Acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
DefinitionAcute cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a condition caused by a member of the herpesvirus family.
Alternative NamesCMV mononucleosis; Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsInfection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) is very common. The infection is spread by:Blood transfusionsOrgan transplantsRespiratory dropletsSalivaSexual contactUrineMost people come into contact with CMV in their lifetime, but typically only individuals with weakened immune systems become ill from CMV infection. Some otherwise healthy people with acute CMV infection develop a mononucleosis-like syndrome.In the U.S., CMV infection most commonly develops between ages 10 - 35. Many people are exposed to CMV early in life and do not realize it because they have no symptoms. People with a compromised immune system can have a more severe form of the disease. CMV is a type of herpes viruses. The virus remains in your body for the rest of your life. If your immune system becomes weakened in the future, this virus may have the chance to reactivate, causing symptoms.
SymptomsEnlarged lymph nodes, especially in the neckFeverFatigueLoss of appetiteMalaiseMuscle achesRashSore throatLess common symptoms include:Chest painCoughHeadacheHivesIrregular heart beatJaundiceNeck stiffnessRapid heart rateSensitivity to lightShortness of breathSwollen spleen and liver
Signs and testsYour health care provider will perform a physical exam and feel your belly area. Your liver and spleen may be tender when they are gently pressed (palpated). You may have a skin rash.Special lab tests such as a CMV DNA serum PCR test may be done to check for substances in your blood that are produced by CMV. Other tests such as a CMV antibody test may be done to check your body’s response to the CMV infection.Other tests include:Blood tests for platelets and white blood cellsChemistry panelLiver function testsMonospot test
TreatmentMost patients recover in 4 - 6 weeks without medication. Rest is needed, sometimes for a month or longer to regain full activity levels. Painkillers and warm salt water gargles can help relieve symptoms.Antiviral medications are usually not used in people with normal immune function.
Expectations (prognosis)Fever usually goes away in 10 days, and swollen lymph glands and spleen return to normal in 4 weeks. Fatigue may linger for 2 to 3 months.
ComplicationsThroat infection is the most common complication. Rare complications include:ColitisGuillain-Barré syndromeNeurologic complicationsPericarditis or myocarditisPneumoniaRupture of spleen
Calling your health care providerCall for an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of acute CMV infection.Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have sharp, sudden pain in your left upper abdomen. This could be a sign of a ruptured spleen, which requires emergency surgery.
PreventionCMV infection can be contagious if the infected person comes in close or intimate contact with another person. You should avoid kissing and sexual contact with an infected person.The virus may also spread among young children in day care settings.When planning blood transfusions or organ transplants, the CMV status of the donor can be checked to avoid passing CMV to a recipient who has not had CMV.
ReferencesCrumpacker CS II, Zhang JL. Cytomegalovirus. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 138.Drew WL. Cytomegalovirus. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 384.