|Hylophilus amaurocephalus GREY-EYED GREENLET. Dry
woods, scrubby pastures, forest edge. Lowlands to 1800 m of e Brazil,
from Piauí, Ceará, Paraíba and Bahia s to ne São
Paulo and c Minas Gerais.
Hylophilus poicilotis RUFOUS-CROWNED GREENLET. Humid
forest, second growth. Lowlands to 1800 m of n Bolivia, e Paraguay,
n Argentina and s Brazil. H. amaurocephalus and H. poicilotis differ
in eye and bill color and vocalizations and are sympatric in s Minas Gerais
and ne São Paulo (Willis 1991. Wilson Bull. 103:559-567).
Hylophilus thoracicus LEMON-CHESTED GREENLET. Humid
forest. Lowlands to 750 m e of Andes in e Colombia, s Venezuela,
Guianas, e Peru, n Bolivia and w Amazonian and se Brazil from the upper
Amazon basin e to w Pará and s to Acre, Espírito Santo, Rio
de Janeiro, se Minas Gerais.
Hylophilus semicinereus GREY-CHESTED GREENLET. Humid
forest. Lowlands to 400 m in e Colombia, s Venezuela, French Guiana,
Amazonian Brazil and extreme ne Bolivia.
Hylophilus pectoralis ASHY-HEADED GREENLET. Dense
humid forest, edge, woods, towns, mangroves. Lowlands to 400 m in
e Venezuela, Guianas, n Bolivia and Amazonian,c Brazil.
Hylophilus sclateri TEPUI GREENLET. Humid forest.
Pantepui, 600-2000 m in s Venezuela, w Guyana and adjacent n Brazil on
Hylophilus muscicapinus BUFF-CHEEKED GREENLET. Humid
forest. Lowlands to 1100 m in s Venezuela, Guianas and Amazonian
and c Brazil and ne Bolivia in ne Santa Cruz. Incl. griseifrons.
Hylophilus brunneiceps BROWN-HEADED GREENLET. Humid
forest. Lowlands to 400 m in se Colombia, s Venezuela and w Amazonian
Brazil. Populations of "inornatus" formerly included in brunneiceps
are now considered considered conspecific with H. hypoxanthus, below.
Hylophilus hypoxanthus DUSKY-CAPPED GREENLET. Humid
forest, second growth, fields. Lowlands to 1200 m e of Andes from
se Colombia and s Venezuela s to e Ecuador, e,c Peru, n Bolivia and Amazonian
Hylophilus semibrunneus RUFOUS-NAPED GREENLET. Humid
forest edge, second growth. Foothills and mts., 400-2100 m in Colombia,
nw Venezuela and e Ecuador.
Hylophilus aurantiifrons GOLDEN-FRONTED GREENLET.
Forest, woods, mangroves, second growth. Lowlands to 1900 m in Panama,
n,e Colombia, w,n Venezuela and Trinidad.
Hylophilus flavipes SCRUB GREENLET. Arid scrub,
thickets, mangroves, second growth, woods. Lowlands to 1200 m in
sw Costa Rica and Panama, incl. Coiba I.; lowlands to 1000 m in n,e Colombia,
Venezuela (exc. Amazonas and c,s Bolívar, but incl. Margarita I.)
and Tobago. Geographic variation in song and eye color suggests that
more than one species may be involved.
Hylophilus olivaceus OLIVACEOUS GREENLET. Woods,
second growth, thickets. Andes, 600-2500 m in e Ecuador and n Peru.
Hylophilus ochraceiceps TAWNY-CROWNED GREENLET.
Humid forest, edge, second growth. Lowlands to 1600 m from ne Oaxaca
and s Veracruz (absent from Yucatán Pen.) s on the Gulf-Caribbean
slope to Nicaragua; both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama, and from W,e
Colombia, s Venezuela and Guianas s, w of the Andes to w Ecuador and e
of the Andes to e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil, n and s of the
Amazon. Geographic variation in eye color suggests that more than
one species may be involved, but correlated behavioral differences are
Hylophilus decurtatus LESSER GREENLET. Forest edge,
open woods. Lowlands to 1500 m from e San Luis Potosí, Veracruz,
ne Puebla, n Oaxaca, Chiapas, Campeche and Quintana Roo s to c Panama,
w,n Colombia, w Ecuador and nw Peru.
The minor subspecies group formerly was treated as a species,
but intergrades with the decurtatus group in Panama.
Androphobus viridis PAPUAN WHIPBIRD. Forest.
Mts., 1400-2750 m in the Snow and Weyland mts. of w New Guinea.
Psophodes olivaceus EASTERN WHIPBIRD. Thickets in
or near wet forest. Ne Queensland from Cooktown and Atherton Tableland
s to Townsville; from se Queensland n to Rockhampton area and s through
e New S. Wales to se Victoria, w to Melbourne. Incl. lateralis.
Psophodes nigrogularis WESTERN WHIPBIRD. Dense coastal
thickets and mallee scrub. Sw W. Australia, formerly n to Perth,
now restricted to a few localities near Albany; se S. Australia (Eyre Peninsula,
York Peninsula, Kangaroo I.) and extreme nw Victoria.
Psophodes occidentalis CHIMING WEDGEBILL. Mulga,
arid scrub, savanna. Arid w,c Australia from cs,c W. Australia between
latitudes 20° and 30°S, e through s N. Territory and nw S. Australia
(e to Oodnadatta) to extreme cw Queensland. Previously placed in
Psophodes cristatus CHIRRUPING WEDGEBILL. Mulga,
arid scrub, savanna. Arid interior Australia in ne S. Australia (w
to Oodnadatta), sw Queensland (e to Cunnamulla), w New S. Wales (e to Darling
River) and extreme nw Victoria.
Cinclosoma punctatum SPOTTED QUAIL-THRUSH. Dry woods,
stony hillsides in scrub. Locally in se Australia from se Queensland
(n to Rockhampton) s through e New S. Wales and s Victoria to se S. Australia,
w to the Mt. Lofty Range; Tasmania.
Cinclosoma castanotus CHESTNUT QUAIL-THRUSH. Dry
eucalypt woods, mallee, stony shrubland. From sw W. Australia, n
on the coast to Shark Bay but absent from sw and Nullarbor Plain; e across
s N. Territory and n S. Australia to c,sw New S. Wales (e to area nw of
Canberra) and nw Victoria.
Hybridizes with C. cinnamomeum.
Cinclosoma castaneothorax CHESTNUT-BREASTED QUAIL-THRUSH.
Arid scrub in sandy or stony areas, mulga woods, spinifex, saltbush.
Usually considered conspecific with C. cinnamomeum, but
there appear to be two species in this complex, with alisteri conspecific
with C. cinnamomeum; see below.
C. c. marginatum. C Australia in c W. Australia in
a narrow band w to Shark Bay; extreme sw N. Territory and extreme nw S.
C. c. castaneothorax. Sc Queensland n to Windorah
and Blackall, and nc New S. Wales, s to Bourke.
Cinclosoma cinnamomeum CINNAMON QUAIL-THRUSH. Arid
acacia, spinifex, saltbush.
C. c. cinnamomeum. N,ne Australia in cs,se N. Territory,
cn,ne S. Australia, extreme sw Queensland n to Boulia, and extreme nw New
C. c. alisteri. Nullarbor Plain of se W. Australia
and sw S. Australia.
Cinclosoma ajax PAINTED QUAIL-THRUSH. Forest floor.
Locally in lowlands to 500 m of w,c,se New Guinea on the w shores of Geelvink
Bay and Triton Bay; Fly and Oriomo river valleys; from Hall Sound to Milne
Ptilorrhoa leucosticta SPOTTED JEWEL-BABBLER. Forest
floor. Mts., 1200-2600 m of New Guinea in the Tamrau, Arfak, Wandammen,
Snow, Cyclops and Saruwaged mts., and the se ranges.
Ptilorrhoa caerulescens BLUE JEWEL-BABBLER. Forest
floor. Lowlands to 800 m on the w Papuan island of Misool and New
Ptilorrhoa castanonota CHESTNUT-BACKED JEWEL-BABBLER.
Forest floor. Lower mt. slopes, 350-1450 m on the w Papuan island
of Batanta and on New Guinea, including Yapen I.
Eupetes macrocerus MALAYSIAN RAIL-BABBLER. Forest.
Lowlands to 1200 m of peninsular Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo.
Ifrita kowaldi IFRIT. Forest tree trunks, branches.
Mts., 1450-2900 m of c,e New Guinea w to theWeyland Mts. Affinities
Corcorax melanorhamphus WHITE-WINGED CHOUGH. Forest,
woods, roadsides. From c Queensland n to middle Burdekin River, s
through New S. Wales (mostly inland, absent from extreme nw) to Victoria
and w through s S. Australia to extreme se W. Australia near Madura.
Struthidea cinerea APOSTLEBIRD. Open forest, woods.
Interior e Australia from nc N. Territory (an isolated population?) and
n Queensland n to Staaten River and Atherton Tableland, s to n Victoria
and se S. Australia, w to Mt. Lofty range and Adelaide.
Daphoenositta chrysoptera VARIED SITTELLA. Woods,
forest, mallee, acacia scrub, towns.
Geographic variation is complex and was the basis for dividing this
species into several in the past.
The Australian races are well-marked and often treated as species,
but they interbreed in areas of contact.
Daphoenositta has priority over Neositta as the generic name.
D. c. papuensis. Mts., 1050-2650 of New Guinea.
D. c. leucoptera. From the Kimberleys in ne W. Australia
e across N. Territory (except extreme s) to nw,cw Queensland e to Winton.
D. c. striata. N Queensland from the Cape York Peninsula
s to Normanton and Townsville.
D. c. pileata. W. Australia, exc. nw, e across extreme
s N. Territory and S. Australia to sw Queensland, w New S. Wales and w
D. c. leucocephala. Se Queensland n to Blackall
and Mackay and ne New S. Wales s to the Clarence River.
D. c. chrysoptera. Extreme cs interior Queensland,
e New S. Wales except ne, and c,e Victoria. Includes albata known
only from ne Queensland by 19th Century specimens.
Daphoenositta miranda BLACK SITTELLA. Trees, mossy
forest. Locally in mts., 1950-3650 m of c,e New Guinea in the Oranje
and Nassau ranges, c highlands, and se ranges.
Mohoua albicilla WHITEHEAD. Forest, second growth.
New Zealand: s N. Island, Great and Little Barrier is., Arid, Kapiti is.
Sometimes lumped with ochrocephala.
Mohoua ochrocephala YELLOWHEAD. Forest. New
Zealand: South Island and Stewart Island.
Mohoua novaeseelandiae PIPIPI. Forest, second growth,
exotic pines. New Zealand: South Island and Stewart Island.
Usually placed in Finschia.
DNA hybridization suggests inclusion in Mohoua.
Falcunculus frontatus CRESTED SHRIKE-TIT. Dry forest,
woods. Locally in cn Australia in the Kimberleys in ne W. Australia
and n N. Territory; from ne Queensland n to Atherton Tableland, s to s
Victoria and se S. Australia, w to Yorke Peninsula; sw W. Australia from
Geraldton and Norseman s to Albany.
Oreoica gutturalis CRESTED BELLBIRD. Dry woods,
scrub, edge, mallee. Arid regions of Australia and Tasmania, but
absent from tropical and other wet areas.
Rhagologus leucostigma MOTTLED WHISTLER. Low forest
trees, undergrowth. Main mt. ranges, 1100-2900 m of New Guinea.
Pachycare flavogrisea GOLDENFACE. Forest. Mts.
400-1750 m of New Guinea, but absent from the Bomberai Peninsula and the
Cyclops and Adelbert mts. Affinities unclear; may belong in the Petroicidae.
Hylocitrea bonensis OLIVE-FLANKED WHISTLER. Forest.
Mts. above 1200 m of Sulawesi.
Coracornis raveni MAROON-BACKED WHISTLER. Forest.
Mts., 1600-2200 m of Sulawesi, exc. s.
Aleadryas rufinucha RUFOUS-NAPED WHISTLER. Forest
undergrowth, ground. Mts., 1350-3600 m of New Guinea.
Pachycephala olivacea OLIVE WHISTLER. Moist forest,
thickets. From extreme se Queensland in the McPherson Range, s through
e New S. Wales and s Victoria to extreme se S. Australia; Tasmania and
islands in Bass Strait.
Pachycephala rufogularis RED-LORED WHISTLER. Whipstick
mallee and porcupine grass (Triodia). Locally in sw New S. Wales
e to Cocoparra Natl. Park; se S Australia near Bordertown and nw Victoria
s to Whyperfeld Natl. Park.
Pachycephala inornata GILBERT'S WHISTLER. Dry mallee,
mulga woods. Locally in a narrow band from sw W. Australia w to Albany
area, e through s S. Australia to sc New S. Wales, ne to Gilgandra, and
Pachycephala grisola MANGROVE WHISTLER. Mangroves,
coastal forest, towns, scrub. Lowlands to 1000 m, mostly coastal,
from se India w to w Bengal and Bangladesh; s through w,s Burma, Andaman
Is., and coastal se Asia, s to Malaya and e to s Vietnam and adj. islands,
to Sumatra, Java, Borneo and most adj. islands n to the N. Natuna Is.,
e to Kangean Is., Bali and Lombok; Palawan I.(Philippines).
Pachycephala albiventris GREEN-BACKED WHISTLER. Forest.
Up to 2000 m on n,sc Luzon and Mindoro islands in the n,nc Philippines.
Pachycephala homeyeri WHITE-VENTED WHISTLER. Woods,
scrub. C,s Philippine islands of Cebu, Masbate, Negros, Panay, Sibuyan,
Tablas, Ticao and Sulu Archipelago.
Pachycephala phaionotus ISLAND WHISTLER. Coastal
scrub, mangroves. Coastal lowlands in the n Moluccas on small islands
from Mayu s to Moti and Damar, Banda and Seram Laut; Kai Is., Aru Is.,
and w Papuan islands of Waigeo, Kofiau, Schilpad, Salawati and Misool;
and small islands in Geelvink Bay off nw New Guinea.
Pachycephala hyperythra RUSTY WHISTLER. Forest.
Lowlands, 200-1350 m in the Vogelkop; Wandammen and Weyland mts.; Huon
Peninsula; and se ranges of New Guinea.
Pachycephala modesta BROWN-BACKED WHISTLER. Forest.
Mts., 1450-3500 m from the Victor Emanuel Mts. e to the se ranges of New
Pachycephala hypoxantha BORNEAN WHISTLER. Forest.
Mts., 850-2450 m of Borneo.
Pachycephala sulfuriventer SULPHUR-BELLIED WHISTLER.
Forest. Mts., 1000-2500 m of Sulawesi.
Pachycephala philippinensis YELLOW-BELLIED WHISTLER.
Forest. Philippine islands of Calayan, Camiguin Norte, Luzon, Catanduanes,
Samar, Leyte, Bohol, Dinagat, Siquijor, Mindanao and Basilan.
Pachycephala meyeri VOGELKOP WHISTLER. Forest.
Mts., 950-2550 in the Arfak and Tamrau mts. of w New Guinea; probably also
in the Foya Mts.
Pachycephala griseiceps GREY-HEADED WHISTLER. Forest,
mangroves, coastal scrub. Lowlands to 1550 m in the Kai Is., Aru
Is., and the w Papuan is. of Waigeo, Gebe, Batanta, Salawati, Misool, Gag;
New Guinea incl. Meos Num and Yapen is.; D'Entrecasteaux Arch., Tagula
I. in the Louisiade Arch.; ne Queensland from Cape York Peninsula to Atherton
Tableland and Rockingham Bay, incl. Hinchinbrook I. Sometimes lumped
with simplex, but they differ morphologically and vocally.
Pachycephala simplex BROWN WHISTLER. Forest, mangroves.
Coastally in the n N. Territory of Australia from Port Keats e to Melville
I. and Groote Eylandt.
Pachycephala orpheus FAWN-BREASTED WHISTLER. Forest.
Up to 1200 m on Timor and Wetar islands in the Lesser Sundas.
Pachycephala pectoralis GOLDEN WHISTLER.
The populations of the Golden Whistler compose one of the most
complex avian assemblages in the world.
It includes more than 60 subspecies and the status of several taxa
The subspecies vary more among themselves than do the species of many
genera. P. melanura often has been included in pectoralis
and the separate status of soror is doubtful. P. caledonica
is probably conspecific with pectoralis. P. balim may
be a separate species, although often placed in pectoralis. Because
many are isolated on different islands some taxonomists might treat many
populations as allospecies.
The following geographic distributions are described under subspecific
names but represent groups of subspecies.
P. p. pectoralis. Forest, second growth, mallee.
Larger islands and mainland areas from the Moluccas and islands off e,
s Sulawesi to e Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Louisiade Arch., Bismarck Arch.,
Admiralty, Solomon, Santa Cruz, Banks and Loyalty is., Fiji, Vanuatu, Lord
Howe Is., and sw,e,s Australia from ne Queensland near Cooktown, s through
e New S. Wales to Victoria and se S. Australia, and Tasmania.
P. p. balim. Oranje Mts., 1375-2350 m on the n slopes
of Mt. Wilhelmina in c New Guinea.
P. p. xanthoprocta. Norfolk Island.
Pachycephala soror SCLATER'S WHISTLER. Forest.
Main mt. ranges, 600-2450 m, usually between 1100-1900 m, of New Guinea
and Goodenough I.
Pachycephala lorentzi LORENTZ'S WHISTLER. Forest.
Mts. 1750-3675 m from the Snow Mts. e to Victor Emanuel and Hindenburg
mts. of c New Guinea.
Pachycephala melanura BLACK-TAILED WHISTLER. Mangroves,
coastal forest, second growth. Coastal areas and small islands in
s,se New Guinea from Merauke to Milne Bay incl. islands off the se; Bismarck
Arch. from Long I. e mostly on smaller is. to Lihir and Nissan is; Whitney
I. off Bougainville in the Solomon Is., islands in the Torres Strait; nw,n
Australia from the Kimberleys in ne W. Australia e through n N. Territory
to ne Queensland from Cape York Peninsula se at least to Bowen and possibly
farther on small islands; coastal nw W. Australia from King Sound to N.W.
Cape. Hybridizes with pectoralis on Whitney I. off s Bougainville.
Pachycephala caledonica NEW CALEDONIAN WHISTLER.
Forest. New Caledonia. Closely related to pectoralis.
Pachycephala flavifrons SAMOAN WHISTLER. Forest,
woods, towns. On the w Samoan islands of Upolu and Savaii.
Pachycephala jacquinoti TONGAN WHISTLER. Low scrub,
open forest. On Vavau I. in the n Tonga Is. Often lumped with
Pachycephala schlegelii REGENT WHISTLER. Forest.
Mts., 1350-3675 m from the Vogelkop to the se ranges of New Guinea; except
the Adelbert Mts. Sympatric with pectoralis and soror.
Pachycephala nudigula BARE-THROATED WHISTLER. Forest.
Lowlands to 1500 m on Sumbawa and Flores is. in the w Lesser Sunda Is.
Pachycephala implicata HOODED WHISTLER. Forest.
Mts., 1000-2450 m on Bougainville and Guadalcanal islands in the Solomon
Pachycephala aurea GOLDEN-BACKED WHISTLER. Riparian
second growth. Foothills to 750 m on the s slopes of the Weyland
and Snow mts.; n slopes from upper Ramu River to the Waria River; also
the central ranges and the se ranges of New Guinea.
Pachycephala griseonota DRAB WHISTLER. Forest, woods,
mangroves. Sula Is. (e of Sulawesi); from Morotai s to Buru and Seram
in the Moluccas; and the Kai Is. of Tual and Kai Cecil.
Pachycephala arctitorquis WALLACEAN WHISTLER. Forest,
woods, mangroves. Lesser Sunda islands of Romang, Moa, Damar and
Babar; Tanimbar Is.; Tayandu I. in the Kai Is.
Pachycephala monacha BLACK-HEADED WHISTLER. Forest,
woods, mangroves. Up to 1600 m in the Aru Is.; c New Guinea usually
above 750 m. from the Snow Mts. to the Owen Stanley Mts.
Pachycephala leucogastra WHITE-BELLIED WHISTLER.
Forest, woods, mangroves. Up to 600 m of cn,se New Guinea in the
Sepik-Ramu river drainage; from Hall Sound to Port Moresby, incl. Rossel
Pachycephala rufiventris RUFOUS WHISTLER. Forest,
woods, mangroves. Lowlands in Australia (except Tasmania) and New
Pachycephala lanioides WHITE-BREASTED WHISTLER. Mangroves
along tidal creeks. Coastal n Australia from cw W. Australia s to
Carnarvon, e to nw Queensland to Normanton.
Colluricincla umbrina SOOTY SHRIKE-THRUSH. Forest
undergrowth. Mts., 1450-2150 m in the Weyland, Snow, Hindenburg and
Schrader mts. of c New Guinea. This species formerly known as Pachycephala
Colluricincla megarhyncha LITTLE SHRIKE-THRUSH.
Forest, edge, undergrowth, mangroves. Lowlands to 2150 m in New Guinea
and adjacent islands; coastal ne Australia from ne Queensland s to ne New
S. Wales; ne W. Australia w to n Kimberleys and n N. Territory e to Melville
I. and Groote Eylandt.
Colluricincla boweri BOWER'S SHRIKE-THRUSH. Humid
forest. Highlands, usually above 300 m in ne Queensland on the Atherton
Tableland from Cooktown to Townsville area.
Colluricincla woodwardi SANDSTONE SHRIKE-THRUSH.
Cliffs, gorges, boulders in sandstone areas. Locally in ne W. Australia
w to Derby, nc,ne N. Territory and extreme nw Queensland.
Colluricincla harmonica GREY SHRIKE-THRUSH. Open
forest, savanna, second growth, towns. Up to 600 m, rarely higher,
in e New Guinea w to the Ramu River and Merauke; Australia from Queensland
s through c,e New S. Wales to Victoria and S. Australia w to Lake Eyre,
Spencer Gulf, Yorke Peninsula and Kangaroo I.; Tasmania; W. Australia w
to Broome and N. Territory e to Melville I. and Groote Eylandt and w Queensland.
Colluricincla tenebrosa MORNINGBIRD. Forest undergrowth,
second growth. Palau Is. from Babelthuap s to Peleliu.
Pitohui kirhocephalus VARIABLE PITOHUI. Thickets,
forest. Up to 1500 m in the Aru Is., w Papuan is. of Waigeo, Batanta
and Salawati; New Guinea, incl. islands in Geelvink Bay, but absent from
n slope between Collingwood Bay and Ramu River, and from the Huon Peninsula.
Pitohui dichrous HOODED PITOHUI. Forest edge, second
growth. Mts., 600-1700 m of New Guinea incl. Yapen I., locally to
sea level where kirhocephalus is absent.
Pitohui incertus WHITE-BELLIED PITOHUI. Forest.
Up to 100 m of s New Guinea from the Noord River to the upper Fly River.
Pitohui ferrugineus RUSTY PITOHUI. Forest.
Up to 1000 m in the Aru Is.; w Papuan islands of Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati,
Misool, and New Guinea incl. Yapen I.
Pitohui cristatus CRESTED PITOHUI. Forest.
Locally in mts., 400-1300 m, occasionally to sea level, of New Guinea in
the Arfak Mts., Onin Peninsula; from the Weyland and Snow mts. to the c
highlands and se ranges; lowlands near the Fly River.
Pitohui nigrescens BLACK PITOHUI. Forest.
Mts., 1000-2600 m of New Guinea from the Vogelkop to the se ranges.
Eulacestoma nigropectus WATTLED PLOUGHBILL. Forest
undergrowth, thickets. Mts. 1650-2750 m of New Guinea from the Weyland
and Snow mts. to the Owen Stanley Mts.
*Turnagra capensis PIOPIO. Extinct.
New Zealand. Affinities uncertain.
Platylophus galericulatus CRESTED JAY. Forest.
Up to 1000 m in the Malay Peninsula; Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.
Platysmurus leucopterus BLACK MAGPIE. Forest.
Up to 1000 m in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.
Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus PINYON JAY. Pinyon-juniper
woods, pinyon-yellow pine. C Oregon, s Idaho, ec Montana and w S.
Dakota s to n Baja Calif., s Nevada, nw,ec Arizona, c New Mexico and w
Oklahoma. Occasionally irruptive in dispersal outside breeding range
to coastal Calif., w Oregon, w Washington, sw British Columbia, n Idaho,
nw Montana, w Great Plains, c Texas, se Arizona and nw Mexico.
Cyanocitta cristata BLUE JAY. Deciduous forest,
woods, open forest, towns. From ec British Columbia and c,se Alberta
e across s Canada to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, s mainly e of the Rockies,
to c,se Texas, Gulf coast and s Florida, exc. Florida Keys. Occasional
hybrids with stelleri in areas of contact in the e Rockies.
Cyanocitta stelleri STELLER'S JAY. Forest, usually
coniferous, pine-oak woods. From sc,se Alaska, w,se British Columbia,
sw Alberta, w Montana, Wyoming, n Colorado and w Nebraska s to s California,
Arizona, and through highlands, 1350-3350 m of Middle America (exc. Belize)
to nc Nicaragua and e to ec Colorado, c New Mexico and w Texas. See
Most species and subspecies of Aphelocoma are not cooperative
breeders, for exceptions see below.
Aphelocoma insularis SANTA CRUZ JAY. Chaparral, oak
riparian woods. Santa Cruz I. off s California. Often treated
as a subspecies of A. californica.
Aphelocoma californica SCRUB JAY. Riparian brush,
scrub, woods, chaparral, pinyon-juniper, pine-oak, towns.
A. c. californica. From sw Washington s through w,c
Oregon, Calif. and nw,wc Nevada to s Baja Calif.
A. c. woodhouseii. From se Oregon, s Idaho, w,s
Colorado and w Oklahoma s to s Arizona and w,wc Texas, and Mexican highlands,
1000-2000 m to ne Sonora, Jalisco, c Guanajuato, México, Distrito
Federal and Hidalgo.
Peterson (1991. Condor 93:935-942) examined over 2600 specimens
from southern and eastern California, southern Nevada and western Arizona,
thus in the area where californica and woodhouseii are closest to one another.
Most intermediates came from the west side of the Owens Valley in eastern
California, where the ranges of the two forms are separated by a barrier
of unsuitable desert habitat. Only a few specimens were intermediate
and the rate of gene flow must be low. These data might be used to
support arguments both pro and con in relation to the taxonomic status
of these populations.
A. c. sumichrasti. Highlands, 1000-2000 m of c Mexico
from Tlaxcala and wc Veracruz s through Puebla to Oaxaca w of the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec. May be a separate species.
Burt and Peterson (1993. Auk 110:207-214) studied a population
of Aphelocoma cf. coerulescens (= A. californica sumichrasti in the present
arrangement) in Oaxaca and found them to be cooperative breeders.
Aphelocoma coerulescens FLORIDA JAY. Scrubby woods.
Locally in c peninsular Florida. Cooperative breeders.
Aphelocoma ultramarina MEXICAN JAY. Oak woods, pine-oak,
juniper, scrub, dense second growth. Highlands, 1200-1800 m from
c Arizona, sw New Mexico, n Chihuahua, w Texas, n Coahuila, c Nuevo León
and wc Tamaulipas
s to Colima, n Michoacán, México, n Morelos, Puebla and
Aphelocoma unicolor UNICOLORED JAY. Humid forest,
pine-oak, dense second growth. Mts., 1500-3400 m in sc Guerrero,
México, Hidalgo, w Puebla, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador
and Honduras. Some Mexican populations are genetically distinctive
on the basis of allozyme comparisons, but those south of Mexico have not
Cyanolyca armillata BLACK-COLLARED JAY. Forest.
Andes, 1600-3250 m in Colombia, nw Venezuela and n Ecuador.
Cyanolyca turcosa TURQUOISE JAY. Forest. Andes,
1500-3100 m in se Colombia, w,e Ecuador and nw Peru.
Cyanolyca viridicyana WHITE-COLLARED JAY. Forest.
Andes, 1700-3400 m in e Peru, n to Amazonas, and wc Bolivia in La Paz and
Cyanolyca cucullata AZURE-HOODED JAY. Humid forest,
edge, oak woods. Mts. 900-2100 m, from se San Luis Potosí,
Hidalgo, Veracruz, n,se Oaxaca and interior Chiapas s through Guatemala
to w Honduras; Costa Rica, and w Panama.
Cyanolyca pulchra BEAUTIFUL JAY. Forest. Andes,
900-2300 m in sw Colombia and w Ecuador.
Cyanolyca pumilo BLACK-THROATED JAY. Humid forest,
pine-oak woods. Mts., 1200-3050 m in Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador
Cyanolyca nana DWARF JAY. Humid pine-oak and fir
forest. Mts. above 1500 m of se Mexico in Veracruz, Puebla and Oaxaca.
Cyanolyca mirabilis WHITE-THROATED JAY. Humid pine-oak
forest. Mts. to 3500 m of sw Mexico in Guerrero and Oaxaca.
Cyanolyca argentigula SILVERY-THROATED JAY. Humid
forest, edge. Mts. above 1200 m in Costa Rica and w Panama.
Cyanocorax melanocyaneus BUSHY-CRESTED JAY. Humid
forest edge, woods, pine-oak, scrub. Up to 2450 m in Guatemala, El
Salvador, Honduras and nc Nicaragua.
Cyanocorax sanblasianus SAN BLAS JAY. Open woods,
coastal scrub, mangroves. Pacific lowlands of w Mexico from Nayarit
to w Guerrero. C. sanblasianus, yucatanicus and beecheii have
been variously lumped, especially the first two, but they are allopatric
and differ in behavior and morphology.
Cyanocorax yucatanicus YUCATAN JAY. Deciduous woods,
coastal scrub. Gulf-Caribbean lowlands up to 100 m in Tabasco, Yucatán
Peninsula, n Guatemala and Belize.
Cyanocorax beecheii PURPLISH-BACKED JAY. Arid thorn
scrub. Pacific lowlands to 500 m of nw Mexico in s Sonora, Sinaloa
Cyanocorax cyanomelas PURPLISH JAY. Woods.
Up to 2000 m e of the Andes in se Peru, n,e Bolivia, Paraguay, sw Brazil
and ne Argentina.
Cyanocorax caeruleus AZURE JAY. Forest. Up
to 1000 m in se Brazil, e Paraguay and ne Argentina.
Cyanocorax violaceus VIOLACEOUS JAY. Riverine woods,
second growth. Up to 1350 m e of the Andes from e Colombia, w,s Venezuela
and sw Guyana s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n Bolivia and w Amazonian
Cyanocorax cristatellus CURL-CRESTED JAY. Low, thick
woods. Tableland to 1100 m in c,e Brazil, ne Bolivia and extreme
Cyanocorax heilprini AZURE-NAPED JAY. Humid forest,
edge, savanna. Up to 300 m e of the Andes in se Colombia, s Venezuela
and nw Brazil.
Cyanocorax cayanus CAYENNE JAY. Humid forest, savanna.
Up to 1100 m e of the Andes in se Venezuela, Guianas and nw Brazil.
Cyanocorax affinis BLACK-CHESTED JAY. Humid forest,
edge, woods. Up to 2200 m in se Costa Rica, Panama, w,c,n Colombia
and nw Venezuela.
Cyanocorax dickeyi TUFTED JAY. Humid forest, dense
growth, pine-oak woods. W slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental, 1350-2150
m in se Sinaloa, sw Durango and ne Nayarit.
Cyanocorax chrysops PLUSH-CRESTED JAY. Woods, low
thick scrub. Up to 2200 m e of the Andes in n,e,se Bolivia, Paraguay,
Brazil, n Argentina and Uruguay.
Cyanocorax cyanopogon WHITE-NAPED JAY. Woods, scrub.
Tableland to 1100 m in e Brazil. Sometimes considered conspecific
Cyanocorax mystacalis WHITE-TAILED JAY. Arid scrub,
dry forest, mesquite woods. Up to 1200 m in the Pacific lowlands
of sw Ecuador and nw Peru.
Cyanocorax yncas GREEN JAY. Humid forest, edge, dense
second growth, pine-oak, scrub.
The widely allopatric populations of Central America (luxuosus)
and South America (yncas) sometimes have been treated as species.
C. y. luxuosus. Up to 1800 m from Nayarit, Nuevo
León and s Texas, s on the Pacific slope to w Guatemala, and on
the Gulf-Caribbean slope to Belize, e Guatemala and ne Honduras.
C. y. yncas. Mts. 900-3000 m from Colombia and w,n
Venezuela s, mostly on the e slope of the Andes, through e Ecuador and
c,e Peru to wc Bolivia.
Psilorhinus morio BROWN JAY. Open woods, forest edge,
scrub. From se Texas, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas s, incl. Yucatán
Peninsula, to Costa Rica and nw Panama. Includes C. mexicanus, formerly
treated as a separate species but now considered to be a color morph.
Calocitta colliei BLACK-THROATED MAGPIE-JAY. Arid
scrub, thorn forest, brush, open woods. Pacific lowlands to 1650
m from s Sonora and w Chihuahua s to Nayarit, Jalisco and, possibly Guanajuato.
Often lumped with formosa.
Calocitta formosa WHITE-THROATED MAGPIE-JAY. Open
woods, arid scrub, brush, mostly in semi-arid regions. Pacific lowlands
to 1250 m from Colima, Michoacán and w Puebla s to nw Costa Rica;
locally in arid interior valleys on the Gulf-Caribbean drainage in Chiapas,
Guatemala and Honduras.
Garrulus glandarius EURASIAN JAY. Forest, woods,
towns. Variation within this species is complex and not completely
understood; most groups intergrade or hybridize where they meet, but little
is known about most of the contact zones. Possibly more than one
species could be recognized. Geographic distribution under subspecies.
G. g. glandarius. From the British Isles, c,s Scandinavia
and nw,c Russia e to the Ural Mts., s to n Mediterranean region, incl.
most islands, Greece, Balkans and wc,sw Russia.
G. g. cervicalis. Nw Africa from Morocco to Tunisia.
G. g. atricapilla. Sw Asia in Turkey, Near East,
sw Russia (Crimea, Caucasus, Transcaucasus) and w,n Iran.
G. g. hyrcanus. N Iran.
G. g. brandtii. Ne Eurasia in ne Russia (n of glandarius),
w,c,s Siberia, Mongolia, nw,ne China, Korea, s Kuril Is., and n Japan on
G. g. japonicus. C,s Japan on Honshu s, including
G. g. bispecularis. S Asia in n,e India, se Tibet,
s,e China, Taiwan and nw Burma.
G. g. leucotis. Se Asia in sw China, Burma exc.
nw, nw,ne,sw Thailand, c,s Laos and s Vietnam.
Garrulus lanceolatus BLACK-HEADED JAY. Open forest,
farms. Himalayas, 1500-3050 m from e Afghanistan e through n Pakistan
and n India to c Nepal.
Garrulus lidthi LIDTH'S JAY. Dense oak forest.
N Ryukyu Is. of Amami-o-shima and Tokuno Shima.
Perisoreus infaustus SIBERIAN JAY. Coniferous forest.
From n,c Scandinavia e across n,c Russia and Siberia to Sea of Okhotsk
and Sakhalin, s to s Russia from Altai e to Ussuriland, n Mongolia and
Perisoreus internigrans SICHUAN JAY. Coniferous
forest. Mts., 3350-4300 m of wc China in se Tsinghai, sw Kansu and
Szechwan. May be a race of infaustus.
Perisoreus canadensis GREY JAY. Coniferous forest.
From w,c Alaska and c Yukon e across n Canada to n Labrador and Newfoundland,
s to n California, e Oregon, c Idaho, c Utah, ec Arizona, nc New Mexico,
ec Colorado and sw S. Dakota; e of the Rockies to s Manitoba, n Minnesota,
n Wisconsin, n Michigan, s Ontario, n New York, n New England, New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia.
The western obscurus subspecies group formerly was treated as
a separate species, but is connected to the eastern canadensis group by
Urocissa ornata CEYLON MAGPIE. Dense evergreen forest.
Hills, 150-1800 m of Sri Lanka.
Urocissa caerulea FORMOSAN MAGPIE. Forest.
Hills, 300-1200 m, of Taiwan.
Urocissa flavirostris GOLD-BILLED MAGPIE. Humid
forest. Himalayas, 1600-3350 m from n Pakistan e through n India
to se Tibet, sw China, w,ne Burma and n Vietnam in nw Tonkin.
Urocissa erythrorhyncha BLUE MAGPIE. Forest, woods.
From the Himalayas of n India e to e Nepal and possibly Sikkim; from sw,c,e
China s to e India and se Asia, except the Malay Peninsula.
Urocissa whiteheadi WHITE-WINGED MAGPIE. Forest.
Mts. of se Asia in se China, n,c Laos and n,c Vietnam.
Cissa chinensis GREEN MAGPIE. Humid forest, second
growth. Up to 2100 m of s Asia from the lower Himalayas of India,
e to cs China, Burma, nw,ne,sw Thailand, Laos, n Vietnam, Malaya, Sumatra
and nw Borneo.
Cissa hypoleuca YELLOW-BREASTED MAGPIE. Dense woodland.
Up to 1500 m of se Asia in s China, se Thailand, s Laos and s Vietnam.
Often considered a race of thalassina, but may be more closely related
Cissa thalassina SHORT-TAILED MAGPIE. Dense woodland.
Mts. of n Borneo and Java.
Cyanopica cyana AZURE-WINGED MAGPIE. Woods, towns.
In two disjunct areas. 1. Sw Europe in ne,s Spain
and Portugal. 2. E. Asia in se Siberia from Lake Baikal e through
Transbaicalia to Ussuriland, Mongolia, c,e China,
Inner Mongolia and Manchuria s to Szechwan, Hupeh and n Chekiang; n
Korea and Japan on Honshu and Kyushu.
Dendrocitta vagabunda RUFOUS TREEPIE. Open woods.
Up to 2100 m in Pakistan, India n to the Himalayan slopes, Burma, Thailand
(exc. c), Cambodia, c,s Laos and s Vietnam in Cochinchina.
Dendrocitta formosae GREY TREEPIE. Forest, bushes,
farms. Up to 2300 m in n,e India, Bangladesh, Burma, c,e China, Hainan,
Taiwan, Andaman Is., nw Thailand, n Laos and n Vietnam. Possibly
conspecific with occipitalis.
Dendrocitta occipitalis SUNDA TREEPIE. Woods.
Mts., 400-2300 m of Sumatra.
Dendrocitta cinerascens BORNEAN TREEPIE. Mts. of
Borneo. Has been treated as conspecific with occipitalis, but differs
in the markings on the head and nape, plus the geographic isolation, suggests
they are separate species, as proposed by B. King (pers. comm.).
Dendrocitta leucogastra WHITE-BELLIED TREEPIE. Dense
forest, second growth. Sw India in the w Ghats from Goa and w Mysore
s to Kerala and w Tamil Nadu.
Dendrocitta frontalis COLLARED TREEPIE. Dense forest.
Up to 2100 m in ne India in the Himalayas w to Sikkim and s to Bangladesh
and Manipur, n Burma and nw Vietnam.
Dendrocitta bayleyi ANDAMAN TREEPIE. Dense forest.
Crypsirina temia RACKET-TAILED TREEPIE. Forest,
brush. Up to 1000 m in s,e Burma, incl. Tenasserim, Thailand, Indochina,
Java and Bali.
Crypsirina cucullata HOODED TREEPIE. Dry forest,
scrub. Arid lowlands to 1000 m of c,n,s Burma.
Temnurus temnurus RATCHET-TAILED TREEPIE. Forest,
bamboo. Lowlands on Hainan Island, c Laos and n,c Vietnam.
Pica pica BLACK-BILLED MAGPIE. Open woods, scrub,
P. p. pica. Palearctic from the British Isles and
Scandinavia e across nw,c Russia and s Siberia to Amurland and Ussuriland,
incl. Anadyrland and Kamchatka and s to n Mediterranean region (incl. Sicily
and Cyprus), Turkey, Near and Middle East, sw Arabia, w,n Pakistan, nw
India, c,e Burma, n Laos, n,c Vietnam and Taiwan. W North America
from s Alaska, s Yukon and n Alberta e to w Ontario, and s to ne,ec California,
sc Nevada, sc Utah, extreme ne Arizona, n New Mexico, w,ne Oklahoma and
P. p. mauritanica. Nw Africa from ne Mauritania
to Tunisia. May be a separate species. Differs from pica in
having an area of blue skin behind the eye.
Pica nuttalli YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIE. Open woods, scrub,
savanna. Interior and coastal valleys and foothills of c California.
Possibly conspecific with pica, but they are not in contact.
Zavattariornis stresemanni STRESEMANN'S BUSH-CROW.
Thorn bush, acacia savanna. S Ethiopia.
Podoces hendersoni MONGOLIAN GROUND-JAY. Stony, sandy
desert, thickets. Deserts of c Asia from extreme e Kazakhstan, Mongolia
and nw China in n Sinkiang, n Kansu, n Tsinghai and Inner Mongolia.
Podoces biddulphi XINJIANG GROUND-JAY. Shrubby thickets.
Deserts and foothills of nw China in w Sinkiang.
Podoces panderi TURKESTAN GROUND-JAY. Shrubby desert.
Deserts of sc Asia in Turkestan e of the Caspian Sea and se of the Aral
Sea; s of Lake Balkhash in se Kazakhstan.
Podoces pleskei IRANIAN GROUND-JAY. Arid thickets.
Deserts of c,e Iran.
Pseudopodoces humilis TIBETAN GROUND-JAY. Open,
semi-arid steppes above treeline. Himalayas, 4000-5200 m in w China,
Tibet and ne India in n Sikkim. Probably not a corvid and not typical
for a starling; tentatively placed here pending better information.
Nucifraga columbiana CLARK'S NUTCRACKER. Coniferous
forest, edge. Mts., mainly the Sierra Nevada and the Rockies of North
America from c British Columbia, sw Alberta, w,c Montana, sw S. Dakota
and w,se Wyoming s to c,e California, n Baja California, ec Arizona and
s New Mexico.
Nucifraga caryocatactes SPOTTED NUTCRACKER. Coniferous
and mixed woods. Mts. and high latitudes of Eurasia from s Scandinavia,
the Alps and c,se Europe across c Russia and c,s Siberia to Anadyrland,
Kamchatka and the Kuril Is., s to s Russia from the Altai s to Kirghiz
steppes, Mongolia, China (exc. se); extreme ne Iran, e Afghanistan, n Pakistan
and n India in the Himalayas, ne Burma, Taiwan, Korea and Japan.
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax RED-BILLED CHOUGH. Cliffs,
stony mountains, rocky valleys. Locally in the British Isles; Canary
Is.; nw Africa in Morocco, n Algeria; mts. of c Ethiopia; n Mediterranean
region including the Pyrenees, s Alps, Sardinia and Crete; e through Turkey,
Near and Middle East, n Arabia, extreme s Russia in the Caucasus and Transcaucasus
to Transcaspia and from Tadshikistan ne to e Kazakhstan, n Pakistan, India
in the Himalayas e to Bhutan; Tibet, w,n,c China, Mongolia and cs Siberia.
Pyrrhocorax graculus YELLOW-BILLED CHOUGH. Rocky
slopes, steppes, cliffs. Locally in mts. of s Palearctic in the n
Mediterranean region, including the Pyrenees, Alps, Corsica, Greece; nw
Africa in Morocco; Turkey, w,n Iran, Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Transcaspia;
from Tadshikistan ne to e Kazakhstan, extreme sw Siberia in the Altai;
Himalayas of n Pakistan, n India, Tibet and nw China.
Ptilostomus afer PIAPIAC. Arid savanna with palms,
often associated with large mammals. Subsaharan Africa in from Senegambia,
s Mauritania, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, s Mali, Burkina Faso,
Liberia (?introduced), s Niger, n Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria,
Cameroon, C. African Republic, s Chad, s Sudan, sw Ethiopia, Uganda and
Corvus monedula EURASIAN JACKDAW. Open woods, farms,
towns. From the British Isles and s Scandinavia e across c,s Russia
to sw Siberia, e to Lake Baikal; s to Mediterranean region, incl. most
islands exc. Corsica; nw Africa from Morocco to Tunisia; Turkey, Near East,
n Iraq, w,n Iran, n Afghanistan, n India (Kashmir), w Tibet and w China.
An invasion into ne Canada was intentionally destroyed as a potential
agricultural pest, but one pair is reported from ne Pennsylvania where
it nests on a prison building.
Corvus dauuricus DAURIAN JACKDAW. Open woods, farms.
E Asia, e of the range of monedula, from s Siberia, Mongolia, c,n China,
Inner Mongolia and s to Szechwan, Yunnan and Kweichow; se Tibet.
May be conspecific with monedula.
Corvus splendens HOUSE CROW. Towns, cities, near
human habitation. Up to 1500 m from coastal s Iran e
through Pakistan, India n to the Himalayas up to 6400 m; Sri Lanka;
s Tibet, sw China, Burma, c Thailand; Laccadive
and Maldive Is.
Intro. Zanzibar, Djibouti, Egypt, n Ethiopia, Eritrea,
Somalia, Tanzania, Mozambique, S. Africa, Arabia, Mauritius, Malaya.
Breeding in Sudan, Djibouti, Yemen, Kenya, South Africa (small populations
in Durban and Cape Flats), the Seychelles, Mascarene Is. and possibly elsewhere.
Corvus moneduloides NEW CALEDONIAN CROW. Woods, open
area. New Caledonia. Intro. on Maré I. in the Loyalty
Corvus enca SLENDER-BILLED CROW. Forest, edge, second
growth. Up to 1500 m in Malaya, incl. Riau Arch.; Sumatra, incl.
Simeulue, Nias and Mentawai Is. and Riau Arch.; Borneo, Java, Bali, Sulawesi
incl. most adj. islands; s Moluccas on Seram, Ambon, Buru; Philippines
on ne Luzon, Mindoro, Calamian Is., Palawan, Balabac, Samar, Mindanao.
Corvus typicus PIPING CROW. Forest, edge, woods.
Up to 1200 m of c,s Sulawesi, incl. Muna and Butung islands.
Corvus unicolor BANGGAI CROW. Forest. Banggai
Is., off e Sulawesi.
Corvus florensis FLORES CROW. Forest. Lowlands
on Flores I., in the wc Lesser Sundas.
Corvus kubaryi MARIANA CROW. Forest, edge.
Guam and Rota islands in the Mariana Is.
Corvus validus LONG-BILLED CROW. Forest. Islands
of Morotai, Halmahera, Kayoa, Bacan and Obi in the Moluccas.
Corvus meeki BOUGAINVILLE CROW. Forest. Bougainville
and Shortland islands in the Solomon Is.
Corvus woodfordi WHITE-BILLED CROW. Forest. Choiseul,
Santa Isabel and Guadalcanal is. in the Solomon Is. C. meeki often
included in woodfordi.
Corvus fuscicapillus BROWN-HEADED CROW. Forest.
Up to 500 m in the Aru Is. and w Papuan is. of Waigeo and Gemien; nw New
Guinea on the lower Memberano River.
Corvus tristis GREY CROW. Forest. Up to 1400
m in the w Papuan is. of Batanta and Salawati; New Guinea, incl. Yapen
and Ron is., and the D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago.
Corvus capensis CAPE CROW. Grassland, semi-desert,
farms. Se Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, ne Zaire, e Uganda,
w,c Kenya and ce Tanzania; from wc,ne Angola, w Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia,
Botswana and extreme w Mozambique s to s S. Africa.
Corvus frugilegus ROOK. Open country, pastures,
farms, woods. From British Isles and s Scandinavia e across nw,c
Russia to sw Siberia; s to nc Spain, c France, Alps, Balkans, Turkey, n
Iraq, nw Iran, s Russia, Mongolia and w,n,c China s to n Chekiang.
Absent from deserts, mountains and coniferous forest.
Corvus caurinus NORTHWESTERN CROW. Coastal tidelands,
woods, farms. Coastal areas from sc,se Alaska w to Kodiak I., s to
nw Washington in the Puget Sound area. May be conspecific with brachyrhynchos.
Corvus brachyrhynchos AMERICAN CROW. Open country,
woods, farms, orchards, towns. From se Alaska e of the range of caurinus,
nc British Columbia, sw Mackenzie and n Saskatchewan e across c Canada
to s Newfoundland and s, except coastal Pacific nw, to n Baja California,
c Arizona, s New Mexico, c,se Texas, Gulf coast and s Florida, exc. Florida
Corvus ossifragus FISH CROW. Beaches, shores, swamps,
fields, uplands. E,se U.S. from c,se New York and Massachusetts s
to s Florida and w to s Texas, mainly coastal but inland along major waterways
n to nw Louisiana, ec Oklahoma, along the Mississippi River to s Illinois
and sw Kentucky, and to c parts of coastal states from Pennsylvania to
Corvus imparatus TAMAULIPAS CROW. Dry woods, farms.
Up to 1000 m of ne Mexico from Nuevo León, Tamaulipas and s Texas
in the lower Rio Grande Valley, s to San Luis Potosí and n Veracruz.
Corvus sinaloae SINALOA CROW. Woods, farms.
Pacific coastal lowlands up to 1000 m from s Sonora s to Nayarit and Colima.
Often lumped with imparatus from which it is morphologically indistinguishable,
but vocally distinct.
Corvus palmarum PALM CROW. Pine forest, woods, arid
brush, swamps. W Cuba and Hispaniola.
Corvus jamaicensis JAMAICAN CROW. Woods, savanna,
farms. Jamaica, mainly in the uplands.
Corvus nasicus CUBAN CROW. Forest. Cuba and
the Isle of Pines; Caicos Is. in the s Bahamas.
Corvus leucognaphalus WHITE-NECKED CROW. Dense forest,
woods. Hispaniola, mainly in the uplands; Puerto Rico, at least formerly.
Corvus corone CARRION CROW. Various habitats exc.
C. c. corone. CARRION CROW. From Faroe Is.,
s Scotland, England and w Germany s to the Iberian Peninsula, s France,
Alps from Switzerland and Austria to n Italy; w Czechoslovakia; from n
Siberia e of the Yenesei R., e to Anadyrland, Kamchatka and the Kuril Is.,
s to s Russia, w to the Aral Sea, Afghanistan, n Pakistan, n India, w,c,n
China, Korea and Japan.
C. c. cornix. HOODED CROW. Ireland and n Scotland;
from n Denmark and Scandinavia e across n Russia to w Siberia (Yenesei
R.) mostly s of the Arctic Circle; s (e of the range of corone) to Italy,
Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, e Mediterranean region, Turkey, Near East, Nile
Valley of Egypt, n Iraq, Iran, s Russia to the Aral Sea and Transcaspia.
C. c. corone and C. c. cornix sometimes are treated as
They usually interbreed in areas of contact, as in s Scotland, Denmark,
s Switzerland, n Italy and n Afghanistan, but the hybrid zones are narrow
and relatively stable, although shifting slightly westward in Europe in
recent years. There are some areas, e.g. c Russia and Iran, where
they are sympatric with little or no interbreeding. This complex
situation doesn't fit neatly into any species concept and these two taxa
may be viewed either as two species, as subspecies of corone, or as "semispecies".
Kryukov and Blinov (1994. J. für Orn. 135: Sonderheft p.
47) studied the zone of hybridization between the Ob and Yenesei rivers
in Siberia. The hybrid zone is ca. 150 km wide and introgression
of plumage characters can be detected for 700 km. Up to 30% of the
birds in the center of the zone are intermediate and 11 color morphs were
identified. Genetic variability in allozymes and DNA increase within
the hybrid zone. There is no evidence of reduction of fertility or
viability in mixed pairs, but evidence of positive assortative mating was
found. The two differ in migration behavior, wintering areas and
Rolando and Saino (1994. J. für Orn. 135: Sonderheft p.
48) analyzed the composition of breeding pairs in six areas in the alpine
hybrid zone in alpine valleys and the Cuneo highlands of Italy.
Their results indicate that positive assortative mating is present,
i.e., mixed pairs are less frequent than would be expected if random mating
Corvus macrorhynchos LARGE-BILLED CROW. Forest,
edge, farms, towns.
The two groups often are treated as separate species, but they
are so variable that subspecific identity depends more on locality than
Their vocalizations are said to differ, but seem variable in all populations.
C. m. macrorhynchos. From e Iran and n Afghanistan
e through n Pakistan, n India in the Himalayas above 1800 m, Tibet and
China to se Siberia to Sakhalin and the Kuril Is., Japan and the Ryukyu
Is., and s through se Asia (exc. n Burma and n Thailand) to Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, the Lesser Sunda is. e to Wetar, Kisar and Timor; Philippines (exc.
Palawan) and Taiwan.
C. m. levaillantii JUNGLE CROW. Forest, farms,
towns. Up to 1800 m in c,e India e of the desert regions in the Indus
River drainage; Sri Lanka; n Burma, n Thailand and Andaman Is.
Corvus orru TORRESIAN CROW. Open forest, woods, coastal
scrub, beaches, farms. Lowlands in the n Moluccas from Tidore and
Halmerhera s to Obi; w Papuan is.; New Guinea and most nearby islands;
D'Entrecasteaux, Louisiade and Bismarck archipelagos; Babar I. in the e
Lesser Sundas; Tanimbar Is. N,c Australia s to cw,cs W. Australia
coastally to N.W. Cape, and interior nearly to the coast in the sc; nw
S Australia, s N. Territory, s Queensland (exc. sw) and ne New S. Wales.
Includes latirostris, which may be a separate species (B.
King, pers. comm.).
Corvus bennetti LITTLE CROW. Arid woods. Arid
w, interior Australia n to n W. Australia from the Pilbara region to the
Kimberleys, incl. coastal islands, c N. Territory, s,sc Queensland, n to
Burketown and e to Cunnamulla and w New S. Wales. Nomadic.
Corvus coronoides AUSTRALIAN RAVEN. Woods, savanna.
Interior sw,c,e Australia from sw W. Australia, n to the Murchison River,
S. Australia, exc. nw; e N. Territory and Queensland, exc. e coastal region,
s through se Australia.
Corvus mellori LITTLE RAVEN. Alpine woodlands above 1600
m to forests and woods of foothills, almost treeless plains, scrubs, farms
and coastal areas. Se Australia in se S. Australia, New S. Wales,
except nw, and Victoria, incl. King I. off nw Tasmania. Nomadic.
Corvus boreus RELICT RAVEN. Wet sclerophyll woods
on the fringes of e forested area of the New England tablelands..
Locally in ne New S. Wales from near Nowendoc in the s to n of Guyra, and
from Armidale in the west to Dorrigo State Forest in the east. Doubtfully
separable from C. tasmanicus, but they are widely allopatric.
Corvus tasmanicus FOREST RAVEN. Wet sclerophyll
woods on mainland; dry woods, coastal scrub, beaches and savanna in Tasmania.
Locally in se Australia in extreme se S. Australia and s Victoria e to
Wilson's Promontory Natl. Park; Tasmania, King and Furneaux islands.
Corvus torquatus COLLARED CROW. Open lowlands, farms,
usually near water, rice fields. C,e,s China, Hainan I., n,c Vietnam
Corvus hawaiiensis HAWAIIAN CROW. Moist woods, open
areas. Highlands, 300-2400 m on the Island of Hawaii. Ca. 20
individuals known to survive in 1994.
Corvus cryptoleucus CHIHUAHUAN RAVEN. Open lowlands,
deserts, plains. From n Sonora, sc,se Arizona, c,ne New Mexico, ne
Colorado, sc Nebraska and w Kansas s to Michoacán, Guanajuato, Querétaro,
San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, c,s Texas and w Oklahoma.
Corvus albus PIED CROW. Open country, often near
human habitation; absent from extreme desert and dense forest. From
s Mauritania, Senegambia and Guinea e across s Mali, s Niger, c Chad and
c Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia, s (incl. Fernando Po,
Pemba and Zanzibar islands) to s S. Africa; Aldabra, Assumption and Comoro
islands and Madagascar. Recorded in all subSaharan African countries.
Not recorded on Socotra I. or sw Arabia (Yemen).
Corvus ruficollis BROWN-NECKED RAVEN. Desert.
Cape Verde Is.; from the Sahara of n Africa, s to s Mauritania, s Mali,
Burkina Faso, s Niger, Nigeria, s Chad, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, s,se
Sudan, Somalia, n,c Kenya; e through Arabia, s Near East, s Iran and Afghanistan
to w Pakistan.
Corvus corax COMMON RAVEN. Varied habitats, lowlands
to Arctic, cliffs, plains, forest, conifers to desert. Coasts of
Greenland, Iceland and Faroes, and through Eurasia n to Arctic coasts and
s to the Canary Is., n Africa from Morocco e to Egypt; Mediterranean region
(absent from lowlands of most of w continental Europe n of c France and
w of c Germany), Turkey, Near and Middle East, Pakistan, w,n India, s Tibet,
w,c,ne China, se Siberia, Sakhalin, Kuril Is., Japan. From w,n Alaska,
incl. islands in the Bering Sea but absent from the Arctic coast; n Canada,
incl. Arctic islands, s to Aleutian Is., w to Attu; s to Baja California,
Revillagigedo Is., through highlands of Mexico and n C. America to nc Nicaragua,
e to e edge of the Rockies, w Oklahoma and c Texas, and e of the Rockies
s to s Canada, ne Minnesota, n Wisconsin, n Michigan, n New York, n New
England, and in the Appalachians to e Tennessee, w N. Carolina and nw Georgia.
May include albus and ruficollis, but there seems to be overlap where they
come in contact.
Corvus rhipidurus FAN-TAILED RAVEN. Arid rocky country,
cliffs. S Mali, s Niger, c,s Chad, se Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti,
nw Somalia, e Uganda, nw,c Kenya, ne Egypt (Sinai), Near East n to s Syria
Corvus albicollis WHITE-NECKED RAVEN. Rocks, cliffs,
hills. Ne,ce,se Zaire, Uganda and w,s Kenya s through Rwanda, Burundi,
Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and extreme e Botswana to
e,s S. Africa, w to s Cape Province.
Corvus crassirostris THICK-BILLED RAVEN. Rocks,
cliffs, open country. Highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea; rarely vagrant
in nw Somalia and se Sudan.
Melampitta lugubris LESSER MELAMPITTA. Forest floor
in dense undergrowth. Mts., 1450-3500 m, of New Guinea in the Arfak,
Weyland and Nassau mts.; from Oranje Mts. to Huon Peninsula and Owen Stanley
Melampitta gigantea GREATER MELAMPITTA. Forest floor;
limestone sinks. Locally in mts., 650-1400 m, of New Guinea in the
Arfak Mts., Onin and Bomberai Peninsula; s slope of Nassau Mts.; Sepik-Ramu
drainage; se ranges.
Loboparadisaea sericea YELLOW-BREASTED BIRD-OF-PARADISE.
Forest. Locally in highlands of New Guinea, 600-2000 m, in the Snow,
Weyland and Herzog mts.; Huon Peninsula; e highlands.
Cnemophilus macgregorii CRESTED BIRD-OF-PARADISE.
Forest undergrowth, trees, moss forest. Mts., 2400-3500 m, of e New
Guinea from near Mt. Giluwe se to Wharton Range; not overlapping with loriae.
Cnemophilus loriae LORIA'S BIRD-OF-PARADISE. Forest.
Mts., 1450-3000 m, of c New Guinea from the Weyland Mts. to Owen Stanley
Macgregoria pulchra MACGREGOR'S BIRD-OF-PARADISE.
Podocarp forest. Locally in mts., 2700-4000 m, of wc, se New Guinea
in the Snow Mts. and the se ranges.
Lycocorax pyrrhopterus PARADISE-CROW. Forest, mangrove
edge. Lowlands to 1600 m of the n Moluccas on Morotai, Rau, Bacan,
Halmahera and Obi.
Manucodia atra GLOSSY-MANTLED MANUCODE. Forest.
Lowlands to 1000 m in New Guinea, Tagula I. and the Aru Is. and w Papuan
is. of Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, Gebe and Gemien.
Manucodia chalybata CRINKLE-COLLARED MANUCODE. Forest.
Up to 1800 m, usually 575-1400 m, in New Guinea and Misool I. in the w
Manucodia comrii CURL-CRESTED MANUCODE. Forest.
Lowlands of the Trobriand Is., and of Fergusson, Goodenough and Normanby
is. in the D'Entrecasteaux Arch. off se New Guinea.
Manucodia jobiensis JOBI MANUCODE. Forest.
Lowlands to 500 m of n New Guinea from Geelvink Bay, incl. Yapen I., e
to Astrolabe Bay, upper Ramu River and Setekwa River.
Manucodia keraudrenii TRUMPET MANUCODE. Forest.
Up to 2000 m in the Aru Is., New Guinea mostly in the highlands, except
Cyclops Mts. and Huon Peninsula; locally in lowlands; D'Entrecasteaux Arch.
on Fergusson, Goodenough and Normanby islands. N Queensland from
Cape York and Claudie River, s to Chester River.
Semioptera wallacii STANDARDWING or STANDARDWING BIRD-OF-PARADISE.
Forest. Mts. of Halmahera and Bacan islands in the northern Moluccas.
Paradigalla carunculata LONG-TAILED PARADIGALLA.
Forest. 1400-2200 m in the Arfak and w Snow mts. e to the Nassau
mts. of w New Guinea.
Paradigalla brevicauda SHORT-TAILED PARADIGALLA.
Forest, edge. Mts., 1600-2675 m, of w,c New Guinea from the Weyland
and Snow mts. e to Mt. Giluwe, Mt. Hagen and Bismarck and Schrader mts.
Epimachus fastuosus BLACK SICKLEBILL. Forest.
Mts., 1275-2550 m, of w,c New Guinea in the Arfak and Tamrau mts.; from
Wandammen and Weyland mts. e to Sepik, Hagen, Bismarck and Hindenburg mts.;
n coastal range. Occurs below meyeri.
Epimachus meyeri BROWN SICKLEBILL. Mts., 1500-3050
m, of c,e New Guinea in the Weyland, Oranje, Hindenburg and Victor Emanuel
mts.; c highlands; Herzog Mts.; se ranges. Occurs above fastuosus
where both present and at lower elevations where fastuosus is absent.
Epimachus albertisi BLACK-BILLED SICKLEBILL. Forest.
Mts., 600-2250 of New Guinea in the Arfak, Kumawa and Wandammen mts.; n
slopes of the c ranges from Weyland and Foya mts. to Sepik mts., Huon Peninsula,
Herzog Mts. and se ranges.
Epimachus bruijnii PALE-BILLED SICKLEBILL. Forest,
near coastal rivers. Lowlands to 200 m of nw New Guinea from se coast
of Geelvink Bay e to Tami River and extreme nw Papua New Guinea.
Lophorina superba SUPERB BIRD-OF-PARADISE. Forest,
edge, second growth. Mts., 975-2300 m of New Guinea.
Parotia sefilata WESTERN PAROTIA. Forest.
Mts., 1050-1800 m of w New Guinea in the Arfak, Tamrau and Wandammen mts.
Parotia carolae CAROLA'S PAROTIA. Forest.
Mts., 1150-1800 m of w,c New Guinea from the Weyland, Snow and Foya mts.
e to the Victor Emanuel Mts.
Parotia lawesii LAWES'S PAROTIA. Forest. Mts.,
750-2300 m of e,se New Guinea from Mt. Giluwe and Hagen and Schrader mts.
e to the Herzog Mts and s slopes of the Wharton and Owen Stanley mts.
Parotia helenae EASTERN PAROTIA. Forest. Mts.,
975-1800 m of se New Guinea on the n slopes of the Owen Stanley Mts.
P. lawesii and P. helenae are usually considered conspecific, but no hybrids
are known although their ranges are in contact.
Parotia wahnesi WAHNES'S PAROTIA. Forest.
Mts., 1100-1700 m of se New Guinea in the Adelbert Mts. and the Huon Peninsula.
Ptiloris magnificus MAGNIFICENT RIFLEBIRD. Forest.
Lowlands to 1450 m in w,c New Guinea e to the Sepik River and Kratke Mts.;
ne Australia in ne Queensland from Cape York Peninsula s to Albatross Bay
and the Chester River.
Ptiloris intercedens EASTERN RIFLEBIRD. Forest.
Lowlands to 1000 m of e New Guinea w to Astrolabe Bay and Hall Sound.
Formerly included in magnificus.
Ptiloris victoriae VICTORIA'S RIFLEBIRD. Forest.
Ne Australia in Queensland fromCooktown to Townsville area. Often
lumped with paradiseus.
Ptiloris paradiseus PARADISE RIFLEBIRD. Forest.
Highlands to 1200 m of ne Australia in se Queensland n to Rockhampton area
(at least formerly) and ne New South Wales s to the Hunter River.
Cicinnurus magnificus MAGNIFICENT BIRD-OF-PARADISE.
Forest. Mts., 575-1600 m (rarely lower), of New Guinea incl. Yapen
I., and the w Papuan islands of Salawati and probably Misool.
Cicinnurus respublica WILSON'S BIRD-OF-PARADISE.
Forest. Interior hills above 300 m on the w Papuan is. of Waigeo and Batanta.
Cicinnurus regius KING BIRD-OF-PARADISE.Forest. Lowlands
to 850 m of New Guinea, incl. Yapen I., the Aru Is. and w Papuan islands
of Batanta, Salawati and Misool.
Astrapia nigra ARFAK ASTRAPIA. Forest. Mts.
1650-2250 m of nw New Guinea in the Arfak Mts. and probably the Tamrau
Astrapia splendidissima SPLENDID ASTRAPIA. Forest.
Mts., 1800-3450 m of w,c New Guinea from the Weyland Mts. e to the Victor
Astrapia mayeri RIBBON-TAILED ASTRAPIA. Forest.
Mts., 2375-3400 m of ec New Guinea from Mt. Hagen and Mt. Giluwe w to the
e Victor Emanuel Mts. Hybridizes with stephaniae on Mt. Hagen and
Mt. Giluwe, although they are mostly separate in altitude.
Astrapia stephaniae STEPHANIE'S ASTRAPIA. Forest.
Mts., 1500-2450 m of e,se New Guinea from Mt. Giluwe and the Hagen and
Schrader mts. e to the Herzog and Owen Stanley mts. See A. mayeri.
Astrapia rothschildi HUON ASTRAPIA. Forest.
Mts., 1450-3500 m of se New Guinea on the Huon Peninsula.
Pteridophora alberti KING-OF-SAXONY BIRD-OF-PARADISE.
Humid forest. Mts., 1450-2850 of c New Guinea from the Weyland and
Snow mts. e to the Bismarck and Kratke mts.
Seleucidis melanoleuca TWELVE-WIRED BIRD-OF-PARADISE.
Swamp forest, riparian woods. Lowlands of New Guinea, except n coast
from Astrolabe Bay to Milne Bay; Salawati I. in the w Papuan islands.
Paradisaea rubra RED BIRD-OF-PARADISE. Forest.
Lowlands to 600 m of Waigeo, Batanta and Gemien islands in the w Papuan
Paradisaea minor LESSER BIRD-OF-PARADISE. Forest,
second growth. Up to 1750 m of w,n New Guinea in the Vogelkop, and
from Geelvink Bay, incl. Yapen I., e to Etna Bay and the upper Ramu River;
Huon Peninsula. Misool I. in the w Papuan islands. See comments
under P. apoda.
Paradisaea apoda GREATER BIRD-OF-PARADISE. Forest.
Up to 1000 m of s New Guinea from the Mimika River e to the upper Fly River;
Aru Is. P. rubra, minor, apoda, raggiana and decora occupy
allopatric ranges and interbreed where they come into contact. They
may be considered to be conspecific or as members of a superspecies.
They are closely related but male plumages differ enough for separation
and for recognition of hybrids. P. guilielmi may be included as an
Paradisaea raggiana RAGGIANA BIRD-OF-PARADISE. Forest,
second growth. Up to 1750 m of ne, se New Guinea from Fly River area,
Ramu River and Astrolabe Bay e to Milne Bay; Wahgi Valley. Hybridizes
Paradisaea decora GOLDIE'S BIRD-OF-PARADISE. Forest.
300-600 m on Fergusson and Normanby islands in the D'Entrecasteaux Arch.
off se New Guinea.
Paradisaea guilielmi EMPEROR BIRD-OF-PARADISE. Forest.
500-1800 m of se New Guinea on the Huon Peninsula; occurs above minor and
raggiana but hybridizes with both at points of contact.
Paradisaea rudolphi BLUE BIRD-OF-PARADISE. Forest,
edge. Mts., 1100-2000 m of c, se New Guinea from Mt. Giluwe region
and the Hagen Mts. e to the Herzog Mts. and se ranges. Occurs above
raggiana and minor but has hybridized with both at contact points.
Cracticus mentalis BLACK-BACKED BUTCHERBIRD. Savanna,
edge, open woods. Up to 675 m in se New Guinea from Merauke to Port
Moresby; ne Queensland from Cape York s to Mitchell River and the Cooktown
Cracticus torquatus GREY BUTCHERBIRD. Open forest,
woods, scrub. W. Australia w to Port Hedland and through N. Territory
e to Arnhem Land and to c,e Queensland and s through S. Australia, New
S. Wales and Victoria; Tasmania.
Cracticus cassicus HOODED BUTCHERBIRD. Forest, second
growth. Up to 1450 m in the Aru Is. and the w Papuan islands of Waigeo,
Batanta, Gebe, Salawati and Misool; New Guinea, incl. Biak, Yapen and Numfor
islands; Trobriand Is. and the D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago.
Cracticus louisiadensis TAGULA BUTCHERBIRD. Forest.
Tagula I. off se New Guinea. Possibly conspecific with cassicus.
Cracticus nigrogularis PIED BUTCHERBIRD. Woods,
farms. Australia except ne Queensland and extreme sw W. Australia
and from se W. Australia e to Victoria; Tasmania.
Cracticus quoyi BLACK BUTCHERBIRD. Forest, mangroves.
Up to 1400 m in the Aru Is. and w Papuan islands of Waigeo, Salawati and
Misool; New Guinea, incl. Yapen I. Coasts and islands of n,ne Australia
in the N. Territory from Port Keats e to Arnhem Land and Melville I., and
n,e Queensland from Cape York Peninsula s, locally, to Rockhampton area.
Gymnorhina tibicen AUSTRALASIAN MAGPIE. Open woods,
The four taxa are treated as conspecific because they interbreed
in some contact zones, however they do not hybridize in all areas of overlap.
Thus, their status as species or subspecies is uncertain but informative
for what they illustrate about the nature of "species" and "subspecies".
G. t. papuana. Lowlands of sc New Guinea from the
Digul River to the Oriomo River.
G. t. tibicen. Australia s to the ranges of the
two following subspecies in sw, se Australia, absent from n coastal Australia
from ne W. Australia in the Kimberleys, e to n,e Queensland n of Staaten
River and Cardwell.
G. t. dorsalis. Sw W. Australia n to Murchison River
and e to Esperance.
G. t. hypoleuca. Coastal se Australia from se New
S. Wales n to Narooma, s to Victoria; Tasmania and islands in Bass Strait;
and w to se S. Australia w to Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo I.
G. t. tibicen and G. t. hypoleuca have been introduced
to Taveuni I. in the Fiji Is. where they are interbreeding. G. tibicen
also introduced in New Zealand.
Strepera graculina PIED CURRAWONG. Forest, farms,
towns. N Queensland s to Princess Charlotte Bay and from e Queensland
n to Cairns and w to Georgetown, s through e New S. Wales to s Victoria
w to border of extreme se S. Australia. Also on Lord Howe I.
Strepera fuliginosa BLACK CURRAWONG. Forest, farms.
Tasmania and islands in Bass Strait.
Strepera versicolor GREY CURRAWONG. Forest, woods,
Intergradation occurs between all subspecies in areas of contact,
but the Tasmanian race (arguta) is allopatric and may be a separate species.
S. v. versicolor. From s W. Australia n to Shark
Bay, e across S. Australia (exc. ranges of other subspecies) to c,s New
S. Wales (exc. sw) and Victoria.
S. v. intermedia. Se S. Australia on the Eyre Peninsula
and the Yorke Peninsula.
S. v. melanoptera. Mallee and scrubby woods in se
S. Australia, incl. Kangaroo I., extreme sw New S. Wales and extreme nw
S. v. arguta. Tasmania and islands in Bass Strait.
Artamus fuscus ASHY WOODSWALLOW. Open country with
palms, scrub, clearings. Up to 2100 m from India and Sri Lanka, e
through Nepal, Bangladesh and Burma to s China and s to se Asia, except
peninsular Thailand and Malaya.
Artamus leucorynchus WHITE-BREASTED WOODSWALLOW.
Forest, woods, mangroves, open areas with trees, towns. Up to 2000
m of s Asia, Malay Arch., Australian region and sw Oceania in the Andaman
Is., Malay Peninsula, Greater and Lesser Sundas and many adj. islands,
Philippines, Palau Is. on Babelthuap, Moluccas, Kai and Aru islands, New
Guinea and adj. islands, New Caledonia, Loyalty Is., Vanuatu, Banks Is.,
and n,e Australia from n W. Australia w to Shark Bay e across n N. Territory
to Queensland, s to e S. Australia, n Victoria, Tasmania, and New S. Wales
Artamus monachus IVORY-BACKED WOODSWALLOW. Forest,
woods, open areas with trees. Hills, 200-1100 m of Sulawesi, incl.
Lembeh and Banggai and the Sula Is.
Artamus maximus GREAT WOODSWALLOW. Open country,
forest edge. Mts., 475-3600 m of New Guinea.
Artamus insignis BISMARCK WOODSWALLOW. Open country.
New Britain and New Ireland islands in the Bismarck Archipelago.
Artamus mentalis FIJI WOODSWALLOW. Forest, woods,
mangroves, open areas with trees, towns. N Fiji Islands from Yasawa
and Viti Levu e to Qamea and Taveuni.
Artamus personatus MASKED WOODSWALLOW. Savanna woodland.
Australia, incl. King I. in Bass Strait, but absent from n N. Territory,
Cape York Peninsula, sw W. Australia and Tasmania.
Artamus superciliosus WHITE-BROWED WOODSWALLOW.
Savanna woodland. Most of interior Australia except n N. Territory,
Cape York Peninsula and sw W. Australia. Regular breeder in e Australia
from n Queensland (Mitchell R.) s through New S. Wales and e S. Australia
to Victoria; casual or irregular breeder w to W. Australia and to King
I. in Bass Strait and n Tasmania. Nomadic.
Artamus cinereus BLACK-FACED WOODSWALLOW. Savanna
The two subspecies groups sometimes are treated as species, but
a variable hybrid zone occurs between them in Queensland.
A. c. cinereus. Timor, Leti and Sermata islands
in the Lesser Sundas; Australia (except coastal sw W. Australia, n,e Queensland
and coastally from se Queensland s to Victoria and se S. Australia).
A. c. albiventris. Ne Australia in n,e Queensland
s to Normanton and Rockhampton.
Artamus cyanopterus DUSKY WOODSWALLOW. Forest, woods,
orchards. From sw W. Australia, n to Moora, e through s S. Australia
to Victoria and Tasmania; n through s,ne New S. Wales to e Queensland,
n to Cairns and the Atherton Tableland.
Artamus minor LITTLE WOODSWALLOW. Forest, savanna,
breeds in rocky country. N,c Australia s to c W. Australia to the
Murchison R., n S. Australia, n New S. Wales and se Queensland (exc. coastal
e Queensland); casual breeder in s S. Australia and w Victoria. Nomadic.
Pityriasis gymnocephala BORNEAN BRISTLEHEAD. Forest,
possibly mainly peat forest. Lowlands to 1200 m of Borneo.
Formerly placed in the "Prionopidae" (a composite, invalid group), Laniidae
or Sturnidae. DNA hybridization data showed that Pityriasis is an
artamine (Ahlquist, Sheldon and Sibley 1984. J. für Orn. 125:129-140).
Peltops blainvillii LOWLAND PELTOPS. Tall trees at
forest edge. Up to 600 m in New Guinea and the w Papuan islands of
Waigeo, Salawati and Misool. DNA hybridization showed that the two
species of Peltops are artamines. (Sibley and Ahlquist 1984. Emu
Peltops montanus MOUNTAIN PELTOPS. Tall trees at
forest edge. Mts., 550-3000 m of New Guinea. P. montanus occurs