By Dr. Hal Wissel
Confidence is the Most Important Factor in Shooting.
Believe in yourself. You want to have confidence in your
ability to make the shot every time you shoot. Confident shooters control
their thoughts, feelings, and shooting skill. Shooting is much more than
good mechanics. It's the feeling, thoughts and belief in your self that
comes first. Basketball is a mental, as well as a physical, game. Developing
the mental aspect is a key to enhancing shooting as well as performance
in all fundamentals.
Three and One-Half Balls Fit in the Rim
To help your confidence it is important to know that the basket is
big. The basket is so big that three and one half balls can fit in the
rim. This surprises most players. You can get on a ladder and fit three
balls side by side over the rim and have enough space to fit and turn
your hand between each ball. Realizing that the basket is so big should
give a psychological boost to your confidence.
Act Like a Shooter. Keep Follow-through Up Until the Ball Reaches
To also help your confidence, keep your follow through
straight up until the ball reaches the rim. This is not only mechanically
correct, but more importantly you will look and act like a shooter.
Feel positive that each time you shoot the ball will go in. Good shooters
stay confident even when they hit a cold streak and miss a few shots.
After a missed shot, mentally correct the miss and visualize a good shot.
Positive affirmation statements ("I'm a shooter!" All net! or
"Count it!" for example) that you can say to yourself can promote
confident thoughts about yourself and your ability to shoot. You can also
remind yourself of past successes to boost your confidence.
Being able to shoot under pressure distinguishes great shooters from the
good shooters. You want to take the shot not only when your team is ahead,
but when the pressure is on. The direct correlation between shooting confidence
and shooting success is the most consistent factor we recognize in great
Rhythm is the Second Most Important Factor in Shooting
Skills should be smooth, free flowing, and rhythmical
and this is especially true in shooting. Mechanics are important, but
you want to have good mechanics without being mechanical. Your shot should
be smooth and rhythmical rather than mechanical. All parts of your shot
should flow together in a sequential rhythm.
Rhythm and Range Come from a Down-and-Up Motion of Your Legs
To help our rhythm and range we use a down-and-up action
of our legs, rather than lowering the ball or stepping into the shot.
Start with your knees slightly flexed: Bend your knees and then fully
extend them in a down-and-up motion. Saying the key words Down and up!
from the start of your shot until the release of the ball will trigger
the down and up action of your legs that provides rhythm and force for
your shot. Your legs and shooting arm move together. As your legs go up
your arm goes up. As your legs reach full extension, your back, shoulders
and shooting arm extend in a smooth, continuous forward and upward direction
toward your target. It is important to keep the ball high with your shooting
hand facing the rim.
Use the down-and-up motion of your legs for rhythm rather than lowering
the ball for rhythm. Keeping the ball high fosters a quick release and
also provides less chance for error. Stepping into your shot may help
your range, but your shot becomes a two-count shot. Using the down-and-up
method allows you to shoot in one motion or one count. When shooting off
the catch the down comes just before the catch and the shot goes up as
your legs go up providing for a quicker release.
Basic Mechanics Of Shooting
Basic mechanics of shooting include sight, balance, hand position,
elbow-in alignment, shooting rhythm, and follow-through. To develop your
shot it is best to concentrate on only one or two mechanics at a time.
Key Words Enhance Shooting Confidence, Mechanics, Rhythm and Range
As important as confidence is, accurate shooting takes
more than positive thinking: it also takes shooting skill. Neither mental
confidence nor mechanics alone is enough. Success results from the integration
of the mental and mechanical aspects of shooting.
When you think, you are in a sense talking to yourself. That talk can
be either positive or negative. A technique called positive self-talk
can help you integrate the mental and mechanical aspects of shooting,
speeding the improvement of your shot. Positive self-talk uses key words
(also called cue words) to enhance performance.
Select words that help you learn correct mechanics, establish rhythm,
and build confidence. The key words should be positive, concise (preferably
one syllable), and personalized.
A positive word that you associate with a successful
shot is called an anchor word. Identify an anchor word to positively reinforce
the visualization of a successful shot. Select your own personal anchor
word that allows you to visualize your shot going in. Examples of anchor
words are: Through! In! Yes! Net! Swish! Whoosh! Face!
Words that key the correct mechanics of your shot are
called trigger words. Examples of trigger words are:
o High! - to start your shot high and prevent lowering
o Straight! - to make your shooting hand go straight to the basket and
stop turning your wrist.
o Front! - to key the position of your shooting hand facing the rim.
o Point! - to key the correct release of the ball off your index finger.
o Up! - to key a high arch.
o Through! - to key any part of your follow-through including shoulders,
arm, wrist, and finger.
o Head in! - to key the follow-through of head and shoulders toward the
basket and prevent leaning back or stepping back.
o Legs! - to key the use of your legs.
o Down and up! - to key the down and up action of your legs for rhythm
The Selection of Key Words Should Be Personalized
Identify a personal trigger word or words that you associate
with the correct mechanic or mechanics for you. Practice using different
trigger and anchor words until you find what works for you. Select two
words that trigger the correct mechanics and one anchor word to reinforce
shooting success. Sometimes you may want to say the same trigger word
two times in order to produce the desired result. For example, saying
Straight! Straight! may prove more effective than saying Straight! only
one time to key your shooting hand to start straight and finish straight.
One word can also be both a trigger and an anchor word. For example, the
trigger word Through! can key the follow-through of your shoulders, arm,
wrist, and fingers and it also can be an anchor word for the ball going
through the basket.
Say your three one-syllable words in rhythm, from the time your shooting
motion starts with your legs until you release the ball off your index
finger. For example, if legs and through are your trigger words and yes
is your anchor word, you would say in rhythm to your shot: Legs-through-yes!
It works better to say your words aloud, rather than to yourself.
Saying your personalized key words in an even rhythm establishes the rhythm
of your shot and enhances your mechanics and confidence.
Give time to mental, as well as physical, practice. Mentally practice
by relaxing and saying your key words in the rhythm of your shot as you
visualize shooting and seeing the ball go in the basket.
Guard against paralysis by analysis. This happens when you think about
too much. A sure sign of too much thinking is when your shooting rhythm
becomes slow or uneven. Saying only three or less one-syllable key words
tends to keep you from doing too much thinking. The words are actual thoughts.
Your goal is to reduce conscious thought and promote automatic execution
of your shot. Trigger words help make the mechanics of your shot automatic,
and an anchor word, which reinforces a successful shot, helps build your
confidence. As shooting improves one trigger word may suffice. Eventually,
an anchor word may be all you need to trigger the automatic action of
Learning from the Reaction of Your Shot on the Rim
Learn to shoot correctly and then practice intelligently
each day. Develop an understanding of your own shot. You can always benefit
from having an instructor or coach watch you shoot. Most of your practice,
however, occurs when a coach is not present. Personal feedback (information
about your performance) can help you determine what adjustments to make.
Three basic sources of performance feedback are observing the reaction
of your shot on the rim, internally feeling your shot, and video analysis
of your shooting form.
Analyzing a shot's reaction on the rim can reinforce successful execution
or reveal most shooting errors and their possible causes. For example,
the ball goes where your shooting arm, hand, and shooting finger direct
it. If you missed to the right (or left), your shooting arm, hand, and
finger was pointed in that direction. Perhaps your body faced in the direction
of the miss, rather than being square to the basket, or your elbow was
out, causing your follow-through to go to the right. If you see that the
ball hits rim and circles out, you know you shot the ball with sidespin,
which is generally caused by your shooting hand starting on the side of
the ball and then rotating behind it. If you over rotate your shooting
hand, the ball will hit the right rim with sidespin and roll left. If
you under rotate, the ball will hit the left side of the rim and roll
right. Other causes of sidespin are having your palm on the ball, the
ball sliding off your ring finger rather than your shooting finger, moving
your hand on the ball, or thumbing the ball with your non-shooting hand.
Your sense of feel also yields clues: You might feel your shooting hand
rotate to the right or the ball come off your ring finger (instead of
your shooting finger). Both mistakes will give the ball sidespin. An excellent
method to develop feel is to shoot with your eyes closed. Have a partner
rebound and tell you whether the shot was successful. After a miss your
partner tells you the specific direction of the miss and the reaction
of the ball on the rim. By analyzing your shot, you can detect and correct
errors before they become bad habits.
React to a Missed Shot by Mentally Correcting the Miss and Visualizing
a Good Shot
Act like a shooter, feel like a shooter, be a shooter.
Many players commonly get upset at an error, particularly a missed shot,
and often dwell negatively on the missed shot thus negatively affecting
succeeding shots. Each time a player verbally recites a negative word,
acts with negative body language, or has negative thoughts after a missed
shot the brain is being conditioned to perform the same missed shot again.
Learn to "act like a shooter," rather than dwelling on your
We use the computer analogy. When you use a computer and make a mistake,
what do you do? Do you type the same mistake again? No! You erase and
correct it. You back space to delete it, or you cut and paste the correction.
The same should apply to a shooting error. After a miss, know why you
missed by seeing the reaction of the ball on the rim or by the feel of
your shot. Immediately correct the miss with a positive trigger word that
corrects the miss. For example, if your shot was short and you felt it
was due to not using your legs, immediately correct it with a positive
trigger word such as Legs! - to key the use of your legs. After a missed
shot mentally correct the miss with a positive trigger word and then visualize
a good shot.
An excellent method that can be used to condition successful shooting
is to use a positive anchor word in association with correct mental rehearsal
and visualization of a successful shot. Select your own personal anchor
word that allows you to visualize your shot going in, such as Through!
In! Yes! Net! Swish! Whoosh! Face! As soon as possible after missing a
shot, correct the miss with a positive trigger word, and then visualize
a good shot while saying your anchor word. The purpose of this method
is to avoid negative thoughts, which can disrupt concentration and lead
to other missed shots. Learning to react to a missed shot by visualizing
a successful shot and saying your anchor word will condition you to "Act
like a shooter, feel like a shooter and be a shooter."
Detecting Errors in Shooting
The most common errors in shooting are listed below,
along with suggestions on how to correct them.
Error. Your shot is short.
Correction: A shot that is short is usually due to not using your legs,
an incomplete follow-through, or a slow or uneven rhythm. Through feel
you should be able to determine whether you need to emphasize force from
your legs, complete follow-through by keeping your arm up until the ball
reaches the basket, or an even paced rhythm.
Error: Your shot is long.
Correction: Your shooting arm is extending on too flat
a trajectory (less than 45 degrees). Raise your shooting arm higher when
you shoot putting a higher arc on your shot (45 to 60 degrees). You are
leaning your shoulders back as the shoot. Shoot with your head and shoulders
going forward and upward toward the rim as you follow-through. Your hands
are positioned too far apart from each other on the ball preventing you
from lifting the ball. Move your hands closer together.
Error: Your shot is inconsistently short or long.
Correction: You probably have incomplete and inconsistent elbow extension
on your shots. Extend your arm with complete elbow extension on follow-through.
Error: Your shot hits the right side of the rim (right-handed
Correction: You are either not squared up facing the basket, or you are
starting your shot with the ball set in front of your head and your elbow
out causing your arm to extend to the right on the shot. Start with your
body square to the basket. Set the ball on the shooting side of your head
between your ear and shoulder with your shooting hand facing the front
of the rim. This will enable you to shoot with your arm wrist and fingers
going straight toward the basket.
Error: Your shot hits the left side of the rim (right-handed
Correction: You are either not squared up facing the basket, or you are
starting your shot with the ball set on your right hip or too far to your
right resulting in shoving the ball from right to left as you shoot. Shoving
the ball is a fault that results from not using your legs for power. Start
with your body square to the basket. Set the ball on the shooting side
of your head between your ear and shoulder with your shooting hand facing
front and your elbow in. Shoot with your shooting arm, wrist and finger
go straight toward to the basket.
Error: Your shot lacks range, control and consistency.
You miss short, long or to either side.
Correction: You are probably lowering the ball and/or bringing the ball
behind your head or shoulder and throwing the ball to the ball to the
basket with an inconsistent follow-through. Lowering the ball or throwing
the ball is a fault that results from not using the down and up action
of your legs for power. Set the ball high on the shooting side of your
head between your ear and shoulder with your shooting hand facing front.
Emphasize the down and up motion of your legs and complete follow-through
until the ball reaches the basket. Starting your shot high will give you
a quicker release, less chance for error and less chance for your shot
to be blocked.
Error: Your shot hits the side of the rim and circles
out (right-handed shot).
Correction: You shot the ball with sidespin. The most common cause of
sidespin is starting your shot with your shooting hand on the side of
the ball and then rotating your hand behind it. If you over rotate your
shooting hand, the ball will hit the right side of the rim with sidespin
and roll left. If you under rotate, the ball will hit the left side of
the rim and roll right. Other causes of sidespin are the ball on the palm,
the ball sliding off your ring finger rather than shooting off your index
finger, moving your hand on the ball, or thumbing the ball with your non-shooting
To prevent rotating your hand, the ball sliding off your ring finger or
moving your hand, set your shooting hand behind the ball so it faces the
front of the basket and shoot with your hand and index finger pointing
straight toward the basket.
To prevent thumbing the ball with the thumb of your non-shooting hand,
place the ring finger and pinky of your non-shooting hand under the ball.
Squeeze the thumb and index finger of the non-shooting hand together to
help you to shoot the ball only with your shooting hand. Set your shooting
hand behind the ball and facing the basket and shoot with your hand and
index finger pointing straight toward the basket. At first your shot may
have a tendency to go to the left due to not getting the extra force from
your non-shooting hand. You will learn to adjust by using more power from
your legs and shooting hand.
Error: When shooting off the dribble, you miss to the
right or left side of the basket.
Correction: You are probably reaching to the side for the ball and starting
the shot from the side of your body. When open dribble to the front of
your shooting knee, jump behind the ball and pick up the ball with your
shooting hand on top of the ball so when you bring the ball up your shooting
hand will be facing the front of your target.
Error: When shooting off the dribble, you float forward,
back, or to the side.
Correction: When open dribble to the front of your shooting knee. Pick
up the ball in front of your shooting knee (shooting hand on top of the
ball) with your knees flexed to gain balance for your shot and prevent
Tips for Coaching Shooters
1. Familiarize yourself with the player you are coaching.
Learn to listen more than you talk. A player wants to feel comfortable
with you and have confidence in you before they work with you. At times
you will coach a player that will feel that you think he cannot shoot.
Always start with what the player is doing well.
2. Coach each player individually. You do not want a
player to learn everything that you know about shooting. You want each
player to learn what he wants to know in terms of improving his shot.
However, you should be able to answer every question the player will ask.
3. Encourage the player to talk to you and say what he
likes and doesn't like. Tell the player, "I want to get you to shoot
with confidence and rhythm. I want to work on that mechanic that helps
your shot the most. The point is, it's your shot and you adjust what you
want to adjust. I'm here to coach you and help you, but you're going to
learn to coach yourself."
4. Find out what a player is looking for by asking questions.
You can learn a lot about a player from his answers. When you really listen
to the answers, you can gear your responses to suit the player's particular
needs. Ask the player, "When you are shooting well, what are you
doing? There is no wrong answer to this question. It simply gives an indication
of a player's confidence level and what he knows about his own shot. If
a player responds with the answer, "I just shoot!" It may indicate
that he has confidence, or that he is not over thinking when he shoots.
When a player answers, "When I'm shooting well, my shoulders are
going toward the basket." Then you have an idea that he has an understanding
of what he wants to do when shooting. When a player answers, "The
ball is going in!" It probably means that he does not know much about
5. Keep it simple. Keep your instruction brief, simple,
yet inspiring. Players lose interest if your coaching is long, too detailed,
or boring. For the most part, a player is not progressing while you are
talking. Get the player shooting.
6. Strive to keep a player's confidence level high. Be
positive and keep encouraging the player to know that he can and will
achieve his goals. Motivate the player to consistently do what it takes
to reach his goals and never let him think for one moment that he will
have anything less than success. Constantly tell the player, "You're
7. When a player does not want your help do not take
it as a personal attack on you. In fact, only one player or a few players
may be interested in receiving your coaching. Once you have success with
one or more players, others will become interested in how you can help
8. Never stop coaching, When a player sees that you care
about him, are positive, enthusiastic, energized and tenacious, it will
inspire him to reach new heights. Above all, make it enjoyable! You become
a better coach to a player when he sees that you have high spirits, a
bright smile and a sense of humor.
Thanks to Coach Hal Wissel for permission to
use this excellent article.
Hal Wissel has two EXCELLENT DVDs on shooting:
DVD 1: BASKETBALL SHOOTING: Confidence, Rhythm
DVD 2: BASKETBALL SHOOTING: Off the Pass, Off
the Dribble and in the Post
You can order them direct from BASKETBALLSBEST. EACH DVD IS $39.95
(Plus S & H)
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