In infants and small children, we encounter different congenital eyelid abnormalities, from incomplete development to problems with position and function.
Congenital drooping of the upper lid (ptosis) is usually caused by incomplete development of the levator muscle (the muscle that elevates the upper lid). This condition can impede the development of normal vision on the side of the affected lid.
The decision regarding the timing and method of ptosis correction depends on the degree of ptosis in relation to the visual axis (pupil), the strength of the levator muscle and the age of the child.
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Acquired ptosis (developed during life) is most frequently caused by the weakening of the insertion of the levator mucle. This condition usually presents together with a relative „surplus“ of upper lid skin (dermatochalasis). Downward descent of the eyebrows (brow ptosis) may add to the overall problem.
Inversion (entropion) or eversion (ectropion) is most frequently encountered in the lower lid, as a consequence of eyelid instability, caused by stretching of its tissues with age. Less often is it caused by trauma or inflammatory diseases, followed by scarring of the skin and / or mucosal lining of the eyelid.
Entropion causes the eyelashes to rub over the eye, which causes significant discomfort and may lead to an infection. In an ectropion, the mucosa of the lid is constantly exposed to the environment, causing it to dry and become inflammed.
Tumors of the eyelids and periocular region can be benign and malignant. In children, we, most frequently, encounter benign lesions like hemangioma or dermoid cysts. A chalazion is an inflammatory cyst of the sebaceous glands (Meibomean) in the eyelid.