ContentsIntroduction 5Rationale 6Aim 8Objectives 8Overview of Learning in PDHPE K–6 9Outcomes 13Foundation Statements 14Overview of Outcomes 16Values and Attitudes Outcomes 17Skills Outcomes 18Knowledge and Understanding Outcomes 19Outcomes and Indicators 20Content 35Overview of Content 36K–6 36Early Stage 1 38Stage 1 40Stage 2 42Stage 3 44Beyond Stage 3 46Implications for Teaching and Learning in PDHPE 47General Principles for Planning, Programming,Assessing Reporting and Evaluating 49Glossary 57
K-65Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEIntroductionPersonal Development, Health and Physical Education is one of the six key learning areas in the NSWprimary curriculum. This syllabus makes a unique contribution to the total school curriculum in that itis directly concerned with supporting the development of the student as a whole person. Itsimplementation has the potential to contribute to improved and ongoing quality of life for allindividuals within the community. This syllabus replaces the K–6 Personal Development, Health andPhysical Education Syllabus and Support Document, Formal Consultation Draft, 1992. It incorporateselements of the Physical Activity for Health and Fitness Support Document, which was distributed toschools in 1997.This syllabus is based on a broad notion of health that encompasses all aspects of an individual’swellbeing, inclusive of social, mental, physical and spiritual health. It is concerned with developing instudents the knowledge and understanding, skills, values and attitudes that will enable them to leadhealthy and fulfilling lives. It also provides schools with a curriculum framework for teaching andlearning related to the health priorities for young people of drug education, fitness and physical activity,child protection and nutrition.School Personal Development, Health and Physical Education (PDHPE) programs should focus onencouraging students to make informed decisions related to health and physical activity and developpositive attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle. Programs should include participation in regular and variedphysical education experiences, which provide the foundation for a lifelong commitment to valuing andleading a healthy lifestyle. They should also include systematic and explicit teaching of personal andsocial skills to give students a basis for resilience and the resourceful management of their own lives.Student learning in PDHPE will also be enhanced through the use of computer-based technologies.Information technology enables students to locate, access, view and analyse a range of texts, graphics,sounds and images. Students can also use computer technology to design and create informationproducts. The indicators shown in this syllabus include some examples of how students might usedifferent technologies to work towards the achievement of outcomes.The syllabus is designed to give all schools the flexibility to treat sensitive and controversial issues ina manner reflective of their own ethos. While the selection of specific program content and learningapproaches is to occur at the school level, learning experiences must be drawn from all strands in eachstage.Parents should be involved in decisions about the PDHPE program. This will assist teachers to adjusttheir programs to accommodate the perspectives of different groups within the community. Parentswill also be in a better position to assist in the implementation of the school program and to activelysupport their child’s learning outside the school environment. The partnership between the school andthe home will be most productive when both contribute in a consistent manner to the child’sdevelopment of positive health behaviours and attitudes.It is important that students are encouraged to understand their own growth and development withinthe context of their families and communities. The active participation of parents and students in theplanning, implementation and evaluation of programs will assist exploration of different aspects ofhealth as they are understood within different communities and to place teaching and learning in acontext that is meaningful and valued by students.While the syllabus has a clear focus on promoting better health for all, it is acknowledged that not allstudents enjoy the same opportunities in this regard. Social, economic, environmental and politicalfactors are key determinants of health status. Health inequities may be linked to such factors as race,ethnicity, class, gender, disability, sexuality and age. Sensitivity to the circumstances of individualstudents is essential in designing appropriate PDHPE programs. It is important for teachers, parentsand students to understand that improving health is the responsibility of all members of society.
K-66Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationRationaleIn our rapidly changing society there is increasing community awareness of the importance of healthylifestyles. The resultant good health is characterised by improved quality of life, less sickness anddisability, happier personal, family and social experiences and the opportunity to make choices in workand recreation.Individuals lead a healthy lifestyle when they live in a way that allows them the greatest chance ofachieving and maintaining mental, physical, social and spiritual wellbeing. When individuals are wellinformed on health issues and have a sense of control about the decisions they make, they are morelikely to experience positive relationships, improved quality of life and less illness. PDHPE programsplay a unique role in the development of students’ knowledge, understandings and practical skills thatlead to better health.The ability of individuals to adopt a healthy lifestyle may be affected by the social and cultural context inwhich they live. Student learning is enhanced by an understanding that health is the responsibility of allparts of society. Through promoting the fundamental principles of diversity, social justice and supportiveenvironments, individuals and communities are better able to act for positive health outcomes.Students should be concerned not only about their own health but also about better health for all nowand in the future. This is encouraged through raising: concern for the welfare, rights and dignity of allpeople; understanding of how equity is effected by structures and practices within communities;awareness of disadvantages and actions for their redress; and understanding of how decisions aremade and priorities established.PDHPE is an important key learning area within the primary curriculum as it:■ encourages an understanding and valuing of self and othersStudents who understand and value themselves as individuals and as members of groups,exercise more control over their own lives. They can identify and appropriately express a range offeelings. They also appreciate that the way they think influences the way they feel. They are opento learning more positive ways of responding to situations. They are therefore able to make moreconsidered choices and are less influenced by immediate circumstances and responses.When students understand and value others, they work more cooperatively in teams and enjoymore stable and satisfying interpersonal relationships. They are also more tolerant and caringmembers of the community who value difference and respond to others as individuals.Students who understand and value themselves and others are better equipped to respond tochange and to overcome adversity. They are also more likely to seek help when they need it.This key learning area provides opportunities for students to form positive attitudes aboutthemselves and others, to communicate effectively, to work cooperatively and to develop andmaintain positive relationships.■ promotes physical activityStudents should be physically active every day in as many ways as they can. Health experts agreethat all people should accumulate 30 minutes of moderate physical activity each day for healthbenefits. It is also generally agreed that, in addition, children should engage in more vigorousactivity of at least 20 minutes at least 3 times per week.Adolescence is a time when the trend to inactivity is a concern. Efforts to encourage youngchildren to be more active (one hour per day) provides optimum health and allows some scopefor reducing activity in later life but still retaining the minimum daily requirement.
K-67Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPERegular physical activity is an essential ingredient for the development and maintenance ofoptimum health. It can improve cardiovascular efficiency and aid efforts to reduce risk factors ofcoronary heart disease. It is critical for enhancing bone development, controlling obesity andimproving psychological health and immune status. The related health and fitness benefits enablethe individual to engage in leisure activities and to meet physical work demands withoutexcessive physiological stress.Physical activity is also important in contributing to quality of life. Participation in active pursuitscan be an enjoyable, creative and social outlet that has the potential to build esteem.School programs at all levels have a responsibility to encourage the physical growth anddevelopment of all students, support the acquisition of movement skills and nurture positiveattitudes towards physical activity. This key learning area provides regular and frequentopportunities for students to acquire and apply movement skills, enhance their creativity andaesthetic awareness and develop positive attitudes towards regular physical activity.■ emphasises informed decision making leading to effective and responsible actionSchools can help students to take responsible action regarding their own lifestyle. They cansupport them in making informed decisions about factors that may hinder or promote thewellbeing of themselves and others.This key learning area builds upon the decision-making skills children have when they first cometo school. It provides opportunities for the teaching of decision-making skills and learning throughbehaviour rehearsal. School programs can assist all students to become more aware of the processthat is occurring when decisions are made so that they can increase their knowledge of optionsavailable to them and predict likely consequences. To make informed decisions, students alsorequire accurate and appropriate information about issues that are relevant to them.Students are more likely to use strategies developed and learned in the classroom in their ownlives if they have been developed and rehearsed over a period of time in simulated situations thatare as close as possible to the real-life contexts of the students. For example, refusal skills in drugsituations need to be part of the repertoire of students’ responses well ahead of the time whenthey are exposed to drugs.More specifically the study of PDHPE is concerned with:■ physical, social, cognitive and emotional growth and development patternsFeelings of self-confidence and self-acceptance and the ability to act in the best interests ofthemselves and others are fostered by an understanding of the nature of life’s changes and theuniqueness of individual development.■ the development and maintenance of positive interpersonal relationshipsSuccessful interaction with others in contexts such as the family, peer group and teams isessential to meet the individual’s need for belonging and security. Students’ capacity to formrelationships and cope with changes in relationships is influenced by understandings and skills innegotiation, conflict resolution, tolerance, roles, responsibilities and community expectationsassociated with friendships and relationships.■ the factors influencing personal health choicesYoung students need clear guidance concerning appropriate health attitudes and behaviours. Asstudents mature they require assistance in discerning between conflicting messages from a rangeof sources. An understanding of health issues empowers students to make appropriate decisionsand commit to adopting sound community values.
K-68Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical Education■ living and learning in a safe secure environmentThe safety and security of children is enhanced when they can recognise situations where theirpersonal safety may be at risk, and use strategies to protect themselves. When power is usedpositively in relationships, individuals can support their own and others’ rights to respect and safety.■ the adoption of an active lifestylePhysical activity habits developed in school years are often maintained in later life. Students needto understand the importance of a balanced lifestyle incorporating regular physical activity forhealth and fitness.■ fundamental movement patterns and coordinated actions of the bodyChildren do not naturally develop fundamental movement skills as they grow. Opportunitiesshould be provided for these skills to be taught, practised and encouraged. Having mastery of theFundamental Movement Skills such as throwing, catching, running and jumping opens up a vastarray of sport, leisure and recreation options for the individual. Skills are developed through play,dance, gymnastics, games, sports, aquatics and other recreational activities. The quality ofmovement is further enhanced through exploring, composing, performing and appreciatingmovement.■ skills that enable action for better health and movement outcomesUnderstanding about health and movement is utilised when students have the necessary abilityand self-confidence. The skills of effective communication, interaction, decision making andproblem solving and moving with efficiency and confidence empower students to take actionleading to better health, improved performance and enhanced self-esteem.Not all students will have the same degree of control over their health. Illness, disability andsociocultural circumstances will have significant impacts on health and the ability to affectchange. However, an emphasis on these skills and understandings of those factors that influencehealth best prepares students to work towards better health for themselves and others.AimThe aim of this syllabus is to develop in each student the knowledge and understanding, skills andvalues and attitudes needed to lead healthy, active and fulfilling lives. In doing so, the syllabus will formthe basis for students to adopt a responsible and productive role in society.ObjectivesValues and AttitudesTo develop students’:■ appreciation of and acommitment to healthyand socially just ways ofliving.SkillsTo develop students’ skills in:■ making, communicatingand acting upon healthdecisions;■ moving with competenceand confidence; and■ forming and maintainingpositive relationships.KnowledgeTo develop students’ knowledgeand understanding about:■ ways to enhance personaland community health andwellbeing, and■ the composition,performance and appraisalof movement.
K-69Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEOverview of Learning in PDHPE K–6The following diagram represents the key components of the syllabus. The syllabus content consists oftwo elements: subject matter and skills. These form the basis for achieving the syllabus aims,objectives and outcomes.SKILLSmovingproblem-solvingcommunicatingInterpersonalRelationship• relationships• communication• families• peers• groups• personal identity• the body• human sexuality• changes• values• non locomotorskills• locomotor skills• manipulative skills• games• athletics• aquatics• playing the games• personalsafety• home andrural safety• school andplay safety• road safety• water safety• emergencyprocedures• makingdecisions• nutriton• health servicesand products• drug use• environmentalhealth• preventivemeasures• non locomotorskills• locomotor skills• elements ofmovement• composition• components ofan active lifestyle• ways to be active• effects of physicalactivities• non locomotor skills• locomotor skills• elements of dance• composition• dance stylesGrowth andDevelopmentSyllabusAimsObjectivesOutcomesIndicatorsSpecific contentand learningexperiences areselected toachieve thesyllabus objectivesand outcomesGamesand SportSafeLivingPersonalHealthChoicesActiveLifestyleDanceGymnasticsinteractingdecision-makingSubject MatterStrand
K-610Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationSubject MatterThe subject matter of PDHPE K–6 is organised into eight interrelated strands. The eight strands are notmutually exclusive. Programs may select subject matter from a number of the eight strands. Particularthemes and issues may be revisited in relation to a number of strands to reinforce understandings.In order for students to achieve the outcomes of this syllabus it is essential that teaching/learningoccurs in each of the strands in each stage of primary education.Active LifestyleActive Lifestyle is concerned with students adopting activity patterns that promote their wellbeing. Inthis strand, students will examine the components of a balanced lifestyle, explore options forrecreation and develop the skills and attitudes necessary for an active lifestyle.DanceDance develops the ability of students to communicate and express themselves through movement.Through dance, students develop awareness of the ways their bodies move, the space in which theymove, the time and quality of their movements and their relationship to each other and objects.Students participate in composing, moving and appreciating a range of dance styles.Games and SportsThis strand develops each student’s competence and confidence in a broad range of games, sports andphysical activities. Students develop fundamental movement skills (FMS), progressing to more games-and sports-specific skills in non-competitive and competitive environments that foster positive feelingsof success and enjoyment.Growth and DevelopmentGrowth and Development involves developing each student’s understanding of their own physical,social, cognitive and emotional development in the context of increasing awareness of changes thatoccur throughout the cycle of people’s lives. Students participate in activities that increase theirconfidence and competence to manage change.GymnasticsThe focus of this strand is on initial movement exploration leading to the acquisition of somepreliminary gymnastics skills. Students investigate and succeed in a wide variety of movementexperiences and challenges, developing skill, demonstrating control and exploring the ways in whichthe body can move. The gymnastics experiences recommended in this syllabus are appropriate for allstudents. They do not involve Olympic or competitive gymnastics disciplines.Interpersonal RelationshipsInterpersonal Relationships is concerned with developing an understanding of the nature ofrelationships. Students develop skills for building positive responsible relationships, and practise theirapplication so that they can use them effectively in their lives.
K-611Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEPersonal Health ChoicesPersonal Health Choices examines the process of making lifestyle decisions and putting them intopractice. This strand considers the personal health decisions that students make about their livesrelating to nutrition, hygiene, consumerism, drug use, the environment and disease prevention.Safe LivingSafe Living is concerned with the protection of individuals through the promotion of safe environmentsand practices. This strand focuses on developing in students a commitment and an ability to act inways that will keep themselves and others safe from harm.SkillsThere are five essential skills that students should develop from PDHPE. They are:CommunicatingStudents should develop a variety of skills for communicating: being able to express needs, wants,feelings, ideas and opinions; being able to listen attentively and respond appropriately; being able touse negotiation, conflict resolution, refusal and assertiveness skills effectively in a range of situations.Decision MakingStudents should develop decision-making skills in the context of making healthy personal and lifestylechoices. This involves: making informed decisions; selecting and adopting safe practices; distinguishingbetween fact and opinion in health matters; accepting responsibility for decisions and resultingconsequences; being able to use information gained to inform future decision making; makingcollective decisions for the common good.InteractingSkills for relating positively to others and the environment include: working cooperatively as a groupmember; generating and abiding by rules for common benefit; developing and maintainingfriendships; offering assistance and encouragement to others; accepting support and assistance.MovingStudents develop the ability to: move effectively in response to a variety of stimuli; participate regularlyin a range of games and sports; demonstrate mastery of fundamental movement skills such asthrowing, catching, kicking, jumping and running; create and perform sequences of movement withvariation in movement quality.Problem SolvingStudents develop problem-solving skills by: gathering relevant information by observing, questioningand researching; generating alternative ways of resolving problems; using a range of problem-solvingstrategies; selecting the most appropriate solution; identifying people who can assist; carrying out aplan and reflecting on the results.
OutcomesFoundation StatementsOverview of OutcomesOutcomes and Indicators
K-614Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationFoundation StatementsFoundation Statements set out a clear picture of the knowledge, skills and understanding that eachstudent should develop at each stage of primary school.Early Stage 1 Stage 1Fundamental Movement and Physical Activity■ Healthy Choices ■ Self and RelationshipsStudents participate in regular physical activitythrough creative play, dance, gymnastics andminor games. They practise body movementand control, demonstrating different ways thebody can move by composing and sequencingsimple movement patterns. Students showawareness and consideration of others duringplay situations and practise the fundamentalmovement skills of balance, sprint run, verticaljump and catch. They describe the componentsof an active lifestyle and identify different waysto be active at school and at home.Students make simple decisions in relation tohealth and safety and identify medicines andhow to store them. They describe balancedeating habits and healthy personal habits as wellas safe and unsafe situations at home, on andnear roads, travelling to and from school andnear water. Students identify people who canhelp and describe actions such as ‘no, go, tell’that might be taken in unsafe situations.Students identify personal characteristics andqualities, and physical changes that haveoccurred since birth and identify different partsof the body. With self-control, students expressfeelings and develop positive relationships. Theyinteract and communicate with peers in avariety of play and group situations, listening,sharing and showing concern when workingwith others.Fundamental Movement and Physical Activity■ Healthy Choices ■ Self and RelationshipsStudents participate and perform in dance,gymnastics, minor games and sports. Theycomplete simple movement sequences thatshow an understanding of dynamics, spatialawareness, relationships, timing and rhythm ofmovement. They demonstrate fair play andcooperation in small groups. Students developproficiency in the fundamental movement skillsof the hop, side gallop, skip, overhand throw,kick and two-handed strike. They participate inphysical activities that promote enjoyment andrecognise the importance of these for health andlifestyle balance.Students describe ways to keep healthy and safeand explore choices relating to food, sunprotection and personal safety. They identify theappropriate use, administration and storage ofmedicines. Students describe strategies to staysafe at home, on and near roads, when travellingto and from school, and near water. Theyrecognise safe and unsafe environments andsituations and suggest a range of protectivestrategies for dealing with unsafe situations.Students describe similarities and differencesbetween themselves and others. They describedifferent body parts and how the body growsand changes. Students explore different types ofrelationships and describe the skills needed todevelop and maintain positive relationships.They identify the effects of bullying.
K-615Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEStage 2 Stage 3Fundamental Movement and Physical Activity■ Healthy Choices ■ Self and RelationshipsStudents apply movement skills in dance,gymnastics, games and sports, and practisemanipulative skills in a range of minor games.They perform movement sequences withconsistency and control and demonstratecooperation, effort and practice in physicalactivity. Students demonstrate proficiency in thefundamental movement skills of static balance,sprint run, vertical jump, catch, hop, side gallop,skip and overarm throw through practice andapplication in different games and sports. Theyparticipate in physical activity and investigatehow it contributes to a healthy and activelifestyle.Students describe the factors that influencehealthy lifestyle decisions and demonstrate anunderstanding of the decision-making process.They examine how the use of drugs such astobacco and alcohol can cause harm. Theyinvestigate nutritional choices relating to culturalbeliefs, special dietary needs and ‘fast food’.Students demonstrate behaviours to stay safe athome, on and near roads, when travelling to andfrom school, and near water. They demonstratethe capacity to deal with unsafe situationsincluding abuse, bullying and harassment.Students recognise individual strengths andlimitations and they identify characteristics thatmake them unique. They explore body changesthat occur during life, including puberty.Students explain how positive relationships areformed and the importance of effectivecommunication of feelings and needs inmaintaining relationships. They recognise therights, values and feelings of others and devisestrategies to solve problems, recognise andaccept differences and manage conflict.Fundamental Movement and Physical Activity■ Healthy Choices ■ Self and RelationshipsStudents apply, adapt and vary movement skillsin dance, gymnastics, games and sports. Theyunderstand the elements of movement andcompose and perform movement sequenceswith control and coordination in variouscontexts. Students demonstrate teamwork,tactics and strategies when participating in teamgames. They demonstrate proficiency in thefundamental movement skills of leap, kick, two-handed strike and dodge and apply them in arange of challenging physical activity contexts.Students participate in a range of moderate tovigorous physical activities and apply movementskills with increased confidence and precision.They investigate the effects of physical activityon health and monitor and evaluate physicalactivity levels.Students examine key factors that contribute to abalanced lifestyle and keeping safe and healthy.They examine nutritional information, diseaseprevention and the effects of drugs on the bodyand they identify behaviours that impact onwellbeing. Students assess the safety ofsituations in home, school, water and roadenvironments and identify appropriateresponses. They describe and practise a range ofpersonal safety strategies that could be used inthreatening or abusive situations. They takeresponsibility for personal decisions, recognisingthe effects that decisions have on self andothers.Students describe the factors that influencepersonal identity and examine the physical,social and emotional changes that occur duringpuberty. They devise strategies for coping withchange, grief and loss. They value the differencesbetween individuals and challengediscrimination and harassment. Students valuedifferent roles and responsibilities inrelationships, the importance of communicationand they practise positive ways to deal withconflict.
K-616Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationOverview of OutcomesOutcomesSyllabus outcomes are specific statements of desired student achievement intended by the syllabus.These outcomes are achieved as students engage with the content of the syllabus. They are organisedin stages. The outcomes are statements of the knowledge and understandings and skills expected to begained by most students at the end of a stage as a result of effective teaching and learning of PDHPE.Stages are sequential, chronological curriculum organisers that provide a convenient way of structuringsyllabus outcomes. The stages of PDHPE K–6 are as follows:Early Stage 1 (ES1): KindergartenStage 1 (S1): Years 1 and 2Stage 2 (S2): Years 3 and 4Stage 3 (S3): Years 5 and 6Most students will achieve the outcomes of each stage in the years listed above. Some students will beworking towards outcomes at an earlier or later stage.The values and attitudes outcomes for PDHPE are applicable to all stages of primary schooling. Theyare progressively reinforced in each stage and therefore they are not presented in stages.A code has been applied to each of the outcomes. This does not indicate any intended sequence orhierarchy of the outcomes. Rather, it is a classification system to facilitate ease of reference. Thefollowing codes are used:Strands SkillsAL Active Lifestyle CO CommunicatingDA Dance DM Decision MakingGY Gymnastics IN InteractingGD Growth and Development MO MovingGS Games and Sports PS Problem SolvingIR Interpersonal RelationshipsPH Personal Health ChoicesSL Safe Living V Values and AttitudesFor example, the following outcome:GSS1.8 Performs fundamental movement skills with equipment in minor games.refers to an outcome from the Games and Sports strand in Stage 1. The last number indicates that thisoutcome belongs to the eighth set of PDHPE outcomes.IndicatorsEach outcome in this syllabus is accompanied by a set of indicators. An indicator is a statement of thebehaviour that students might display as they work towards the achievement of syllabus outcomes.The indicators included in this syllabus are examples only. They exemplify the range of observablebehaviours that contribute to the achievement of outcomes. They assist teachers to monitor studentprogress within a stage and to make on-balance judgements about the achievement of outcomes at theend of a stage. Teachers may wish to develop their own indicators. Alternatively, they may adapt and/ormodify the syllabus indicators as appropriate.Outcomes
K-617Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEValues and Attitudes OutcomesThroughout the years of primary schooling students will develop an appreciation and commitment tohealthy and socially just ways of living. The following outcomes apply at all stages.A student:V1 refers to a sense of their own worth and dignity;V2 respects the right of others to hold different values and attitudes from their own;V3 enjoys a sense of belonging;V4 increasingly accepts responsibility for personal and community health;V5 willingly participates in regular physical activity; andV6 commits to realising their full potential.Outcomes
K-618Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationSkills OutcomesEarly Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3OutcomesCommunicating COES1.1Expresses feelings,needs and wants inappropriate ways.COS1.1Communicatesappropriately in avariety of ways.COS2.1Uses a variety ofways tocommunicate withand within groups.COS3.3Communicatesconfidently in avariety of situations.Decision Making DMES1.2Identifies someoptions availablewhen makingsimple decisions.DMS1.2Recalls pastexperiences inmaking decisions.DMS2.2Makes decisions asan individual and asa group member.DMS3.2Makes informeddecisions and acceptsresponsibility forconsequences.Interacting INES1.3Relates well toothers in work andplay situations.INS1.3Develops positiverelationships withpeers and otherpeople.INS2.3Makes positivecontributions ingroup activities.INS3.3Acts in ways thatenhance thecontribution of selfand others in arange of cooperativesituations.Moving MOES1.4Demonstrates ageneral awarenessof how basicmovement skillsapply in play andother introductorymovementexperiences.MOS1.4Demonstratesmaturingperformance ofbasic movementand compositionalskills in a variety ofpredictablesituations.MOS2.4Displays a focus onquality ofmovement inapplying movementskills to a variety offamiliar and newsituations.MOS3.4Refines and appliesmovement skillscreatively to avariety ofchallengingsituations.Problem Solving PSES1.5Seeks help asneeded when facedwith simpleproblems.PSS1.5Draws on pastexperiences to solvefamiliar problems.PSS2.5Uses a range ofproblem-solvingstrategies.PSS3.5Suggests, considersand selectsappropriatealternatives whenresolving problems.
K-619Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEKnowledge and Understanding OutcomesEarly Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3OutcomesActive Lifestyle ALES1.6Develops arepertoire of physicalactivities in whichthey can participate.ALS1.6Participates in physicalactivity, recognisingthat it can be bothenjoyable andimportant for health.ALS2.6Discusses therelationship betweenregular physicalactivity and health.ALS3.6Shows how tomaintain andimprove the qualityof an active lifestyle.Dance DAES1.7Moves in responseto various stimuli.DAS1.7Performs simpledance sequencesincorporating basicmovement skills andpatterns.DAS2.7Performs familiarmovement patternsin a variety of dancesituations.DAS3.7Performs a range ofdance styles andsequencesconfidently.Games and Sports GSES1.8Demonstratesfundamentalmovement skillswhile playing withand sharingequipment.GSS1.8Performsfundamentalmovement skillswith equipment inminor games.GSS2.8Participates anduses equipment in avariety of gamesand modified sports.GSS3.8Applies movementskills in games andsports that requirecommunication,cooperation, decisionmaking andobservation of rules.Growth andDevelopmentGDES1.9Identifies how peoplegrow and change.GDS1.9Describes thecharacteristics thatmake them bothsimilar to others andunique.GDS2.9Describes life changesand associatedfeelings.GDS3.9Explains anddemonstratesstrategies for dealingwith life changes.Gymnastics GYES1.10Performs basicmovement patternsto show actions ofthe whole body.GYS1.10Follows a simplesequence that linksbasic movementpatterns.GYS2.10Demonstratescontrol in performingsequences ofintroductorygymnasticmovements.GYS3.10Demonstratescoordinatedactions of the bodywhen performinggymnasticsequences.InterpersonalRelationshipsIRES1.11Identifies howindividuals care foreach other.IRS1.11Identifies the waysin which theycommunicate,cooperate and carefor others.IRS2.11Describes howrelationships with arange of peopleenhance wellbeing.IRS3.11Describes rolesand responsibilitiesin developing andmaintaining positiverelationships.Personal HealthChoicesPHES1.12Displays basicpositive healthpractices.PHS1.12Recognises thatpositive healthchoices canpromote wellbeing.PHS2.12Discusses the factorsinfluencing personalhealth choices.PHS3.12Explains theconsequences ofpersonal lifestylechoices.Safe Living SLES1.13Demonstrates anemerging awarenessof the concepts ofsafe and unsafeliving.SLS1.13Recognises thattheir safety dependson the environmentand the behaviourof themselves andothers.SLS2.13Discusses how safepractices promotepersonal wellbeing.SLS3.13Describes safepractices that areappropriate to arange of situationsand environments.
K-620Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationOutcomes and IndicatorsValues and Attitudes Outcomes and IndicatorsValues and attitudes outcomes in PDHPE are applicable at all stages. They are progressively reinforcedin each stage, therefore they have not been presented in stages.Outcomes IndicatorsA student:OutcomesV1refers to a sense of theirown worth and dignityV2respects the right of othersto hold different values andattitudes from their ownV3enjoys a sense of belongingV4increasingly acceptsresponsibility for personaland community healthV5willingly participates inregular physical activityV6commits to realisingtheir full potential• accepts themselves as they grow and change• appreciates that their physical, social, emotional and intellectualdevelopment is unique• values themselves as an important member of various groups• expresses a realistic perception of their personal capabilities• appreciates and accepts the importance of developing a personal value system• appreciates the similarities and differences between themselves and others• shows sensitivity to the needs, rights, feelings and efforts of others• shows concern for the welfare of others• questions forms of discrimination against people on the grounds oftheir sex, race, marital status, sexuality or disability• values fair play• recognises the contribution they and others make to social living• appreciates the importance of family life• displays a commitment to developing and maintaining positive relationships• values positive relationships• appreciates the need to belong to various groups• values the need to work cooperatively• appreciates the important contributions they can make to various groups• values their health and safety and that of others• defends the need for making decisions that enhance health• appraises the values and attitudes of different groups within societyin relation to lifestyle and health• appreciates the need for shared responsibility and decision making• appreciates the need for safe practices in a range of situations and environments• values the need to pursue healthy lifestyles• values the importance of physical activity to personal health• enjoys regular participation in worthwhile physical activity• recognises the challenging and satisfying nature of performance• recognises the value of lifelong commitment to regular physical activity• appreciates the need to participate in physical activity with safety• acknowledges effort in achieving results• recognises the aesthetic and technical qualities of movement• appreciates the features of a skilled performance• strives to achieve quality in personal performance• values the contribution made by support personnel in achievingquality performance
K-621Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPECommunicating Outcomes and IndicatorsEarly Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3OutcomesCOES1.1Expresses feelings,needs and wants inappropriate ways.• responds to simpleinstructions and rules• plays simple responsegames• makes simple requests• uses correct vocabularyfor body movements, egrun, slide, skip, stretch,reach• prepares simplehealth messages using, forexample, a touch-sensitivepad or graphics program• identifies people who canhelp themCOS1.1Communicatesappropriately in avariety of ways.• creates a poster aboutsafety rules using, forexample, a computerpackage• actively listens to otherstalk about their families• talks about why they needfriends• expresses feelings aboutsafe and unsafe situations• shows understandingabout others’ feelings• talks about the importanceof regular physical activity• expresses themselfthrough movement• expresses appreciationwhen others give help• writes and sends simplequestions to determinehealth advice using e-mail• discusses how to storemedicines safelyCOS2.1Uses a variety of waysto communicate withand within groups.• shares ideas, feelings andopinions with othersabout issues such asbullying, passive smoking• communicates withstudents in a buddy classusing e-mail to find outtheir likes and dislikes• uses clip art and wordprocessing to developmerit certificates thatacknowledge achievement(sporting, academic,social)• reports on participation ingames and activities to alarge group• role-plays correct roadcrossing procedure• demonstrates assertiveresponses to protectthemselves from drug-related harm• makes a complaint, statesa problem or disagrees inacceptable waysCOS3.1Communicatesconfidently in a varietyof situations.• presents an opinion withconfidence, eg the case forsmoke-free zones• recognises and articulatesfeelings about transitionto high school• designs and produces amultimedia presentationdetailing group findingsabout a health issue, egeffects of alcohol ortobacco• devises questions toanalyse media messages,eg body shape, placementof tobacco products ontelevision and in films• uses negotiation skills ingroup activities, eg games• communicates an idea orstory through movement• uses reflective listening inorder to clarify a friend’spoint of view about theuptake of smoking• justifies why they refuseoffers of cigarettes fromfriends and other peers
K-622Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationDecision Making Outcomes and IndicatorsEarly Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3DMES1.2Identifies some optionsavailable when makingsimple decisions.• nominates people who canhelp in particularsituations, eg in theplayground• chooses between safe andunsafe situations• observes rules andprocedures that keep themsafe, eg wear a hat outside• classifies foods as healthyfor you, not healthy foryou• generates a number ofpossible solutions to aproblemDMS1.2Recalls pastexperiences inmaking decisions.• predicts consequences ofoptions in order to make adecision, eg where toswim safely• chooses to play in a shadyplace when available• chooses games to play infree time with friends• discusses feelings othersmay have in response totheir own actions• sets simple goals, egimprove skipping skills• chooses the friends theyplay with• identifies the healthier oftwo alternatives, eg foodchoices, appropriate hatfor sun protection• identifies some items notshared, eg medicines,toothbrush, combDMS2.2Makes decisions asan individual and asa group member.• discusses advantages anddisadvantages of optionswith friends when makingdecisions, eg decisionsabout smoking• gathers accurateinformation about drugsfrom reliable sources• considers individualstrengths and limitationswhen allocating grouproles, eg team positions• chooses physical activitiesthat are enjoyed by allmembers of a group• works towards developingrealistic goals to supportdecisions made, egparticipates in regularphysical activity• assists the group toachieve consensus ingroup goal setting• considers feelings andneeds of others in makingdecisions• clarifies reasons forreaching a particulardecisionDMS3.2Makes informed decisionsand accepts responsibilityfor consequences.• discriminates between avariety of products thatare healthy and unhealthy,eg food, drinks• applies decision-makingprocesses when choosinga recreational pursuit• evaluates personaldecisions• accepts responsibilityfor their decisions• predicts the consequencesof their choices, eg useof tobacco and alcohol• modifies rules orprocedures to maximiseparticipation of allmembers of a group• discerns the reliability ofwhat is presented in themedia, eg body image,drug use• chooses an appropriateway to respond to peerinfluence, eg refusal skillsin relation to drug use• strives to achieve arelevant personal target,eg improves swimmingdistance• recognises a medicalemergency and knowshow to give and gainassistance• finds and analysesinformation upon which tomake an informeddecisionOutcomes
K-623Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEInteracting Outcomes and IndicatorsEarly Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3INES1.3Relates well to othersin work and playsituations.• learns to share equipment,material and workspace• identifies the peopleand things that are specialto them• observes classroomand playground rules• acknowledges significantevents, eg birthdays• works happily withclass peers• uses self-control to dealwith anger or excitementINS1.3Develops positiverelationships with peersand other people.• displays cooperation ingroup activities,eg taking turns• uses positive talk toencourage others• listens and respondsto others• observes rules regardinggroup conduct• develops friendshipswith peers• interacts with otherstudents and adults, egpeer support, clubs• shows concern for thewellbeing of others, egsends a get well card,demonstrates care fora child who requiresasthma medicationINS2.3Makes positivecontributions ingroup activities.• participates in thedevelopment of class rules• helps others to achieveset tasks• works independentlyor in a group to devisea simple game• develops friendshipsand support networkswith a range of people• displays tolerance inrelation to individualdifferences, eg abilitylevels, culture• discusses personalstrategies to deal withdifficult situations• participates in groupdiscussions to list theharms relating to tobaccoand alcohol useINS3.3Acts in ways that enhancethe contribution of selfand others in a range ofcooperative situations.• engages in communityaction, eg fundraising tosupport others• identifies factors thatinfluence selection offriends• uses strategies to resolveconflict, eg negotiation• expresses and actsappropriately on concernfor others• demonstrates actionsthat support the rightsand feelings of others,eg fair play, consideration,encouragement, peertutoring• engages in care for theenvironment, eg recycling,Landcare• clarifies opinions andattitudes towards drug useOutcomes
K-624Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationMoving Outcomes and IndicatorsEarly Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3OutcomesMOES1.4Demonstrates a generalawareness of how basicmovement skills apply inplay and other introductorymovement experiences.• maintains stillness ofhead and trunk whenbalancing• demonstrates balanceand high knee lift whensprinting• stretches and curlsthe body at levels(high and low)• rolls ball to partner• walks, runs, slides atdifferent tempos/speeds• climbs up through, under,over apparatus, egbenchesMOS1.4Demonstrates maturingperformance of basic move-ment and compositionalskills in a variety ofpredictable situations.• hops on preferred andnon-preferred foot• strikes a stationary object,eg soccer ball, teeball• absorbs force whenjumping and landing fromdifferent heights• pushes and glides withor without aids in water• balances on different bodyparts, eg balance on onehand and one knee,individually, with partner,or on apparatus• repeats movements toform a sequence, eg jump,hop, runMOS2.4Displays a focus onquality of movement inapplying movement skillsto a variety of familiarand new situations.• throws overarmproficiently• kicks and strikesproficiently for distance• performs a simple dancecombining locomotor andnon-locomotor movements• performs a forward rolldown an incline• performs bunny hops overa low bench• shows a range of ways toenter and move throughthe waterMOS3.4Refines and appliesmovement skillscreatively to avariety of challengingsituations.• adapts throwing actionto cater for different typesof equipment for distance,accuracy and speed, egnetball, frisbee, shotput• demonstrates survivalwater skills (25 m swim,deep water entry/exits)• transfers sequence oflocomotor and non-locomotor movementsfrom the floor to simpleapparatus (bench, hoops)• varies running patternsto cater for sprinting,distance running, sidestepping, dodging anddefensive marking• combines knownmovements to create adance with partner orsmall group
K-625Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEProblem Solving Outcomes and IndicatorsEarly Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3OutcomesPSES1.5Seeks help as neededwhen faced withsimple problems.• demonstrates proceduresfor obtaining information,eg what to do if I missthe bus• asks for help wheninjured or hurt• identifies who to ask forassistance when usingnew equipment• follows advice on how touse new equipment• recognises when someonewants assistance andoffers this help• accepts being told ‘no’when appropriatePSS1.5Draws on pastexperiences to solvefamiliar problems.• when appropriate,identifies problemsituations• follows basic safetyprocedures• suggests solutionsto problems• suggests ways toshare play equipment• determines a safe wayto travel over fixedequipment• determines thecomponents of ahealthy lunchPSS2.5Uses a range ofproblem-solvingstrategies.• analyses problemsituations• identifies ways to improveunsafe environments• performs a simplemovement sequence givenparticular limitations, egrestricted use of space,varied levels and tempo• initiates problem solvingon a group or individualbasis• uses reach and throwtechniques to performa water rescue• develops a plan toincrease shade in theplayground• identifies what needsto be done to achievea goal• identifies ways that druguse can cause harm,eg medication, tobacco,alcoholPSS3.5Suggests, considersand selects appropriatealternatives whenresolving problems.• selects the mostappropriate solutionto a given problem• reflects on outcomesof chosen solution• formulates and practisesaction plans foremergency situations,eg lost in bush, a drug-related incident• demonstrates assertiveways to deal with differenttypes of harassment• enlists support of localcommunity bodies,eg write to council forassistance with treeplanting• devises a plan for thesafest ways to travel toschool, shopping centre,local park• surveys students andteachers to develop ahealthy canteen menuand analyses resultsusing a spreadsheet• devises a plan formore active use of theplayground• devises strategies toreduce the negative impactof alcohol and tobacco onsociety
K-626Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationActive Lifestyle Outcomes and IndicatorsEarly Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3OutcomesALES1.6Develops a repertoire ofphysical activities in whichthey can participate.• takes part in differenttypes of physical activity,eg climbing, jumping,walking, dancing,skipping, running• makes a personal list ofpreferred activities• explains how physicalactivities affect the body,eg hot, sweaty, puffed• describes the things theydo to refuel their body, egrest, relaxation, nutrition• compares the physicalactivities that they do as afamily or group and howthese make them feelALS1.6Participates in physicalactivity, recognising thatit can be both enjoyableand important for health.• engages in a range ofplanned activities, egfundamental movementskills, favourite simplegames, movementexploration• describes places set asidein the community for playand considers how theymight use them• describes how activity,rest, nutrition and sleepare important for lifestylebalance• describes their feelingsand emotions when tryingsomething new, eg ridinga bicycle, entering water,balancing• identifies physical changesduring and after exercise,eg heart racing, breathingquickly, feeling hot• contributes to a class listof activities they like or donot like to playALS2.6Discusses the relationshipbetween regular and variedphysical activity and health.• participates in regularphysical activity anddiscusses progress• keeps a log of activityusing a spreadsheet andanalyses patterns ofparticipation over time.• identifies factors thatinfluence participationin physical activity• identifies the activitiespeople participate into maintain an activelifestyle, eg bushwalking,sports• contributes to physicalactivity programs, eg peerleader/tutor, sharingequipment• describes links betweennutrition, exercise andperformanceALS3.6Shows how to maintainand improve the qualityof an active lifestyle.• participates in physicalactivity programs basedon personal goals• compares activities peopledo to stay fit and why theychoose them• identifies barriers toparticipation in physicalactivity and suggests waysto modify or overcomethem• generates personal goalsbased on theirunderstanding of what itmeans to be fit and active• devises strategies toachieve personal activelifestyle goals• describes the negativeimpact of smoking onparticipation in physicalactivity
K-627Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEDance Outcomes and IndicatorsEarly Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3OutcomesDAES1.7Moves in responseto various stimuli.• listens to music andmoves body parts to beat• observes and repeatsmovements that requireaction of the whole body• plays follow the leaderto explore different levelsand directions• explores ways the bodycan move to portrayvarious images, eganimals, nature• moves safely whensharing confined spacewith others• replicates simplecombinations of skills, egHokey Pokey, Looby Loo• moves in response todifferent quality of music,eg loud, strong, softDAS1.7Performs simple dancesequences incorporatingbasic movement skillsand patterns.• follows and repeats simplemovement skills andpatterns to specificrhythms, eg walk –walk – jump – jump• imitates dance movementsused in different cultures• explores rhythmicalpatterns using differentbody parts• performs simple dancesequences related to aspecific theme, egmachines, magic• shows movements withvarious parts of the bodyin response to words,music• performs locomotor skillsat different speeds, egwalk fast, slowly, heavilyDAS2.7Performs familiarmovement patterns in avariety of dance situations.• compares and practisesbasic movements of dancestyles• creates and performs adance sequence thatincludes movements fromsports, life, culture• varies a simple sequenceby applying elements ofdance, eg speed, direction• practises and reproducesa simple folk or teacher-devised dance• transfers movementpatterns from one dancesituation to another,eg adds square dancemovements to a bushdanceDAS3.7Performs a range ofdance styles andsequences confidently.• performs steps andpatterns from knowndances with increasingskill• modifies danceperformance as a resultof practice, peer and selfassessment• remakes knowndances, eg by varying thecombinations ofmovement patterns,the elements of danceor the music• composes own sequencesfor performance using avariety of stimuli• performs own or setmovement sequenceswith consistency• uses some elements ofdance to create movementsequences• interprets the messagescommunicated in danceperformances
K-628Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationGames and Sports Outcomes and IndicatorsEarly Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3OutcomesGSES1.8Demonstrates fundamentalmovement skills whileplaying with and sharingequipment.• moves and stops a ballwith hands and feet, egroll, kick and dribble• shows understanding ofthe language used ingames by responding toverbal and nonverbaldirections, eg run, hop,roll, chase, bounce, skip,wheel• identifies a variety ofgames and play equipment• runs, skips and hops withequipment, eg rope, largeballs• participates in gameswhere cooperation isimportant for successGSS1.8Performs fundamentalmovement skills withequipment in minorgames.• participates in a range ofminor games andpractices that assist skilldevelopment• throws a small ball orbeanbag overarm to awall, target or partner,using high and lowpathways• catches a large balltravelling along theground or through the airwith two hands• continuously bounces alarge ball with one handwhile moving in differentdirections• strikes a ball from a teewith a small bat• identifies the mostefficient ways of using avariety of gamesequipment, eg grip,stance, actionGSS2.8Participates and usesequipment in a varietyof games and modifiedsports.• demonstrates fun waysof practising skills, egpartner, team• describes how cooperationand encouragement leadto success in games• practises and refinesmovement skills in avariety of games from arange of cultures• demonstrates efficientways of using equipmentwhile workingcooperatively with others• demonstrates a range ofskills in practices andmodified games, egthrowing and catching inmoving and stationarypositions, striking ordribbling with hand, foot,stick or bat• explains how their levelof skill can influence theirparticipation in movementactivities• runs in, skips and runsout of large rope turned byothers• explains the correct use ofspecific sports equipmentGSS3.8Applies movement skillsin games and sports thatrequire communication,cooperation, decision makingand observation of rules.• devises games or refinesrules of games thatrequire equipment• participates in games andsports combining strategy,teamwork, movement skilland fair play• analyses a video of aperformance and devisespractices to improve skilllevel• describes the roles theyplay as a team member,eg captain, defence player,goalkeeper, attack player• explains the rationale forparticular strategies andrules in individual andteam games and sports• negotiates and uses rulesand scoring systems anddemonstrates basicumpiring skills• combines a series of skillsfor use in a game, eg run,kick, catch and pass• develops strategies foreffective teamwork• identifies people who canhelp them improve theirgame and sport skills
K-629Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEGrowth and Development Outcomes and IndicatorsEarly Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3OutcomesGDES1.9Identifies how peoplegrow and change.• describes physical changesthat have occurred sincebirth• talks about things theylike to do• lists basic human needs,eg clothing, food, shelter,love• labels external body partsand names their functions,eg ears are for hearing• identifies and describestheir personalcharacteristics andabilities• describes nurturinginteractions betweencaregivers and theirchildrenGDS1.9Describes the characteristicsthat make them bothsimilar to others and unique.• identifies specificattributes of otherstudents• discusses things they dowell, eg games, schoolwork, caring for siblings• recognises and namesdifferent types ofemotions• locates some importantinternal body organs anddiscusses their functions,eg the heart pumps blood• identifies reasons whysome individuals requiremedications, eg diabetes,asthma• demonstrates ways ofencouraging and caringfor othersGDS2.9Describes life changesand associated feelings.• explains and valuesdifferences in growth anddevelopment betweenindividuals at differentstages• identifies their ownstrengths and limitations• values their own uniqueabilities• identifies feelingsassociated with lifechanges, eg grief, loss,family change, newfriends• describes howachievements andresponsibilities changeas people grow older• expresses any fears orconcerns about changeappropriately• demonstrates sensitivityto the needs, rights,feelings and efforts ofothers• recalls and reports aboutsome situations, andfeelings they experienceas a result• identifies situations whereexpectations can differaccording to genderGDS3.9Explains and demonstratesstrategies for dealing withlife changes.• recognises that manychanges occur in apredictable sequence• suggests ways ofdeveloping new skills andcompetencies, eg practice,peer tutoring, goal setting,seeking support• devises strategies to copewith life changes, egpuberty, changingfriendships, commencinghigh school• recognises a wide rangeof influences on personalidentity, eg peers, media,cultural beliefs• prepares a multimediapresentation that showsthe relationship betweenfunctions of the bodysystems• identifies some languageor actions that mayconstitute harassment• explores how expectationsof girls and boys, and ofmen and women, caninfluence their choicesand options• describes aspects of socialand emotional growth anddevelopment
K-630Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationGymnastics Outcomes and IndicatorsEarly Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3OutcomesGYES1.10Performs basic movementpatterns to show actionsof the whole body.• identifies ways in whichtheir body can travel andform shapes• explores movementpatterns using differentparts of the body, eg climbon, through and over playequipment; slide alongbenches; crawl under bars• makes different shapeswith the body while incontact with the groundusing large bases ofsupport• experiments with differentways of transferringweight from one body partto an adjacent body part• moves in relation toothers, personal andimposed space• shows a number ofdifferent ways to move toexpress an ideaGYS1.10Follows a simple sequencethat links basic movementpatterns.• draws on imagination toselect movement patterns• takes weight on differentparts of the body, usingsmall and large bases ofsupport, eg hands, knees,feet, back, hips• transfers weight using avariety of body shapesand positions• explores ways of travellingalong benches using feet,hands and feet, slidingaction• performs simplemovement sequencesinvolving running,jumping, leaping andlanding from and onto oneor two feet• performs known patternswith different movementqualitiesGYS2.10Demonstrates control inperforming sequences ofintroductory gymnasticmovements.• identifies ways they canmove by using differentpathways, levels anddirections• practises and reproducesmovement sequences andskills that include astarting and finishingposition• creates and performsmovement sequences thatvary in shape, size,direction, level, speed,and flow• demonstrates variationsof force and speed inmovement, eg slow/sustained action, fast/explosive action• takes weight on differentbody parts to perform aseries of static balancesdemonstrating differentshapes, eg tuck sit, frontand rear support withstretched, tucked, twistedshapes• identifies aspects of aperformance that indicatecontrolGYS3.10Demonstrates coordinatedactions of the body whenperforming gymnasticsequences.• performs gymnastic skillsusing correct techniques• performs variationsof basic movements,eg roll with straddle• describes how individualand group movements canbe linked to formsequences• devises and performssequences with partnersand groups usingapparatus and floor• creates a sequence ofmovements with a clearbeginning, middle and end• appraises the qualityof movement in order tomodify and improveperformance
K-631Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEInterpersonal Relationships Outcomes and IndicatorsEarly Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3OutcomesIRES1.11Identifies howindividuals carefor each other.• identifies people theycan trust• talks about their familyand who cares for them• recognises the need toshare and cooperate withothers, eg class, family,friends• demonstrates activelistening skills,questioning and recallingof information wheninteracting with others• demonstrates the skillsinvolved in giving andreceiving messages• talks about feelingsexperienced in particularsituations, eg sad, happy,frightened• lists ways of showingkindness to othersIRS1.11Identifies the ways inwhich they communicate,cooperate and care forothers.• explains why differentpeople are importantto them• demonstrates ways tohelp encourage and carefor others• describes their familiesand other groups to whichthey belong• discusses how theycooperate with others inwork and play situations• demonstrates appropriateways of communicatingwith others,eg listening, No-Go-Tell,verbal/nonverbal• practises some of theskills involved inmaintaining friendships• demonstrates actions theycan take when they feelfrightened, lost, upset orbullied and identifies whocan help themIRS2.11Describes howrelationships witha range of peopleenhance wellbeing.• identifies people fromwhom they can seekadvice and support• recognises that familiesand groups have bothcommon and differentcustoms, behaviours,values• explains how positiverelationships aredeveloped• discusses how trust isdeveloped in relationships• participates in groupsituations, showingconsideration for theneeds, rights and feelingsof others• demonstratescommunicationskills that enhancerelationships, eg listening,showing care, negotiating,refusing, assertiveness• discusses the benefitsof friendships• recognises behavioursthat are threatening, suchas bullying, being bribed,and identifies people whocan help• discusses ways that peersand others can influencedecisions about safetyand riskIRS3.11Describes roles andresponsibilities in developingand maintaining positiverelationships.• discusses how they relateto people in variouscontexts• identifies their roles andresponsibilities withingroups, eg family, friends,team, class• analyses the effects ofactions that enhance ordisrupt relationships, egpeer influences, drug use,bullying, mediating, activelistening, prejudice,violence• practises assertive waysto deal with differenttypes of harassment orcoercion, eg pressure touse drugs• demonstrates acceptableways of resolving conflict• models behaviour thatreflects sensitivity to theneeds, rights, feelings ofothers• describes the factors thatcan influencecommunication, eglistening, expression,feelings, peer pressure,body language, drug use• develops and maintainsa personal network oftrusted adults who couldprovide advice andsupport
K-632Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationPersonal Health Choices Outcomes and IndicatorsEarly Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3OutcomesPHES1.12Displays basic positivehealth practices.• describes good hygienepractices• talks about different foodsthat keep them healthy• discusses the safe useand storage of medicines• identifies health careworkers who can helpthem, eg doctors, nurses,dentists• makes simple choices,eg clothes worn• uses draw or paintsoftware to draw healthyfoods• talks about environmentalfactors that impact onhealth, eg play in theshade, place rubbish inbin• identifies a range offoodstuffs and groupsthem according to theirsources, eg vegetable,meat, dairy, fruitPHS1.12Recognises that positivehealth choices canpromote wellbeing.• describes what people doto stay healthy, eg careof teeth, balanced diet,not smoking• recognises that a varietyof food is needed for goodhealth• identifies appropriate use,administration andstorage of different typesof medication• makes personal healthchoices and gives reasonsfor their choices• names the people whoinfluence their healthdecisions• identifies environmentalfactors that impact onhealth, eg passivesmoking, pollution, sun• identifies different foodsthat can keep themhealthyPHS2.12Discusses the factorsinfluencing personalhealth choices.• explains the need for goodhealth practices• discusses reasons whypeople use drugs formedical and non-medicalpurposes• identifies major stepsinvolved in makingdecisions in regard to druguse, eg tobaccoand alcohol• identifies physical factorsthat influence lifestylechoices, eg asthma,diabetes, skin type• identifies theirresponsibility tocontribute towards ahealthy environment• discusses food needs forgrowth and activity• identifies foods preparedand enjoyed by particularcultural groups• identifies and discussesfamily practices related tolifestyle that keep themhealthy and safe, egadministration andstorage of medicines• identifies how climaticand cultural influencesimpact upon people’shealth choices, eg clothesworn, foods eaten,immunisationPHS3.12Explains the consequencesof personal lifestylechoices.• discusses why peopleuse different products• analyses personal foodintake to identify thebalance of choices made• identifies the positive andnegative effects of varioussubstances on the body,eg sunblock, alcohol,analgesics, tobacco,caffeine• identifies the effectsof their decisions onthemselves, othersand the environment,eg smoking, recycling• makes judgements on thereliability of informationfrom different sources,eg labels, websites,advertising, cigarettepackets• researches currentglobal issues affectingthe environment usinginformation from theInternet• discusses how otherpeople/media influencebody image and foodintake• identifies how and whymales and females aretargeted in a range ofadvertisements, egadvertising for alcoholicproducts• describes the factors thatinfluence personal healthchoices, eg family, friends,religion, culture,environment
K-633Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPESafe Living Outcomes and IndicatorsEarly Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3OutcomesSLES1.13Demonstrates anemerging awarenessof the concepts of safeand unsafe living.• indicates a number ofpossible actions forsafety, eg No-Go-Tell• talks about feelingsafe/unsafe• identifies people whokeep them safe• describes safe placesto play• recalls and usesplayground rules• describes dangerousthings they can see,reach and touch, egmedicinesSLS1.13Recognises that their safetydepends on the environ-ment and the behaviourof themselves and others.• compares thecharacteristics of placeswhere students feel safeand unsafe• role-plays what to do inan emergency, eg dial 000• identifies things neededto play safely, eghelmets for bike riding,sun screen, taking turnson equipment• describes what is neededfor them to travel to andfrom school safely andpractises these things• describes dangerousthings they can see,reach and touch andways of dealing withthem, eg electricalappliances, poisons,medications• demonstrates actionsthey can take when theyfeel unsafe and identifieswho can help themSLS2.13Discusses how safepractices promotepersonal wellbeing.• discusses why substancessuch as tobacco can bedangerous to the body• recognises behavioursthat are risky andidentifies people whocan help• describes certainbehaviours that cancreate a safe environmentfor themselves, theirschool and community• identifies people fromwhom they can seekadvice and support inemergency situations• explains the need forrules and laws made forthe protection ofthemselves and others• identifies the potentialhazards of variousappliances in theirenvironment• creates a video on aparticular safety issue,eg safe play, smoke-freeareas• explains the need forrules for safe behaviourin familiar settings• compares thecharacteristics of peopleand situations thatcause students to feelsafe and unsafe• recognises how theirbody reacts and howthey might feel in safeand unsafe situationsSLS3.13Describes safe practicesthat are appropriateto a range of situationsand environments.• demonstrates waysto improve unsafeenvironments, eg home,school, local parks• practises emergencyresponse procedures, egbasic first aid, dial 000• devises strategies torespond to risky anddangerous situations,such as where peoplemay be misusing drugs,discarded needles andsyringes• formulates and practisesaction plans for accidentand emergency situationsin the home, school andlocal environment• plans how to takeresponsibility for theirown safety and that ofothers, eg swim only insafe places• identifies factors thatmay cause accidents, egwhen a driver is underthe influence of alcohol• uses safety devices andprotective equipment inrelevant situations, egwear seatbelts, helmets• identifies individualsand services in thecommunity that helpprotect their wellbeing• describes theconsequences of accidentsfor the individual andthe community
K-636Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationOverview of ContentOverview of Subject Matter K–6It is a requirement that school programs incorporate the skills of communicating, decision making, interacting, movingand problem solving. It is also important that all strands be addressed in each of the stages of primary schooling.It is expected that over Years K–6 all of the following subject matter will be addressed.ContentActive LifestyleComponents ofan Active Lifestyle• balancing lifestylecomponents foroptimal health• benefits of lifestylebalance– physical, social,emotional• use of leisure time– active, passive pursuits• importance of adequaterest, nutrition• regular participation indaily activityWays to be Active• safe stretching andwarm-up techniques• skill developmentactivities• skill practice in minorgames• minor games, dance andmovement with highlevel of participation– circuits– fun runs– aerobics– obstacle courses– partner activities– relays– power walking• organised and non-organised recreationalpastimes that promotephysical activityEffects of Physical Activity• effects on the body• feelings about beingactive– challenge, satisfaction,enjoyment,achievement– preferences– influencesDanceNon-locomotor Skills• swaying• swinging• twisting• turning• moving isolated partsof the body– hand/foot gesturesLocomotor Skills• walking• running• galloping• hopping• sliding• skipping• marching• step patterns• jumping and leapingElements of Dance• dynamics– firm/light– directly to• time and rhythm• space– directions– pathways• relationships– individual– group– objectsComposition• structure– contrastingmovement patterns• transitions– beginning, middle, end• sequences– creating– reproducing• simple compositionaltechniquesDance Styles• experience in a rangeof dance styles, eg– folk dance– social dance– creative dance– bush dance– modern– contemporary dancestyles– Aboriginal– Afro–CaribbeanGames and SportsNon-locomotor Skills• stretching/bending/twisting• pivoting• feinting• swinging• balancingLocomotor Skills• running/sprinting• dodging• jumping/landingManipulative Skills• rolling• stopping• throwing• catching• pat bouncing• dribbling– hand, foot, stick• striking• kicking• trapping (stopping)Games• minor games– imaginative games– running games– simple ball games– relays• modified games– lead-up games– Aussie Sports• major games– individual games– team gamesAquatics• water skillsAthletics• track and field eventsPlaying the Game• safety considerations• benefits of participation• influences on choice ofactivity• teamwork/cooperation• roles and responsibilities• effort and practice• competition• fair play• rules and tactics• refereeing/umpiringGrowth & DevelopmentPersonal Identity• similarities anddifferences• strengths• feelings• influences on self-esteem• body image• setting relevant goalsfor addressing problems• gender images andexpectations• respecting others’ideas and opinionsThe Body• body parts/systems/functions• senses• caring for the body• effects of illness/disease• heredityHuman Sexuality• reproduction• puberty• menstruation• sexual identity• STDs, HIV/AIDS, blood-borne virusesChanges• appearance• identifying changesover time• effects of life changes• physical/social/ emotionalchanges• response to change• changing friendships/relationships/feelings/environments/needs• grief/loss• stress• coping with changeValues• personal/family/school/community/cultural• importance of values• respecting different values• rights and responsibilities• uniqueness of self• identity• development• goals• challengingdiscrimination andharassment
K-637Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEContentGymnasticsNon-locomotor Skills• bending• twisting• stretching• turning• curling• rocking• static– balance• laterality– moving right andleft body parts• handstandLocomotor Skills• running/walking• hopping/skipping• galloping• jumping/landing– mounting, dismounting(bench, box)• travelling on differentbody parts– cartwheels• rolling• climbing, hangingand swingingElements of Movement• spatial awareness– position– levels– directions– pathways– floor, air– shape• dynamics– interplay of forceand time• relationships– with other people– with apparatusComposition• simple combinationsof locomotor and non-locomotor activitiesInterpersonalRelationshipsRelationships• recognising individualneeds• caring• trust• bullying, harassment• fairness• positive relationships• types of abuse• effects of abuse• different kinds ofrelationships• recognising andaccepting differences• support networks• forms of discrimination• anti-discriminationlegislationCommunication• active listening skills• communicating needsand wants• recognising andarticulating feelings• understanding feelingsof others• appropriate expressionof feelings• expressing concerns• showing concerns forothers• communicationin group situations• assertiveness• managing conflictsituations/negotiation• self-controlFamilies• types of families• family changes• parenting• roles, rights andresponsibilitiesPeers• making and maintainingfriendships• peer influence• rights and responsibilities• acting on concern forothersGroups• types of groups• group membership• roles, rights andresponsibilities• cooperation and sharing• interacting with adultsPersonalHealth ChoicesMaking Decisions• decision-making process• influences on decisionmaking– family/peers– other significant people– media– feelings and needsof others• taking responsibilityfor one’s own decisions• supporting others intheir decision making• evaluating decisionsNutrition• balanced eating habits• special needs– illness, eg diabetes,heart disease– cultural, eg festivals• fast food: a health choice• digestive systemHealth Services andProducts• health informationand services• influences of media• traditional and alternativehealth productsDrug Use• identifying drugs– appropriate use• labelling of drugs• drugs in everyday lives• administration andstorage of drugs• caffeine– effects on body• tobacco– effects on body– passive smoking• alcohol– effects on body• media and drugsEnvironmental Health• effects of pollution• passive smoking• individual/group/globalresponsibility• recycling• environmentallyfriendly productsPreventive Measures• sun protection• disease prevention• communicable diseases– immunisation– blood-borne viruses,HIV/AIDS• heart disease– nutrition, physicalactivity• personal hygiene– dental care• choice of healthcare productsSafe LivingPersonal Safety• protection• warning signals• identifying safe/unsafesituations• organisations andnetworks– people who can help• assertiveness (No-Go-Tell)• influences on safetychoices• responding to unsafesituations• reducing/eliminatingrisks• secrets• bribes/threatsHome and Rural Safety• safe and unsafe places• using machines/appliances/substances• safety near animals• responsibility foryounger childrenSchool and Play Safety• need for safety rules inand around school• safe play• safety awarenessRoad Safety• pedestrian safety– being safe in thetraffic environment– safe crossingprocedure• passenger safety– responsibility as apassenger– use of restraints– safe passengerbehaviour• safety on wheels– safe places to ride– safety equipment– practical cycling skillsWater Safety• water environment• safe places to swim• safety equipment• safety skillsEmergency Procedures• recognising an injury/seeking assistance• contacting emergencyservices• basic first aid– resuscitationprocedures
K-638Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationOverview of Subject Matter Early Stage 1The following overview is provided to assist teachers in planning ways in which they will cover the subject matterin this stage. Typically, it is expected that the subject matter described will be covered in this stage. The scope,sequence and degree of emphasis to be given to the subject matter, across K–6, will be determined by the needsof students and the ethos of the school. Teachers should select subject matter to ensure that students haveopportunities to achieve the outcomes of this stage.ContentActive LifestyleComponents ofan Active Lifestyle• concept of beingphysically active• importance of abalanced lifestyle– rest, relaxation– active and passivepursuits– nutrition• regular participationin activityWays to be Active• developing skills forparticipation in basicgames and activities• applying movementskills in fun gamesand activities– obstacle courses– ball games• participating in activerecreational pastimesEffects of Physical Activity• effects on the body– immediate• feelings about beingactive before, duringand after participation• benefits of participation• nominating favouriteactivitiesDanceNon-locomotor Skills• bending• curling• twisting• stretching• turning• rocking• wriggling• moving isolatedparts of the bodyLocomotor Skills• walking• running• galloping• sliding• hopping• step hop/skipping• creeping• crawlingElements of Dance• dynamics– smooth/jerky– light/heavy/strong• time and rhythm– fast/slow– even beat• space– high/low– position– direction– size/shape• relationships– partners– group– objects– musicComposition• sequencing locomotormovements• sequencing non-locomotor movementsDance Styles• singing games• creative dance– responding to avariety of stimuliGames and SportsNon-locomotor Skills• stretching/bending/ twisting• swinging body parts• balancingLocomotor Skills• walking, running• jumping/landing• hopping/skipping• side slidingManipulative Skills• rolling/stopping an object• throwing• catching– large objects• bouncing– one hand, two hands• bouncing and catchinga large ball• striking/hitting– a stationary object– one hand, two hands• kicking– stationary object– target, distanceGames• spatial awareness– directions, pathways– boundaries, levels• minor games– imaginative games– miming/imitating– running/chasing games– circle games– simple ball games– cooperation games– parachute gamesAthletics• running– in a straight line, noveltyraces, shuttle relays• jumping– with a safe landing– from one foot to two feet– for distance and height• throwing– underarm, chest pass– slingingAquatics• water familiarisation– buoyancy, water safety– survival skillsPlaying the Game• safety• fair play• cooperation• formations– lines, circles, pairs, groups• signals, eg whistleGrowth & DevelopmentPersonal Identity• similarities anddifferences– appearance– experiences– abilitiesThe Body• body parts– external• senses– sight, sound, taste,hearing, touch• basic needs– shelter, clothing, food• looking after the bodyChanges• changes in appearanceand abilities– since birthValues• likes/dislikes• accepting uniqueness• accepting difference• caring relationships
K-639Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEContentGymnasticsNon-locomotor Skills• bending• twisting• stretching• turning• curling• rocking• static balance on largebody parts• laterality– moving right andleft body partsLocomotor Skills• step patterns– walking– running– hopping– skipping– galloping– jumping/landing– 2 feet to 2 feet• travelling on differentbody parts• rolling– log/pencil– egg roll• climbing and hanging– climbing on playequipment– gripsElements of Movement• spatial awareness– position: near, far,in front of/behind,opposite– focus: facing forwards,sideways, upwards,downwards– boundaries: movingwithin an area– levels: high, low,medium– directions: upwards,backwards, sideways,forwards– formation: lines• dynamics– soft, hard• time and rhythm– slow, fast• relationships– partners, small teams– using a variety ofsurfaces, eg mats,floor, equipmentComposition• simple locomotorgames/relays– simple rules– formationsInterpersonalRelationshipsRelationships• expression of feelings• caring for others• permission and choices• trust• positive relationships• liking and loving• special people/things• rules in relationships• people to go to for helpCommunication• expressing needs, wantsand feelings• verbal and nonverbal• giving and receivingmessages• active listening skills• persistence• self-control• seeking help• giving help• asking questions• recalling informationFamilies• family roles• rights and responsibilities• family activitiesPeers• making andkeeping friendsGroups• working and playingwith others• sharing and helpingPersonalHealth ChoicesMaking Decisions• awareness of choices• making choices• possible solutionsto a problem• effects of actionsNutrition• balanced eating habits• food choicesfor good healthHealth Servicesand Products• people who keepme healthy– home– communityDrug Use• administrationof medicines• identifying medicines• safe use of medicines• safe storageEnvironmental Health• effects of pollution– school/home• recyclingPreventive Measures• sun protection• disease prevention– immunisation• care of the body– toileting/washing– clothing– dental care– ear care– hair careSafe LivingPersonal Safety• protection• warning signals• safe/unsafe situations• touching• people who can help• Safety Houses• assertiveness (No-Go-Tell)• telling (persistence)• responding to unsafesituationsHome and Rural Safety• hazards inside/outsidehome– poisons/fuels/guns• keeping safe aroundmachines/appliances/animals• toys and gamesSchool and Play Safety• appropriate behaviourin and around buildings/playground/equipment• rules for safe play athome and at school• sharing, taking turns,getting on with othersRoad Safety• pedestrian safety– hold an adult’s hand• passenger safety– use of seatbelts andsafety restraints– safe entry and exitfrom a vehicle• safety on wheels– safe places toplay on wheelsWater Safety• never swim alone• water safety awarenessEmergency Procedures• seeking assistance• identifying anemergency situation
K-640Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationOverview of Subject Matter Stage 1The following overview is provided to assist teachers in planning ways in which they will cover the subject matterin this stage. Typically, it is expected that the subject matter described will be covered in this stage. The scope,sequence and degree of emphasis to be given to the subject matter, across K–6, will be determined by the needsof students and the ethos of the school. Teachers should select subject matter to ensure that students haveopportunities to achieve the outcomes of this stage.ContentActive LifestyleComponents ofan Active Lifestyle• concept of beingphysically active• importance of abalanced lifestyle– rest, relaxation– active and passivepursuits– leisure– nutrition– regular participationin activityWays to be Active• stretching parts of thebody before and afteractivity• developing skills forparticipation in gamesand activities• moderate to vigorousgames, dance andgymnastics with highlevel of participation– obstacle courses– circuits– partner activities– relays• participating inrecreational activitiesthat encourage physicalactivityEffects of Physical Activity• effects on the body– immediate, long term• feelings about beingactive before, during,after• benefits of participation– enjoyment, friendship• recording activity levels– activities I participatein regularly– activities I would liketo learnDanceNon-locomotor Skills• swaying• swinging• twisting• turning• moving isolated partsof the body– hand/foot gesturesLocomotor Skills• walking• running• galloping• hopping• sliding• skipping• step hop• marching• step tap• jumping and leapingElements of Dance• dynamics– flowing– sharply• time and rhythm– simple rhythmicpatterns, ie even,uneven beat• space– changing levels– pathways– size/shape• relationships– individual– group– objectsComposition• structure– improvisation– repetition ofmovement patterns• simple combinationsof locomotor and non-locomotor movementsDance Styles• simple folk dance• creative dance– responding to avariety of stimuliGames and SportsNon-locomotor Skills• stretching/bending/twisting– whole body– body parts– swinging body parts• balancingLocomotor Skills• walking– running/jogging– jumping/leaping– skipping with ropesManipulative Skills• rolling/stopping small objects• throwing– underarm, overarm,chest, bounce pass• catching– different-sized objects– different heights– two hands• bouncing/dribbling– continuous with largeball, one hand– alternate hands• striking/hitting– one hand, two hands– a stationary object:different-sized bats• kicking– stationary, bootlace– inside/outside of foot• trapping– using feetGames• spatial awareness– changing levels• minor games– imaginative games– running, cooperation,parachute and simpleball gamesAthletics• running– standing start,sprinting– distance shuttle relay• jumping– long jump with run up– scissor jump for height• throwing– push a shot– sling a hoop or quoitAquatics• water confidence• mobility• water safety– survival skillsPlaying the Game• safety in play• fair play• benefits of play• cooperation• effort and practiceGrowth & DevelopmentPersonal Identity• attributes of selfand others• experiences• abilities• feelings• wants• needs• range of emotionsThe Body• body parts– internal, external– private, non-private• body systems– skeletal• senses– sensory systems• body care andmaintenance• basic needsChanges• body appearance• physical activity– developmental ability– types and rangeof activities• feelings about changeValues• individual/group• personal rightsand responsibilities• caring relationships
K-641Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEContentGymnasticsNon-locomotor Skills• bending• twisting• stretching• turning• curling• rocking• static– balance on smallbody parts• laterality– moving right andleft body partsLocomotor Skills• running/walking• hopping/skipping• galloping• jumping/landing– 2 feet to 2 feet• travelling on differentbody parts, largeand small– sliding• rolling– log/pencil– egg roll• climbing and hanging– on frames– gripsElements of Movement• spatial awareness– position– levels– directions– shape• dynamics– soft, hard• time and rhythm– slow, fast• relationships– partner, team, group– with simple apparatusComposition• simple combinationsof locomotor activities• simple non-locomotorcombinations of activitiesInterpersonalRelationshipsRelationships• recognising individualneeds• caring• privacy• bullying• permission and choices• positive relationships• liking and loving• different kinds ofrelationships• special people/things• rules in relationships• people to go to for helpCommunication• expressing needs,wants and feelings• verbal and nonverbal• assertiveness• giving and receivingmessages• active listening skills• self-control• identifying feelingsof others• understanding feelingsof others• positive self-talk• encouraging others• showing concernfor others• expressing concerns• seeking helpFamilies• family roles• rights and responsibilities• family activitiesPeers• making and keepingfriends• qualities of friends• sharing• cooperatingGroups• types of groups• working with others• sharing and helping• interacting with adultsPersonalHealth ChoicesMaking Decisions• identifying choices• making choices• influences on decisions• reasons forchoices/decisions• effects of actions• possible solutionsNutrition• food groups• balanced eating habits• food choices for goodhealthHealth Services andProducts• people who keepme healthy– home– community• products that keepme healthyDrug Use• purpose of medication• safe use of medication• administration ofmedicines• safe storage of medicinesEnvironmental Health• effects of pollution– school/home– water/air/land• recycling• environmentally friendlyproductsPreventive Measures• sun protection• disease prevention– immunisation• protective clothing andequipment• personal hygiene– cleanliness– clothing– hair care– dental care– ears and noseSafe LivingPersonal Safety• protection• warning signals• safe/unsafe situations• kinds of touch• people who can help• Safety Houses• assertiveness (No-Go-Tell)• secrets• telling (persistence)• responding to unsafesituationsHome and Rural Safety• hazards inside/outsidehome: poisons/fuels/guns• keeping safe aroundmachines/appliances/animals• safe handling ofsubstances/animals• toys and games• recreation activitiesSchool and Play Safety• appropriate behaviourin and around buildings/playground/equipment• rules and fair play atschool and at homeRoad Safety• pedestrian safety– places to cross safely– safe crossingprocedures• passenger safety– use of a seatbelt– safe entry and exitfrom a vehicle• safety on wheels– wear a helmetWater Safety• safe places to swimand play near water• survival strategiesEmergency Procedures• what to do in the eventof an emergency
K-6Overview of Subject Matter Stage 2The following overview is provided to assist teachers in planning ways in which they will cover the subject matterin this stage. Typically, it is expected that the subject matter described will be covered in this stage. The scope,sequence and degree of emphasis to be given to the subject matter, across K–6, will be determined by the needsof students and the ethos of the school. Teachers should select subject matter to ensure that students haveopportunities to achieve the outcomes of this stage.Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationActive LifestyleComponents ofan Active Lifestyle• balancing lifestylecomponents foroptimal health• benefits of lifestylebalance– physical, social,emotional• use of leisure time– active, passive pursuits• importance of adequaterest, nutrition• regular participationin daily activityWays to be Active• safe stretchingtechniques• skill developmentactivities• skill practice in minorgames• minor games, danceand movement with highlevel of participation– circuits– fun runs– aerobics– obstacle courses– partner activities– relays– power walking• organised and non-organised recreationalpastimes that promotephysical activityEffects of Physical Activity• effects on the body– immediate, long term– body temperature– breathing rates– strength– flexibility– cardiovascularendurance• recording accumulatedactivity• feelings aboutbeing active– challenge,satisfaction,enjoyment,achievement– preferences– influencesDanceNon-locomotor Skills• swerving• shakingLocomotor Skills• step patterns– chassé– skipping– two step– schottische– hop-pointElements of Dance• dynamics– firmly/lightly• time and rhythm– metre• space– directions– combinationsof pathways• relationships– individual– group– objectsComposition• structure– contrasting movementpatterns• transitions– beginning, middle, end• sequences– creating– reproducing• simple compositionaltechniques– unison, canonDance Styles• folk dance• social dance• creative dance• bush danceGames and SportsNon-locomotor Skills• stretch/bend/twist• pivoting• dodging (body lean)• swinging• balancingLocomotor Skills• running/sprinting• dodging– side stepping• jumping/landingManipulative Skills• throwing– overarm, chest pass,shoulder pass– 2 hand overhead pass– goal shooting– bowling/pitching• fielding/catching– one hand, two hands– glove/mitt– high/low• dribbling– pat bouncing– feet/stick– change direction:• striking/hitting– one hand, two hands– drive/sidearm hit/volley– push/bunt• kicking– stationary/rolling ball– different-shaped balls• trapping/passingGames• spatial awareness– creating space– positional awareness• minor games– chasing games– ball games/relays– territorial games– modified gamesAthletics• running– standing start– sprint, middledistance/cross-country– circular relay• jumping– high jump (scissors)– long jump• throwing– shotput– roll/sling a discusAquatics• floating/movement skills• basic swimming strokes• water safety/rescue skillsPlaying the Game• safety considerations• fair play• teamwork• benefits of and influenceson participation• roles/responsibilities• effort and practice• competition• rules/tactics/strategiesGrowth & DevelopmentPersonal Identity• recognising strengthsand limitations– developing strengths– setting goals• recognising attributesof self and others• confronting problems• feelings about self• positive self-talk• gender images andexpectationsThe Body• systems– functions• appropriate/inappropriatetouch• rates and stages ofgrowth and development• heredityHuman Sexuality• male/femalecharacteristics• changes related topubertyChanges• physical body changes– feelings about changes• changing friendshipsand relationshipsValues• definition of values– personal values– school values– family and culturalvalues• rights and responsibilities– self– others• uniqueness of self– identity– development• challengingdiscrimination42Content
K-643Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEContentGymnasticsNon-locomotor Skills• refine non-locomotorskills• static– balance– pairs, groups– counterbalanceLocomotor Skills• refine and practiselocomotor skills• jumping/landing– mounting,dismounting(bench, box)• travelling on differentbody parts– cartwheels• rolling– forward roll (incline)– backward roll (incline)– side roll• climbing and hanging– climbing frames– gripsElements of Movement• spatial awareness– position– levels– directions– pathways• dynamics– interplay of forceand time– resilience• relationships– with other people,pairs, groups– matching, mirroring,contrasting– counterbalancing– with apparatusComposition• simple combinationsof locomotor and non-locomotor activitiesInterpersonalRelationshipsRelationships• recognisingindividual needs• caring• trust• bullying• fairness• positive relationships• types of abuse• effects of abuse• different kindsof relationships• recognising andaccepting differences• support networks• forms of discriminationCommunication• active listening skills• appropriate expressionof feelings• communicatingfeelings and needs• communication ingroup situations• assertiveness• managing conflictsituations• encouraging others• understanding feelingsof others• expressing a complaintor problemFamilies• types of families• family changes• parenting• roles, rights andresponsibilitiesPeers• making and maintainingfriendships• peer influence• rights and responsibilitiesGroups• types of groups• group membership• roles, rights andresponsibilities• cooperation and sharingPersonalHealth ChoicesMaking Decisions• analysis of problems• decision-making process• influences ondecision making– family/peers– other significantpeople, media– feelings andneeds of others• taking responsibilityfor one’s own decisions• risk-taking and decisionsNutrition• balanced eating habits• special needs– illness, eg diabetes,heart disease– cultural, eg festivals• fast food: a health choice• digestive systemHealth Services andProducts• health informationand services• influences of mediaDrug Use• identifying drugs– appropriate use• administration andstorage of medicines• tobacco– effects on the body– effects of passivesmoking• alcohol– effects on the body• labelling of drugsEnvironmental Health• effects of pollution• individual/groupresponsibility• recycling• environmentally friendlyproductsPreventive Measures• sun protection• disease prevention• communicable diseases– immunisation• heart disease– nutrition, physicalactivity• personal hygiene– dental care• choice of health careproductsSafe LivingPersonal Safety• protection• warning signals• safe/unsafe situations• organisationsand networks– people who can help• assertiveness (No-Go-Tell)• influences onsafety choices• identifying andresponding tounsafe situations• reducing/eliminatingrisks• secrets• bribes and threatsHome and Rural Safety• safe and unsafe places• safety withmachines/appliances/animals/substances• responsibility foryounger studentsSchool and Play Safety• need for safety rulesaround school/playground• modelling fair andsafe behaviourRoad Safety• pedestrian safety– safe crossingprocedures– using traffic facilities• passenger safety– safe passengerbehaviour• safety on wheels– safe places to ride– safety equipmentWater Safety• water rescue skills• safety skills– water entry and exitEmergency Procedures• recognising an injury/seeking assistance• contacting emergencyservices
K-6Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationOverview of Subject Matter Stage 3The following overview is provided to assist teachers in planning ways in which they will cover the subject matterin this stage. Typically, it is expected that the subject matter described will be covered in this stage. The scope,sequence and degree of emphasis to be given to the subject matter, across K–6, will be determined by the needsof students and the ethos of the school. Teachers should select subject matter to ensure that students haveopportunities to achieve the outcomes of this stage.Active LifestyleComponents ofan Active Lifestyle• use of leisure time– balance of active/passive pursuits– adequate rest– enjoyment• community contacts foroutside school interests• lifestyle risk factors– exercise, nutrition,smoking• disease prevention• accumulated activityWays to be Active• developing behaviouralskills, eg self-motivation,goal setting, monitoringprogress• stretching muscle groups• skills practice activities• moderate to vigorousactivities– skipping games– tag games– circuits– fun runs– aerobics– obstacle courses– relays– power walking– ball gamesEffects of Physical Activity• effects of physicalactivity on the body– immediate, long term– strength– flexibility– cardiovascularendurance– muscular strength– muscular endurance– balance– speed• monitoring personalfitness and activityprogressDanceNon-locomotor Skills– dance holds– safe dance postureLocomotor Skills• step patterns– grapevine– waltz– polka– triplets– jiveElements of Dance• dynamics• time and rhythm– contrasting useof tempo– gradual/suddenspeed change• space– dance figures– explore symmetricaland asymmetricalbody shapes• relationships– individual and partner– group formations– objectsComposition• structure– contrastingmovement patterns• using stimulusaccompaniment– story, music, poemDance Styles• folk dance• social dance• indigenous dance– Aboriginal– Afro–Caribbean• modern• contemporarypopular danceGames and SportsNon-locomotor Skills• stretching/bending/twisting/pivoting/swinging/balancingLocomotor Skills• running variations– accelerate, decelerate– stop, start• dodging• base runningManipulative Skills• throwing– for distance/accuracy– pitch/bowl/lob– underarm/overarm/chest• catching/fielding– using equipment– attacking/defensive• dribbling– changing speed– hand/feet/stick• striking/hitting– one hand, two hands– distance and accuracy– tackling/heading• kicking– distance and accuracy– punt, drop, chip, goal• trapping/passing– using body parts– stickGames• spatial awareness– tactics/strategies– team positions– trajectory• minor games– territorial games– ball games– tag games– relays• modified games• major gamesAthletics• running– sprinting, crouch start– middle distanceand cross-country– circular relay• jumping– high jump, long jump• throwing– shotput, discusAquatics• stroke development• diving• water safety• emergency proceduresPlaying the Game• teamwork• safety considerations• benefits and influenceson participation• effort and practice• competition• fair play• rules/tactics/strategies• refereeing/umpiringGrowth & DevelopmentPersonal Identity• influences on self-esteemand behaviour– family, friends,community– personal abilities– body changes– increased responsibility– changing needsand requirements– media and culture• developing andmaintaining a positiveself-concept• setting goals• influences of mediaand culture– body image• feelings– about self and others• gender imagesand expectationsThe Body• appropriate/inappropriatetouching• body systems– functions– interrelationships• effects of nutrition, activityHuman Sexuality• changes at puberty– menstruation• reproductive process• responsibility insexual relationships– emotional readinessChanges• identify changes– physical, socialand emotional• methods of copingwith change– activity, relaxation,stress management• grief and loss– dealing with emotionsValues• importance of values• influences onpersonal values• developing a codeof behaviour• uniqueness of self– identity– development– goals• challenging discrimination44Content
K-6Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEGymnasticsNon-locomotor Skills• consolidate and practisenon-locomotor skills• static– balance (refining)– partner balance– counterbalance– handstandLocomotor Skills• consolidate and practiselocomotor skills• jumping/landing– mounting,dismounting– tucks• travelling on differentbody parts– cartwheels• rolling– forward roll (incline)– forward roll (flat mat)– backward roll (incline)– backward roll (flat mat)– side roll• climbing and hanging– climbing frames– bars– rope ladder– climbing ropesElements of Movement• spatial awareness– position– precision/accuracy– shape• dynamics– interplay of forceand time– acceleration,deceleration• relationships– with other people,pairs, trios, groups– matching, mirroring,contrasting– counterbalancing– with apparatusComposition• combinations oflocomotor and non-locomotor activitiesInterpersonalRelationshipsRelationships• personal rights• rights and responsibilities• sources of power• coercion• harassment• types of abuse• effects of abuse• solving problems• importance of positiverelationships• relating to people• changing networks• strengthening networks• challengingdiscrimination– racism, sexism,homophobia• anti-discriminationlegislationCommunication• appropriate expressionof feelings• empathising• assertiveness• ‘I’ messages• listening skills• barriers tocommunication• conflict resolution/negotiation• supporting others• recognising andarticulating feelings• presenting a viewpointFamilies• parental responsibilitiesand rights• sibling dependence• mutual dependence,rights and responsibilitiesPeers• developing andmaintaining friendshipsand workingrelationships• rights and responsibilities• overcoming peerinfluence• positive peer influence• acting on concernsfor othersGroups• changing groups• peer support• roles and responsibilitiesPersonalHealth ChoicesMaking Decisions• decision-making process• influences ondecision making– family/peers– other significantpeople– media– feelings and needsof others• considering the effectof decisions on others• supporting others intheir decision making• making health decisions• risk-taking and decisions• evaluating decisionsNutrition• nutritional needsacross lifespan• energy intake/energyexpenditure• variety of food choices• food preparation, storage• specialneeds/considerations• salt/sugar intake• saturated fatsHealth Services andProducts• health informationand services• influence of media• traditional andalternative healthproducts and servicesDrug Use• definition, legal and illegal• appropriate use,administration andstorage of medicines• effects of drugs– caffeine– alcohol– tobacco• media and drugs• effects of drug usefor the community• labelling of drugsEnvironmental Health• energy conservation• global pollution• recycling• environmentallyfriendly products• planting programsPreventive Measures• sun protection• disease prevention– communicable diseases– immunisation– sexually transmitteddiseases– blood-borne viruses,HIV/AIDS– hereditary diseases– lifestyle diseases,eg development ofheart diseaseSafe LivingPersonal Safety• protection• warning signs andsignals• identifying risksituations, people andplaces• reacting to unsafesituations• assertiveness• rights and responsibilities• maintaining/extendingnetworks• responding to risksituations• bribes, threats• safety plansHome and Rural Safety• safety with machines,appliances, animalsand substances• reducing andeliminating hazards• promoting safetyawareness• responsibility forself and others• bribes, threats• safety plansSchool and Play Safety• minimising hazardsaround theschool/playground• modelling fair and safebehaviour• promoting safetyawareness at schooland in play situationsRoad Safety• pedestrian safety– rights andresponsibilitiesof a pedestrian– safe practicesnear buses• passenger safety– responsibilityas a passenger• safety on wheels– using bicycles,skateboards androllerblades safely– safety equipmentWater Safety• in different waterenvironments• survival swimming skillsEmergency Procedures• basic first aid —DRABCD• contacting emergencyservices45Content
K-646Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationContent Overview: Beyond Stage 3Students will be provided with opportunities to:Active Lifestyle■ Plan and undertake programs that prepare the body for specific events.■ Research various techniques for the development of physical capacities, eg flexibility, strength.Dance■ Observe a video of personal performances to analyse and modify compositions.■ Compose and teach sequences for a group performance.Games and Sports■ Adopt the role of peer coach or referee in games.■ Develop and undertake a program for developing specific games skills.Growth & Development■ Research a range of stress management strategies.Gymnastics■ Participate in introductory Olympic gymnastics experiences.Interpersonal Relationships■ Develop and apply skills of mediation to resolving peer issues.■ Choose one aspect of discrimination and compile a multimedia file on anti-discrimination issues.Personal Health Choices■ Investigate a local environmental health issue — for example, passive smoking and smoke-freeenvironments — and design a set of recommendations for personal and community action.■ Review the portrayal of alcohol in popular television series.Safe Living■ Complete a lifesaving award.■ Use creative thinking skills to appraise local traffic conditions.Communicating■ Prepare articles for student newsletters advocating better health practices and policies.■ Model reflective listening in order to clarify opinions held by different parties.Decision Making■ Explore and debunk common myths that influence health decisions.■ Participate in collaborative decision-making processes in order to affect health action in the schooland community.Interacting■ Adopt collaborative leadership roles in order to accomplish group goals.■ Show empathy and support for peers who are experiencing personal difficulties.Moving■ Show mastery of fundamental movement skills in increasingly competitive or complex movementcontexts.Problem Solving■ Resolve a range of simulated personal development and health scenarios relating to issues thattypically confront teenagers.■ Use strategies such as a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) in order toanalyse problems.Content
K-647Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEImplications for Teaching and Learning in PDHPEAllocating Time to PDHPEThe Board of Studies does not prescribe time allocations to primary syllabuses. Schools, however,should consider a number of factors when planning time for PDHPE programs:■ Time should be allocated to adequately address all PDHPE syllabus outcomes. Components of theprogram concerned with assisting students to act in an informed and responsible way in complexsocial situations require systematic and explicit teaching in a carefully sequenced program. Drugeducation and child protection components, for example, will only be effective if adequate time isprovided in each stage to develop and practise the skills necessary for students to be able to act intheir own best interests in situations where they may be at risk of harm.■ The primary years are an important time for the development of fundamental movement skills. Afailure to gain these skills in primary years creates a barrier to ongoing physical activity inadolescence and adulthood. If not developed at this time they are seldom learnt in later life.■ To support health, children must be active for a minimum of 30 minutes per day. In order to reinforcethe importance of this as a lifestyle issue, schools need to make a significant contribution towardsthis goal.Safety and Physical ActivityThe syllabus promotes safe participation in physical activity. To minimise the risk of injury, childrenshould be exposed to a developmentally appropriate sequence of learning experiences. Students shouldbe given adequate instruction and practice before participating in activities that have an element of risk.Warm-up and warm-down routines should be taught and incorporated in every movement lesson.Dangerous exercises should be avoided, including those that place excessive strain on the body. Thelearning environment needs to promote safety, with facilities and equipment well maintained. Teachersshould be aware of the special medical needs of students in their class and how to manage thesesituations. (For further information see ‘Safety and Physical Activity’ on page 41 of the PDHPE K–6Modules.)Sensitive IssuesThe syllabus includes a number of issues that may be considered as sensitive in nature, eg sexuality,drug education, child protection education. The syllabus advocates an approach that supports the ethosof the school and its community. This requires:■ the management of issues in the context of a comprehensive PDHPE program;■ complying with related school and systems policies;■ involving parent and community participation;■ adopting appropriate teaching strategies.(For further information see ‘Dealing with Sensitive Issues’ on page 42 of the PDHPE K–6 Modules.)Content
K-648Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationDealing with DiscriminationThroughout the syllabus subject matter related to discrimination and harassment is included. Teachersshould be aware of the forms of discrimination covered in anti-discrimination legislation and shouldaddress them in a developmentally appropriate sequence.The specific areas of discrimination covered in the NSW Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 are: race(including colour, nationality, descent and ethnic, ethno-religious or national origin), sex, marital status,disability (including HIV/AIDS), homosexuality, age and transgender.Development of Knowledge and Skills within PDHPEEffective learning in PDHPE enables students to act upon their understanding of an issue, and valuesrelated to it. The syllabus advocates an approach where students are given a balance of firm adviceand the opportunity to practise the skills of communicating, interacting, decision making, problemsolving and moving.There will be particular issues where it will be appropriate to give clear advice on appropriatebehaviour. However, as students develop and gain greater levels of autonomy, their degree ofcompetence in the skills becomes increasingly important. Therefore, the emphasis on skilldevelopment should commence in the early stages of schooling.For example, for some young people, early experimentation with cigarette smoking and alcohol use isa significant factor in later illegal drug use. It is therefore essential to plan a drug education componentof the PDHPE program that builds decision-making skills across all years and provides opportunities forbehavioural rehearsal in Stages 2 and 3. Information that is relevant to students’ experiences atdifferent ages also needs to be incorporated.Adopting such an approach can have significant health benefits. Delaying or avoiding the onset of ayoung person’s early experimentation with legal drugs reduces the likelihood of future illegal drug use.Movement SkillsThe syllabus places significant emphasis on the development of fundamental movement skills. Theprocess by which students progress to mastery of skills commences with their being introduced to theconcept of the skill through demonstration and explanation. This is followed by practice and feedbackin a controlled environment that leads to the student reproducing the skill with consistency.It is important that students have the opportunity to learn skills in an environment that is predictableand modified to suit their level of development. The teaching process must involve the provision ofclear feedback. It is only when skills have been learnt that students can transfer and apply them to theless predictable and dynamic contexts of different physical activities, eg games, dance, gymnastics.The syllabus also requires students to apply skills in the process of composing, performing andappraising movement.Content
General Principlesfor Planning,Programming,Assessing,Reportingand Evaluating
K-651Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEGeneral Principles for Planning, Programming,Assessing, Reporting and EvaluatingEffective teaching and learning in PDHPE requires effective planning, programming, assessing andreporting practices. The quality of these practices is further enhanced when evaluation procedures thatfocus on improvement are also in place.PlanningDetermining overall policy thatwill inform the development ofprograms and procedures forimplementation of K–6 PDHPEReportingCommunicating to therelevant audience aspectsof student achievement ofoutcomesEvaluatingReflecting on all aspects ofthe teaching/learning processin order to identify areas forimproved practiceAssessingMaking judgements about whatstudents know and can do inrelation to the PDHPE syllabusoutcomesProgrammingSelecting and sequencingspecific PDHPE learningexperiences for students
K-652Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationPlanningThe process of planning is important in establishing shared, continued understanding about the PDHPEsyllabus, and effective organisational and programming practices to support its implementation.Planning needs to occur at whole-school, stage, class and individual level and should invite theinvolvement of parents and students.Schools should establish a school PDHPE policy that reflects the importance of this key learning area inthe total school curriculum. It should incorporate decisions about:■ allocation of curriculum time to PDHPE;■ funds to establish and maintain PDHPE resources;■ staff to teach PDHPE programs;■ general areas and topics to be covered in a K–6 sequence;■ links with other school policies, practices and programs that will create an environmentsupportive of the health and welfare of everyone within it.Some general principles for effective planning for PDHPE are:■ determining and acknowledging students’ prior learning and future learning needs;■ closely referring to the syllabus requirements, including outcomes, indicators, subject matter andsuggested scope and sequence overviews;■ ensuring that students receive a program that is balanced and representative of the breadth of PDHPE;■ considering and utilising resources available within the school and the wider community;■ identifying those aspects of PDHPE that may cause concern and ways they might be addressed tosupport community values and enhance the wellbeing of the student.To assist with planning, teachers are referred to more detailed advice in the PDHPE K–6 Modules onpage 23.ProgrammingProgramming is the process of selecting and sequencing learning experiences for classes, groups andindividual students to achieve the outcomes of the PDHPE syllabus. Effective programs:■ cater for the diversity of student learning needs of the group concerned;■ incorporate a sequence of learning experiences that enable students to achieve the outcomes;■ include a variety of challenging learning experiences that develop students’ confidence,enthusiasm, enjoyment and independence in their learning;■ focus on the development of knowledge, understanding and skills most relevant to students.Points to consider when programming:Selecting outcomesTowards which PDHPE outcome will students be working? Teachers need to consider assessmentinformation to determine the outcomes that students have previously achieved in order to build uponthem. By referring to indicators, teachers can observe where students are working towards or haveachieved the outcomes.
K-653Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEDeciding on a programming approachSelecting a programming approach involves deciding between a single strand model or a combinedstrand model. There may be particular issues that are appropriately dealt with by focusing on a singlestrand. Other themes or issues are best dealt with by drawing on two or more strands. For example, aunit of work on ‘Child Protection’ will deal mainly with outcomes related to Interpersonal Relationshipsand Safe Living but also includes outcomes from Growth and Development and Personal Health Choices.Opportunities for integration of PDHPE content and skills with other key learning areas should be consideredin order to effectively utilise curriculum time and enable further reinforcement of PDHPE concepts.On which strand/s will learning experiences focus? Consider the numerous opportunities for anintegrated approach — for example, units may address both Dance and Gymnastics or Personal HealthChoices, Active Lifestyle and Safe Living.Designing, selecting and sequencing learning experiencesTeachers will need to consider the developmental sequence of learning that will provide opportunitiesfor students to achieve outcomes at each stage. It is important that learning experiences engage thestudents’ interest and provide appropriate challenges. It is particularly relevant for PDHPE experiences toreflect an active learning approach in skills development and in engaging the student in physical activity.ResourcesTeachers should identify existing equipment, facilities and human resources and analyse theirsuitability. Decisions should be made about the acquisition of additional resources needed to worktowards syllabus outcomes.AssessmentDecisions need to be made about the aspects of students’ performance in PDHPE that will be assessed.The process to be used for observing or collecting evidence on what students know, believe and can doshould be outlined. Strategies such as diaries, discussions, presentations, debates, performances,observations, projects and peer assessments could be considered.The process for recording and analysing assessment information is also important for tracking studentachievement and facilitating meaningful feedback. Suitable approaches include annotated worksamples, anecdotal records and profiles. Use of the syllabus indicators or teacher-developed indicatorscan provide a useful reference in making judgements about student achievement of outcomes.EvaluationWhen programming evaluation strategies, teachers should ensure an ongoing focus on improvement.Teachers should consider:■ the success of the programmed unit of work;■ the degree to which all students’ needs are catered for;■ the extent to which students enjoyed the unit of work;■ the success of teaching/learning strategies and assessment approaches in providing students withthe opportunity to work towards and demonstrate achievement of syllabus outcomes.
K-654Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationAssessingAssessing is the process of collecting, analysing and recording information about student progresstowards achievement of syllabus outcomes. An important purpose of assessment is to determine whatstudents know and can do in order to assist in designing appropriate teaching/learning programs for allstudents. The diverse nature of the skills identified in this syllabus demands that a variety ofappropriate assessment techniques be used. The principles below underpin effective assessment.■ Assessment is integral to teaching and learning. It should be based on the syllabus learningoutcomes that specify what students know, understand and are able to do in PHDPE.■ Assessment procedures should relate to the specific knowledge and skills that are taught withinthe school program, and to the syllabus outcomes.■ A variety of assessment strategies and contexts should be used to give students the opportunitiesto demonstrate, in an authentic manner, what they know, understand and are able to do in PDHPE.■ Assessment should be reliable and valid, consistently producing results that accurately reflect thestudent’s ability to perform tasks. Furthermore, it must actually measure what it is intended to measure.■ Students may be assessed on the actual performance of a skill, eg leaping, or they may be assessedon their ability to carry out steps in a particular process, eg problem solving. Knowledge andunderstandings may be assessed through demonstrations or performances by students.The assessment process should:■ be consistent with overall school goals and general policies;■ be based on the syllabus outcomes and reflect the syllabus content;■ arise from the everyday learning experiences of students;■ enhance the self-esteem and motivation of the individual student;■ recognise and value the diverse backgrounds and experiences of students.Collecting assessment information involves:■ systematically observing students during learning experiences;■ interacting with students to gain a deeper knowledge of what they know, understand and can do;■ analysing work samples by using indicators.Forms of assessmentFormative and summative assessment complement each other, and both should be used to form acomprehensive record of student achievement.Formative assessmentFormative assessment is the practice of building a cumulative record of student achievement. This usuallytakes place during day-to-day classroom learning experiences and involves informal interaction and systematicobservation of the student. The indicators may be used to guide teacher observations. While it may alsoinclude more formal assessment procedures, formative assessment provides a broader profile of the studentthan can be determined through formal testing alone. It is a valid and valuable part of overall assessment.Summative assessmentSummative assessment is the practice of making judgements about student achievement at certain relevantpoints in the learning program, such as at the end of units of work, or the end of a term or year of schooling.Formal assessment strategies such as tests, projects and assignments are generally used to make summativejudgements. Such assessment tools may focus on a single outcome or on a number of outcomes.Diagnostic assessmentInformation gained from assessment will be used in conjunction with other information to diagnose areasof need for individuals or groups of students and to determine students’ future goals. This informationinforms planning and programming.
K-655Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEChoosing Assessment Tasks and Strategies in PDHPEThe following table may assist schools and teachers in selecting valid assessment tasks and strategies.These strategies can be used singularly or in combination to provide opportunities for students todemonstrate what they know and can do.Areas of Assessment Some examples of assessment tasks and strategiesKnowledge and Understanding Quizzes; multiple choice or true/false tests; cloze passages;blanks in matrices; matching questions with answers;labelling diagrams or models; written and spoken textsSkillsCommunicating Written spoken and visual texts; movement performances;debates; multimedia presentationsDecision Making Role-plays; scenarios; unfinished stories; mappingalternatives; identifying pros and consInteracting Group performances; diary journals; group projects;peer appraisalMoving Dance or gym performances; skills checklists;activity journalsProblem Solving Mind maps; essays; initiative games; action plansValues and Attitudes Actions; written, spoken and visual texts; Likert scales;values continuumsReportingReporting is the process of providing information, both formally and informally, about the progress ofstudent achievement. The purpose of reporting is to provide information about student learning inPHDPE, ie learning experiences that students have engaged in over a period of time and theachievement that they have demonstrated. Reports can be presented in a spoken or written form. Theprinciples below underpin effective reporting.■ Reporting of student achievement has a number of purposes for a variety of audiences such as students,parents, teachers, school and the wider community. It should provide them with constructive feedback.■ Reporting should provide a diagnosis of areas of strength and need, including those in which thestudents might be given additional support.■ Reporting information needs to be in language that is understood by the audience.Parents/caregivers will want to know how their child is progressing in relation to:■ what the student knows;■ what skills the student has gained.
K-656Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationWhen reporting to parents, the key features of the report should be:■ to provide information about how the student is progressing;■ to suggest ways in which parents can help at home, such as: initiating games that focus onmovement skills; integrating with others; practising communication skills; sharing, taking turns;demonstrating personal hygiene, nutrition and safety practices.The form of reporting to parents should take account of the levels of parent literacy in their firstlanguage and/or English, and levels of fluency in spoken English. Teachers may consider having reportstranslated into the home language. In some circumstances, interviews may be an appropriate way ofreporting to parents.EvaluatingProgram evaluation is an ongoing process. Information for use in evaluation may be gathered through:student assessment; teachers’ reflections on their teaching practices; written records such asquestionnaires, logs and diaries, submissions or records of meetings; and discussion with general staffmembers, teaching staff (including support staff), parents and other community members.Teachers need to gather, organise and interpret information in order to make judgements about theeffectiveness and appropriateness of:■ the school PDHPE policy and plan;■ teaching programs;■ teaching strategies;■ assessment strategies;■ resources;■ staff development programs.The following questions may assist in ensuring that the information sought is relevant to the evaluation:■ How did planning, programming and teaching contribute to student achievement of PDHPE outcomes?■ Were the special needs of individual students catered for?■ Was adequate time allocated for the program/units of work and sequences of PDHPE?■ How did students respond to the resources selected?■ Which learning experiences generated the most student interest and enjoyment?■ Which teaching strategies resulted in maximising student participation?Modifying programsThe final stage of program evaluation is the integration of the evaluation information into a modifiedand improved program with:■ more appropriate teaching strategies;■ more effective assessment/evaluation;■ more efficient and effective use of resources;leading to improved student outcomes in PDHPE.The process of school-level evaluation highlights the need for reflection and provides opportunities for:■ identifying areas of need;■ addressing the professional development of teachers;■ recognising school/system achievements.The evaluation of a particular area of the school’s operation will provide a starting point for a cycle offuture action for improvement.
K-657Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEGlossaryActive listening Effective listening behaviours that enhance the communication process. At ES1it involves looking at the speaker, asking questions and summarising. At laterstages it involves more complex skills such as clarifying, checking, reflecting andreframing.Activity patterns Information on the physical activity level of an individual or population,including frequency of participation, preferred activities and reasons forparticipation.Analgesics Drugs that relieve mild to moderate pain. They include aspirin, paracetamol,codeine and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories. Usually self-prescribed.Assertiveness An attitude that conveys a message that a person is ‘set’ in their response andwill not be influenced. This attitude comes from strength from within – notnecessarily from superficial dramatic responses. It may be apparent only infacial expression or posture. It is possible to be quiet, yet strong in assertiveexpression.Basic first aid Providing simple emergency care, such as control of bleeding.Bunny hops Hands are placed on the ground, shoulder width apart. From a crouchedposition, push off both feet to take weight on hands. Adopt a tucked position inthe air. Can be performed as a locomotor or non-locomotor skill.Bunt To strike a ball with a bat with a restricted follow-through in order to stop itsprogress.Bush Dance A dance style of the early colonists expressing a range of life themes. It usessimple skipping, stepping and sliding movements performed in patterns thatrange in complexity, generally in circles or sets with a partner.Chip kick To kick a ball to clear a particular height. The emphasis is not usually fordistance so the power applied is controlled.Circle games Games using a circular formation where all groups members can see each other.Compositional skills Ability to put together individual skills into an interesting and logical order, usingthe elements of movement to structure movement to express ideas. It mayresult in a product such as a dance, gym routine, or set play in a game.Counterbalance Moving the body or an object outside its normal point of balance in order tocompensate for other forces acting upon it.Creative dance A non-stylised dance form that involves the use of movement to express ideas,thoughts and feelings in response to a stimulus.Creative play Play that evolves from the student’s own thoughts, ideas and imagination. Thisform of movement exploration is not restricted by complex rules or conventions.Defensive marking Keeping in close contact with an opposition player in a competitive gamesituation in order to counteract their play.Dodge To change position suddenly to evade an opposing player. The movement canalso be incorporated in other areas such as dance.DRABCD Represents the process to follow in emergency care situations (Danger,Response, Airway, Breathing, Compressions, Defibrillation).Drug Any substance that when taken into the body alters its function physically orpsychologically, excluding food, water and oxygen.
K-658Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationDynamics This refers to how movement is performed in terms of force and flow. Dynamicsis one of the elements of movement.Egg roll Begin in a kneeling position. Tuck arms into the body and form a tight ball. Rollsideways (not over the head) and end in a kneeling position.Elements of The variables that are combined in composing and performing movement.movement (also The specific elements are dynamics, time, space and relationships.elements of dance) Other aspects that may be considered as elements are action or the types ofmovements used and structure or the way that movements are put together. Inthis syllabus action is dealt with in terms of locomotor and non-locomotormovement and structure is covered under composition.Exercise Planned, structured, repetitive bodily movement, an objective of which is toimprove or maintain one of the components of fitness.Fitness A multi-component trait related to the capacity to perform physical activity. Itconsists of health-related components (cardiorespiratory endurance, muscularstrength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition) and skill-relatedcomponents (agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time and speed).Free play Unconstrained play, exempt from regulations and restrictions.Front support Prone body position, with a straight line between shoulders and ankles. Bodyweight supported by hands with arms straight. Fingers point forward. Headneutral. In essence, this is the extended push-up position.Fundamental An organised series of basic movements that involve the combinationmovement skills of movement patterns of two or more body segments. They are considered thebuilding blocks or foundations of human movement. Running, jumping, throwing,catching, kicking and striking are all examples of fundamental movement skills.Grapevine A movement used in a range of dance styles. Moving right: step sideways withright foot, then step left foot behind, then step right foot sideways, then left footin front of right, step right, feet together. Repeat to left.‘I’ messages A form of assertive communication where the individual expresses their feelingsand opinions in a way that promotes their rights while preserving the rights ofothers, eg ‘I don’t like it when you call me names because it hurts my feelings. Iwould prefer if we were friends.’Indicator Indicators exemplify the range of behaviours that contribute to achievement ofoutcomes. Indicators assist teachers in monitoring student progress within astage. They also assist teachers in making on-balance judgements about theachievement of outcomes.Laterality Ability to use both sides of the body, eg kick a ball with right and left foot; throwand catch with both hands.Likert scale A clarification strategy where students respond to statements indicating thedegree to which they agree or disagree.Locomotor skills The range of movements that can be used to make the body travel, eg run, skip,roll, leap.Log roll (or pencil roll) Sideways roll, in extended position, with arms above the head. This skill isperformed slowly, with pauses in the prone and supine positions. Body shouldturn as one, not in segments.Medicine Non-prescribed or over-the-counter medicines can be obtained from chemistswithout a prescription. Prescribed medicines require a prescription from amedical practitioner or dentist.
K-659Personal Development, Health and Physical Education PDHPEMinor games Simple games, with few rules, designed to practise skills in a competitive situation.Modern dance A dance style originating in ballet and incorporating many of its movements, butdisregarding some of its conventions.Modified sports Sports that are adapted to suit young performers by rule or equipment changes.Movement exploration To discover the body’s potential for moving by experimentation with differentways to move.Movement patterns A series of individual movement skills linked together logically.No-Go-Tell A series of safety steps or strategies that can be used in unsafe or threateningsituations. It involves the skills required to say no in threatening situations, toget away from the unsafe situation and to seek help, advice and support.Non-locomotor skills The range of movements that can be performed that do not result in the bodytravelling, eg twist, stretch, punch. These skills can be combined with locomotorskills.On-balance judgements A term used to describe the professional judgement used to assess studentachievement of outcomes. It is a determination made based on a range ofevidence over time.Outcome A syllabus outcome expresses a specific intended result of the teaching of thesyllabus. Outcomes are derived from the content of the syllabus and arearranged in stages. They provide clear statements of the knowledge, skills andunderstandings expected to be gained by most students as a result of effectiveteaching and learning.Physical activity Bodily movement that is produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle and thatsubstantially increases energy expenditure.Punt kick To kick a ball that is dropped from the hands before it reaches the ground.Rear support Supine body position, back to the floor, with a straight line between shouldersand ankles. The body weight is supported by the hands. Fingers point to toesand arms are straight. This is an extended ‘dips’ position.Relationships This refers to how movement relates to individuals, groups and objects.(movement) Relationships is one of the elements of movement.Resilience The process and capacity that allows individuals to successfully adapt tochallenges in their lives.Response games Activities designed to develop physical vocabulary, speed of informationprocessing and reflexes.Roll with straddle Forward or backward roll ending with a finishing position where the legs areapart.Scottische A dance resembling a slow polka. Commonly, couples circle around the room,promenading forward and turning around each other. The music is in 2/4 or 4/4time.Side gallop A quick sideways movement where both feet are off the ground at once.Side sliding Moving right: step sideways with right foot then drag left foot to meet right.Repeat.Slinging To cast, hurl or fling an object into the air, eg discus.
K-660Syllabus Personal Development, Health and Physical EducationSocial and emotional Involves increased awareness and realistic expectations of self and others;development demonstration of cooperative and pro-social behaviour; constructive conflictresolution; a positive sense of self and others; pride in heritage and background;and a positive attitude to life.Space This refers to where movement takes place, the shapes, pathways and directionstravelled. Space is one of the elements of movement.Static balance A stationary balance on one foot. Dynamic balance is when the moving bodyremains balanced, eg in fluent running action.Soft landing For safety, students should give on impact (bend at knees, ankles and hips) toabsorb the shock of landing.SWOT analysis A creative thinking technique for exploring a problem or issue. It involvesidentifying relevant strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.Time This refers to when the body moves, its rhythm, duration and speed ofmovement. Time is one of the elements of movement.Tuck sit Sitting with legs bent at knees, feet close to body and knees together. Armscircle the bent knees or are held out straight to the sides.Tucked/twisted shapes Small, tight, contracted (tucked) and winding, curved, distorted, circling (twisted)shapes that the body makes in a range of movement contexts.Two-handed strike Holding the striking implement, for example bat or racquet, with both handswhen hitting a ball.Values continuum Students are asked to communicate their values in relation to particular issuesby positioning themselves on a line where the two ends of the line represent‘agree’ and ‘disagree’ (see Likert scale).