Natural burial is the interment of the body of a dead person in the soil in a manner that does not inhibit decomposition but allows the body to recycle naturally. It is an alternative to other contemporary Western burial methods.
The body may be prepared without chemical preservatives or disinfectants such as embalming fluid, which might destroy the microbial decomposers that break the body down. It may be buried in a biodegradable coffin, casket, or shroud. The grave does not use a burial vault or outer burial container that would prevent the body's contact with soil. The grave should be shallow enough to allow microbial activity similar to that found in composting. Natural burials can take place both on private land (subject to regulations) and in any cemetery that will accommodate the vault-free technique.
A wide variety of land management techniques, such as sustainable agriculture, restoration ecology, habitat conservation projects, and permaculture, may be used to maintain the burial area in perpetuity. Landscaping methods may accelerate or slow down the decomposition rate of bodies, depending on the soil system.
Natural Burial Grounds were pioneered in the UK.
||The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (May 2012)|
The primary purpose of embalming is to delay decomposition long enough to allow the body to be viewed. Although this delay might be considered inconsistent with the objectives of natural burial, non-toxic and naturally derived embalming fluids without formaldehyde or other bio-accumulating elements may address many current concerns about ground contamination.
No state or province in North America requires the routine embalming of bodies. At a time specified by state ordinance (usually within 24 hours of death), mechanical refrigeration, chilling with dry ice, or some other technique can be used instead. The goal of cooling is to reduce the body's temperature to about 37 degrees F, retarding the microbial growth present during decomposition. Many cultures around the world use no artificial cooling at all, and bodies are regularly held for several days before their final disposal.
Special circumstances, such as an extended time between death and burial, or the transportation of remains on commercial flights (which often require unembalmed bodies to travel in expensive specialized containers), may necessitate embalming.
The most common embalming fluid is composed of organic chemicals and contains 5–29% formaldehyde, ethanol and water. This solution is biodegradable in time, but it cross-links proteins found in tissue-cell membranes, slowing down bacterial decomposition and inhibiting the body's breakdown in the earth. The ability of embalming fluid to contaminate soil or water tables has not been studied thoroughly. In alkaline soils, formaldehyde would be broken down through the Cannizzaro reaction and become Urotropin, but not all soils are alkaline.
Formaldehyde is a suspected carcinogen and damages the health of workers exposed to it in high quantities. It is implicated in cancer, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, disorders of the nervous system, and other ailments. The OSHA has the power to require embalmers to wear respirators if the Permissible Exposure Limit air exchange allowance[jargon] is exceeded, which may put funeral home workers[clarification needed] at risk.
Natural coffins are made from materials that readily biodegrade. Ideally the materials are easily renewed or recycled and require less energy for their production.
Coffins (tapered-shoulder shape) and caskets (rectangular) are made from a variety of materials, most of them not biodegradable. 80–85% of the caskets sold for burial in North America in 2006 were of stamped steel. Solid wood and particle board (chipboard) coffins with hardwood veneers account for 10–15% of sales, and fiberglass and alternative materials such as woven fiber make up the rest. In Australia 85–90% of coffins are solid wood and particle board.
Most traditional caskets in the UK are made from chipboard covered in a thin veneer. Handles are usually plastic designed to look like brass. Chipboard requires glue to stick the wood particles together. Some glues that are used, such as those that contain formaldehyde, are feared to cause pollution when they are burned during cremation or when degrading in the ground. However, not all engineered wood products are produced using formaldehyde glues.
Caskets and coffins are often manufactured using exotic and even endangered species of wood, and are designed to prevent decomposition. While there are generally no restrictions on the type of coffin used, most sites encourage the use of environmentally friendly coffins made from cardboard or wicker. A simple cotton shroud is another option.
Natural burial grounds employ a variety of methods of memorialization. Headstones, tributes, and other common markers may be allowed or prohibited. Trees, shrubs, and flowers planted on or near the grave can provide a living memorial and help create habitat. Irrigation, pesticides, herbicides, and synthetic fertilizers may be significantly reduced or eliminated altogether in favor of non-toxic and less resource-intensive plant management.
Environmental issues with conventional burial
Each year, 22,500 cemeteries across the United States bury approximately:
- 30 million board feet (70,000 m3) of hardwood caskets
- 90,272 tons of steel caskets
- 14,000 tons of steel vaults
- 2,700 tons of copper and bronze caskets
- 1,636,000 tons of reinforced concrete vaults
- 827,060 US gallons (3,130 m3) of embalming fluid, which usually includes formaldehyde.
When formaldehyde is used for embalming, it breaks down, and the chemicals released into the ground after burial and ensuing decomposition are inert. The problems with the use of formaldehyde and its constituent components in natural burial are the exposure of mortuary workers to it and the destruction of the decomposer microbes necessary for breakdown of the body in the soil.
Natural burial has been practiced for thousands of years, but has been interrupted in modern times by new methods such as vaults, liners, embalming, and mausoleums that mitigate the decomposition process. In the late 19th century Sir Francis Seymour Hayden proposed "earth to earth burial" in a pamphlet of the same name, as an alternative to both cremation and the slow putrefaction of encased corpses.
The Association of Natural Burial Grounds (ANBG) was established by The Natural Death Centre charity in 1994. It aims to help people to establish sites, to provide guidance to natural burial ground operators, to represent its members, and to provide a Code of Conduct for members. The NDC also publishes The Natural Death Handbook.
The first woodland burial ground in the UK was created in 1993 at Carlisle Cemetery and is called The Woodland Burial. Nearly 300 dedicated natural burial grounds have been created in the UK.
The Natural Burial Co-operative provides a Directory of Natural Burial Grounds in Canada
The Natural Burial Association (NBA) is an independent, non-profit organization established in 2005 to promote natural burial in Canada and to encourage the establishment of natural burial sites there.
New Zealand's Natural Burial organisation was started in 1999 by Mark Blackham. It is a not-for-profit organization that advocates for natural cemeteries, promotes the concept to the public, and certifies cemeteries, funeral directors and caskets for use in participating cemeteries.
The first natural cemetery in New Zealand was established in 2008 in the capital, Wellington, as a partnership between the Wellington City Council and Natural Burials. Natural cemeteries were then set up by the council authorities in New Plymouth in 2011 and Otaki in 2012. Other councils have set up natural burial zones: Marsden Valley in 2011, and Motueka in 2012.
Billy Campbell, a rural doctor and a pioneer of the green burial movement in the USA, opened the first modern "green cemetery"[clarification needed] in North America at the Ramsey Creek Preserve in South Carolina in 1998.
The Green Burial Council (GBC) is an independent, tax-exempt, nonprofit organization that aims to encourage sustainability in the interment industry and to use burial as a means of ecological restoration and landscape conservation. Founded in 2005, the GBC has been stewarded by individuals representing the environmental/conservation community, consumer organizations, academia, the deathcare industry, and such organizations and institutions as The Nature Conservancy, The Trust for Public Land, AARP, and the University of Colorado. The organization established the nation's first certifiable standards for cemeteries, funeral providers, burial product manufacturers, and cremation facilities. As of 2013, there are a total of 37 burial grounds certified by the Green Burial Council in 23 states and British Columbia. A cemetery becomes certified by demonstrating compliance with stringent established standards for a given category. The aforementioned Ramsey Creek Preserve is certified by the GBC. Conventional funeral providers in thirty-nine states now offer the burial package approved by the Green Burial Council.
Most of the 32-acre (130,000 m2) Fernwood Burial Ground, adjacent to the Golden Gate National Recreation Area in Mill Valley, California, is set aside for natural burial, with no tombstones or caskets.
The Trust for Natural Legacies (TSL) is a 501(c)3[jargon] non-profit organization. It is both a traditional land trust working to establish cemetery nature preserves and is also establishing itself as an umbrella organization for natural burial cemeteries, enabling them to network directly with each other, share best practices and engage in continuing professional education. This is similar to what the Land Trust Alliance offers to nature preserves and the International Cemetery, Cremation & Funeral Association offers to cemeteries. TNL is based in Minneapolis, MN and operates in the midwestern states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, and Michigan.
Foxfield Preserve, adjacent to The Wilderness Center's headquarters near Wilmot, Ohio, was the first nature preserve cemetery in the US to be operated by a nonprofit conservation organization. Naturalists from The Wilderness Center have restored this formerly agricultural land to native prairie grasses and wildflowers. A section has also been reforested in native hardwood trees.
Circle Cemetery, located at Circle Sanctuary Nature Preserve in southwestern Wisconsin, has offered burial of cremated remains and non-embalmed bodies since 1995. It is operated by Circle Sanctuary, a Wiccan church.
Cedar Brook Burial Ground in Limington, Maine, the first green cemetery in Maine is located on a 150 acre tree farm thirty miles due west of Portland. Within its borders sits the rock wall-enclosed Joshua Small Cemetery, a tiny, historic graveyard whose dozen burials date back to the early 1800s.
Jewish law forbids embalming for traditional burials, which it considers to be desecration of the body. The body is ritually washed by select members of the Jewish community, wrapped in a muslin sheet, and placed in an all-wood casket. The casket must not have any metal in it, and it often has holes in the bottom to ensure that it and the cadaver rapidly decompose and return to the earth. Burial vaults are not used unless required by the cemetery. In Israel, Jews are buried without a casket, in just the shroud.
Islamic law instructs that the deceased be washed and buried with only a wrapping of white cloth to preserve dignity. The cloth is sometimes perfumed, but as in natural burial, no chemical preservatives or embalming fluid are used, nor is there a burial vault, coffin or casket. Coffins are used, however, in countries such as the UK, where the law requires it.
- Michael Hauptmann et al. (December 16, 2009). "Mortality From Lymphohematopoietic Malignancies and Brain Cancer Among Embalmers Exposed to Formaldehyde". Journal of the National Cancer Institute (Oxford University Press) 101 (24): 1696–1708. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp464.
- (Compiled from statistics by Casket and Funeral Association of America, Cremation Association of North America, Doric Inc., The Rainforest Action Network, and Mary Woodsen, Pre-Posthumous Society)[full citation needed]
- Embalming fluid chemically changes in the act of preserving the body and is not largely present as a fluid. This figure refers to embalming fluid before it is introduced to the body.
- "Germany's Tired Graveyards: A Rotten Way to Go? – SPIEGEL ONLINE – News – International". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
- "The Association of Natural Burial Grounds (UK) official website". Anbg.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
- Carlisle City Council. "The History of Carlisle Cemetery". Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- Natural Burial Co-operative. "Natural Burial in Canada". Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- "The Natural Burial Association: Who We Are". Retrieved July 5, 2011.
- Natural Burials, New Zealand
- Wellington City Council, 'Wellington's new Natural Cemetery officially opened by Mayor Kerry Prendergast'. 30 May 2008. http://www.wellington.govt.nz/news/display-item.php?id=3217
- "Natural burial plots available | Stuff.co.nz". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
- "Natural burial site opened | Stuff.co.nz". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
- "Environmentally friendly natural burials | Stuff.co.nz". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
- accessdate = 2007-05-01 "Trust for Natural Legacies". Trust for Natural Legacies. May 2007.
- "Foxfield Preserve". Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- Selena Fox. "Circle Cemetery". Circle Sanctuary. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- "Cedar Brook Burial Ground". mainegreencemetery.com. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
- The Natural Death Centre Charity, UK, Association of Natural Burial Grounds Registered Charity No: 1091396 @ndccharity an educational charity which sees death as a natural part of life. Founded in 1991, it is committed to supporting cultural change and is working towards a situation where all people are empowered in the process of dying, and organising a funeral.
- The Green Burial Council, an independent, nonprofit organization operating in the US, Canada, and Australia
- The Centre for Natural Burial, resources for USA, Canada, UK and Europe
- Grave Matters: A Journey Through the Modern Funeral Industry to a Natural Way of Burial, a book on green burial
- A Will for the Woods, a documentary on green burials
- CINDEA -- Canadian Integrative Network for Death Education and Alternatives, a Canadian website on the pan-death movement and death midwifery, including resources in Canada, the US, and elsewhere