It is known that scar tissue, which forms following spinal cord injury, creates an impenetrable barrier to nerve regeneration, leading to the irreversible paralysis associated with spinal injuries. Scientists at Liverpool and Glasgow have discovered that long-chain sugars, called heparan sulfates, play a significant role in the formation of scar tissue in patients with this type of injury.
Research findings have the potential to contribute to new strategies for manipulating the scarring process induced in spinal cord injury and improve the effectiveness of cell transplantation therapies.
Scarring occurs due to the activation, change in shape, and stiffness of cells, called astrocytes, which are the major nerve support cells in the spinal cord. One possible way to repair nerve damage is transplantation of cells from peripheral nerves, called Schwann cells. The team, however, found that these cells secrete heparin sulfate sugars, which promote scarring and reduce the effectiveness of nerve repair.
Scientists showed that these sugars can over-activate protein growth factors that promote astrocyte scarring. Significantly, however, they found this over-activation could be inhibited by chemically modified heparins made in the laboratory. These compounds could prevent the scarring reaction of astrocyte cells, opening up new opportunities for treatment of damaged nerve cells.
Professor Jerry Turnbull, from the University of Liverpool’s Institute of Integrative Biology, said: “Spinal injury is a devastating condition and can result in paralysis for life. The sugars we are investigating are produced by nearly every cell in the body, and are similar to the blood thinning drug heparin.
“We found that some sugar types promote the scarring process in spinal injury, but remarkably other types, which can be chemically produced in the laboratory by modifying heparin, can prevent scarring.
“The exciting thing about this work is that we could, in the future, provide a way of developing treatments for improving nerve repair, using the body’s own natural resources.”
Professor Sue Barnett, from the University of Glasgow’s Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, said: “We had already shown that neural cells, identified as having the potential to promote nerve regrowth, induced scarring in spinal cord injury. Now that we know that they secrete these complex sugars, which lead to scarring, we have the opportunity to intervene in this process, and promote central nervous system repair.”
The research, funded by the Wellcome Trust, is published in the Journal of Neuroscience.
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