What is an RRSP and how does it work?
Maybe you can’t drive stick shift. Maybe you don’t know the name of your local representative. Or maybe you’re still unclear on what, exactly, gluten actually is.
We all have holes in our knowledge that we’re embarrassed to admit. If you still aren’t sure what an RRSP is, or how it actually works—don’t worry.
Using an RRSP doesn’t have to be complicated or intimidating. In fact, once you break it down, they’re pretty straightforward. Even better? Learn how RRSPs work, open one, start contributing, and your future self will benefit.
So grab a coffee refill and carve out ten minutes. Here’s what you need to know about RRSPs.
What is an RRSP?
RRSP stands for Registered Retirement Savings Plan. An RRSP is an investment account you contribute to each year in order to build up long term savings, most often for retirement (as the name suggests).
How an RRSP works
The most important way an RRSP differs from a regular (non-registered) account or a TFSA (Tax-Free Savings Account) is how it’s taxed. Your RRSP contributions are tax deductible. So, when you contribute to an RRSP, you pay less in income taxes than you would otherwise. And while the money is in the account, it grows tax free. Later, when you withdraw that money again—typically in retirement—you pay taxes on it as though it’s income.
Let’s take a deeper dive into how RRSPs work:
Lifecycle of an RRSP
Step 1: Earning money
Chances are, you’re already completing this step. If you work for someone else, your employment income tax is taken off your paycheque automatically. If you work for yourself, you’ll pay those taxes either annually, or on a quarterly basis, depending on how much money you make.
Step 2: Opening an RRSP
Once you open an RRSP, you’ll be ready to contribute assets. Think of your RRSP as a box you can put cash and different types of investments into. These can include publicly traded stocks, bonds, ETFs, mutual funds, or GICS—just about any financial product that holds value.
Because you’re almost certainly saving for the long-term, (retirement being the end-game), it’s wise to take advantage of the opportunity to grow the value of your account by investing the money in the account. You can select investments yourself, or open an account with a financial institution like CI Direct Investing that will invest the money automatically.
Step 3: Contributing money
Each year, you can contribute 18% of your previous year’s earned income, or the year’s maximum contribution rate, to your RRSP—whichever is less. For the 2019 tax year, the RRSP contribution limit is $26,500. Also, if you didn’t max out your contribution room in previous years, that amount carries forward to the present.
To maximize your savings, consider setting up automatic contributions—so the money is automatically taken out of your chequing account on a recurring basis.
Step 4: Using your RRSP money
You have the option to withdraw money from your RRSP before you retire. Generally, we strongly advise against making early RRSP withdrawals because you’ll be hit with severe tax penalties—unless you plan to take advantage of the Home Buyer’s Plan or Lifelong Learner Plan. Even then, there may be better ways to get funding. Learn more about whether you should take early withdrawals from your RRSP.
Step 5: Converting your RRSP to RRIF
Once you retire, the money in your RRSP becomes retirement income. To make these withdrawals, you’ll need to convert your account into a RRIF (Registered Retirement Income Fund). You have to do this by the end of the year that you turn 71, but you have the option to do so sooner.
Any money you take out at this stage will be taxed as income when you withdraw it.
One Extra Step: Managing your estate
When you pass away, your spouse can inherit your RRSP. If you don’t have a spouse, any beneficiaries you name receive it as cash. If you haven’t named beneficiaries, it gets rolled into your estate.
RRSP tax benefits
You’ll see the benefits of contributing to your RRSP in the form of tax savings. When people talk about RRSP contributions being “tax-deferred,” they mean that you save on taxes now, and pay them later.
You can expect to save 30 to 40 cents on the dollar in tax when you make contributions to your RRSP— the exact amount depends on your marginal tax rate which is determined by income and differs by province. (You can find your marginal tax rate here.) When you withdraw that money in the future, you’ll pay taxes on it equivalent to your tax bracket at that time. Generally, you can expect your income in retirement to be lower, so you’ll pay less taxes.
We’ve written another article to help you figure how much to contribute to your RRSP to maximize your tax savings.
RRSP vs. TFSA: Which is right for you?
RRSPs and TFSA (Tax Free Savings Accounts)s are both excellent options for long-term investing, and both offer tax advantages.
Like the name suggests, the RRSP is typically going to be the best option if you’re investing specifically for retirement. That’s especially true if you’re in your peak earning years.
With a TFSA, you don’t benefit from any income tax savings upfront, but when it comes time to withdraw the money from your account, you won’t pay any taxes, even on interest and investment growth. If you think your income will be higher in retirement than it is now, or if you want to ensure that the money’s available for any purpose, not locked away until retirement, then a TFSA might be your best bet.
Check out our detailed comparison of TFSA vs. RRSP.
If you’re married, you can set up a joint RRSP for you and your spouse. This can come with several benefits. If one of you earns more than the other, they can make a larger contribution and benefit from the tax break—while you’re both able to withdraw the money later.
In that case, if the spouse with the lower income withdraws the money, it will be taxed at their tax rate. This maximizes savings for both spouses. However, there are some requirements you have to meet—such as making sure the spouse with the higher income doesn’t make a contribution the year before the withdrawal.
Our guide to tax hacks for spouses explains how you and your partner can make the most of a spousal RRSP.
The 2020 RRSP contribution deadline
The deadline to contribute to your RRSP for the 2019 tax year is March 2, 2020. For a full list of important RRSP dates, check out our article on RRSP contribution dates.
Ready to start investing for your future? CI Direct Investing makes RRSP investing ridiculously easy. Open an RRSP online in minutes.