Clinical research is crucial in determining the safety and efficiency of medication and other healthcare practices intended to be used on human beings. Clinical research is imperative to society since studies add to general medical knowledge. Most of what we know today came to light because of medical research devised to answer important scientific and health care controversies and questions. It can give crucial information about disease patterns, risk factors, results of treatment or public health interventions, practical capacities, trends and patterns of care, and health care expenses and patient and healthcare workers’ perceptions (Vijayananthan, A., & Nawawi, O. 2008).
Clinical research opens ways of advancing prevention, medications and treatment solutions for healthcare problems. Clinical research demonstrates what does and doesn't work in individuals. For this to work, clinical studies use research with human participants who are fundamental to this advancement. Because of this, every researcher intending to use human participants in their research must ensure that the study complies with certain regulations that protect the human subjects which help reduce the risks that medical research bears. These regulations are known as Good Clinical Practice (GCP).
When you are engaged in clinical research designing and implementation, you ought to have the capacity to demonstrate that you know about the GCP rules.
Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is an ethical and quality standard for the design, conduct, performance, monitoring, auditing, recording, analysis and reporting of clinical trials involving human subjects. It protects the rights and privacy of the participants.
GCP assures that the data and reported results are reliable and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of study subjects are respected and protected.
Vijayananthan & Nawawi, 2008
GCP aims to ensure the following:
Subject safety: The human subject must feel safe at all times during the trial.
Subject rights are protected i.e:
Quality data that is based on a scientific logical protocol designed to meet its objectives and can be used for regulatory decision-making.
Involvement of human subjects in medical research became part of the American political agenda since the early 1900s. Before the Pure Food and Drugs Act in 1906, the first landmark event in food and drugs regulation, all drugs were sold like any other consumer goods. Unsafe drugs could easily be brought into the market leading to serious adverse effects and/or mortality. For the first time, in 1938, manufacturers were obligated to test drugs, food or cosmetics for safety and present the evidence to FDA prior to marketing. This was known as the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
The Declaration of Helsinki, which is considered a key document on the ethical principles that underlie GCP, was first developed by the World Medical Association (WMA) and adopted in June 1964, at the 18th World Medical Assembly in Helsinki, Finland. The Declaration of Helsinki has been revised and updated several times since then, most recently in October 2000, at the 52nd WMA General Assembly in Edinburgh, UK. It is supported by 190 nations around the world (Otte A, et al. 2005). In April 1979 the Belmont Report was issued by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioural Research. (Vijayananthan, A., & Nawawi, O. 2008). The principles of this report are as follows:
In 1982, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) released a document entitled ‘International Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects‘ to help developing countries apply the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Nuremberg Code. The guideline was issued globally. This led to organizations worldwide to release various versions of the issue.
In an effort to avoid GCP inconsistencies, a decision was made to consolidate all these guidelines. The International Conference for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) was then held and issued the ICH Guidelines which was approved on 17 July 1996 and implemented for clinical trials from 17 January 1997. Representatives of authorities and pharmaceutical companies from the EU, Japan and the United States as well as those of Australia, Canada, the Nordic countries and WHO participated in the consolidation of these guidelines (European Medicines Agency).
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Compliance with ICH GCP is one of the central requirement that clinical researchers refer to all over the globe. ICH GCP indicates the central importance of GCP for data management in clinical trials (Ohmann, C. et al, 2011). ICH GCP section 5 describes some requirements for the use of electronic data capture (EDC), e.g. the sponsors operating such computer systems must validate their systems, maintain SOPs for their use, ensure an audit trail for each data change and provide for data security (The International Council for Harmonisation, 1996). Below is a table showing how Teamscope complies with all the ICH GCP Data management Guidelines according to Section 5.5 of the manual:
Teamscope's form builder allows researchers to customize their eCRFs using skip logic, calculations, and field validation. Errors messages can be set up to alert researchers when the data entered is out of range or invalid.
Teamscope maintains a user manual that covers the platform's functionality and features.
Users cannot delete data on Teamscope, only modify it or archive it. The study administrator may view an audit trail of all changes to research data and eCRFs.
Users require a unique username and password to authenticate, sessions across all platforms timeout after a limited time. To view a eCRF and/or study data a user requires study-specific permissions. Data-at-rest is encrypted using 256-bit AES and data-in-transit is communicated using TLS 1.2. Every day all data is backed up on redundant servers.
A permission-based system is in place. Study administrator create granular permissions to individual users as well as groups of users.
We have automatic daily backups and standard operating procedure (SOP) to restore our databases.
By using our permissions-based access system, the users of a study may be blinded from specific data elements or eCRFs.
All data changes on Teamscope are reflected in the Audit Trials report.
Every case and saved eCRF has a unique identifier, these identifiers helps researchers to minimize the risk of capturing data of a wrong study subject.
Clinical trials seek to answer questions that change over time and that are basic research progress problems they are intended to address. Prospective new treatments must be tried on human subjects keeping in mind the end goal to see if they succeed or cause harm. This is why GCP is important. It makes clinical research more effective, harmonized and ethical. Every research team must have a mentality that is significant in protecting patients' rights and guaranteeing data integrity. It is a direct result of the compliance of GCP guidelines that patients rights are protected. Amid any system, wellbeing and safety of the patients and also guaranteed. GCP also promotes data integrity and credibility.
Good Clinical Practice = Ethics + Quality Data
Teamscope offers strong data validation and protection with data ranges, audit trails, and encryption making your study data high quality and GCP compliant.
1. European Medicines Agency. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline E6: Note for Guidance on Good Clinical Practice (PMP/ICH/135/95) London: European Medicines Agency; 2002
2. International Committee for Harmonisation Website https://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Efficacy/E6/E6_R1_Guideline.pdf
3. Malaysian Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice. 2nd edition. Ministry of Health Malaysia; 2004.
4. Ohmann, C., Kuchinke, W., Canham, S., Lauritsen, J., Salas, N., Schade-Brittinger, C., … Torres, F. (2011). Standard requirements for GCP-compliant data management in multinational clinical trials. Trials, 12, 85. http://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-12-85
5. Otte A, et al. Good Clinical Practice: Historical background and key aspects. 2005;26:563–74.
6. Vijayananthan, A., & Nawawi, O. (2008). The importance of Good Clinical Practice guidelines and its role in clinical trials. Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal, 4(1), e5. http://doi.org/10.2349/biij.4.1.e5
7. World Health Organization http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/safety_efficacy/gcp1.pdf