have found at least six harpoon heads in bowhead whales that they have killed in the Beaufort Sea, southwest of the Arctic Ocean. Anthropologists at the Smithsonian Institution (Washington, DC) estimate that they are between 130 and 200 years old and were probably used by Inupiat hunters in the late 1700s.
For example, at neutral p H, rates of aspartic acid racemization and DNA depurination are almost identical at temperatures from 45 to 120 °C.
Bada and his colleagues examined the degree of race mization of aspartic acid in archaeological and paleontological samples.