Pasquale Villari, Life and Times of Girolamo Savonarola (1888, reissued 1972), remains a classic. A historical essay on Savonarola by a 19th-century social philosopher is found in Arthur Gobineau, The Golden Flower (1924, reprinted 1968). See also Ralph Roeder, The Man of the Renaissance: Four Lawgivers: Savonarola, Machiavelli, Castiglione, Aretino (1933, reprinted 1977), for a skillful characterization. Roberto Ridolfi, The Life of Girolamo Savonarola (1959, reprinted 1976), is a modern biography based on extensive documentation. Donald Weinstein, Savonarola and Florence: Prophesy and Patriotism in the Renaissance (1970), interprets the historical background of Savonarola. Ronald M. Steinberg, Fra Girolamo Savonarola, Florentine Art, and Renaissance Historiography (1977), offers a provocative revision of Savonarola’s influence on contemporary art. Rachel Erlanger, The Unarmed Prophet: Savonarola in Florence (1988), is an informative if uncritical general biography.