Introduction to Sociology
Introduction to Sociology SOC 1301
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This 6 page Class Notes was uploaded by Everardo Terry on Thursday October 22, 2015. The Class Notes belongs to SOC 1301 at Texas Tech University taught by Roberts in Fall. Since its upload, it has received 12 views. For similar materials see /class/226401/soc-1301-texas-tech-university in Sociology at Texas Tech University.
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Date Created: 10/22/15
N V39 5 0 gt1 9 Control Theory 7 the idea that two control systems 7 inner controls and outer controls 7 work against our tendencies to deviate inner controls are our conscience religious principles ideas of right and wrong outer controls consist of family friends and the police Who in uence us not to deviate Differential Association Edwin Sutherlands term to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn and excess of de nitions of deviance and increase the likelihood that they will become deviant 0 From the different groups w associate with we learn to deviate from our conform of society s norms Stigma blemishes that discredit a persons claim to normal identity Deviance the violation of social norms whether the infraction is as minor as driving over the speed limit or serious as murder Labeling theory the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others perceptions of them thus channeling their behavior into either deviance of conformity Strain theory Robert mertons term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal such as success but withholds from some the approved means of reaching the goal One adaptation to the strain is crime the choice of innovative means one outside the approved system to attain the cultural goal 0 Strain is the frustrations that people feel when they want success but find their way to it is blocked Social Strati cation the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property power and prestige applies to people within a nation society or other group Caste System status determined by brith and is lifelong A social stratification Someone who is born into lowstatus group will always have a low status Brahmins 7 priest teacher scholar Kshatrivas 7 nobles warriors Vishyas 7 merchants and skilled artists Shudras 7 common laborers Outcast Harijan 7 those who have done something wrong and married outside their caste Bourgeoisie Marx s term for capitalist who own the means of production Proletariat Marx s term for exploited class the mass of workers who do not own the means of productions Bourgeoisie Marx s term for capitalists those who own the means of production Lumpenproletariat farmers and peasants beggars and criminals Social Mobility movement up or down a social class ladder Major factor that improves peoples lives and pushes them to go to school and work hard Matriarch a society in which women as a group dominate men Sex 39 39 39 I39I that J39 quot primary and secondary sex characteristics 39 39 females and males consisting of 16 Gender the behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females Masculinity or feminity Ethnicity having distinctive cultural characteristics Race a group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups Genocide the systematic annihilation or attempted annihilation of people because of their presumed race or ethnicity Prejudice an attitude or prejudging usually in a negative way Age cohort people born at roughly the same time who pass through a life course together Glass ceiling the mostly invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the lop levels at work 23 Merton s Strain Theory the strain theory that states social structures within society may pressure citizens to commit a crime While goals are the same for all the ability to obtain these goals is class dependant Consequently lower classes feel anger frustration and resentment which is referred to as strain These people can either accept their condition and live out their days as socially responsible but unrewarded citizens or they can choose an alternative means of achieving success such as theft violence or drug trafficking gt gt ool gt0 N NN N 0 Cultural Institutional Goals Means I Conformity II Innovation III Ritualism IV Retreatism V Rebellion o The conformist is the one whose experience in society leads to the acceptance of culturally prescribed goals and socially legitimate means for reaching those goals 0 The least common adaptation to society is retreatism in which an individual rejects both the goals and means of society 24 Social Class 0 MaX weber was a critic of Marx Weber argued that social class has three components property power and prestige i Property wealth ii Power is the ablilty to control others even over their objectives Property is a major source of power iii Prestige is derived from property and power Davis and Moore The Functionalist Perspective 25 Kingsley Davis amp Wilbert Moore believed that strati cation serves an important function in society In any society a number of tasks must be accomplished Some tasks such as cleaning streets or serving coffee in a restaurant are relatively simple Other tasks such as performing brain surgery or designing skyscrapers are complicated and require more intelligence and training than the simple tasks 0 Those who perform the dif cult tasks are therefore entitled to more power prestige and money Davis and Moore believed that an unequal distribution of society s rewards is necessary to encourage people to take on the more complicated and important work that required many years of training They believed that the rewards attached to a particular job re ect its importance to society 26 Crime most reported to police is homicide and most cleared by arrest is homicide to commited 29 192 27 Theories of Crime Causation o Lombroso 7 biological theory of crime is the strong desire to commit crime Replaced the notion of free will and rationality with the notion of determinism Lombroso believed in the quotcriminal bornquot man and woman He believed they had physical features of ape like creatures that were not fully developed as humans were Lombroso measured thousands of live and dead prisoners to prove his theory He noted that criminals lacked moral sense had an absence of remorse and used much slang Lombroso later added social and economic factors to his list of crime causation but said they were second in nature to biological predetermined factors 28 Sheldon and Glueck o Endomorph fat roundPsych luxury sloth consumption 0 Ectomorph frail skinny ganglyPsych introverts cunning stealth o Mesomorph large strong hardPsych active dynamic assertive forceful gt more 117er to commit a crime 29 Hirschi c contol theory Everyone has the potential to become a criminal but most people are controlled by their bond to society Crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken What stops people from commiting a crime 0 He primarily looked at juveniles Social bonds Attachments moral link to other people and encompasses such concepts as conscience superego and intemalization of norms It re ects one s interest in others Commitments individual s investment in conventional lines of action Involvements 7 school Beliefs 30 Freuds Theory ofCrime o Ego yourself 0 Id when you are born your subconscious o Superego calms your subconscious If your id is stronger than your superego you are more likely to commit a crimes 31 Lemerts Theory of Crime 32 34 35 U 6 Primary deviance occurs when an actor engages in normviolating behavior without the individual viewing himself or herself as engaging in a deviant role The deviations quotare rationalized or otherwise dealt with as functions of a socially acceptable rolequot During secondary deviance the selfconcept of the individual changes so that the self becomes consistent with the deviant role The effect of this change in selfconcept is that the deviant selfconceptions are reinforced by the negative labels which in turn result from the continued engagement in deviant behavior Trends of Social Class In America social mobility has decreased substantially IQ amp Crime typically people with lower id commit crimes Marx s Terminology for ruling class Bourgeoises 7 those who own and control the means of production Wealth 40 of all wealth is owned by top 1 of Americans 68 of wealth is controlled by top 10 Smallest Social Class in America
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