Washington, D.C., Nov. 3, 2015 - On a serendipitous occasion, while attending a conference and listening to Rishi Raj, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Colorado Boulder, speak about the remarkable effect of moderate electrical fields on lowering the sintering temperature of certain ceramic powders, Himanshu Jain, a professor of materials science and engineering at Lehigh University, began to wonder if a similar phenomenon was possible in a glass -- because he knew that the implications could be huge for glass technology.
The two professors chatted briefly during a coffee break and a spontaneous collaboration to explore the possibility began.
As the team of researchers at Lehigh University and the University of Colorado Boulder discovered and describe in Applied Physics Letters, from AIP Publishing, a similar, albeit slightly different, phenomenon is indeed possible in a glass.
The basis of the team's work and experiments is fairly straightforward: glass softens upon heating in a furnace, so it can be readily observed as the onset of rapid deformation under the application of a compressive load. "We wanted to discover whether or not 'softening behavior' could be significantly enhanced by the additional application of an electric field," said Jain.
So they ran a series of experiments centering on comparing softening temperatures while a rectangular piece of glass was heated at a constant rate under the simultaneous application of mechanical load, as well as with an electric field. Then, to "establish the generality of phenomenon and to develop an understanding of underlying mechanisms, we performed experiments on a few different glass compositions of varying properties," he noted.
Forming glass products into specific shapes requires high temperatures, which translates to consuming a considerable amount of energy. "Electrical heating is widely used in the initial melting process, but not for 'forming operations,' which require glass to be soft and easily deformable, while also keeping the desired shape," explained Jain.
The team's approach, which "lowers the softening temperature by electric field, offers the potential to save significant amounts of energy, but may also end up leading to innovative methods of 'micro-forming' because electric fields can be manipulated much more precisely and selectively than plain old heating," he added.
For the team, actually observing the softening of glass at a significantly lower furnace temperature was the most exciting part of their experiments. There were, however, some surprises along the way. "One of these 'unexpected results' was that soon after the softening of glass, we observed a strong glow coming from the anode region," Jain revealed. "Upon continued application of electrical field, we observed smoke and substantial destruction of the sample."
In terms of applications for the team's work, the results of their study will prove extremely useful for micro- and nano-forming operations in which micro- and nano-scale glass shaping is desirable, as well as for high-precision nanostamping. The same applies for modifying physical properties near electrodes.
"Gaining a better understanding of the underlying phenomenon will help us learn the limitations of glass as an electrical insulator," noted Jain. "There's tremendous interest in using glass as a supercapacitor for energy storage, for example. But it's critical not to use glass that deforms easily in such applications, so it would be helpful to know in advance how the glass will behave."
Now that the team has discovered this phenomenon of electric field-induced softening of glass, since they're a group of materials scientists, they've moved on to exploring its mechanisms and behavior during various stages.
One way to do this is to perform experiments on a broader variety of glasses with specific characteristics. "This will help us to identify glass compositions for specific applications that exploit electric-field-induced softening," Jain said.
Their goal now is to further develop electric-field-induced softening for practical applications with an industry partner.
The article "Electric field-induced softening of alkali silicate glasses," is authored by C. McLaren, W. Heffner, R. Tessarollo, R. Raj and H. Jain. It will be published in the journal Applied Physics Letters on Nov. 3, 2015 (DOI: 10.1063/1.4934945). After that date, it can be accessed at: http://scitation.
The authors of this study are affiliated with Lehigh University and the University of Colorado Boulder.
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Applied Physics Letters features concise, rapid reports on significant new findings in applied physics. The journal covers new experimental and theoretical research on applications of physics phenomena related to all branches of science, engineering, and modern technology. See: http://apl.