Washington D.C [USA], Sept. 24 (ANI
): How the brain responds to nicotine depends on a smoker's belief about the nicotine content in a cigarette, states a recent research conducted at the University of Texas in Dallas.
The study found that smoking a nicotine cigarette but believing that it lacked nicotine failed to satisfy cravings related to nicotine addiction.
Contrary to the expectations, researchers found that in order to satisfy nicotine cravings, smokers had to not only smoke a cigarette with nicotine but also believe that they were smoking nicotine.
Lead author of the study Xiaosi Gu said, "These results suggest that for drugs to have an effect on a person, he or she needs to believe that the drug is present."
The scientists used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to capture neural activity in the insula cortex, a region of the brain that plays a role in diverse functions such as bodily perception and self-awareness.
The insula cortex is also associated with drug cravings and addiction, Gu said.
Twenty-four chronic, nicotine-addicted smokers
participated in the double-blind study.
Over four visits, participants were twice given a nicotine-containing cigarette and twice a placebo.
With each type of cigarette, they were once accurately told what type they had and once told the opposite.
Gu said, "We examined the impact of beliefs about cravings prior to and after smoking while also measuring neural activity."
On each visit, participants underwent an fMRI scan and were administered a cigarette, but each visit tested a different condition including 'believes the cigarette contains nicotine but receives placebo', 'believes the cigarette does not contain nicotine but receives a nicotine cigarette', 'Believes the cigarette contains nicotine and receives nicotine', 'believes the cigarette does not contain nicotine and receives placebo'.
After smoking the provided cigarette, participants completed a reward learning task while undergoing fMRI.
They rated their levels of craving before smoking the cigarette and after the task.
The fMRI scans showed significant neural activity that correlated to both craving and learning signals when participants smoked a nicotine cigarette
and believed its nicotine content was genuine.
However, smoking nicotine
but believing it was a placebo did not produce the same brain signals.
Results from this study support previous findings that beliefs
can alter a drug's effects on craving, providing insight into possible avenues for novel methods of addiction treatments. (ANI