Thoughts about the Best Introductory LanguageShlomiFishshlomif@shlomifish.org2006Shlomi Fish
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The purpose of this essay is to contemplate what is the best
introductory programming language to teach for beginning programmers,
or for a beginning programmer to learn on his own.
First, I will mention several approaches taken by other people who
discussed this issue before, and try to explain why I disagree with
them. Then I will propose and explain some relations (“Language A
should be learned before Language B”) that are good to follow. After
that, I will propose my verdict, and discuss some orthogonal
alternatives. Finally, I will discuss some different types of
teaching and how each should be conducted differently.
As for how I started programming myself, I should note that I learned
BASIC at the age of 10 (back in 1987), and then learned C when I was
15 years old (in 1992);
I later learned
Basic for Applications and when I was 19 years old I was
introduced to Perl and UNIX at my workplace, which was a web site
creation shop (back in 1996, when the Internet started to become
popular). I have later learned other languages and
technologies and still do to a large extent.
One note that is in order is that you shouldn’t feel bad about
having followed a different ordered in the programming languages you’ve
learned. By all means, you can still learn things on your own
The Various (Wrong) Approaches to Introductory
Programming LanguagesLinda McIver’s Thesis Approach
McIver published along with Damian Conway
titled “Seven Deadly Sins of Introductory Programming Language
Design” that explains the problems they found with
most popular introductory programming languages. The article makes
a very good read.
Later on, her
Ph.D. thesis introduced her idea of a good
introductory programming language.
Now, if I had to summarise this language in one word it would be
this: sexless. It’s incredibly limited, not flexible, and not fun.
It has no pointers or references and instead relies on nested
structures and arrays. There are two basic data types - a number
and a string. The language does not have functions
as first-order objects, closures, or objects and classes in the
Object Oriented Programming sense. Furthermore, it has very few
ways for one to express oneself. As a result implementing many
algorithms would be very difficult in it.
When I program, I’m using every tool in my arsenal, and expect
the language to be powerful enough to be able to translate my
thoughts into code. McIver’s language is too limited and limiting,
to be effective for programming in, and being planned exclusively
for beginners, lacks the richness and interesting idioms that
make programmers like or even love their languages.
This is a language that I won’t enjoy programming in. And I
don’t believe a professor who doesn’t enjoy programming in a
certain language can effectively convey it to his students, while
lacking the enthusiasm and love for the tool he chose.
McIver’s approach is flawed in the sense that she is trying too
hard to save the students from all possible problems they may
encounter in trying to understand their introductory language.
However, programming is hard to learn, and learning the first
language is always difficult. Creating a “flawless” language that
lacks any sex-appeal is not going to make it better, but much
worse as both the professors and programmers will detest it.
The “Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs”
Interpretation of Computer Programs” (or SICP
for short) is a classic text and course material on
programming, taught at MIT and many other universities
around the world. SICP uses Scheme (a minimalistic dialect
of Lisp) as its exclusive language to cover many important
programming and meta-programming concepts.
I have read the book in my third semester of the Technion (without
doing the exercises) and later took both of the SICP courses that
were given by my department. I learned a lot from the book, and
while the courses did not teach me too much new, I did enjoy
working on the exercises.
However, there are several problems with teaching Scheme as an
introductory language. The first is that it is too impractical.
Scheme does not have system primitives that more modern languages
take for granted like ones for random file and directory I/O,
sockets, graphics primitives, Graphical User Interface (GUI),
etc. Moreover, the core language is limited and most
practical code tends to become very verbose in it. For example,
whereas in Perl one would write $myarray[$i]++
to increment an array element by one, in Scheme it would be:
(vector-set! myarray i (1+ (vector-ref myarray
Most of the SICP exercises are about number theory, recursion,
and a lot of other relatively abstract stuff, and too few are
about real world and exciting tasks: writing games and other
demos, working with files, writing scripts and utilities,
networking and working with the WWW, etc. In fact, the Scheme
standards define too few useful things. Most of
dazzling number of different Scheme implementations all
extend the language in several ways, but all have their own idea
of how to do it. Compare it to Perl, Python and friends which have
one main C-based implementation, or to C where the standard
library is actually quite useful.
I believe an introductory language has to grow with you. When I
studied BASIC, I was able to use it for programming games,
graphical demonstrations and animations, scripts, and other uses.
I continued to use BASIC on DOS and Windows, until I learned the
much-superior Perl, which I’m using today.
The “Teach in C” Approach
In his “Back to Basics” essay,
Joel Spolsky gave a case for teaching ANSI C as an introductory
language instead of more high level languages. His argument is
that programmers will end up writing sub-optimal code because
some low-level elements of dealing with strings and arrays are
abstracted away in higher-level language.
ANSI C and C++ have been popular introductory languages for teaching
programming for many years now. While some schools have switched
to teaching Java or a different language, C and C++ are still very
However, C has one major deficiency: it’s too close to the
processor to be useful. In order to perform an operation on two
objects, one should allocate them first, perform the operation,
and then take care of freeing both objects and the result (to say
nothing of edge cases where allocating or freeing may fail.).
All this work to do something that in high level, garbage
collected, languages is as simple as
$result = $object1 OP $object2;. From my
experience with Technion students, they are often get so bogged up
in the technicalities of working with C instead of getting quick,
dirty and useful code running.
A good introductory programming language should allow you to write
a lot of useful code quickly, and not slow you down with many
low-level constraints. Beginning programmers have a hard enough
time learning how to translate their thoughts and intentions into
working code, and solving bugs and the last thing they need is to
deal with too many idiosyncrasies of the language only because it
is too low-level.
Spolsky’s argument about the efficiency of some operations is
wrong, because programmers who learn such languages won’t often
notice the difference from such inefficient operations, due to
the incredible speed of contemporary computers and the fact that
their data sets are generally too small. Moreover, many instructors
and exercise checkers won’t penalise for the presence of
such issues in their homework.
While the efficiency of algorithms and the underlying
implementation of language primitives should be stressed at
a certain point, the first task of an introductory course is to
make sure a programmer can learn to write code, not necessarily the
most efficient one. (Not even according to asymptotic
complexity). Learning how to write quick and dirty code is a
mental leap that is large enough as it is.
The “First Programming Language Should Make Sure You
Write Good Code” Fallacy
You many times hear people saying that beginning programmers
should be taught using a programming language that restricts them
and forces them to write good code. Languages like Pascal, Ada,
Java, and many others were designed to try to save programmers from
themselves. And indeed many people believe that programmers should
start learning from such a language.
What’s wrong with this approach? Several things:
The more strict the language is, then generally the less
expressive it is. Programmers like to express themselves
and be able to implement algorithms using the entire power
of the language. They don’t want to declare a lot of type
definitions, many constraints, write a lot of syntax, or
otherwise be encumbered in the way.
It may actually make them think programming is loathsome
or otherwise a very strict process instead of a very
comment to the first revision of this
article claimed that Some languages, like
Haskell, derive their expressive power exactly
because of the restrictions imposed.
My reply is that arguably languages like Lisp
have the same expressive power, but obviously a more
verbose syntax due to the fact they are using
and that they are lacking some functions that were
added to Haskell, O’Caml and SML.
6 aims to combine more idioms from
Haskell and Lisp than Perl 5 already has, yielding
a language that’s generally even more succinct.
I believe that Haskell derives its
expressiveness not from its strictness, but rather
from its abstractions, and that this expressiveness
can be duplicated to a large extent in a less
strongly typed language. However, my mastery of
Haskell is still somewhat superficial, and so I’m
not fully qualified to comment on it.
Often, the trial and error will be good for them. Plus,
even writing some disorganised, but functional code is
better than the program taking them much more time to
write (and more time to read and understand after
I don’t expect them to become superb programming in a day.
Becoming a better programmer is a process, and cannot be
taught in a semester or a year of hard work.
The “It Should Have a Decent IDE” Fallacy
Many education institutions reject many languages as introductory
languages because they don’t have a decent integrated development
environment (or IDE for short). An IDE as useful and
convenient as it is, however, is not an absolute requirement.
Programming does not happen in the IDE - it happens in the
mind. Programmers should learn to write code that does something.
By using the text editor (of the IDE or a standalone one) and
writing text that does something, they can best learn to program
for the real world.
There is a myth that programming using a text editor and a command
line is too difficult for mortals. This is false because, as late
as the 1980’s or 1990’s, almost all personal computers used a
command-line interface (often a BASIC interpreter or DOS), and
required programming using non-graphical editors, and it was
still adequate for most people. (To say nothing of earlier
interfaces such as
or punched cards). Plus, it is hard for a programmer
to avoid typing code entirely.
Some useful relations
This section will introduce some useful relations ( “Language A
should be taught before Language B”) to consider in teaching
programming, and explain them. By using these relations one can more
easily reach a final verdict.
A High Level Language Should Come Before C
C should not be taught as a first programming language from the
reasons I have mentioned above. By all means, one should use a more
high level languages which supports Managed programming, and other
nice high level constructs. Languages like Perl, Python, Ruby and
to a lesser extent Java and .NET are much better than C as
Perl/Python/etc. should Come before PHP
Some people believe that PHP is a suitable introductory language.
However, PHP has several major problems: lack of good abstraction
mechanisms, many inconsistencies, many functions to do the same
thing, and many nuances to its use. People who learn PHP right away,
tend to write very bad (and sometimes very dangerous) code in it, and
are not well-aware of its pitfalls.
PHP is a fine language for the web and for other uses,
especially because its implementation makes deployment of some
large-scale web applications easier. However, the other languages in
the so-called “dynamic”, “agile”, or “scripting” class of languages
are not harder to learn, and less problematic. So they should be
taught first instead.
Perl/Python/etc. should Come before Shell
Some people believe that the first language a UNIX user should learn
is a good shell (such as
GNU Bash or
zsh). However, Shell has some
issues. The first is that the mentality of the UNIX Shell
is different from the mentality of conventional programming languages,
and causes native shell programmers to be less capable of adapting
to a different language, as well as writing sub-optimal code in shell.
The second is that in traditional shell, some operations are not as
efficient as they should be. While more modern variants have
introduced arrays and string-wise dictionaries, they are still an
afterthought. For these reasons, shell is not recommended to learn
before a dynamic language.
C should Precede Assembly
It is certainly
a good idea to learn Assembly language, preferably of
several different processor architectures. However, C should be
The reason for that is that people who dive right into Assembly,
tend to write sub-optimal code because they don’t understand well
how this code is executed by the processor and how to compile it.
This is while programmers who’ve learned C are better equipped
to understand how Assembly code works, because it is somewhat
more convenient yet still very close to Assembly.
A friend of mine reported that in his workplace, where they write
Assembly code for various Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) some
of the native Assembly programmers order their instructions in
ways that are executed inefficiently because of the special
processor pipeline. He then told me that C programmers who learn
Assembly make better Assembly programmers.
The First Language should be Practical
A good first programming language should be practical and should
grow up with you. I can tell from my experiences with the various
BASICs, which were the first languages I learnt, that BASIC was
fun because it was useful. Using BASIC on the old Intel-based
computers, one could
write games, graphical demos, text processing and command
execution scripts, and even serious applications. While BASIC is
in today’s standards a very limited language that should no longer
be taught as a first language, I still fondly remember it as being
a lot of fun. I even continued using BASIC after I learned ANSI C
and what was then C++, because it was quicker and more convenient.
(I no longer do, because I now feel that Perl is superior to BASIC
in every way, and that’s what I’m using now.)
On the other hand, Scheme as in SICP is an awful choice for an
introductory programming language, because it feels very
impractical. Writing quick and dirty code to do a lot of things
in Scheme is very verbose, and plus, the core standard lacks many
primitives for common
operations (like random file I/O, directories, sockets, etc.)
much less useful APIs. While some Scheme implementations provide
extensions to the language, they do so in different incompatible
Different people I talked to, agreed with me that
“You cannot do anything with Scheme”. Compare it to languages such
as C and C++,
Perl/Python/Tcl/Ruby/PHP, Java/.NET, etc. that feel very
practical, and you’ll see why hardly any industrial-strength
code is written in Scheme.
Teaching a language just for teaching programming with, is
sub-optimal because the students cannot take this language with
them and perform real-world tasks with it. They will have less
motivation to experiment on their own, and to remember it for
Localised Programming Languages should be Avoided
The Wikipedia has an (incomplete) list of non-English
based programming languages, that were created at
some time. What these languages try to do is make sure young
children or other people who did not master the English Alphabet
and vocabulary well can start learning programming without
knowing English first.
I see several problems with this approach. One is that it is
important that children will be taught English starting from an
early age - as early as possible. This is because English, being
the international language, is becoming more and more important
for every one to learn. Tender children who are talked to in
several languages, will quickly master them, without confusing
them. This will save them a lot of frustration later. (By all
means if one happens to know other languages, he should talk to
his children using them too, but that is beside the main
Knowledge of English is more important than knowing how to
program. So it is a good idea that when teaching programming to
teach English first as a necessary pre-requisite.
The other problem I see is that such localised programming
languages feel unnatural and wrong. English has the richest
technical vocabulary of any other language, and some terms in
English are impossible to translate to other languages. And
yet another is that such languages tend to be very ad-hoc
and incomplete. Finally, code that is written in them cannot be
understood by programmers who don’t know this language.
So, to sum up, instead of starting with a localised programming
language, teach your students some basic English first. It might
take longer, but will save more time and frustration later on. Plus,
programming is a great way to expand one’s mastery of English,
especially today when the Internet is so prevalent.
A few people who read this article claimed I was
advocating globalisation. However, consider what
Eric Raymond writes in
to Become a Hacker”:
4. If you don’t have functional English, learn it.
As an American and native English-speaker myself, I
have previously been reluctant to suggest this, lest it
be taken as a sort of cultural imperialism. But several
native speakers of other languages have urged me to
point out that English is the working language of the
hacker culture and the Internet, and that you will need
to know it to function in the hacker community.
One should note that the proliferation of English today
is not the first time
that there happened to be a Lingua
in the world or a limited part of it. I also feel that
having one spoken language that everyone of importance is
familiar with (although possibly not so well) is better
than not having any good common way of communication,
and thus was shown to be inevitable times and again
Java Should be Taught After Perl
Joel Spolsky wrote an essay titled
Perils of JavaSchools” where he argued that teaching
Java in Computer Science curricula is inferior to teaching
ANSI C and Scheme, which was what he learned. The article is wrong
on many points, but it highlights some of the problems with Java.
Java is too verbose. Some people may argue that this can be
solved by using a proper IDE, but as
explains, verbose code also has the “the cost of
reading it, and the cost of the space it takes up on your
Moreover, Java code tend to be very monotonous. Almost all
Java code looks the same, and feels boring.
Yegge’s very funny article “Execution in the Kingdom of
Nouns” illustrates another problem with
Java. Everything has to be a noun, with no verbs or even
the many keywords which Perl 5 is infamous for but which
Perl programmers love. And instead of having some Perl 5-like
operators for converting between data structures, you have a
hideously long casting lines.
Java was supposed to be kept simple, and many important concepts
like closures, multiple-inheritance, defining methods at runtime (a
la Smalltalk), runtime code evaluation (the Lisp-derived “eval”
operator, which is now common in most dynamic languages), operator
overloading, and many other elements had been kept out of it. As
such it turned out to be very unusable. Java 1.5/5.0 introduced
many drastic enhancements, but not enough proper abstractions. As a
result, Java is now bloated, but talented programmers still
normally find writing code in Perl, Python and friends more
Paul Graham’s essay
Cover, which he wrote to explain why he decided not
to learn Java is very instructive. I read Graham’s article, some
time after it has been written and felt it reflected my
feelings about the language. Back when Java started to become hyped
, I had ended up learning Java to see what the hype was about and
to write some browser applets. While having felt that I have truly
understood what the essence of references in Perl 5 was, only
after learning Java, I still felt that Java was too over-rated.
Perhaps I’m getting too carried away in criticising Java. My point
is that, as Joel Spolsky indicated in his “JavaSchools” essay,
teaching Java as the first language, makes many of the people who
have learned it airheads, who cannot think outside the limited
constraints that it imposes on the programmer. Teaching an
expressive and rich
such as Perl or Ruby instead, will not exhibit this problem,
regardless of what Joel says, as these languages constantly require
a programmer to think outside the box, and introduce the programmer
to many different (often built-in) patterns and paradigms.
According to these constraints one can conclude that one should
start learning how to program from a high-level, dynamic and
practical language such as Perl, Python or Ruby.
Eric Raymond recommends this in his excellent
become a Hacker” document. He suggests one should start
with XHTML, which while not being a programming language but rather
a formatting language will still introduce many programming idioms
and disciplines as well as prove useful later on.
After XHTML, Raymond recommends one to learn Python. However, I’m
not sure whether Perl 5 or Ruby will not be as suitable as Python,
or more. Unfortunately, I cannot reach a conclusion here, but
rather give some of my thoughts on each three languages.
(If I need to teach programming, I’ll start with Perl because I know
it very well, and like it a lot. However, programmers who are well
versed in Python or Ruby, may wish to teach them instead.)
Perl, Python or RubyPerl
The core Perl language is huge. That may be a good or a bad
thing for teaching programming in. The Perl language can be
usable by learning only a small subset of the language.
However, as budding Perl programmers learn more they tend to
diverge in the what they know, and use different subsets,
which makes understanding code of peers with
different background (much less experts) more
problematic. This problem is naturally not limited to Perl 5,
and given good, searchable documentation can be made less
substantial, but is still a pedagogical hurdle.
Perl is very expressive. I believe programmers will appreciate
its “There is more than one way to do it” philosophy. A
correspondent once told me he’d prefer to teach beginners
Perl instead of C, similarly to the fact that he’d prefer
to teach English over Esperanto, because beginners would prefer
a language that allows them to express themselves.
Several people contacted me saying I have
Esperanto here. I should note that I’m quoting
someone else, and I admit that I don’t know Esperanto
well enough to be sure if it indeed suffers from
many problems attributed to artificial languages.
The point is not to dismiss Esperanto, but rather to
say that many people appreciate expressibility, and
some of them also appreciate irregularity (or
even inconsistency) in their spoken or programming
languages, as it makes life more interesting.
Historically, Perl had a lack of good online
documentation for beginners, and
problems with the treatment of newcomers, but
this has improved lately.
Perl has a rich (and so far unmatched) collection of
re-usable modules that provide functionality called
the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. Uploads
to CPAN are not moderated (on purpose) and therefore it
is sometimes hard to find a suitable CPAN module out of the
many bad or unsuitable ones (if there actually is one
As of April, 2008, there is an effort
under-way to revamp
the CPAN experience. The author of these
lines is heavily involved with it, so he may be a bit
biased. Plus, the effort is still in its infancy.
They may prove useful in teaching programming in Perl.
Perl has a rich and active culture surrounding it, including
many diversions as obfuscated code,
riddles, many specialised mailing lists, Local
Perl Mongers groups, and conferences.
Python has a small core language and it tries to be elegant.
It has an excellent online documentation, and many introductory
books for it are available online. The online Python community
has too much elitism, and tends to deprecate Perl a lot, for
some reason. I am not blaming anyone in particular, but this
tendency is present to some extent by some of the greatest
names in the Python world, and by some Pythoneers I personally
People who know Perl very well, can learn Python with fewer
mental blocks than the other way around. This is in due to
the fact Perl is richer, and supports more paradigms. A Perl
programmer told me he was able to start working on a Python
program right after starting to edit it using his editor,
and it worked, after some research.
Python’s philosophy is “There’s one good way to do it.”. It
doesn’t mean that there aren’t other ways, but there is one
commonly acceptable way to write most code. Whether this is
a good thing or not for an introductory language is
If PHP is the new Visual Basic, and Java is the new COBOL,
then Python is the new Pascal. (Although, all these languages
are better than their previous ones). In a way teaching Python
as a first language, like teaching Pascal, makes a programmer
used to limited paradigms and one strict way of doing things.
(like teaching Esperanto instead of English). As a result,
trying to learn other diverse languages is becoming more
If you’ve learned Python as your mother language, you should
take the mental leap and learn Perl, which is the Tower of
Babel of languages, and also has many DWIMmeries
(“Do-What-I-Mean”’s) and other expressiveness. (Of course,
a Perl programmer should also learn Python due to its
elegance, and the fact it is extensively used and useful.)
Before I discuss Ruby a word of warning: I don’t know it very
well. So far all the limited tasks I tried to accomplish using
it worked well after some trial and error, but I still did not
take the time to thoroughly study it.
Ruby was written after its creator was unhappy to some extent
with both Perl (possibly 4 at the time) and Python, and so he
created a language that tried to combine the best elements of
Smalltalk, Perl and Python. Ruby aims to be
elegant and consistent, yet still very expressive and shares
Perl’s “There’s more than one way to do it” philosophy.
As of version 1.x, Ruby does not support multi-threaded
programming, has poor support for Unicode, and is much slower
than Perl or Python. Some of these problems will be addressed
in Ruby 2.x.
The worst problem with Ruby, however, is the lack of good
documentation. Ruby has
edition of the “Programming Ruby” book available
and that’s it. Furthermore, this book is intended for absolute
beginners and will be too slow paced for people with extensive
experience in similar languages.
All the other books from the Pragmatic Programmer series
are not available online (including the new editions of the
“Programming Ruby” book). What many people end up doing is
downloading them from “warez” sites or from Peer-to-Peer
networks, but I wouldn’t encourage professors to tell their
students to do that.
I recall trying to find out how to tag methods in Ruby,
in a similar way to Perl’s method or variable attributes.
Google was no help and no one on Freenode on #ruby-lang told
me and I asked several times, and people tried to research it.
Eventually, someone I knew on #perl was able to give me the
answer. He then claimed that many of the slightly more
unconventional, but useful, tricks in Ruby were completely
As such, one may still encounter problems teaching Ruby as
an introductory language. If these problems are remedied
by the Ruby community, with some amount of work and effort,
then this may be better.
All things considered, I’d say that Perl is the best choice now,
as Python is too strict and unexpressive, and Ruby is documented
in an extremely inadequate way. Again, any of the three languages
would be a fine choice, and all of them should be learned by
any programmer who is worth his weight in salt.
Note that other than the main players in the dynamic language
arena, there is the new crop of such languages:
The D Programming
Language, and others. These languages may be more
suitable in some respects, but on the other hand, may not yet
brain-share, comprehensiveness (especially as far as APIs are
concerned), usability, richness or
assume that the more consistent a language is the better.
However, just as most people prefer expressive and inconsistent
natural human languages like English, many of them would prefer
their programming language to have some inconsistencies,
Do-what-I-mean-erries, gotchas, etc. In Perl 5’s case it is well
known that these make the language more expressive and succinct in the hands of
a competent programmer.
Some Types of Teaching
There are several different types of teaching programming to laymen.
This section aims to cover the most important ones and what needs
to be considered when they are done.
The first type I’ll discuss is a self-teaching enthusiast who is
trying to teach himself programming, perhaps with some help from
his friends or people he is interacting with on the Internet. Such
an enthusiast usually has a lot of motivation to learn, but on the
other hand, will probably not put up with a material that bores
him or seems trivial.
The second type is a programmer who tries to teach a child or a
teenager programming. Such youngsters are often mostly motivated
by things that seem fun to them: games, demos, drawing pretty
pictures programmatically, etc. They will have little nerve for
a tedious programming language such as ANSI C, in which every task
takes a boatload of code.
A different type of pedagogy altogether is introducing programming to
students in university. Such students are older, have more mathematical
background, and will find other things aside from games enjoyable. On the
other hand, they tend to have less willingness to experiment on their
own, or to play with the computer. They expect to learn programming so
they can either go on with their degree, or use it to learn the rest
of their degree.
When people teach programming in the so-called K-12 school (i.e.
pre-college or university), then such students will have less
mathematical background than their college counterparts, and may
find learning programming (as they find learning most everything) a
burden. On the other hand, they tend to be brighter and more curious.
The final type of teaching is in training courses. It is known that
such people often have to be spoon-fed the material. Plus, they may
not be as bright as those who were accepted into high-class
universities or colleges.
How does this influence the choice of the introductory language? It
probably doesn’t. However, it influences the way the language should
be taught and which parts of it should be taught first.
Conclusion I talked with a few people on the IRC about it and some of them told
me something along the lines of “What makes you think that you know
better than all the universities and colleges (and other schools) that
are now teaching Java?”. Well, this is the majority must be right
Everybody thinks that the Earth is flat (or
the Sun revolves around it) so it must be true
Everybody thinks that
should be illegal so it must be true.
Etc. I can think of many other cases where a common consensus, even
among experts turned out to be false. But I’ll still explain a bit.
Universities have tended to teach the “hottest” language on the
market. They used to teach Assembler. They used to teach COBOL (an
awful language by all means, and one which proved to be a dead-end
in language design). They taught Fortran and PL/I. They taught Pascal.
They taught ANSI C and C++. And now they teach Java. I believe none
of these languages were suitable as an introductory programming
language, but they were taught because they were used in the industry.
During the course of IT education, several languages need to be
studied - at least one dynamic language such as Perl, Python or Ruby
; ANSI C; an assembly language; Lisp (Scheme, Common Lisp or perhaps
Haskell, O’Caml or SML; and probably some specialised languages when
they are appropriate. But the first language need not be what is the
most hyped language in the industry, or even what most the rest of the
studies will be conducted in.
From my impression of the Technion, the
institute as a whole believes that students can effectively write all
their code in ANSI C. In some courses, the choice of C++ and Java are
given, but these languages are not effectively taught. Most students,
during their studies, had not been exposed to such advanced paradigms
as regular expressions, dynamic-typing, Perl 5-like nested data
structures, run time evaluation, closures and dynamic functions, and
others that are considered common knowledge among developers of
dynamic languages, and any software development enthusiast who is
worth his weight in salt.
So my opinion still remains: Perl, Python or Ruby are the best
languages for introducing non-programmers to programming, while Perl
is the best, and Python is probably still the worst of the three.
However, note that any decent programming training will introduce his
developers to more than one language, and a prospective programmer
should not worry if he started out with a language that I consider
sub-optimal. With good ambition and motivation and with the right
attitude (“I know that I do not know”), one can become a better and
better programmer regardless of his initial background.
Other Good Food for Thought about Teaching
This section will bring other good for thought about teaching.
“Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to
This is a quote attributed to
The “Learn like you were going to live forever” part is not widely
understood by many workers. Many programmers believe that their
knowledge of a few programming languages is enough, and that it is
not necessary that they learn completely different ones.
It is well known that learning a new and different programming
language will make you a better programmer also in the original
languages you know. Programmers who don’t learn new programming
languages eventually stagnate. They are bounded by their limited
knowledge, and cannot think outside their box. They deserve the
stagnation they receive due to this bad attitude, and mental
If you want to grow as a programmer, make sure you keep studying
new languages and technologies. Not only they may turn out to be
useful, but they’ll also make you think in completely
Three Levels of Learning
Rabbi Hanina used to say “I learned a lot from my teachers, and
from my friends more than my teachers, and from my pupils the
most.” I believe this means that there are in fact
three levels of learning:
Level 1 - Learning -
this is a passive learning of the
material, where one inputs the material.
Level 2 - Experiencing
- in this level you work with the material you learned,
and try to implement what you’ve learned and integrate it.
This requires more understanding, because you have to
work with the material.
Level 3 - Teaching
- in this level you teach the material to someone
else. This requires the most understanding because
you need to organise it properly and convey it to
Perhaps there’s a fourth level -
Science in which the knowledge
is expanded. However, this implies that to truly understand the
material, one needs to experiment with it (preferably in
production) and better yet teach it to someone else.
The old adage “He who can - does. He who cannot - teaches.” which
by George Bernard Shaw is amusing, but simply not
true, as I’ve demonstrated here. Being a great teacher is much more
difficult than being a great doer, and is much more enlightening.
What is true, in my opinion. is that “Those who can - do.
Those who can’t - complain.” However, often people who can
and do, still complain. I recall this quote being
Torvalds , but it
Learn as Many Languages as Possible
Learning one computer language is not enough. Knowledge of only
one computer language or a few cripples the mind and causes the
brain to run in circles. Different programming languages introduce
different insights: various easier ways to do certain things,
different restrictions , different syntax, different APIs,
different ways of doing things, different high-level mechanisms
(or lack of them). All of this gives different understandings
of how to program in any language.
Many people believe that their limited knowledge is adequate.
Java programmers are especially notorious for being opposed to
the ideas of them having to learn different languages. The
Programmer book says
a programmer should learn a new computer language at least
every year, and I tend to agree with it. I compiled
tentative list of the technologies I found the most
enlightening, and I recommend programmers to learn
at least all of them.
Learning How to Read Code and Enhance Existing Code
At present, universities and other spend most time teaching
programmers how to write code. However, most of what programmers
have to do for work or for pro-bono work (like open source
projects) is to read code, and to enhance existing code.
Joel Spolsky (“Joel on
Software”) gave the following
“cardinal rule of programming” in his famous
“Things you must never do, part I” essay:
It’s harder to read code than to write it.
My friends and I later discussed this topic in the Hackers-IL
mailing list. Even if code is given for reading in
university, it is usually extremely well-written, highly organised,
highly legible, code, rather than the real code that
programmers are likely to encounter in the wild.
It’s a shame most of the code students write as part of their
curriculum is only for themselves, and ends up being of little
value to the world at large. Even if some code ends up as an open
source project, it is usually too incomplete and lacks essential
functionality or correctness to be of any use in the real world.
As Joel points out in the article, most programmers end up saying
that the code they are working on is horrible and that they wish
to completely rewrite it if they have the chance, instead of
to make it better.
Furthermore, since reading code is harder than writing it, then
it makes sense that programmers who are good at reading (or
refactoring code or enhancing it) are much better programmers,
than programmers who are only good at writing new code. I wish
I had a dollar for every time I heard of someone trying to rewrite
an existing functional and relatively bug-free codebase from
scratch, just because this codebase was deemed of too little
quality, and that afterwards this rewrite ended up at nothing.
These cases practically dwarf the number of successful rewrites
To sum up, it will be a good idea to teach first-time programmers
how to read real-world code, or the code written by their
co-students, and how to enhance it by extending it, and cleaning
Thanks to Pete_I on Freenode,
Jonathan Scott Duff, Sagiv Barhoom and others for reviewing
early drafts of this essay and giving some editorial assistance.