Perception & Attribution : Perception & Attribution Definition/Meaning of Perception : Definition/Meaning of Perception Perception (in general) is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information.
A cognitive information processing process that enables us to interpret and understand our environment.
The process by which individual select, organize, and interpret the input from their senses to (respond) in order to give meaning world around them. Components of perception : Components of perception The Perceiver
The Target of perception
The Situation Nature and Importance : Nature and Importance Decision Making
Effective Management and Leadership
Understanding Human Behavior
Effective Team Work
Innovation and Alternative solutions Factors Influencing Perception : Factors Influencing Perception A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can be reside in the mind of PERCEIVER, in the OBJECT/TARGET being perceived in the context of the SITUATION in which the perception is made. Slide 7: Factors in the Perceiver
Expectations Factors in the Situations
Social Setting Factors in the Target
Similarity PERCEPTION Slide 9: 9 Organizational Behavior / Perception Perceptual Selectivity : Perceptual Selectivity Perceptual selectivity is the process by which individuals screen and select various objects and stimuli that vie for their attention.
Factors influence this process include: Slide 11: Learning and Perception
Learning by itself plays a major role in developing the perceptual set. Hilly
Terrain Slide 12: Motivation and Perception
Secondary Motives Personality and Perception
Personality of a person influence perception. The perceptual process : The perceptual process Sensation
An individual’s ability to detect stimuli in the immediate environment.
The process a person uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that have been sensed and to retain others for further processing. Organization
The process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a framework for “storage”
The stage of the perceptual process at which stimuli are interpreted and given meaning. Slide 14: SELECTING STIMULI
External Factors: Nature, Location, Size, Contrast, Similarity, Repetition.
Internal Factors: Learning, Age, Interest. INTERPRETING
Attribution, Stereotyping, Halo Effect, Projection ORGANIZING
(Similarity, Community, Proximity) RESPONSE
Covert: Attitude, Motivation, Feeling
Overt: Behavior RECEIVING STIMULI
(External & Internal) Perceptual Process Slide 15: Chapter-5 15 Perceptual Organization : Perceptual Organization It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognizable and identifiable patterns and whole objects. Forms of Perceptual Organization : Forms of Perceptual Organization Figure Ground
Similarity Figure Ground : Figure Ground In perceiving stimuli or phenomena, the tendency is to keep certain phenomena in focus and other phenomena in background. Perceptual Constancy : Perceptual Constancy The perception of elements like size, shape, color, brightness and location of an object remains constant and does not change from individual to individual.
Example : Photograph
It provides meaning and value to objects, events, situation and other people in the environment. Perceptual Defense : Perceptual Defense It refers to the screening of those elements which create conflict and threatening situation in people. Perceptual Grouping : Perceptual Grouping An individual tends to group several stimuli together into a recognizable pattern.
It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be in born.
Similarity Social Perception : Social Perception It is directly concerned with how one individual perceives other individuals, how we get to know others.
Attribution Theories and Errors
Impression Management Slide 23: Perceiver Characteristic
Familiarity with Target
Self Concept Target Characteristics
Intentions Situational Characteristics
Strength of Situational Cues BARRIERS SOCIAL PERCEPTION Barriers in Perception (Social) : Barriers in Perception (Social) Halo Effect
Similar to me effect
First Impression Error
Projection Slide 25: Knowledge of Predictor
Contract Effect Attribution Theory : Attribution Theory Attribution refers to how people explain the cause of another’s or their own behavior. Focuses on why people behave the way they do and what can be done to change their behavior.
Attributions can be made about the self or another person.
There are certain biases or errors can reduce the accuracy of attributions. Slide 27: Attribution determination depends on three factors
Consistency Attribution Casual Theory : Attribution Casual Theory YES NO YES YES Consistency
Does person usually behave this way in this situation? Distinctiveness
Does person behave differently in different situations? Consensus
Do other behave similarly in this situation? External Attribution Internal Attribution Frequent Attribution Error : Frequent Attribution Error Fundamental Attribution Error : overestimating the personal causes for other’s behavior while underestimating the situational causes
Self Serving Bias : attributing personal success to internal factors and personal failure to external factors
Actor Observer Effect : tendency to attribute own behaviour mainly to situational causes, but the behaviour of other mainly to internal (dispositional) causes Impression Management : Impression Management It is the process by which people try to manage or control the perceptions formed by other people about themselves.
It is referred to as “self presentation”
efforts to produce a favourable first impression
Other-Enhancement: Slide 31: Behavioral Matching Self Promotion Conforming to Situational Norms Appreciating or Flattering Others Being Consistent The target of perception matches
his or her behavior to that of the
perceiver. A subordinate tries to imitate her boss’s behavior by being modest and soft-spoken because her boss is modest and soft spoken. The target tries to present herself
or himself in as positive a light as
possible. A worker reminds his boss about his past accomplishments and associates with co-workers who are evaluated highly. The target follows agreed-upon
rules for behavior in the
organization. A worker stays late every night even if she has completed all of her assignments because staying late is one of the norms of her organization. The target compliments the perceiver. This tactic works best when flattery is not extreme and when it involves a dimension important to the perceiver. A coworker compliments a manager on his excellent handling of a troublesome employee. The target’s beliefs and behaviors
are consistent. There is agreement
between the target’s verbal and
nonverbal behaviors. A subordinate delivering a message to his boss looks the boss straight in the eye and has a sincere expression on his face. Impression Management Tactics