2 Key Content Stages of learning Factors affecting skill learning Cognitive (understanding)Associative (practice)Autonomous (automatic)Factors affecting skill learningPhysical maturationPhysiological characteristicsPsychological characteristicsStage of learningFeedbackExperience / MemoryAmount and type of practicePerceptual and motor ability
3 Stages of Skill Learning Terminology: skill learning = skill acquisitionAs we progress from a beginner to a skilled performer we must pass through different stages of learningCognitive (understanding)Associative (practice)Autonomous (automatic)
4 Cognitive Stage Also known as the _____________ or ‘what to do’ stage Skill is completely _____ to learnerNeed to understand what the whole skill is, what needs to be done, and how to do itTrial and ______Large number of errorsImprovement is usually ________
5 Cognitive Stage & Coaching Read page 12 and make some notes on how the coach or teacher can help a learner at this stage126.96.36.199.5.
6 Associative Stage Also known as the _________ stage Still make errors, but they are usually smaller and ______ frequentRefining skill, not learning new movementsCan use own feedback to make changesGradual improvement
7 Associative Stage & Coaching Read page 12 and make some notes on how the coach or teacher can help a learner at this stage188.8.131.52.5.
8 Autonomous Stage Also known as the ____________ stage A skilled performance is produced automaticallyDon’t need to ________ about the steps involved in producing the movementCan analyse cues from the environmentCan detect and correct his/her own _______Focus on tactics and strategiesOnce in this stage, usually remain
9 Autonomous Stage & Coaching Read page 13 and make some notes on how the coach or teacher can help a learner at this stage184.108.40.206.5.
10 Stages of Learning Summary Draw up the following summary table and complete using your notes, text and knowledge
11 QuestionsCompare your skills in two sports (one where you are a beginner and one where you feel your skills are more advanced). Which stage of learning do you think you are in for each sport?Describe the characteristics of your skills in each sportHow much practice and what type of instruction have you had in each sport?How has this affected your level of skill in each sport?
13 Factors Affecting Skill Learning Acquiring skills is a different experience for each individualWe know we all learn differentlyFactors affecting skill learningPhysical maturationPhysiological characteristicsPsychological characteristicsStage of learningFeedbackExperience / MemoryAmount and type of practicePerceptual and motor ability
14 Physical Maturation Starting from when we are born our bodies develop This allows us to become more physically _________ of performing skillsEg: Crawl, walk, runEg: 10 yr old learning shot put vs. 16 yr old
15 Physiological Characteristics Body compositionAn increase in fitness = an ________ in the ability to perform = an ________ in the ability to learnEg: Greater endurance allows us to train and practise for longer, which helps to make practice and skill learning more effectiveEg: Being able to complete a full 1hr netball training session vs. being only capable of completing a 20min session
16 Psychological Characteristics What subjects do you learn best in?Why?MotivationAttentionYounger children have a shorter attention span than older childrenThis has an implication on __________AttitudePersonality
17 Stage of LearningWhether you are in the cognitive, associative or autonomous stage will impact on skill acquisitionWill someone in the cognitive stage or autonomous stage of throwing be able to learn how to throw with their opposite arm?Why?
18 FeedbackProviding information about the performance (feedback) is crucial for:Learning and improvement to take placeShould provide information on:Judgement errorsTechnical errorsPossible solutionsPositive aspects
19 Feedback Two types of feedback: Knowledge of Results: Information about the outcome of the ____________Eg: The ball went through the goal postsKnowledge of Performance: Information about the characteristics of the ___________Eg: You didn’t bend your knees enough, therefore the volley went into the net
20 Experience / MemoryBeing able to recall past experiences and techniques is important in learning new and more complex skillsThis way you don’t have to completely learn new motor programsEg: Being able to hit a serve in tennis can be transferred across to an overhead in badmintonModifications are obviously required
21 Amount and Type of Practice Physical and mental practice is vital in skill learningPractice provides an improved understanding of the skill, as well as improving performance“A minimum of ten years of practice is required to reach an elite level of performance” K. Anders Ericsson, 1996Agree / Disagree?
22 Perceptual & Motor Ability Your body constructs a program based on information from your sensesThe ability to interpret or perceive the sensory information is a key to learning and performing a skill successfullyAnticipation is a form of recognising movement patterns of team mates and opponentsDoes Justin Koschitkze have good perceptual ability?Having a good general motor ability will allow you to acquire skills more easilyThink of that person who is a ‘natural’