Of all the world’s ancient calendar systems, the Maya and other Mesoamerican systems are the most complicated and accurate Maya astronomers — priests looked to the heavens for guidance. They used observatories, devices to cast shadows, and watched the horizon to trace the movement of the sun, stars and planets. They calculated and recorded the information in books known as “codices.” The Maya developed calendars to keep track of celestial movements and the passage of time.
Information from here.
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