on the arrows below to view the answers
codes, those dizzying combinations of 30 lines and 29 spaces, are on everything
from chewing gum to soft drinks, from books and newspapers, to airline
luggage tags and penguins.
Information gleaned from bar codes now helps supermarket chains, bookstores,
airlines and many other industries determinewhat
products are marketed and, sometimes more important, how, to whom and
for what price goods are sold.
Bar codes are also used to help detect and determine consumer buying trends,
literally the "why" behind consumer choices. It is estimated
more than 100,000 grocery store items alone have bar codes.
Scientists even tag penguins in Antarctica with bar codesto
make data gathering faster and more precise, providing help in research
into migration and endangered species.
NSF funding helped play a crucial roleboth earlier and more recentlyin
the development of bar codes. In the early 1990s, research in computer
vision conducted at the State University of New York-Stony Brook led to
major advances in algorithms for bar code readers. That research led to
commercial development of a new product line of barcode readers that has
been described as a revolutionary advance, enabling bar-code readersto
operate under messy situations and adverse conditions.
Work continues on developing two-dimensional bar codes, which will enable
far greater amounts of information to be represented in a very compact
form. NSF helped fund bar-code research in the 1970s, which helped to
perfect the accuracy of the scanners that read bar codes.
Credit must also be given to private industry for its work in development
and implementation of bar codes and scanners.
The first bar codes were used at a supermarket in Troy, OH, in 1974, and
the scanners that read the bar code were considered large, loud and clumsy.
Now scanners are small, hand held, unobtrusive, quiet and quick; they
are used everywhere from stores and post offices to hospitals and by researchers
in the field.