June 21, 2000
June 21, 2000
The historian, Ernst Nolte, has argued that Hitler's anti-Semitism had a ''rational core'' and that Nazism was in essence a riposte to Bolshevism. He received the Konrad Adenauer Prize for literature this month, causing an uproar that has filled newspapers with invective and divided one of the country's leading historical institutes.
Accepting the prize, Mr. Nolte said, ''We should leave behind the view that the opposite of National Socialist goals is always good and right.'' He added that because Nazism was the ''strongest of all counter forces'' to Bolshevism, a movement with wide Jewish support, Hitler may have had ''rational'' reasons for attacking the Jews.
The timing of the prize was particularly delicate because this is a period of some intellectual ferment in Europe. The success of the Austrian rightist Jorg Haider in steering his Freedom Party into government has emboldened the right.
In Germany and France, a conservative reaction is evident against what the French call ''the angelic left,'' which is accused of imposing a stifling political correctness on debate and of backing a multicultural tide that will sweep away the European nation state.
In this context, Mr. Nolte has emerged as an iconoclast with apparently growing conservative appeal. A few days after receiving the prize, he was widely applauded at a conference in Paris where he again explored his thesis about Hitler and the Jews.
''The award of the prize to Nolte was a clear political statement intended to promote the view that there is no particular stigma to Nazism in the light of what some Germans now call the 'Red Holocaust' in the Soviet Union,'' said Charles Maier, a Harvard historian. ''It's exculpatory in the German context. It's also really scandalous.''
The unease and anger in Germany over the prize has been accentuated by the fact that another prominent historian, Horst Moller, the director of the disinguished Institute for Contemporary History, chose to make the speech honoring Mr. Nolte.
The institute was established after the war in Munich with a clear educational mission directed largely toward researching Nazism.
In his speech, Mr. Moller said he did not agree with all of Mr. Nolte's views, but went on to praise a ''life's work of high rank'' and to make a vigorous attack on the ''hate-filled and defamatory'' attempts to stop open debate in Germany.
The reaction was overwhelming. Newspapers have been filled with letters from other historians at the institute calling on Mr. Moller to resign. In an open letter to Die Zeit, Heinrich A. Winkler, a professor of history at Berlin's Humboldt University, said, ''Mr. Moller allowed himself to become party to an intellectual political offensive aimed at integrating rightist and revisionist positions in the conservative mainstream.''
Mr. Moller's secretary said he was traveling and not available for comment.
With Haiderism thriving in neighboring Austria, the ground has become fertile in Germany for a nationalist and right-wing intellectual awakening. It is fed by weariness, even anger, at what is seen as Germany's eternal victimization for the Holocaust, and irritation at the multicultural message from a Red-Green government.
Mr. Nolte took up these themes in his speech. He attacked those who argue for ''an unstoppable transition toward world civilization.'' He bitterly denounced the ''collective accusation'' continuously leveled at Germany since 1945.
The historian, the author of books including ''Three Faces of Fascism'' and ''The European Civil War,'' has been well known for his argument about Hitler and Stalin since the 1980's.
But never before has a center-right institution like the Deutschland Foundation moved to embrace him in such a formal way, intimating that at least the right of the Christian Democratic Party may be ready to countenance the view that the crimes of the Nazis were not unique and have been unfairly singled out.
Mr. Haider has made a lot of
headway in Austria precisely by questioning the ''intellectual tyranny'' of the