1 network security overview chapter 1 network security overview 1.1 security policy purposes The 1.2 pillars of network security The foundation of network security consists of: prevention detection response Let s have a more detailed look at 1.3 security models There are two types of key-based encryption algorithms: security by obscurity the perimeter defense model the defense in depth model Security by obscurity relies on stealth for protection. The concept behind this model is that if no one knows that a network or system is there, then it won't be subject to attack. The basic hope is that hiding a network or at least not advertising its existence will serve as sufficient security. The problem with this approach is that it never works in the long term, and once detected, a network is completely vulnerable. 1.4 vulnerabilities, threats and attacks Symmetric 1.5 vulnerabilities A vulnerability 1.6 threats Threat types: int 1.7 attacks Attacks on the security of a system can be classified roughly into two categories: passive attacks active attacks Passive attacks have the goal of intercepting and/or monitoring the traffic. There are two types of passive attacks message interception and traffic analysis. Active attacks imply modifying the normal flow of informations and/or creating illegitimate data 1
2 chapter 1 transmissions If we classify the attacks by the the nature (scope) of these attacks, we can distinguish the following types: interceptions an unauthorized entity gains illegitimate access to a network traffic analysis - the process of intercepting and examining messages in order to deduce information from patterns in communication interruptions an element of the system is destroyed/incapacitated and becomes unusable or with considerable reduced capacity masquerading requires an attacker to have the ability to both monitor and alter or inject messages into a communication channel alterations an unauthorized entity may change the content of a data file or of a message exchanged over the network construction - an unauthorized entity may create and transmit false messages or may add new records in a data file or in a database 1.8 security services A security system is supposed to provide the following services: authentication integrity confidentiality non-repudiation access control availability Authentication allows the recipient of the message to validate the identity of the sender. It prevents an unauthorized entity to masquerade itself as a legitimate sender of the message. Integrity guarantees that the message sent has not been modified or altered along the communication channel. This is usually accomplished by attaching to the message itself a digest (compressed version) of fixed length of the message, digest which allows verify if the original message was (intentionally or not) altered. Confidentiality (secrecy) prevents unauthorized entities from accessing the real content of a message. Non-repudiation with proof of origin assures the receiver of the identity of the sender, while non-repudiation with proof of delivery ensures the sender that the message was delivered. 2
3 security models chapter 2 security models 2.1 Par 1 A cry Cipher 2.2 Par Subpar 1 3
4 chapter 3 chapter 3 network security standards 3.1 Different security standards While information security plays an important role in protecting the data and assets of an organisation, we often hear news about security incidents, such as defacement of websites, server hacking and data leakage. Organizations need to be fully aware of the need to devote more resources to the protection of information assets, and information security must become a top concern in both government and business. To address the situation, a number of governments and organisations have set up benchmarks, standards and in some cases, legal regulations on information security to help ensure an adequate level of security is maintained, resources are used in the right way,and the best security practices are adopted. Some industries, such as banking, are regulated, and the guidelines or best practices put together as part of those regulations often become a de facto standard among members of these industries. ISO STANDARDS The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), established in 1947, is a non-governmental international body that collaborates with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) on information and communications technology (ICT) standards. The following are commonly referenced ISO security standards: ISO/IEC 27002:2005 (Code of Practice for Information Security Management) ISO/IEC 27002:2005 (replaced ISO/IEC 17799:2005 in April 2007) is an international standard that originated from the BS7799-1, one that was originally laid down by the British Standards Institute (BSI). ISO/IEC 27002:2005 refers to a code of practice for information security management, and is intended as a common basis and practical guideline for developing organizational security standards and effective management practices. ISO/IEC : network security overview and concepts (see 3.2) ISO/IEC : Guidelines for the design and implementation of network security (see 3.3) ISO/IEC : Reference networking scenarios - threats, design techniques and control issues (see 3.4) ISO/IEC : Securing communications between networks using security gateways (see 3.5) ISO/IEC : Securing communications across networks using Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) (see 3.6) ISO/IEC : Securing wireless IP network access (see 3.7) FISMA FISMA stands for Federal Information Security Management Act, and is a part of the USE-Government Act (Public Law ) that became legislation in It requires US federal agencies to develop, document, and implement an agency-wide programme to provide information security for the information (and information systems) that support the operations and assets of the agency. Some of the requirements include: 1. Periodic risk assessments of information and information systems that support the operations and assets of the organization; 2. Risk-based policies and procedures designed to reduce information security risks to an acceptable level. 3. Plans for providing adequate security for networks and information systems; 4. Security awareness training to all personnel, including contractors; 5. Periodic evaluation and testing of the effectiveness of the security policies,procedures and controls. 4
5 network security standards The frequency should not be less than annually. Remedial action to address any deficiencies found to be properly managed; 6. A working and tested security incident handling procedure; 7. A business continuity plan in place to support the operation of the organization. FIPS The Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Publication Series of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is an official series of publications relating to standards and guidelines adopted and made available under the provisions of the FISMA 30. FIPS Publication 199, Standards for Security Categorization of Federal Information and Information Systems, is the first mandatory security standard laid down under the FISMA legislation. FIPS Publication 200, entitled Minimum Security Requirements for Federal Information and Information Systems is the second mandatory set of security standards that specify minimum security requirements for US federal information and information systems across 17 security-related areas. US federal agencies must meet the minimum security requirements defined in this standard by selecting appropriate security controls and assurance requirements laid down in NIST Special Publication (Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems). The 17security-related areas include: 1. access control; 2. awareness and training; 3. audit and accountability; 4. certification, accreditation, and security assessments; 5. configuration management; 6. contingency planning; 7. identification and authentication; 8. incident response; 9. maintenance; 10. media protection; 11. physical and environmental protection; 12. planning; 13. personnel security; 14. risk assessment; 15. systems and services acquisition; 16. system and communications protection; 17. system and information integrity. Different FIPS standards: FIPS 140 Security requirements for cryptography modules FIPS 153 (3D graphics) FIPS 197 (Rijndael / AES cipher) FIPS 199 Standards for Security Categorization of Federal Information and Information Systems FIPS 201 Personal Identity Verification for Federal Employees and Contractors 3.2 ISO/IEC : network security overview and concepts Revised and replaced ISO/IEC part 1; Provides a roadmap and overview of the concepts and principles underpinning the remaining parts of ISO/IEC 27033; Objective: to define and describe the concepts associated with, and provide management guidance on, network security. This includes the provision of an overview of network security and related definitions, and 5
6 chapter 3 guidance on how to identify and analyze network security risks and then define network security requirements. It also introduces how to achieve good quality technical security architectures, and the risk, design and control aspects associated with typical network scenarios and network technology areas (which are dealt with in detail in subsequent parts of ISO/IEC 27033). In effect it also provides an overview of the ISO/IEC series and a road map to all other parts ; Provides a glossary of information security terms specific to networking; Provides guidance on a structured process to identify and analyze network security risks and hence define network security control requirements, including those mandated by relevant information security policies; Provides an overview of the controls supporting network technical security architectures and related technical controls, as well as non-technical controls plus other technical controls that are not solely related to network security (thus linking to ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC and ISO/IEC plus other ISO27k standards as they are released); Explains good practices in respect of network technical security architectures, and the risk, design and control aspects associated with typical network scenarios and network technology areas (expanded in subsequent parts of ISO/IEC see below); Briefly addresses the issues associated with implementing and operating network security controls, and the ongoing monitoring and reviewing of their implementation; Extends the security management guidelines provided in ISO/IEC TR and ISO/IEC etc. by detailing the specific operations and mechanisms needed to implement network security controls in a wider range of network environments, providing a bridge between general information security management issues and the specifics of implementing largely technical network security controls (e.g. firewalls, IDS/IPS, message integrity controls etc.); Mentions requirements such as non-repudiation and reliability in addition to the classical CIA triad (confidentiality, integrity and availability); Somehow manages to provide a reasonably technical overview of network security with barely any reference to the OSI network stack!; 76 pages long; Status: part 1 was published in It is currently being revised. The revision has easily passed the vote at DIS stage and may be published in Status update Jan ISO/IEC : Guidelines for the design and implementation of network security Revised and replaced ISO/IEC part 2; Scope: planning, designing, implementing and documenting network security; Objective: to define how organizations should achieve quality network technical security architectures, designs and implementations that will ensure network security appropriate to their business environments, using a consistent approach to the planning, design and implementation of network security, as relevant aided by the use of models/frameworks. (In this context, a model/framework is used to outline a representation or description showing the structure and high level workings of a type of technical security architecture/design) [quoted from the FCD of ]; Defines a network security architecture for providing end-to-end network security. The architecture can be applied to various kinds of networks where end-to-end security is a concern and independently of the network's underlying technology; Serves as a foundation for detailed recommendations on end-to-end network security; Covers risks, design, techniques and control issues; Refers forward to later parts of ISO/IEC for more specific guidance. 6
7 network security standards Status: part 2 was published in ISO/IEC : Reference networking scenarios - threats, design techniques and control issues Objective is to define the specific risks, design techniques and control issues associated with typical network scenarios [quoted from the FCD of ]; Discusses threats, specifically, rather than all the elements of risk; Refers to other parts of ISO/IEC for more specific guidance; Status: part 3 was published in ISO/IEC : Securing communications between networks using security gateways Revision of ISO/IEC part 3 and possibly ISO/IEC part 4; Provides an overview of security gateways through a description of different architectures; Guideline on securing communications between networks through gateways, firewalls, application firewalls, Intrusion Protection System [sic] etc. in accordance with a policy, including identifying and analysing network security threats, defining security control requirements, and designing, implementing, operating, monitoring and reviewing the controls; Outlines how security gateways analyze and control network traffic through: Packet filtering; Stateful packet inspection; Application proxy (application firewalls); Network address translation NAT; Content analysis and filtering; Guides the selection and configuration of security gateways, choosing the right type of architecture for a security gateway which best meets the security requirements of an organization; Refers to various kinds of firewall as examples of security gateways. [Firewall is a commonplace term of art that is curiously absent from ISO/IEC 27000, ISO/IEC and is not defined explicitly in this standard either]; Status: part 4 was published in ISO/IEC : Securing communications across networks using Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) Revision of ISO/IEC part 5; Purpose: to provide guidelines for the selection, implementation and monitoring of the technical controls necessary to provide network security using Virtual Private Network (VPN) connections to interconnect networks and connect remote users to networks ; Extends the IT security management guidelines of ISO/IEC TR by detailing the specific operations and mechanisms needed to implement network security safeguards and controls in a wider range of network environments, providing a bridge between general IT security management issues and network security technical implementations; 7
8 chapter 3 Provides guidance for securing remote access over public networks; Gives a high-level, incomplete assessment of the threats to VPNs (i.e. it mentions the threats of intrusion and denial of service but not unauthorized monitoring/interception, traffic analysis, data corruption, insertion of bogus traffic, various attacks on VPN end points, malware, masquerading/identity theft, insider threats etc., although these are mentioned or at least hinted-at later under security requirements); Introduces different types of remote access including protocols, authentication issues and support when setting up remote access securely; Intended to help network administrators and technicians who plan to make use of this kind of connection or who already have it in use and need advice on how to set it up securely and operate it securely; Status: part 5 was published in ISO/IEC : Securing wireless IP network access Objective: to define the specific risks, design techniques and control issues for securing wireless and radio networks [quoted from the FCD of ]; This is a generic wireless network security standard offering basic advice; WD3 lists a number of threats which are, in fact, attack modes or risks; WD3 repeatedly refers to access network, a curious term that is not defined. It seems to mean network but without a definition, I cannot tell for sure; WD3 indicates that encryption is a confidentiality and integrity control, whereas normally other cryptographic controls and protocols provide the integrity function, not encryption as such; Status: at 2nd CD stage. The completed standard may surface by the end of 2015 but a request has been made to extend the project. 8
9 security policies implementations chapter 4 security policies implementations 4.1 Introduction Information security has come to play an extremely vital role in today's fast moving, but invariably technically fragile business environment. Consequently, secured communications are needed in order for both companies and customers to benefit from the advancements that the Internet is empowering us with. The importance of this fact needs to be clearly highlighted so that adequate measures will be implemented, not only enhancing the company's daily business procedures and transactions, but also to ensure that the much needed security measures are implemented with an acceptable level of security competency. It is sad to see that the possibility of having your company's data exposed to a malicious attacker is constantly increasing nowadays due to the high number of "security illiterate" staff also having access to sensitive, and sometimes even secret business information. Just imagine the security implications of someone in charge of sensitive company data, browsing the Internet insecurely through the company's network, receiving suspicious s containing various destructive attachments, and let's not forget the significant threats posed by the constant use of any Instant Messaging (IM) or chat applications. 4.2 Why have a security policy As building a good security policy provides the foundations for the successful implementation of security related projects in the future, this is without a doubt the first measure that must be taken to reduce the risk of unacceptable use of any of the company's information resources. The first step towards enhancing a company's security is the introduction of a precise yet enforceable security policy, informing staff on the various aspects of their responsibilities, general use of company resources and explaining how sensitive information must be handled. The policy will also describe in detail the meaning of acceptable use, as well as listing prohibited activities. The development (and the proper implementation) of a security policy is highly beneficial as it will not only turn all of your staff into participants in the company's effort to secure its communications but also help reduce the risk of a potential security breach through "human-factor" mistakes. These are usually issues such as revealing information to unknown (or unauthorised sources), the insecure or improper use of the Internet and many other dangerous activities. Additionally the building process of a security policy will also help define a company's critical assets, the ways they must be protected and will also serve as a centralised document, as far as protecting Information Security Assets is concerned. 4.3 What is a security policy The security policy is basically a plan, outlining what the company's critical assets are, and how they must (and can) be protected. Its main purpose is to provide staff with a brief overview of the "acceptable use" of any of the Information Assets, as well as to explain what is deemed as allowable and what is not, thus engaging them in securing the company's critical systems. The document acts as a "must read" source of information for everyone using in any way systems and resources defined as potential targets. A good and well developed security policy should address some of these following elements: How sensitive information must be handled How to properly maintain your ID(s) and password(s), as well as any other accounting data How to respond to a potential security incident, intrusion attempt, etc. How to use workstations and Internet connectivity in a secure manner 9
10 chapter 4 How to properly use the corporate system Basically, the main reasons behind the creation of a security policy is to set a company's information security foundations, to explain to staff how they are responsible for the protection of the information resources, and highlight the importance of having secured communications while doing business online. 4.4 Getting started The purpose of this section is to provide you with possible strategies and some recommendations for the process of creating a security policy, and to give you a basic plan of approach while building the policy framework. The start procedure for building a security policy requires a complete exploration of the company network, as well as every other critical asset, so that the appropriate measures can be effectively implemented. Everything starts with identifying the company's critical informational resources, a subject that is discussed in depth in the next section of the paper. 4.5 Risk analysis (Identifying the assets) As in any other sensitive procedure, Risk Analysis and Risk Management play an essential role in the proper functionality of the process. Risk Analysis is the process of identifying the critical information assets of the company and their use and functionality -- an important (key) process that needs to be taken very seriously. Essentially, it is the very process of defining exactly WHAT you are trying to protect, from WHOM you are trying to protect it and most importantly, HOW you are going to protect it. In order to be able to conduct a successful Risk Analysis, you need to get well acquainted with the ways a company operates; if applicable, the ways of working and certain business procedures, which information resources are more important than others (prioritizing), and identifying the devices / procedures that could lead to a possible security problem. List everything that is essential for the proper functionality of the business processes; like key applications and systems, application servers, web servers, database servers, various business plans, projects in development, etc. A basic approach would be: Identify what you're trying to protect Look at whom you're trying to protect it from Define what the potential risks are to any of your Information Assets Consider monitoring the process continually in order to be up to date with the latest security weaknesses A possible list of categories to look at would be: Hardware: All servers, workstations, personal computers, laptops, removable media (CD's, floppies, tapes, etc.), communication lines, etc. Software: Identify the risks of a potential security problem due to outdated software, infrequent patches and updates to new versions, etc. Also take into account the potential issues with staff installing various file sharing apps (Kazaa, Sharereactor, E-Donkey, etc.), IM (chat) software, entertainment or freeware software coming from unknown and untrustworthy sources. Personnel: Those who have access to confidential information, sensitive data, those who "own", administer or in any way modify existing databases. 4.6 Risk Management (Identifying the threats) Based on the research conducted on the company's information assets, you should now be able to properly manage all the threats posed by each of your resources. The purpose of this section is to guide you through the creation of a list outlining various potential threats, 10
11 security policies implementations something that should also be included in the formal security policy. Each of the following elements will be discussed in depth later in the Security Awareness Program section, thus providing the staff members with a better understanding of each of the topics covered below Physical/Desktop Security System Access: best practices for password creation, passwords aging, minimum password length, characters to be included while choosing passwords, password maintenance, tips for safeguarding (any) accounting data; the dangers to each of these issues must be explained in the security awareness program; Virus Protection: best practices for malicious code protection, how often the system should be scanned, how often, if not automatically, should Live Update of the software database be done, tips for protection against (any) malicious code(viruses/trojans/worms); Software Installation: is freeware software forbidden, if allowed, under what conditions, how is software piracy tolerated, are entertainment/games allowed or completely prohibited as well the installation of any other program coming from unknown and untrustworthy sources; Removable Media(CD's, floppy): "Acceptable Use" measures (perhaps by way of a AUP Acceptable Use Policy) need to be established, the dangers of potential malicious code entering the company network or any other critical system need to be explained as well; Encryption: explain when, how and who must encrypt any of the company's data; System Backups: the advantage of having backups needs to be explained; who is responsible, and how often should the data be backed up; Maintenance: the risks of a potential physical security breach need to be briefly explained; Incident Handling: define what a suspicious event is, to whom it needs to be reported, and what further steps need to be taken; Internet Threats Web Browsing: define what constitutes restricted, forbidden and potentially malicious web sites, provide staff members with brief, and well summarized tips for safer browsing, additionally let them know that their Internet usage is strictly monitored in order to protect company's internal systems; Use: define the "acceptable use" criteria of the system, what is allowed and what is not, the company policy on using the mail system for personal messages, etc. Also briefly explain the potential threats posed by (abusing) the mail system and of the potential problems as far as spreading malicious code is concerned; Instant Messaging (IM) Software (ICQ, AIM, MSN, etc.): whether it is allowed or completely forbidden, provide them with short examples of how an attacker might use these programs to penetrate and steal/corrupt/modify company data; Downloading/Attachments: is downloading allowed or not, useful tips for safer downloading, explanation of trusted and untrustworthy sources, best practices for mail attachments if allowed, discussion of potential threats and dangers, use of virus scanners, etc. These elements will later be covered in detail in a Security Awareness Program. Staff need to understand why some activities are prohibited, what the impact of certain dangers can have on the company, actions they must follow if and when a potential security problem has been suspected or discovered. By involving staff in a Security Awareness Program staff will not just broaden their knowledge on the information security field, but also learn how to act in a secure manner while using any of the company's information assets. 4.7 Security policy violation In order to realise the importance of a security policy, staff need to be aware and fully understand the consequences of violating the policy, thereby exposing critical systems to a malicious attacker, or causing 11
12 chapter 4 unintended damage to other companies worldwide. Violations should be handled accordingly; those who in one way or the other violate the security policy should be made aware that they may face being put through a "trial period", which involves also the limited use of some of the company information assets until they can show they are able to act in a secure manner while using the corporate systems. They should also be aware that in some (severe) cases they also may risk being fired or even prosecuted. Whereas this may seem as overkill to some, appropriate action needs to be taken in every violation case in accordance with the terms of the AUP and the policy, with the focus on reiterating the security basics and not punishment. Otherwise there will most likely be a successful penetration, either due to human error, or misunderstanding the policy. 4.8 The implementation of the policy When the security policy is all drawn up, revised, updated and agreed upon, the implementation process will follow. This is usually harder than the creation of the policy itself, due the fact that at this stage you also need to coach and educate your staff to behave in a "secure" manner, following each of the core elements pointed in the formal security policy. The final version of the security policy must be made available to all of your employees having access to any of your information assets. The policy must be easily obtainable at any time, with a copy placed on the internal network and intranet, if applicable. A proper implementation requires not only educating staff on each of the core elements flagged as critical in the formal Security Policy, but also changing their role in the effort to protect critical company data. The next section will aim to guide you through the creation process of a basic Security Awareness Program, along with various innovative and interesting ways of educating your staff, using user-friendly & informal lines of communication between the Information Security Office (ISO) members and your employees. 4.9 The process of developing This section will provide you with the various strategies of building a solid Security Awareness Program. We will discuss various methods, their advantages and disadvantages, and will also give you get a better understanding of the essential steps to building the Program. At the beginning you must answer yourself the following questions: What is the Security Awareness Program supposed to accomplish, and how are you going to draw attention on that? Who is your audience, how "educated" they are; is it going to be necessary to divide the program into two parts, one for those who have more knowledge about computers, and one for those who are not much into computers at all? How are you going to reach and motivate your audience? More importantly, how are you going to get your audience interested in improving the Information Assets of the company? Is the Program going to rely on a formal or an informal way of communication between you and the staff members? In which way are you going to conduct and present it? The Purpose Of The Program First of all, you need to explain to staff what the program will be trying to accomplish, how it will aim to improve the operations of the company, and how vital the protection of Information Assets really is. You will need to explain why "Security is everyone's responsibility", and ensure everybody understands it; explain that even if the company has the latest technological improvements like firewalls, intrusion detection systems, etc., an uneducated staff member could easily endanger sensitive information, and render any technical security measure in place, completely and utterly useless. Another common misunderstanding that you will definitely face while conducting the Program is that the majority of people often tend to think that it is not their responsibility to help improve the security of their 12
13 security policies implementations company. Generally people are of the (wrong) opinion that only the IT department or Information Security Office(ISO) can and need to take care of issues like these, and that is where generally the buck stops Addressing The Audience One major problem that I am sure you are going to be facing is the difference in the levels of computer skills (of your audience), which will sometimes force you to pay additional attention to those who are not that much into computers. On the other hand you could also choose to differentiate between those who need security education, and those who don't; the idea is to separate staff having access to any of the company information assets from those who don't (and can't endanger sensitive data in any way), as this will definitely save you a lot of time and resources. It would be a good approach to hold informal meetings with staff in order to talk on a personal level and also conduct several surveys in order to measure their skill level; this way you will know where to focus your attention to Measuring Their Security Awareness Level Through Surveys Security Awareness surveys are developed with the idea of measuring the current Awareness level of your staff, but will usually also point out common mistakes and misunderstandings of your employees; which will definitely help you improve the quality of the Program, even before it starts. It is highly recommended to archive the surveys in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the Program over a period of time. You might also want to indicate to staff members that the survey is completely anonymous, that there is no need to cheat as the main idea is to merely measure the overall security awareness level in the company, and above all that this is just a survey and not an exam. They could answer just the main question without having to answer the "Why do they think so" section, if they don't know what to give here as an answer. Some sample Security Measuring Survey questions might be: 1. Which of the following passwords is the most secure one, and why do you think so? Abc HerculeS HRE42pazoL $safe456ty Why do you think so? 2. Which is the most dangerous attachment extension, and why do you think so? *.exe *.com *.bat *.vbs all of the above Why do you think so? 3. Your security policy states that the Information Security Office (ISO) would never send you an update to an application, but you have just received one, what would you do next? as it's coming from which is our ISO address I will just run it and have the latest version of the software. as stated in the Security Policy I need to scan all the attachments before running, so I will scan and run after that. I would call the ISO office immediately to request further information. 4. A friend of yours gave you a multimedia CD last night, which you intend to check from your 13
14 chapter 4 workstation at work; how are you going to do it? he is a friend of mine, and he would never give me any destructive files like viruses, etc. I trust him/her that's why I am going to check it out right away. although he is a friend of mine, it is stated in the security policy that removable media is allowed but its use should be limited to the minimum; I will stick to that and would scan the CD contents and see what's inside before I do so. I would just check the contents of the CD from my personal PC. 5. An ISO office representative asks you (in person) for your password as they misplaced it, and would need it to implement further security measures on your workstation; what would you do? they can't access the workstation without my password, and as it is about improving security, I would give it to them, as they are those responsible for maintaining the security within the organization. I already have the workstation properly secured so I won't give it to them. I won't share my password with somebody even if my manager tries to force me into telling it; I would keep it as secret as possible. These are some sample questions covering most of the threats pointed out in the Security Policy. It is completely up to you to decide how many questions should be in the survey as well as the aspects they should cover; but it is advisable to consider issuing surveys on a regular basis in order to continuously monitor the level and the effectiveness of the Program Getting Their Attention Staff already have a lot of things to think about, a lot of decisions to make, operate and run through most of the day-to-day business procedures; therefore you need to have a very good strategy to get them motivated & eager to learn how they can improve company security. Everyone these days is interested in stories about computer security in one way or the other, especially the (high-profile) break-ins, and making use of this, your main aim will be to help understand "attendees" of the program that they are actually going to be the new "gatekeepers" of critical company data (the information assets). You will undoubtedly will get asked questions like "Yeah, it's great to contribute to company security, but what do I get in exchange", which I define as normal questions, to which you must give proper answers. Your future "students" need to be made aware of and understand how expensive it is for a company to conduct Security Awareness Courses, and to employ security experts, in order to provide 'attainable' services to its customers. Explain to them the damages that could be inflicted to the company, to the company (brand) name, its image, etc., which will inevitably impact on them somehow in return. On the other hand, draw their attention also to the personal benefits from the whole program and the value of all the knowledge that will be supplied to them. One good example is to mention how all that information will significantly help them increase the security level of their own personal computers at home. The information they will be provided with does not only apply for their PC's at work but applies (in full) for their home PC's as well. Another important point to keep in mind is the different ways people learn and memorise things, or in other words, deal with information they have just been provided with. Some learn by reading the materials, while others learn more by looking at diagrams, although it is proven that a combination of these methods has maximum effect in the process of understanding the subject. Therefore, you must ensure that your presentation style is such that it appeals to a crowd of people with varying degrees of knowledge and understanding. Everyone gets bored of reading long materials, no matter how interesting they might be; if there isn't a picture, diagram or anything that brings some sort of variety into the process, people leave it behind. Try to "visualise" every subject that you are talking about by adding plenty of pictures, diagrams, relevant artwork and cartoons. Cartoons are especially good, as they add an element of humour; people will definitely remember a funny 14
15 security policies implementations situation representing a far serious procedure. Cartoons are best suited for posters, and most effective when placed all over the company, with their main purpose being a friendly medium to spreading the security awareness program messages (i.e. "Lock your machine when you leave", or "don't share your ID and password with ANYONE", etc). Humor plays an essential role in the friendly education of the staff members; consider using it as you see fit but don't turn the whole program into a big comedy where everyone laughs and just makes jokes about the word Security. The addition of a little, humorous anecdote to any of your lectures like "I've got a friend who's so paranoid about security that he burns every paper after work, but come on, don't set the fire alarms off, just shred those papers labeled confidential/secret" would do fine Choosing The Approach There are several approaches that you can follow when educating staff, and this section will point out the one which I define as the best one; a combination of both formal and informal ways of education. The advantage of the formal method is that it will help staff realize the very importance of the security issue, as they know that these presentations cost a fair amount of resources, effort and money. On the other hand it will highlight the fact that the company is taking security very serious and therefore taking very serious measures to protect its information assets by educating its staff; and all it requires from them is a little time, devotion and understanding the importance of the security issue. Another highly beneficial point when conducting a formal Awareness Program is the fact that your message, tutorial, presentation will be spread between most, if not all of the staff members; you will reach a lot of people that way, which will save you a lot of time compared to methods like one-on-one sessions, etc. The informal way of education consists of reminders, discussions, posters spreading security oriented messages (that are mostly discussed at the Course), screen savers, mouse pads, mugs, stickers, etc. as Security Awareness directors keep finding new and innovative ways of educating staff members. The advantage of this method is that it doesn't push (or, oblige) people in any way, like attending a meeting, listening to lectures, etc.; it is very personalized, user friendly and highly effective due to the fact that it comes very close to their every day life and working procedures within the company (posters, mouse pads, etc.). Informal discussions are another highly beneficial way to educate and measure the skills of staff where people ask questions, answered by a representative from the ISO; the atmosphere is usually much more informal and calm. This is a highly recommended way of communicating with employees, as it initiates a twoway conversation whereby many points can be covered. As in many other aspects, you need to find the right balance between the formal and informal ways, as both of these methods have their various advantages and disadvantages. By closely monitoring reactions from staff to the meetings and lectures conducted, you will be able to significantly revise and continuously improve the quality of your Security Awareness Program. Always provide staff with an always-evolving way of education, thus keeping them interested, eager to know and learn, and reducing the chance of boredom, while attending any of the Program's events Security threats management Once you have defined the best way for education, have your plan and strategy ready, measured the computer skills level of your staff, you should start by discussing each of the elements pointed out in the security policy, in detail. The main purpose of this section is to explore each of these elements in detail and to discuss various threats, providing you with ready made "Best Practices" on various topics along the way. You are encouraged to include parts of this section in your own Security Awareness Course(s), thus providing your staff with a better understanding of the issues covered below Physical/Desktop Threats Explained The threats that will be discussed in this section concern the way you use your workstation, access restricted zones in the company, and the way you handle sensitive information. I will cover all the possible threats, discuss their importance in detail, and provide you various effective ways to manage them. 15
16 chapter System Access Staff need to be fully aware of their responsibility to keep their User ID and password as secret as possible, and it's all because this is the first line of defense within any system: the identification of the user. Explain to the user that it is completely forbidden to share his/her ID and password with ANYONE, by ANYONE you mean, anyone ranging from the representatives of the Information Security Office (ISO), to their family members. No matter how stupid this might sound to some, they must not do it; even if their manager asks them for their password, they must reject the request. This way, NO ONE can force them into revealing their ID and password, under any circumstances. I know of cases where managers have tried to force (or even, trick) their staff into giving out their passwords for some reason or other in order to evaluate their level of security awareness; to see if they comply with what is stated in the Security Policy, i.e. not to share their ID and password with ANYONE. It is always useful to provide personnel with such "live" examples of how their awareness might, and is being evaluated. Staff are required not to write any accounting data or ID/password information on loose papers, or sticky (post it) notes, or leave sensitive information on white boards (for example, after a meeting, white boards, and/or flip charts should be cleared off) as this could result in a potential break-in, due to the improper handling of sensitive data. No matter how safe staff might think their password is, they should not be allowed to store them on any of these bits of paper; they must do their best and memorize it instead. Another common mistake that must not be overlooked is the horrifying fact that most of the users tend to hide these notes under the keyboard, or on some "secret" place, as they call it, around their desk; another activity that should be completely forbidden due to obvious reasons. Someone could easily find the "secret" hiding place and get acquainted with vital accounting data. You must also educate your staff in the way that strong passwords are created. The (secure) ways accounting data must be handled are outlined in the "Password Best Practices" document, which briefly summarizes these two aspects. I have included a sample "Password Creation Best Practices", and a sample "Password Maintenance Best Practices" section below, which will give a overview of what must be taken into account while writing such documents Password Creation Best Practices Passwords must be made up of a mixture of lower-case (small) letters, upper case (capital) letters, numbers, and at least one special character, such as ); The minimum length of the password must be at least 7 characters; Do not use the same password on several computers and/or services as once revealed, it would compromise the security within all the others in one go. Good Examples 93Sow#-aq All of these are examples of good passwords, because they fully comply with Password Creation Best Practices; thus containing a mixture of small letters, capital letters, as well as numbers and special characters. Bad Examples aaa123bbb abcdefg The first is a terrible one, and any properly configured cracking program will retrieve it in a matter of minutes, and let's not even mention the second and the third one. The user with the last password ( ) obviously thought it would be an easy to remember password, as well being a secure one, as it is a long(ish) one; but what the user does not know or realise is the fact that most cracking programs will find it 16
17 security policies implementations in a matter of seconds (as the password follows a specific numerical pattern). It might be a good idea to incorporate a little demonstration in your Awareness Course at some point providing your staff with the unique opportunity to see how a (password) cracking software operates. Strong Passwords Creation Tips Use the first letters of a quote, song, etc., for example "Something takes a part of me..." would be 'Stpm' join two words, include a number, as well as a special character, for example 'run4life#'; a nice strategy when memorizing passwords might be the following: Let's assume your password is Naige453$lZ; first, pronounce it several times in your mind, then ask yourself what your password is, answering this question in the following way: "My password is a mixture of the name Naigel (a foreign friend of mine), several numbers and a dollar sign; my password starts and ends with capital letters, before the last letter of the name (L) there is a dollar sign ($), and before the dollar sign, there are random numbers. This is a very useful and helpful trick for anyone who is trying to memorise or remember their password. By repeating (almost explaining) to yourself what your password is describing it the way I suggested above, I am certain that you will not have any problems remembering sophisticated, yet strong passwords Password Maintenance Best Practices The proper maintenance of sensitive data such as the User ID and password are a responsibility of every staff member. This section will briefly cover Password Maintenance Best Practices. Do NOT share your User ID(s) and password(s) with ANYONE, neither with an ISO representative, help desk staff, family members, nor with your manager(s). No one can force you into revealing your User ID(s) and password(s) under any circumstances, remember that. It is your responsibility to keep the data as secret as possible; Do NOT store your User ID(s) and password(s) on any loose bits of paper, sticky (post-it) notes, white boards, flip charts, etc.; Do NOT hide your User ID(s) and password(s) under the keyboard, or at any other would be "secret" hiding place. Do your best and memorise it; Do change your password(s) following the stated password renewal period in the security policy; Before entering your User ID and password, make sure no one is watching you, to avoid the socalled "shoulder surfing" technique. Before using your User ID and password on a third-party computer, make sure it is well protected, and free of trojans and key loggers Virus Protection Based on published papers, expert's predictions, as well as drawing upon personal experiences, I can easily state that viruses will continue to be a very serious threat to critical business data, and will continue to evolve, becoming more sophisticated, dangerous and devastating. When you start explaining what a virus is, limit it to the facts, for example like how destructive it is, what damage it can cause, the possible financial losses related to a virus outbreak, etc. Don't bother staff with the specific technical information such as ways viruses function, how they hide, and many other topics that will not be of interest to them. Instead, provide those who are most interested, with some external (internet) links to the subject. Consider explaining what a virus/trojan/worm is, the basic functions of each of these, how to possibly recognize (the operation of) one on your system(s), the potential problems they could cause, and the devastating effects on the whole company. Provide them with live examples, briefly discuss and answer the most simple and frequent questions that come up such as "Can the data corrupted from viruses be 17
18 chapter 4 recovered", or "What to do once infected with a virus". However, you need to clearly explain that the idea of the presentation is to prevent an infection in the first place, as once infected with a destructive virus, there is not so much you can do, especially if there are no backups of the data. On the other hand you need to precisely explain what the personal damages would be after a virus infection; damage and/or potential loss of critical business data, documents, projects, business plans, presentations they have been working on, along with any other personal data stored on the computer will be damaged, or, more than likely, be destroyed. By getting to know the devastating effects that viruses may have, staff will be much more aware on the subject, and will more than likely understand the importance of the topic, and the risks for both their company and their home PC's. Go through the many scenarios of how viruses can get into the company networks, how staff could be tricked into running a virus, the dangers posed by Internet downloads, problems with outdated virus signatures, etc. Also explain the fact that Anti-Virus (AV) scanners are not the best, "fool-proof" solution, and the way they rely on signatures (pattern files). Discuss how useful virus scanners are, and how the effectiveness of preventive measures that are in place depend for a large part on the awareness and vigilance of the users themselves. Staff need to understand that our main aim is to try and prevent, not to act after we are infected; although there will definitely be infections, we can significantly reduce the risk of infection and limit potential damage by educating staff and making them aware of the dangers posed by malicious code and software (virus/trojan/worm). The advantages of regular system scanning, as well as the potential problems of not scanning your systems need to highlighted as well; although they know that AV scanners will not detect new viruses, they will at least know that they can reduce the risk, and properly manage the danger. Scanning the systems using outdated signature files is another common problem that need to be touched upon. Staff should update their Anti-Virus/Anti-Trojan software at least once a week, and if the software allows centralized automatic updates (most do), updates must be scheduled on a regular basis to ensure the software detects the latest viruses/trojans/worms (known to your vendor's lab). The various ways of getting infected with malicious code should be highlighted as well; let the employees openly ask you questions: see how they react to questions like "How am I getting infected", and then provide them with a better or more complete explanation about the most common as well as specific ways of infections. Below, I have included a sample "Malicious Code Best Practices" section for your convenience ; by no means an exhaustive list, but at least you will be able get an idea of what is considered as dangerous activity Malicious Code Best Practices Do NOT run any files without first scanning them, no matter what the file extension is, i.e. (.exe,.bat,.com,.doc, etc.); Do NOT download any files and/or programs from unknown sources; if in doubt, contact the ISO office as soon as possible; Do NOT open attachments, even if they were sent by a friend or family member; verify first that indeed, he/she has sent you the file, but nevertheless scan before you open/run anything; Do NOT run any programs you have found on diskettes/cd's around your desk if you are not completely sure that they are yours; someone might have placed it there specially for you to "find it and check it out"; If downloading is allowed, limit it to the minimum; if you need a specific application or something else, always contact the IT department or the ISO office for further information BEFORE you download and installing something; Scan (full system scan) your system at least once per week with your default AV scanner software. Be sure to update the virus signatures before you do so, and also consider automating the process by scheduling a Full System Scan for convenient regular scanning in the future; Update the signature files as often as possible, so to ensure that the latest malicious software patterns are detected; 18
19 security policies implementations The IT department or the Information Security Office will usually NEVER mail you the latest updates of any software (unless this is preceded by a much publicised, well-advertised, company wide campaign). If you detect suspicious activity, do not delete the received and contact the Incident Handling or Help Desk team as soon as possible; if you have any doubts regarding malicious software (viruses/trojans/worms), contact the ISO, The Help Desk or the IT department immediately. This way you will prevent any potential devastating mishaps, due to inappropriate and erroneous handling of dangerous and harmful incidents. Everything that is defined as forbidden must be discussed and explained; why it is forbidden or restricted, how it could harm the company or the business, etc. Play out several potential scenarios, thus helping the users grasp the topic in an easy to understand way while trying to touch base on the consequences of all of these dangerous activities Software Installation Freeware, or any other type of software, obtained or downloaded from unknown or untrustworthy sources could easily affect company security, exposing critical business data and/or corrupting sensitive ones. A lot of users tend to install such programs (from screen savers to games and funny cartoons in Flash) as they put it, for various personal needs and activities; to entertain, have something nice to look at or relax themselves. At the same time, they do not realise the potential threats they are exposing the company systems and networks to, from malicious software (viruses/trojans/worms) to legal actions against the company for installing (possibly) pirated software on the company workstation(s). Thus, you need to familiarise users with the potential problems attached to each of these issues, and also explain the company policy towards installation of any (unauthorised) software on any of the company workstation(s). Files downloaded from the Internet, copied from a CD or a floppy coming from an unknown source, or anything else that has not been reviewed by the Information Security Office or not been scanned for potential malicious code (by the corporate AV systems) could actually be classified as untrustworthy, unknown and dangerous. Freeware applications, due to their nature of origin, are a significant source of threat and should be approached with caution. Staff members need to be aware of the risks involved, and learn to think twice before they act on issues. This can be stimulated in many ways; by playing out various scenarios on how software downloaded from either the Internet or copied from any removal media could endanger the company, its business, one's privacy, or the use of company bandwidth to commit illegal actions. It is entirely up to you to decide whether users should be allowed to download and/or install third party programs on their workstations; and implement the appropriate (security) policies and procedures that go with this decision. You will not only need to clearly state the consequences for those who violate any restrictions, but also provide the procedures for obtaining and installing new software. It is highly recommended that users do not have the ability to install any new programs that might either expose sensitive company information, waste valuable bandwidth, or corrupt critical data. If users need new software installed for business use, they should contact their manager, the IT/IS department, the Help Desk or the ISO (depending on the procedures set out in the policy) instead of undertaking such action themselves Removable Media (CD's, floppies, tapes, etc.) Removable media such as CD's (Compact Disks), floppies (Floppy Disks) and even tapes (backup/adr/dat/dlt tapes) can be defined as another possible entry point for dangerous and malicious files entering the company network or endangering the security of a single workstation. On the other hand, these can also be used to illegally copy sensitive data on, after which it would be easy to walk out of the premises with the stolen information. Malicious software (viruses/trojans/worms) also use removable media to spread; some take advantage of the auto-run feature of the CD (automatically executing the auto-start file on the CD, which could be a destructive one), others still use "classic" methods like diskettes to get the workstation infected with a malicious program. For best results, removable media devices should be banned entirely (utilising floppy drive-locks, or 'CD-less' workstations; CD's can still be used via CD-Towers, for example). If you need to use removable media in your organisation, then best practices must be established, possible risks and danger scenarios discussed so to reduce malicious programs entering your networks at all points, thus protecting your company from a major disaster. 19
20 chapter Encryption Encryption can be defined as another "must implement" measure that will not only keep your sensitive and critical information secured against a potential attacker, but also protect you from a lot of trouble if eventually a security breach does occur. In your security policy and procedures you must clearly define the systems, files and documents that should be encrypted, by whom, and most importantly, using which algorithms. It is strongly recommended to use proven, industry standard algorithms, such as DES, IDEA, Blowfish, or RC System Backups Disaster recovery (DR) plans are essential for the continuity of the business as well as the proper functionality of the current processes. Sooner or later you will inevitably face the problem where a system crashes, no matter of the OS used, but this can be dealt with promptly, if proper backup procedures and disaster recovery plans are in place. You will have to define the assets that must be backed up on a regular basis, the responsible individuals, best practices and procedures, as well as where the backups should be stored, i.e. a fireproof safe, vault, offsite, etc Maintenance The proper maintenance of the PC/workstation is another vital issue that must not be overlooked during the course of the Security Awareness Program. Users' workstations are a significant source of threat to company security, often targeted by the so-called "insiders" snooping around, looking for unprotected workstations. Therefore, you need to educate staff on the aspect of Physical Security as well; again, this can be achieved by running through the possible scenarios, while providing tips for better overall protection Incident Handling By now your staff should be able to define a potential security problem, while you should be establishing the rules for the course of action to take in case of an incident. In your policy you must clearly state what must be done in various situations; the main idea here should be to minimise and limit damage. Staff should be made aware who is responsible for handling problems, and whom they should contact as soon as they suspect a potential security problem Internet Threats Explained One of the greatest security risks in the company is the Internet connectivity, and its misuse through (uneducated) employees. It is a fact that most employees will surf to sites that are strictly prohibited, and most probably will end up downloading malicious files and/or hostile code from hacker sites somehow. Any of these activities could impact the productivity of your company, especially if you think about the recovery process trying to rectify the mistakes made by staff. Therefore, it is always a good idea to explain in detail the possible dangers of surfing the Internet; that you don't need to download anything at all to get the computer infected with a virus, trojan or even a worm but just visiting the site is enough to cause a problem. Define what constitutes a "prohibited site", and explain why it is prohibited, including the problems that could occur just by visiting it Web Browsing Web browsing represents a threat to the security of the workstation, as well as to the whole organisation. Being exposed to the dangers of web browsing is very easy as hostile scripts could be downloaded, and executed automatically; all it takes for example is an outdated version of the web browser. Staff should be able to make a distinction between sites that are classified as allowed, prohibited or potentially dangerous, and try avoid visiting prohibited ones. Java and ActiveX should be disabled by default 20
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EXIN Information Security Foundation based on ISO/IEC 27002 Sample Exam Edition June 2016 Copyright 2016 EXIN All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be published, reproduced, copied or stored
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Database Security Guideline Version 2.0 February 1, 2009 Database Security Consortium Security Guideline WG Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction... 4 1.1 Objective... 4 1.2 Prerequisites of this Guideline...
NATIONAL CYBER SECURITY AWARENESS MONTH Tip 1: Security is everyone s responsibility. Develop an awareness framework that challenges, educates and empowers your customers and employees to be part of the
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ITAR Compliance Best Practices Guide 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary & Overview 3 Data Security Best Practices 4 About Aurora 10 2 Executive Summary & Overview: International Traffic in Arms Regulations
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Last updated: March 4, 2014 Stable and Secure Network Infrastructure Benchmarks 501 Commons has developed a list of key benchmarks for maintaining a stable and secure IT Infrastructure for conducting day-to-day
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Information Security Awareness Training Presenter: William F. Slater, III M.S., MBA, PMP, CISSP, CISA, ISO 27002 1 Agenda Why are we doing this? Objectives What is Information Security? What is Information
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General Rules of Behavior for Users of DHS Systems and IT Resources that Access, Store, Receive, or Transmit Sensitive Information The following rules of behavior apply to all Department of Homeland Security
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IPSWITCH FILE TRANSFER WHITE PAPER Supporting FISMA and NIST SP 800-53 with Secure Managed File Transfer www.ipswitchft.com Adherence to United States government security standards can be complex to plan
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TEMPLE UNIVERSITY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES MANUAL Title: Computer and Network Security Policy Policy Number: 04.72.12 Effective Date: November 4, 2003 Issuing Authority: Office of the Vice President for
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By James Thomas DTEC 6823 Summer 2004 What is a firewall? Firewalls for small business A firewall is either hardware, software or a combination of both that is used to prevent, block or should I say try
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61-04-69 Getting a Secure Intranet Stewart S. Miller The Internet and World Wide Web are storehouses of information for many new and legitimate purposes. Unfortunately, they also appeal to people who like
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Any physical access to devices or data held in an Melbourne datacentre that houses a customer s cardholder data must be controlled and restricted only to approved individuals. PCI DSS Requirements Version
Maruleng Local Municipality. 22 November 2011 1 Version Control Version Date Author(s) Details 1.1 23/03/2012 Masilo Modiba New Policy 2 Contents ICT Firewall Policy 1 Version Control.2 1. Introduction.....4