Name (literally ‘poster designer’) taken by the French artists and photographers Raymond Hains (1926–2005) and Jacques Villeglé (1926– ), who met in 1949 and during the early 1950s devised a technique of making collages from fragments of torn‒down posters. They called these works, which they first exhibited in 1957, affiches lacérées (torn posters). Villeglé manipulated the posters to create particular images and effects, but Hains left them more or less as he found them in an attempt to demonstrate the aesthetic bankruptcy of the advertising world. Both artists became associated with Nouveau Réalisme. Other artists adopted a similar technique in the 1950s, notably the Italian Mimmo Rotella and the German Wolf Vostell.