At present, approximately 75% of the zinc consumed worldwide originates from mined ores and 25% from recycled or secondary zinc. The level of recycling is increasing each year, in step with progress in the technology of zinc production and zinc recycling. While the recycling rate of zinc depends mainly on the collection rate of zinc-containing products at their end of life, over 90% of these collected products are recycled.
Zinc is recycled at all stages of production and use – for example, from scrap that arises during the production of galvanized steel sheet, from scrap generated during manufacturing and installation processes, and from end-of-life products.
The Zinc Recycling Circuit
Zinc-coated steel and other zinc containing products are slow to enter the recycling circuit due to the very nature of their durability. The life of zinc-containing products is variable and can range from 10-15 years for cars or household appliances, to over 100 years for zinc sheet used for roofing. Street lighting columns made of zinc-coated steel can remain in service for 40 years or much longer, and transmission towers for over 70 years. All these products tend to be replaced due to obsolescence, not because the zinc has ceased to protect the underlying steel. For example, zinc coated steel poles placed in the Australian outback a hundred years ago are still in excellent condition (3).
The presence of zinc coating on steel does not restrict steel's recyclability and all types of zinc-coated products are recyclable (4). Zinc coated steel is recycled along with other steel scrap during the steel production process - the zinc volatilises and is then recovered.
Zinc coated steels are easily collected and treated in existing process streams. The Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) is the most widely used process for recycling zinc-coated steel. The high temperatures cause zinc - which is volatile at high temperatures - to leave the furnace along with other gases. The gas stream is treated and the zinc collected in the dust, of which zinc (18-35%) and iron are the main constituents. These dusts undergo an enrichment process in a rotary kiln, known as a Waelz kiln. This leads to the production of zinc oxide, which in turn becomes a raw material for the production of zinc metal. Several new technologies are in use or under development for processing EAF dusts and the valuable metals they contain.
The Electric Arc Furnace Process
Recent Recycling Publications
Zinc Recycling: Closing the Loop
This publication describes the recycling circuit for zinc, including: sources for recycled zinc, ends uses, methods for assessing recycling rates, and current recycling statistics.
To read and download, click here:
Zinc Recycling: Material Supply
This fact sheet explains the material supply for zinc metal, including how much zinc is currently in use, how much is in production, how much of the zinc in use is recycled, and estimates of world zinc reserves.
To download this fact sheet, click http://www.zinc.org/sustainability/resourceserve/zinc_recycling_material_supply
(3) G Thompson. A Tribute to Zinc - Australia's first international telegraph line. IZA. 1997.
(4) M Martin & R Wildt. Closing the Loop - An Introduction to Recycling Zinc Coated Steel. IZA 2001.
(5) The Waelz process is the leading technology for treating EAF flue dust and is continuously being optimized for energy input, product and offgas quality. In 1997, the Waelz process was used to treat over 1 million tonnes of EAF dust, representing 77% of world flue dust reprocessing capacity. K Mager et al. Recovery of Zinc Oxide from Secondary Raw Materials - New Developments of the Waelz Process. Published in Fourth International Symposium on Recycling of Metals and Engineered Materials. Edited by DL Stewart, RL Stephens and JC Daley, TMS 2000. ISBN 0-87339-494, p.329-344. See also Environmental Goals Based on the Example of the Steel Plant Dust Recycling Business Area - http://www.busag.de/index_e.html.