Role of Disturbance, Topography, and Forest Structure in the Development of a Montane Forest Landscape
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
Human set fires beginning in the mid 1800s and repeated insect outbreaks of western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Free.) and Douglas-fir bark beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.) during the past 50 years have resulted in a dramatic change in the montaine (
Hadley, K. (1994). Role of disturbance, topography, and forest structure in the development of a montane forest landscape. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 121(1): 47-61.