ccna( cisco certified network associate)
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Prepared by :-SUKANT GUPTA
“Cisco Certified Network Associate”
Introduction ….•CCNA stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate .•It gives the information about networking ,its types and its application .•Networking is very important as it provides communication.•It is also very useful as it helps in resource sharing.•Thus , overall it is a cost saving technique.
Network...A network is a system that transmits any combination of voice, video and/or data between users.
TYPES OF NETWORKINGLAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)MAN(MANIPOLITAN AREA NETWORK)WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)
TYPES OFNetworking Devices
Network Interface Card (N.I.C)
Sub netting and Super netting
In sub netting, a network is divided into several smaller sub network with each sub network (or subnet) having its own sub network address.
In super netting, an organization can combine several class addresses to create a larger range of addresses (super network).
( Example / Class A) An organization with a class A address at least 1,000 sub
networks. Find the subnet mask and configuration of each sub network.
(Solution)1. There is a need for at least 1,000 sub networks.(we need at least
1,002 sub networks to allow for the all-1s and all-0s subnet ids)2. This means that the minimum number of bits to be allocated for sub
netting should be 10, (29 < 1,002 < 210).3. 14 bits are left to define the host ids. Subnet mask (11000000 =
Example Of Sub Netting:-
CHRONIC STRESS :-Chronic stress is the stress that wears sufferers down.
It grinds away at them, making them feel burned out every day, every week, every year. It’s the stress that someone can feel when they can’t see a way out of the demands and/or pressures that make them feel depressed, miserable and disheartened on a constant basis. The stress of feeling trapped in an unhappy marriage or in a career they despise can both be factors. Chronic stress is associated with ill health, alcohol excess, violence and even suicide.
Sub Netting (Contd.) :-
Classless Inter domain Routing(CIDR) :-
Super netting means assigning a set of class C addresses to an organization that needs more than 254 host addresses.
However , when these class C addresses are entered into the routing table, each occupies one entry in the routing table./ 256 entries in the routing table.
The classless inter domain routing(CIDR) technique is devised to reduce
the number of routing table entries.
In this technique, instead of entering each single class C address with its corresponding default mask(255.255.255.0), the router can use the super net mask and the lowest network address in the group.
Classless Inter domain Routing(CIDR) :-
HUB VS SWITCH:- Hubs – less expensive, used in a
very small LAN where low throughput is OK
Switches – segments collision domains, interconnects network segments, more expensive, but performance makes it cost effective.
Routers:- It is a layer 3 or network layer
In this there is no broadcast.
It is WAN technology device.
It is useful to connect different networks.
Packet filtering & it finds the best path selection.
Routing:- Routing is the exchange of routes between different
There are three types of routing:1. Default routing2. Static routing3. Dynamic routing
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)oRIP is a distance vector routing protocol
oHop count is used as the metric for path selectionIf the hop count is greater than 15, the packet will be Discarded.
oBy default, routing updates are broadcast every 30 Seconds
oRIP has evolved over the years from a Class full Routing Protocol, RIP Version 1 (RIP v1), to a Classless Routing Protocol, RIP Version 2 (RIP v2).
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
• Really just an enhanced version of IGRP • A Cisco proprietary routing protocol• Called a hybrid protocol, but really just an advanced distance
vector protocol.• Fast convergence• Variable length subnet masks• Partial updates - only when the metric for a route changes
(bounded updates)• Multiple network layer support - IP, IPX, and AppleTalk• A router running EIGRP stores all its neighbor’s routing
tables so that it can quickly adapt or alternate routes.
Features of EIGRP Classless Routing Protocol (VLSM, CIDR) Faster convergence times and improved scalability Multiprotocol support: TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, Apple talk
– There is no IPX/SPX or Apple talk in CCNA or CCNP Rapid Convergence and Better handling of routing loops –
(DUAL) Efficient Use of Bandwidth
– Partial, bounded updates: Incremental updates only to the routers that need them.
– Minimal bandwidth consumption: Hello packets and by default uses no more that 50% of link’s bandwidth EIGRP packets.
PDM (Protocol Dependent Module)– Keeps EIGRP modular– Different PDMs can be added to EIGRP as new routed
protocols are enhanced or developed: IPv4, IPv6, IPX, and AppleTalk
OSPF:-Open Shortest Path FirstDynamic IGP (Interior Gateway
Protocol)Use within your own network
Link state algorithm
VLAN:-•VLAN stands for virtual local area network.
•Devices on different VLAN must have a router to communicate with each other.
•If devices are on the same VLAN, then they can communicate through a switch.