Is there a way that, on an Earth-like planet (similar size, mass, composition, resources, moon, climate, star orbit, etc.) some natural process could create and continually renew a Kessler Syndrome that would render any mission to low earth orbit (or higher) impossible, and for it to replenish itself as debris starts to suffer orbital decay?
The natural process would be a series of nearby asteroid or moon collisions causing a large amount of orbital debris.
The obvious naturally occurring example is Saturn's rings.
All orbits would transit the ring of material across the equatorial plane, causing collisions, making successful spaceflight very difficult.
This could easily be stable for billions of years at higher orbits, with material in lower orbits being replenished by impacts in higher orbits.
The possible downside of this would be that a lot of that debris would then enter the atmosphere and cause a large number of significant impacts to the planet. If you wanted the planet to remain habitable you would need a source of very fine particles from the collisions with the main larger bodies remaining in stable orbits. Possibly with moons acting as ring shepherds keeping the particle cloud intact.