What is a Surface Coating?
Kinds of Surface Coating
Surface coating is a substance applied to other materials to change the surface properties, such as color, gloss, resistance to wear or chemical attack, or permeability, without changing the bulk properties. Surface coatings include such materials as paints, varnishes, enamels, oils, greases, waxes, concrete, lacquers, powder coatings, metal coatings, and fire-retardant formulations. In general, organic coatings are based on a vehicle, usually a resin, which, after being spread out in a relatively thin film, changes to a solid. This change, called drying, may be due entirely to evaporation (solvent or water), or it may be caused by a chemical reaction, such as oxidation or polymerization. Opaque materials called pigments, dispersed in the vehicle, contribute color, opacity, and increased durability and resistance.
Organic coatings are usually referred to as decorative or protective, depending upon whether the primary reason for their use is to change (or preserve) the appearance or to protect the surface. Often both purposes are involved in a surface coating.
Thin films of material bonded to metals in order to add specific surface properties, such as corrosion or oxidation resistance, color, attractive appearance, wear resistance, optical properties, electrical resistance, or thermal protection. This article discusses various methods of applying either metallic coatings or nonmetallic coatings, such as vitreous enamel and ceramics, and the conversion of surfaces to suitable reaction-product coatings.
Hot-dipped coatings of low-melting metals provide inexpensive protection to the surfaces of a variety of steel articles. Thoroughly cleaned work is immersed in a molten bath of the coating metal. The coating consists of a thin alloy layer together with relatively pure coating metal that adheres to the work as it is withdrawn from the bath.
Sprayed coating permits the coating of assembled steel structures to obtain corrosion resistance, the building up of worn machine parts for rejuvenation, and the application of highly refractory coatings with melting points in excess of 3000°F (1650°C).
Cementation coatings are surface alloys formed by diffusion of the coating metal into the base metal, producing little dimensional change. Parts are heated in contact with powdered coating material that diffuses into the surface to form an alloy coating, whose thickness depends on the time and the temperature of treatment.
In vapor deposition a thin specular coating is formed on metals, plastics, paper, glass, and even fabrics. Coatings form by condensation of metal vapor originating from molten metal, from high-voltage discharge between electrodes (cathode sputtering), or from chemical means such as hydrogen reduction or thermal decomposition (gas plating) of metal halides.
Immersion coatings are produced either by direct chemical displacement or for thicker coatings by chemical reduction (electroless coating). Metal ions plate out of solution onto the workpiece. Vitreous enamel coatings are glassy but noncrystalline coatings for attractive durable service in chemical, atmospheric, or moderately high-temperature environments. In wet enameling, a slip is prepared of a water suspension of crushed glass, flux, suspending agent, refractory compound, and coloring agents or opacifiers. The slip is applied by dipping or flow coating; it is then fired at a temperature at which it fuses into a continuous vitreous coating. Dry enameling is used for castings, such as bathtubs. The casting is heated to a high temperature, and then dry enamel powder is sprinkled over the surface, where it fuses.
Essentially crystalline, ceramic coatings are used for high-temperature protection above 1100°C (2000°F). The coatings may be formed by spraying refractory materials such as aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide, or by the cementation processes for coatings of inter-metallic compounds such as molybdenum disilicide.
Surface-conversion coatings provide an insulating barrier of low solubility formed on steel, zinc, aluminum, or magnesium without electric current. The article to be coated is either immersed in or sprayed with an aqueous solution, which converts the surface into a phosphate, an oxide, or a chromate.
Anodic coatings of protective oxide may be formed on aluminum or magnesium by making them the anode in an electrolytic cell. If permanent color is required, the coating is impregnated with a dye before sealing.
Powder coating is a process whereby organic polymers such as acrylic, polyester, and epoxies are applied to substrates for protection and beautification. It is essentially an industrial painting process which uses a powdered (25–50-μm particle size) resin rather than the solvent solution. The powders are applied to electrically grounded substrates, usually by means of an electrostatic spray gun. The powder particles are attracted to and adhere to the substrate until it can be transported to an oven, where the powder particles melt, coalesce, flow, and form a smooth coating. Outdoor lawn and patio furniture coated in this process display good weathering and abuse resistance. Powder-coated electrical transformers are insulated electrically and provided with corrosion protection. Powder coatings have also been developed for finishing major appliances and for automotive and surface coating.