The past century has been one of unprecedented global population growth.
While the number of people in the world doubled to 1.6 billion people from 1750 to 1900, the 20th century saw a near quadrupling to 6.1 billion.
So it may have been a surprise to some to see Japan, the world’s third-largest economy, posting the first population decline since 1920, falling 0.7% from five years earlier. A persistently low birth rate is the main reason.
Japan has been worrying for a while now about whether its population may one day become extinct. In 2006, the Japanese National Institute of Population and Social Security Research predicted that by the end of the present century, the population would decline to about 50 million, falling further to 10 million by the end of the next.
By 2350 just 1 million would be left, and by the year 3000 just 62 people would be rattling around the Land of the Rising Sun. (Perhaps by then we will be living underwater).
Neither current nor projected population decline is unique to Japan. Many East Asian societies are forecast to encounter rapid decline over the coming centuries. A similar exercise to that of Japan was published in South Korea, with the rather more generous assumption of 10,000 Koreans left by 2503.Japanese National Institute of Population and Social Security Research
Neither is the narrative of population decline unique to Asia. Current population decline in some Eastern European countries, such as Bulgaria, has resulted from both low fertility and high rates of emigration. And the projected demographic travails of Germany – which has one of Europe’s lowest fertility rates — have even been cited as a reason for Chancellor Angela Merkel’s approach to the refugee crisis.
Quality, not quantity
So how worried should we be about this? Classical approaches to demography and economics, which see population size as critical to gross-domestic-product growth, would suggest we should be very concerned. This is multiplied by the link to population aging. This is often referred to as a “time bomb” in terms of its effects on both economic growth and the sustainability of social security and health and social care systems.
Recently, however, demographers have tried to move the discussion on from concern about overpopulation or underpopulation. Instead, they have focused on the raw number of people as just one variable in either economic growth or sustainability, which is multiplied by lifestyle, education, savings, and so on.
In this view, the total quantity of people is less important than their quality (defined by, for example, education or health). Not only can this mean that population decline can be weathered by increased labour (and capital) productivity, but the time bomb of population aging can also, to a degree, be diffused.
Political point scoring
So, if this the case, why are governments like those in Japan and Korea so worried about population decline?
Population decline can, to a degree, be seen as a sense of national weakness: a lack of “vitality.” These nationalistic sentiments not only can link into discussions of the strength of a culture, but they can also have consequences for (the perception of) national defense. It is perhaps no surprise that the South Korean “extinction” forecasts were commissioned by a right-wing politician. In Taiwan, low birth rates were referred to by the previous president as a “national security concern.”
It is possible that these extinction forecasts do not represent a real concern at all but are just another tool used by the state to urge citizens into reproducing.
On a much more local level of abstraction, however, we need to look at where depopulation is occurring the most. In Japan, the capital Tokyo is actually growing rapidly. Yet in Japan, as elsewhere in East Asia, rural depopulation is occurring on a tremendous scale — driven by both low fertility and migration to towns and cities. A recent book called “Local Extinctions” on this became a best-seller in Japan. In China, some villages are almost uniquely made up of the elderly.
The consequences of this for the economic and social prospects of rural areas are clear. To take one specific example, we can look at an article that received far less press than the Japanese population decline story but is just as apt. Over the past two years, two colleges in Pingtung County at the southern tip of Taiwan have closed down. While there may have been other reasons at play, the local media explicitly states that this is “due to the nation’s dwindling student population,” which in turn is ascribed to the low birth rate.
Peak youthUNPD 2015
What we see here in Pingtung County is a reflection of the dramatic changes that are forecast to occur among youth populations around the world over the next 50 years.
As the chart below shows, which I presented at the recent UUK International Higher Education Forum, the world is roughly split into two – between countries where the population ages 15 to 19 will increase (almost threefold in the case of Niger) and where it will decrease.
Some examples of youth population decline from 2015 to 2050 include Taiwan (-46%), Thailand (-38%), Poland and South Korea (both -31%), Brazil (-22%), and China (-21%). As education systems are still growing in many of these countries, it would be wrong to translate these figures into inevitable school and college closings. But it might suggest that through the basic principles of supply and demand, quality in education — especially higher education — could potentially increase as students become more discerning. This would then have impacts of total numbers of institutions.
The countries that make up the present majority of the world’s population, therefore, have reached “peak youth.” Not only will younger people have to bear a greater burden of supporting an aging population, but there are concerns that as they become demographically marginalized, so too might they become politically marginalized.
To me it is clear that realizing the potential of both this dwindling and booming young population will be the key to truly determining whether rapid population decline or growth will have a negative effect on either local, national, or global societies. Improved, relevant education and skills alongside access to decent employment and a strong political voice are the key priorities for this.