The information presented here was chosen because of its pertinence
to Desert Wind. The Kwaaymii have
a rich culture that spans well beyond the scope of this
web page. If you are interested in learning more about the
Kwaaymii people, please see the references for
The Kwaaymii are now known as the Laguna Band of Mission Indians.
The Kwaaymii lived in the Laguna Mountains, a range several miles east
of modern San Diego. As nomads, they spent their summers in the Lagunas
and their winters in the Borrego Desert.
The Kwaaymii are a part of a larger group of Indians which
inhabited Southern California.
The coastal people became known as the Diegueño, the eastern people
were the Kwichaan, and those located between the two were
the Kumeyaay. The Kwaaymii are members of the Kumeyaay.
Unlike many Native Americans today, the Kwaaymii do not have a reservation.
The 1860 smallpox outbreak and the 1918 influenza epidemic killed all
but a handful of the Kwaaymii. Tom Lucas, born February 20th, 1903
was the last full-blooded Kwaaymii. A man who was brave enough to
face the burden of being the last of his people, he coped with the
changes going on around him. One thing he accomplished was having
the Laguna Indian Reservation deeded over to him. It is no longer
a reservation, but is known simply as The Lucas Ranch.
The Karuk ceremony was celebrated approximately one year after a
The Kwaaymii believed that when a person died, their spirit remained
to walk the earth for about a year. In that time their spirit would
recall their life's experiences.
If the person was good, they were met by a spirit guide on the bridge
to the afterlife. If they were bad, they received no guidance, and
had to forge across the bridge on their own. They had little hope of
making it across without a guide.
When the person died, their hair was saved in an olla.
The year passed, and when the time of the Karuk ceremony came around,
the hair was removed from the olla.
Relatives constructed images in
the likeness of the deceased person.
With reeds gathered from the desert area, they made the images,
covering the head with deer skin and painting on the face. They took the
hair and sewed it on with a fine fiber.
As night fell, the people would sing chants and dance around a great fire.
Though the images were made by relatives, they were given to more distant
people who took them and danced with them. The singing and dancing continued
throughout the night, and just before dawn, the people cast the images
into the blazing fire. The smoke drifted to the south. The spirit had
The Kwaaymii used ollas as all-purpose containers, and they made
the ollas out of clay. They would break chunks of clay into a mortar,
and ground that to a fine powder on a flat slab. The powder was
brushed into a clay pan, and they mixed it with liquid from boiled cactus.
They put the wet clay in a sack and buried it for up to two weeks, making
the clay easier to work with.
Once the clay was ready, the Kwaaymii rolled it into strips.
These strips were laid out in a spiral to create the base of the olla.
They made the sides by fitting strip upon strip and working it on
the inside and outside with special tools. If the olla was large, they
built half of it, and set it out to dry over night. The next
day, it would be strong enough to hold weight the of the second half
on top, while still being wet enough for the new section to adhere.
Finally, the olla would be set in the sun to dry. They knew it was finished
when they tapped the olla and it made a clear ring.
The Kwaaymii used ollas for such diverse purposes as cooking, storing water,
serving meals and even nursing infants.
The olla was especially effective at keeping water cool. Once the olla
was filled, the water would permeate the clay, causing the olla to sweat.
The evaporation of the sweat cooled the olla.
The Kwaaymii used wickiups for mountain homes. They constructed
their wickiups from large branches, pine boughs, fiber ropes, hide,
woven reeds, mesquite, arrowweed, and a variety of different flora.
The Kwaaymii cut the poles to the desired length, and placed them in
a circle, leaving a hole for the entrance. They would tie the poles at
the top with a fibrous rope. They piled on boughs from the bottom up
in overlapping layers, and even used mud to seal the wickiup. The door
was often covered by hide or woven reeds which were attached with
a thong or rope.
Wickiups were circular and fairly short by today's standards,
standing only about four to five feet tall. The Kwaaymii left a hole
in the top so they could build a fire in the center for warmth. If
the weather was really bad, they could even cook on the fire.
Near the back of the wickiup (away from the entrance), the Kwaaymii
would often dig a storage hole. The hole remained cool, and they
used it for keeping food that they wanted to preserve from the heat.
Cline, Lora L., Just Before Sunset, J and L Enterprises, Jacumba,
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Text Copyright © 1995
Mark Stanley Bubien,
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Images Copyright © 1995
Mark Stanley Bubien.