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The continuous and progressive aspects (abbreviated CONT and PROG) are grammatical aspects that express incomplete action ("to do") or state ("to be") in progress at a specific time: they are non-habitual, imperfective aspects.
In the grammars of many languages the two terms are used interchangeably. This is also the case with English: a construction such as "He is washing" may be described either as present continuous or as present progressive. However, there are certain languages for which two different aspects are distinguished. In Chinese, for example, progressive aspect denotes a current action, as in "he is getting dressed", while continuous aspect denotes a current state, as in "he is wearing fine clothes".
As with other grammatical categories, the precise semantics of the aspects vary from language to language, and from grammarian to grammarian. For example, some grammars of Turkish count the -iyor form as a present tense; some as a progressive tense; and some as both a continuous (nonhabitual imperfective) and a progressive (continuous non-stative) aspect.
The progressive aspect expresses the dynamic quality of actions that are in progress while the continuous aspect expresses the state of the subject that is continuing the action. For instance, "Tom is reading" can express dynamic activity: "Tom is reading a book" - i.e. right now (progressive aspect), or Tom's current state: "Tom is reading for a degree" - i.e. Tom is a student (continuous aspect). The aspect can often be ambiguous; "Tom is reading Ulysses" may describe his current activity (it's in his hand), or the state of having started, but not yet finished, the book (it's in his bag).
Unless otherwise indicated, the following languages treat continuous and progressive aspects the same, in which case the term continuous is used to refer to both.
The continuous aspect is constructed by using a form of the copula, "to be", together with the present participle (marked with the suffix -ing). It is generally used for actions that are occurring at the time in question, and does not focus on the larger time-scale. For example, the sentence "Andrew was playing tennis when Jane called him." indicates what Andrew was doing when Jane called him, but does not indicate for how long Andrew played, nor how often he plays; for that, the simple past would suffice: "Andrew played tennis three hours every day for several years."
The progressive aspect in English likely arose from two constructions that were used fairly rarely in Old and Early Middle English. The first used a form of beon/wesan (to be/to become) with a present participle (-ende). This construction has an analogous form in Dutch (see below). The second used beon/wesan, a preposition, and a gerund (-unge), and has been variously proposed as being influenced by similar forms in Latin and French or British Celtic, though evidence one way or another is scant. Over the course of the Middle English period, sound shifts in the language meant that the (-ende) participle ending and the (-unge) gerund ending merged into a new ending, (-ing). This change, which was complete in southern England around the late fifteenth century and spread north from there, rendered participles and gerunds indistinguishable. It is at this point that a sudden increase in the use of progressive forms is visible, though they would not take their current form until the eighteenth century. Linguist Herbert Schendl has concluded that "with this feature, a polygenetic origin ... seems attractive, and at least the further extension of the progressive is a language-internal development."
In the Amazigh language, past continuous is formed by using the fixed participle ttugha (original meaning: I forgot); ttugha is added before the verb that is in the present tense. So we have:
Ntta itari: he writes / he is writing
Ntta ttugha itari: he was writing
Present continuous is usually the same as the present tense. But in the Riff variety of Berber, the participle aqqa is added before the verb to form present continuous.
Chinese is one family of languages that makes a distinction between the continuous and progressive aspects.
Cantonese has a very regular system for expressing aspects via verb suffixes. ? is typically used to express progressive aspect while ? is used to express continuous aspect. Take the following example:
|Progressive||I am putting on clothes.|
|Continuous||I am wearing clothes.|
In the example, the progressive aspect expresses the fact that the subject is actively putting on clothes rather than merely wearing them as in the continuous aspect. This example is useful for showing English speakers the difference between continuous and progressive because "wearing" in English never conveys the progressive aspect. (Instead, "putting on" must be used).
In Cantonese, the progressive marker ? can express the continuous aspect as well, depending on the context (so the example above could also mean "I'm wearing clothes" in addition to "I'm putting on clothes"), but in general, the progressive aspect is assumed. In order to emphasize the progressive aspect rather than the continuous, (literally meaning "at here") can be used in front of the verb:
can also be used without ? to indicate the progressive aspect.
Unlike Cantonese, Mandarin does not have a verb suffix for expressing the progressive aspect, but it can use the pre-verbal auxiliary zhèngzài (or just ?), similar to how Cantonese uses in front of the verb. The continuous aspect does have a verb suffix, ?/? zhe, which is cognate with the Cantonese ? in this context.
|Progressive||I am putting on clothes.|
|Continuous||I am wearing clothes.|
For more information see Chinese grammar § Aspects.
Danish has several ways of constructing continuous aspect.
The continuous aspect is commonly used in Dutch, though not as often as in English. There are various methods of forming a continuous:
French does not have a continuous aspect per se; events that English would describe using its continuous aspect, French would describe using a neutral aspect. Many express what they are doing in French by just using the present tense. That being said, French can express a continuous sense using the periphrastic construction être en train de ("to be in the middle of"); for example, English's "we were eating" might be expressed in French either as nous étions en train de manger (literally "we were in the middle of eating"), or as simply nous mangions ("we ate").
An exception is in relating events that took place in the past: the imperfect has a continuous aspect in relation to the simple (historic) past; e.g. nous mangions quand il frappa à la porte ("we were eating when he knocked at the door"). However, the passé composé is more often used to denote past events with a neutral aspect in a non-narrative context.
It is also possible to use the present participle, e.g. Nous mangeant, il frappait à la porte, or the gerund (Gérondif).
Quebec French often expresses a continuous sense using the periphrastic construction être après (lit. "to be after"); for example, English's "we were eating" might be expressed in Quebec French either as nous étions après manger, or as simply nous mangions (imparfait).
Formed exactly as in Rhinish German, Jèrriais constructs the continuous with verb êt' (be) + à (preposition) + infinitive. For example, j'têmes à mangi translates as we were eating.
There is no continuous aspect in standard German. The aspect can be expressed with gerade (just now, at the moment) as in er liest gerade meaning he is reading. Certain regional dialects, such as those of the Rhineland, the Ruhr Area, and Westphalia, form a continuous aspect using the verb sein (to be), the inflected preposition am or beim (at the or on the), and the neuter noun that is formed from an infinitive. This construction was likely borrowed from Low German or Dutch which use the exact construction to convey the same meaning. For example, ich bin am Lesen, ich bin beim Lesen (literally I am on/at the reading) means I am reading. Known as the rheinische Verlaufsform (roughly Rhinish progressive form), it has become increasingly common in the casual speech of many speakers around Germany through popular media and music, although it is still frowned upon in formal and literary contexts. In Southern Austro-Bavarian, the aspect can be expressed using tun (to do) as an auxiliary with the infinitive of the verb as in er tut lesen for he is reading (cf. English he does reading).
In Hawaiian, the present tense progressive aspect form ke + verb + nei is very frequently used.
Hindi and Urdu have a definite progressive/continuous aspect, marked by auxiliaries, for past, present, and future. It is distinguished from the habitual aspect, and is widely used in everyday speech. Like English, it is also used to denote an immediate future action. Hindustani uses the habitual construction for both the stative aspect and the progressive one. For a complete conjugation of the continuous tenses, see Hindustani grammar.
The continuous/progressive aspect is marked by a progressive participle rah? which agrees with the gender and number of the subject and is followed by the copula hon? (to be, to happen, to exist, to have) in proper conjugation.
|Indicative||Present||bè?h rah? hè||bè?h rah? hè||bè?h rahe hè?||bè?h rah hè?||he/she is (in the process of) sitting.|
|Past||bè?h rah? th?||bè?h rah? th?||bè?h rahe the||bè?h rah th||he/she was (in the process of) sitting.|
|Future||bè?h rah? hog?||bè?h rah? hog?||bè?h rahe hõge||bè?h rah hõg?||he/she will be (in the process of) sitting.|
|Presumptive||Present||presumably he/she might be (in the process of) sitting. [currently]|
|Past||presumably he/she might have/had been (in the process of) sitting.|
|Future||presumably he/she might will be (in the process of) sitting.|
|Subjunctive||Present||bè?h rah? ho||bè?h rah? ho||bè?h rahe hõ||bè?h rah hõ||(hoping) that he/she be (in the process of) sitting. [currently]|
|Past||bè?h rah? hot?||bè?h rah? hot?||bè?h rahe hote||bè?h rah hot||(hoping) he/she were (in the process of) sitting. [protasis phrase]|
|Future||bè?h rah? hoe||bè?h rah? hoe||bè?h rahe ho?||bè?h rah ho?||(hoping) that he/she will be (in the process of) sitting.|
|Conditional||Present||bè?h rah? hot?||bè?h rah? hot?||bè?h rahe hote||bè?h rah hot||he/she would have been (in the process of) sitting. [apodosis phrase]|
|Future||bè?h rah? hog?||bè?h rah? hog?||bè?h rahe hõge||bè?h rah hõg?||he/she would be (in the process of) sitting. [apodosis phrase]|
Icelandic possesses a present continuous aspect much like that found in English. This feature is unique among the Scandinavian languages. It is formed with the copula vera (to be) + að (infinitive marker) + infinite verb. Its usage differs slightly from English, as it generally cannot be used in static contexts, for example standing or sitting, but rather to describe specific activities. The following examples illustrate this phenomenon.
In contrast with:
In the second example, the simple present tense is used as it describes a state, standing on the table. The construction *ég er að standa á borðinu is incorrect[clarification needed] in Icelandic. In addition this method of constructing the continuous present there exists a second method akin to the one which exists in the other Scandinavian languages, where a present participle ending in -andi is used along with the copula vera. This is a way of using the present participle that is analysed as more adjectival or adverbial than verbal, as it cannot be used with transitive verbs. With certain verbs it also has a frequentative implication, as in the following example:
Technically the use of the present participle is often not an example of continuous aspect in Icelandic.
Italian forms a progressive aspect in much the same way as in Spanish, using a conjugated form of the verb stare ("to stay") followed by the gerund of the main verb. There are only two forms of gerunds, the choice depending upon the ending of the main verb in the infinitive: -ando for verbs whose infinitive ends in -are (parlare/parlando, mangiare/mangiando) or -endo if the infinitive ends in -ere or -ire (leggere/leggendo, dormire/dormendo). Thus 'I am speaking/reading/sleeping' is expressed Sto parlando/leggendo/dormendo.
The present tense and the present progressive can have distinct meanings in Italian. Both can be used for present-time actions in progress: parlo con Mario and sto parlando con Mario can both mean 'I'm speaking with Mario (this moment, right now)', but only the bare present can be used to express ongoing state, as in parlo inglese 'I speak English', i.e. to convey the information 'I am able to speak English' (regardless of what I am doing at the time of speaking). Thus the present progressive clarifies immediacy: Sto uscendo 'I'm leaving (just now; on my way out)'.
The present continuous is formed by using the present tense of the verb stare + the gerund. As in English, the gerund conveys the main meaning of the utterance: sto pattinando (skating), I am skating. For the regular verbs, the gerund is formed from the infinitive of the verb by taking the stem and attaching the appropriate gerund suffix: -are verbs take -ando and the -ere and -ire verbs both take -endo. The table shows the conjugations of stare in the present tense with a gerund to exemplify the present continuous:
|io||sto avendo||sto essendo||sto parlando||sto credendo||sto finendo||sto dicendo||sto opponendo|
|tu||stai avendo||stai essendo||stai parlando||stai credendo||stai finendo||stai dicendo||stai opponendo|
|egli/ella||sta avendo||sta essendo||sta parlando||sta credendo||sta finendo||sta dicendo||sta opponendo|
|noi||stiamo avendo||stiamo essendo||stiamo parlando||stiamo credendo||stiamo finendo||stiamo dicendo||stiamo opponendo|
|voi||state avendo||state essendo||state parlando||state credendo||state finendo||state dicendo||state opponendo|
|essi/esse||stanno avendo||stanno essendo||stanno parlando||stanno credendo||stanno finendo||stanno dicendo||stanno opponendo|
The present continuous tense has a very predictable conjugation pattern even for verbs that are typically irregular, such as essere ("to be") and avere ("to have"). For verbs with reduced infinitives, the gerund uses the same stem as the imperfect (which sometimes corresponds to the stem of the 1st person singular indicative present).
|infinitive||1st sing. present||1st sing. imperfect||gerund|
To form the past progressive, stare is conjugated in the imperfect and used with the gerund. For example, while sto andando means "I am going", stavo andando expresses I was going. In conventional Italian speaking, stavo andando and imperfect andavo are mostly interchangeable in the progressive meaning (stavo andando/andavo in ospedale... 'I was going [i.e. on my way] to the hospital...'), whereas past habitual "I used to go", "I went (often, repeatedly)" is expressible only with the imperfect andavo.
Conjugations of the Past Progressive:
|io||stavo avendo||stavo essendo||stavo parlando||stavo credendo||stavo finendo||stavo dicendo||stavo opponendo|
|tu||stavi avendo||stavi essendo||stavi parlando||stavi credendo||stavi finendo||stavi dicendo||stavi opponendo|
|lui/lei||stava avendo||stava essendo||stava parlando||stava credendo||stava finendo||stava dicendo||stava opponendo|
|noi||stavamo avendo||stavamo essendo||stavamo parlando||stavamo credendo||stavamo finendo||stavamo dicendo||stavamo opponendo|
|voi||stavate avendo||stavate essendo||stavate parlando||stavate credendo||stavate finendo||stavate dicendo||stavate opponendo|
|loro||stavano avendo||stavano essendo||stavano parlando||stavano credendo||stavano finendo||stavano dicendo||stavano opponendo|
Like the present progressive, the Italian past progressive is extremely regular. Forms of stare are those common to -are verbs in the imperfect (stare/stavo, parlare/parlavo, etc.).
There is no readily available means in Italian for expressing the distinction between English "We were reading" and "We have been reading."
Standard Japanese uses the same grammar form to form the progressive and the continuous aspect, specifically by using the -te iru form of a verb. Depending on the transitivity of the verb, they are interpreted as either progressive or continuous. For example:
Some dialects such as Ch?goku dialect and Shikoku dialect have different grammar forms for the progressive and the continuous aspect; the -toru form for the progressive and the -yoru form for the continuous. For example:
In Portuguese the continuous aspect is marked by gerund, either by a proper -ndo ending (common in Brazil and Alentejo) or a (to) and the infinitive (gerundive infinitive - common in most Portugal); for example to be doing would be either estar a fazer or, similar to other Romance languages, estar fazendo.
Quechua uses a specific suffix: -chka or -ykaa; which is directly attached before the conjugation suffixes. Although the continuous aspect in Quechua is similar to that of English, it is more used than the simple tenses and is commonly translated into them (simple present and past), because of the idea that actions are not instantaneous, but they have a specific duration (mikuni [I eat] and mikuchkani [I am eating] are both correct, but it is preferred to use mikuchkani because we do no eat in a second).
In Slavic languages there is a clear distinction between perfective and imperfective grammatical aspects in the verb stem, with the latter emphasizing that the action is or was in progress (habitual or otherwise). It was in relation to these languages that the modern concept of grammatical aspect in general originally developed. Majority of verbs in Slavic languages have at least one matching pair of the other aspect - e.g. Czech koupit (perfective; done on a single occasion) and kupovat (imperfective; done over a longer period of time) which would translate as "to buy" and "be buying" respectively.
Perfective verbs are commonly formed from imperfective ones by the addition of a prefix, or else the imperfective verb is formed from the perfective one by modification of the stem or ending. Suppletion also plays a small role. Perfective verbs cannot generally be used with the meaning of a present tense - their present-tense forms in fact have future reference. An example of such a pair of verbs, from Polish, is given below:
In at least the East Slavic and West Slavic languages, there is a three-way aspect differentiation for verbs of motion, with two forms of imperfective, determinate and indeterminate, and one form of perfective. The two forms of imperfective can be used in all three tenses (past, present, and future), but the perfective can only be used with past and future. The indeterminate imperfective expresses habitual aspect (or motion in no single direction), while the determinate imperfective expresses progressive aspect. The difference corresponds closely to that between the English "I (regularly) go to school" and "I am going to school (now)". The three-way difference is given below for the Russian basic (unprefixed) verbs of motion. When prefixes are attached to Russian verbs of motion, they become more or less normal imperfective/perfective pairs, although the prefixes are generally attached to the indeterminate imperfective to form the prefixed imperfective and to the determinate imperfective to form the prefixed perfective. For example, prefix - + indeterminate ? = ?; and prefix - + determinate = (to arrive (on foot)).
In Spanish, the continuous is constructed much as in English, using a conjugated form of estar (to be) plus the gerundio (gerund/gerundive/adverbial participle) of the main verb; for example, estar haciendo means to be doing (haciendo being the gerundio of hacer, to do).
Like English, Spanish also has a few related constructions with similar structures and related meanings; for example, seguir haciendo means to keep doing (seguir being to continue).
Conjugations of the Present Progressive in Spanish:
|person||estar (to be)||hablar (to talk)||creer (to believe)||terminar (to finish)||decir (to say)||trabajar (to work)|
|yo||estoy||estoy hablando||estoy creyendo||estoy terminando||estoy diciendo||estoy trabajando|
|tú||estás||estás hablando||estás creyendo||estás terminando||estás diciendo||estás trabajando|
|usted||está||está hablando||está creyendo||está terminando||está diciendo||está trabajando|
|él/ella||está||está hablando||está creyendo||está terminando||está diciendo||está trabajando|
|nosotros||estamos||estamos hablando||estamos creyendo||estamos terminando||estamos diciendo||estamos trabajando|
|ustedes||están||están hablando||están creyendo||están terminando||están diciendo||están trabajando|
|ellos||están||están hablando||están creyendo||están terminando||están diciendo||están trabajando|