Analysis of Green Wood Preservation Chemicals
Wood decay is addressed continuously within the wood industry through use and development of wood preservatives. The increasing awareness on the negative effects of many chemicals towards the environment is causing political restrictions in their use and creating more urgent need for research on green alternatives. This paper discusses some of the possible natural extracts for wood preserving applications and compares the analytical methods available for testing their behavior and efficiency against decay fungi. The results indicate that natural extracts have interesting chemical constituents that delay fungal growth but vary in efficiency depending on the chemical concentration and substrate used. Results also suggest that presence and redistribution of preservatives in wood during exposure trials can be assessed by spectral imaging methods although standardized methods are not available. This study concludes that, in addition to the many standard methods available, there is a need to develop new faster methods for screening potential preservative formulation while maintaining the comparability and relevance of results.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1315827Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 538
 M. H. Freeman, T. F. Shupe, R. P. Vlosky, H. M. Barnes, “Past, present, and future of the wood preservation industry”, Forest Prod. J., vol. 53, no.10, pp. 8-15, 2003.
 R. M. Rowell, “Chemical modification of wood”, in Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites, 1st ed. R.M. Rowell, Ed. Boco Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 2005, Chapter 14, pp. 381-420.
 L. Hopp, P. S. Nico, M. A. Marcus, and S. Peiffer, “Arsenic and Chromium Partitioning in a Podzolic Soil Contaminated by Chromated Copper Arsenate”, Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 42, no. 17, pp. 6481- 6486, 2008.
 T. F. Hiemstra, C. O. C. Bellamy, and J. H. Hughes, “Coal tar creosote abuse by vapour inhalation presenting with renal impairment and neurotoxicity: a case report”, J. Med. Case Rep., vol. 1, p. 102, 2007.
 Commission Regulation (EC) No 552/2009 amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards Annex XVII. Official Journal of the European Union, L 164, 7-31, 2009.
 A.-K. Anttila, A. M. Pirttilä, H. Häggman, A. Harju, M. Venäläinen, A. Haapala, B. Holmbom, and R. Julkunen-Tiitto, “Condensed conifer tannins as antifungal agents in liquid culture”, Holzforschung, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 825-832, 2013.
 J. Lu, M. Venäläinen, R. Julkunen-Tiitto, and A. M. Harju, “Stilbene impregnation retards brown-rot decay of Scots pine sapwood”, Holzforschung, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 261-266, 2016.
 Z. Zhang, T. Yang, N. Mi, Y. Wang, G. Li, L. Wang, and Y. Xie, “Antifungal activity of monoterpenes against wood white-rot fungi”, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation, vol. 106, pp. 157-160, 2016.
 G. Alfredsen, H. Solheim, and R. Slimestad, “Antifungal effect of bark extracts from some European tree species”. Eur. J. Forest Res., vol. 127, no. 5, pp. 387-393, 2008.
 S. Şen, and M. Yalçın, “Activity of commercial still waters from volatile oils production against wood decay fungi”, Maderas-Cienc. Tecnol., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 127-133, 2010.
 D. Mourant, B. Riedl, D. Rodrigue, D.-Q. Yang, and C. Roy, “Phenol–Formaldehyde–Pyrolytic Oil Resins for Wood Preservation: A Rheological Study”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 106, no. 2, pp. 1087-1094, 2007.
 D. Mohan, J. Shi, D.D. Nicholas, C.U. Pittman Jr., P.H. Steele, and J.E. Cooper, “Fungicidal values of bio-oils and their lignin-rich fractions obtained from wood/bark fast pyrolysis”, Chemosphere, vol. 71, pp. 456-465, 2008.
 M. Yahayu, K. N. Mahmud, M. N. Mahamad, S. Ngadiran, S. Lipeh, S. Ujang, and Z. A. Zakaria, “Efficacy Of Pyroligneous Acid From Pineapple Waste Biomass As Wood Preserving Agent”, Jurnal Teknologi, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 1-8, 2017.
 Y. Theapparat, A. Chandumpai, W. Leelasuphakul, N. Laemsak, and C. Ponglimanont, “Physicochemical Characteristics of Wood Vinegars from Carbonization of Leucaena leucocephala, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Hevea brasiliensis and Dendrocalamus asper”, Witthayasan Kasetsat, vol. 48, pp. 916-928, 2014.
 U. Złotek, M. Karaś, U. Gawlik-Dziki, U. Szymanowska, B. Baraniak, and A. Jakubczyk, “Antioxidant activity of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.)”, Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment., vol. 15, no.3, pp. 281-288, 2016.
 D. S. Arora, and D. Ohlan, “In vitro studies on antifungal activity of tea (Camellia sinensis) and coffee (Coffea arabica) against wood-rotting fungi”, J. Basic Microbiol., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 159-165, Nov. 1997.
 S.-S. Cheng, J. Y. Liu, Y.-R. Hsui, and S.-T. Chang, “Chemical polymorphism and antifungal activity of essential oils from leaves of different provenances of indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum)”, Bioresour. Technol., vol. 97, pp. 306-312, 2006.
 T. Belt, “Wood preservative potential of scots pine bark and knot extractives”, Master´s thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Technology. Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology. pp. 56, 2013.
 F. J. Ancin-Murguzur, A. Barbero-López, S. Kontunen-Soppela, and A. Haapala, “Automated image analysis tool to measure microbial growth on solid cultures”, Comput. Electron. Agric., submitted for publication.
 A. A. Loman, “Bioassays of fungi isolated from Pinus contorta var. latifolia with pinosylvin, pinosylvinmonomethyl ether, pinobanksin, and pinocembrin”, Can. J. Bot., vol. 48, pp. 1303-1308, 1970.
 EN 113. “Wood preservatives – Test method for determining the protective effectiveness against wood destroying basidiomycetes - Determination of the toxic values”. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, BE, 1996.
 H. L. Jones, and J. J. Worrall, “Fungal biomass in decayed wood”, Mycologia, vol.87, no. 4, pp. 459-466, 1995.
 EN 252. “Field test method for determining the relative protective effec-tiveness of a wood preservative in ground contact”. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, BE, 1990.
 ENV 807. “Wood preservatives - Determination of the effectiveness against soft rotting micro-fungi and other soil inhabiting micro-organisms”. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, BE, 2001.
 CEN/TS 12037. “Wood preservatives - Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative exposed out of ground contact - Horizontal lap-joint method”. Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E. V. (German National Standard), 2004.
 S.-T. Chang, S.-Y. Wang, C.-L. Wu, Y.-C. Su, and Y.-H. Kuo, “Antifungal Compounds in the Ethyl Acetate Soluble Fraction of the Extractives of Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata) Heartwood”, Holzforschung, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 487-490, 1999.
 M. Venäläinen, H. Partanen, and, A. Harju, “The strength loss of Scots pine timber in an accelerated soil contact test”, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation, vol. 86, pp. 150-152, 2014
 D. Mourant, D.-Q. Yang, X. Lu, and C. Roy, “Anti-fungal properties of the pyroligneous liquors from the pyrolysis of softwood bark”, Wood and Fiber Science, vol 37, no. 3, pp. 542-548, 2005.
 T. V. Lourençon, B. D. Mattos, P. H. G. Cademartori, and W. L. E. Magalhães, “Bio-oil from a fast pyrolysis pilot plant as antifungal and hydrophobicagent for wood preservation”. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, vol. 122, pp. 1-6, 2016.
 M.-F. Thevenon, G. Tondi, and A. Pizzi, “High performance tannin resin-boron wood preservatives for outdoor end-uses”. Eur. J. Wood. Prod., vol 67, pp. 89-93, 2009.
 G. Tondi, S. Wieland, T. Wimmer, M.F. Thevenon, A. Pizzi, and A. Petutschnigg, “Tannin-boron preservatives for wood buildings: mechanical and fire properties”, Eur. J. Wood. Prod., vol.70, pp. 689–696, 2012.
 D. D. Nicholas, Wood deterioration and its prevention by preservative treatments. New York, Syracuse University Press 1973.
 D. Hrastnik, F. Budija, M. Humar, and M. Petric, “Influence of Liquefied and CCB containing liquefied wood on growth of wood decay fungi”, Maderas-Cienc. Tecnol., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 105-118, 2013.