A good number of Byzantine craftsmen, painters and artists are unknown or anonymous. Yet, they have left us with a rich legacy of decorative secular and religious art throughout the eastern Roman provinces. They were not only influential in their own realm, but inspired artistic movements around them. The interior of Islamic religious buildings were sometimes painstakingly decorated by Byzantine mosaicists because of their great abilities and skills. Two examples that are often mentioned, where Byzantine mosaicists were employed are, the interiors of the Dome of the Rock (691) and the Great Mosque, Cordoba (965).
Interestingly, the flourishing movement of Islamic mosaic art, with the careful exclusion of figural representation, was one of the factors that contributed to Iconoclasm in the eighth century. On either side of Iconoclasm, we had the “First Golden Age of Byzantine Art”, primarily under the patronage of Justinian the Great and after the victory of the Iconophiles in 843, the birth of the “Second Golden Age of Byzantine Art”. Throughout all of these periods, Byzantine Mosaicist never wavered in the quality work they produced. To think that a skilled mosaicist might have set about 2 square metres of work per day is quite startling. Such was the quality of their work, that I hope Part 2 of this brief series will surprise and excite you, as much as Part 1 did.
Holy Mary and Christ Child with Angels, Panagia Angeloktistos, Kiti, Cyprus.
The relationship between Mary, the mother of God and Christ as a child, had been explored and depicted on early works of art, such as icons and sarcophagi. (The earliest depictions of Mary and an infant Christ can be found in the catacombs of Rome.) However, a few centuries later, in the sixth or seventh century, the depiction of Christ relationship with his mother began to appear on an awe-inspiring scale in churches for everyone to witness. In the Church of Panagia Angeloktistos in Kiti, in Cyprus, a wonderfully preserved, sixth or seventh century mosaic portrays Mary standing on a jeweled pedestal with the infant Christ held majestically in her arms. Over Mary is an inscription that reads ‘Holy Mary’ and besides her are two archangels, believed to be, from left to right, Michael and Gabriel. The craftsmen of this rare mosaic explored the use of a variety of different coloured tesserae stones and glass to achieve this intimate portrait. Interestingly, this mosaic is all that is left of the original Byzantine church. The original apse survived the Arab raids and would become the centre feature of the new church that was built around it in the 11th century.
St. Demetrios with Donors, Church of St. Demetrios, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Portraits of saints in Byzantine art was very popular and it was no different in mosaic artwork in churches across the Byzantine world. One of the most impressive churches filled with mosaic portraits of saints (more than 150) lines the walls and vaults of the Hosios Loukas in Boeotia, in Greece. Yet it only takes sometimes one major saintly figure to inspire a city or population. I am alluding to Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki, a Christian martyr that suffered at the hands of Diocletian’s persecutions of the early fourth century. After his death, Demetrius became a popular cult figure among Christians, and it was during the Avar and Slav attacks against the great city of Thessaloniki, that miraculous military intervention became attributed to him for saving the city. Legend states that he was seen protecting the Thessalonians along the city wall. During one of the many attacks by the Avars and Slavs, the mosaic depicted here above was commissioned in his honour. The inscription on the far bottom of the mosaic reads: “You see the donors of the glorious house on either side of the martyr Demetrios, who turned aside the barbarous wave of barbarian fleets and was the city’s salvation.”
The abstract style of the mosaic and the imagery of defence makes it a remarkable feature of the Church of St. Demetrios. Even more remarkable is the fact that it is one of a very few Byzantine mosaics to have survived the destruction of iconoclasts.
Choir and apse of San Vitale with mosaic of Christ in Majesty, circa 532-548 CE, Ravenna, Italy.
An image of Christ sitting enthroned like an emperor on a blue globe (representing the world) dominates the centre of this wonderful mosaic on the apse of San Vitale. He is flanked by two angels, St. Vitalis, patron saint of Ravenna (on our left) and Bishop Ecclesius (on our right), who offers a model of the church to Christ as donor. The mosaic is in essence a vision of the second coming. Christ sits as ruler and judge, holding a scroll with seven seals, with four rivers of paradise beneath his feet.
What I am most intrigued about with this mosaic is Christ youthful (beardless) face. Dating from the late 2nd to early 4th centuries, this was somewhat of an Early Christian tradition, in how he was portrayed. Later depictions of Jesus would show him with a beard, something that would become the norm in Christian art. On a personal note, I quite like Jesus’ beautiful appearance here, with his red lips and huge brown eyes. He reminds me of a young classical hero. But lets make no mistake, Christ dressed in imperial purple, is meant to present here a dignified vision of power and glory.
Presentation of Christ in the Temple, Istanbul, Turkey.
We have already talked about some of the few surviving mosaics and what they meant to the Byzantines, such as St. Demetrios and the dome of the Church of the Rotunda, as surviving examples of pre- iconoclastic mosaics. I often wonder had the edict to destroy religious art during Iconoclasm been strictly enforced throughout the Empire, it might have dealt Byzantine Christian art a lethal blow?
It isn’t often that I am very exciting when I discover something of Byzantine art that I have never seen before. In fact the image that I have decided to highlight here, the Presentation of Christ in the Temple mosaic, is so rare that it appears by all accounts to be the only figural mosaic showing a Christian subject to have survived the period of iconoclasm in the great city of Constantinople? This late sixth or early seventh century mosaic, of Mary holding Christ and offering him to Joachim, the guardian of the temple, gives us a clue as to what religious artwork may have been like in Constantinople just prior to iconoclasm. I cannot tell you much more about it, except that it was discovered in 1969 behind the walls of the northern apse of the former church of Theotokos Kyriotissa. (Today, the former church is known as the Kalenderhane Camii.)
Mosaic of a cross, Hagia Eirene, Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey)
A very strong earthquake in late 738 CE severely damaged the glorious church of the Hagia Eirene. It stood in disrepair for at least fifteen years, as the empire struggled with territorial losses, the reoccurrence of the plague and religious controversy, until eventually during the reign of Constantine V (741-75), the church was restored and redecorated. The church has the distinction of being recognized as, one of the best surviving examples for Iconoclasm, that raged in Byzantium between 726 and 843, by its simple mosaic cross in the apse of the church. Iconoclasm was in a nutshell the rejection of figural imagery in all forms of Christian religious art. The simple decorative cross was only but one of a few accepted symbols that Iconoclasts allowed.
Whether the golden cross high above on the apse appears as a symbol for Iconoclast decoration, or as a revival of an old-established artistic tradition from earlier centuries, it is still overwhelmingly beautiful. What is most impressive about the mosaic cross is the considerable skill that was employed to make the cross’s arms appear straight. The Byzantine mosaicist skills are on show, as they negotiated the curvature of the apse, by slightly setting the arms in an upwards turn along their length.
The Apse Mosaic of the Virgin and Child, Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey).
The Hagia Sophia is believed to be the first church in Constantinople to have been decorated with figural religious imagery following the controversial period of religious strife known as Iconoclasm. (In fact, it is believed that no other monumental images were ever placed in the great church before Iconoclasm? If we are to believe Byzantine tradition, during Justinian’s reign, the Hagia Sophia was only ever decorated solely of crosses against a gold background.)
The mosaic of the Virgin and Child is masterstroke of political and religious propaganda worthy of any state during the middle ages. It was consecrated by the patriarch Photios in a sermon on March 29th 867, and intended as a public statement, to illustrate the triumph of the Iconophiles, over iconoclasm in 843 CE. The choice of subject of the Virgin, and in particular, the infant Christ was also significant because it celebrated the ‘incarnation of God as man’. Interestingly, an inscription around the mosaic reads: “The images that the heretics cast down from here, pious emperors have set up again.”
Deesis Mosaic, Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey)
The most astonishing thing about the Deesis mosaic is that it was commissioned in the immediate recapture of the city of Constantinople in 1261. It would stand as a symbol, not only of the return of the Byzantine emperor, Michael Palaiologos VII, but as a remarkable return to artistic excellence by the empire’s craftsmen. It is considered by most art historians as one of the greatest masterpieces of world significance. Such is the brilliance of the Deesis craftsmen that they deliberately positioned the mosaic to take advantage of its own reflective light and the fall of light from outside.
The restoration story surrounding the Deesis panel in the early twentieth century is also truly astonishing. (Something I would like to highlight in detail at a later date.) Plastered over by the Ottomans and rediscovered in the early twentieth century, it was about to detach from the wall. In a dangerously fragile state, large repairs were made to stabilize the plaster beneath it. Huge iron nails were driven into the panel and along the top to hold it up. Some people have commented that if it was not for this invasive approach, the danger of us losing the Deesis panel forever was perilously close. On a final note, it has been said that the Deesis mosaic symbolizes everything that is astonishing about the history of the remarkable building that is the Hagia Sophia.
Mosaic of Theodore Metochites, Christ Chora in Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey)
The monastery of the Christ Chora is considered to be one of the most beautiful surviving Byzantine churches to have been constructed. Inside the Chora, visitors to the church in modern-day Istanbul will be taken aback by the range of subjects of mosaics that appear on the walls and domes of the monastery. The Christ Pantokrator is arguably the most important figural image in the Chora and the first image that greets all visitors that stands over the door from the exonarthex into the narthex. Interestingly, most of the mosaics that are visible today were financed by Theodore Metochites between 1315 and 1321. The vain Theodore Metochites even had a very special mosaic commissioned with inscriptions reminding his fellow Christians that he was the restorer of the church. Wearing an exotic court costume and turban, he is seen presenting the Chora church to Christ, in one of Byzantine art history’s best examples of grandstanding.