Notes about specific Features¶
This sections describes details about specific features. For a full list of features please refer to the website.
Ctypes is a foreign function library for Python, that allows calling functions present in shared libraries. Those libraries are not imported as Python packages, because they are not picked up via Python imports: their path is passed to ctypes instead, which deals with the shared library directly; this caused <1.4 PyInstaller import detect machinery to miss those libraries, failing the goal to build self-contained PyInstaller executables:
from ctypes import * # This will pass undetected under PyInstaller detect machinery, # because it's not a direct import. handle = CDLL("/usr/lib/library.so") handle.function_call()
Solution in PyInstaller¶
PyInstaller contains a pragmatic implementation of Ctypes dependencies: it will search for simple standard usages of ctypes and automatically track and bundle the referenced libraries. The following usages will be correctly detected:
CDLL("library.so") WinDLL("library.so") ctypes.DLL("library.so") cdll.library # Only valid under Windows - a limitation of ctypes, not PyInstaller's windll.library # Only valid under Windows - a limitation of ctypes, not PyInstaller's cdll.LoadLibrary("library.so") windll.LoadLibrary("library.so")
More in detail, the following restrictions apply:
- only libraries referenced by bare filenames (e.g. no leading paths) will be handled; handling absolute paths would be impossible without modifying the bytecode as well (remember that while running frozen, ctypes would keep searching the library at that very absolute location, whose presence on the host system nobody can guarantee), and relative paths handling would require recreating in the frozen executable the same hierarchy of directories leading to the library, in addition of keeping track of which the current working directory is;
- only library paths represented by a literal string will be detected and included in the final executable: PyInstaller import detection works by inspecting raw Python bytecode, and since you can pass the library path to ctypes using a string (that can be represented by a literal in the code, but also by a variable, by the return value of an arbitrarily complex function, etc…), it’s not reasonably possible to detect all ctypes dependencies;
- only libraries referenced in the same context of ctypes’ invocation will be handled.
We feel that it should be enough to cover most ctypes’ usages, with little or no modification required in your code.
If PyInstaller does not detect a library, you can add it to your
bundle by passing the respective information to
--add-binary option or
listing it in the .spec-file. If your frozen
application will be able to pick up the library at run-time can not be
guaranteed as it depends on the detailed implementation.
The ctypes detection system at Analysis time
is based on
This means that you have to make sure
that while performing
Analysis and running frozen,
all the environment values
find_library() uses to search libraries
are aligned to those when running un-frozen.
Examples include using
PyInstaller tries to detect binary modules created by SWIG. This detection requires:
- The Python wrapper module must be imported somewhere in your application (or by any of the modules it uses).
- The wrapper module must be available as source-code and it’s first line must
contain the text
automatically generated by SWIG.
- The C-module must have the same name as the wrapper module prefixed with an
_). (This is a SWIG restriction already.)
- The C-module must sit just beside the wrapper module (thus a relative import would work).
Also some restrictions apply for Python 3, due to the way the SWIG wrapper is implemented:
- The C-module will become a global module. As a consequence, you can not
use two SWIG modules with the same basename (e.g.
pkg2._cmod), as one would overwrite the other.
PyInstaller can follow import statements that refer to Cython C object modules and bundle them – like for any other module implemented in C.
But – again, as for any other module implemented in C – PyInstaller can not
determine if the Cython C object module is importing some Python module.
These will typically show up as in a traceback like this
Traceback (most recent call last): […] File "myapp\cython_module.pyx", line 3, in init myapp.cython_module ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'csv'
So if you are using a Cython C object module, which imports Python modules,
you will have to list these as