Cross-Cultural Management. 西安电子科技大学 杜 荣. C hapter 1 Meanings and Dimensions of Culture. Outline Chap1-1 Cross-cultural management Chap1-2 Globalization Chap1-3 Definitions of culture Chap1-4 Nature of culture Chap1-5 Cultural values Chap1-6 Dimensions of culture
CCM is a fairly new field that is based on theories and research from:
Cross Cultural Management seeks to
Like it or not, globalization is here…to stay.
Definition: acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior.
Culture forms values, creates attitude, influences behavior.
Characteristics of culture include:
(P4: Culture and types of handshake)
(P5: Priorities of cultural values: US, Japan)
(P5: examples where culture can affect management approaches)
Depict cultural diversity through concentric circles.
1. Family security
2. Family harmony
3. Parental guidance
2. Group harmony
5. Group consensus
Safety vs. risk
High vs. low
innovationManagement Approaches Affected by Cultural Diversity
products of the society
Norms and values
that guide the society
assumptions that guide
people’s behaviorA model of culture: concentric circles
Outer layer: observable, e.g. language, food, buildings, art.
Middle layer: helps people understand how they should behave.
Inner layer: intangible, helpful for problem-solving and well interactions with other people.
How Americans see the Chinese
(keep in harmony)
How Chinese see Americans
(arguments and debates)
Values: basic convictions that people have regarding what is right and wrong, good and bad, important and unimportant.
U.S. Values and possible alternatives
Hard working; loyal to
autonomy; loyal to self
Ambitious, hard worker;
loyal to career
Flexible, values leisure;
loyal to relationships
50 to 65
35 to 50
35 to 35
4. Generation X
A bipolar continuum
This dimension was added to depict the influence of Confucianism in Asia.
This dimension is similar to “Adjusting” proposed by Brugha and Du.
* A low score is synonymous with collectivism
** A low score is synonymous with masculinity
*** A low score is synonymous with a short-term orientation
Two additional perspectives, of social/cross-cultural psychologists merit attention:
Markus & Kitayama: Independent & Interdependent Construals
Harry Triandis: Combination of Individualism vs. collectivism and power & achievement vs. benevolence & universalism
Assignment after class:
Read a paper on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions.
Work Value and Attitude Similarities
Variable Highest Medium Lowest
Ranking Ranking Ranking
Assertiveness Spain, U.S. Egypt, Ireland Sweden, New Zealand
Future orientation Denmark, Canada Slovenia, Egypt Russia, Argentina
Gender differentiation South Korea, Italy, Brazil Sweden Denmark
Uncertainty avoidance Austria, Denmark Israel, U.S. Russia, Hungary
Power distance Russia, Spain England, France Demark, Netherlands
Collectivism/Societal Denmark, Hong Kong, U.S. Greece, Hungary
In-group collectivism Egypt, China England, France Denmark, Netherlands
Performance orientation U.S., Taiwan Sweden, Israel Russia, Argentina
Humane orientation Indonesia, Egypt Hong Kong, Germany, Spain
Relationship Japan China Indonesia Hong Kong SingaporeTrompenaars’ Cultural Groups
Communitarianism x x x x x
Diffuse relationship x x x x x
Particularism x x x x x
Neutral relationship x x x x
Emotional relationship x
Ascription x x x x x
Relationship Austria Germany Switzerland CzechoslovakiaTrompenaars’ Cultural Groups
Communitarianism x x x
Specific relationship x x x
Diffuse relationship x
Universalism x x x x
Neutral relationship x x
Emotional relationship x x
Achievement x x x
Edward T. Hall
Kluckhohn & Strodbeck
Variations in Value Orientations
Int’l. business practice
Int’l. business practice
theories - practice