A polypill is a combination of several drugs acting on different risk factors in one formulation. The concept has been proposed as a strategy for reducing cardiovascular events.
Several trials have assessed the efficacy of the polypill compared to placebo for primary prevention. These trials showed short-term risk factor reductions, approximately equivalent to the predicted effects of the individual components. At present, the effect of the polypill on the primary prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is unknown.
Large trials have been completed comparing a polypill-based strategy with usual care in populations with established indications for the component drugs. These trials have shown improved adherence with a polypill-based strategy.
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of premature death and disability globally, despite effective strategies to prevent these conditions.1 The concept of combining multiple classes of drugs into a single pill to improve accessibility and adherence to preventive therapy for cardiovascular disease has a long history. The term 'asp-olol' was coined for a combination of aspirin and atenolol in the 1970s and patents claiming rights over combinations of various cardiovascular drugs have been filed since the late 1990s.2-4
The first major scientific meeting on the concept of a fixed-dose combination pill for preventing cardiovascular disease was held in 2001. The World Health Organization and The Wellcome Trust convened the meeting to discuss evidence-based and affordable interventions for non-communicable diseases.5 A major impetus for the meeting was the potential for fixed-dose combinations containing aspirin, antihypertensives and cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins) to encourage adherence and reduce the costs of treatment.
The concept of a fixed-dosed combination pill was discussed in a Lancet editorial in 20026 and effectiveness and cost-effectiveness analyses were published in the 2002 World Health Report.7 The term 'polypill' was introduced in 20038 when it was suggested that the use of a single pill (containing aspirin, a statin, three antihypertensives and folic acid) in everyone aged over 55 years would reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. The rationale for using three antihypertensive drugs, each at half dose, was to maximise the blood pressure lowering effects, while reducing the risks of adverse effects from any one class of drug.
Several clinical trials have provided evidence on the feasibility and efficacy of polypills in clinical practice. The polypills used in these trials had different components, however all generally included aspirin, antihypertensives and cholesterol-lowering drugs.
These trials can be broadly grouped into two types:
- comparisons of polypill versus placebo or no treatment – in people with no indications for any of the component drugs, for example people without currently defined hypertension, dyslipidaemia or vascular disease, but who have an above average cardiovascular risk
- polypill versus usual care – in patient populations with indications for all the component drugs, for example patients with established coronary disease.
Such trials are crucial to establish the efficacy of cardiovascular polypills and the effectiveness of polypill-based strategies. It is necessary to show that any benefits outweigh the adverse effects of giving a polypill to many people for primary prevention. Using polypills as part of a strategy to improve the appropriate use of medication by patients with established indications for all the components has also raised theoretical concerns that the lack of flexibility associated with fixed combinations may limit tailoring of individual medications, leading to less optimal control of risk factors. There is also concern that polypills may divert attention from appropriate lifestyle measures to prevent cardiovascular disease.
Polypill versus placebo or no treatment
Several short-term trials have been completed (see Table 1).9-12 Three trials10-12 found short-term reductions in risk factors. These were consistent with the expected size of effects (based on published meta-analyses of placebo-controlled trials of antihypertensives and statins) taking into account the baseline risk factors and adherence to treatment. The adverse effects and tolerability of the polypills were consistent with those expected from the individual components.
One study only showed very small risk factor reductions with the polypill compared to placebo.9 However, imbalances in baseline risk factors suggest the possibility of a flaw in the randomisation process. This study also had low and differential follow-up rates (68% in intervention, 78% in control) so the results should be interpreted with caution.
Three large-scale placebo-controlled clinical trials are underway:
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-aged and Elderly Iranians Using a Single PolyPill – PolyIran13
- Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation-3 – HOPE-314
- The International Polycap Study 3 – TIPS-3.15
These trials are studying the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease events. The use of polypills in people with an average risk of cardiovascular disease remains contentious, because of ongoing uncertainty over the harm–benefit ratio of the drugs, particularly aspirin. Due to this concern, the HOPE-3 trial has not included aspirin in its polypill, however aspirin is included in the polypill used in the other trials.
The TIPS-3 trial has a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design (the three components under investigation are the PolyCap, aspirin and vitamin D). It aims to provide some clarity on the harm–benefit ratio of aspirin being included in a primary prevention polypill. TIPS-3 and HOPE-3 are recruiting patients according to age and other risk factors which place them at moderate risk of a cardiovascular disease event over 5–10 years (for example men at least 55 years old with an INTERHEART risk score of at least 10, which is indicative of moderate short-term risk of experiencing a myocardial infarction).16 The PolyIran study is restricted to people aged 50–79 years.
Polypill versus usual care
The first randomised trial to compare a polypill versus usual care was conducted in Sri Lanka in 216 patients without established disease, but with a 10-year cardiovascular disease risk of at least 20% (see Table 2).17 This study did not show any significant improvement in adherence, systolic blood pressure or total cholesterol with the polypill. However, the authors of this open-label trial noted that the 'usual care' group received an unusually high level of care following randomisation.
The population in which there is perhaps the least controversy about the potential role of a polypill is patients with established disease, or who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease (at least 15% over five years) and have indications for antihypertensives, cholesterol-lowering and antiplatelet drugs. There are currently four trials, three of which are part of the Single Pill to Avert Cardiovascular Events (SPACE) Collaboration (www.spacecollaboration.org). This is an international group of academic researchers conducting independent, publicly funded, randomised trials. All these studies have used very similar protocols deliberately designed to maximise comparability and to facilitate a meta-analysis of individual patient data.
Initial results from two of the SPACE trials (Use of a Multidrug Pill In Reducing cardiovascular Events – UMPIRE18 and Kanyini Guidelines Adherence with the Polypill – Kanyini-GAP19) have been reported. In both, the polypill-based strategy substantially improved the use of the indicated drugs. In the much larger UMPIRE study this was associated with improvements in blood pressure and cholesterol.18 The other SPACE trial has completed patient follow-up visits and results are expected later in 2014.20
The planned meta-analysis of the three SPACE trials will clarify more precisely the effect of a polypill on the primary outcomes of adherence, systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol. Meta-analysis will also provide the opportunity for looking at subgroups of patients, such as women and the elderly, and primary versus secondary prevention. Results from the meta-analysis will be reported in 2014.
FOCUS is another randomised trial currently underway in Spain, Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay.21 This trial involves an initial 4000-patient phase aimed at identifying barriers to the implementation of secondary preventive therapies following myocardial infarction. Subsequently, a 1340-patient randomised trial of a polypill versus individual therapies will assess adherence. The results of FOCUS are not expected for several years.
Polypills in practice – where are we now?
Despite several polypills that simultaneously address more than one risk factor having been evaluated over the past decade, few have been marketed in high income countries such as Australia.24 The exception is a combination of amlodipine besylate and atorvastatin calcium which has been available for some time, with over a million scripts written per year in Australia.23 However, no polypills containing statins, multiple blood pressure lowering drugs or aspirin are currently available. The polypill used in the FOCUS trial has been licensed in Guatemala, and several other polypills are available in India including the polypill used in the TIPS series of clinical trials.
The regulatory pathway for polypills is currently challenging. To support an indication for prevention of cardiovascular disease in individuals without any current indications for treatment, placebo-controlled clinical trials with morbidity and mortality outcomes will be required. For use in patients with established indications for the component drugs of a polypill, complex pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic testing to demonstrate equivalence will be required. However, for the broadest indication of 'prevention of cardiovascular disease' in patients who are currently recommended for all components of a polypill, there remains uncertainty about whether or not large-scale clinical trials on adherence and biomarkers of adherence (e.g. blood pressure, cholesterol) will be sufficient.
In the last decade, significant progress has been made in testing the concept of a cardiovascular polypill. Polypills can reduce cardiovascular risk factors to the same degree as their individual components, without increasing adverse events. Long-term trials with morbidity and mortality outcomes examining the broad use of cardiovascular polypills for primary prevention are ongoing and are several years away from reporting.
Results from trials demonstrating the positive impact of a polypill-based strategy on improving the appropriate use of preventive drugs in people with established indications are already accumulating. Definitive answers are expected to be available in the next 12 months.
The George Institute for Global Health recently secured an exclusive global license for the polypills used in the SPACE Collaboration trials, following a decision by Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd not to proceed with taking the products to market because of existing regulatory requirements.
The George Institute for Global Health has received funding from Dr Reddy's Laboratories to support the secretariat of the SPACE Collaboration. Ruth Webster is the coordinator of the SPACE Collaboration and Anushka Patel is the deputy chair of the SPACE Collaboration's Steering Committee. Anushka Patel is the principal investigator of the Kanyini Guidelines Adherence with the Polypill trial19, an investigator in UMPIRE and an investigator in the Programme to Improve Life and Longevity trial.10
Anushka Patel and Ruth Webster have received funding from Dr Reddy's Laboratories to attend one SPACE Collaboration Investigators meeting.
- Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2013;380:2095-128
- Liang MH, Manson JE, inventors. Treatment of patients at elevated cardiovascular risk with a combination of a cholesterol-lowering agent, an inhibitor of the renin angiotensin system, and aspirin. United States patent No 6,576,256 B2. 2003.
- Tobert JA, Merck & Co Inc. Combination therapy for reducing the risks associated with cardiovascular disease. WO 1997038694 A1. 1997 .
- Wald NJ, Law MR, inventors. Formulation for the prevention of cardiovascular disease patent. GB 2361 186. 2001.
- World Health Organization. Secondary prevention of non communicable disease in low and middle income countries through community-based and health service interventions. Geneva 2002;1-3 August.
- Yusuf S. Two decades of progress in preventing vascular disease. Lancet 2002;360:2-3.
- World Health Organization. The world health report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva 2002.
- Wald NJ, Law MR. A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. BMJ 2003;326:1419.
- Malekzadeh F, Marshall T, Pourshams A, Gharravi M, Aslani A, Nateghi A, et al. A pilot double-blind randomised placebo- controlled trial of the effects of fixed-dose combination therapy ('polypill') on cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Clin Pract 2010;64:1220-7.
- Pill Collaborative Group, Rodgers A, Patel A, Berwanger O, Bots M, Grimm R, et al. An international randomised placebo-controlled trial of a four-component combination pill ("polypill") in people with raised cardiovascular risk. PLoS ONE 2011;6:e19857.
- Wald DS, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Randomized Polypill crossover trial in people aged 50 and over. PLoS ONE 2012;7:e41297.
- Indian Polycap Study (TIPS), Yusuf S, Pais P, Afzal R, Xavier D, Teo K, et al. Effects of a polypill (Polycap) on risk factors in middle-aged individuals without cardiovascular disease (TIPS): a phase II, double-blind, randomised trial [see comment]. Lancet 2009;373:1341-51.
- Prevention of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and elderly Iranians using a single polypill (PolyIran). NCT01271985. http://clinicaltrials.gov [cited 2014 Apr 17]
- Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation-3 (HOPE-3). NCT00468923. http://clinicaltrials.gov [cited 2014 Apr 17]
- The International Polycap Study 3 (TIPS-3). NCT01646437. http://clinicaltrials.gov [cited 2014 Apr 22]
- McGorrian C, Islam S, Jung H, Rangarajan S, Avezum A. Estimating modifiable coronary heart disease risk in multiple regions of the world: the INTERHEART Modifiable Risk Score. Eur Heart J 2011;32:581-9 .
- Soliman EZ, Mendis S, Dissanayake WP, Somasundaram NP, Gunaratne PS, Jayasingne IK. A Polypill for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a feasibility study of the World Health Organization. Trials 2011;12:3 .
- Thom S, Poulter N, Field J, Stanton A. Effects of a fixed-dose combination strategy on adherence and risk factors in patients with or at high risk of CVD: the UMPIRE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;310:918-29 .
- Cass A, Peiris D, Usherwood T, Jan S; the Kanyini Guidelines Adherence with the Polypill (Kanyini GAP) Collaboration. A pragmatic randomized trial of a polypill-based strategy to improve use of indicated preventive treatments in people at high cardiovascular disease risk. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Published online before print March 27, 2014. doi: 10.1177/2047487314530382 .
- Crengle S, Harwood M, Doughty R, Arroll B. IMproving Adherence using Combination Therapy (IMPACT): design and protocol of a randomised controlled trial in primary care. Contemp Clin Trials 2011;32:909-15 .
- Sanz G, Fuster V, Guzman L, Guglietta A, Arnaiz JA, Martinez F. The fixed-dose combination drug for secondary cardiovascular prevention project: improving equitable access and adherence to secondary cardiovascular prevention with a fixed-dose combination drug. Study design and objectives. Am Heart J 2011;162:811-7 .
- Elley CR, Gupta AK, Webster R, Selak V, Jun M, Patel A. The efficacy and tolerability of 'polypills': meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PLoS ONE 2012;7:e52145 .
- Australian Government Department of Health. PBS Statistics. PBS expenditure and prescriptions: Expenditure and prescriptions twelve months to 30 June 2012. www.pbs.gov.au [cited 2014 Apr 22]