In his memoir, Stefan Zweig the most successful writer in the German-speaking world at his time wrote about his life in Vienna, the capital of the Austro Hungarian empire: "When I attempted to find a simple formula for the period in which I grew up, prior to the First World War I hope that I convey its fullness by calling it the Golden Age of Security. No one thought of wars, of revolutions, or revolts." It was a cradle of culture, of great intellectual innovations in music, philosophy, economics, the arts, and design. Freud and philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, writers Arthur Schnitzler and Franz Werfel, musicians Schoenberg and Gustav Mahler, were all at the forefront of their fields and they all lived in Vienna. It was the birthplace of Zionism, and with the founding of the Secession in 1897 and the Wiener Werkstätte in 1903, Vienna was becoming established as one of the leading and most innovative European centers of the arts.