João Baptista da Silva Leitão de Almeida Garrett, viscount de Almeida Garrett
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work!
João Baptista da Silva Leitão de Almeida Garrett, viscount de Almeida Garrett, (born Feb. 4, 1799, Porto, Port.—died Dec. 9, 1854, Lisbon), writer, orator, and statesman who was one of Portugal’s finest prose writers, an important playwright, and chief of the country’s Romantic poets.
Garrett graduated in law from the University of Coimbra in 1820, having already gained a name for himself as a playwright and a fervent liberal. His liberalism forced him into exile in England in 1823, during which time he introduced his countrymen to the new Romantic movement with two patriotic epic poems: Camões (1825) and Dona Branca (1826).
Garrett returned to Portugal in 1832 and distinguished himself as a liberal statesman as well as a writer. In 1834 he became consul general in Brussels but returned to Portugal the following year. He entered Parliament in 1837 and soon made his mark as an orator. He was asked by the government to draw up proposals for the formation of a national theatre. He found that he had to create theatre, plays, actors, and audience to revive a native tradition that had been moribund for centuries, and to provide material for the project, he wrote a series of historical prose dramas that have become classics. Among these dramas are Um Auto de Gil Vicente (1838) and O Alfageme de Santarém (1841). Another work, Frei Luís de Sousa (1843), is considered one of the greatest Portuguese plays of the 19th century. An excursion Garrett took to Santarém in July 1843 resulted in a prose masterpiece describing his journey, Viagens na Minha Terra (1846; “Voyage to My Land”). His historical romance O Arco de Sant’Ana, 2 vol. (1845–50), was probably the first Romantic novel produced in Portugal.
Garrett’s patriotism and service were rewarded in 1851 when he was created viscount. He served as minister for foreign affairs for a short time in 1852 and remained active in political life until his death. His other works include the verse collection Romanceiro, 3 vol. (1843–51), and Folhas Caídas (1853), a collection of short love poems whose formal elegance and sensual, melancholy tone make them the best Portuguese lyric poems of the Romantic period.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Portuguese literature: The 17th century and the Baroque…19th century by Portuguese writer João Baptista de Almeida Garrett, who based a play on Sousa’s life.…
Portuguese literature: PoetryIn poetry and drama João Baptista de Almeida Garrett, by reviving medieval and national historical themes, became the country’s chief exponent of the movement. He read literature in English and French and introduced Portugal to nationalistic Romanticism through two epics,
Camões(1825) and Dona Branca(1826). Garrett, who spent…
Luís de Sousa…by the 19th-century Portuguese writer João Baptista de Almeida Garrett. Garrett’s romantic play
Frei Luís de Sousa(1843), emphasizing the personal struggles of the man, made Sousa a legendary and heroic figure in Portuguese history.…