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|Discrete component logic|
|Written by Hans Summers|
|Monday, 31 August 2009 21:33|
I often use discrete component implementations of logic gates in my projects, often consisting of AND and OR gates made from diodes and resistors. I "invented" or "discovered" how to make these gates when I was about 14 and have been happily using them ever since.
The reason I use these gates is often to save space: if all I need is one AND gate, for example to reset a counter, then I can easily implement it with 2 diodes and a resistor. It saves using a whole additional IC such as a 74HC08 containing four AND gates, of which I only need one. At other times, it can be convenient to be able to build a logic gate with as many inputs as I like. For example, a 7 input OR-gate is easily implemented just by adding more diodes to the basic 2-input gate. I might not have the IC's I would need in my junkbox, so I'd have to order them and wait for the delivery to arrive. But I'll always have resistors and diodes, so this is sometimes another reason for using logic gates made from discrete components.
There are disadvantages to these very simple logic gates too. The most noticeable is that the output current ability of the gates is low. It is determined by the resistor used, and by the current handling ability of the signals driving the gate inputs. If the discrete logic gate output is driving a high impedance IC input such as are found on the modern 74HC-series IC's, there is no problem. The 0.7V voltage drop across the diodes means that you cannot cascade the simple discrete component logic gates, because you may easily violate the input voltage logic level specifications of the IC's following the gate: the voltage will fall below what is recognised as a "1" for example. Finally, the discrete component implementations of logic gates might be slower than their "proper" IC equivalents. I do not currently know how much of a problem this is likely to be.
Now I'll try to explain the various types of gates which I commonly use.
I'll start with this one because it is the easiest to understand. The easiest way to understand the operation of these gates is to consider the diode as a simple switch, which is closed (on) when the voltage on one side (the anode) is higher than the other (the cathode). The current then flows in the direction of the arrow in the diode's circuit diagram symbol. In the diagram (right) I show the logic symbol, my discrete component implementation, and the truth table. In an OR gate, the output is "1" (high) if either of the inputs are "1". In this diagram, if either of the inputs has a "high" voltage, its diode will conduct and current will flow to the output. A "high" voltage will develop across the resistor, equivalent to the input voltage minus 0.7V drop, as is usual across silicon diode junctions. If both of the inputs are low voltage "0", then the diodes don't conduct. In this instance the gate's output is tied low by the 10K resistor.
Now look at my AND gate. It's similar to the OR gate except that the diodes point in the other direction, and the resistor goes to +5V not ground. The output of an AND gate is "1" only if BOTH the inputs are "1". In my diode-resistor implementation, if either input is "low" voltage (logic "0") then the diode will conduct and the output is effectively shorted to ground. If both of the input voltages are "high" (logic "1") then neither of the diodes will conduct, so the output is not shorted to ground: it remains at +5V (logic "1") via the 10K resistor. This gives the desired result. Note that again, due to the silicon junction voltage, the actual "low" output voltage is 0.7V higher than the "low" input voltage.
NOT gate (inverter)
You cannot implement an inverting function with diodes and resistors alone. You also now need a transistor, to provide the inverting action. There's nothing particularly special about the transistor to be used, almost any small signal NPN transistor will suit, since it's driven into saturation (unbiased). If the voltage presented to the base of the transistor is above 0.7, the transistor will conduct which drags the output to logic "0", low voltage. If the input voltage is logic "0", then the transistor does not conduct, and the resistor will just tie the output to +5V. You always need that 10K current limiting resistor in the base, or excessive base-emitter current will destroy the transistor.
NAND and NOR gates
These are easy: just use AND or OR followed by a NOT (inverter). In the case of the NAND gate, the transistor's base resistor can be omitted since the maximum current is already limited by the 10K resistor in the diode-resistor AND gate. The base resistor is still needed in a NOR gate.
This one is a little more complicated. If we start off imagining an OR gate, that works for the first three of the possible four states in the truth table. But not the final one, where both inputs are "1". So we need a way of forcing the output to zero. I accomplised this using a transistor as a switch, with its base driven by an AND gate on the two inputs. So that when both inputs are "1", the AND gate will activate the transistor, which will force the output to zero. So the XOR gate can be considered as an OR gate, plus an AND gate, plus a switch to zero the output. The additional diode in the base lead of the transistor is to create an additional 0.7V drop, without it the 0.7V of the AND gate output (even when one of the inputs is zero) would be enough to put the transistor into partial conduction.
I like this one for gating incoming pulse trains. I use this circuit sometimes for frequency counter inputs for example. In the example to the right, the pulse is only allowed from IN to OUT when both the A and B inputs are "1". It's really just another kind of AND gate I suppose, effectively having three inputs. But saves one diode compared to an AND-gate implementation as above. (Well, even a 2-input AND gate or OR gate can be reduced to a single resistor and a single diode, in that case - but somehow I prefer the more balanced approach with two diodes and a resistor). In the diagram to the right, the diodes could be reversed and the output would then be forced to "1" if either of A or B were a "1". This could be useful to drive a negative edge triggered counter clock input, for example.
1. Gates with more than two inputs: Easy! Just add more diodes, one for each input!
Many thanks to Harry Brunt, who took the time to write to me, with this interesting idea for an XNOR gate (like an XOR gate followed by an inverter). Harry writes:
"I've just read your interesting article about making logic gates from diodes. I wanted to built a discrete XNOR gate using a minimum number of components (to avoid having to buy a quad XNOR IC for the sake of one gate). After messing around a bit with your XOR gate design, I found that by reversing the polarity of all diodes, substituting a PNP for the NPN transistor and swapping the earth for +V and vice versa, I obtained an XNOR gate - in fact the schematic is just a mirror image of the XOR gate. I've only tried it using SPICE so far, but I can't see why it wouldn't work in practice. I think making an XNOR gate using a single transistor is pretty neat!"
|Last Updated on Saturday, 09 January 2010 00:15|