It should be noted that the 1829 Act lost much of its
significance through the simultaneous disenfranchisement
of the forty-shilling freeholders, the core constituency
of Catholic politicians representing a substantial proportion
of the population.
was the Liberal Constantine Henry Phipps, later first
Marquis of Normanby, who favoured Catholic Emancipation
and the abolition of slavery. Following his Jamaica posting,
Lord Mulgrave was appointed Britain’s Lord-Lieutenant
in Ireland for the period 1835-1839.
a detailed description, see Emancipation and Apprenticeship
in the British West Indies by W.L. Burn, Jonathan Cape,
a pirate raid on the return journey, Aban Bakr was captured
and once again sold into slavery in Africa. Madden made
an unsuccessful attempt to locate him. For details, see
A Twelvemonth Residence.
specimen worthy of mention for its vital role in Jamaican
history is the prolific tillandsia, whose amazing properties
permit growth without roots. Developed from seeds scattered
by the wind, the tillandsia plant’s capacity to attach
itself to trees and conserve several ounces of water in
a natural reservoir meant that it could provide sustenance,
ensuring the survival of fugitive slaves in woodland areas.
a detailed account of the operation of the Mixed Commission
Courts, see Leslie Bethell’s ‘The Mixed Commissions for
the Suppression of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the
Nineteenth Century’ in The Journal of African History
7:1 (1966), pp. 70-93.
35 surviving Africans were eventually released and allowed
to return to Sierra Leone.
was the same Nicholas Trist who negotiated the Treaty
of Guadalupe-Hidalgo signed on 2 February 1848. The treaty
provided for the cession of 55% of Mexican territory to
the United States.
A Letter to Wm. E. Channing, D.D. in Reply to One Addressed
to him by R.R. Madden, on the Abuse of the Flag of the
United States in the Island of Cuba, for Promoting the
Slave Trade (Boston: William D. Ticknor, 1840).
Madden also addressed the second anti-slavery conference
in Paris on 17 March 1842.
Most scholars conclude that Manzano’s manumission was
procured by the members of Domingo Del Monte’s literary
A Spanish translation of this work was published by the
Consejo Nacional de Cultura, Havana, in 1966, entitled,
La Isla de Cuba: Sus Recuerdos, Progresos y Perspectives.
- Burn, William, Emancipation and Apprenticeship in
the British West Indies (London: Jonathan Cape, 1937).
- Burton, Gera, Ambivalence and the Postcolonial Subject:
The Strategic Alliance of Juan Francisco Manzano and Richard
Robert Madden (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.,
- Emmet, Thomas, Incidents of My Life: Professional-Literary-Social,
with Services in the Cause of Ireland (New York:
G.P. Putnam’s Sons, The Knickerbocker Press, 1911).
- Jones, Howard, Mutiny on the Amistad: The Saga of
a Slave Revolt and Its Impact on America’s Abolition,
Law, and Diplomacy (New York: Oxford University Press,
- Madden, Richard, A Twelvemonth Residence in the
Island of Jamaica During the Transition from Slavery to
Apprenticeship (London: James Cochran & Co.,
- _____, The Island of Cuba: Its Resources, Progress,
and Prospects (London: Charles Gilpin, 1849).
- _____, The Memoirs (Chiefly Autobiographical)
from 1798-1886 of Richard Robert Madden (Thomas M. Madden
[ed.], London: Ward and Downey [Dublin: Duffy], 1891).
- Murray, David, ‘Richard Robert Madden: His Career as
a Slavery Abolitionist’ in Studies (Spring 1972),
- Ó Broin, Leon, ‘R. R. Madden: Historian and Public
Servant’ in Irish Journal of Medical Science, History
of Medicine, 30 April 1958, pp. 315-326.
- ____, An Maidíneach: Starai na nÉireanneach
Aontaithe (Dublin: Sáirséal agus Dill,
- Ortiz, Fernando, Hampa Afrocubana: los negros esclavos
(estudio sociológico y de derecho público)
(La Habana: Revista Bimestre Cubana, 1916).
- Temperley, Howard, British Antislavery 1833-1870
(Columbia, South Carolina: Longman, 1972).