Engineers at The Australian National University (ANU) have made a new material which folds itself into a straw-like tube when it comes into contact with water, and then propels the liquid through the tube.
The new material can be used to easily create cheap fluid distribution systems that could be used for medical sample analysis, biological sensors or micro-robotics.
Lead researchers William Wong and Associate Professor Antonio Tricoli said the paper-like material can respond to a small water droplet by folding in a tube several centimetres long. The water then moves through the tube.
"If we place a drop of water at one end, the material will curl into a tube, delivering the liquid up to 15 centimetres away," said Mr Wong, from the ANU Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering.
"This enables a rapid self-assembly of complex shapes, such as bent, curved and splitting channels, that are a building block for micro-fluidic systems."
Previous studies have harnessed surface tension to fold materials into origami shapes such as tiny cubes or pyramids, but this is the first to use the effect for a tube of several centimetres.
The team at the Nanotechnology Research Laboratory of the Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering found that the channelled water could even navigate challenging shapes such as T-intersections, forks and curves.
The ability to control and direct the flow of tiny amounts of liquid will be useful where there are inherent dangers to humans, such as highly reactive environments or with bio sensors of infectious diseases.
The material is cheap and the manufacturing process is non-toxic and will scale well to industrial levels.
Co-researcher Dr Dave Nisbet, from the ANU Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, said the material was also compatible with living tissue.
"Because it is safe this could be used for cheap sensors to diagnose cancer and other diseases. It will be really important for biology," Dr Nisbet said.
The material is made of two thin layers of nanofibres sandwiched together. The top functional layer, made of polycaprolactone nanofibres, is the water-responsive energy-dense component (superhydrophilic), which draws the material up around the water droplet.
The bottom layer is made of microfibres of polyvinylchloride (PVC) which is strongly water repellent (superhydrophobic) and prevents the water from escaping once the material has rolled into a tube.
Associate Professor Tricoli, the research group leader, said the folding motion could also be used to move limbs that are attached, similar to the way the fronds of the Asian Mimosa plant close up when touched.
"We can make the material roll up with water, and then unroll again by adding ethanol. This gives us chemically activated movement, that could be really useful in biological sensors and actuators," Associate Professor Tricoli said.
The research is published in Science Advances.