audio available in podcast episode 3
Abraham Lincoln's Fourth and Youngest Son
Tad Lincoln was born in Springfield, Illinois, on April 4, 1853. He was named Thomas Lincoln after his paternal grandfather, with no middle name or initial. It was Abraham Lincoln who gave him the nickname "Taddie," because as a baby, the boy had a rather large head and that reminded Lincoln of a tadpole. When Taddie got older, Lincoln took to calling him Tad, but Mary Lincoln called him Taddie for his entire life.
Tad had a speech impediment, and likely had a learning disability. This seemed to endear him to his parents all the more.
Tad didnít live under many rules at all, at least up until the time he left the White House. In an age where children were to be seen and not heard, Lincolnís parental philosophy was "kids will be kids."
We know that Abraham Lincoln's law partner, William Herndon, frequently complained about the havoc the Lincoln boys would wreak when they visited the law office. Herndon called the Lincoln boys "the little devils."
Lincoln was usually amused by their shenanigans and frequently egged them on. He seemed oblivious to what we would say was chaos--letting the boys take their ponies and goats inside the White House, for example. And, clearly, he did not appreciate anyone reprimanding his children.
Tad at the Telegraph Office
A story is told of a time that Tad accompanied Lincoln to the telegraph office in Washington. While Lincoln was looking over some dispatches, Tad went into the other room and busied himself by drawing on a very white marble tabletop with some very black ink.
Madison Buell, the telegraph operator, grabbed Tad by the collar and dragged him into the room where Lincoln was reading. Buell was outraged and told the President that Tad had ruined the table. Tad, in his typical honesty, held up his black fingers to show that he had, in fact, been up to some fun. At that, Lincoln lifted Tad up into his arms and said, "Come, Tad; Buell is abusing you."
Tad and Willie and Jack
Tad was close to his brother Willie, who was two years older. Willie was Tad's accomplice in a great many pranks and, in general, was a very close playmate. When they moved into the White House, Tad was just about to turn eight, and Willie was ten.
This little story from a wonderful book by Ruth Painter Randall (Lincoln's Sons) will give you a good idea of the playtime activities Willie and Tad shared with their neighbor boys, Holly and Bud Taft. Their older sister, Julia Taft, was sometimes tasked with the impossible job of watching over them.
The Sanitary Commission in New York sent Tad a handsome soldier doll which he named Jack. It was dressed in the favorite Zouave uniform and must have been a very appealing toy. But Jack seems to have had a most unregenerate character: the boys frequently had to hold court-martial over him, finding him guilty of such things as sleeping at his post or desertion, and sentencing him to be shot at sunrise. The execution, however, would take place immediately, Tad with his cannon playing the part of the firing squad.
The dishonored soldier would then be buried inappropriately with full military honors and the place chosen for burial was among Major Watt's newly planted rosebushes. Julia Taft, who tells the story, was in Mrs. Lincolnís room one day when a strange and dreadful sound came through the window from the White House grounds without. "What is that noise, Julia?" Mrs. Lincoln asked the girl.
"It is probably the 'dead march,'" Julia answered. "I suppose the boys are burying Jack again."
Mrs. Lincoln asked Julia to go quick and tell the boys not to dig among the roses because it would kill them. Julia knew they had been told this several times before, but she was obedient, if the boys were not, and she went outdoors to deliver the message. She found the band which was playing the excruciating "dead march" consisted of a broken-down fiddle, a dented horn, a paper over a comb, and Tadís drum. About the time she reached the spot, the gardener, Major Watt, arrived, looking like a man who had had about all he could take. Out of his desperation came inspiration. He suggested that the boys get Jack pardoned.
This idea won instant approval all around. "Come on, Bud," said Tad enthusiastically. "Weíll get Pa to fix up a pardon." Julia tried to prevent the four from bothering the President but they clattered noisily upstairs toward his office on the second floor. When she followed them, she found John Hay in the waiting room trying to head them off. This produced such an indignant protest that Mr. Lincoln in the inner office heard it and opened the door. He smiled down at the youngsters and asked what was the matter. Tad dodged around John Hay and threw himself on his father explaining what was wanted.
Mr. Lincoln began to enjoy himself. He told Tad it was not usual to grant pardons without some sort of hearing and invited them in to tell him why Jack deserved a pardon.
John Hay gave up "with a disgusted snort" and stepped aside to let the little group follow Mr. Lincoln into his private office. There he seated himself in a judicial pose and told Tad to state his case.
Tad delivered his argument in a rush of words: almost every day they tried Jack for being a spy or deserter or something and then they shot him and buried him and Julie said it spoiled his clothes and Major Watt said it dug up his roses so they thought they would get Pa to fix up a pardon.
The President considered these facts with due gravity and then told Tad he thought he had made a case. It was a good law, he said, that no man shall twice be put in jeopardy of his life for the same offense. Since Jack had been shot and buried a dozen times, he was entitled to a pardon. Turning to his desk, on which so many pardons were to be signed, he wrote on his official paper:
The Doll Jack is pardoned by order of the President.
John Hay bundled Julia and the boys out of the door with scant ceremony. He evidently felt, like the gardener, that he had had about all he could take from those boys.
Sad to relate, Jack's pardon did not cause him to reform. In less than a week, he was proved guilty of being a spy again. The boys thought it wise to have a change of venue this time and he was hanged from a tree in the Taft garden.
The Famous Father-Son Portrait
Within a year after moving into the White House, Willie died. This drew Tad all the closer to the Lincolns and made them all the more lenient with him. Tad surely was the little devil Herdon said he was, and yet, he obviously had his endearing moments.
One of those moments was captured in the Brady studio and the picture has since become one of the most popular father-son portraits ever. Iím sure youíre quite familiar with the picture, which was taken in February, 1864. Lincoln is seated and Tad is standing at his side. They are both reviewing a book.
The U.S. Postal Service used this picture on the 20 cent stamp issued October 16, 1984, †titled, "A Nation of Readers."
see the Nation of Readers stamp and the Topps card on eBay
Topps, the famous baseball card manufacturer, encased the U.S. postage stamp in its 2009 American Heritage stamp series.
One little note of trivia: This picture is the only portrait of Abraham Lincoln which portrays him wearing glasses.
Robert Lincoln, the oldest Lincoln son and Tad's senior by nine years, said that while his father was in Matthew Brady's studio:
Mr. Lincoln picked up an album of Brady's celebrated pictures and was showing them to Tad. So impressed was Brady by the pose that he induced them to remain as they were while he took their picture.
Lincoln Lore (issue 392) relates that the album "belonged to Brady and was available to his patrons while they were waiting for their appointments. It was a sort of'ĎWho's Who' in pictures, and among the interesting portraits it contained were some of P. T. Barnum's celebrities who helped to make the early showman famous. Brady is known to have taken photographs of Mr. and Mrs. Tom Thumb, The Siames Twins, ...The Fat Lady, The Human Skeleton, and many others."
Tad Receives a Formal Education
Tragically, Tad's beloved father was murdered just 10 days after Tad's twelth birthday. Now Tad was the only one living with Mary in whom she could take comfort. She mentioned him in a letter in November, 1865, saying, "I press the poor little fellow closer, if possible, to my heart, in memory of his sainted father, who loved him so very dearly."
Though Willie had been put under the supervision of a tutor, Tad had received no primary education at all. He had always just been left to play and enjoy himself.
In the fall of 1865, Mary enrolled Tad in a school in Racine, Wisconsin. That November, she wrote to Frances Carpenter--the painter who had lived at the White House while he painted his masterpiece depicting Lincoln sharing the Emancipation Proclamation with his cabinet--that "Taddie is learning to be as delighted in his studies as he used to be at play in the W.H. (White House). He appears to be making up for the great amount of time he lost in W (Washington)."
After that, he was put into a public school. But since it was very unlikely that at that time he could read--despite the fact that he was 13 years old--and because he was big for his age, he probably had a hard time in school. Remember, he still had his speech impediment. No matter the era, kids are kids, and if you're different, you're going to be made fun of. Tad was not exempt from that: The kids at school called Tad "Stuttering Tad."
In 1868, Robert Lincoln--who was about 25 years old at the time--consulted with some specialists about Tad's speech impediment and some improvement was made. In the summer of that year, Mary made plans to move to Europe, where she thought Tad could receive an education at a cheaper expense. As you may know, Mary was not taken care of by the government in the way in which our former First Families are now. It was at this time, in fact, that Congress was debating about finanical support for her, so you can imagine that they didnít look very highly at all on her plans to educate Tad in Europe. Nonetheless, Mary and Tad set sail for Germany in October.
In Germany, Tad's learnings accelerated more than at any other time in his life. In March of 1870, Mary wrote to Robert's wife that "Taddie is doubtless greatly improving in his studies." By October of that year, they moved to England, where Tad was with a tutor seven hours a day.
Tad Lincoln Dies at 18
Mary became quite ill early in 1871, and Tad himself was showing signs of illness as well, so they returned to Chicago. Mary improved, but Tad gradually became weaker, and on July 15, 1871, he died.
The Chicago Tribune published an account of Tadís death the next day. It said, in part:
At 7:30 on yesterday (Saturday) morning Tad Lincoln died at the Clifton House on Wabash Avenue, where he had been staying since his return from Europe. The cause of his death was dropsy of the chest. The first symptoms showed themselves while he was abroad, but it was not until his return, the middle of May, that his condition became alarming. ...He was convalescent at one time, but he got up one night slightly clad and swooned. This was followed by a relapse, after which he grew steadily worse.
Tad was just 18 years old when he died. You can imagine that following the death of her 4-year old son Eddy, her son Willie, her beloved husband President Lincoln, and Tad, Mary Lincoln began a steady emotional and mental decline.
Whipple, Wayne. The Story-Life of Lincoln, Memorial Edition, Philadelphia: The John C. Winston Co., 1908.