Guess how many Americans correctly answered this basic financial question: Is the stock of a single company usually safer than a mutual fund?
A. 100 percent.
B. 80 percent.
C. 60 percent.
D. None of the above.
The right answer is D. Barely 1 in 2 people knew that a single stock is not safer than a mutual fund, which holds many stocks.
The question, included in a survey by a pair of college professors, underscores a fundamental problem facing millions of Americans. At a time when the world of personal finance is increasingly complex -- and when people are more responsible than ever for their own financial future -- Americans' understanding of basic concepts is sorely lacking.
Despite experts' many efforts to boost knowledge, studies show that most people don't understand rudimentary principles of finance and investing. Even well-educated and upper-income Americans often have poor financial literacy, experts say.
"By and large, people are pretty clueless," said Olivia Mitchell, executive director of the Pension Research Council at the University of Pennsylvania and co-author of the study.
An analysis by the Securities and Exchange Commission found that "investors have a weak grasp of elementary financial concepts and lack critical knowledge of ways to avoid investment fraud."
The result, experts say, is young people who are mired in student debt and older Americans who face bleak retirement prospects. People who don't understand basic concepts are ill-equipped for more complex tasks, such as ferreting out hidden fees or conflicts of interest that are embedded in many financial products.
The collective ignorance has played a role in recent financial crises, according to some experts. The subprime mortgage meltdown would have been less severe, they say, if people understood the pitfalls of the loans they were taking out.
The SEC study was part of the Wall Street reform law passed by Congress in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis. The goal was to improve Americans' investment knowledge.
That is a key issue for the millions of individuals who poured into bonds in recent years. With interest rates expected to rise in the next few years, studies show many investors don't understand the potential impact.
A survey by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, a Wall Street-funded watchdog organization, found only 28 percent of respondents knew what happens to bond prices when interest rates rise. (Answer: The value of existing bonds falls when new securities with higher yields are issued).
"As reading and writing were essential to participate in society in the past, today you have to be financially literate to participate in society," said Annamaria Lusardi, director of the Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center at the George Washington University School of Business.
The lack of awareness is partly the result of a profusion of financial products, experts say. There are endless varieties of mutual funds and mortgages. Students must sift through the arcana of college loan terms and repayment options.
Other experts say financial education is unlikely to meet with great success. Instead, they say, the focus should be on simplifying financial products so that people have fairer and more straightforward options.