The pathology of a primary or metastatic cancer to the skin leading to an open wound is a combination of neovascularization, necrosis, and inflammation, leading to pain, bleeding, odor, and exudate.
As with other chronic wounds, a fundamental decision needs to be made about whether the wound can eventually heal or not.
The choice of dressing is generally the same as with pressure ulcers. However, malignant wound management raises additional issues that deserve comment.
: For any complex wound, it is recommended to seek professional consultation from a wound care expert.
can be substantial from malignant wounds. The overall goal is to prevent exudate macerating other normal tissues or dripping off the patient into clothes and bedding.
This serves both an infection control issue as well as a cosmetic goal.
Absorbent foams can be used to minimize the frequency of dressing changes and maximize absorption. Typically a gauze pad is placed on top of the foam.
have a role in wounds that have exudates and/or are bleeding. They are absorptive, hemostatic, and help to control infection. They do not have to be pulled off and can be simply washed off in the shower.
Malignant wounds carry a high risk of superficial infection
, especially with anaerobic or fungal species. Odor is frequently the first sign of anaerobic infection along with a purulent exudate. If the infection is only superficial, topical treatment (metronidazole
, silver sulfadiazine
) may be sufficient. However, if there is evidence of deeper tissue infection, then systemic metronidazole
should be used. If the wound is determined to be non-healing, then topical agents like povidone
can be used; some patients find it irritating and painful, however povidone
is cytotoxic to bacteria and will help keep the wound clean — it should not be used for wounds that are expected to heal because it is cytotoxic to normal granulation tissue.
can be accomplished by using odor absorbers; kitty litter or activated charcoal
can be placed on a cookie tray underneath the bed. In addition, there are charcoal dressings that can be used to cover a particularly malodorous wound. Additional approaches include putting a burning flame (such as a candle) in the room in an attempt to combust the chemicals causing the odor. One can also introduce a competing odor; bowls of vinegar, vanilla, or coffee. Fragrances and perfumes are often poorly tolerated by patients and should be avoided.
is common; the surface of a malignancy may be friable and predispose to bleeding. It may either present as oozing (microvascular fragmentation) or vascular disruption from necrosis or sloughing leading to “a bleeder.” Any dressing that comes into contact with the surface may adhere and tear the surface when it is pulled off (e.g., saline wet-dry dressings). This can be prevented by using a mesh synthetic polymer, non-stick, non-absorptive dressing. Other options to control bleeding are alginate dressings
, topical low-dose (100 U/ml) thromboplastin
, silver nitrate
, or cautery. In addition to systemic treatments for pain (e.g., oral or parenteral opioids), local anesthetics may also be helpful.
Adapted from von Gunten C and Ferris F. Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin. Fast facts and concepts #46. Malignant wounds. Internet. Accessed on June 21, 2016.