Promoting childhood health is undoubtedly a strategy that impacts upon the wellbeing and progress of the people.1 The World Health Organization indicates, in said sense, that health promotion schools seeking to propitiate favourable conditions for children and adolescents to have a better present and future quality of life are a priority.2) The professional nursing discipline has had important progress from its theoretical development, especially the broad-range conceptual models;3 however, although progress is known in the environment with models of professional practice,4 none was found reported in the school nursing field. Nevertheless, it has been documented that the presence of school nurses generates a positive difference in care and in the health of the school population;5) and the performance of their role has been described.6
In Latin America, school nursing originated as a response to need to provide quality care to children.7) However, it has been indicated that the support based on evidence to back the presence of nursing in schools continues being weak.8) In Colombia, school nurse works have been carried out in private schools that seek to improve the practice permanently: this is how in 2007 and until 2011, the Colombian Association of School Nursing (ACENES, for the term in Spanish) was organized, which was transformed into the Committee of School Nursing of the National Association of Nurses of Colombia (CEE-ANEC, for the term in Spanish) between 2015 and 2018. In June 2018, the very same group decided to start the work of the Colombian Network of School Nursing, together with Universidad de la Sabana, being constituted in 2019 to qualify nursing care provided to students and other members of the education community, for its promotion and protection, prevention of health problems in the school environment and recovery and rehabilitation of health through an integral, interdisciplinary, and inter-sector approach.9,10 In continuing with this work, the model of professional practice of school nursing for Colombia was developed, whose construction and validation process was the objective of the present work.
This was a study conducted with the approach of methodological research in nursing,11 within the framework of the Colombian Network of School Nursing, carried out in three stages: (i) Revision of national antecedents, which analysed the nursing practice through a series of individual interviews and secondary sources of information that showed the need to have a school-nursing model; (ii) Interviews to 26 school nurses, identifying and prioritizing the basic aspects of the school-nursing model which, from three guides developed by the Faculty of Nursing and Rehabilitation at Universidad de la Sabana, se identified initially the four meta-paradigmatic concepts in relation with the nursing practice in this field. Then, the assumptions of school nursing were specified with this same group, indicating how the concepts described should be articulated in practice to reflect the desired scenarios. Upon defining the assumptions, these were classified under parameters of importance and governance for school nursing through the iGo matrix.12) In this matrix, participants scored from 0 to 500 each condition and for the result value of these scores was averaged, as high, medium, or low, according to parameters from the same methodology where, from the average and extreme values, the distribution of the ranges arises. This was how from the analysis of prioritized components, emerged the initial version of the model. For validation, a focal group was carried out with the participants who were asked to indicate if the model proposed reflected their contributions, knowledge, and experience. From the suggestions received, a final adjustment was made and a name, a slogan, was sought and a summary of the fundamental was made to communicate it with ease; (iii) Upon agreeing on the definitive model with the participating group, the process of construction and components was revised with support from two recognized experts in the field of theoretical construction of nursing, to verify its level of internal coherence and the degree of compliance with the international criteria in effect for this type of theoretical development.13
The study was conducted within the Colombian Network of School Nursing and received institutional approval from Universidad de la Sabana, within the project “Validation of a Strategy to Improve the Institutional Nursing Practice in Teaching-Care Alliance”. All the participants signed a written informed consent.
From the theoretical review, the group of participating expert nurses was defined, along with an account of their prior accomplishments and the state of the art in this field, which generated comparison parameters of the present results, as presented at the end of this section in the Discussion. In the second stage, the components of the model of professional practice of school nursing for Colombia emerged, which include the concepts, theoretical assumptions, and their prioritizing in the following order:
First, concept of person
The subject of care by school nursing. The subjects of care by a school nurse are children or adolescents and with them the whole education community. School-age children or adolescents, registered in a school as students, are for the nurse unique persons. The school nurse also cares for the teaching staff, including directors, administrative personnel and those in general services, and sometimes their children or relatives, who could be present in the school receiving services of wellbeing. Through this bond with the children or in special events, care is provided to their parents, guardians, students from other schools and to the members of their families who attend different activities (academic, cultural, sports, or recreational) or to whom - for different reasons - are in the school facilities or accompanying activities under the responsibility of the institution as suppliers, contractors, or visitors. Care by the school nurse encompasses other colleagues who when exercising common tasks need accompaniment, socialization of their activity or ratification of their work.
Second, concept of health
School nursing seeks to contribute to the education of happy, sensitive, critical, and authentic individuals capable of constructing freely their own history and be able to contribute creatively to the cultural, socioeconomic, and environmental environment, creating a conscience of responsibility and respect for the community and for themselves through continuous renovation. The school nurse seeks to respond to the different health needs and situations presented by the students and other members of the education community looking for their wellbeing and guaranteeing their safety. For the school nurse, it is a priority to propitiate the inclusion of children or adolescents, facilitating all to develop their school activities. The nurse looks for the children or adolescents and the rest of the school community to become stronger in the capacity for caring and for them to make decisions in favour of a healthy life.
Third, concept of environment
The context of caring by school nursing. The context of caring for children and adolescents is, in the first instance, the school and bears in mind the rest of the environments where the children and adolescents develop their daily lives or those that can affect their wellbeing. The school context, according with the institution’s mission, has education as its purpose. This context is flexible and includes, among others, the classrooms, the cafeteria, recreational spaces, and transportation; keeping in mind extracurricular activities, pedagogical outings, and local, national and international excursions. The school environment permits strengthening a culture of health care, but it also has risks that can affect it and which must be understood and minimized. This care context includes the families, directors, teachers, and other members of the school community. The school, at internal level, governs relationships through a school life manual, according to current regulations and, at the external level, is related with other schools for which it can be local, national, and international referent. Although the schools operate amid of a globalized and changing world, they cannot forget their responsibilities of preparing students with ethics and values in response to the institution’s philosophy. Both the nurse and nursing are part of the school context, within this setting, nurses manage information, equipment, and special supplies related with health care and must guarantee the privacy and confidentiality of the information and articulate care with the required interdisciplinary, interinstitutional, and intersectoral support. Health care provided to the school community is governed by regulations from the educational, health, and work systems.
Fourth, concept of nursing; the role of nursing for the school nurse
School nurses carry out their practice through the exercise of different roles, which include:
A caring role, where the nurse cares during the school or extracurricular day, bearing in mind the age, condition, support network of the person being cared for, and the institutional values of respect, responsibility, solidarity, as well as of cordiality with good interpersonal relationships characterized by an environment of trust, which requires empathy, discretion, and confidentiality in the management of information. For such, it is important to always recognize the child or adolescent who requires their service as a unique person; the nurse needs to look in their eyes, listen to them, validate what they express, and care for their ailment or request. The school nurses guide their care with a care plan denominated nursing care plan, which includes: assessment, diagnosis of priorities, planning, intervention, follow up, and evaluation. Said plan must be individualized contextualized, respond to special conditions, and guarantee safety and continuity in care, as well as in the administration of supervised treatments and enhancement of individual skills, amid a process of the development of the child or adolescent.
The nurse cares for the person, under professional criterion and following the pertinent guidelines in each case. For this, the nurse seeks support on the best evidence available and documents said care. Nurses care for acute or emergency situations, guaranteeing the assessment, first aid, and remission, according to the case, looking to stabilize and protect the person, until referral to the adequate instance with the required company, understanding and prioritizing the family’s importance in this situation.
Nurses advocate when protecting the school community, especially children and adolescents as vulnerable individuals who require care actions, until their parents and/or guardians arrive. They advise on health care to students, coworkers, families, and other members of the school community to clear doubts related with health and strengthen self-care practices. They also advise those attending the context and health to generate healthy environments.
Nurses lead healthy behaviour in school, where they administer care guided under parameters standardized through guides or protocols. Within their action with the school community, they coordinate their activities with children and adolescents, directors, professors, parents, health professionals, and those responsible for services. Moreover, nurses identify risks, elaborate emergency plans and support management of workplace safety and health in coordination with pertinent instances to guarantee the highest possible level of wellbeing.
The managerial function implies for them the development and implementation of indicators related with the nursing service, research, and analysis of health trends to provide pertinent recommendations and make decisions according to the priorities of the school community, responding to health problems that affect it or may come to affect it.
Nurses, as collaborators, participate as members and representatives of the school community and of the institution in different committees and orientation activities related with the student’s wellbeing and health, including the Institutional Educational Project (PEI, the term is in Spanish), the School Life Manual, and the pedagogical projects. They also participate as builders and evaluators of policies of school health, seeking for these to have the resources required for its implementation within the institution.
Bearing in mind the institutional purpose, nurses set the example and call for the student’s participation in a way that allows them to internalize the behaviour and skills required for their care and for others. Among their activities as educators, they offer health promotion and disease prevention programs according with the course of life, which include - among others, health education, intervention in the classroom, epidemiological surveillance, and vaccination according to the broadened immunization plan, information and communication related to health care, intervention in pedagogical projects and promotion of healthy lifestyles and of a culture that protects health. All these roles and responsibilities demand of nurses to investigate to update and share the professional and disciplinary knowledge, to strengthen the capacity of caring for the experience of the health of the members of the school community individually or collectively.
Table 1 shows the theoretical assumptions proposed in the study. In total, there were 36 prioritized assumptions classified into high, medium, or low levels. The assumptions of highest priority indicate which is most important for the school nurse and which has greatest control or governance, such as warm treatment, supported on the best evidence available and supported on adequate communication.
In synthesis, these concepts and prioritized assumptions comprised the initial version of the model of professional practice of school nursing for Colombia, which when validated by the participants received the slogan “Education and health: a caring bond”.
The model indicates that the practice of school nursing requires generating a caring bond, which unites education and health. For this, both the school environment and the kind treatment by the nurse are fundamental to establish a relationship of trust that favours caring for the members of the education community. The care nurses offer to the school community must be technically sound and based on the best evidence available. When caring, nurses apply and register the nursing process, in this, the full assessment, necessary privacy, and adequate communication with parents or guardians and with the different areas of the school, are necessary.
A well-implemented nursing service generates trust in all the members of the school community, who upon receiving warm and timely care feel satisfied and grateful. During the external validation with academic experts, these classified the Model of professional practice of school nursing for Colombia by employing the criteria by Kim, based on which it was established that the model designed is of functional type, given that it reflects it directly a route to guide the practice of school nursing in the country; it is a model of humanistic orientation, given that it has the child or adolescent as the priority focus of action; it is of integral nature because it reflects a systemic vision of the nursing practice; it is representative because it portrays the reality lived by nursing at school community level; and - lastly - it was seen as a model, which allows monitor through the creation of indicators based on its assumptions.
The process of constructing and validating a model of professional practice of school nursing for Colombia generates a contribution to universal literature that reflects the search and support of theoretical models to guide the school nursing practice and its roles to guide the exercise of nurses in this field.5) The result of present study complements prior research with similar purposes. In England, for example, through a qualitative study, a group of researchers sought to know what the perception of school nurses on their own role so that upon understanding it better, the practice would be qualified.14 Although their findings indicate that the principal focus of school nursing is education for health, an activity that coincides with nursing roles described in this model, the authors also emphasize on institutional consultancy, workload, and search for educational resources and community work.
An integrative review conducted in Brazil on health education given by nursing in schools, indicates - as in the present work - that this component of the school nurse’s role is fundamental. For them, this activity is organized in three areas that include: education for health generically; nursing and education on school health; and actions carried out in the school environment as part of the educational responsibility.8) These three components are visible in the Colombian model of school nursing, however, their classification is complementary to such.
Consideration and integration of the school community reflected by the present development was also studied in Brazil, where it was found that the work by these nurses with the families impacts positively on the better conduct of the students,15 and in Norway, where it was evidenced that joint work between nursing and physical educators motivates the participation of children in activities that promote their health.16) In the United States, to explain and guide nursing within the setting of school health, a group of nurses reported the adoption of the practice model Intervention Wheel with 17 possible public health interventions for people in individual, family17, or community manner. Its use, although not dealing with a specific school nursing model, like the one developed in the present work, facilitated comprehension and permitted focalizing the public health component at school level. Likewise, in Australia, the presence of nurses to implement a structured health promotion program in the school reflected that it is possible to improve the health conducts of children and, thus, justified the funding required by these types of programs.18 Similar findings are reported in another North American study, which indicates how the presence of full-time school nurses is necessary to diminish frequent diseases in children and adolescents and improve their academic performance.19
A systematic literature search on school nursing conducted in the United States grouped its activities into four: those of health promotion and prevention, those of categorization and treatment of acute health problems, management of children with chronic diseases or conditions, and psychosocial support to students; from its results, it is deducted that the presence of school nurses was associated with greater care, better school quality and higher savings, and it became evident that the members of the school’s education community, including teachers, school administrators, and parents, see the school nurse as a valuable member of the education team. However, the authors point out, that it is necessary to have greater evidence and methodological rigour for school nursing to be enhanced, increase its number of members, and achieve positioning their role, motive that supports a call to work in alliance between this group and academia from universities to strengthen this field.20) The present development, which permitted obtaining a guiding model for school nursing in Colombia, is not only a reflection of the synergy generated by the joint work between school nurses and university professors, but which also reports to a broader nursing role, with a total and inclusive vision of students in their context.
A work conducted in Australia indicates how nurses can impact the life projects of children, helping them to better understand their skills, to care for themselves and others.21) As it occurs in the school-nursing model for Colombia, the centre of and focus of action is the wellbeing of students and their strengthening as protagonists of their history. Also contained in the present model is caring for children with diverse skills, which are supported to achieve their wellbeing and inclusion to school life. Works in the field reflect the role of the school nurse in facilitating this inclusion and call on strengthening the support that backs their actions, as well as that of other professionals,22,23) explicitly, as done by the school-nursing model for Colombia indicating, as done in the present development, that for health promotion, student participation and satisfaction students with the programs are definitive.24) Lastly, this conceptual progress agrees with current criteria internationally for the development of nursing theoretical models and which include internal and external criticism; theoretical representation and critical discussion; evaluation examination of nursing models and theories; and revision of formation of processes related with the practice.25
This study concludes that the Model of professional practice of school nursing for Colombia: education and health: a care bond identified the meta-paradigmatic concepts of the professional discipline in this field, as well as the assumptions relating them in the school practice to achieve the goals proposed. Validation of the theoretical development with the participating nurses ratified their identification with it. Adding to this, the contribution by experts in theoretical development of nursing and the comparison of the development achieved with international standards based on which the process and results obtained were ratified.
This model prioritizes the closeness of nurses to favour the care of the members in the education community. It demands technical soundness based on the best evidence available and guided by the steps of the nursing process, which will permit guiding the definition and evaluation of care goals, helping to maintain autonomy, as well as its interprofessional contribution to strengthening the care bond between health and education.
2. World Health Organization. Health Promoting Schools. An effective approach to early action on noncommunicable disease risk factors. World Health Organization. Genève: WHO; [cited 29 May 2020]. Available from: Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255625/WHO-NMH-PND-17.3-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
World Health Organization. Health Promoting Schools. An effective approach to early action on noncommunicable disease risk factors. World Health OrganizationGenèveWHOcited 29 May 2020Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255625/WHO-NMH-PND-17.3-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
11. Catunda HLO, Bernardo EBR, Vasconcelos CTM, Moura ERF, Pinheiro AKB, Aquino P de S. Methodological Approach in Nursing Research for Constructing and Validating Protocols. Texto Context - Enferm. 2017; 26(2): e00650016
HLO Catunda EBR Bernardo CTM Vasconcelos ERF Moura AKB Pinheiro S. Aquino P de Methodological Approach in Nursing Research for Constructing and Validating ProtocolsTexto Context - Enferm2017262e00650016
12. Mojica FJ, Restrepo G. FG. La prospectiva: técnicas para visualizar el futuro. Colección Manuales prácticos para gerentes. [Internet]. Legis Editores; 1991 [cited 2020 May 30]. Available from: Available from: https://search-ebscohost-com.ez.unisabana.edu.co/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip&db=cat06493a&AN=sab.000013416&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site
FJ Mojica G. FG. Restrepo La prospectiva: técnicas para visualizar el futuro. Colección Manuales prácticos para gerentesLegis Editores1991cited 2020 May 30Available from: https://search-ebscohost-com.ez.unisabana.edu.co/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip&db=cat06493a&AN=sab.000013416&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site
14. Hoekstra BA, Young VL, Eley CV, Hawking MKD, McNulty CAM. School Nurses’ perspectives on the role of the school nurse in health education and health promotion in England: A qualitative study. BMC Nurs. 2016; 15(1):73.
BA Hoekstra VL Young CV Eley MKD Hawking CAM. McNulty School Nurses’ perspectives on the role of the school nurse in health education and health promotion in England: A qualitative studyBMC Nurs20161517373
16. Harding L, Davison-Fischer J, Bekaert S, Appleton J V. The role of the school nurse in protecting children and young people from maltreatment: An integrative review of the literature. Int. J. Nursing Studies. 2019; 92: 60-72.
L Harding J Davison-Fischer S Bekaert V. Appleton J The role of the school nurse in protecting children and young people from maltreatment: An integrative review of the literatureInt. J. Nursing Studies2019926072
Ferro MC, Fuentes A, Chinchilla TC, Sánchez B. Education and Health: a Care Bond. School-Nursing Model for Colombia. Invest. Educ. Enferm. 2020; 38(2):e05.