Ḥanīsh Islands, Arabic Jazāʾir Ḥanīsh, archipelago in the southern Red Sea that as of November 1, 1998, was officially recognized as sovereign territory of Yemen. Long under Ottoman sovereignty, the island group’s political status was purposely left indeterminate by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), under which Turkey surrendered all its Asiatic territories outside Anatolia. Between 1923 and World War II, Italy exercised loose control over the fishermen frequenting the area. The islands were the subject of dispute and armed conflict between Yemen and Eritrea in late 1995 and 1996. Both countries agreed to accept arbitration, and in 1998 the Permanent Court of Arbitration determined that the territory belonged to Yemen.
The four main islands of the Ḥanīsh group occupy a strategic position about 100 miles (160 km) north of the Strait of Mandeb, the southern entrance to the Red Sea. They extend from north to south in a chain about 40 miles (65 km) long and lie somewhat closer to Yemen than to Eritrea, between 20 to 45 miles (32–70 km) west of the Yemeni coast. From the north they are: Jabal Zuqar, the largest, which is irregularly shaped and about 10 miles (16 km) from north to south and 8 miles (13 km) from east to west at its widest point; Al-Ḥanīsh al-Ṣaghīr (Little Ḥanīsh); Al-Ḥanīsh al-Kabīr (Great Ḥanīsh); and Suyūl Ḥanīsh. Interspersed among these islands, and extending southwest to the coast of Eritrea, are many small islets and rocks; the group is a major navigational hazard of the southern Red Sea.
The island group is volcanic in origin and has rugged topography throughout. The island of Jabal Zuqar rises to 2,047 feet (624 metres) above sea level; this is the highest elevation on any of the Red Sea’s many islands. Although barren and inhospitable to settlement, the islands have rich fishing grounds. There are also indications of possible mineral and oil deposits around the islands.