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In order to reduce skin effect in resistance standards when they are used on high frequency a.c.
The condition for a resistor to have the same value of resistance at medium frequencies as with d.c. is
At high and medium frequencies, a resistor can be represented as shown in figure below.
The equivalent impedance of the above shown resistor at an angular frequency ω rad/s is
If the resistance is to remain independent of frequency i.e. to have the same value of resistance at medium frequencies as with d.c, we have:
CR2 = 2 L
so that, Req = R
A resistor R has an effective inductance of L and a distributed capacitance of C. its time constant at medium frequencies is
At medium frequencies, we have:
∴ Time constant,
A 100 Ω resistor has a time constant of 30 ns. What is the value of capacitor to be connected in parallel with the resistor to make its phase angle equal to zero?
Let the the required capacitance be C1.
Without the external capacitance C1,
Now, when an external capacitance C1 is connected in parallel, then new phase angle
For the phase angle to be zero, tan φ = 0
Assertion (A): Manganin is an alloy of copper, manganese and nickel and is universally used as resistance material for precision resistors and for resistance measuring apparatus,
Reason (R): The foremost property of manganin is that it has almost zero temperature coefficient of resistance near about room temperature. Moreover, it shows no ageing effect.
A resistance R is measured using the connections shown in figure below.
The current measured is 10 A on a range 10 A and the voltage measured is 125 V on a range of 150 V. The scale of the ammeter and voltmeter are uniform, the total scale divisions of ammeter are 100 and that of voltmeter are 150. The scales of these instruments are such that 1/10 of a scale can be distinguished. The constructional error of the ammeter is ±0.3% and that of voltmeter is ±0.4%. The resistance of ammeter is 0.25 Ω. The unknown resistance will be specified as:
Reading error of voltmeter
For the arrangement shown in given figure, ammeter is near to the unknown test resistance (R), therefore
Each of the ratio arms of a laboratory type Wheatstone bridge has guaranteed accuracy of ±0.05%, while the standard arm has a guaranteed accuracy of ±0.1 %. The ratio arms are both set at 1 kΩ and and bridge is balanced with standard arm adjusted to 3154 Ω. The upper and the lower limits of the unknown resistance, based upon the guaranteed accuracies of the known bridge arms are respectively
Value of unknown resistance,
Now, percentage error in determination of R is
A highly sensitive galvanometer can detect a current as low as 0.1 nA. This galvanometer is used in a Wheatstone bridge as a detector as shown in figure below. The resistance of galvanometer is negligible.
Each arm of the bridge has a resistance of 1 kΩ and the input voltage applied to bridge is 20 V. Neglecting the resistance of the galvanometer as compared with the internal resistance of bridge, the smallest change in the resistance which can be detected is
Let the resistance R be changed to R + ΔR.
The Thevenin's equivalent circuit across terminals bd is shown below.
A cable is tested by loss of charge method using a ballistic galvanometer with following results:
Discharged immediately after electrification, deflection 200 divisions.
Discharged after 20s and after electrification:
(i) deflection, 100 divisions,
(ii) when in parallel with a resistance of 10 MW, deflection 50 divisions.
What is the insulation resistance of the cable?
Let R be the insulation resistance of the cable and R' be the equivalent resistance of the parallel combination of insulation resistance R and 10 MΩ resistance.
Dividing equation (1) by (2), we get:
Consider the following statements about the bridge measurement:
1. The measurement accuracy is directly related to the accuracy of the bridge component as well as that of the null indicator used.
2. The basic dc bridge used for accurate measurement of resistance is called Wheatstone’s bridge.
3. When the bridge is in balanced condition, current flows through the galvanometer, causing a deflection of its pointer.
4. A more sensitive galvanometer deflects by a greater amount for the same current.
5. The sensitivity of the bridge measurement can only be expressed in mm/μA.
Which of these statements is/are correct?