The dwarf planet Haumea is one of the largest known members of the Kuiper belt, which consists of numerous icy objects orbiting the Sun from beyond the outer planets. Haumea is very unusual. It spins on its axis much faster than any other large celestial object, completing one rotation in just under four hours. In comparison, the rotation rate of the somewhat larger Pluto is more than six days. Haumea’s rapid rotation probably accounts for its odd shape, which is somewhat like a squashed American football. The other dwarf planets are all nearly spherical. While Haumea is massive enough for its gravity to have pulled it into a substantially rounded shape, the pull of its remarkably fast rotation elongates it.
Haumea also has an unusual composition. Most Kuiper belt objects are thought to be made of about half rock and half ice, but Haumea seems to be nearly all rock with a thin surface coating of ice. Astronomers think that Haumea may once have had much more ice. In the very distant past, a collision with another object may have knocked most of its ice off and caused it to start spinning much faster. According to this theory, the knocked-off icy debris formed Haumea’s two known moons—Hi’iaka and Namaka—and several other small icy objects nearby that have orbits similar to Haumea’s.
Haumea is thought to be roughly three quarters the size of Pluto. One model estimates that it measures 1,220 miles (1,960 kilometers) by 940 miles (1,520 kilometers) by 620 miles (1,000 kilometers) across.
More distant on average than Pluto, Haumea orbits the Sun from a mean of about 4 billion miles (6.5 billion kilometers) away. In other words, it is about 43 times farther from the Sun than Earth is. It takes Haumea more than 283 Earth years to complete one orbit. The shape of its orbit is fairly eccentric, or elongated, but not quite as much as the planet Mercury’s. Haumea’s orbit is also highly tilted, being inclined about 28 degrees relative to the plane in which the planets orbit.
Haumea was at first known provisionally as 2003 EL61. Its discovery was announced in 2005, and in 2008 it was officially designated a dwarf planet and plutoid (a dwarf planet that is farther from the Sun on average than Neptune is). It was named Haumea after a Hawaiian goddess of birth and fertility. Its two small moons were named after daughters of Haumea’s. The larger moon, Hi’iaka, is named after the goddess of the island of Hawaii and of hula dancers, while the smaller moon, Namaka, is named after a water spirit.