Trio of supermassive black holes shake space-time
25 Jun 2014
Helical jets from one supermassive black hole caused by a very closely orbiting companion (see blue dots). The third black hole is part of the system, but farther away and therefore emits relatively straight jets. Click for larger version. Image Credit: Roger Deane (large image); NASA Goddard (inset bottom left; modified from original).
Astronomers have discovered three closely orbiting supermassive black holes in a galaxy more than 4 billion light years away. This exotic system could help astronomers in their search for gravitational waves: the ‘ripples in space-time predicted by Einstein’.
Most galaxies have just one black hole at their centre, usually with a mass of between 1 million and 10 billion times that of the Sun. The discovery of a trio of black holes – the tightest trio ever found – suggests that such closely packed supermassive black holes are far more common than previously thought.
An international research team, including Keith Grainge from the University of Manchester’s School of Physics and Astronomy, performed VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) observations with radio telescopes to discover the inner two black holes of the triple system.
The VLBI technique combines signals from large radio telescopes separated by up to 10,000km to see details 50 times finer than that possible with the Hubble Space Telescope. In this project the 76-metre Lovell Telescope at The University of Manchester’s Jodrell Bank Observatory took part in European VLBI network (EVN) observations.
Dr Grainge said: “This exciting discovery perfectly illustrates the power of the VLBI technique, whose exquisite sharpness of view allows us to see deep into the hearts of distant galaxies. The next generation radio observatory – the Square Kilometre Array – is also being designed with VLBI capabilities very much in mind."
Galaxies are believed to grow and evolve through mergers with other galaxies, each bringing their own black holes, a process which should lead to multiple supermassive black holes in some galaxies. The galaxy under investigation – a quasar – was found in the Sloane Digital Sky Survey (SDSS).
Lead author Roger Deane, from Cape Town University, South Africa, said: “What remains extraordinary to me is that these black holes, which are at the very extreme of Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity, are orbiting one another at 300 times the speed of sound on Earth. Not only that, but using the combined signals from radio telescopes on four continents we are able to observe this exotic system one third of the way across the Universe.”
Such systems are important to understand for several reasons: in terms of galaxy evolution it is known that black holes influence how galaxies evolve, and understanding how often black holes themselves merge is key to this work. Furthermore, if General Relativity is correct, closely orbiting systems such as this are sources of gravitational waves in the Universe. Future radio telescopes such as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will be able to measure the gravitational waves from such systems as their orbits decrease and the black holes head towards collision and merger. At this point, very little is actually known about black hole systems that are so close to one another that they emit detectable gravitational waves.
Matt Jarvis, from the Universities of Oxford and the Western Cape, said: “This discovery not only suggests that close-pair black hole systems are much more common than previously expected, but also predicts that radio telescopes such as MeerKAT and the African VLBI Network will directly assist in the detection and understanding of the gravitational wave signal.
“Further in the future the SKA will allow us to find and study these systems in exquisite detail, and really allow us gain a much better understanding of how black holes shape galaxies over the history of the Universe.”
While the VLBI technique was essential to discover the inner two black holes (which are in fact the second closest pair of supermassive black holes known), Deane and co-authors have also shown that the binary black hole presence can be revealed by much larger scale features.
The orbital motion of the black hole is imprinted on to its large jets, twisting them into a helical or corkscrew-like shape. So even though black holes may be so close together that our telescopes can’t tell them apart, their twisted jets may provide easy-to-find pointers to them, much like using a flare to mark your location at sea. This may provide a way for sensitive future telescopes like MeerKAT and the SKA to find binary black holes with much greater efficiency.
“We have found the first needle in the ‘middle age’ Universe and I hope that we will find much more and even closer systems of that kind in the near future,” added Hans-Rainer Klöckner from the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, a co-author of the paper.
“Such close-binaries will not only show us how supermassive black holes could grow or how they could alter our space time, they will also help us to understand the inner workings and the interplay between jets and the accretion disc surrounding black holes.”
The paper, ‘A close-pair binary in a distant triple supermassive black-hole system,’ by R. P. Deane, Z. Paragi, M. J. Jarvis, M. Coriat, G. Bernardi, R. P. Fender, S. Frey, I. Heywood, H.-R. Klöckner, K. Grainge & C. Rumsey, is published at Nature Online on June 25, 2014.
- European VLBI Network (EVN)
- Arecibo Radio Observatory
- Giant Metre Wave Radio Telescope (GMRT)
- Effelsberg Radio Observatory
- Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI)
- Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA)
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