Japans urban transportation system
Privatization was a boon to railways in Japan's dense metropolises, and especially Tokyo, but it's revealed weaknesses elsewhere.
It was understandable that lines outside the big cities might need subsidies, but there was no excuse for operating losses in the dense Tokaido megalopolis.
The differences are the large modal split of transit from automobile trips, major expansion of the rail transit network, and the large number of transit operators in each urban area in Japan.
V 1 —7. Rail lost ground to buses and later cars in all parts of Japan, but not to the extent of the United States, or even Europe. Japan's problems in urban transportation are similar to those of most Western nations with regard to such issues as rapid urbanization, growth in travel, increasing auto ownership, growing transit operating deficits, rising wages and air pollution.
Ground transportation in japan
Singapore and Hong Kong also have private companies, but competition is weak compared to Japan's dizzying array of independent firms. II 3 :3— But unlike in America, barebones mass transit networks are expected public services, even in rural Japan, with its aging population. Google Scholar Paschetto, A. This is often attributed to the fact that road construction is difficult in Japan because of its uniquely high population density, and the limited amount of available usable land for road construction. As the post-war years marched on, the private railways proved to be more efficient than those run by the state, which were hemorrhaging cash. V 1 —7. Ministry of Transport, in Japanese. Sotaro Yukawa, a research associate at the University of Shiga Precture, notes that Japanese urban planners fed on the same anti-urban ideas as the West, but the devastation of the war hindered their ability to carry out their plans. The country's centralization in the Tokaido megalopolis, and more recently in the Tokyo metropolis, has been resisted for decades, but to no avail.
Google Scholar Mainchi Newspaper Shorter lines, called "third-sector" railways, have been devolved to local governments and private investors.
New Urban Transportation System, no.
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