Though the phrase “Manifest Destiny” smacks of influencer-speak, it’s more accurately a warning of what will befall opportunists whose ambitions and entitlement are grounded in delusion rather than reality. In Biblical terms, we reap what we sow – a principle all too clear when examining the destruction of the American landscape, the nation’s unchecked greed, and the worsening climate crisis.
For the new book, American Geography: Photographs of Land Use from 1840 to the Present (Radius Books), Sandra S. Phillips, Curator Emerita at the San Francisco Museum of Art, embarked on a 10-year journey to examine the history of land use in the United States. Featuring the work of Dawoud Bey, William Eggleston, Mitch Epstein, LaToya Ruby Frazier, Dorothea Lange, and Stephen Shore, among others, the book explores the role photography has played in shaping our ideas about conservation, expansion, and exploitation of the environment.
Divided by region, American Geography looks at the Northeast, South, Midwest, and West chronologically, beginning in the 19th century with the advent of photography through the present day. Featuring 345 photographs, the book offers an entryway into the complex interconnected histories of industry, agriculture, natural resources, and nation building made possible by the twin plagues of slavery and genocide.
Phillips first began reexamining the mythos embedded in the iconography of the American landscape while curating the 1996 exhibition, Crossing the Frontier: Photographs of the Developing West, 1849 to the Present. “It wasn’t the usual narrative centering heroic white men coming in and making everything ‘civilized.’” Phillips says.
While working on the exhibition, Phillips got to know American photographer Robert Adams. “He’s a radical thinker and changed my vision,” she says. “Bob’s work is against the Ansel Adams aesthetic that presents the artist as the great truth seer imposing his personality on the landscape. Bob is much more discreet and lets the landscape and the culture speak for itself.”
Adopting this approach, Phillips strips American Geography of illusion and fantasy, and renders the history to reflect the abject avarice and brutality required to build a nation on stolen land using the labour of stolen people. Taken as a whole, it becomes clear that American wealth could not have been acquired without a fundamental lack of respect for life in all its forms.
The book also explores the rise of the tourist industry, which has resulted in its own set of contradictory notions of conservation and wilderness that can be traced to Ansel Adams’ efforts to preserve national parks.
“It seemed to me what Bob Adams was saying was we can’t segregate nature anymore. We have to see the whole system and see how that’s affecting our culture and our future,” Phillips says.
“We have to look at what’s real, what we had, and what we have done. It’s a simple process but it makes you realise how interconnected everything is and how we need to be careful about the environment and about each other. This may be the way we move forward.”
Follow Miss Rosen on Twitter.