Can an identity have a homepage?
Many have long argued that identity is the result of both (1) performative work on the part of the individual as well as (2) the influence of society with all of its history, structures, institutions, norms and so on. We do not produce our identities in a vacuum, they are influenced by society. And we do not blindly consume our identities from the options given to us; humans are complex beings who creatively tweak, mix and remix to achieve something always unique. Not just producers or consumers, it is best to think of ourselves as identity prosumers. Here, we will show how this process is made most explicit when identities are prosumed through social media technologies.
Prosumption has long been a topic on this blog (see Nathan’s paper on this topic, and Jenny has a paper forthcoming in the American Behavioral Scientist). We argue that prosumption is precisely what defines new, social media: unlike television, we do not only consume, say, Facebook, we also produce the content. Similarly, social technologies facilitate identity work that is more explicitly prosumer.
One of the key affordances of the Web is the ability to connect geographically dispersed people. This means that those with similar interests can find one another, interact, and form communities without the geographic and temporal barriers of physical space. Individuals with even extremely uncommon identity characteristics can now find others like them in ways never before possible. New identities are coming to be collaboratively named, shared and defined that were not known of before the mass popularity of the Web. Marginalized individuals can collectively prosume an identity category into existence, while prosuming the identity label and meanings for themselves.
Two related cases illustrate this point nicely: transability and asexuality.
Transability is a condition of incorrectly-abled embodiment. People who identify as transabled feel a deep need to be physically impaired in a very specific way (e.g. blindess, paraplegia, left above the arm amputation, etc.). The term transability was first coined in 1994 by a man who goes by the name of Sean. He runs the website transabled.org. Over the past 17 years, Sean, the other bloggers, and the participants on the site, have collectively defined and articulated what it means to hold a transabled identity, and prosumed this way of being into an identity category–so much so that it is currently being considered for inclusion in the upcoming DSM-V
(although the official name in the DSM would be “body integrity identity disorder”).
Asexuality is a sexual orientation defined by not experiencing sexual attraction towards other people. The term was created long ago by researchers, but did not appear as an identity category that individuals self-identified with until much more recently. Similar to transabled.org, David Jay founded asexuality.org in 2001 as space where similar people could organize and announce their existence as well as support each other (more from the site and an article in the New York Times).
Transability and asexuality come to exist as potential identity categories via the rise of the social Internet.
The participants of transabled.org and asexuality.org say that they have always been this way, and that the sites and fellow community members merely provide them with a label, a language, and sense of legitimacy with which to describe and understand themselves; that the identities themselves were not “invented” in these online spaces, only the category labels.
Identity work, and by this we mean the accomplishment of the self, is perhaps made most apparent by these examples where the labels, definitions, understandings and meanings are collaboratively constructed right in front of our eyes.
However, transability and asexuality only make clear what is true of all identity work both on and offline. Identity is always a collaborative and reciprocal process of self-production and consumption of culture (see Bourdieu’s theories of practice and structuration).
At the same time, as we have shown, the prosumption of identity works a bit different with the introduction of the Internet. Identity categories, previously unnamed or culturally unavailable, burst into existence and shake common understandings. Self-identification can now become increasingly diverse when old categorizations are upended, new ones are created, and existing ones are further dissected.
Is this a good thing?
On the one hand, this “long tail” of identity categorization runs contrary to the queer theory project of critiquing the prosumption of identity categories in favor of a more fluid understanding of the self that deconstructs adherence to category labels and definitions.
On the other, the prosumption of new identity categories is often described as highly liberating for those who prosume them. Those on transabled.org, for example, talk about the positive emotional benefits of having a name and language with which to make sense of their desires, and a group with which to share their struggles. On a material level, the unifying label allows community members to mobilize on unified goals (e.g. inclusion in the DSM, a path to legal corrective surgery, insurance benefits).
In the age of the Web where labels have the potential to proliferate, should we embrace the queer theory project of deconstructing categories and labels or do we celebrate the increasing ability to self-identify (rather than be identified) with ever more new and precise category systems?
Follow Jenny Davis on Twitter: @Jup83
Follow Nathan Jurgenson on Twitter: @nathanjurgenson