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Hell Creek discoveries
Fossils of T. rex are found only in the Hell Creek Formation of Garfield county, Montana, and adjacent areas of the United States, in deposits dating from the Maastrichtian Age, the last time unit of the Cretaceous Period—although slightly earlier relatives such as Tarbosaurus and Raptorex are known from Asia. Found in the same deposits as T. rex are fossils of the ceratopsians (giant horned dinosaurs) on which they likely preyed. There is some question about whether tyrannosaurs killed their food or simply scavenged it. However, neither predatory nor scavenging behaviour need be excluded, since T. rex, like many large carnivores today, probably fed opportunistically, scavenging when it could and hunting when it had to. One argument for predation emphasizes T. rex’s vision. The eye sockets tend to be keyhole-shaped and directed forward, which has been taken as evidence for accurate depth perception, because the fields of view of the eyes would overlap. Other evidence supporting predation is the well-protected skull and formidable jaws. Wounds in the bones of its prey indicate that T. rex ate by using a “puncture and tear” stroke, planting its feet and using the powerful muscles of the neck and legs to anchor itself and pull flesh off bones.
Before 1980 all knowledge of T. rex was based on only four skeletons, none very complete. The Latin name was given to the first specimen by American paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1905 and was based on partial specimens collected from the Hell Creek Formation by renowned fossil hunter Barnum Brown. Remains found by Brown are on display at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, Pa., the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and the Natural History Museum in London. Since 1980 more than two dozen other specimens of T. rex have been discovered in western North America, some very complete; however, some are in private collections and are therefore lost to science and education. Two of the best specimens, consisting of almost complete adult skeletons, were unearthed in 1990. One, the 85-percent-complete “Wankel” T. rex, is on display at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Mont., and the other, the 90-percent-complete “Sue,” is displayed at the Field Museum in Chicago. Other T. rex specimens are mounted at other natural history museums in North America, such as the Denver Natural History Museum, the University of California Museum of Paleontology in Berkeley, the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, and the Royal Tyrrell Museum in Drumheller, Alta., near Dinosaur Provincial Park.
In 2000 five T. rex specimens were discovered in the Hell Creek Formation. Several are now on display at the Museum of the Rockies; one of them, the “B-rex,” preserves soft tissues and also medullary bone that indicates the specimen was female. The soft tissues preserve transparent, flexible, hollow blood vessels that contain small round microstructures highly reminiscent in structure of red blood cells. The preservation of these structures is one of the most amazing features of the entire known fossil record.
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