One of the earliest writers to associate with the apostles the symbolism of the gems given in Revelations is by Andreas, bishop of Caesurae. He gives a brief description of the stones, which is recounted in George F. Kunz's book The Curious Lore of Precious Stones (1913).
* The Sardius with its tawny and translucent coloring suggests fire and represents Philip. Sardius or Carnelian: Hebrew name of Odem. Carnelian is a translucent, hard, fine-grained variety of orangish red quartz (chalcedony) that has often been used for ring stones and wax seals. *
Sardius - See Sard
Sard - A clear or translucent, deep orange-red to brownish-red variety of chalcedony. Also called sardius.
Carnelian - A red or brown gemstone that is a variety of chalcedony.
Carnelian, a form of chalcedony valued in the ancient world, has a vivid brownish orange color and clear translucency that made it popular for signet rings and seals. Although used to stop bleeding, carnelian was more often worn to prevent skin diseases and insanity. It was also reputed to bestow courage and eloquence upon the wearer, and was especially recommended for those speaking in public.
Gemlore tells us that Carnelian's color allows one to relax and helps one to adopt a more loving viewpoint. It is often used for past life recall and to learn about cause and effect. It helps people understand their personal cycles. If you are attracted to it, it can bring much joy and happiness. As a healing aid carnelian helps cells by reminding them of their blueprints of health. Natural (not heat treated) carnelian is stronger for healing purposes. Folklore attributes carnelian with the ability to relieve depression and grief, to prevent/lessen arthritis, and work as a preventive strengthening energy for joints, limbs, bones, and circulatory system. It is also said to affect fertility.