5What is a physical change? A physical change occurs when the substance changes state but does not change its chemical composition. For example: water freezing into ice, cutting a piece of wood into smaller pieces, etc. The form or appearance has changed, but the properties of that substance are the same (i.e. it has the same melting point, boiling point, chemical composition, etc.)Definition of physical changes.
6Characteristics of Physical Changes Melting pointBoiling pointVapor pressureColorState of matterDensityElectrical conductivitySolubilityAdsorption to a surfaceHardnessPhysical changes are characterized by the following:
7What are chemical changes? A chemical change occurs when a substance changes into something new. This occurs due to heating, chemical reaction, etc. You can tell a chemical change has occurred if the density, melting point or freezing point of the original substance changes. Many common signs of a chemical change can be seen (bubbles forming, mass changed, etc).Definition of chemical change.
8Characteristics of Chemical Changes Reaction with acidsReaction with bases (alkalis)Reaction with oxygen (combustion)Ability to act as oxidizing agentAbility to act as reducing agentReaction with other elementsDecomposition into simpler substancesCorrosionChemical Changes are characterized by the following:
9Intensive and Extensive Properties Physical and chemical properties may be intensive or extensive.
10What are intensive properties? Intensive properties such as density, color, and boiling point do not depend on the size of the sample of matter and can be used to identify substances.
11What are extensive properties? Extensive properties such as mass and volume do depend on the quantity of the sample.
12How can we identify physical properties? Physical properties are those that we can determine without changing the identity of the substance we are studying.
13Examples of physical properties: The physical properties of sodium metal can be observed or measured. It is a soft, lustrous, silver-colored metal with a relatively low melting point and low density.Hardness, color, melting point and density are all physical properties.
14What are chemical properties? Chemical properties describe the way a substance can change or react to form other substances. These properties, then, must be determined using a process that changes the identity of the substance of interest.
15How can chemical properties be identified? One of the chemical properties of alkali metals such as sodium and potassium is that they react with water. To determine this, we would have to combine an alkali metal with water and observe what happens.In other words, we have to define chemical properties of a substance by the chemical changes it undergoes.
17What are "substances"?Substances can be identified as either an element, compound, or a mixture.
18So, what is a substance?A substance cannot be further broken down or purified by physical means. A substance is matter of a particular kind. Each substance has its own characteristic properties that are different from the set of properties of any other substance.Definition of a substance.
19Characteristics of Pure Substances Fixed compositionCannot be separated into simpler substances by physical methods (physical changes)Can only be changed in identity and properties by chemical methodsProperties do not varyBasic characteristics of pure substance:
20What is a pure substance? ElementsCannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changesCompoundsCan be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes, always in a definite ratioThe two categories of pure chemical substances.
21What is a mixture?Mixtures are two or more substances that are NOT chemically combined.Mixtures do not:· Have constant boiling points· Have constant melting points
22Characteristics of Mixtures Variable compositionComponents retain their characteristic propertiesMay be separated into pure substances by physical methodsMixtures of different compositions may have widely different propertiesBasic identification of a mixture.
23Homogenous MixturesHomogenous mixtures look the same throughout but can be separated by physical means (dissolution, centrifuge, gravimetric filtering, etc.). Examples: milk, yogurt
24Indicators of Homogenous Mixtures Have the same composition throughoutComponents are indistinguishableMay or may not scatter lightExamples: milk, yogurt, etc.Brainstorm more examples of homogenous mixtures.
25What are solutions?Solutions are homogenous mixtures that do not scatter light. These mixtures are created when something is completely dissolved in pure water. Therefore, they are easily separated by distillation or evaporation.Examples: sugar water, salt water
26Heterogenous Mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures are composed of large pieces that are easily separated by physical means (ie. density, polarity, metallic properties).
27Indicators of Heterogenous Mixtures Do not have same composition throughoutComponents are distinguishableExamples: fruit salad, vegetable soup, etc.Brainstorm more examples of heterogenous mixtures.
28Conservation of Matter LawofConservation of MatterThere is no observable change in the quantity of matter during a chemical reaction or a physical change.In other words, matter cannot be created nor destroyed. It is just converted from one form to anotherDefinition of Conservation of matter.
29What are colloids?Colloids are solutions. They can be described as a substance trapped inside another substance. They can be identified by their characteristic scattering of light.For example: air trapped inside the fat molecules in whipped cream.Brainstorm more ideas of colloids: fog, egg merangue, jello, smoke, etc.
30(And how the Kinetic Molecular Theory affects each) States of Matter(And how the Kinetic Molecular Theory affects each)SolidsLiquidsGasesPlasmaOthers
32Kinetic Molecular Theory SolidsHave a definite shapeHave a definite volumeKinetic Molecular TheoryMolecules are held close together and there is very little movement between them.
33LiquidsHave an indefinite shapeHave a definite volumeKinetic Molecular Theory:Atoms and molecules have more space between them than a solid does, but less than a gas (ie. It is more “fluid”.)
34GasesHave an indefinite shapeHave an indefinite volumeKinetic Molecular Theory:Molecules are moving in random patterns with varying amounts of distance between the particles.
35Kinetic Molecular Model of Water At 100°C, water becomes water vapor, a gas. Molecules can move randomly over large distances.Between 0°C and 100 °C, water is a liquid. In the liquid state, water molecules are close together, but can move about freely.Below 0°C, water solidifies to become ice. In the solid state, water molecules are held together in a rigid structure.
36Changing StatesChanging states requires energy in either the form of heat. Changing states may also be due to the change in pressure in a system.Heat of formation, Hf.Heat of vaporization, Hv
37PlasmaPlasma is by far the most common form of matter. Plasma in the stars and in the tenuous space between them makes up over 99% of the visible universe and perhaps most of that which is not visible.
38On earth we live upon an island of "ordinary" matter On earth we live upon an island of "ordinary" matter. The different states of matter generally found on earth are solid, liquid, and gas. We have learned to work, play, and rest using these familiar states of matter. Sir William Crookes, an English physicist, identified a fourth state of matter, now called plasma, in 1879.
39Plasma temperatures and densities range from relatively cool and tenuous (like aurora) to very hot and dense (like the central core of a star). Ordinary solids, liquids, and gases are both electrically neutral and too cool or dense to be in a plasma state.The word "PLASMA" was first applied to ionized gas by Dr. Irving Langmuir, an American chemist and physicist, in 1929.
40X-ray view of Sun from Yohkoh, ISAS and NASA Star formation in the Eagle Nebula Space Telescope Science Institute, NASA(below)(Above)X-ray view of Sun from Yohkoh, ISAS and NASA
41Plasma radiation within the Princeton Tokamak during operation.
42Laser plasma interaction during inertial confinement fusion test at the University of Rochester.
43Both inertial and magnetic confinement fusion research have focused on confinement and heating processes with dramatic results. The next stage of operating power reactors will produce about 1 GW of power and operate at 120 million degrees Kelvin.
44Plasma consists of a collection of free-moving electrons and ions - atoms that have lost electrons. Energy is needed to strip electrons from atoms to make plasma. The energy can be of various origins: thermal, electrical, or light (ultraviolet light or intense visible light from a laser). With insufficient sustaining power, plasmas recombine into neutral gas.
45Plasma can be accelerated and steered by electric and magnetic fields which allows it to be controlled and applied. Plasma research is yielding a greater understanding of the universe. It also provides many practical uses: new manufacturing techniques, consumer products, and the prospect of abundant energy.
46Products manufactured using plasmas impact our daily lives:
47EXAMPLES:Computer chips and integrated circuitsComputer hard drivesElectronicsMachine toolsMedical implants and prostheticsAudio and video tapesAircraft and automobile engine partsPrinting on plastic food containersEnergy-efficient window coatingsHigh-efficiency window coatingsSafe drinking waterVoice and data communications componentsAnti-scratch and anti-glare coatings on eyeglasses and other optics
48Plasma technologies are important in industries with annual world markets approaching $200 billion Waste processingCoatings and filmsElectronicsComputer chips and integrated circuitsAdvanced materials (e.g., ceramics)High-efficiency lighting
49Water Purification Systems Water Purification SystemsPlasma-based sources can emit intense beams of UV & X ray radiation or electron beams for a variety of environmental applications.
50For water sterilization, intense UV emission disables the DNA of microorganisms in the water which then cannot replicate. There is no effect on taste or smell of the water and the technique only takes about 12 seconds.
51This plasma-based UV method is effective against all water-born bacteria and viruses. Intense UV water purification systems are especially relevant to the needs of developing countries because they can be made simple to use and have low maintenance, high throughput and low cost. Plasma-based UV water treatment systems use about 20,000 times less energy than boiling water!
53High-temperature plasmas in arc furnaces can convert, in principle, any combination of materials to a vitrified or glassy substance with separation of molten metal. Substantial recycling is made possible with such furnaces and the highly stable, nonleachable, vitrified material can be used in landfills with essentially no environmental impact.
54Environmental impact: Electron-beam generated plasma reactors can clean up hazardous chemical waste or enable soil remediation. Such systems are highly efficient and reasonably portable, can treat very low concentrations of toxic substances, and can treat a wide range of substances.