Obesity is a strong predictor of adult morbidity and mortality. Any loss of weight is beneficial in reducing many of the complications of obesity.(1)
NICE guidance for the management of obesity recommends that initial management comprises of a variety of interventions to modify diet and physical activity behaviours.(2)
Physical activity is important for maintaining long-term weight loss and managing co-morbidities.(3, 4) NICE guidance also suggests that effective weight management interventions require multi-disciplinary teams.(2)
Size of the problem
- 24.4% of adult men and 25.1% of adult women in England are obese.(27)
- 18.9% of Year 6 (aged 10-11) children and 9.3% of reception children (aged 4-5) in England are obese.(28)
- Similar rates of obesity are seen across Northern Ireland (23% in adults and 10% in children)(29), Scotland (27.1% in adults and 16.8% in children)(30) and Wales (23% in adults and 19% in children).(31)
- By 2050 the prevalence of obesity is predicted to affect 60% of adult men, 50% of adult women and 25% of children in the UK.(32)
Physiotherapists have a role to play in the prevention and management of obesity.(5) Obesity leads to restrictions in movement, affecting engagement in physical activity.(6)
Exercise and movement is the keystone of the scope of physiotherapy practice.(7) Along with a holistic, patientcentred, and problem solving approach, physiotherapists have advanced knowledge and skills in:
- anatomical, physiological, and psychosocial mechanisms of health and disease
- assessment and diagnosis
- behaviour change
- exercise prescription and therapeutic exercise
- management of long-term conditions.
Physiotherapists are therefore ideally suited to address the physical and psychological complexities of obesity.(8) Physiotherapists provide valuable input and expertise in the multi-disciplinary management of obesity,(9) helping to optimise clinical outcomes and patient experience.
While the importance of being physically active is well recognised, in reality patients often experience difficulties in doing so. It is important to facilitate patients to increase physical activity at the right level, which can be achieved by referral to a physiotherapist.(10) An assessment and treatment plan from a physiotherapist will help overcome the barriers to exercise.(8, 11)
A treatment plan for an obese patient may comprise of:
- provision of personalised lifestyle advice, taking into account individual attitudes, beliefs,circumstances, cultural and social preferences, and readiness to change
- prescription, supervision, and progression of appropriate physical activity to increase muscle strength, flexibility, and endurance, and sustain energy output to enhance and maintain weight loss under safe and controlled conditions
- management of associated conditions such as arthritis, back pain, and other musculoskeletal and chronic conditions, such as heart disease
- co-ordination of comprehensive and sustainable programmes of management in collaboration with service users, other health and social care professionals, and community services.
Children and young people
Obese children, like adults, often present with a number of musculoskeletal signs and symptoms that may limit their time spent in physical activity.(12)
Being obese is detrimental to gross motor skill performance, for example in upper and lower limb coordination, balance, running speed and agility, and strength.(13) These differences become more pronounced as children get older, suggesting the need for early focus on motor skill development to encourage overweight and obese children to be physically active.(14)
Physiotherapy-led exercise classes and multi-disciplinary team interventions including physiotherapy input are effective in significantly improving motor skills, activity levels, BMI, and other anthropometry in children.(15-17)
June, a 43 year old woman weighing 153.6kg (BMI 47), was referred to the award-winning Glasgow and Clyde Weight Management Service.On assessment, she scored highly for anxiety and depression and reported very poor levels of physical activity. She rated her confidence in being able to incorporate regular exercise into her daily routine as very low.
June attended a nine session lifestyle intervention group and the physiotherapy led ‘Get Started’ classes. Throughout the initial exercise classes she needed frequent rests, used crutches to move about and reported pain. June was supported to safely increase her activity levels both in the classes and in her everyday life until she was completing the exercise class without rests and no longer using the crutches.
She attended taster sessions in badminton and belly dancing, after which she accessed the community-based exercise referral scheme and took up playing badminton twice a week with a friend she had made on the programme. She lost 13.3kg.
There is mounting evidence to demonstrate that physical activity can improve weight loss and other outcomes following bariatric surgery.(18-22)
It is consistently seen as the most important predictor of long-term weight loss maintenance.(23) Most preoperative patients are insufficiently active, and without support, fail to make substantial increases in their physical activity postoperatively.(19)
Wiklund et al(24) found that even one year post-surgery patients still experience social, physical, and mental barriers preventing them from being physically active, often related to side effects from the surgery and a lack of support to increase physical activity. In particular, patients with balance, gait or other physical or sensory deficits should be referred to physiotherapy for support. (24) Patients with musculoskeletal conditions, which are especially common among bariatric patients(25) should also be referred.
Recommended evidence-based approach for the physiotherapy management of obesity.(5)
- Assessment of the individual’s medical history
- Evaluation of current physical activity level
- Provision of an individualised physical activity program
- Gradual progression of a physical activity program
- Prescription of a cardiovascular training program
- Prescription of resistance exercises
- Prescription of moderate-intensity physical activity, 30 min/d, 3–5 d/wk
- Calculation of body mass index.
Note: Including education on strategies for adherence to an independent exercise program is also recommended whenever possible.
Public Health England have published a weight management economic assessment tool, available at http://www.noo.org.uk/visualisation/economic_assessment_tool to help compare the costs of a weight management intervention with potential savings it may produce to help make the case for investment. In addition, a collection of resources on evaluation (CoRE) is also available at http://www.noo.org.uk/core to support high quality, consistent evaluation of weight management interventions and increase the evidence base.
Cost of ill health
- Individuals with a BMI over 35kg/m2 cost twice as much in healthcare costs than individuals with a BMI less than 25kg/m2.(33)
- The cost of overweight and obesity to the NHS in the UK was £5.1billion in 2006-07.(34)
- The wider societal cost of overweight and obesity in England was estimated at £15.8billion per year in 2007 and is projected to reach £49.9billion in 2050.(35)
- In Northern Ireland, obesity results in 260,000 working days lost each year and costs the economy approximately £500million.(36) In Scotland the total cost of overweight and obesity was estimated as £1.4billion in 2007.(37)
Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust’s Aintree Weight Management Service (AWMS) offers a weight management support programme to patients with BMI≥40, or in the presence of one or more comorbidities a BMI≥35.
The physiotherapy team within the service provides support to enable patients to become more active in a safe and enjoyable way. Patients are referred from the consultant-led clinic and, following an initial physiotherapy assessment, are supported through one of a number of available physiotherapy pathways based on their current activity levels and any barriers they have to increasing their activity.
The success of the AWMS has resulted in two subsequent local authority funded community and domiciliary weight management services:
- Ashton, Wigan and Leigh Specialist Weight Management Service (Lose Weight, Feel Great) Recent analysis of the impact of the Lose Weight Feel Great initiative has shown that 69.4% of people who complete six months maintain or lose weight. Additionally, 96.5% improve or maintain their physical activity, and 88.2% improve or maintain their quality of life.
- Aintree Liverpool Obesity Support Service (LOSS) A retrospective cohort study found that the LOSS service resulted in a mean weight loss of 2.51kg over 1 year, with 28.9% of participants achieving ≥5% weight loss, and a significant improvement in quality of life.
Homerton University Hospital provides bariatric surgery for obese patients. A specialist bariatric physiotherapist provides consistent physiotherapy support throughout the multi-disciplinary care pathway.
Patients with low levels of physical activity and musculoskeletal or cognitive barriers are referred for physiotherapy assessment. The physiotherapist supports patients to optimise fitness, mobility, and weight loss prior to surgery through motivational interviewing, collaborative goal-setting and physical activity prescription.
The physiotherapist contributes to a multi-disciplinary pre-admission group, providing education on breathing and early mobility exercises for the approaching inpatient stay. This has resulted in greatly improved preparatory levels in patients and a reduction in the average length of stay post bariatric surgery from 4.6 days to 3.6 days.
Once home, patients attend the Homerton Physical Activity Circuits and Education (PACE) class. The 12 week programme consists of education sessions about increasing physical activity, followed by circuit-based physical activity stations.
An ongoing evaluation of the service has shown that the six minute walk distance increased by an average of 89 metres.
Children and young people
The Activ8 programme, part of a service level agreement between Bart’s Health and Tower Hamlets’ local authority public health team, is a physiotherapy and dietician-led service for overweight and obese children and young people from 0 to 18 years of age.
The programme team provides multi-disciplinary assessment for children and families who have been referred by GPs because of specific problems, as well as more general advice in local mosques and schools, and training for early years and other health staff. Children can be referred to join an Activ8 exercise and nutrition group for ten weeks which aims to enable children to make healthy lifestyle changes. Once children have completed the programme they are invited to attend an ongoing activity club and are monitored for up to a year. The programme has also been extended to target obese mothers-to-be and mothers.
In 2009, data for the service showed that 70% of children participating had a reduction in BMI, which was maintained at six-month follow-up.
Obese individuals often have complex bio-psychosocial barriers to physical activity participation. Physiotherapists are uniquely positioned to facilitate physical activity required for weight management in these patients due to their sound grounding in a range of relevant areas. They autonomously and effectively deliver high quality, personalised exercise and lifestyle interventions to prevent and address barriers to physical activity participation, promoting physical and mental health and wellbeing, and enabling obese people to move and function as well as possible.
More resources for GPs:
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Obesity Clinical Knowledge Summary. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2012. http://cks.nice.org.uk/obesity#!topicsummary
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Obesity: identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in children, young people and adults (CG189). London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2014. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg189
- Foster J, Thompson K, Harkin J. Let’s Get Moving - Commissioning Guidance. A new physical activity care pathway for the NHS. London: Department of Health; 2012. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/let-s-get-moving-revised-comm...
- Department of Health. Start Active, Stay Active: A report on physical activity from the four home countries’ Chief Medical Officers. London: Department of Health; 2011. http://www.paha.org.uk/Resource/start-active-stay-active-a-report-on-phy...
- Alexander E, Rosenthal S, Evans C. Achieving Consensus on Recommendations for the Clinical Management of Overweight and Obese Adults for Canadian Physiotherapy Practice. Physiotherapy Canada. 2012;64(1):42-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3280708/pdf/ptc-64-042.pdf
- Wearing SC, Hennig EM, Byrne NM, et al. The biomechanics of restricted movement in adult obesity. Obesity Reviews. 2006;7(1):13-24.
- The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. Scope of practice: Introduction. London: The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy; 2014. http://www.csp.org.uk/professional-union/professionalism/csps-approach-professionalism/scope-practice-staff-only/introduct
- Canadian Physiotherapy Association. Physiotherapists and the management of obesity. Ontario: Canadian Physiotherapy Association; 2007. http://www.physiotherapy.ca/public
- O’Connell J. Management of obesity: lessons learned from a multi-disciplinary team. European Diabetes Nursing. 2012;9(1):26-9.
- Wiklund M, Fagevik Olsén M, Willén C. Physical Activity as Viewed by Adults with Severe Obesity, Awaiting Gastric Bypass Surgery. Physiotherapy Research International. 2011;16(3):179-86.
- Canadian Physiotherapy Association. Physiotherapy briefings for physicians – Obesity. Toronto: Canadian Physiotherapy Association; 2008.
- O’Malley G, Roche E, Hussey J. A profile of musculoskeletal problems in children with obesity. 2nd Annual Conference of the Rehabilitation and Therapy Research Society Dublin;2006.
- Gentiera I, D’Hondta E, Shultzd S, et al. Fine and gross motor skills differ between healthy-weight and obese children. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2013;34(11):4043–51.
- D’Hondt E, Deforche B, Vaeyens R, et al. Gross motor coordination in relation to weight status and age in 5- to 12-year-old boys and girls: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. 2011;6(2):556-64.
- Sheridan CB, Curley AE, Roche EF. Do physiotherapy-led exercise classes change activity levels and weight parameters in children attending a weight management clinic? 4th Annual Conference of Rehabilitation and Therapy Research Society Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; 2008.
- Bocca G, Corpeleijn E, Stolk P, et al. Results of a Multi-disciplinary Treatment Program in 3-Year-Old to 5-Year-Old Overweight or Obese Children: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. 2012;166(12):1109-15.
- Vignolo M, Rossi F, Bardazza G, et al. Five-year follow-up of a cognitive-behavioural lifestyle multi-disciplinary programme for childhood obesity outpatient treatment. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2008;62(9):1047–57. http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v62/n9/index.html
- Egberts K, Brown WA, Brennan L, et al. Does exercise improve weight loss after bariatric surgery? A systematic review. Obes Surg. 2012;22:335-41. 001169 P&D 01/15 2k
- King WC, Bond DS. The Importance of Pre and Postoperative Physical Activity Counseling in Bariatric Surgery. Exercise and Sports Science Reviews. 2013;41(1):26–35.
- Egberts K, Brown WA, O’Brien PE. SFR-111 Optimising lifestyle factors to achieve weight loss in surgical patients. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases. 2011;7(3):368.
- Shah M, Snell PG, Rao S, et al. High-volume exercise program in obese bariatric surgery patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Obesity. 2011;19(9):1826-34. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2011.172/full
- McCullough PA, Gallagher MJ, Dejong AT, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and short-term complications after bariatric surgery. Chest. 2006;130(2):517–25. http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1084600
- Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM, et al. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand, Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2009;41(2):459-71.
- Wiklund M, Fagevik Olsén M, Olbers T, et al. Experiences of Physical Activity One Year after Bariatric Surgery. The Open Obesity Journal. 2014;6:25-30. http://benthamopen.com/toobesj/openaccess2.htm
- King WC, Engel SGE, Elder KA, et al. Walking capacity of bariatric surgery candidates. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases. 2012;8(1):48-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3246050/
- Association for the Study of Obesity. Obesity and physical activity factsheet. Kent: Association for the Study of Obesity; 2012.
- Health and Social Care Information Centre. Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet: England 2014. Leeds: Health and Social Care Information Centre; 2014. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB13648
- Health and Social Care Information Centre. National Child Measurement Programme: England, 2012/13 school year. Leeds: Health and Social Care Information Centre; 2013. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB13115
- Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. Health Survey for Northern Ireland, 2011/12. Belfast: Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety; 2012. http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news-dhssps-221112-health-survey-northern
- The Scottish Government. Preventing Overweight and Obesity in Scotland: A Route Map Towards Healthy Weight. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government; 2010. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2010/02/17140721/0
- Welsh Government. Wales Health Survey 2012. Cardiff: Welsh Government; 2013. http://wales.gov.uk/statistics-and-research/welsh-health-survey/?lang=en
- Butland B, Jebb S, Kopelman P, et al. Foresight - Tackling obesities: future choices – project report. 2nd ed. London: Government Office for Science; 2007. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/reducing-obesity-future-choices
- Andreyeva T, Sturm R, Ringel JS. Moderate and severe obesity have large differences in health care costs. Obesity Research. 2004;12(12):1936-43.
- Scarborough P, Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe KK, et al. The economic burden of ill health due to diet, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol and obesity in the UK: an update to
2006–07 NHS costs. Journal of Public Health. 2011;2011:1-9.
- McCormick B, Stone I. Economic Costs of Obesity and the Case for Government Intervention Obesity Reviews. 2007;8(1):161-4.
- Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. A Fitter Future for All - Obesity Prevention Framework for Northern Ireland 2011-2021. Belfast: Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety 2011. http://www.publichealth.ie/document/iph-response-dhssps-obesity-preventi...
- Bromley C, Dowling S, Gray L, et al. The Scottish Health Survey. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government; 2012. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Health/scottish-heal...
The CSP would like to thank the following people for their input: Vicki Downey, Kim Ferrier, Kate Gardner, Shiona Macorkindale, Alun Myers, Mairead O’Siochru and Claire Rigby.