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Building science of indian temple architecture
by Shilpa Sompur
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This piece was written as a response to Michael Meister’s review of The Temple Architecture of India published in CAA reviews, 23 April 2008 http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/1109#.YL3bO0w69PY The version below is a longer version of http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/1131#.YL3bhkw69PY and was posted along with Michael’s review as a ‘discussion piece’ on the ACSAA website.
MD Mazed Chowdhury
Every style of building construction reflects a clearly distinctive basic principle that represents a particular culture and era. In this context, the Indian Hindu temples are not only the abode of God and place of worship, but they are also the cradle of knowledge, art, architecture and culture. A temple structure is considered to be everlasting and it should signify the art, architectural and cultural milieu of the period built. It also helps to retain and expand the social and cultural values of Hinduism among the people from one generation to another. This study intends to show that, a temple structure irrespective of its value can act as an artefact of the present generation's culture, knowledge and technological developments.
B. K. DAS , Naveen Nishant
2022, Journal of Northeastern University
Hindu temple architecture is known from the earliest time in the world as per Hindu philosophy. Various ancient Hindu texts like Epics, Puranas, Vedas, Mayamata, Brihat Samhita, etc. inculcates the subject called Vastu. The key source for the Hindu temple architecture is derived from the magical geometry i.e. Vastupurusha Mandala. The structure of the temple building acts as a single human body. It is a metaphysical philosophy which deals beyond the reality. The Vastu plays a vital role during construction of temples and building structures. The formation of any ancient Indian structures is possible due to some guidance in terms of units which can be evaluated and fixed easily by the help of traditional system of measurement. The importance of traditional measurement unit is framed rigidly in the paper for understanding the geometry of the structures with better perception. The main objectives of the research paper are (1) to study the architectural geometry from its origin and its measurement unit, (2) to explore the evolution of Vastushastra and its types, (3) to analyse the interlinkages between the Vastupurusha Mandala with temple building and temple with Purusha (human being). Hence this research paper is a unique in its own way for describing the architectural design pattern of Hindu temples in a systematic manner. At last but not least the proposed findings and conclusion of the research paper based on the Vastushastra is that the evolution of the concerned ancient building structures can be easily determined on the basis of traditional measurement system. The magical diagram can be taken into account in various fields from architecture to planning level with sustainable approach. Through achieving the certain objectives help to depict the way of designing, constructing and planning any Hindu temple structures at present scenario in a confined manner.
2001, The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
2023, Embodied Dependencies and Freedoms: Artistic Communities and Patronage in Asia
To what extent have the architects of temples in India been constrained by canonical texts? The degree to which any artist can be free from the norms and conventions of their art is a huge question. In the case of an architectural tradition like those responsible for temple building in medieval India, passed down through lineages and from master to pupil, dependent on patronage and large resources, invested with social and political significance, and held to be sacred, the meaning of 'artistic freedom' is all the more questionable. The architects of Indian temples, moreover, developed complex architectural languages which I would characterise not so much as 'strict' as highly structured. If temples can be considered an art form, then a particular form of temple is analogous to, say, a sonnet in poetry, where creating something new within the given pattern is the whole point, and to stray too far from it is no longer to write a sonnet. Indian temple forms follow certain modes, for each of which is developed a variety of particular types. Typology, a ubiquitous preoccupation of the texts, is also a conspicuous aspect of temple architecture itself from the moment around the fifth century CE when a repertoire of basic shrine types inherited from timber construction began to be translated into masonry. Combining existing types to create new types became a fundamental design principle. Constraints as well as creative possibilities were thus inherent in the tradition, the medium. Someone carrying out the role of a temple architect, though not without agency, was in all these respects dependent. Such dependence must be borne in mind as we examine the more specific question of constraints imposed by texts.
2023, THE RUBRIC OF HINDU TEMPLE ARCHITECTURAL STYLES: A Study of the Evolutional Diversity in Typological Idioms
Local traditions govern temple architectural typologies; often, structural styles and building methods were progressively blended depending on congregation of experts and promotion of construction activity. While the texts enumerate many nuances in temple architectural styles, only about twenty-odd types dominate the landscape. Early natural caves and frescoed caverns, inspired by Buddhist prayer halls, evolved to rock-cut caves, which progressively incorporated iconographic objects and sculptures. The form evolved from simple, functional structures to imposing, magnificent buildings, which indicate progression of elaboration of and opulence in rituals― it reflects complexities in symbolism too. Local materials and influences determined regional preferences for designs, which evidence mutual inductance and overlapping of styles. This paper documents the diverse and numerous Hindu temple architecture styles based on not only the designs and traditions that are more recurrently featured in ancient texts, but also the exemplars and archetypes that are most commonly observed in ancient temple structures.
2019, IAEME PUBLICATION
Generally, architecture can be termed as a field of art in building, a structure designed by human beings. Therefore, the grandeur and the height of a civilization is measured by the buildings it left behind which include religious buildings. This can be seen through Indian architecture that appeared as a result of the emergence of Buddhism and Hinduism. Between the main objectives of this study is to discuss the concept, goals and philosophy found in the architecture of India. In addition, the study also discusses the characteristics and elements of Indian architecture made up of Buddhist and Hindu architecture that has influenced some of the architecture of other buildings in the world. In this writing, the authors used qualitative methodology focusing on research on the analysis of documents and observations. The finding shows that the concept and philosophy of Indian architecture has been largely influenced by nation and world civilization. The study also identified the characters and elements. system along the western coast of India.
Modern architecture in India has represented preserving its cultural heritage that defined a modern Indian architecture that does not disregard conventional Indian architecture but using traditional elements and religious belief corporate with design philosophy that can also be used in contemporary Indian architecture.B.V. Doshi and other Indian architects have attempted to define and adapt Western architecture to a traditional form of Indian architecture that considers and represents society, civilization, and nature by typology, environment, sun, and wind.
Rana P.B. SINGH , Sonali Jaiswal
2018, Kardameshvara (Kashi) temple, a Religious Heritage from India: Sacred Landscape, Architectural Designs and Perspectives.
Banaras (Varanasi), known as the cultural capital of India, enriched by more than three thousand temples; most of them eulogised in the puranic literature and are linked by the pilgrimage routes. Among several of such pilgrimage routes Panchakroshi is the most popular and well documented too. This route is divided into five parts symbolised with night halt stations; the first one is Kardameshvara, recording continuity since CE 10th century. This is the only surviving and functional temple with architectural grandeur and cultural expression with variety of images, viz. Hindus, Tantrics, Jains, Primordial, and auxiliaries. Notable heritage values of images are described and their landscape links are explained. The architectural and landscape characteristics, heritage values and related festivities make the temple of Kardameshvara as an example of mosaicness of culture and heritages (tangible, intangible, mixed). Taking in view the inclusive heritage development on the line of cultural sustainability, selected attributes are documented in terms of architecture and the surrounding landscapes. It is expected that this will help in preparation of overall development plan where heritage be taken as basic resource. Keywords: sacred landscape, symbolism, pilgrimage path, architectural design, religious heritage.
This chapter is going to deal with the evolution of structural systems; traditional structural systems, modern structural systems and more than traditional approach to the structural systems. Beyond this, even though this chapter is related with structural systems as an integral part of architectural design, it is also going to explore the link between culture, traditional structural techniques, and influence of culture, cultural beliefs and local materials, natural constraints as local available materials, climate effects and disaster risks as drivers affecting the evolution of structural systems. Structural principles of traditional construction techniques will be analyzed. The link between modern buildings and their structural systems and traditional construction techniques will be discussed by tracing modern buildings and structural systems in terms of their evolution. The subject matter will be approached in a descriptive manner. The examples given will be used to trace the link between past and present as a way of associating cultural effect with the architectural uniqueness.
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Part 7 covers all other elements of Hindu temple architecture not covered in Parts 1-6
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Agama Shastra And Temple Worship -Every facet of a traditional Agamic temple is rich in mystical significanc The Hindu temples are complex institutions. They represent the culmination of social and religious aspirations of a society. Temple is the focal point in the life of a community and often represents its pride, identity and unity. It is also the index of the community’s well-being. It draws into its fold people from its various segments and denominations; and binds them together. In smaller communities the temple apart from being a source of spiritual or religious comfort, also serves as centre for education and recreation.
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This study aims to introduce the traditional architecture Toraja and Mamasa about form, function and ornament buildings and cultural are relatively similar in separate places. The method used in this study is "purposive sampling". This study also uses the method of literature studies. The results of this study indicate that traditional architecture in the process of formation of evolution until now based on empirical experience. In particular traditions of society is a reflection of culture, lifestyle, mindset of people and is suitable even one with nature and the environment. Keywords: cultural; buildings; evolution
2014, Physical and Social Change and Transformation in Traditional houses of İzmit
The origin of the curvilinear superstructure in the Indian temple has been the subject of inquiry in the works of Indian temple architecture and it still remains a mystery to be proven, despite a number of solutions given based on scriptures and guesses. The principal reason for this ignorance, according to Simpson, is owing to the absence of monuments representing the steps by which the Hindu temple was developed to its complete form. 1 However, Chandra states that Coomaraswamy was the first to interpret the Hindu temple not only as a building providing shelter for the image and the worshippers but also as the image of the cosmos, the house of God and also his body. It represents in its parts the drama of disintegration and reintegration which is the essential theme of Indian myth and its ritual enactment in the sacrifice. 2
Nikhil V Badrike , Kartiki Narkhede
2023, International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
History and literature denote the importance of symbols which represent Religion and architecture. As per cultural evolution, different symbols evolved in aesthetic form making them tangible. This paper focuses on religion that binds them together at a certain point and how it has its own values and elements in the shape that society and its people have given it. The role played by religion in architecture can be stretched back thousands of years ago. Religion arises as a necessity to understand various aspects of society and surrounding social activities, that reflect in complementing the scientific understanding of religious architecture and symbols. Religious architecture is the historic record of the way people express their faith. These old structures are the heritage of the country. The elements like religious symbolism come up with various beliefs, rituals, and scriptures from ancient times. These elements merged with the architectural style to form religious structures. Since the ancient era religion has been a major source of inspiration in architectural construction and architecture has concretized religion, thus spaces they shape support and reflect spiritual practices and religious beliefs. Indeed, the motive of each structure remains the same, varying its symbolism in each religion. The aim of this paper is to understand how all religious structures are connected to each other in various aspects.
Himanshu Prabha Ray
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This handbook is a comprehensive study of the archaeology, social history and the cultural landscape of the Hindu temple. Perhaps the most recognizable of the material forms of Hinduism, temples are lived, dynamic spaces. They are significant sites for the creation of cultural heritage, both in the past and in the present. Drawing on historiographical surveys and in-depth case studies, the volume centres the material form of the Hindu temple as an entry point to study its many adaptations and transformations from the early centuries ce to the 20th century. It highlights the vibrancy and dynamism of the shrine in different locales and studies the active participation of the community for its establishment, maintenance and survival. The illustrated handbook takes a unique approach by focusing on the social base of the temple rather than its aesthetics or chronological linear development. It fills a significant gap in the study of Hinduism and will be an indispensable resource for scholars of archaeology, Hinduism, Indian history, religious studies, museum studies, South Asian history and Southeast Asian history.
2019, Architectural Continuity from the Past to the Future
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Architects and Engineers from Ancient India has derived principles of construction and architecture based on experience, observation of natural phenomena and considering social and cultural aspect of India. These principles are aimed at developing built environment which is compatible for the inhabitants and extracting maximum benefits from nature. Various myths are prevailing regarding some principles which leads to superstitious behavior among people. These principles can be well explained using the modern scientific logic and knowledge. Scientific study of these principles should be done and they should be applied in contemporary practice. This study attempts to explore basic principles of Indian architecture and engineering based on Vastu Shastra (the ancient Indian building science) texts, such as Mayamattam, Samarangana Sutradhar, etc. An attempt is made to give scientific reason of some principles that can be adopted in modern practice of designing and construction easily for comfort and happiness of inhabitant.
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The article discusses an approach taken for the design of a new temple in Karnataka, India, to be built in the medieval ‘Hoysala’ style, which followed the Karnata Dravida tradition of temple architecture. This style is unfamiliar to present-day traditional temple builders in India. The design needs to be based on research into architectural history, of a kind that aims to relive the processes through which temples were designed, assimilating the architectural language and its principles. This kind of architectural history involves re-creation, and this kind of design can contribute to architectural history as ‘design research’. An application of such research is the reconstruction of temple designs from ruins. The temples can potentially be rebuilt, or they can be reconstructed graphically, and presented meaningfully on site. Re-creation of temples through drawing is also a key for understanding canonical Sanskrit texts on architecture. These texts are not illustrated but call for ...
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Architectural history demonstrates that there has been an inspiration for the architectural marvels in the civilizations like Greek, Roman and Egyptian etc. However, these ‘Inspirations’ in Architecture were not limited to the superficial characteristics but includes much larger arena of factors like the philosophy, theory, concept, spiritual understanding and also the ways in which knowledge is manifested in the architectural forms. India and South-East Asia has always been a topic of discussion for its resemblance in architectural characteristics. The paper focuses on how; historically; the architecture of South East Asia and India has been developed and the influential factors from both these regions which formed a rich architectural history of this region. To elaborate on this, the case of Khmer architecture with the example of Angkor Wat temple, Cambodia, which is the largest religious structure in the world and Dravidian temple architecture with an example of Brihadeeshwara te...
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HINDU TEMPLE CONSTRUCTION
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology IJSRSET
2019, International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology
The culture and architecture are two interlinked concepts that help man to evoke uniqueness as an individual and a social being. A person’s or a community’s identity in a particular setting can be expressed through architecture. It is promising to create spaces with differences in spatial organization, street pattern, landscaping features, etc., according to the lifestyles, beliefs, rituals and customs of the inhabitants which finally becomes the identity of that particular place. But what happens to the identity of a place when all the inhabitants are migrants who left their homeland for better education or job opportunities and settled in a location where all social -cultural aspects are poles apart from theirs? This paper explores how the Architecture evokes the identity of the migrant communities in Kalpathy, Palakkad district, Kerala, without affecting the indigenous style of the location and the character of the total setting. This synthesis and metamorphosis of various religions and traditional practices has also been phenomenal in shaping our cities. Over the ages, many of these communities have been successful in maintaining uniformity in their social and Architectural fabric. This paper is intended towards highlighting the above mentioned aspects and how a unique culture gave rise to a new form of settlements known as Agraharams. Today, Agraharams are an epitome of how migrations driven by religious reasons, can shape the society as well as the built fabric of any city.
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