2. POLICY FORMULATION
a process typically includes
an attempt to assess as many
areas of potential policy
impact as possible in order to
lessen the chances that a
given policy will have
unexpected or unintended
3. POLICY FORMULATION
involves the crafting of
alternatives or options for
dealing with a problem.
may also refer to the
process of making
4. TWO PARTS TO THE
1. EFFECTIVE FORMULATION
means that the policy proposed is
regarded as a valid, efficient, and
implementable solution to the
issue at hand.
5. TWO PARTS TO THE
2. ACCEPTABLE FORMULATION
means that the proposed course of
action is likely to be authorized by
the legitimate decision makers,
usually through majority-building
in a bargaining process
6. MODELS OF PUBLIC POLICY FORMULATION
Focuses on the traditional organization of
government. Describes the duties and
arrangements of bureaus and departments.
Considers constitutional provisions,
administrative and common law, and judicial
7. MODELS OF PUBLIC POLICY FORMULATION
A policy-making elite acts in an
environment characterized by apathy and
information distortion, and governs a largely
passive mass. Policy flows downward from the
elite to the mass. Society is divided into those
who have power and those who do not. Elites
share values that differentiate them from the
mass. The prevailing public policies reflect elite
values, which generally preserve the status quo.
8. MODELS OF PUBLIC POLICY FORMULATION
1. society is divided into the powerful few and the
powerless many; only the few allocate values (the
mass do not decide public policy).
2. The few are not typical of the mass; elites are
drawn disproportionately from the upper strata.
3. There must be slow and continuous movement
of non⌐elites into elite positions, but only after
they accept elite values, in order to maintain
stability and avoid revolution.
9. MODELS OF PUBLIC POLICY FORMULATION
4. All elites agree on basic social system and
preservation values, i.e., private property, limited
government, and individual liberty.
5. Changes in public policy will be incremental
rather than revolutionary, reflecting changes in
elite values (not mass demands).
6. Active elites are subject to little influence from
10. MODELS OF PUBLIC POLICY FORMULATION
Public policy results from a system of forces and
pressures acting on and reacting to one another.
Usually focuses on the legislature, but the
executive is also pressured by interest groups.
Agencies may be captured by the groups they are
meant to regulate, and administrators become
increasingly unable to distinguish between
policies that will benefit the general public and
policies that will benefit the groups being
11. MODELS OF PUBLIC POLICY FORMULATION
Relies on information theory concepts such as
input, output, and feedback. Sees the policy
process as cyclical. Asks, "what are the
significant variables and patterns in the public
policy-making system?" What goes on within the
'black box' of conversion of demands into public
policy? What are the inputs and outputs?
12. MODELS OF PUBLIC POLICY FORMULATION
STREAMS AND WINDOWS MODEL
This model posits three streams which are always
simultaneously ongoing. When the three streams
converge, a policy window opens, and a new
policy may emerge. The problem stream focuses
the public's and policy-makers' attention on a
particular problem, defines the problem, and calls
for a new policy approach (or else the problem
16. IMPORTANCE OF A POLICY