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A straight-three engine, also known as inline-three engine, or a triple, (abbreviated I3 or R3) is a reciprocating piston internal combustion engine with three cylinders arranged in a straight line or plane, side by side.
Most inline-three engines employ a crank angle of 120°, and are thus rotationally balanced; however, since the three cylinders are offset from each other, the firing of the end cylinders induces a rocking motion from end to end, since there is no opposing cylinder moving in the opposite direction as in a rotationally balanced straight-six engine. The use of a balance shaft in an antiphase to that vibration produces a smoothly running engine.
An exception to the 120° crankshaft can be found in some of the inline-three engines made by motorcycle manufacturer Laverda. In these engines (sometimes referred to as 180° triples), the outer pistons rise and fall together like a 360° straight-two engine. The inner cylinder is offset 180° from the outer cylinders. In these engines, cylinder #1 fires, then 180° later cylinder #2 fires, and then 180° later cylinder #3 fires. There is no power stroke on the final 180° of rotation.
The smallest inline-three, four-stroke automobile engine was the 543 cubic centimetres (33.1 cu in) Suzuki F5A, which was first used in the 1979 Suzuki Alto/Fronte. Smart currently produces a diminutive 799 cubic centimetres (48.8 cu in) inline-three diesel engine, the smallest automotive diesel engine yet. Most inline-three engines fall below 1.2 litres, with a 1,198 cubic centimetres (73.1 cu in) Volkswagen Group unit seen as the largest petrol engine. A 1,779 cubic centimetres (108.6 cu in) diesel engine was produced by VM Motori to the 1984 Alfa Romeo 33 1.8 TD, the largest inline-three produced for automotive use.
Basic versions of the Suzuki Swift/Forsa and related Geo/Chevy Metro used an inline-three.
Some Daihatsu cars use inline-three engines. The Charade and the Mira/Cuore used (or are still fitted with) this engine type. Three-cylinder 1.0 litre diesel and turbo diesel engines were also offered in Daihatsu Charades. Korean cars Daewoo Tico, based on the 1988 Suzuki Alto, and later base versions of Daewoo Matiz also used inline-three 796 cubic centimetres (48.6 cu in) 41 horsepower (31 kW/42 PS) S-TEC petrol engine.
The Volkswagen Group is known for using three-cylinder petrol and diesel engines; in the Audi A2, Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Fox, SEAT Ibiza and Škoda Fabia. The engines in these cars range from 1.2 litre petrol with four valves per cylinder that deliver 47 to 65 kilowatts (64 to 88 PS; 63 to 87 bhp), to 1.4 TDI diesels= that deliver 51 to 66 kilowatts (69 to 90 PS; 68 to 89 bhp) and have turbos with variable vane geometry and deliver outstanding economy, this particular engine is used in small cars of all marques of the Volkswagen Group. The most innovative three-cylinder engine the Volkswagen Group released was the 1.2 TDI diesel, it was one of the first all-aluminium diesel engines, and at the time of release it was the lightest and most economic engine in production. It was used in the "3L" versions (from its diminutive fuel consumption of only 3 litres per 100 kilometres/94.2 miles per imperial gallon; 78.4 miles per US gallon) of the Audi A2 and the Volkswagen Lupo.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Saab 93, Saab 95, Saab 96, and certain Dampf-Kraft-Wagen (DKW) automobiles were powered by inline-three-cylinder, two-stroke engines. Also, the Wartburg automobiles manufactured in Eastern Germany, and FSO Syrena manufactured in Poland, used this kind of engine.
The Triumph Rocket III has a 2,294 cc (140.0 cu in) inline-three engine.
Between 1969 and 1978, Kawasaki triple motorcycles had inline-three air-cooled engines with capacities of 250 cc, 350 cc, 400 cc, 500 cc, and 750 cc.
Inline three-cylinder engines are not limited to propelling motor vehicles. The may also be used in general industrial applications. An example is the Fairbanks-Morse 32E14 slow-speed diesel engine which is shown coupled to a water pump.
One of the most popular 3-cyclinde engines used in agriculture is the Perkins P3 series and its many variants and later upgrades. The engine was used in the Massey Ferguson 35 and latter models also a modified version was used in the Fordson Dexta. The P£ and its derivatives have been built by many companies world wide under license from Perkins.
- ↑ "Inline 3-cylinder engines". Mark Wan - AutoZine Technical School. AutoZine.org. Retrieved on 3 January 2010.
- ↑ "New VW Fox in depth". Volkswagen AG. WorldCarFans.com (2005-04-04). Retrieved on 2009-08-18.
- ↑ "New Audi A2 1.4 TDI with 90 bhp engine". AUDI AG. WorldCarFans.com (2003-11-10). Retrieved on 2009-08-22.
- ↑ "Audi A2 1.2 TDI: the three-litre car from Audi". AUDI AG - press release. AudiWorld.com (1999-11-28). Retrieved on 2009-08-22.
- ↑ “Pilot” magazine February 1986 page 32
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