And not just a few instructions, but whole CPUs have been developed with languages in mind. Most prominent maybe Intel's 8086. Already the basic CPU was designed to support the way high level languages handle memory management, especially stack allocation and usage. With BP a separate register for stack frames and addressing was added in conjunction with short encodings for stack related addressing to make HLL programs perform. The 80186/286 went further in this direction by adding Enter/Leave instructions for stack frame handling.
While it can be said that the base 8086 was geared more toward languages like Pascal or PL/M (*1,2), later incarnations added many ways to support the now prevalent C primitives - not at least scaling factors for indices.
Since many answers pile now various details of CPUs where instructions may match up (or not), there are maybe two other CPUs worth mentioning: The Pascal Microengine and Rockwells 65C19 (as well as the RTX2000).
Pascal Microengine, a CPU made for generic HLL implementaions
The Pascal Microengine was a WD MCP1600 chipset (*3) based implementation of the virtual 16 bit UCSD p-code processor. Contrary to what the name suggests, it wasn't tied to Pascal as a language, but a generic stack machine tailored to support concepts for HLL operations. Beside a rather simple, stack based execution, the most important part was a far reaching and comfortable management of local memory structures for functions and function linking as well as data. Modern time Java Bytecode and its interpreter as a native Bytecode CPU (e.g. PicoJava) isn't in any way a new idea (*4).
R65C19 and N4000, CPU's enhanced or custom made for a specific language
The Rockwell R65C19 is a 6500 variant with added support for Forth. Its 10 new threaded code instructions (*5) implemented the core functions (like Next) of a Forth system as single machine instructions.
Forth as a language was developed with a keen eye on the way it is executed. It got more in common with Assemblers than many other HLL (*6). So it's no surprise that, already in 1983, its inventor Charles Moore created a Forth CPU called N4000 (*7).
*1 - Most remarkable here the string functions which make only sense in languages supporting strings as discrete data type.
*2 - Stephen Morse's 8086 primer is still a good read - especially when he talks about the finer details. Similar and quite recommended his 2008 interview about the 8086 creation where he describes his approach as mostly HLL driven.
*3 - Which makes it basically a LSI-11 with different microcode.
*4 - As IT historians, we have seen each and every implementation already before, haven't we? So let's play a round of Zork.
*5 - There are other nice additions as well, like mathematical operations that ease filter programming - after all, the 65C19/29/39 series was the heart of many modems.
*6 - The discrimination with assembler as not being a HLL and miles apart becomes quite blurry when looking close anyway.
*7 - Later sold to Harris, who developed it into the RTX2000 series - with radiation hardened versions that power several deep space probes.