Individuals sometimes experience a contradiction between their actions and
their beliefs – between what they are doing and what they believe they should be
doing. These contradictions can cause a kind of mental discomfort known as
cognitive dissonance. People experiencing cognitive dissonance often do not want
to change the way they are acting, so they resolve the contradictory situation
in another way; they change their interpretation of the situation in a way that
minimizes the contradiction between what they are doing and what they believe
they should be doing.
Using the example discussed by the professor, explain what cognitive
dissonance is and how people often deal with it.
Nonverbal language refers to human emotional expressions without involving
verbal statements. Facial expressions and body moments are the two mostly
attributed types of nonverbal languages. It is generally believed that nonverbal
languages function as the enhancement of emotional expressions when they consist
with verbal languages.
Under the circumstances that nonverbal languages and verbal languages
contradict in the contents they express, nonverbal languages are more likely to
release people’s true emotions.
Explain how the examples from the professor’s lecture illustrate the
relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication.
Advertisers in the past have used radio and television in an attempt to
provide information about their products to large, general audiences; it was
once thought that the best way to sell a product was to advertise it to as many
people as possible. However, more recent trends in advertising have turned
toward target marketing.
Target marketing is the strategy of advertising to smaller, very specific
audiences –audiences that have been determined to have the greatest need or
desire for the product being marketed. Target marketing has proved to be very
effective in reaching potential customers.
Using the professor ’s examples, explain the advertising technique of
In everyday life, when people speak of memory, they are almost always
speaking about what psychologists would call explicit memories. An explicit
memory is a conscious or intentional recollection, usually of facts, names,
events, or other things that a person can state or declare. There is another
kind of memory that is not conscious. Memories of this kind are called implicit
memories. An individual can have an experience that he or she cannot consciously
recall yet still display reactions that indicate the experience has been somehow
recorded in his or her brain.
Using the example of the car advertisement, explain what is meant by
Individuals often modify their behavior based on what they have learned
about the possible consequences of their actions. When an individual learns
through experience that a certain behavior results in pleasant consequences,
that behavior is likely to be repeated. An unpleasant consequence, on the other
hand, discourages further repetition of the behavior. While behavior
modification can be observed in experiments, it also occurs frequently in
everyday settings, when individuals change their behavior based on what they
have learned about the consequences of that behavior.
Using the example from the lecture, explain what behavior modification is
and how it works.
Many animals use coloration to protect themselves from predators. One
defensive strategy involving the use of coloration is what is known as revealing
coloration. Animals employing this strategy have an area of bright color on some
part of their body; this bright color is usually hidden from predators’ view.
When approached by a predator, the animal suddenly reveals the area of bright
color; this unexpected display of color startles or confuses the predator and
provides the would-be-prey with an opportunity to escape.
Using the example of the Peanut Bug and the morpho butterfly, explain the
concept of revealing coloration.
Film directors use different types of camera shots for specific purposes.
An establishing shot is an image shown briefly at the beginning of a scene,
usually taken from far away, that is used to provide context for the rest of the
scene. One purpose of the establishing shot is to communicate background
information to the viewer, such as the setting where and when the rest of the
scene will occur. It also establishes the mood or feeling of the scene. Due to
the context that the establishing shot provide, the characters and events that
are shown next are better understood by the viewer.
Using the professor ’s example, explain what an establishing shot is and
how it is used.
An effective, widely used marketing practice in the entertainment industry
is entertainment merchandising. Entertainment merchandising is a form of
marketing in which the brand or image from one product is also used to sell
another. The practice of entertainment merchandising often occurs in connection
with movies and television shows, especially those associated with children. For
example, the success of a popular children’s television show may result in the
marketing of toys that are designed to look like characters in the show. Or the
satiation may be reversed when a children’s television show is written to
include characters that are based on already-popular toys.
Using the examples from the lecture, explain the concept of Entertainment
Outsider Art is a term used to describe art that is made by people who
choose to live and work outside society. The artists who produce this kind of
art-Outsider Artists-work in isolation from other artists and have little or no
formal artistic training. Because they do not learn conventional artistic
techniques from teachers or other artists, Outsider Artists must invent their
own ways of doing things. As a result of the unconventional methods that
Outsider Artists often use, their work can look strange and not at all like
traditional art to the observer.
Explain why Henry Dodger is considered an Outsider Artist.