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Overview[ edit ] Meltdown exploits a race conditioninherent in the design of many modern CPUs. This occurs between memory access and privilege checking during instruction processing.
Additionally, combined with a cache side-channel attackthis vulnerability allows a process to bypass the normal privilege checks that isolate the exploit process from accessing data belonging to the operating system and other running processes.
The vulnerability allows an unauthorized process to read data from any address that is mapped to the current process's memory space.
Since instruction pipelining is in the affected processors, the data from an unauthorized address will almost always be temporarily loaded into the CPU's cache during out-of-order execution —from which the data can be recovered. Since many operating systems map physical memory, kernel processes, and other running user space processes into the address space of every process, Meltdown effectively makes it possible for a rogue process to read any physical, kernel or other processes' mapped memory—regardless of whether it should be able to do so.
Defenses against Meltdown would require avoiding the use of memory mapping in a manner vulnerable to such exploits i. The vulnerability is viable on any operating system in which privileged data is mapped into virtual memory for unprivileged processes—which includes many present-day operating systems.
Meltdown could potentially impact a wider range of computers than presently identified, as there is little to no variation in the microprocessor families used by these computers. A Meltdown attack cannot be detected if it is carried out. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate.
Editing help is available. In essence, the base of the system, including its kernel extensions kexts and memory zones, is randomly relocated during the boot process in an effort to reduce the operating system's vulnerability to attacks.
Even though focused on ARM, it laid the groundwork for the attack vector. Side effects include side-channel attacks and bypassing kernel ASLR" which outlined already what is coming.
On February 27,Bosman et al. On November 14,security researcher Alex Ionescu publicly mentioned changes in the new version of Windows 10 that would cause some speed degradation without explaining the necessity for the changes, just referring to similar changes in Linux.
On January 28,Intel was reported to have shared news of the Meltdown and Spectre security vulnerabilities with Chinese technology companies before notifying the U. They also attempted but failed to exploit CPU operations for memory alignment, division by zero, supervisor modes, segment limits, invalid opcodes, and non-executable code.
This includes devices with the Qualcomm SnapdragonSnapdragonSnapdragonand all Snapdragon 4xx processors based on A53 or A55 cores. Put briefly, the instruction execution leaves side effects that constitute information not hidden to the process by the privilege check.
The process carrying out Meltdown then uses these side effects to infer the values of memory mapped databypassing the privilege check.
The following provides an overview of the exploit, and the memory mapping that is its target.The Microsoft Security Response Center is part of the defender community and on the front line of security response evolution.
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