... common way to ensure easily opened bags of
coffee and pop-top cans of various designs
... • In a cylinder under internal pressure the stresses in the
hoop directions are twice those in the axial direction,
and so you could put fibers in both directions, but
twice as many in the hoop direction.
• However, fibers shrink much less than matrix at low
temperatures, so the fibers in hoop direc ...
... • Probabilistic design requires more data, that is
often not available or expensive to get.
• Probabilistic design may require to accept finite
probability of death or injury and my lead to legal
• Probabilistic design may allow more economical
• Probabilistic design ma ...
risk assessment of a cross country pipeline transporting
... Under these circumstances, it is essential to apply modern approaches to safety based on good design,
management and operational control (Wells, 1980). The major hazard units should try to achieve and
maintain high standards of plant integrity with due regards to the probabilities of undesirable eve ...
Power MOSFET Failures in Automotive Applications
... drive capabilities of the ASIC, and inductive surges from
parallel connected loads on the source (the lower leg).
Invariably, the results from circuit analysis are negative, with
no clear root cause of device failure. This is not surprising
since failures are so rare and measured in the low
Failure mode and effects analysis
Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)—also ""failure modes,"" plural, in many publications—was one of the first systematic techniques for failure analysis. It was developed by reliability engineers in the late 1950s to study problems that might arise from malfunctions of military systems. A FMEA is often the first step of a system reliability study. It involves reviewing as many components, assemblies, and subsystems as possible to identify failure modes, and their causes and effects. For each component, the failure modes and their resulting effects on the rest of the system are recorded in a specific FMEA worksheet. There are numerous variations of such worksheets. A FMEA is mainly a qualitative analysis.A few different types of FMEA analyses exist, such as Functional Design, and Process FMEA.Sometimes FMEA is extended to FMECA to indicate that criticality analysis is performed too.FMEA is an inductive reasoning (forward logic) single point of failure analysis and is a core task in reliability engineering, safety engineering and quality engineering. Quality engineering is specially concerned with the ""Process"" (Manufacturing and Assembly) type of FMEA.A successful FMEA activity helps to identify potential failure modes based on experience with similar products and processes - or based on common physics of failure logic. It is widely used in development and manufacturing industries in various phases of the product life cycle. Effects analysis refers to studying the consequences of those failures on different system levels.Functional analyses are needed as an input to determine correct failure modes, at all system levels, both for functional FMEA or Piece-Part (hardware) FMEA. A FMEA is used to structure Mitigation for Risk reduction based on either failure (mode) effect severity reduction or based on lowering the probability of failure or both. The FMEA is in principle a full inductive (forward logic) analysis, however the failure probability can only be estimated or reduced by understanding the failure mechanism. Ideally this probability shall be lowered to ""impossible to occur"" by eliminating the (root) causes. It is therefore important to include in the FMEA an appropriate depth of information on the causes of failure (deductive analysis).