Social Behaviour and Communication in Elephants
It's true! Elephants don't forget!
By Rachael Adams
Elephants are the largest of land mammals living in very advanced social organisations that require good levels of
communication between the groups of individuals.
This is because they live in a "fluid fission-fusion" society which simply means that their family units are
constantly being divided and reunited whilst, at the same time, they are meeting different individuals on a daily basis.
This requires an advanced level of communication and recognition to allow individuals to mediate
between the complex relationships that they develop with other individuals.
Fig 1. Female elephants and their calves
Social organisation in elephants is characterised by their closeness and intimacy and is divided into three forms.
The most important grouping is the "family unit" which consists of two or more related females and their
offspring (See Fig 1). Male bulls are not part of this family unit but either aggregate together or solitary.
A family can range from 2-50 individuals and they interact together in an organised and coordinated manner.
Such interactions include teamwork, offspring care, group defence and resource acquisition which
all involve decision making, normally made by a powerful "matriarch".
The matriarch is a dominant female leader within the group who is the oldest and thus the wisest and most experienced.
She makes the decisions regarding movement, safety and resource acquisition.
"Bond groups", otherwise known as a "kinship groups", are groups of individuals that are closely related genetically.
These groups form when bonds in a family are weakened and thus divided by fission.
Finally, a "clan" contains approximately 100-250 individuals and are a combination of families and bond
groups which share the same home range predominantly during a dry season.
They feed together as a big social gathering when resources are scarce and once
resources become available, they form a large social organisation.
During migration, as many as 1000 individuals may aggregate together as a means of protection and
dominance during the migration process. (Wilson 2000)
There is a large degree of altruism and cooperation which is related to kin selection within the family group.
This means that one individual will help to increase another individual's lifetime number of offspring and
thus help maximise that individual's gene contribution to future generations, but at a cost to their own
survival and reproduction. (Krebs et al 1993)
In this case, all young calves are treated equally and
are allowed to suckle from other nursing females within the group as well as their mother.
Juvenile females act as "aunts" whose role is to make sure the calves behave by preventing them from
running ahead of the herd and waking them up after a mid-afternoon nap.
Fig 2. Elephant matriarch (right)
members of the herd from danger.
Thus, combined parental
care is one major factor in elephant social organisation.
Another important altruistic behaviour observed
in elephants is the courageous behaviour of the matriarch, who protects her herd by
exposing herself to danger. (Wilson, 2000) (See Fig 2)
This is an extreme sort of altruism where an individual
is not just exposing herself to danger for the sake of another kin, but is increasing the
fitness of up to 50 individuals.
Communication is an essential aspect of social behaviour in elephants and this is achieved by the efficient
use of all their senses. This is important as it enables a herd to keep track of their relatives,
defending territories and alerting the group of danger, as well as conveying their reproductive
state and associating females with their young prior to weaning.
Thus, they require a long distance
network of communication due to this fluid social system which can convey information about their
physical and emotional state as well as transmitting their intentions.
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