Multiplier, in economics, numerical coefficient showing the effect of a change in total national investment on the amount of total national income. It equals the ratio of the change in total income to the change in investment.
For example, a $1 million increase in the total amount of investment in an economy will set off a chain reaction of increases in expenditures. Those who produce the goods and services that are ultimately purchased as a result of the $1 million influx will realize the $1 million as increases in their incomes. If they, in turn, collectively spend about 3/5 of that additional income, then a total of $600,000 will be added to the incomes of others. At this point in the process, total income will have been raised by (1 × $1,000,000) + (3/5 × $1,000,000), or the amount of the initial expenditure on investment plus the additional expenditure on consumption.
The sum will continue to increase as the producers of the additional goods and services realize an increase in their incomes, of which they in turn spend 3/5 on even more goods and services. The increase in total income will then be (1 × $1,000,000) + (3/5 × $1,000,000) + (3/5 × 3/5 × $1,000,000).
Read More on This Topic
economic stabilizer: The multiplier
The simple income–expenditure model of the economy is not a complete model. It suffices to show only the direction of the change in income that would result from, say, a decline in planned investment (or a rise in taxes or a decline of exports). It does not show the extent of the income change.
The process can continue indefinitely. The amount by which total income will increase can be computed through an algebraic formula for such progressions. In this case it equals 1/ (1 - 3/5), or 2.5. This means that a $1 million increase in investment has effected a $2.5 million increase in total income.The multiplier analysis assumes that either the money supply or the velocity of money will increase to allow the extra spending to occur.
The concept of the multiplier process became important in the 1930s when the British economist John Maynard Keynes suggested it as a means to achieving full employment. This approach, meant to help overcome a shortage of private investment, measured the amount of government spending needed to reach a level of income that would prevent unemployment. The concept has since been applied to the cumulative effect of changes in many other variables of total income, such as changes in imports.