- "The first recorded instances of crucifixion are found in Persia, where it was believed that since the earth was sacred, the burial of the body of a notorious criminal would desecrate the ground. The birds above and the dogs below would dispose of the remains."
Smith, Damian Barry, The Trauma of the Cross: How the Followers of Jesus Came to Understand the Crucifixion, p. 14. Paulist Press: Mahwah, New Jersey, 1999.
- 斯巴達克起義 奴隸覺醒的悲壯詩篇
- Clayton F. Bower, Jr: Cross or Torture Stake?