In a country where the government likes to emphasize the harmony of its society and the well-being of its people, China's announcement on psychological examinations came as a surprise. A top official in the country's ruling Communist party said last month that the examinations will be introduced into the selection procedure for senior government officers and leaders of national industries. According to state media, the move was in part a response to a string of suicides by officials, many of whom suffered from depression.
It is the highest-level recognition yet of a problem that is widely affecting China's people, from the central arms of government to distant rural villages. According to a survey published last year, 17.5% of Chinese have some form of mental illness, one of the highest rates in the world (M. R. Phillips et al. Lancet 373, 2041–2053; 2009). In comparison, a World Health Organization survey found that the United States had the highest prevalence of mental illness in the world, with 26.4% of the population thought to have a diagnosable disorder in any given year (The WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium J. Am. Med. Assoc. 291, 2581–2590; 2004).
In China, some blame the pressures of the social transformation accompanying the country's economic expansion; others argue that changes in the way mental illness is diagnosed might explain the rise. But with mental illness now firmly on the list of national health concerns, researchers, drug companies and medical practitioners are quickly developing new initiatives to tackle the issue.
Last year, the Chinese science ministry invested a total of 40 million yuan (US$6 million) in ten two-year research projects that target issues such as prevention of suicide and depression, identifying early warning signs of the risk of developing mental illness, and dealing with occupational stress. For example, Wanjun Guo, a psychiatrist at the Mental Health Center of West China Hospital in Sichuan, recently got 20 million yuan to "organize a survey on mental disorders in the 'post Wenchuan earthquake' region". Raymond Chan, a psychologist and deputy director of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mental Health in Beijing, hopes that the funding will continue. He is seeking support for a databank of 'endophenotypes': characteristics that are thought to reflect a genetic disposition to mental diseases, such as eye-tracking dysfunction or memory failure in people with schizophrenia. "This will be a low cost, quick diagnostic tool," says Chan. "China probably needs it more than anywhere else."
China is poorly equipped to bring new findings into the clinic, however. Yanling He, a psychiatrist at Shanghai Mental Health Center, says that there are only 20,000 psychiatrists in China: 1.5 for each 100,000 people, a tenth of the ratio in the United States. Many are poorly qualified, and they often deal with problems that would be handled by social workers or clinical psychologists elsewhere. Patchy distribution is an even greater worry, adds He. Although there are 200 psychiatrists at the Shanghai Mental Health Center alone, the only practitioner in Tibet recently left, she says.
International collaborations are helping to strengthen China's mental-health infrastructure. Psychiatrists from the University of Melbourne in Australia have been working with the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the Peking University Institute of Mental Health to train people and establish community-based health programmes, for example. The success of the collaboration has convinced China's health ministry to fund a scale-up to more than 100 sites, says University of Melbourne psychiatrist Chee Ng, who helped to lead the effort. And Elise Snyder, a New York-based psychoanalyst, is organizing the China American Psychoanalytic Alliance, which for the past two years has been training some of China's first psychotherapists through Skype conversations with US-based practitioners.
A change in government policy on medical insurance in 2005 also gave Chinese patients access to modern antidepressants and antipsychotics from abroad. "I see increased investment in mental-health infrastructure and wider coverage of essential treatment for patients," says Peter Salzmann, vice-president for marketing in China for pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly (see 'Mental-health market').
China's ministry of health has brought its mental-health guidelines and resources in line with international standards. The latest version of the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD), published in 2001, made Chinese definitions "nearly a replica" of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) issued by the American Psychiatric Association, according to Sing Lee, a psychiatrist at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
But Lee worries that these changes may have led to the apparent boom in mental-health disorders. The latest CCMD follows the DSM in noting that depression can be diagnosed after just two weeks of symptoms — the previous duration recognized in China was three months, says Lee. "That will surely lead to high prevalence," he says. "It also increases the risk of medicalization of normal sadness like grief."
He adds that making discontent and unhappiness medical problems by focusing on psychological or psychiatric factors could distract attention from underlying social ills that might be to blame. Several of the government officials who committed suicide became depressed when they were investigated for corruption — a stark reminder that more psychiatrists and antidepressants alone might not be enough to cure China's mental-health woes.
Friday, November 12, 2010
Posted by BA Haller at 7:56 PM