Marie Nyswander, a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who trained at Cornell University, developed methadone maintenance for the management of heroin addiction in the 1960s with her husband, Vincent P. Dole, M.D. (F1), both of The Rockefeller University. In 1955, she organized the Narcotic Addiction Research Project, the first program to accept patients who were still addicts. In 1956, she wrote a book, The Drug Addict as a Patient (R2015512CEGEBFCI), in which she advanced the view that addiction should be approached as a medical problem. At that time, little was known about the way heroin affected the body’s chemistry. Vincent Dole, a Rockefeller University professor and senior physician, was appalled at the growing problem of heroin abuse and began studying the biology of addictive diseases on the basis of his background as a prominent investigator of metabolic disorders. In late 1963, two persons were recruited by Professor Dole to join him in his initial efforts to develop a pharmacotherapy for opiate addiction: one was Marie Nyswander, a psychiatrist who had worked with opiate addicts, both in the streets of New York, in Bellevue, in Harlem, and in Lexington, Ky.; the other was a young clinical investigator in training as a first-year resident in internal medicine, Mary Jeanne Kreek, who was recruited to join the team as the primary clinical investigator of the research work. This team coalesced in the beginning of 1964 to begin the clinical research work at The Rockefeller University that led to methadone maintenance treatment. This initial work led to what was, in fact, the first published piece of scientific research that provided the rationale and scientific fabric for methadone treatment, the studies of narcotic tolerance and cross-tolerance, provided by once-daily treatment with orally administered methadone, as well as development of the treatment modality per se (R2015512CEGCECBD).