Earlier we saw a code segment where we used the
int functions to read and parse an integer number entered by the user. We also saw how treacherous doing this could be:
>>> prompt = "What...is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow?\n" >>> speed = input(prompt) What...is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow? What do you mean, an African or a European swallow? >>> int(speed) ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: >>>
When we are executing these statements in the Python interpreter, we get a new prompt from the interpreter, think "oops", and move on to our next statement.
However if you place this code in a Python script and this error occurs, your script immediately stops in its tracks with a traceback. It does not execute the following statement.
Here is a sample program to convert a Fahrenheit temperature to a Celsius temperature:
inp = input('Enter Fahrenheit Temperature: ') fahr = float(inp) cel = (fahr - 32.0) * 5.0 / 9.0 print(cel) # Code: http://www.py4e.com/code3/fahren.py
If we execute this code and give it invalid input, it simply fails with an unfriendly error message:
python fahren.py Enter Fahrenheit Temperature:72 22.22222222222222
python fahren.py Enter Fahrenheit Temperature:fred Traceback (most recent call last): File "fahren.py", line 2, in <module> fahr = float(inp) ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'fred'
There is a conditional execution structure built into Python to handle these types of expected and unexpected errors called "try / except". The idea of
except is that you know that some sequence of instruction(s) may have a problem and you want to add some statements to be executed if an error occurs. These extra statements (the except block) are ignored if there is no error.
You can think of the
except feature in Python as an "insurance policy" on a sequence of statements.
We can rewrite our temperature converter as follows:
inp = input('Enter Fahrenheit Temperature:') try: fahr = float(inp) cel = (fahr - 32.0) * 5.0 / 9.0 print(cel) except: print('Please enter a number') # Code: http://www.py4e.com/code3/fahren2.py
Python starts by executing the sequence of statements in the
try block. If all goes well, it skips the
except block and proceeds. If an exception occurs in the
try block, Python jumps out of the
try block and executes the sequence of statements in the
python fahren2.py Enter Fahrenheit Temperature:72 22.22222222222222
python fahren2.py Enter Fahrenheit Temperature:fred Please enter a number
Handling an exception with a
try statement is called catching an exception. In this example, the
except clause prints an error message. In general, catching an exception gives you a chance to fix the problem, or try again, or at least end the program gracefully.