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FSLP Lecture 2-Ch 4
Terms in this set (84)
The ability to register sensory information. All senses are functioning at birth.
The first sense to develop in utero
Fetus is sensitive to sounds and movement at ________weeks
The middle and inner ears reach their adult size and are ready to function at _______ weeks
What scent do newborns prefer over all others?
The scent of their mother
What level does the stimulus strength have to be at to effectively maintain an newborn's attention?
A moderate level of stimuli is needed; too much and the newborn will become restless or cry; too little and they'll become bored.
Infant's become used to a stimulus resulting from that stimulus reoccurring frequently
Why does habituation occur in infants?
It enables an infant to attend to new stimuli without competition from older, less novel stimuli
What does habituation require?
Sensory learning and perception
Using both sensory information and previous knowledge to make sense of incoming stimuli
A child must hear speech repeatedly to eventually percieve what is being said
Visual Perception in newborns
Newborns are able to perceive a blurry human face at birth; a few days after birth, they begin to discriminate between facial expressions and distinguish their mother's face
At what age do babies begin to perceive their own face in a mirror?
between 8-9 months
At what age do babies respond more positively to a smile?
between 4-6 months
Do infants prefer people with beards?
Babies prefer an average face by 2 months. Beards are not considered 'average'
Motor Control Definition
muscle movement and sensory feedback that informs the brain of the extent of the movement
Discernible movement in utero begins at ______ weeks.
Isolated limb movement begins in utero at ______ weeks
When do pregnant mothers report feeling movement?
10 weeks. Hand to face contact occurs, as well as body rotation
Describe newborn movements
Twitches, jerks, reflexes
What are reflexes?
Automatic, involuntary motor patterns
By what age are most reflexes gone?
Describe Phasic Bite
Stimulation by touching or rubbing gums. Creates a bite-release mouth pattern. Disappears by 3 months
When does the rooting reflex disappear?
by 3 months
When does the sucking reflex begin?
in utero at 6 months
How do newborns swallow?
By protruding and retracting their tongue.
When does independent swallowing without jaw movement occur?
3 years of age
By what age do tongue movements become more complex and become independent of jaw movement?
When can infants eat soft food, elevate the tip of their tongue, draw their cheeks in while chewing, and close their lips when swallowing?
Developmental Timing Definition
refers to when the brain is receptive to certain inputs and to changes in the brain itself as the result of learning.
What two things does developmental timing depend on?
genetic and environmental factors
When do human brains begin to segment?
in utero within 2 months
early life events exert a powerful influence the pattern of brain organization and behavior development.
When is the Sensitive Period of Language
around 16-18 months
organized patterns of reaction to stimuli; a mental representation that underlies the ability to categorize information for storage and retrieval.
Mental Maps Definition
concepts or representations that are not separate entities, but are linked to related stored information in complex webs.
The Role of Adaption
adaptions occur as a result of assimilation and accommodation
The Role of Organization and Memory: Rehearsal
A process in which information is placed in long-term storage and maintained by repetition
The Role of Organization and Memory: Integrative Rehearsal
new material is integrated into the structure of information already stored in long term memory
The Role of the Environment: Equilibrium
a state of cognitive balance between incoming stimuli and the organism's cognitive schemes
The Role of the Environment: Assimilation
The use of existing schemes to incorporate external stimuli (Ex: Organizing colors)
The Role of the Environment: Accomidation
A transformation process in response to external stimuli that do not fit into any available scheme, and cannot be assimilated.
An individual can modify or create a new scheme.
Are newborns more likely to respond to speech or environmental sounds?
By what age can infants discern between different intonational patterns and words?
By 2 months
When do infants show a preference for vowel sounds (in their native language)
between birth and 6 months
When do infants comprehend words?
By 8-10 months
By what age should children respond to their own name?
By 5 months
When do children respond to their parents?
by 6 months
Flow of language
Stress pattern is one tool used by infants to do what?
Determine where word boundaries are
T/F Infants remember words better when presented with normal sentence intonation at 2 months
Do children perceive and remember unstressed syllables more readily than stressed ones?
No, the more stressed a syllable is, the more likely a child will remember it.
Phonotactic Organization Definition
Consists of syllable structure and sound combinations
What are the two word boundary markers?
Phototactic regularities & phonotactic probabilities.
patterns in speech
likelihood that certain sounds, sound sequences, and syllable types will occur
When can infants discriminate their own language from others
by 5 months
At what age should infants be able to recognize allophones for word boundaries
at 11 months
Describe newborn vocalizations
Newborns produce predominately reflexive sounds, such as fussing or crying, and variagative sounds, such as burping and swallowing.
Primarily focused on exhalation and consist of lengthy vowel-like sounds
Produced on inhalation and exhilaration, includes both consonants and vowels, brief in duration
Where do speech sounds originate
at the level of the larynx
Quasi-Resonant Nuclei (QRN)
noncrying vowel like sound with brief consonantal elements (primarily nasal sounds)
Production of speech sounds requires what 4 things?
1. Respiration of air
2. Vibration at the larynx
How is infant sound making characterized?
non-distress "gooing" or "cooing"
Infants are most responsive if the caregivers
respond at 3 months
At what age do infants produce more syllable like vocalizations accompanied by index-finger extensions?
When does sustained laughter occur?
by 16 weeks
sound units that an infant produces
Babbling production is characterized by
high and low pitch, glides, growling and glottal sounds, fricatives, nasals, and increase in vowel sounds
Fully Resonant Nuclei (FRN):
resonating laryngeal tone to produce vowel-like sounds similar to /a/.
When are bilabial sounds predominate
When does echolalia usually occur?
At what age do infants begin to imitate communication of others?
adjacent and successive syllables are not identical
CV-CV repetitions or self-imitations. Same as canonical babbling.
long strings of unintelligible sounds with adult-like prosodic and intonational patterns
Phonetically consistent forms (PCFs)
Sound function as words for an infant, created and used by a child to refer to an entity
Parenting Techniques for infant participation: Phasing
Monitors infant behavior to determine when to slot behavior for most impact; must know when to intervene to attain predictable outcome
ex. using an object to get infant's attention; eye gaze
Parenting Techniques for infant participation: Adaptive
Exhibits behaviors that enable infants to assimilate information more rapidly; maintains infant's attention and provides highly ordered, predictable output.
ex. Emphatic features, exaggerated facial expression.
Parenting Techniques for infant participation: Facilitate
Structures routine and environment to ensure infant success.
ex. Parents hold toy for child, assist child physically, supplies materials needed to complete tasks.
Parenting Techniques for infant participation: Elaborative
Allows child to indicate an interest, then elaborates on it.
ex.Talks following infant's activities and interests closely. Parent talks about infant's behavior as the parent performs it.
Parenting Techniques for infant participation: Initiating
Directs infant's attention to objects, events, and persons. Follows sequence of gaining infants attention, directing it, and looking back to assure the infant is attending.
ex. Pointing to objects, bringing objects into view
Parenting Techniques for infant participation: Control
Tells infant what she or he is going to do. Pauses after key words that are emphasized. Makes extensive use of gestures. (ex. mother tells infant to eat)
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