What does an intraplate eruption look like?
The Hawaiian Islands are formed from a hotspot beneath the Pacific Ocean. Volcanoes grow above the hotspot. Lava flows down the hillsides and some of it reaches the ocean, causing the islands to grow. Too hot now, but a great place in the future for beach lovers!
Volcanic Hot Spots
Some volcanoes form over active hotspots. Scientists count about 50 hotspots on the Earth. Hotspots lie directly above a column of hot rock called a mantle plume. Mantle plumes continuously bring hot rock up from the mantle towards the crust (Figure below). The rock melts due to the release of pressure.
Mantle plumes are found all over the world, especially in the ocean basins. The size of the eruptions is different at different plumes.
Hotspots may be in the middle of a tectonic plate. They create intraplate volcanoes.
Hotspots in the Oceans
Hotspots are much more common beneath ocean crust. This is because ocean crust is thinner. The plume can more easily penetrate this crust. As the tectonic plates move above a hot spot, they form a chain of volcanoes. The islands of Hawaii formed over a hot spot in the middle of the Pacific plate. The volcanoes are massive shield volcanoes that together create the islands. The lavas are mafic and have low viscosity. These lavas produce beautiful ropy flows of pāhoehoe and clinkery flows of a'a. These lava types will be described in more detail in Effusive Eruptions.
The Hawaii hot spot has been active for tens of millions of years. The volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands formed at this hot spot. Older volcanoes that formed at the hot spot have eroded below sea level. These are called the Emperor Seamounts.
Loihi seamount is currently active beneath the water southeast of the Big Island of Hawaii. One day the volcano will rise above sea level. Loihi will join the volcanoes of the island or create a new island (Figure below).
A bathymetric map of Loihi seamount. Loihi will be the next shield volcano in the Hawaiian-Emperor chain.
A hot spot beneath Hawaii, the origin of the voluminous lava produced by the shield volcano Kilauea can be viewed here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byJp5o49IF4 (2:06).
Hot spots may also be active at plate boundaries. This is especially common at mid-ocean ridges. Iceland is formed by a hot spot along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Hotspots within Continents
Hot spots are found within continents, but not as commonly as within oceans. They are not common because it takes a massive mantle plume to penetrate the thick continental crust. Eruptions from these hotspots are rare but massive. The Yellowstone hot spot is a famous example of a continental hot spot.
hotspot: A fixed region of hot material that creates magma and generates volcanoes.
mantle plume: A zone of hot material that rises toward the surface from deeper in the mantle and can generate hotspots.
- Volcanoes grow above hotspots. A hotspot is a zone of melting above a mantle plume.
- Hotspot volcanoes are better able to penetrate oceanic crust than continental crust. We see many more hotspot volcanoes in the oceans.
- Shield volcanoes commonly form above hotspots in the oceans.
Use this resource to answer the questions that follow.
What is a Hotspot? at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhSaE0omw9o (2:13)
- What is a hotspot?
- What does a thermal plume allow for?
- What causes convection?
- What does the volcano build?
- What carries the volcanoes away from a hotspot?
- What causes melting at a hotspot?
- Describe how the Hawaiian hotspot formed a chain of volcanoes. Where are the oldest? Where is the youngest?
- What do you think the future for Loihi seamount will be?