Hill of Tara
|Hill of Tara
Cnoc na Teamhrach
The Lia Fáil (Stone of Destiny) atop the Hill of Tara, County Meath
|Elevation||197 m (646 ft)|
|Prominence||180 m (591 ft)|
|Location||County Meath, Ireland|
The Hill of Tara (Irish: Cnoc na Teamhrach, Teamhair or Teamhair na Rí), located near the River Boyne, is an archaeological complex that runs between Navan and Dunshaughlin in County Meath, Ireland. It contains a number of ancient monuments, and according to tradition, was the seat of the High King of Ireland.
At the summit of the hill, to the north of the ridge, is an oval Iron Age hilltop enclosure, measuring 318 metres (1,043 ft) north-south by 264 metres (866 ft) east-west and enclosed by an internal ditch and external bank, known as Ráith na Ríogh (the Fort of the Kings, also known as the Royal Enclosure). The most prominent earthworks within are the two linked enclosures, a bivallate ring fort and a bivallete ring barrow known as Teach Chormaic (Cormac's House) and the Forradh or Royal Seat. In the middle of the Forradh is a standing stone, which is believed to be the Lia Fáil (Stone of Destiny) at which the High Kings were crowned. According to legend, the stone would scream if a series of challenges were met by the would-be king. At his touch the stone would let out a screech that could be heard all over Ireland. To the north of the ring-forts is a small Neolithic passage tomb known as Dumha na nGiall (the Mound of the Hostages), which was constructed around 3,400 (cal.) BC.
To the north, just outside the bounds of the Ráith na Rig, is a ringfort with three banks known as Ráith na Seanadh (the Rath of the Synods). Excavations of this monument have produced Roman artefacts dating from the 1st–3rd centuries.
Farther north is a long, narrow rectangular feature known as the Banqueting Hall (Teach Miodhchuarta), although it is more likely to have been a ceremonial avenue or cursus monument approaching the site, and three circular earthworks known as the Sloping Trenches and Gráinne's Fort. All three are large ring barrows which may have been built too close to the steep and subsequently slipped.
To the south of the Royal Enclosure lies a ring-fort known as Ráith Laoghaire (Laoghaire's Fort), where the eponymous king is said to have been buried in an upright position. Half a mile south of the Hill of Tara is another hill fort known as Rath Maeve, the fort of either the legendary queen Medb, who is more usually associated with Connacht, or the less well known legendary figure of Medb Lethderg, who is associated with Tara.
A church, called Saint Patrick's, is on the eastern side of the hilltop. The 'Rath of the Synods' has been partly destroyed by its churchyard. The modern church was built in 1822–23 on the site of an earlier one. The earliest evidence of a church at Tara is a charter dating from the 1190s. In 1212, this church was "among the possessions confirmed to the Knights Hospitallers of Saint John of Kilmainham by Pope Innocent III". A 1791 illustration shows the church building internally divided into a nave and chancel, with a bell-tower over the western end. A stump of wall marks the site of the old church today, but some of its stonework was re-used in the current church. The building is now used as a visitor centre.
The Hill of Tara is documented in the 11th-century manuscript The Book of Invasions as the seat of the high-kings of Ireland from the times of the mythological Fir Bolg and Tuatha De Danaan to the manuscript's composition. However, it is currently believed that the institution of high-kingship of Ireland did not confer authority over the whole island on its possessor.
The Hill of Tara has been in use by people from the Neolithic, although it is not known if Tara was continuously used as a sacred/political centre from the Neolithic to the 12th century.
The central part of the site could not have housed a large permanent retinue, suggesting that it was used as an occasional meeting place. There were no large defensive works. Certainly the earliest records attest that high kings were inaugurated there, and the "Seanchas Mor" legal text (written down after 600AD) specified that they had to drink ale and symbolically marry the goddess Maeve (Medb) to acquire the high-kingship.
Previous scholarly disputes over Tara's initial importance advanced as archaeologists identified pre-Iron Age monuments and buildings dating back to the Neolithic period around 5,000 years ago. One of these structures, the Mound of the Hostages, has a short passage which is aligned with sunrise on the solar cross-quarter-days, which fall at the midpoints between the solstices and equinoxes. By the calendar, these dates usually fall around 8 November and 4 February, the ancient Celtic festivals of Samhain and Imbolc. The mound's passage is shorter than the long entryways of monuments like Newgrange, which makes it less precise in providing alignments with the Sun; still, Martin Brennan, in The Stones of Time, states that the daily changes in the position of a 13-foot (4-m) long sunbeam are more than adequate to determine specific dates.
A theory that may predate the Hill of Tara's splendor before Celtic times is the legendary story naming the Hill of Tara as the capital of the Tuatha Dé Danann, pre-Celtic dwellers of Ireland. When the Celts established a seat in the hill, the hill became the place from which the kings of Mide ruled Ireland. There is much debate among historians as to how far the King's influence spread; it may have been as little as the middle of Ireland, or may have been all the northern half. The high kingship of the whole island was only established to an effective degree by Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid (Malachy I). Irish pseudohistorians of the Middle Ages made it stretch back into prehistoric times. Atop the hill stands a stone pillar that was the Irish Lia Fáil (Stone of Destiny) on which the High Kings of Ireland were crowned; legends suggest that the stone was required to roar three times if the chosen one was a true king (compare with the Scottish Lia Fail). Both the Hill of Tara as a hill and as a capital seems to have political and religious influence, which diminished since St. Patrick's time.
During the rebellion of 1798, United Irishmen formed a camp on the hill but were attacked and defeated by British troops on 26 May 1798 and the Lia Fáil was moved to mark the graves of the 400 rebels who died on the hill that day. In 1843, the Irish Member of Parliament Daniel O'Connell hosted a peaceful political demonstration on Hill of Tara in favour of repeal of the Act of Union which drew over 750,000 people, which indicates the enduring importance of the Hill of Tara.
During the turn of the 20th century the Hill of Tara was excavated by British Israelists who thought that the Irish were part of the Lost Tribes of Israel and that the hill contained the Ark of the Covenant.
The M3 motorway, owned by Siac Construction and Cintra, S.A., which opened in June 2010, passes through the Tara-Skryne Valley – as does the existing N3 road. Protesters argue that since the Tara Discovery Programme started in 1992, there is an appreciation that the Hill of Tara is just the central complex of a wider landscape. The distance between the motorway and the exact site of the Hill is 2.2 km (1.4 mi) – it intersects the old N3 at the Blundelstown interchange between the Hill of Tara and the Hill of Skyrne. The presence of this interchange situated in the valley has led to allegations that further development of an energy generator is planned near Tara.[clarification needed] An alternative route approximately 6 km (3.7 mi) west of the Hill of Tara is claimed to be a straighter, cheaper and less destructive alternative. On Sunday 23 September 2007 over 1500 people met on the hill of Tara to take part in a human sculpture representing a harp and spelling out the words "SAVE TARA VALLEY" as a call for the rerouting of the M3 motorway away from Tara valley. Actors Stuart Townsend and Jonathan Rhys Meyers attended this event.
The Hill of Tara was included in the World Monuments Fund's 2008 Watch List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites in the world. It was included, in 2009, in the 15 must-see endangered cultural treasures in the world by the Smithsonian Institution.
There is currently a letter writing campaign being undertaken to preserve the Hill of Tara.
- AI980.4 A great battle between Mael Sechnaill and the son of Amlaíb, and a slaughter of foreigners including Ragnall, son of Ímar, at Temuir, a measuring rod being required everywhere.
- Gamla Uppsala
- Kings of Tara
- Tara Mine
- Tara plantation : In the book and the motion picture Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell, Tara Hill is the origin of the name of the O'Hara plantation in Georgia, USA
- 'Hill of Tara / Teamhair / Cnoc na Teamhrach'
- The Hill of Tara. Rough Guides. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
- Draft Tara Skryne Landscape Conservation Area. Meath County Council. 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
- Knowth.com photo of Samhain sunrise at the Mound of Hostages "The Stone Age Mound of the Hostages is also aligned with the Samhain sun rise." The sun rises from the same angle on Imbolc.
- Muldoon, Paul (25 May 2007). "Erin Go Faster". New York Times. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
- Carew, Mairead (30 October 2004). Tara and the Ark of the Covenant: A Search for the Ark of the Covenant by British Israelites on the Hill of Tara, 1899 -1902. Royal Irish Academy. ISBN 0-9543855-2-7.
- Eileen Battersby (26 May 2007). "Is nothing sacred?". The Irish Times.
- Glenn Frankel (22 January 2005). "In Ireland, Commuters vs. Kings". The Washington Post. p. A01. Retrieved 14 June 2007.
- Paula Geraghty (24 September 2007). "In Ireland, Human Aerial Art at Tara: People power combines art protest and politics". Indymedia Ireland. Retrieved 14 April 2008.
- 2008 world monuments watch list of 100 most endangered sites at the Wayback Machine (archived 7 June 2007) World Monuments Fund.
- Logue, Patrick (28 February 2009). "Tara endangered, says Smithsonian". Irish Times. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
- "The Hill of Tara". Sacred Sites International Foundation.
- Raftery, Barry (1994) Pagan Celtic Ireland: The enigma of the Irish Iron Age. London, Thames and Hudson
- Edel Bhreathnach (еd), The Kingship and Landscape of Tara (Dublin, Four Courts Press, 2005).
- The Smithonian Staff (March 2010), "10 Must-See Endangered Cultural Treasures", Smithsonian 39 (12): 37 – The Hill of Tara, Ireland, Where Kings Once Tread by Amanda Bensen
- Newman, Conor (2007), "Misinformation, disinformation and downright distortion: the Battle to Save Tara 1999–2005", Uninhabited Ireland. Tara, the M3 and Public Spaces in Galway. Two essays by Conor Newman and Ulf Strohmayer.: 59–102
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hill of Tara.|
- Hill of Tara at Megalithic Ireland
- Tara at Ancient Worlds
- Aerial photos of the monuments
- Heritage of Ireland, Tara
- Boyne Valley Tourist Portal – Information on Tara
- King Ollamh Fodhla and The Great Feast of Tara
- Savetara.com – website opposed to building M3 motorway through Tara landscape
- World Monuments Fund's Watch List, including the Hill of Tara
- The Hill of Tara page on the World Monuments Fund's 2008 Watch List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites
- The Hill of Tara page on Mythical Ireland
- Photos and descriptions of the trees on Tara
- The Harp That Once Through Tara's Hall (Sara Banleigh at Lincoln Center)