We hear a lot about the menstrual “cycle,” which can make it sound as though it happens like clockwork. And we say that a woman who gets her period every 4 weeks is “regular,” as though there’s something abnormal about women who don’t. In fact, most women don’t get their periods in exactly the same number of days after the last one.
The Menstrual Cycle
Most girls get their first period between the ages of 10 and 15, but some get it earlier and some later. The first period is known as menarche (pronounced: MEH-nar-kee).
Doctors often talk about a girl’s monthly cycle — the number of days from the start of her period to the start of the next one — in terms of a 28-day cycle. But 28 is just an average figure that doctors use. Women’s cycle lengths vary — some have a 24-day cycle, some have a 34-day cycle. And a girl may notice that her cycles are different lengths each month — especially for the few years after she first starts getting her period.
The first day a girl’s period comes is Day 1 of her cycle. Early in her cycle, her pituitary gland tells her ovaries to start preparing one of the eggs they contain for release. One egg will mature completely. At the same time, the lining of the uterus becomes thick to prepare a nesting place for a fertilized egg in the event that the girl becomes pregnant.
On or about Day 14 of a 28-day cycle, the egg breaks loose (this is called ovulation). The egg makes its way through the fallopian tube into the uterus. If the egg isn’t fertilized by sperm, it starts to fall apart. About 2 weeks later, the lining and egg leave a girl’s body as her period and the whole thing starts all over again — that’s why we use the word “cycle.”
All this sounds very neat and orderly. But a girl’s body may not follow this schedule exactly. It’s not unusual, especially in the first 2 years after menarche, to skip periods or to have an irregular menstrual cycle. Illness, rapid weight change, or stress can also make things more unpredictable because the part of the brain that regulates periods is influenced by events like these.
Normal Periods Don’t Have to Be Regular
Some girls’ periods arrive like clockwork. Others get theirs at slightly different times each month. Many girls get regular periods most of the time, but occasionally skip a period or get an extra period during times of pressure or stress. In fact, you may notice that when you go on a trip or have a major change in your schedule your period is late. All of this is perfectly normal.
It’s also normal for the number of days a girl has her period to vary. Sometimes a girl may bleed for 2 days, sometimes it may last a week. That’s because the level of hormones the body manufactures can be different from one cycle to the next, and this affects the amount and length of bleeding.
So how can you tell when you’re about to get your period? If your cycle is not regular, you’ll want to pay attention to the clues your body may give you. These may include:
- back cramps or stiffness
- heavier breasts or breast soreness
- acne breakouts
- disturbed sleep patterns
- mood swings
Most of the time, irregular periods are part of the normal changes that can happen when you’re a teen. At some point as you get older, your cycle will probably settle into a recognizable pattern. This usually happens by 3 years after your first period.
However, some teens may develop irregular periods — or stop having periods altogether — as a result of certain medications, excessive exercise, very low body weight, or not eating enough calories. Others may develop problems as a result of a hormone imbalance. For example, disorders of the thyroid gland can cause menstrual irregularities if the levels of thyroid hormone in the blood become too low or too high.
Some women have irregular periods because their bodies produce too much androgen, which is a hormone that causes increased muscle mass, facial hair, and deepening of the voice in males and the development of pubic hair and increased height in girls. High amounts of androgen can also cause hair growth on the face, chin, chest, and abdomen, and is sometimes associated with excessive weight gain.
If you have any of these problems, or if your periods are irregular for 3 years or more, see a doctor. The doctor may prescribe hormone pills or other medications or recommend lifestyle changes that can help you to have regular periods.
It’s important to see a doctor if you’re sexually active and have missed a period. This could be a sign of pregnancy. You should also see your doctor if you start having periods that last longer than 7 days, are heavy, are occurring more often than every 21 days or less often than every 45 days, or are accompanied by severe cramping or abdominal pain. Also let the doctor know if you have bleeding in between your periods.
In the meantime, if your periods are irregular, try keeping some pads or tampons in your backpack, just so you’ll have them handy in case your period comes when you’re not expecting it.
Reviewed by: Larissa Hirsch, MD
Date reviewed: October 2013