Hammerhead shark (family Sphyrnidae), any of eight shark species belonging to the genera Sphyrna (with seven species) and Eusphyrna (with one species), which are characterized by a flattened hammer- or shovel-shaped head, or cephalofoil. Hammerhead sharks, or sphyrnids, are perhaps the most distinctive and unique of all sharks. These cartilaginous fishes vary in size; the small scalloped bonnethead (S. corona) measures only 90 cm (35 inches) long, whereas the great hammerhead (S. mokarran) grows to over 6.1 metres (20 feet) in length. Although they are considered one of the most recently evolved groups of sharks, sphyrnids are known to date back in the fossil record to at least the early Miocene Epoch (about 23–16 million years ago). Some authorities believe that this group emerged as early as the Eocene Epoch (roughly 55.8–33.9 million years ago).
Hammerhead sharks are widely distributed in tropical and temperate marine waters near the coasts and above the continental shelves. They may migrate seasonally, moving equatorward during the winter and poleward during the summer. In years with warm El Niño conditions, hammerhead sharks may range many hundreds of kilometres farther than normal. Some species, such as the scalloped hammerhead (S. lewini) and smooth hammerhead (S. zygaena), form large schools that may be segregated by sex or age.
Hammerhead sharks are viviparous: they retain fertilized eggs within the body and give birth to live young—from 2 to 42. Smaller species produce just a few young, whereas the great hammerhead will give birth to several dozen. Birth usually occurs during the spring and summer months, and females will usually give birth in shallow, protected coastal waters. The young will live in these areas until they reach larger sizes and can safely venture into deeper offshore waters.
The peculiar shapes of sphyrnid cephalofoils appear to serve several purposes. First, the flattened and expanded head acts as a hydrodynamic bow plane that allows the shark to raise and turn its head quickly and sharply. This feature gives the shark enhanced maneuverability to snap up its prey. Second, the nostril is much expanded compared with other groups of sharks and may provide hammerhead sharks with a keener ability to locate prey and follow scents to their sources. Third, the extended spacing of the eyes may provide a wider field of view; it may also widen the lateral field of view and increase anterior depth perception. Fourth, the wide underside of the head—with its expanded surface area—houses more electroreceptive organs (see sensory reception), which are important for detecting the electrical impulses of prey. These organs may even detect the electrical impulses of prey buried in sediment. Lastly, many larger hammerhead species hunt stingrays and other benthic (that is, bottom-dwelling) fish; they have been observed using the wide margins of their heads to ram and pin prey to the substrate before biting them.
Hammerhead sharks prey on a wide array of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans, but specific prey varies between the different species. The smaller bonnethead sharks have thicker, flattened crushing teeth and often prey on crabs, shrimp, and fishes buried in the sand. In contrast, larger hammerhead sharks possess sizable bladelike teeth and often prey on larger fishes, squid, small sharks, and stingrays. In fact, the great hammerhead specializes in hunting and eating large stingrays, and some members of this species have been found to have dozens of stingray barbs embedded in their flesh. Most species feed in relatively shallow coastal waters and may even venture into brackish bays and estuaries. A few species migrate into offshore waters to feed at night.
While hammerhead sharks usually are not considered dangerous, there have been several confirmed accounts of large hammerhead sharks attacking people. Most of those attacked were spearfishing, and it could be that the blood of the speared fish attracted the sharks. Nonetheless, large hammerhead sharks should be respected and avoided by bathers and divers.
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Humans often eat the meat of hammerhead sharks; however, consumers should be aware that large specimens may have high levels of mercury and other pollutants. Fins, skin, and teeth are also harvested from sphyrnids, and many larger hammerhead sharks are prized as sport fish.