The Slavs live in Poland
During the Early Middle Ages, a lot of small princes and dukes ruled the place where Poland is now. None of them had very much power. Most of the people who lived in Poland were Slavs, but each little group of Slavs had its own leader. During the 800s AD, the Slavs had been busy fighting off the Holy Roman Emperors, but after 924 there weren’t any Holy Roman Emperors and Poland was pretty much on its own.
Duke Mieszko makes Poland into a country
Then in 962 AD, Otto I became the new Holy Roman Emperor. He started to expand his empire by attacking his eastern neighbors. Duke Mieszko, a Slavic leader, decided he’d better make all of Poland into one country that could defend itself against Otto’s armies. To keep Otto from making his attack a religious crusade, Duke Mieszko converting himself and his people to Christianity in 966 AD. Duke Mieszko lived a long time. By the time he died in 992, he had made Poland one of the strongest countries in Europe. And he had made a peace treaty with Otto’s daughter-in-law, the Empress Theophano.
Boleslaw, the first king of Poland
When Mieszko died, his son Boleslaw became the first king of Poland. Boleslaw was a strong ruler and general like his father, and he also ruled a long time. By the time King Boleslaw died he had conquered a large empire. Under Boleslaw, Poland extended all the way to Kiev in the east and nearly to Berlin in the west. Boleslaw named his country after his own people, the Polans. Even though Boleslaw was a Christian like his father, he married four women at the same time. Boleslaw died in 1025 AD, when he was about sixty years old.
Mieszko II loses land
But when Boleslaw died, his enemies saw an opportunity to attack before Boleslaw’s son, King Mieszko II, could get his feet under him. In 1031 Mieszko II lost a big battle. The Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II and the prince of Kiev, Jaroslaw, ganged up on him, and he lost a lot of land.
Casimir and Boleslaw II are stronger
But Mieszko II’s son, Casimir the Restorer, and his grandson, Boleslaw II, were better generals and built up Poland’s strength again. Boleslaw II made alliances with the Pope and Matilda of Canossa in Italy. So he was able to successfully fight the Holy Roman Empress Agnes, and then her son Henry IV.
Judith – many Jewish people move to Poland
Boleslaw’s younger brother and successor, Wladyslaw, married Agnes‘s daughter Judith (Henry IV’s sister). Then Judith tried to take over Poland from him. Wladyslaw encouraged many Jews to move from Germany to Poland, fleeing the First Crusade. Wladyslaw and Judith’s son, Boleslaw III, kept up a good relationship with his cousin Henry V.
The Acts of Cienia
But in 1138, Boleslaw III’s five sons split Poland up among themselves. There were a lot of small wars among the five dukes, the bishops of Poland, and the other rich men and women of the kingdom. These rich men and women got to be powerful enough that they were able, in 1228, to force Duke Wladyslaw III to sign the Acts of Cienia, which, like England’s Magna Carta of 1215 and Hungary’s Golden Bull of 1222, created a written law for Poland that even the dukes had to obey, so the dukes couldn’t just do whatever they wanted anymore.
The Mongols invade Poland
Civil wars in the Holy Roman Empire during the 1200s prevented any more attacks from Germany. But now attacks came from the east: in 1241, 1259, and 1287, the Mongols invaded Poland and made it part of the Mongol Empire.
But when the bubonic plague struck Central Asia in the early 1300s, the Mongol Empire collapsed. While in most of Europe millions of people were dying of the plague, hardly anyone died in Poland. So this was a good time for Poland, which regained its independence. In 1320, Wladyslaw I managed to reunite Poland and make himself king.
Casimir III: More Jews move to Poland
Soon after that, in 1333, Wladyslaw’s son Casimir III began to conquer the land to their East – Lithuania. Poland also got richer both in money and in brain-power by welcoming thousands of Jews who were being persecuted in Western Europe at this time, and who now immigrated to Poland. The Pope complained about this kind treatment of the Jews, but the Polish king and the Polish church insisted on welcoming the Jews to Poland.
Elizabeth, Louis, Jadwiga
Casimir lived a long time, but he had no sons, so when he died in 1370 AD he left Poland to his sister Elizabeth. When Elizabeth died in 1380, her son Louis of Hungary took over control of Poland for four years, but when Louis died in 1382, his daughter Jadwiga (Elizabeth’s granddaughter) became Queen of Poland.
Learn by doing: go to a Polish restaurant or festival
Late Medieval Poland