Coronavirus lockdowns around the globe have led to a dramatic five percent drop in greenhouse gas emissions, according to UNCTAD estimates, but not all measures to contain the pandemic have had a positive impact on the environment.
Our streets, beaches and ocean have been hit by a tidal wave of COVID-19 waste including plastic face masks, gloves, hand sanitizer bottles and food packaging.
“Plastic pollution was already one of the greatest threats to our planet before the coronavirus outbreak,” said Pamela Coke-Hamilton, UNCTAD’s director of international trade. “The sudden boom in the daily use of certain products to keep people safe and stop the disease is making things much worse.”
Global sales of disposable face masks alone are set to skyrocket from an estimated US$800 million in 2019 to $166 billion in 2020, according to business consulting firm Grand View Research.
But this is only part of the story. Social distancing has also led to a flood of products delivered daily to homes – wrapped in a plethora of packaging – as people turn to online shopping and takeout services. The ensuing plastic waste is enormous.
For instance, during Singapore’s eight-week lockdown that eased on June 1, the island city-state’s 5.7 million residents discarded an additional 1,470 tons of plastic waste from takeout packaging and food delivery alone, according to a survey cited by the LA Times.
Historical data tell us that about 75 percent of coronavirus plastic will likely become waste clogging our landfills and floating in our seas. And the costs are staggering.
The negative spillover effects of plastic waste on fisheries, tourism and maritime transport, for example, add up to an estimated $40 billion each year, according to the UN Environment Programme.
Trade policy’s role overlooked
Plastic is an ingredient in countless products traded internationally every day – from cars to toys to household appliances. Even goods that contain no plastic, such as apples or chocolate bars, are shipped in millions of tons of plastic packaging each year.
“Plastic production and consumption are a global system that has lots of trade dimensions,” Ms. Coke-Hamilton said.
“But the important role that global trade policies could play in the fight against plastic pollution has not garnered the attention it deserves,” she said while presenting an UNCTAD analysis of trade in plastics, sustainability and development to the World Trade Organization’s trade and environment committee on 3 July.
The number of trade measures mentioning plastics – such as technical regulations, subsidies, licenses and bans – reported to the WTO has increased annually by 28 percent over the past decade, showing growing concern among WTO members.
“But the way countries have been using trade policy to fight plastic pollution has mostly been uncoordinated, which limits the effectiveness of their efforts, Coke-Hamilton said. “There are limits to what any country can achieve on its own.”
She said the 164 developing and developed economies that make up the WTO have the ability to write multilateral trade rules that could more effectively address the fundamental issues of the global plastics economy.
Less pollution, more jobs
Besides regulating the production and consumption of plastics, UNCTAD urges governments and businesses to identify non-fossil fuel plastic substitutes.
The list of non-toxic, biodegradable or easily recyclable materials that could replace plastic includes many well-known materials, such as glass, ceramics, natural fibres, paper, cardboard, rice husk, natural rubber and animal proteins.
As developing countries are key suppliers of many plastic substitutes, increased global demand could create new, greener trade and investment opportunities for them.
Developing nations supply, for example, 92 percent of the world’s jute, with the main suppliers being Bangladesh (74 percent) and India (9 percent). They also accounted for 94 percent of global natural rubber exports in 2019, with Thailand (31.5 percent), Indonesia (30 percent) and Côte d’Ivoire (8.5 percent) leading the pack.
Developing countries have a big stake in the global plastics economy. Their share of global plastics production jumped from 43.5 percent in 2009 to 58 percent in 2018. And two out of three plastic manufacturing jobs are in the global south.
“Since many plastics substitutes are also labour intensive, changes in production and consumption patterns could create new jobs,” Coke-Hamilton said.