LOS ANGELES, CA.-
Bronze sculpture played a crucial role in the history of early modern French art and societyfrom the Renaissance court of François I at Fontainebleau until the reign of Louis XVserving as a medium of self-representation for the French monarchy, and ultimately becoming a model imitated throughout Europe.
Co-organized by the J. Paul Getty Museum
, Los Angeles; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; and the Musée du Louvre, Paris, Cast in Bronze: French Sculpture from Renaissance to Revolution is the first comprehensive exhibition to examine the art of the French bronze sculpture from the Renaissance until the end of the ancien régime, and the result of more than three decades of collaborative scholarship by the French Bronze Study Group. After debuting in Paris and traveling to New York, the exhibition will be on view through September 27, 2009 at the J. Paul Getty Museum at the Getty Center, the final, and only West Coast, venue.
Cast in Bronze exemplifies the Museums commitment to exhibitions that are of tremendous scholarly importance, allow for collaboration with our sister institutions around the world, and relates to areas of strength in our own collectionin this case 16th- through 18th-century French bronzes, says Michael Brand, director of the J. Paul Getty Museum. In addition to the importance of the exhibition itself, the comprehensive catalogue that accompanies it will be the most current reference work on the subject matter, and promises to be a tremendous resource for future scholarship and research.
Given the immense importance of this exhibition, exceptional loans of more than 120 sculptures were granted from renowned international collections, including the Musée du Louvre, the Château de Versailles, and the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, France; the Royal Collection and the Victoria and Albert Museum, England; the Dresden State Art Collections, Germany; and in the United States The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; the National Gallery of Art, Washington; the Legion of Honor in San Francisco; Museum of Fine Arts, Philadelphia; the Huntington Art Collections, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Getty Museum in Los Angeles.
During the 16th century, François I imported numerous Italian artists in an effort to promote an artistic renaissance in France. One of the most prominent and influential was Benevenuto Cellini (150071). The Florentine sculptor had studied antique sculpture and began designing large-scale sculptural projects, which reached their most ambitious heights during Cellinis residence at the royal palace of Fontainebleau in France. There, he influenced an entire generation of French artists, and bronze sculpture began to play a crucial role in the history of early modern French art and society, continuing through the reign of Louis XV and beyond.
The first section of the exhibition will highlight important 16th-century monuments, including Barthélemy Prieurs female allegorical figure of Abundance (about 1571; Louvre) for the Monument to Anne de Montmorency. The original monument consisted of a raised marble base with the bronze allegorical statues arranged around it, but was dismantled during the French Revolution (178995).
In 1594, Henry IV was crowned king of France, and order was restored to the country following the Wars of Religion. Henrys coronation, subsequent marriage to Marie de Medici in 1600, and the birth of an heir the following year assured the future of the Bourbon line. This new stability allowed for the reprisal of many great building projects of the Renaissance and thus led to a significant number of commissions of both small-scale mythological themes and portrait busts. Outstanding examples are the statuettes of Henry IV as Jupiter and Marie de Medici as Juno (after 1601; Louvre). The statuette and its pendant represent the royal couple as Roman deities, portraying Henry as Jupiter with his emblem, the eagle, and Marie as Juno.
In addition to large-scale monuments and small-scale busts of important figures, small-scale sculpture representing antique and modern genre subjects also predominated during the 16th century. Prieur and his workshop frequently drew upon rural life to produce small bronze figures of seated or standing girls combing their hair, washing their feet, or trimming their nails. These bronzes are often characterized by oval faces, elongated torsos, and a spirit of innocence, as exemplified by Prieurs Young Woman Carrying a Basket (about 1600; Huntington Art Collections).
Louis XIV acceded to the throne in 1643 but didnt assume actual power until 1661 when the ruling prime minister died. During his reign, he increased the power and influence of France with successes in three major warsthe Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Successionas well as cultural dominance. He became known as Louis the Great, and Parliament decreed that this epithet must accompany all public inscriptions and statues of the king.
Louis XIV was a lover of the arts and provided generous funding to the royal court for large-scale bronze monuments to promote and heroicize his image throughout the great cities of France. He preferred equestrian monuments showing him atop a pacing, rearing, or standing horse and commissioned many of his court sculptors to produce such monumentsamong them, François Girardon (168592), Etienne Le Hongre (168691), Antoine Coyzevox (168693), and Martin Desjardins (168891). The majority were destroyed during the French Revolution, but are known today by the artists sketches, engravings, statuettes, or images on the reverses of medals, and are represented in the exhibition accordingly. For example, Girardons monument to Louis XIVa colossal bronze equestrian statue commissioned by the king for display in the heart of Parisis represented in this exhibition by a cast from the small model for the statue (about 1710, pictured on page 1) made under Girardons personal direction and a fragmentLouis XIVs left footfrom the original monument (1692).
An entire gallery is dedicated to Girardon, one of King Louiss most important court sculptors, and will include works that he sculpted, as well as engraved renderings of his own work, and works he owned in his private collectionwhich became his great passion later in life and included nearly 800 sculptures, paintings, drawings, and prints. Among the sculptures will be Girardons extraordinary Apollo (about 1670, Philadelphia Museum) and St. John the Baptist (1699, Louvre).
Large-scale mythological and allegorical figures also predominated in France during the mid- to late 17th century, particularly among contemporary sculptors who had studied in Italy and absorbed the lessons of Bernini and Algardi, as well as the antiquities which could be seen there. Following his return to Paris from Rome in 1651, Michel Anguier created a group of seven statues of the gods and goddesses, commonly known as the Montarsis bronzes, for the family of jewelers that owned (and likely commissioned) the original set. This exhibition brings together Pluto (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden), Amphitrite and Juno (Louvre), Mars (Le Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes), Neptune and Ceres (the National Gallery, London), and Jupiter (Getty Museum). Together, they present a remarkable range of psychological and physical characters. With their dramatic gestures, intense focus, and powerful bodies they beautifully exemplify the Italianate Baroque style that Anguier advanced in 17th-century France.
One of the greatest triumphs of Italian Baroque art was the production of sculptural ensembles. These multi-figured sculptural groups flourished in late 17th- and early 18th-century France. Philippe Bertrands small-scale bronzes were models of control, elegance, and expression, and were highly sought after by contemporary collectors. His work in this genre is illustrated in the exhibition by Mercury and Psyche (c. 1700, Royal Collection), Summer (Ceres and Triptolomus) (c. 1710, Royal Collection), Winter (Venus and Vulcan) (c.1710, Royal Collection) and Prometheus (c. 1703, Royal Collection).
In the early 18th century, as Louis XIVs life and reign approached its end, a French aristocrat named Maximilien Titon (16311711) began planning an extraordinary monument to be prominently displayed in Paris or at Versailles as homage to the king. In 1708, he commissioned a large, elaborate bronze model from sculptor Louis Garnier (16391728), who depicted the king in the guise of Apollo, seated atop Mount Parnassus, and surrounded by the three graces, personified by French poets. Effigies to other writers, musicians, and artists from the reign of Louis XIV form a pyramidal composition around a statuette portraying the king, who sits near the apex. Titon was added later by Augustin Pajou (17301809). Upon completion in 1766, Titons nephew presented the model to Louis XV as a gift. This highly classical ensemble is a tour-de-force of sculptural form and bronze castingwith figures shown standing, seated, or in relief, etc.and is one of the undoubted highlights of the exhibition.