Snapshot 1: a highly virulent organism after a short period of growth in a healthy person
Snapshot 2: a highly virulent organism after a short period of growth in a person having a compromised immune system
Snapshot 3: a milder virulent organism after a short period of growth in a person having a compromised immune system
Snapshot 4: a milder virulent organism after a long period of growth in a healthy person
This Demonstration presents an expanded Fermi solution method [1, 2] to estimate the probability of becoming sick or dying as a result of consuming food contaminated with a pathogenic bacterium. The method is based on a modified version of the beta-Poisson model of dose-response curves  where the "dose" (the number of ingested cells) is replaced by an exponential growth term to account for the pathogen’s ability to multiply in the food before its ingestion.
The pathogen's dose-response curve, which is displayed at the top, is a modified version of the beta-Poisson model :
is the probability of being poisoned by ingesting
the number that will result in 50% infection, and
the pathogen's characteristic constant.
The combined model has two components: one
determined by the organism's dose-response curve and number of cells actually ingested, and the other determined by
), a parameter that accounts for the individual’s susceptibility or resistance to infection. The first component has the form:
is the initial number of cells,
the growth time (e.g. in hours or days) starting from incomplete cooking, for example, and
a characteristic exponential growth rate constant in the corresponding units. Where
(indicating susceptibility), the poisoning probability rises, and where
(indicating resistance), it is lowered. According to the combined model, the food poisoning probability
is given by the following: if
are rarely if ever known exactly, they are identified by the upper and lower limits of their probable ranges, set by sliders. Random parameter values from within their respective ranges are then used to compute
estimates repeatedly using the above equation as a model. The actual number of runs is selected with a slider and so is the seed, if desired. The histogram of these interim estimates is calculated and displayed. The interim value having the highest frequency is considered the best estimate of poisoning probability for the entered parameter settings. Its numerical value is displayed in blue accompanied by the histogram’s mean and standard deviation.
The main objective of the Demonstration is to illustrate the expanded Fermi solution method’s potential use in calculating the probability of sickness or death as a result of food poisoning. Since it has not been intended to estimate the risk of any particular pathogen, not all the parameter combinations that the Demonstration allows necessarily have a real-life counterpart.
 M. Peleg, M. D. Normand, J. Horowitz, and M. G. Corradini, "Expanded Fermi Solution for Estimating the Survival of Ingested Pathogenic and Probiotic Microbial Cells and Spores," Applied and Environmental Microbiology
, 2011 pp. 312–319.
 M. Peleg, M. D. Normand, and M. G. Corradini, "Construction of Food and Water Borne Pathogens' Dose-Response Curves Using the Expanded Fermi Solution," Journal of Food Science
, 2011 pp. R82–R89.
 D. L. Holcomb, M. A. Smith, G. O. Ware, Y.-C. Hung, R. E. Brackett, and M. P. Doyle, "Comparison of Six Dose-Response Models for Use with Food-Borne Pathogens," Risk Analysis
(6), 1999 pp. 1091–1099.