A Spoonful of Vinegar Helps the Blood Sugar Go Down
By Jack Challem
Strange as it might seem, including some vinegar in your diet may improve your blood sugar. Although vinegar has a bit of a checkered past — it has too often been hyped in weight-loss diets and miracle cures — solid research has clearly shown that it can improve glycemic control.
"Scientific studies over the past 10 years show benefits from vinegar consumption," says Carol Johnston, Ph.D., head of the nutrition department at Arizona State University, Tempe. Vinegar decreases both fasting and postprandial (after-meal) glucose levels, she says. "It's inexpensive and can be easily incorporated into the diet. Used in combination with diet and exercise, it can help many people with type 2 diabetes." Much of the vinegar research comes out of Johnston's laboratory and that of Elin Ostman, Ph.D., at Lund University in Lund, Sweden.
The biologically active constituent of vinegar is acetic acid, also the source of the liquid's lip-puckering pungency. Nobumasa Ogawa, Ph.D., of Tokyo University in Tokyo, discovered that the acetic acid inhibits the activity of several carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, including amylase, sucrase, maltase, and lactase. As a result, when vinegar is present in the intestines, some sugars and starches temporarily pass through without being digested, so they have less of an impact on blood sugar.
According to Johnston, some people have far greater responses than others to vinegar. However, she says, "We documented small but important average decreases in hemoglobin A1C in people with type 2 diabetes — over the course of 12 weeks, taking a couple teaspoons of apple-cider vinegar daily," she says.
In another study, Johnston found that taking 2 tablespoons of apple-cider vinegar along with 1 ounce of cheese before bedtime led to a 4 to 6 percent decrease in fasting blood sugar levels, according to an article in Diabetes Care (November 2007). Meanwhile, Lund University's Ostman found that people were less hungry a couple hours after consuming vinegar with bread, as opposed to bread alone, according to a report in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (September 2005).
Because taking a teaspoon or two of vinegar alone seems to cause burping and acid reflux in a lot of people, Johnston suggests that people include vinegar with food. The easiest way is by using oil and vinegar salad dressing, made with balsamic, red wine, apple-cider, or any number of flavored vinegars (avoid the fruity, sweet ones, of course, or you may cancel out the benefit). When making the dressing, use about 50 to 75 percent vinegar, and add some diced garlic, dried oregano, and basil — or stir in a little Dijon mustard.
Johnston recommends also using vinaigrette dressings drizzled over steamed veggies, such as cauliflower. Another option is to dip small, thin slices of whole-grain bread into a mix of olive oil and balsamic vinegar. Or, better, try sourdough bread, which contains a substance that also seems to mediate blood sugar response.
Vinegar is a natural meat and fish tenderizer, so you can use it to marinate meat and chicken. It's also used to cook brisket, sauerbraten, and in the preparation of the spicy Korean vegetable, kimchi. Look for low-sodium versions of dill pickles, and consider other condiments and veggies pickled or preserved in vinegar.
As for the weight-loss claims attributed to vinegar, Johnston noticed in one study that people consuming a tablespoon of vinegar before lunch and dinner lost an average of 2 pounds over four weeks. It may be a case of "if it sounds too good to be true…," but consider this: The study was conducted in November and December, when people often eat more than usual. There may be something to it after all.
Editor's Note: Johnston's latest research, published in the Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism in January 2010, reinforces previous evidence that the acetic acid in vinegar can indeed reduce postprandial blood sugars. According to Johnston, "Two teaspoons of vinegar effectively reduced PPG (after meal blood sugar). This effect was most pronounced when vinegar was taken with the meal as compared to 5 hours before the meal." Just two teaspoons of vinegar, taken with a meal, may help you keep better blood glucose control.
Telephone interview with Carol Johnston, April 25, 2008.
Ogawa N, Satsu H, Watanabe H, et al. 2000. Acetic acid suppresses the increase in disaccharidase activity that occurs during culture of caco-2 cells. Journal of Nutrition 130:507-513.
White AM, Johnston CS. 2007. Vinegar ingestion at bedtime moderates waking glucose concentrations in adults with well-controlled type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 11: 2814-2815.
Johnston CS, Kim CM, Buller AJ. 2004. Vinegar improves insulin sensitivity to a high-carbohydrate meal in subjects with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27:281-282.
Ostman E, Granfeldt Y, Persson L, et al. 2005. Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59;983-988.
Leeman M, Ostman E, Bjorck I. 2005. Vinegar dressing and cold storage of potatoes lowers postprandial glycaemic andinsulinaemic responses in healthy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59:1266-71.
Liljeberg HG, Bjrck IM. 1996. Delayed gastric emptying rate as a potential mechanism for lowered glycemia after eating sourdough bread: studies in humans and rats using test products with added organic acids or an organic salt. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64:886-893.
Johnston CS. 2010. Examination of the Antiglycemic Properties of Vinegar in Healthy Adults. Ann Nutr Metab 2010;56:74-79 (DOI: 10.1159/000272133)
Johnston CS. 2005. Strategies for healthy weight loss: from vitamin C to the glycemic response. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 24:158-165.
Reviewed by Susan Weiner, R.D., M.S., C.D.E., C.D.N. 10/08
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