Practically every word in English has variable pronunciation, depending on who's speaking to whom, and where, when, how, and why they're doing so. Variation in pronunciation is a fact of language; otherwise we wouldn't be able to recognize individual people's voices.
Of the words you offer for example, advertisement has variant stress patterns (NB -- all pronounceable ad lib with either syllabic resonants or epenthetic /ər, əm/ & /ən/ -- /'æd.vr.tayz.mnt/ vs /æd.vr.'tayz.mnt/) which I associate with American and British English, respectively; and I know of no pronunciation variants for component, which is /km.'po.nnt/ with stress on the second syllable's tense /o/ in my American English, but may well be pronounced differently elsewhere. I don't know. I'm not a dialectologist; I'm a semanticist.
So it's not at all clear what you're asking for. We don't spend all our time sitting around thinking up one-word names for every possible situation, you know. Who cares? Names are just names, and then only when somebody else uses them; like phone numbers, they mean nothing in themselves.