- 直接去資料庫裡面比對bible & the analects比較有收穫(bible, the analects)
- Li = cultural grammar compare to the ten commandments
Title of this study:
Applying Contrastive Analysis on Ideology for teaching high school students English through classic proverbs in Bible and lunyu, the Chinese analects
Introduction and Methods
During our life time, we made decisions and bear the results. Many times we made mistakes and only figured afterwards that we could avoid them beforehand. The ancient wisdom proverbs often serve as a functional tool to regulate our mind and temper.
Nonetheless, governors of all ages and around the world always try to implants the ideology that benefits the rulers. They have many useful tools including religion, church, laws, jails, punishments, schools, army, and most important of all, life sentence on economical disciplines.
I wish to bring forth some thoughts that would benefit our students from the classics of sages. In a hustle society where people are forced to work and live under regulation, they quarrel sometimes. They have different values, resulting in quarrels and degenerating democracy and ration.
(Lit. Review here. I had notes in my zotero)
By needed encouragement, I categorized them into the following stages under the criteria: give them what they need most at that time. From the existing resource in Bible, we know that those proverbs are often categorized into encouragements for different moods/scenarios. I would apply similar strategy in making my material for CA in ideology between Chinese and English. I am specifically interested in providing Chinese learners the wise proverbs from other cultures. In a Chinese society, most people regard the words from wealthy men as the truth. But in my opinion, they only represent the ideology of a capitalist: enslaving and exploiting the workers. This is a dangerous path for young people because if they are educated the kind of ideology, they would not treat others fairly. Most important of all, most people would become employees in the future, believing in the capitalists’ words would result in unsuitable supply of ideology. We have seen too many best-sellers in the bookstore and the media is dominated by those with power. But the content would not encourage of supply one from their suffering and sorrow. As a teacher, I wish to give my students a channel to explore and navigate through the wisdom from other cultures.
Keywords: family relationship, independence, prospect on future, prospect on present
- Elementary: choose friends, seize time
- Junior high: seize time, hope
- Senior high: seize time, hope
- College: seize time, hope
- Work: balance life
- Graduate School: choose mentor,
- Suffered: hope
- By occupation:
Topic of sample lessons: “anger”
For elementary students:
I had discovered a useful tool to search for proper proverbs in Bible. It's easy to use. A screenshot of the website is presented here.
I list out some of the items, and choose some of them to compare with Chinese proverbs in Analects (論語). Then we would ask the students to discuss some concrete examples in their life and the true story, news that they had read before.
[KJV] Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves, but rather give place unto wrath: for it is written, Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord.
[KJV] Therefore if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give him drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on his head.
[KJV] Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good.
- 《論語/憲問》有人問孔子:“以德報怨，何如？”(譯文: 拿恩惠來回報怨恨，怎麼樣？) 孔子反問道:“何以報德？以直報怨，以德報德。”
[KJV] Fathers, provoke not your children to anger, lest they be discouraged.
[KJV] Be ye angry, and sin not: let not the sun go down upon your wrath:
箴言(The Proverbs) 22:24-25
[KJV] Make no friendship with an angry man; and with a furious man thou shalt not go:
[KJV] Lest thou learn his ways, and get a snare to thy soul.
箴言(The Proverbs) 27:4
[KJV] Wrath is cruel, and anger is outrageous; but who is able to stand before envy?
箴言(The Proverbs) 16:32
[KJV] He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty; and he that ruleth his spirit than he that taketh a city.
詩篇(The Psalms) 37:8
[KJV] Cease from anger, and forsake wrath: fret not thyself in any wise to do evil.
箴言(The Proverbs) 19:11
[KJV] The discretion of a man deferreth his anger; and it is his glory to pass over a transgression.
詩篇(The Psalms) 30:5
[KJV] For his anger endureth but a moment; in his favour is life: weeping may endure for a night, but joy cometh in the morning.
Ask the students, especially the junior and senior high students, to check on their Chinese textbook (esp. Analects 論語) and see if there are any similarities in the wise words in English classics? Since they have at least five hours of lecture for Chinese each week. This would greatly enhance their interest in learning similarity and difference between the two cultures. Although English has absorbed many words from other cultures, it is still a good tool to view the ideology from other places of the world. In a democratic trends nowadays, we are living in a society whose prototype springs from a society which values the importance of education and wisdom.
We learn a language not just to use it in our life, but to extract the ideas in it. It must contain the ideology from where the language was born, the people using it, and the religious belief it accompanied. We are likely to benefit from the wisdom and wise men in another distant cultures and times. Let us learn through the timeless words.
We need to set up some baselines for the choosing the proverbs and mottos. This would be easier for us to modularize the materials for all ages, assuring the consistency.
Another critical part to raise awareness in our society, is to remind people the heritage of wisdom in our society. People shall find teachers everywhere in their life. Teachers are not confined to the people who only teach at schools. I believe this will lessen the violence and ignorance of the society. Parents often take teachers as care givers of the day. But this is simply not the only function of them.
“老師”or “夫子””師父” is not simply an equivalence of teacher or master, mentor . It encompasses more meanings in it, and asks the students to respect the authority of the wise man. I have seen a similar case in Jewish community, “Rabbi.” But nowadays in Chinese culture, we seem to lost our respect on wise man and the authority on all genre of masters.
LunYu Book 1 (學而第一)
CHAP. XVI. The Master said, 'I will not be afflicted at men's not knowing me; I will be afflicted that I do not know men.'
LunYu Book 9 (子罕第九)
CHAP. XXII. The Master said, 'A youth is to be regarded with respect. How do we know that his future will not be equal to our present? If he reach the age of forty or fifty, and has not made himself heard of, then indeed he will not be worth being regarded with respect.'
- 原文：I've missed more than 9000 shots in my career. I've lost almost 300 games. 26 times, I've been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. I've failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed.
- 原文：I've never been afraid to fail.
- 原文：I can accept failure, everyone fails at something. But I can't accept not trying.
- 原文：Some people want it to happen, some wish it would happen, others make it happen.
- 原文：Talent wins games, but teamwork wins championships
John F. Kennedy
- "Ask not what your country can do for you --ask what you can do for your country." (語譯: 「不要問國家可以為你做什麼，你應該要問自己可以為國家做什麼。」，全句為：縱觀人類歷史長河，危機時刻有幸擔當捍衛自由大任的人們並非多數。我不願逃避責任--我樂於承擔。我不相信誰能避開現實。我們為事業所盡的力量、忠誠和奉獻將照亮這個國家和所有為之服務的人們——其光芒也將照亮世界。所以，我親愛的美國人，不要問你的國家能為你做什麼，問你能為你的國家做什麼。我親愛的世界人民，不要問美國能為你做什麼，問我們大家能為人類的自由做什麼。出處: 1961年1月20日的講話 )
"We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard."
Martin Luther King, Jr.
“I have a dream”
- I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal."
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
I have a dream today!
I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" -- one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.
I have a dream today!
I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together."2
- 智慧加上品格才是教育真正的目標。 (Intelligence plus character – that is the goal of real education. )
- 我們必須接受失望，因為它是有限的，但千萬不可失去希望，因為它是無限的。 (We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope. )
Discussion and Conclusion
This is a simple sample on how ideology can be compared and taught through topics. During my literature review I encountered a paper discussing the American propaganda in Vietnam, and I consider such policy driven educational or media content may cause greater chaos for younger learners. At first I was trying to make a good comparison on the similarities and differences on the ideologies. But soon I realized the action of choosing the representative items is controlled by the ideology of the chooser himself-that is, me, the instructor.
I started this project with a good purpose, but I walk away with the frustration on defining “what’s needed for younger students?” I figure out for the dilemma for those who chose the teaching material with strong ideology. They must either strongly believe in them (even though the ideology itself might be totally malicious), or chose them for some unwilling reasons.
The students would benefit from uniform and consistent ideological material.
- some sexist language / out of date ideology must be filtered out. But under what criteria?
- cultural hegemony
- unitary way of education may result in ideology control (concept by Louis Althussar’s State Apparatus)
Our generations of children still need better learning materials with good intention on ideology. Ideology and inspiration are passed down through words and languages. They are the essential components for building up a strong person and a strong country. This would be a big questions for every material developer to think upon.
- Alsup, J. (2003). English Education Students and Professional Identity Development: Using Narrative and Metaphor to Challenge Preexisting Ideologies. Pedagogy: Critical Approaches To Teaching Literature, Language, Composition, And Culture, 3(2), 277-280.
- Cozy, D. (2010). Philip Seargeant: The Idea of English in Japan: Ideology and the Evolution of a Global Language. Applied Linguistics, 31(5), 737-740.
- Kobayashi, Y. (2013). Europe versus Asia: foreign language education other than English in Japan's higher education. Higher Education, 66(3), 269-281. doi:10.1007/s10734-012-9603-7
- Razfar, A., & Rumenapp, J. C. (2012). Language ideologies in English learner classrooms: critical reflections and the role of explicit awareness. Language Awareness, 21(4), 347-368.
- Sewell, A. (2013). English as a lingua franca: ontology and ideology. ELT Journal: English Language Teachers Journal, 67(1), 3-10.
- Wu, H. (2010). Beliefs about Learning English: A Study of Non-English Majors from a University in Taiwan. International Journal Of Learning, 17(4), 165-191.
- Zhang, J. (2011). Linguistic, Ideological, and Cultural Issues in Chinese and English Argumentative Writings. Journal Of Language Teaching & Research, 2(1), 73-80. doi:10.4304/jltr.2.1.73-80
- [幫補 @ 聖經金句 :: 痞客邦 PIXNET ::](http://godbible.pixnet.net/blog/category/1507924)
- [名人名言/人生 - 實用查詢](http://tw.18dao.net/%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E8%A8%80/%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F)
- [論語 - 中國哲學書電子化計劃](http://ctext.org/analects/zh) (with English translation)
- [Category:People by occupation - Wikiquote](http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Category:People_by_occupation)
- [分類:職業 - 維基語錄，自由的名人名言錄](http://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/Category:%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A)
- [Lun Yu - Wikibooks, open books for an open world](http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Lun_Yu)