A video game aids in research on Alzheimer’s disease
Sea Hero Quest is a spatial navigation video game that can be played on cell phones, tablets and virtual reality applications, developed by scientists at the CNRS, at University College London, and the University of East Anglia (United Kingdom). Since its release in May 2016, the game has been used to record the spatial navigation strategies of over 4 million players in countries all over the world. Published on April, 23 in PNAS, a new study based on the data collected from the game has shown that poor spatial orientation as an indicator can help in early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, even prior to the appearance of any clinical signs.
How do we find our way around? Why do I always get lost while my friend never does? Why does people's sense of direction vary so widely in general? Is it linked to inherent, genetic characteristics or determined by cultural factors? To answer these questions, Antoine Coutrot, a CNRS researcher at the Laboratoire des sciences du numérique in Nantes, France (CNRS/Ecole centrale de Nantes/Université de Nantes/IMT Atlantique) and English colleagues at University College London and the University of East Anglia, developed a video game that has been played by 4 million people since. Strategies deployed to succeed at the game’s different quests represent the equivalent of 10,000 years of data collected in labs using traditional experimentation methods.
But how can we check whether player success is linked to spatial orientation skills or the ability to use a cell phone or a video game habit? To confirm their initial hypothesis, researchers compared navigational performance on male and female volunteers of all ages, in both the real and virtual world, in Paris and London. Their results and first article, published on PLOS ONE, validate this theory: virtual navigation performance is strongly on par with that of the real world.
Once the value of assessing navigational abilities via a video game was established, scientists then compared the results of those who played Sea Hero Quest with those who, while not suffering from dementia, have a greater likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease since they are are APOE type-4 allele carriers1 . The latter, tested in the laboratory, recorded normal scores in their answers to traditional neuropsychological surveys. However, comparing their performance to Sea Hero Quest players of the same age, gender and country of origin highlighted changes in navigational habits even before clinical Alzheimer’s symptoms appear.
These results show for the first time how large-scale digital cognitive testing could hold potential for the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease and help in personalized testing processes to diagnose the illness in individuals showing no clinical symptoms.
Two videos are available from Alexiane Agullo (email@example.com): one in which 1,000 paths are overlapped for a given level in the game (© Ed Manley, University College London) and a video illustrating tasks, published in the PLOS ONE article (© Virtual navigation tested on a mobile app is predictive of real-world wayfinding navigation performance. Coutrot, A et al. PLOS ONE, 18 March 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213272)
- 125% of the population carry this allele. As a result, they are four times more likely to develop the disease. See in particular the following study: Strittmatter et al. "Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90.5 (1993): 1977-1981.
Impact of Sex and APOE Status on Spatial Navigation in Pre-symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease. Coughlan G., Coutrot A., Khondoker M., Minihane A., Spiers H., Hornberger M. PNAS, April, 23 2019.
Virtual navigation tested on a mobile app is predictive of real-world wayfinding navigation performance. Coutrot, A., Schmidt, S., Coutrot, L., Pittman, J., Hong, L., Wiener, J. M., Hölscher, C., Dalton, R.C., Hornberger, M., Spiers, H. J. PLOS ONE, March,18 2019. DOI : https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213272