I recently attended a presentation by a Senior Attorney for the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) in Denver, about Section 504, Title II and Students with Disabilities in Public Schools. This presentation was made to the MOSAIC support group in Denver, Colorado on May 7, 2012 in regard to 504 Plans in the K-12 school setting. Information in this blog post should not be used to argue a specific issue that you may have with a school, but is provided here for informational purposes only.
The attorney started the talk with 3 rules:
1. There are rules about this “stuff”
2. The rules are your friends
3. Follow the rules
The presentation covered the following two areas: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act that was created in 1973, and Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) created in 1990 which are read together. However Section 504 pertains to those institutions receiving Federal funds, while Title II pertains to all public entities.
OCR is part of the US Department of Education and enforces civil rights laws prohibiting discrimination in education programs on the basis of: race, color, national origin, sex, disability, and age. Religion is not a category. OCR is headquartered in Washington, DC and includes 12 regional offices across the US including the Denver office where the presenting attorney works out of.
Which schools are covered by 504 and Title II? Section 504 prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability by schools that receive Federal financial assistance; while Title II prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities by public schools (including public vocational schools and public charter schools).
OCR enforces compliance to Section 504, but rewards no damages. Section 504 is a civil rights statute and there is no funding for 504 Students. OCR has a database of recipients (schools) of federal funds.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is different. Many students are served under another federal law known as IDEA. OCR doesn’t enforce this. There are 13 specific disabilities covered under IDEA and it is a funding statute and not a civil rights statute. IDEA defines disability differently. To be protected under IDEA, a child must: have a particular disability listed in IDEA and need special education and related services.
What do school districts need to know about 504 and Title II?
Every year, each school district must: Identify and locate students with disabilities in the district who are not receiving a public education and notify parents/guardians of children with disabilities of the district’s duties under Section 504. Location is done from parents, teachers, doctors, Child Find, etc. A school district’s Special Education Coordinator is responsible for IDEA enforcement. A school district’s 504 Coordinator is responsible for 504 enforcement. A school district must have 1) a non discrimination statement, 2) a Section 504 coordinator and 3) a grievance procedure. Who the District 504 coordinator is must be published and that person must be adequately trained in 504 procedures.
A school district must provide a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) to each qualified student with a disability in the school district’s jurisdiction regardless of the nature or severity of the disability.
What does Free and Appropriate mean?
Free means free! No charging for costs related to disability, but school/district may charge usual fees paid by all students.
Appropriate means regular or special education and related aids and services designed to meet a student’s individual needs as adequately as the needs of non-disabled persons are met. It is equal opportunity for all students, not equal results. It gives students the opportunity to achieve.
Identification and Evaluation of Students
A school district has the unilateral responsibility to get/obtain information on the student’s disability. A disability does not equal diagnosis. A disability is a substantial impairment of a major life function. There is no cookie cutter approach. Two children both having food allergies and a 504 plan should not have the exact accommodations in a 504 Plan.
The school district must individually evaluate any child who, because of a disability, needs or is believed to need special education or related services.
When must the evaluation occur? Before the child’s initial placement in a regular or special education program. The evaluation is intended to answer two questions: 1) Does the child have a disability under Section 504/Title II? If so 2) What are the child’s individual education needs?
Regarding Question 1 above: does the student have a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more major life activities? The ADA Amendments Act of 2008 no longer focuses on the disability but on what services a person needs. The 2008 amendments expanded the list of major life activities. Some of these are (but are not limited to):
Caring for oneself
Performing manual tasks
Major life activities also include operation of “major bodily functions” such as:
Functions of the immune system
Normal cell growth
What is an impairment? Any physiological condition that affects a bodily system, or any mental or psychological disorder. A 504 Plan doesn’t have to have anything to do with a learning disability if a child has “just” the disability of food allergies. The question is: Does the student’s impairment substantially limit one or more major life activities? A temporary impairment like a broken arm is not a disability. An episodic impairment like diabetes or food allergies is a disability because they substantially limit a major life activity when they are in an active phase. Conditions lasting more than 6 months need to be carefully considered.
Substantial Limitation does not mean severe restriction or inability in performing major life activity. Look to condition, manner and duration. Must consider the individual without mitigating measures such as an EpiPen or insulin to determine disability. The one exception to this is eyeglasses. There is no vision disability if eyeglasses correct the problem.
IDEA vs. Section 504/Title II
IDEA defines disability differently. To be protected under IDEA, a child must: have a particular disability listed in IDEA and need special education and related services. Under Section 504, a qualified student with a disability is protected regardless of whether the student needs special education.
Regarding Question #2 above: What are the child’s individual education needs?
Needs are identified by looking to a variety of evaluation sources, including: aptitude and achievement tests, teacher recommendations, physical condition, social or cultural background and adaptive behavior. Placement of the child must be by a group of knowledgeable persons knowledgeable of the evaluation data, knowledgeable about the child and knowledgeable about the placement options.
The group should answer the question: what is the child’s need related to the disability? (not to the diagnosis). This group should include the 504 coordinator, parent(s), teacher, school psychologist, etc. There are no unilateral decisions in this area. If a parent disagrees with the group/team’s placement then the parent can go to due process. You don’t have to have an attorney for due process (nor does the school district). Due process has to do with the content of the 504. It is a procedural issue if the school is not following the 504 Plan. It is best to use a school district’s grievance procedure first. A parent has 180 days after the last act of discrimination to file with the OCR.
A 504 Plan doesn’t have to even be written, but it is strongly suggested to do so. If a child has no 504 Plan and “just” a Health Care Plan that outlines the accommodations, a parent should make sure to receive procedural safeguards (which outline what to do in case the plan isn’t followed). If there’s a need for accommodations, then you have to have a plan and it’s best to have it written. Call it whatever you like, (as the attorney said, you can call it Fred (!) or a Health Care Plan or a 504 Plan) and include whatever is agreed upon by the group/team. Does every child with food allergies need a 504 Plan? It depends on if the disability limits a major life activity.
Placement is defined as appropriate educational services designed to meet the student’s individual needs. The Team carefully considers evaluation information from a variety of sources and all significant factors affecting the student’s ability to receive a FAPE. The Team documents all the information considered and does not rely on assumptions regarding persons with disabilities or classes of such persons. It’s about the individual! Food allergic students should be integrated with other students.
Also discussed was the Court Case: U.S. Education Department Reaches Agreement with Memphis City Schools on Aids, Services for Students with Disabilities OCR does investigate complaints but it can also ensure compliance by completing a review which is what they did in Memphis. They screened all health care plan students to see if they were offered 504 Plans for food allergies. You might want to bring this court case to the attention of your school district.
The 504 Plan should be re-evaluated at least every 3 years or before a significant change in placement.
FAPE – Common Compliance Concerns
1) Making decisions unilaterally instead of by the Team
2) Making decisions that are not based on evaluation information or child’s needs
3) Failing to implement IEP or 504 Plan
4) Not affording parents procedural safeguards (a system regarding identification, evaluation and educational placement). Procedural safeguards include: notice, records review by parent/guardian, due process-impartial hearing with participation by parent and counsel (if desired) and a review procedure.
The term ‘least restrictive environment’ was discussed in the question/answer session. There is a careful balance of confidentiality between the school’s responsibility to implement the plan and the child’s need for privacy. The child’s disability may be announced to keep the child safe in some cases.
Reasonable accommodations is a concept for post-secondary education and employment places. Section 504 requires that the individual education needs of students with disabilities are met as adequately as the needs of students without disabilities. See Question 14 here.
FAPE is regular or special education and related aids and services designed to meet a student’s individual needs as adequately as the needs of non-disabled persons are met.
For children with food allergies going to college, a transition plan in the last two years of high school is suggested.