When a technical discussion turns to noise, especially with several cascaded components involved, the calculations and terminology should be straightforward, but often they become more cumbersome than necessary. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is another parameter that should be routinely calculated by the designer but that still creates uncertainty. The purpose of this short applications note is to square-up noise, noise floor, bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in general, and to compute these parameters for a basic, three-component RF front end. Other application notes in this series dive deeper into the cascading of noise figure (NF), P1dB and IP3.
What is an RF Front-End?
The answer to this question varies depending upon who you ask. In the Wikipedia definition, the RF front end includes “all the circuitry between a receiver’s antenna input up to and including the mixer stage”.1 In his book RF Circuit Design, Christopher Bowick defines an RF front end as “everything between the antenna and the digital baseband system”.2 The discussion that follows will focus on the components preceding the mixer.
An RF front end capable of covering the 24000 to 27500 MHz frequency band is shown in Figure 1. The design includes tiny device case styles that enable the front end to be built on an extremely small footprint. In fact, the three device packages combined occupy less than a total of 20 square millimeters. One possible application of this cascade would be a point-to-point microwave system covering the 24250 – 26500 MHz frequency band. Although the specific components utilized here are far from typical, inserting unique and novel parts into a longstanding application always proves more interesting than a simple discussion of a purely notional block diagram.
The salient features of the three components are shown above the block diagram and the part numbers listed beneath, as a link to the data sheet.
- Preselector: 24000 – 27500 MHz (2.23 dB insertion loss)
- LNA: 16.9 dB gain, 2.9 dB NF
- Attenuator: 3 dB
Figure 1: Point-to-point microwave front end block diagram.
Noise Levels in the System
To determine the noise levels throughout the system, the place to begin is right at the thermal noise floor, PThermal, which the designer may know as -174 dBm/Hz. Where did that figure come from? The calculation is simply:
PThermal = kT0B
Where k = Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 x 10-23 J/K), T0 = 290K per IEEE3 and B = Bandwidth (1 Hz)
PThermal = (1.38 x 10-23 J/
K)(290 K)(1 Hz) = (4 x 10-21 JW)(1 Hz) = 4 x 10-18 mW
=> 10log(4 x 10-18 mW) = -174 dBm in a 1 Hz BW, or -174 dBm/Hz
Next, we need to determine the system 3 dB bandwidth, in this case defined by the bandwidth of the BFHK-2582+ preselector:
BW3 dB = 27500 – 24000 MHz = 3500 MHz
Our system is clearly not a 1 Hz bandwidth system, so we must calculate the new noise floor:
PFloor(1) = PThermal + 10(log(BW3 dB)) = -174 dBm/Hz + 10log(3500 x 106 Hz) = -174 dBm + 95.44 dB = -78.56 dBm.
What is this sorcery? To be exact, one can take the thermal noise floor of the earth at room temperature (PThermal) and add 10 times the log of the 3 dB bandwidth of the system of interest and arrive at the noise floor of the system.
Consequently, the preselector limits the noise bandwidth to 3500 MHz, which corresponds to a noise floor of -78.56 dBm. This noise floor will be affected by gain and loss through the system, with one exception: the insertion loss of 2.23 dB in the BFHK-2582+ preselector cannot attenuate the thermal noise floor PThermal below the -174 dBm/Hz level, which is fixed.
If we define a most convenient input signal level, say 0 dBm, we can easily determine the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) after the preselector in dB as:
SNR (dB) = 10log(Signal (mW)/Noise (mW))
= 10log(Signal (mW)) – 10log(Noise (mW))
= Signal (dBm) – Noise (dBm)
= -2.23 dBm – -78.56 dBm = 76.33 dB. This SNR is shown in Figure 2 after the preselector.
Figure 2: Calculated cascaded parameters by stage for a point-to-point microwave front end.
Cascading Gain and Noise Figure
The gain and noise figure of the first stage are simple, they are precisely the insertion loss of the BFHK-2582+ preselector, negative for gain (loss) and positive for NF.
What happens when the AVA-0233LN-D+ amplifier and the 3 dB attenuator are introduced? Examining the parameters that follow the amplifier and the attenuator in Figure 2, proceeding from top to bottom, the gain of the amplifier is simply added to the preceding stage’s gain, as is the loss of the attenuator. The gain is therefore:
Gain = -2.23 dB + 16.9 dB – 3 dB = 11.67 dB.
The noise figure is a bit trickier than gain to cascade through a block diagram and requires that noise figure (NF) in dB be converted to noise factor (F) and run through Friis’ formula for noise factor (F)4. In the case of the first two stages (preselector and amplifier), the noise figure (NF) can simply be added in dB as shown in Figure 2. Once gain is introduced, and other elements come after that gain in the cascade, we have to account for the effect of gain on noise, which is captured in Friis’ formula shown below:
FTotal = F1 + (F2 – 1)/G1 + (F3 – 1)/G1G2 + (F4 – 1)/G1G2G3 + … Fn-1/(G1G2…Gn-1)
Noise factors are determined as follows: F = 10(NF/10) so that F1 = 10(5.13 dB/10) = 3.26 and F2 = 10(3 dB/10) = 2.
The gain (G1) is the cascaded gain up to the point where element F2 enters the circuit and must also be linear: G1 = 10(14.67 dB/10) = 23.91.
Entering these values into Friis’ equation yields:
FTotal = F1 + (F2 – 1)/G1 = 3.26 + (2-1)/29.31 = 3.26 + 0.034 = 3.294
Finally NF (dB) = 10log(FTotal) = 10log(3.294) = 5.18 dB
Signal Level, Noise Level and SNR
Having already calculated the noise level and SNR after the preselector we’ll turn our attention towards the effect of an amplifier on those parameters. The amplifier has a gain of 16.9 dB, but noise level after the amplifer has increased by nearly 20 dB, from -78.56 dBm to -58.76 dBm. The reason for this is that the NF of the amplifier also adds noise (in dB), so it, too increases the level of the noise floor. It is important to utilize cascaded gain and NF parameters when calculating noise and SNR. After the amplifer, the cascaded gain is 14.67 dB and the NF is 5.13 dB, for a net sum effect on the noise floor of (14.67 dB + 5.13 dB) = 19.8 dB. Therefore the new noise floor level and SNR are calculated as:
PFloor(2) = PFloor(1) + G + NF = -78.56 dBm + 19.8 dB = -58.76 dBm and SNR = 14.67 dBm – (-58.76 dBm) = 73.43 dB
Including the final component, the 3 dB attenuator, might appear to be easy, but this is where we start to delve into pure cascade analysis. Recall that we had to use Friis’ formula to calculate the NF once including this third stage. Using the previously-calculated NF we have:
PFloor(3) = PFloor(1) + G + NF = -78.56 dBm + 11.67 dB + 5.18 dB = -61.71 dBm and SNR = 11.67 dBm – (-61.71 dBm) = 73.38 dB
In this application note, we’ve provided a brief explanation showing calculations for the thermal noise floor, noise floor at a given 3 dB bandwidth and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at each stage along a 3-stage RF front end. Friis’ formula was used to the extent necessary for cascading NF. Signal level was simplified by starting at 0 dBm, and computation of noise level and SNR were performed using cascaded gain and NF values. Future applications notes will address additional cascaded parameters such as a continuation of NF, and an introduction of P1dB and IP3.
Products Used in This App Note
- RF Front End, Wikipedia
- “What’s in an RF Front End?” EE Times, February 4, 2008, excerpted from Chapter 8 of a new edition of the book RF Circuit Design, 2e by Christopher Bowick.
- Receiver Sensitivity/Noise
- Friis formulas for noise – Wikipedia
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