Table of Contents
Today, we are going to talk only about the commonly mentioned tumor suppressor genes in the textbooks. This somewhat a “forced mnemonic” and may not be as effective and tedious to learn itself. If it works for you it’s well and good, if not find some other ways.
1. Tumor suppressor genes of ‘p’ family are located in ‘p’ arm of chromosome e.g. p14, p16, p53, p73, etc. Remember PTEN and PTCH donot belong to ‘p’ family although they begin with letter ‘p’. But, PJS although not ‘p’ family is located in ‘p’ arm of chromosome.
2. Most tumor suppressor genes are located in ‘q’ arm of chromosome except VHL, WT1, MLH1/MSH2 and TSC-2, located in ‘p’ arm of chromosome.
Mnemonic: World Music TV
3. Most tumor suppressor genes are in odd-numbered chromosomes.
4. Tumors with ‘even numbers‘ in name are located in even-numbered chromosomes except BRCA2 and p16/p14.
Tumor Suppressor Genes on Odd-Numbered Chromosomes
Degrades hypoxia induced factors (HIFs), transcription factors that alters gene expression in response to hypoxia.
- Von-Hippel Lindau syndrome:
- Cerebellar hemangioblastoma
- Clear cell renal carcinoma
- Retinal angioma
3p: MLH1 (MutL homolog 1)
- Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer type 2 (HNPCC2)
Negatively regulates the WNT pathway in colonic epithelium by promoting the formation of a complex that degrades beta-catenin.
- Familial adenomatous polyposis/Colon cancer
7q: ST7 (Suppressor of Tumerogenicity protein 7)
9p: p16INK4 and p14ARF (CDKN2A)
Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that augments RB function and ARF which stabilizes p53.
- Familial melanoma
9q: PATCHED (PTCH protein)
Encodes protein that is negative regulator of the Hedgehog signalling pathway.
- Gorlin syndrome (Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome)
9q: TSC1 (Hamartin)
- Tuberous sclerosis 1:EpiLoiA
- Low IQ
- facial Angiofibroma
- Wilm’s tumor
11q: Menin (MEN 1 gene)
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) syndrome:
- Pituitary adenoma
- Parathyroid adenoma
- Pancreatic islet cell tumor
In contrast, MEN 2 syndrome is associated with mutation in RET proto-oncogene.
- Familial retinoblastoma
- Familial breast cancer (usually hormone receptor positive)
- Ovarian cancer (lesser risk than BRCA1)
- Higher risk of male breast cancer
- Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, i.e. M3 AML associated with t(15;17)
- Li-Fraumeni syndrome:
- Brain tumors
- Breast cancer
- Hereditary breast cancer (propensity for triple negativity) – higher risk than BRCA2
- Ovarian cancer (higher risk than BRCA2)
17q: NF-1 (Neurofibromin)
GTPase that acts as negative regulator of RAS.
- Neurofibromatosis type 1
- Multiple or plexiform neurofibromas
- Cafe-au-lait macules
- Optic glioma
- Lisch nodules (Iris hamartomas)
- Osseous lesion (Sphenoid dysplasia, thinning of long bone, pseudoarthrosis)
19p: PJS (LKB1 or STK11)
- Peutz-Jegher’s syndrome
- Labial and oral mucosal hyperpigmentation
- Jejunal polyps (hamartomatous and adenomatous)
- Increased risk of cancer: Gastrointestinal (colorectal, gastric, pancreatic), breast, uterine, lung, ovary and sex-cords.
19q: Glioma Tumor Suppressor gene
- Diffuse malignant glioma
Tumor Suppressor Genes on Even-Numbered Chromosomes
PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin homolog): 10q
Negative regulator of PI3K/AKT signaling.
- Cowden syndrome:
- Follicular thyroid cancer
- Breast cancer
- Endometrial cancer
- Multiple skin and mucosal hamartomas
- Macrocephaly and mental retardation
NF-2 (Neurofibromin-2 or Merlin): 22q
Cytoskeletal protein involved in contact inhibition.
- Neurofibromatosis type 2:
- Bilateral vestibular schwannomas
- Multiple meningioma
- Glioma, neurofibroma, schwannoma
- Cataract (No lisch nodule)
TSC-2 (Tuberous sclerosis-2 or Tuberculin): 16p
- Tuberous sclerosis 2:
- Benign hamartomas in many tissues
E-cadherin (CDH1 or CD324): 16q
Important role in contact mediated growth inhibition of epithelial cells.
Also binds and sequesters beta-catenin of WNT signaling pathway.
- Lobular breast cancer
- Hereditary diffuse gastric carcinoma
MSH-2 (MutS homolog-2): 2p
- Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer type 1 (HNPCC1)
SMAD2, SMAD4 (DPC) and DCC: 18q
- DCC (Deleted in Colon cancer): Colorectal carcinoma
- DPC (SMAD4): Pancreatic cancer, Colon cacner, Familial Juvenile Polyposis
Mnemonics to remember individual tumor suppressor genes
Neuroblastoma = Most common tumor within ONE year (Infatns) and most commonly metastasize to bONE: 1q
VHL and MLH1 = 3 letters (V, H and L or M, L and H) and exception to ‘q’ arm (WMTV): 3p
APC = Remember 5 lettered word “COLON” or “POLYP“: 5q
ST7 (Choriocarcinoma) = Name itself has ‘7’; also remember 7 lettered word “CHORION“: 7q
Melanoma = Remember 9 lettered word “EPIDERMIS” where melanocytes are located and since TSG belongs to p-family: 9p
Basal cell carcinoma = Remember 9 lettered word “BASAL CELL“: 9q (PTCH)
WT-1 = It has number “1” and letter “W” has 2 legs like number “11”; remember exception to ‘q’ arm (WMTV): 11p
MEN-1 = It has number “1” and letter “M” has 2 legs like number “11”: 11q
RB1 = Remember 13 lettered word “RETINAL CANCER”: 13q
APL (Acute promyelocytic leukemia) = Remember 15 lettered word “VITAMIN RECEPTOR”: 15q
p53 (Li-fraumeni syndrome) = Reverse “LI” of Li-fraumeni – it looks like “17”; remember p53 is a p-family: 17p
NF-1 and NF-2
- Letter “NEUROFIBROMATOSIS” has 17 letters.
- NF-1 has number “1”, hence give this to NF-1: 17q
- NF-2 has number “2”, NF-2 has propensity of bilaterality of tumors be it schwannoma or meningioma; so bilateral number “2”: 22q
BRCA1 and BRCA2 = Just remember that in chronological order of chromosome number, BRCA2 comes before BRCA1. Both of these share their chromosome (although not the same locus) with other tumors:
- BRCA1 (shares chromosome with NF-1): 17q
- BRCA2 (shares chromsome with RB1): 13q
PJS = Just remember the 19 lettered word “PEUTZ JEGHER SYNDROME“; remember exception to “p” family: 19p
PTEN = As the name has “TEN”; remember it doesn’t belong to “p” family: 10q
MSH2 = As the name has number “2”; remember exception to “q” arm (WMTV): 2p
MLH1 has number “1” but is involved in HNPCC2.
MSH2 has number “2” but is involved in HNPCC1.
TSC-2 = Remember 16 lettered word “BENIGN HAMARTOMAS“; remember exception to “q” arm (WMTV) = 16p
E-Cadherin = Remember 16 lettered word “ADHERENS JUNCTION” or “CELL CELL ADHESION” = 16q
DCC and DPC = Remember 18 lettered word “COLORECTAL NEOPLASM” = 18q
He is the section editor of Orthopedics in Epomedicine. He searches for and share simpler ways to make complicated medical topics simple. He also loves writing poetry, listening and playing music.