The experimental approach is a driving force behind some of the most exciting developments in economics. The “experimental revolution” was based on a series of bold philosophical premises that have remained until now mostly unexplored. This book provides the first comprehensive analysis and critical discussion of the methodology of experimental economics, written by a philosopher of science with expertise in the field. It outlines the fundamental principles of experimental inference in order to investigate their power, scope, and limitations. The author demonstrates that experimental economists have a lot to gain by discussing openly the philosophical ideas that guide their work, and that philosophers of science have much to learn from the ingenious techniques devised by experimenters in order to tackle difficult scientific problems.