Scratch is a new programming language that makes it easy to create interactive stories,
games, and animations – and share your creations with others on the web.
This Reference Guide provides an overview of the Scratch software. If you are just
getting started with Scratch, we encourage you to try the Getting Started Guide first
(http://scratch.mit.edu/files/ScratchGettingStarted.pdf). Then, if you want more detailed
information, come back to the Reference Guide.
The Scratch website has many other resources to help you learn Scratch: Video Tutorials,
Scratch Cards, and Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). See http://scratch.mit.edu/howto
For the latest version of this Reference Guide, see
BASIC INGREDIENTS OF A SCRATCH PROJECT
Scratch projects are made up of objects called sprites. You can change how a sprite
looks by giving it a different costume. You can make a sprite look like a person or a
train or a butterfly or anything else. You can use any image as a costume: you can draw
an image in the Paint Editor, import an image from your hard disk, or drag in an image
from a website.
You can give instructions to a sprite, telling it to move or play music or react to other
sprites. To tell a sprite what to do, you snap together graphic blocks into stacks, called
scripts. When you double-click on a script, Scratch runs the blocks from the top of the
script to the bottom.
Scratch is developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab, with financial support
from the National Science Foundation, Intel Foundation, and the MIT Media Lab research consortia.
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2. SCRATCH INTERFACE
ROTATION STylE CURRENT TABS
Control whether costumes SPRITE Click tabs to edit scripts, GREEN FlAG
rotate with the sprite. INFO costumes, or sounds. TOOlBAR A way to start scripts.
Where your scratch
creations come to life.
programming NEW SPRITE BUTTONS
your sprites. Create a new character or
object for your project.
Thumbnails of all your
sprites. Click to select and
edit a sprite.
SCRIPTS AREA PRESENTATION mODE
Drag blocks in, snap them
together into scripts.
The Stage is where you see your stories, games, and animations come to life. Sprites move
and interact with one another on the Stage.
The Stage is 480 units wide and 360 units tall. It is divided into an x-y grid. The middle of
the Stage has an x-coordinate of 0 and a y-coordinate of 0.
x:-240 y:180 x:240 y:180
y To find out x-y positions on the Stage, move the
mouse around and look at the mouse x-y display
x:-240 y:-180 x:240 y:-180 just below the Stage, on the right.
Click the Presentation Mode button to see projects at full-screen size.
To exit Presentation Mode, press the Esc key.
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NEW SPRITE BUTTONS
When you start a new Scratch project, it begins with a single cat sprite. To create new
sprites, click on these buttons:
Paint your own costume for a new sprite using the Paint Editor.
Select a costume for a new sprite – or import an entire sprite.
Get a surprise sprite.
If you want to delete a sprite, select the scissors from the Toolbar and click on the sprite.
Or right-click on the sprite and select delete from the pop-up menu.
To make a sprite that looks like part of the Stage background, right-click the Stage and
select grab screen region for new sprite.
The Sprite List displays thumbnails of all of the sprites in the project. For each sprite, it
shows the sprite’s name, how many scripts it has, and how many costumes it has.
To see and edit a sprite’s scripts, costumes, and sounds, click on the sprite’s thumbnail
in the Sprite List – or double-click on the sprite itself on the Stage. (The selected sprite is
highlighted and outlined in blue in the Sprite List.) To show, export, duplicate, or delete a
sprite, right-click on the sprite’s thumbnail in the Sprite List. To show a sprite that is off
the stage or hidden, Shift+click on the sprite’s thumbnail in the Sprite List - this will bring
the sprite to the middle of the Stage and show it.
You can rearrange the sprites in the Sprite List by dragging the thumbnails.
Just as a sprite can change its appearance by switching costumes, the Stage can change
its appearance by switching backgrounds. To see and edit the scripts, backgrounds, and
sounds associated with the Stage, click on the Stage icon at the left of the Sprite List.
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BlOCkS PAlETTE and SCRIPTS AREA
To program a sprite, drag out blocks from the Blocks Palette to the Scripts Area. To run
a block, double-click on it.
Create scripts (programs) by snapping blocks together into stacks. Double-click anywhere
on the stack to run the whole script, from top to bottom. To find out what a block does,
right-click on it, then select help from the pop-up menu.
When you drag a block around the Scripts Area, a white highlight indicates where you can
drop the block and form a valid connection with another block. You can insert blocks in the
middle of a stack or at the end.
To move a stack, pick it up from the top block. If you drag out a block from the middle of
a stack, all of the blocks beneath it will come along with it. To copy a stack of blocks from
one sprite to another, drag the stack to the thumbnail of the other sprite in the Sprite List.
Some blocks have white editable text fields inside, such as . To change the value,
click inside the white area and edit the number. You can also drop rounded blocks, like
, inside these areas.
Some blocks have pull-down menus, such as . Just click on the to see the
menu, then click again to make a selection.
To clean up the Scripts Area, right-click and select clean up from the menu. To export a
screenshot of the Scripts Area, right-click and select save picture of scripts.
Click the Costumes tab to see and edit the sprite’s costumes.
This Sprite has two costumes. The sprite’s current costume (girl1-walking) is highlighted.
To switch to a different costume, simply click on the thumbnail of the costume you want.
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There are three ways to create new costumes:
• Click to paint a new costume in the Paint Editor.
• Click to import an image file from your hard disk.
• Drag in one or more images from the web or your desktop.
Scratch can recognize many different image formats: JPG, BMP, PNG, and GIF (including
Each costume has a costume number (displayed to its left). You can rearrange the order of
the costumes by dragging the thumbnails. The costume numbers will update if you change
Right-click on a costume thumbnail to convert the costume into a new sprite, or to export
a copy of the costume as a separate file.
Click the Sounds tab to see the sprite’s sounds.
You can record new sounds and import sound files. Scratch can read MP3 files and
uncompressed WAV, AIF, and AU files (encoded with 8-bits or 16-bits per sample, but not
24-bits per sample).
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CURRENT SPRITE INFO
Current Sprite Info shows a sprite’s name, x-y position, direction, and lock state.
You can type in a new name for the sprite.
The sprite’s direction indicates which direction the sprite will move when it runs a move block
(0=up, 90=right, 180=down, -90=left). The blue line on the thumbnail shows the sprite’s direction.
You can drag this line to change the sprite’s direction. Double-click on the sprite to set the
direction back to its original state (direction=90).
Click the Lock to change the sprite’s lock state. An unlocked sprite can be dragged in presentation
mode and the web player.
Click Export to save the sprite as a separate file, allowing it to be imported into another project.
Click the Rotation Style buttons to control how the costume appears as the sprite changes its
Rotate: The costume rotates as the sprite changes direction.
Left-right flip: The costume faces either left or right.
No-rotate: The costume never rotates (even as the sprite changes direction).
Click on the Toolbar to select a tool, then click on other objects to perform an action.
Arrow: Normal mode. Pick up and move sprites and blocks.
Duplicate: Duplicate sprites, costumes, sounds, blocks, and scripts. (Shift+click for
Delete: Delete sprites, costumes, sounds, blocks, and scripts. (Shift+click for multiple.)
Grow: Make sprites bigger. (Shift+click for larger size steps.)
Shrink: Make sprites smaller. (Shift+click for larger size steps.)
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New, Open, Save, and Save As do what you would expect them to do.
Share! uploads your project to the Scratch website (http://scratch.mit.edu).
Undo allows you to retrieve the last block, script, or sprite you deleted (but does not allow
you to undo most other actions).
Language allows you to select the language of the user interface. While complete
translations are provided for some languages, only the scripts and command blocks are
translated for others (improved translations will be released on the Scratch website as
they become available). Anyone can add or edit language translations of Scratch. To add
or change a translation, simply edit the files in the locale folder within the top level of the
Scratch folder. (Please refer to the Scratch.pot file for further instructions.) Translations
are currently limited to the Latin character set.
Extras gives a pop-up menu with special features:
Import Project: Bring all of the sprites and backgrounds from another project
into this project. This feature is useful for combining sprites from multiple projects.
Start Single Stepping: The Scratch program runs one step at a time,
highlighting each block as it runs. This feature can be useful for finding bugs in
programs, and for helping new programmers understand the flow of a program.
Compress Sounds: Compress sounds used in the project, to reduce the overall
file size of the project.
Compress Images: Compress images used in the project, to reduce the overall file
size of the project.
Want Help? brings up a page with links to reference materials, tutorials, and frequently
asked questions. To get help on an individual block, right-click on the block and select help
from the pop-up menu.
The Green Flag provides a convenient way to start many scripts at the same time. Click
the Green Flag to start all scripts with at the top.
In Presentation Mode, the Green Flag appears as a tiny icon at the top-right corner of
the screen. Pressing the Enter key has the same effect as clicking the Green Flag.
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You can use the Paint Editor to create or edit costumes and backgrounds.
ImPORT SCAlE BUTTONS ROTATE BUTTONS FlIP BUTTONS
Add image Change size of Rotate current Flip current selection ClEAR
from file. current selection. selection. horizontally or vertically. Erase canvas.
CURRENT COlORS CANVAS
Pick the current
SET ROTATION CENTER ZOOm
The Paint Editor Toolbar has the following tools:
Paintbrush: Paint freehand using the current foreground color. When you click on this
tool, the Options Area shows the brush size. Click to pick a different brush size.
Eraser: Erase with freehand strokes. The areas that you erase become transparent. When
you click on this tool, the Options Area shows the eraser size. Click to pick a different
Fill: Fill connected areas with a solid color or gradient. When you click this tool, the
Options Area shows the fill style (solid color, horizontal gradient, vertical gradient, or radial
gradient). Gradients blend from the selected foreground color to the selected background
Rectangle: Draw a filled or outlined rectangle (Shift+drag for a square) using the current
foreground color. When you click this tool, the Options Area shows the fill style (solid or
Ellipse: Draw a filled or outlined ellipse (Shift+drag for a circle) using the current
foreground color. When you click this tool, the Options Area shows the fill style (solid or
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Line: Draw a straight line (Shift+drag for a horizontal or vertical line) using the current
foreground color. When you click on this tool, the Options Area shows the brush size.
Click to pick a different brush size.
Text: Add text to the drawing. When you click on this tool, the Options Area allows you to
change the font face and font size. Each costume can only have one block of text.
Selection: Select a rectangular region, then move it to a new location (press delete to
remove the selection, Shift+delete or Shift+backspace to crop).
Stamp: Select a rectangular region, then copy it to new locations (Shift+click+drag for
Eyedropper: Use the tip of the eyedropper to choose the foreground color (click on the
Canvas and drag the eyedropper to pick a color from outside the Canvas).
The Current Colors (foreground and background) are shown below the Options Area. You can
click the color swap arrow to exchange the foreground and background colors. Click in one of the
Color Palettes to pick a new foreground color (Shift+click to select a background color).
Click the Set Rotation Center button to select the location within the drawing that will be used
as the center of rotation when the Costume is rotated on the Stage.
Click the Zoom buttons (in or out) to increase or decrease the view magnification of the Canvas.
When the zoom is greater than 100%, scroll bars are used to pan around the Canvas. Zoom does
not change the size of the image.
Click on the Import button to open an image from file and add it to the Canvas.
Click the Clear button to remove all content from the Canvas.
To change the size of the Canvas content, or just the current selection, click on the Scale buttons
(grow or shrink). You can Shift+click on the buttons to enter a precise value. Shrinking decreases
the size and resolution of the image.
To rotate the Canvas content, or just the current selection, click on the Rotate buttons (counter-
clockwise or clockwise). You can Shift+click on the buttons to enter a precise value.
To flip the Canvas content, or just the current selection, click on the Flip buttons (horizontal or
If you make a mistake, you can click the Undo button repeatedly to undo the last several actions.
If you change your mind, you can click the Redo button to restore the undone actions.
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3. SCRATCH BlOCkS
TyPES OF BlOCkS
There are three main types of blocks in the Blocks Palette:
Stack Blocks: These blocks have bumps on the bottom and/or notches on the top, such
as . You can snap these blocks together into stacks. Some stack blocks have an input
area inside them, where you can type a number (such as 10 in the block) or
choose an item from a pull-down menu (such as pop in the block). Some
stack blocks, such as , have a C-shaped “mouth” where you can insert other
Hats: These blocks have rounded tops, such as . These blocks are placed
at the tops of stacks. They wait for an event to happen, such as a key being pressed, then
run the blocks underneath them.
Reporters: These blocks, such as and , are designed to fit in the input
area of other blocks. Reporters come in two shapes, and fit only into “holes” of the same
shape. Reporters with rounded ends (such as ) report numbers and fit inside blocks
with rounded holes (such as ). Reporters with pointed ends (such as )
report boolean values (true or false) and fit inside blocks with pointed holes (such as ).
Some reporter blocks have a check box next to them, such as . If you click in the check
box, a monitor appears on the stage, displaying the current value of the reporter. As the value
of the reporter changes, the monitor updates automatically. A monitor can display the value of
the reporter in several different formats:
a small readout with the name of the reporter
a large readout without any name
a slider that allows you to manipulate the value
of the reporter (available only for variables)
Double-click or right-click on the monitor to change from one format to another.
The slider format is available only for user-created variables. Right-click on the monitor in slider
format to adjust its minimum and maximum values.
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The Scratch blocks are organized into eight color-coded categories: motion, looks, sound, pen, control,
sensing, numbers, and variables.
Moves sprite forward or backward.
Rotates sprite clockwise.
Rotates sprite counterclockwise.
Points sprite in the specified direction. (0=up, 90=right,
Points sprite toward mouse-pointer or another sprite.
Moves sprite to specified x and y position on Stage.
Moves sprite to the location of the mouse-pointer
or another sprite.
Moves sprite smoothly to a specified position over
specified length of time.
Changes sprite’s x-position by specified amount.
Sets sprite’s x-position to specified value.
Changes sprite’s y-position by specified amount.
Sets sprite’s y-position to specified value.
Turns sprite in opposite direction when sprite touches
edge of Stage.
Reports sprite’s x-position. (Ranges from -240 to 240)
Reports sprite’s y-position. (Ranges from -180 to 180)
Reports sprite’s direction. (0=up, 90=right, 180=down, -90=left)
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Changes sprite’s appearance by switching to different
Changes sprite’s costume to next costume in the cos-
tume list. (If at end of the costume list, jumps back to first costume.)
Reports sprite’s current costume number.
Changes Stage’s appearance by switching to a different
Changes Stage’s background to next background in
the background list.
Reports Stage’s current background number.
Displays sprite’s speech bubble for specified
amount of time.
Displays sprite’s speech bubble. (you can remove speech
bubble by running this block without any text.)
Displays sprite’s thought bubble for specified
amount of time.
Displays sprite’s thought bubble.
Changes a visual effect on a sprite by specified amount.
(Use pull-down menu to choose effect.)
Sets a visual effect to a given number. (most visual effects
range from 0 to 100.)
Clears all graphic effects for a sprite.
Changes sprite’s size by specified amount.
Sets sprite’s size to specified % of original size.
Reports sprite’s size, as % of original size.
Makes sprite appear on the Stage.
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Makes sprite disappear from the Stage. (When sprite is
hidden, other sprites cannot detect it with touching? block.)
Moves sprite in front of all other sprites.
Moves sprite back a specified number of layers, so that
it can be hidden behind other sprites.
Starts playing a sound, selected from pull-down menu,
and immediately goes on to the next block even as
sound is still playing.
Plays a sound and waits until the sound is finished
playing before continuing with next block.
Stops playing all sounds.
Plays a drum sound, selected from pull-down menu, for
specified number of beats.
Plays a musical note (higher numbers for higher pitches) for
specified number of beats.
Sets the type of instrument that the sprite uses for
play note blocks. (Each sprite has its own instrument.)
Changes sprite’s sound volume by specified amount.
Sets sprite’s sound volume to specified value.
Reports sprite’s sound volume.
Changes sprite’s tempo by specified amount.
Sets sprite’s tempo to specified value in beats per min-
Reports sprite’s tempo in beats per minute.
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Clears all pen marks and stamps from the Stage.
Puts down sprite’s pen, so it will draw as it moves.
Pulls up sprite’s pen, so it won’t draw as it moves.
Sets pen’s color, based on choice from color picker.
Changes pen’s color by specified amount.
Sets pen’s color to specified value. (pen-color=0 at red end of
rainbow, pen-color=100 at blue end of rainbow)
Changes pen’s shade by specified amount.
Sets pen’s shade to specified amount. (pen-shade=0 is very
dark, pen-shade=100 is very light)
Changes pen’s thickness.
Sets pen’s thickness.
Stamps sprite’s image onto the Stage.
Runs script below when green flag is clicked.
Runs script below when specified key is pressed.
Runs script below when sprite is clicked.
Waits specified number of seconds, then continues
with next block.
Runs the blocks inside over and over.
Runs the blocks inside a specified number of times.
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Sends a message to all sprites, triggering them to do
something, and waits until they all finish before con-
tinuing with next block.
Sends a message to all sprites, then continues with the
next block without waiting for the triggered scripts.
Runs script below when it receives specified broadcast
Continually checks whether condition is true; when-
ever it is, runs the blocks inside.
If condition is true, runs the blocks inside.
If condition is true, runs the blocks inside the if por-
tion; if not, runs the blocks inside the else portion.
Waits until condition is true, then runs the blocks
Checks to see if condition is true; if so, runs blocks
inside and checks condition again. If condition is not
true, goes on to the blocks that follow.
Stops the script.
Stops all scripts in all sprites.
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Reports the x-position of mouse-pointer.
Reports the y-position of mouse-pointer.
Reports true if mouse button is pressed.
Reports true if specified key is pressed.
Reports true if sprite is touching specified sprite, edge,
or mouse-pointer. (Selected from pull-down menu.)
Reports true if sprite is touching specified color. (Click on
color patch, then use eyedropper to select color.)
Reports true if first color (within sprite) is touching
second color (in background or another sprite). (Click on
color patch, then use eyedropper to select color.)
Reports distance from the specified sprite or
Sets the timer to zero.
Reports the value of the timer in seconds. (The timer is
Reports a property or variable of another sprite.
Reports the volume (from 1 to 100) of sounds detected
by the computer microphone.
Reports true if computer microphone detects a sound
volume greater than 30 (on scale of 1 to 100).
Reports the value of specified sensor. To use this block, you
need to have a Scratch Board connected to your computer. See http://
Reports true if specified sensor is pressed. To use this
block, you need to have a Scratch Board connected to your computer.
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Adds two numbers.
Subtracts second number from first number.
Multiplies two numbers.
Divides first number by second number.
Picks a random integer within the specified range.
Reports true if first number is less than second.
Reports true if two numbers are equal.
Reports true if first number is greater than second.
Reports true if both conditions are true.
Reports true if either condition is true.
Reports true if condition is false; reports false if
condition is true.
Reports result of selected function (abs, sqrt, sin, cos, tan,
asin, acos, atan, ln, log, e^, 10^) applied to specified number.
Reports remainder from division of first number by
Reports closest integer to a number.
Allows you to create and name a new variable. When you
create a variable, three blocks are created automatically (see below). you
can choose whether the variable is for all sprites (global) or just for one
Deletes all three blocks associated with the variable.
Changes variable by specified amount.
Sets variable to specified number.
Reports value of variable.
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