Biology CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Science Process Skills, and Laboratory Safety: Uses terms and processes employed in scientific research. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 1. Demonstrates proficiency in the use of science process skills in laboratory and/or field activities involving observation, classification, communication, metric measurement, prediction, inference, identifying variables, formulating hypotheses, controlling variables, making operational definitions, designing investigations, experimenting, collecting qualitative and/or quantitative data, constructing a data table, graphing, analyzing, and interpreting data and/or drawing conclusions. 2. Produces written reports of laboratory and/or field activities in accepted formats and use precise language for presentations of procedure, tables of data, graphs, analytical methods, results, and analyses of error. 3. Uses laboratory equipment to conduct safe and accurate laboratory work. 4. Demonstrates the proper care and use of the microscope and how to prepare slides. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Research: Demonstrates appropriate use of reference sources to access, analyze, evaluate, and present information related to research problems. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 5. Uses media resources such as print, audiovisual, and online services to find information. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Nature of Biology: Explains the significance of biology (e.g., impact on daily life). PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 6. Defines biology and major divisions (e.g., botany, zoology, genetics, etc.). 7. Explains the use of biology in daily life. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Cellular Biology (Structure): Explains the cellular basis of life. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 8. Distinguishes between living and nonliving things (e.g., characteristics of living things). 9. States the cell theory. 10. Differentiates between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 11. Identifies common cell organelles and describe the function of each (e.g., diagrams and microscopic examinations). 12. Distinguishes between unicellular and multicellular organisms. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Cellular Biology (Homeostasis): Explains homeostasis and describes the transport of materials through cell membranes. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 13. Explains the role of homeostasis in maintaining life. 14. Cites examples of homeostatic mechanisms in unicellular and multicellular organisms. 15. Describes processes whereby substances enter and leave the cell (passive and active transport mechanisms). 16. Compares the reaction of plant and animal cells in solutions of different solute concentrations, (e.g., isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions). CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Biochemistry (Chemical Concepts): Recognizes that life has a chemical basis. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 17. Demonstrates an understanding of basic chemical principles, (e.g., phases of matter, atomic structure, bonding, acids, bases). 18. Identifies the elements of the earth’s atmosphere and crust that comprise living cells. 19. Explains the special role of water in living systems. 20. Describes the four basic types of organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) and their functions in the cell. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Biochemistry (Photosynthesis and Respiration): Explains the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 21. Diagrams and explains ATP-ADP cycle. 22. Lists the reactants, products, and other requirements of photosynthesis. 23. Lists the reactants, products, and other requirements of respiration. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Biochemistry (Protein Synthesis): Explains the structure of DNA and RNA and their role in protein synthesis. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 24. Describes the double-helix model. 25. Summarizes the processes of replication, transcription, and translations. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Genetics (Cell Division): Describes the process of cell division. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 26. Identifies the phases of mitosis. 27. Describes the process of cytokinesis. 28. States the significance of mitosis to unicellular and multicellular organisms. 29. Compares meiosis in sperm and egg formation, (e.g., cell number, cell size, and chromosome number). CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Genetics (Mendelian Genetics): Explains and uses the basic Mendelian genetic principles. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 30. Defines important genetic terms. 31. Given parental genotypes, predicts the phenotypic, and genotypic probabilities of subsequent generations. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Genetics (Patterns of Inheritance): Describes patterns of inheritance and genetic engineering. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 32. Relates normal patterns of genetic inheritance to genetic variation (e.g., crossing over). 33. Relates abnormal patterns of genetic inheritance to genetic disorders and disease (e.g., non-disjunction). 34. Lists significant contributions of genetic engineering to agricultural and medical practices. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: The Theory of Evolution: Origins of Life and the Universe: Describes and applies concepts of origins. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 35. Explains historical and current theories of origins (e.g., Big Bang, evolution, and others). 36. Compares micro- and macro-evolution. 37. Explains natural selection and how it is affected by environmental changes. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Classification: Discriminates relationships when using a classification model to group living things. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 38. Recognizes and uses the Linnean system of nomenclature as an accepted system of classification. 39. Uses a dichotomous key to classify a variety of living things based on structural similarities and differences in a laboratory setting. 40. Describes characteristics of organisms and identifies examples of at least five different kingdoms. 41. Identifies common examples of organisms in each of the kingdoms. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Diversity of Life (Viruses): Explains the structure and function of viruses. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 42. Describes the structure of viruses and the manner in which they infect living cells. 43. Describes transmission, treatment, and possible prevention of specific viral diseases. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Diversity of Life (Kingdom Monera): Describes characteristics and examples of monerans. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 44. Describes the cellular structure and the conditions necessary for growth and reproduction. 45. Describes common diseases caused by bacteria and their treatments (e.g., streptococcal, infections, pneumonia). 46. Describes methods of bacterial control in food preparation, handling, and storage. 47. Lists beneficial effects of monerans. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Diversity of Life (Kingdom Protista): Describes the characteristics and examples of protists. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 48. Compares the phyla of protozoa. 49. Compares alga phyla and identify examples of each. 50. Describes the beneficial and harmful effects of protozoa and algae. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Diversity of Life (Kingdom Fungi): Describes the characteristics and list examples of fungi. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 51. Compares and identifies fungi phyla. 52. Explains the beneficial and harmful effects of fungi. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Diversity of Life (Kingdom Plantae: Spore Producers): Describes the similarities and differences of spore producing plants. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 53. Identifies the structure for nonvascular and vascular spore producing plants. 54. Describes the conditions necessary for growth and reproduction. 55. Explains the life cycles of mosses and ferns. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Diversity of Life (Kingdom Plantae: Seed Producers): Describes the similarities and differences of seed producing plants. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 56. Lists and describes distinguishing characteristics of gymnosperms and angiosperms. 57. Describes the structure and function of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. 58. Explains the process of sexual and asexual plant reproduction (e.g., pollination, fertilization, germination). 59. Describes the importance of seed plants for food, medicine, and other products. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Diversity of Life (Kingdom Animalia: Invertebrates): Describes the anatomy and physiology of each phyla of invertebrates. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 60. Explains the classification of organisms within each phyla. 61. Identifies major structures and their functions for common organisms in each phylum of invertebrates. 62. Describes the life processes of selected organisms in each phylum. 63. Evaluates the economic significance of certain invertebrates. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Diversity of Life (Kingdom Animalia: Vertebrates): Describes the anatomy and physiology of classes of vertebrates. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 64. Explains the taxonomy of each class of vertebrates. 65. Identifies major structures and their functions for common organisms in each class of vertebrates. 66. Describes the life processes of common organisms in each class of vertebrates (reproduction, response, nutrition, and behavior). CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Human Body (Organization): Analyzes the overall organization of the human body. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 67. Describes the basic function of each body system. 68. Explains how the organ systems interact to maintain homeostasis. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Human Body (Anatomy): Describes the anatomy of each system. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 69. Identifies the organs and structural parts present in each system (e.g., circulatory: heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries). 70. Describes the basic structure of the major organ in each system (e.g., heart: chambers, valves; lungs: bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli). CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Human Body (Physiology): Describes the physiology of each system. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 71. Identifies the function of each structural part in the human body system. 72. Explains how the parts interrelate in a functioning system. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Ecology (Ecosystems): Explains the structure of an ecosystem. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 73. Identifies and explains the interactions of biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem. 74. Explains the components of a community (e.g., populations, species, niche, and habitat). 75. Traces the flow of matter and energy through a food chain and food webs. 76. Describes changes that occur in an ecosystem (e.g., ecological succession). 77. Uses the principles of population growth to describe how a population changes. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Ecology (Biomes): Lists and describes the major biomes of the world. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 78. Locates the major biomes on a world map. 79. Compares the biotic and abiotic factors that distinguish the major biomes. CONTENT STANDARD - Biology: Ecology (Environmental Issues): Assesses the impact of man’s activities on the environment and explore ways to help solve ecological problems. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: 80. Analyzes the possible causes of certain ecological problems (e.g., acid rain and pollution). 81. Identifies possible solutions to current ecological problems.
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