3. Learning Objectives
⌛ Understand and explain the basic definition of tourism
⌛ Identify the major participants and forces shaping the tourism
⌛ Explain the historical factors that encouraged the development of
⌛ Explain the impact of physical, human, and regional geography
on tourism activities
⌛ Explain why tourism should be studied from marketing,
management and financial perspectives
⌛ Identify future challenges and opportunities facing the tourism
⌛ Discuss career prospects in the tourism industry
4. Defining Tourism
According to Theobald “etymologically, the word tour is derived from
the Latin word tornare / tornus and the Greek word tornos, meaning,
changed in modern English to represent ‘one’s turn’.
The suffix-ism is defined as an action or process; typical behavior of
quality. While the suffix- ist denote ‘one that performs a given action’
When the word tour and the suffixes-ism and – ist are combined, they
suggest the action of movement around a circle.
One can argue that a circle represents a starting point, which
ultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore like a circle, a tour
represents journey in a round trip, i.e. the act of leaving and then
returning to the original starting point and therefore, one who takes such
a journey can be called a “Tourist”.
5. What is Tourism?
Four different perspectives of tourism can be identified:
• The tourist: The tourist seeks various psychic and physical experience and satisfactions.
The nature of these will largely determine the destinations chosen and the activities
• The business providing tourist goods and services: Business people see tourism as an
opportunity to make a profit by supplying the goods and services that the tourist markets
• The government of the host community or area: politicians view tourism as a wealth
factor in the economy of their jurisdiction. Their perspective is related to the income their
citizens can earn from this business. They also consider the foreign exchange receipts
from international tourism as well as the tax receipts collected from tourist expenditures,
either directly or indirectly. The government can lay an important role in tourism policy,
development, promotion and implementation.
• The host community: Local people usually see tourism as a cultural and employment
factor. Of importance to this group, for example, is the effect of the interaction between
large numbers of international visitors and residents. This effect may be beneficial or
harmful, or both.
6. Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries
that delivers a travel experience, including transportation,
accommodations, eating and drinking establishments, retail
shops, entertainment businesses, activity facilities and other
hospitality services provided for individuals or groups traveling
away from home..….(WTO)
What is Tourism?
“ Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinations
outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities
undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the
facilities created to cater to their needs”…
- MATHIESON AND WALL (1982)
8. “Tourism is the sum of the phenomena and
relationships arising from the interaction of
tourists, business suppliers, host governments
and host communities in the process of attracting
and hosting these tourists and other visitors .”
- MACINTOSH AND GOELDNER (1986)
9. Elements of Tourism
• Elements of tourism refer to the basic fundamentals without which
tourism activity of any kind is not possible.
• They form the base of tourism and all tourism activities are possible due
to them. anatomy of tourism phenomenon reveals, that, it is basically
composed of three elements, namely;
• Man(the human element as the creator of the act of tourism)
• Space(the physical element to be necessarily covered by the act itself)
• Time(the temporal element which is composed by the trip itself and the
stay at the destination)
10. Essential Requirements for Tourism
• Time, as the hours for leisure increase so does the opportunity for travel. Changes in
work days or hours, school calendars will affect how and when people can travel. The
overall travel pattern has moved from a two week vacation to three or four day mini-
vacations per year.
• Money, the majority of travel requires discretionary income. Discretionary income is
money left over after all monetary obligations (food, rent and taxes) have been paid.
• Mobility, is the access to transportation (car, bus, plane, train or ship) and the hours
required to get to their destination.
• Motivation, is the reason people travel. Motivations may include seeking novelty,
education, meet new people, adventure or stress reduction.
11. Tourism – Myths and Realities
The majority of tourism in the world is international Tourism in the world is predominantly domestic (people
traveling their own country). Domestic tourism
accounts for about 80% of tourist trips.
Most tourism journeys in the world are by air as
tourists jet-set from country to country
The majority of trips are surface transport (mainly by
Tourism is only about leisure holidays. Tourism includes all types of purpose of visit, including
business, conference and education.
Employment in tourism means substantial travel and
the chance to learn language.
Most employment in tourism is in the hospitality sector
and involve little travel.
Large multinational companies such as hotels chains
and airlines dominate tourism.
The vast majority of tourism enterprises in every
destination are SMEs
Tourism is a straightforward sector demanding little
research or planning
Tourism is a complex multi-sectoral industry
demanding high-level planning underpinned by
research to succeed.
12. A Tourism Model
• Dynamic and interrelated nature of tourism
• The traveling public (tourists) are the focal point (heart) of
• Tourism promoters link the traveling public with the
suppliers of services
• Tourism suppliers provide the services that tourists need
when they travel
• External forces affect all participants in tourism; tourists,
promoters and suppliers
13. Scope of Tourism
• Hospitality – hotels, resorts , spa , restaurants
• Aviation – airport, airlines, city office
• Tours &Travel – travel agency , tour operator, travel agent, tour guide, travel
planner , Cruise Liners, Railways , Car Rental
• Education & research
• Media – print , electronic, digital
• Events – meetings , conferences, sports , concerts , entertainment
• Real estate
• Govt./private and NGOs,
• National / international/regional
• IT Sectors
14. Services and Tourism
• Service and Tourism go hand in hand
• Growth rate of services sector faster than any
• Tourism is the leader in the production of new jobs
• Tourism has developed an important part of the
economic foundation of many countries
15. Bringing Tourism into Focus
• Typical reasons for travel
– Vacation and leisure trips
– Visits to friends and relatives
– Business and professional trips
• Host community affected by tourism
• Can study tourism from a variety of perspectives
• Wide variety of questions relating to tourism need to be answered
• Technology having unprecedented affect on tourism industry
19. GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
From a geographer’s perspective the
main concern of tourism is to look
into aspects like geographical location
of a place, the climate, the landscape,
20. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
From a sociologist’s perspective Tourism is a social activity; it is
about interaction between different communities— hosts and
guests encounter between different cultures
21. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
From an historian’s perspective tourism is a study of the factors
instrumental in the initiation of tourism to a particular
destination, the order of happenings leading to tourism
development, the reasons for happening of the occurrences in
23. ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
From an economist’s perspective tourism is a major source
of foreign exchange earnings, a generator of personal and
corporate incomes, a creator employment and a contributor
to government earnings
25. Interdisciplinary Approach
Tourism takes in practically all aspects of society and attracts people from
different strata with diverse economic –socio – cultural and educational
backgrounds, thereby behaving in different ways and travelling for different
26. Tourism Industry
• The tourism industry is a vast industry made up of
businesses and organizations that provide goods and
services to meet the distinctive needs of tourist.
• These are related to virtually all areas of the economy
making tourism a very large industry.
• The tourism industry comprises many sectors or sub-
industries such as the hospitality industry , transport
industry, attractions, and entertainment .
• All these sectors are interconnected and integrated.
27. Tourism’s Challenges and Opportunities
• Encourage growth of tourism as it creates jobs and brings money into
the community or country
– It also serves an important need for the consumer.
– May change social structure
• Unplanned tourism can lead to excessive demands of transportation,
public services and degrade the environment, can spoil culture
28. Importance of Tourism
• Tourism is a global phenomenon.
• It is the world’s largest and fastest growing industry. It
is characterized by constant change, development
and highly dynamic industry. It is vulnerable to
• Tourism generate more jobs, good source of income ,
economic engine booster.
• It helps to preserve and promote , maintain culture ,
heritage monuments , environment of a area.
• It act as a bridge . It has positive and negative
• Improvements in transport (e.g. more airports)
have made it quicker and easier to travel to
• Countries in more unusual destinations such as
the middle east and Africa have got better at
marketing themselves as tourist attractions. This
means more people are aware of them.
• Many countries have invested in infrastructure for
tourism to make them more attractive to visitors.
32. • Tourism creates jobs for local people.
• It also increases the income of other
businesses that supply the tourism industry.
• Tourism is important to the economy of both
rich and poor countries e.g. tourism in
France generated 35 million euros In 2006
and 2 million jobs.
• Poorer countries tend to be more dependant
on income from tourism than richer ones.
• People have more disposable income.
• Companies give more paid holidays
than they used to.
• Travel has become cheaper
(particularly air travel)
• Holiday providers now use the
internet to sell their products to people
directly which also makes them
34. Where do you fit in?
• Projected to remain the world’s largest industry.
• Travel and tourism sales will grow at a rate of 4.1% a year
through the year 2020.
• Have the choice of working in a really fun place!
36. In India we see the origin of the concept of Tourism in Sanskrit
Literature. It has given us three terms derived from the root
word “Atana” which means going out
37. Tirthatana- It means going out and
visiting places of religious merit.
Paryatana - It means going out for
pleasure and knowledge.
Deshatana - It means going out of
the country primarily for economic
38. There are two important components that make up Tourism:
1. The practice of travelling for pleasure.
2. The business of providing tours and
services for persons travelling.
39. There are four basic services to be
provided for Tourists
40. As per WTO definition,
Tourism can be classified into the following forms -
41. INBOUND TOURISM : Visits to a country by non-
resident of that country - for example, when A
American citizen, Mr. Sam comes to India to see the
Taj Mahal, he is an inbound tourist for India
42. OUTBOUND TOURISM: Visits by the residents of a country to another
country ,for example when an Indian citizen, Mr. Ram goes to America
to see Hollywood , he is an outbound tourist for India
43. DOMESTIC TOURISM: It involves travelling by the
residents of the given country within their own
country, for example, when Sonia resident of Delhi
goes to see the
Taj Mahal in Agra she is a domestic Indian Tourist.
48. LEIPER 1979 (UPDATED 1990)
Leiper consider the phenomenon
tourism as a system, which is
functioning under various
e.g. Human, Socio-Cultural,
Physical, Political & Legal ,
49. PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES
1. Accommodation services for visitors 1. Accommodation for visitors
2. Food and beverage serving services 2. Food and beverage serving activities
3. Railway passenger transport services 3. Railway passenger transport
4. Road passenger transport services 4. Road passenger transport
5. Water passenger transport servcies 5. Water passenger transport
6. Air passenger transport services 6. Air passenger transport
7. Transport equipment rental services 7. Transport equipment rental
8. Travel agencies and other reservation services
8. Travel agencies and other reservation services
9. Cultural services 9. Cultural activities
10. Sports and recreational services 10. Sports and recreational activities
11. Country-specific tourism characteristic goods
11. Retail trade of country-specific tourism
12. Country-specific tourism characteristic
12. Other country-specific tourism characteristic
50. What are “whole tourism
Real WTS are people, places, organisation that interact
in certain roles when tourism happens.
Models of WTS are representations of real WTS,
frameworks for researching and studying tourism in a
comprehensive and systematic manner.
Five elements in every WTS
• At least one tourist.
• One tourist generating place (where trips begin
• At least one tourist destination place.
• At least one transit route.
• At least one tourism industry.
52. PUSH & PULL FACTORS
Push Factor : factors which
encourage individuals to
move away from their
home setting through
Pull Factor: those
attributes of a different
place which attract or 'pull'
them towards it.
54. GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
Leiper outlines three geographical elements in his model:
1) Traveller-generating region;
2) Tourist destination region; and
3) Transit route region.
The tourist destination functions as a ‘pull’ factor in the market and provide
an area for most of the tourism activity. It attracts different kinds of tourists with
such tourism products as attractions and the quality of management and
55. Tourist Generating Region (TGRs)
TGRs are places where a tourist's trip begins and normally
ends, the generating regions are the place for the essential
markets of the tourist business and it is the basis of tourist
56. TRANSIT ROUTE REGION (TRR’s)
The area between the Traveler Generating Region
and the Tourist Destination Region is known as
the Transit Route
While a long haul journey a Temporary stoppage is
called a transit route.
Here traveller stays for some time in manner to
change flight or for re fuelling.
•It includes the short period of travel to reach
•Includes the stop over's.
•The intermediate places which the tourist
57. Tourist Destination Region (TDR’s)
TDRs are places where a tourist's main visiting
activities occurs. Its important for TDR to have
some special features, activities to attract tourist.
Tourist is considered as the most important
element of the System.
Without the presence of tourist the System may
not function at all
A temporary visitor staying at least 24hrs and less
than 1 consecutive year.
The following are to be considered tourists:
• Persons traveling for pleasure, for health.
• Persons traveling in a representative capacity of any
• Persons traveling for business reasons.
60. TOURISM INDUSTRY
• The tourism industry refers
to the businesses and
organizations that help to
promote the tourism product.
• This is the last element in
• The Tourism Industry is the
amalgam of different
• It includes : - Hotels
63. According to Leiper,
various industrial sectors
can be located in different
In the traveler-generating
region, we can find travel
agents and tour operators.
In the destination region,
we can find attractions and
hospitality industry and in
the transit route region, we
64. All the Elements of the System interact with one
another in various contexts like delivering the
Tourism Products, Transacting the Products…….
• A destination is a place where tourists travel
for leisure or business related activities.
• It is the place where the tourist product is
located and consumed.
• Destinations can be spread over a wide
geographical area and it is the reason for
tourism to exist.
• A travel plan or schedule which includes all
travel details such as date ,time, mode of
transport, accommodation, etc. for travelers
• Tourism systems are open systems, they interact
• Environments are surrounding conditions, which may
affect a system and/or be affected by it
• Physical, social, cultural, economic, political,
technical, legal etc.
70. Examples Of Environments Affecting WTS
Spectacular scenery, a feature of the physical
environment, can be vital for a place’s role as a tourist
Political policies of governments can be vital in
determining flows of tourists out of generating regions
and into destinations.
71. Uses of Whole Tourism System Model
It reminds us of all the elementary things that make up
It enables us to see how the elements interrelate to make
A place can be viewed and studied as (i) a generating
place, (ii) a point in transit and/or (iii) a destination
72. Component of Tourism & Tourism Management
• The component of tourism including:
a. The Tourist
b. The Host
c. Natural resources and environment
73. Components of Tourism & Tourism Management
d. The Built Environment
74. Component of Tourism & Tourism Management
e. Operating sectors of the Tourism industry
c. Food services
d. The attraction
e. The events
f. Adventure and Outdoor recreation
g. The entertainment
h. Tour operator
i. Travel agent
76. • It is very basic to tourist destinations.
• A place to stay, sleep, eat, freshen up in the form of rented room and certain services on
charge in a building provided by a individual or firm. e.g. hotels, guest house , resorts etc.
81. • Accessibility also means the transportation.
The important transportation modes are
road,rail,air and water transport.
• Accessible tourism is intended as the set of
services and facilities capable of allowing
persons with specific needs to enjoy a
holiday and their leisure time with no
particular barriers or problems.
84. • Beaches
• Sea Bathing
• Possibilities of Fishing
• Opportunities of trekking
Various types of entertainment
Facilities which cater special needs
A tourist attraction is a place of interest where tourists visit,
typically for its inherent or exhibited cultural value, historical
significance, natural or built beauty, or amusement
86. Types of Attractions
90. Tourist Typologies
• The classifications of tourists based on their
• Its number has grown over the years
• These typologies serve as guide to tourism
business owners as to what products,
services and facilities should be sold to
certain tourists having the same behavior
91. Tourist Typologies
• Marketers and planners as well as managers of
tourism businesses consider these typologies
to guide their marketing, planning, development
and management functions
93. Major points to study
• Understand Cohen's classification
• Understand Plog's classification
• Give examples on each types of tourists
• Identify the concerns and needs of
different types of tourist
• Tourists, i.e. temporary visitors staying at least twenty four
hours but not more than one year in the country visited and
the purpose of whose journey can be classified under one of
the following headings:
a. Leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion and sport)
b. Business, family, mission, meeting
• Same – day Visitors / Excursionists i.e., temporary visitors
staying less than twenty four hours in the country visited
(including travelers or cruises).