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the civil rights movement
Terms in this set (73)
what is de jure segregation?
segregation that is imposed by law
which case established de jure segregation in the united states?
plessy vs. ferguson
what is de facto segregation?
segregation by unwritten custom or tradition
why were african-american servicemen unwilling to accept jim crow laws after ww11?
they had significantly higher rates of poverty & illiteracy; as well as lower rates of homeownership & life expectancy
who was credited with desegregating major league baseball?
what was the significance of brown vs. board of education?
to stop segregated public education at all grade levels
who argued the case on behalf of linda brown?
who was earl warren?
newly appointed chief justice who wrote all nine of the court's justices supported the brown decision
why did the words "with all deliberate speed" slown down the process of desegregating schools?
bc most southerners had no intention of desegregating their schools
who were the little rock 9?
nine african american students who volunteered to desegregate schools starting w central high school & walked in escorted by soldiers so they wouldn't get hurt by white students
why did president eisenhower have to get involved?
bc governor faubus resisted the will of the federal courts
what did the civil rights act of 1957 do?
established the united states civil rights commission which had the power to investigate violations of civil rights
why did the civil rights act of 1957 prove ineffective?
bc its main significance was that it was the first civil rights bill passed by congress since reconstruction
what was the montgomery bus boycott?
when african americans refused to ride the buses as a way to express their opposition to park's arrest, in particular to segregation in general
who was rosa parks?
an african american seamstress
which minister becomes a national figure bc of his role in the boycott?
martin luther king
what was the result of the boycott?
it revealed the power that african americans could have if they joined together
which 2 figures inspired mlk, jr. to use civil disobedience as his method of protesting segregation?
henry david thoreau & mohandas gandhi
what was the sclc?
the southern christian leadership conference that advocated nonviolent resistance to fight injustice
who was its leader?
what is a sit-in?
protests for example, students led by the reverend james lawson staged sit-ins & later marches to protest racial inequality
what is the sncc?
the student nonviolent coordinating committee when young activists established a new civil rights organization
what were the freedom rides?
they defied segregationist codes
where did they originate?
where were they headed?
what did the freedom riders face as they entered the deep south?
prosegregationists firebombed one of the buses & when the second bus arrived in birmingham, a white mob attacked the riders
how did president kennedy react to the violence the freedom riders faced?
he took action to stem the violence against the freedom riders
who was james meredith?
an air force veteran who sought to enroll at the all-white university of mississippi, known as "ole miss"
what school did he integrate?
who was medgar evers?
civil rights activist
what happened to medgar evers as a result of his role in the naacp?
federal marshals were assigned to protect him from riots
how were protesters greeted by bull connor in birmingham?
protest marches & sit-ins
what did mlk write ab in his famous "letter from birmingham jail"?
he explained why he & other civil rights activists were tired of waiting for reform
what did jfk call for congress to do in 1963?
declared that the nation had an obligation to "fulfill its promise" of giving all americans "equal rights & equal opportunities"
what was the march on washington?
over 200,000 ppl gathering around the lincoln memorial wanting kennedy to do something ab the racism
who was the keynote speaker?
martin luther king
what was his speech titled?
i have a dream
what was the civil rights act of 1964?
the end of de jure segregation
who signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law?
why didn't jfk sign the bill?
he was dead
what was freedom summer?
the summer on which african americans when on a crusade in the deep south trying to register ppl to vote
what year did it take place?
who was fannie lou hamer?
member of the mississippi freedom democratic party
why was there a need for the mississippi freedom democratic party?
what happened at the march at selma?
bloody sunday, heavily armed state troopers & other authorities attacked the marchers as they tried to cross the bridge
how did people in the rest of the country react to the news footage?
they were shook
what did president johnson do in response?
went on national television & called for a strong federal voting rights law
what was the voting rights act of 1965?
banned literary tests & empowered the federal government to oversee voting registration & elections in states that had discriminated against minorities
what does the 24th amendment of the constitution do?
banned the poll tax which had been used to keep poor african americans from voting
why were african-americans in cities growing frustrated w the civil rights movement?
nothing changed much for african americans after johnson signed the voting rights act & discrimination & poverty was continuing & extremely violent race riots started occurring
where did the worst race riots break out in the us in the 1960s?
watts in los angeles, newark, new jersey, & detroit, michigan
why did president johnson establish the kerner commission?
to conclude that long-term racial discrimination stood as the single most important cause of violence
what did they determine as a result of their investigation?
a number of conservative commentators argued against expanding federal spending
why didn't president johnson follow up on the recommendations of the kerner commission?
bc the vietnam war was consuming enormous sums of federal money
what is the nation of islam?
a religious sect headed by elijah muhammed
who was elijah muhammed?
leader of the nation on islam
who was malcom x?
most well-known africam american radical
how did he feel ab white ppl initially?
he referred to them as "devils" & highly believed in separatism between blacks & whites
when & how does his opinion change?
when he returned to the united states, he seemed willing to consider limited acceptance of whites
what term is stokely carmichael credited using first?
what was the black panther party for self-defense?
became the symbol of young militant african americans that organized armed patrols of urban neighborhoods to protect ppl from police abuse
who were its founders?
huey newton & bobby seale
what did they do in their communities?
created anti poverty programs, such as free breakfasts for poor african american children
what trends were they responsible for?
began wearing their hair in afros & changed their names to celebrate their african heritage like malcom x
when & where was mlk assassinated?
april 4th when he was stood on the balcony outside his motel room, he was struck by a shot from a high-powered rifle
why was mlk here?
to offer assistance to sanitation workers who were striking for better wages & working conditions
what was the reaction across the country ab mlk's assassination?
devastation & many riots broke out
what were the lasting effects of the civil rights movement?
the civil rights movement of the 1950s & 1960s succeeded in eliminating legal, or de jure, segregation & knocking down barriers to african american voting & political participation
what was busing?
the achievement of desegregating schools
how did president nixon feel ab busing?
criticized busing as a means of attaining racial balance
what was affirmative action?
planning to increase africam americans representation in schools & the workforce
why were whites against affirmative action?
they believed that it constituted reverse discrimination & violated the goal of creating a colorblind society
why did thurgood marshall say that affirmative action was necessary?
bc he was explaining how three hundred years ago, the negro was dragged to this country in chains to be sold to slavery
Explain how reformers, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony tried to change or correct the problem of women's rights in American Society?
A group of African Americans that were against the idea of nonviolent protests and believe that if violence is necessary, they will do whatever it takes to gain their equality.
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