A shielded cable is an electrical cable of one or more insulated conductors enclosed by a common conductive layer. The shield may be composed of braided strands of copper (or other metal, such as aluminium), a non-braided spiral winding of copper tape, or a layer of conducting polymer. Usually this shield is covered with a jacket. The shield acts as a Faraday cage to reduce electrical noise from affecting the signals, and to reduce electromagnetic radiation that may interfere with other devices.
The effectiveness of a cable shield installation depends on the kind of EMI to be shielded and the type of termination at both ends. This paper depicts the different types of cable shielding. Moreover shielding effectiveness is analyzed.
Shielding reduces electrostatic or capacitive coupled electrical noise in signal cable or communications cable
Electrostatic or capacitive coupling is proportional to the capacitance between the noise source and the signal wires. The magnitude of the interference depends on the rate of change of the noise voltage and the capacitance between the noise circuit and the signal circuit.
Electrostatic noise can be addressed by installing an electrostatic shield (also called a drain) around the signal wires. The currents generated by the noise voltages prefer to flow down the lower impedance path of the shield/drain rather than the signal wires.
The shield/drain must be of a low resistance material such as aluminum or copper. For a loosely braided copper shield (85% braid coverage), the screening factor is about 100 times or 20 dB. For a low resistance multi layered screen, this screening factor can be 35 dB or 3000 times.
The shield should be insulated to prevent inadvertent contact with multiple ground points, which could result in circulating currents.
The shield should never be left floating because that would tend to allow capacitive coupling, rendering the shield useless.
A single point connection to ground attempts to minimize the possibilty of ground-loop current that will flow between grounds at different potentials. A shield grounded at both ends can form a ground loop which can cause a processor to fault if those grounding points are at different potentials.
Vendors may specify grounding the shield at either the field end or the receiver end. When the shield/screen is grounded at one end only, the grounding is usually made in equipment panel/cabinet at the end with the power supply or the receiver. The field device end is left ungrounded and the shield/screen insulated.
At sites with equipotential grounding where the grounding is the same potential between grounding points, some vendors (Profibus DP’s RS-485) recommend grounding the shield at both ends.
Cabling that runs through intermediate junction boxes shall have the integrity and continuity of shield connection maintained in the junction box without connecting the shield to a ground in the junction box.
The signal wire shield is never connected to the common side of a logic circuit (this would introduce noise into the logic circuit).
For high frequency RF noise rejection, a capacitor is inserted in series between the shield’s drain wire and the ground connection.
For some communication network cables, the shield connections are unique to the particular cabling system. In some such cases, a dc short to ground is not needed because a low-impedance ac path to ground and a high-impedance dc path to ground are provided internally at each node. Follow the specific instructions in the publication provided for the specific communication network cabling system.
At any shield grounding connection, do not strip the shield back any further than necessary to make a connection.