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Unformatted text preview: Ch. 22 natural selection mechanism for evolution; individuals with certain heritable traits leave more offspring evolution change over time in the genetic composition of a population evolutionary adaptation accumulatin of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments scala naturae Aristotle; scale of nature; each for of life had a perfect and permanent rung on this ladder of increasing complexity natural theology based on Old Testament; Creator individually designed each species with a purpose that remained unchanged Taxonomy the naming and classifying of organisms Catastrophism Cuvier; each boundary between strata corresponds to a catastrophe that destroyed many species Uniformitarianism Lyell; geologic processes same rate now as in past Binomial nomenclature genus and specific epithet Linnaeus father of taxonomy Darwin associated with evolution through natural selection Wallace theory similar to Darwins Cuvier - catastrophism Paleontology study of fossils Gradualism profound change through cumulative effect of slow and continuous processes artificial selection selecting and breeding for a desired trait homologous structures (homology) resulting from common ancestry; variations of structural theme with different functions analogous structures (analogy) due to convergent evolution biogeography geographic distribution of species vestigial structures homologous; remnants of structures that were important to ancestors Charles Lyell uniformitarianism; Principles of Geology Scientific evidence of Evolution Biogeography geographical distribution of organisms; islands The Fossil Record older fossils compared to newer to living Homology Divergence process of one species diverging over time into more than one species convergent evolution organisms not not monophyletic, independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar environments sedimentary rocks deeper strata older; superimposed layers endemic species found in only one location The Beagle Darwins ship (naturalist); 5 yrs; chart SA coast The Origin of Species Darwin; evolution through natural selection Theory accounts for many observations and attempts to explain Thomas Malthus over-reproduction; Essay on the Principle of Population Lamarck inheritance of acquired characteristics; use and disuse; drive towards complexity Population same species, same area...
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