Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal anomaly among live born infants, occurring at a frequency of one in 700 live births. Individuals with DS are at increased risk for several endocrinological conditions, including hypothyroidism, growth retardation, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. The reason for the increased risk of obesity in DS individuals is unclear, but several mechanisms have been suggested, including a decreased resting metabolic rate and differences in physical activity patterns. Obesity and related morbidity and mortality are emerging as important long term consequences, with the increase in the life expectancy of people with DS. Adipokines such as leptin, which is a hormone secreted by adipocytes, acting in the hypothalamus to suppress appetite and regulate body weight, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity. Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipocytes, acting in the hypothalamus to suppress appetite and regulate body weight. In this book we tried to highlight the hormonal key players for the development of obesity in children with Down syndrome.
The purpose of the study was to describe the communication of toddlers with Down syndrome in everyday routines with their caregivers within four intervention time points. Archival video data of caregiver-implemented language intervention from the KidTalk Tactics Project were used to describe the communication of three children, ages 12 to 20 months, measured at four time periods across caregiving, pre-academic, and play routines. Increases in the frequency of single words and multiple word phrases were evident for all children. Variability in the frequency of communication acts in different routines were noted. The results of this study contribute to the expanding literature on caregiver-implemented intervention in natural environments by examining the unique profiles of toddlers with Down syndrome and the context in which they participated with their caregivers.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the main causes of female infertility. It affects 5-10% of women of reproductive age. Irregular menstrual cycle, insulin resistance and obesity are the key factors associated with PCOS. The relationship between various clinical parameters with PCOS is studied in detail. Various hormonal abnormalities like leutinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, testosterone and estrogen levels are analyzed. The lipid parameters like low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol are also studied along with insulin, blood glucose and glucose challenge test. This book highlights the diagnostic utility of various biochemical parameters and the role of metformin as an insulin sensitizing agent in the treatment of PCOS.
Praise for Doing Therapy with Children and Adolescents with Asperger Syndrome «Providing an explanation of Asperger's based on a review of scientific research, Richard Bromfield describes how the characteristics of the syndrome affect the person's thoughts and experiences throughout childhood. Psychotherapy based on the practices described in this book will change the destiny of children and adults with Asperger Syndrome to one of greater connectivity to themselves and others. This should become the primary text for pshchotherapists working with children and adolescents with Asperger's.» —Tony Attwood, PhD, author of The Complete Guide to Asperger's Syndrome «Dr. Blomfield generously shares his wisdom and experience in this very accessible, honest, and often moving book. Any clinician who reads it in its entirely—or even selects a chapter or two at random—will no doubt discover new paths to take their most complex and challenging clients and gain a greater appreciation for those with Asperger Syndrome. Bromfield gives us all a window into a world that is hard to describe, impossible to imagine, but needs and deserves to be understood.» —Naomi Angoff Chedd, LMHC, Autism Specialist and coauthor of Replays Cutting-edge guidance for effective treatment of children and adolescents with Asperger Syndrome Diagnoses of Asperger Syndrome in children and adolescents are on the rise, and while some clinicians have training and experience in this area, most do not. Using vivid case material, Doing Therapy with Children and Adolescent with Asperger Syndrome offers clinicians the guidance they need to treat the young people they endeavor to help.
Childhood obesity continues to be a major health problem in the United States. The statistics are frightening nearly two out of three children who are obese as they enter kindergarten will remain obese as teenagers, and most of those will end up obese adults. Dr. Alvin Eden, a practicing pediatrician for many years, has put his knowledge and experience in dealing with this epidemic in Obesity Prevention in Children, an authoritative resource for anyone raising kids. Recipes and meal plans have been designed by leading nutritionist Sari Greaves.
Down’s syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder in which there is a trisomy of 21st chromosome. Speech errors are common with larger number of phonological processes in children with Down’s syndrome, with delays characteristic of developmentally younger children at a similar language level. Present study aimed at comparing the phonological accuracy scores in Kannada speaking Down’s syndrome and language age matched normal children. Two groups of children were included in the study. Group one had children with Down’s syndrome (n = 35), of chronological age of 6-15 years while Group two consisted of age matched normal children (n = 60). A picture naming task was used to elicit the response. The sample was analysed for phonological accuracy measures of Percentage of Consonant Correct (PCC), Process Density Index (PDI), Percentage of Vowel Correct (PVC), and Percentage of Phoneme Correct (PPC). It was found that children with Down’s syndrome showed lesser scores in all the measures exclusive of PVC when compared with the language and age matched controls. It was found to be a delay rather than deviation in phonological development.
This is a cross sectional study on 400 cases of diabetes mellitus who attended the National Diabetic centre/ AL–Mustensyria university for a period of 6 months. The main factor of metabolic syndrome was dysglycaemia followed by hypertension, obesity and dyslipidaemia. Females in this study were more prone to have metabolic syndrome; Male: Female ratio = 0.5. Those in the age group 60-69 have the highest frequency of metabolic syndrome. Those with BMI 30-40 have the highest frequency of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: This study concludes that early diagnosis and aggressive treatment is needed for metabolic syndrome to avoid cardiovascular complications. This study is important because of its predictive power for cardiovascular complication and diabetes.
The study aimed to explore how three dimensions of BJW, personal, ultimate and immanent, relate to well-being in mothers of normal and Down syndrome children. It was assumed that personal BJW and belief in ultimate justice will be positively related with life satisfaction and mood level and negatively related with depression and anxiety in both groups of mothers. Moreover, these relationships would be stronger for mothers of a Down syndrome child compared to mothers of normal children. A set of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that personal BJW was the strongest predictor of all aspects of well-being. Belief in ultimate justice was negatively related to anxiety in mothers of a Down syndrome child while it was positively related to anxiety in mothers of normal children. Contrary to the expectations, belief in immanent justice was positively related to life satisfaction and mood level in the two groups of mothers. The pattern of results persisted when controlled for demographic and psychological factors. The findings support the role of personal BJW as a personal resource in adverse as well as in normal circumstances.
The prevalence of obesity is increasing globally; with nearly half a billion of the world’s population now considered to be overweight or obese. The obesity epidemic is related both to dietary factors and to an increasing sedentary life style. Obesity has significant co-morbidities and there are associated with substantial healthcare and social costs. The health impact of increasing prevalence of obesity among children is a serious concern. Heart diseases and diabetes were rare among children and young adult in the previous century but today supposed to be the disease of the elderly; there diseases are frequently occurring in the younger generation. This study has thus highlighted the need to not only improve the awareness on prevention of obesity among children but need to motivate them to practice healthy life style is utmost essential.
The metabolic syndrome a concurrence of disturbed glucose and insulin metabolism, overweight and abdominal fat distribution, dyslipidemia and hypertension, is associated with subsequent development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite its high prevalence in Asians, no national estimate is currently available on the metabolic syndrome in patients with acute myocardial infarction in Pakistan.A matched case control study using questionnaire and analysis of components of metabolic syndrome was carried out at tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar Pakhtunkhwa.The result showed that patients were 6.19 times more likely to have three or more diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome than the controls i.e. 55% vs 17%. This study contributed to the fact that metabolic syndrome is more common in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Screening of adults with central obesity for other parameters of the metabolic syndrome may help to reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome as well of myocardial infarction at an early age, which is the complication of metabolic syndrome.
Metabolic Syndrome refers to the clustering of risk factors including obesity, elevated blood pressure (hypertension), elevated blood sugars, dyslipidaemia (high triglycerides & low HDL concentration) and hence increased risk for developing many serious medical conditions including type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, and stroke & early death. Lifestyle changes, one of the main factor, due to fast increasing urbanization, especially in developing countries like India, has led to the development of serious health problems like obesity, hypertension, diabetes, etc. which in turn lead to the complications like Metabolic Syndrome . About one third of the urban population in India’s major cities have Metabolic Syndrome. The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III simplified the definition of Metabolic Syndrome to make it user friendly for medical practitioners. Our study included faculty members of different professional streams using NCEP ATPIII criteria and was concluded that medical faculty had maximum percentage of subjects having Metabolic Syndrome. Early lifestyle modification leads to the reduction in these risk factors and hence to Metabolic Syndrome.
Structure Language Program is a beginning intervention program for parents and professionals. It has been used extensively with children with Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, severe language impairments, and intellectually disabled. Initially, it starts with selecting beginning vocabulary words and goes through multiple word combinations. Each step contains specific directions on how to introduce the word along with suggested carry-over activities.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the trends across developmental domains for a specific group of children with Down syndrome who received early intervention from an integrated intervention program. The study explored the measurement between four different developmental domains: communication, socialization, daily living skills, and motor skills, and with 11 sub-domains: receptive language, expressive language, written language, personal, domestic and community skills, interpersonal relationships, play and leisure time, coping skills, gross motor skills and fine motor skills. The independent variables were gender, age, school and time and the dependent variables were the developmental test results. In this study, standardized results from a developmental assessment contributed to understanding how young children with Down syndrome compare developmentally to each other based on age and gender across time and how they compared developmentally to the sample population in a national study.
Obesity is a world epidemic with many effects over the individual and the community as well. Ghrelin hormone is a newly discovered hormone which plays a role in satiety regulation and its levels are markedly disturbed in morbidly obese patients .Different procedeurs had emerged for treatment of obesity ,one of those procedeurs is vertical banding gastroplasty , my work is a trial to understand how does vertical banding gastroplasty causes weight loss , is it due to its restrictive effect or due to its associated hormonal changes as well
This book is aims to investigate the association of hormonal axes changes with oxidative stress in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)patients due to terrorists attacks in comparison with healthy people in Iraq.It gives an idea about neuroendocrinology of PTSD, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) hormonal axis, hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) hormonal axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) hormonal axis, and hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin (TPP) hormonal axis in general and in particular in PTSD patients. Also, this book illustrates the concept of oxidative stress and its correlation with hormonal axes hormones in PTSD patients.