'Smart' fabric will change with the clime
Wool may be part of a new type of clothing which adapts to changing temperatures to keep the wearer comfortable.
Micro-technology used in the material allows it to let in air to cool a wearer when it is hot and shut out air when it is cold.
The University of Bath and the London College of Fashion are jointly researching the material, which they think could be in everyday use within a few years.
The project has been chosen as one of eight to represent UK science at the Expo 2005 in Japan from March to September next year.
The Expo, with the theme of Nature's Wisdom, is expected to attract 15 million visitors, and other UK science projects will be the Eden Project and the Millennium Seed Bank at Kew.
The "smart" garments will consist of a top layer of tiny spikes of water-absorbent material, possibly wool, each only 1/200th of a millimetre wide.
When the wearer of the clothing gets hot and sweats, the tiny spikes in the material will react to the moisture and automatically open up, so that air from the outside can get through the material to cool the wearer. When the wearer stops sweating, the spikes will close down again to stop air getting in.
The lower layer will be of material that is not porous so that rain can never get through from the outside, whether the spikes are open or closed.
This cooling system has been likened to one used by pine cones as they fall and open up to emit seeds. The scales can open as they are made of two layers of stiff fibres running in different directions. As the cone falls and dries, the inside of the scale expands more than the outside, causing the scale to bend outwards, releasing the seed held inside.
The technology of the material is being designed by the University of Bath's Centre for Biomimetics, which takes ideas from nature and turns them into new technology.
Its head, Professor Julian Vincent, said: "The new smart clothing will make wearers' lives much more comfortable by automatically adjusting their clothing to control their body temperature.
"We've all known days when the weather alters quickly and it's difficult to dress to match the changing temperature. Often it's a case of being too hot or too cold, or taking a jumper on and off.
"The new smart clothing will make all that unnecessary and we're pleased to combine our expertise in technology with cutting-edge clothing design.
"We've drawn upon nature to come up with an idea by looking at how pine cones react to lack of moisture by opening up."
The design is being carried out by Veronika Kapsali, who is studying for her PhD in design at the London College of Fashion, part of the University of Arts London.
"It's been great fun working on a project that is going to lead to a fundamental change in clothing," she said.
"It's up to me to work with the new material to make something that looks pretty cool as well as innovative. I see this as a fascinating interface between design and technology."