Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)
The genre Heliamphora carnivorous plants have 23 varieties of pitcher plants that are widespread in South America. Everyone knows the species group as “sun pitchers,” because of the misguided opinion that the Heli of Heliamphora derives from the Greek Helios, meaning "sun". Actually, the name is derivative of helos, meaning marsh. Therefore, a more precise translation of their scientific name should read as marsh pitcher plants. Species of Heliamphora are carnivorous plants, consisting of a modified leaf structure that merges with a tubular shape. They have mechanisms developed that avoid their filling up with water, yet draw, entrap, and eradicate insects.
All species of Heliamphora are prevalent in the tepuis, found in the Guiana Highlands of South America and uplands in their neighborhood. Most originate in Venezuela, though you can find a few of them in northern Brazil and western Guyana. Heliamphora minor is a species that you find in Venezuela.
All Heliamphora are herbaceous lasting plants. These grow from a subterranean rhizome (tuber) in the form of a shrub that can grow as tall as four meters, and the rest of the plants form flat rosettes. The size of the leaf varies from just a few centimeters, going beyond 50 cm. Heliamphora have tubular traps shaped by rolling leaves with complex edges. Among pitcher plants, It is rare to find Marsh pitcher plants without lids (opercula). These have a small "nectar spoon" in the upper flat portion of the leaf. This spoon-like arrangement oozes a nectar-like matter, which lures small animals and insects. Each pitcher also shows a tiny opening on its side that enables drainage of surplus rainwater, comparable to an overflowing sink. That is how the marsh pitcher plants maintain a steady and high level of rainwater inside the pitcher. The inner surface of the pitcher has hairs pointing down, that forces insects into the lower parts of the pitcher.
Heliamphora relies on the enzymes in their mouth to digest their prey, as they do not produce the enzymes themselves. They use their pitfall trap to trap and kill the prey with the aid of chemical and visual seduction. Only some species produce the digestive enzymes, and if you strictly consider a carnivorous plant only by their producing enzymes, many Heliampohora will fall outside the carnivorous category. Ants form the main prey of these plants, but some like Heliamphora Tatei have adapted to add more flying insects to their diet. However, most of their carnivorous habits are weak in insufficient light.
Tips for Domestic Cultivation
Care in cultivation
The highland species of these plants need a cool temperature and the lowland species require warm temperatures. Provide high and continuous humidity for their comfort.
For soil substrate, use live sphagnum moss or long-fibered and shredded ones. If you add a little pumice, perlite and lava rock, it will help drainage and retain the moisture, with are both important to these plants. Keep up the high humidity levels by frequent misting if necessary.
For seed germination, scatter the seeds on properly milled sphagnum moss and exposing to good humidity in bright sunlight, and you will see the germination in a few weeks.