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Terms in this set (37)
List the three parts of cell theory
all things are made of cells
cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (cell = basic unit of life)
cells come from the reproduction of existing cells
• Describe differences and similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Few organelles not bound by membrane
All have a nucleus
Genetic material stored in nucleus
Single celled or multicellular
• Explain the structure and function of each of the cell organelles listed above.
Cell Membrane: controls what goes in and out of the cell
Cytoplasm: Supports and protects what's inside the cell
Nucleus: Holds DNA
Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes
Ribosomes: Make Proteins
Smooth ER: Components of cell membrane are assembled
Rough ER: Components of the cell are Assembled
Golgi Complex: Moves proteins into cell membrane
Vacuole: Stores water, salt, proteins, and carbs
Mitochondria: Release energy from stored food molecules
Lysosomes: Small organelles filled with enzymes
Microtubules: Holds cell together
• Explain the role of the nucleus in the cell.
Stores the genetic information in eukaryotic cells
• Describe the structure of the cell membrane (lipid bilayer). (draw)
Phospholipid bilayer- phosphate heads are polar→hydrophilic(water loving)
Has fatty acid tail that are non-polar→ (water hating)
Bilayer→ tails face each other, outside edges interact with watery environment
• List the functions of the cell membrane (lipid bilayer).
-Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
-causes many substances to move across the cell membrane
-water moves through a selectively permeable membrane
-made up of a lipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded
-diffusion transports molecules and active transport transports proteins and energy
• Explain the major types of Passive and Active Transport (Osmosis
Diffusion, Endocytosis, etc.).,
Osmosis→ the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membraneFacilitated Diffusion→ movement of specific molecules (glucose) across cell membranes through protein channels
Exocytosis→ process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
Endocytosis→ process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the
Diffusion→ process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an are where they are less concentrated
Active Transport→ energy-requiring process hat moves material across the cell membrane against a concentration difference
Phagocytosis→ process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell
Pinocytosis→ The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.
• State the difference between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Heterotrophs→ organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply
Autotrophs→ organisms that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds (producers)
• What is ATP? (draw)
Energy produced by the mitochondria, energy molecule of the cell, high energy phosphate bonds
• What are the products and reactants of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Products- glucose, oxygen
Reactants- carbon dioxide, water, light energy
Products- carbon dioxide
• Where in the cell do photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place?
Photosynthesis takes place in the Chloroplast in the plant cell
Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria
• List the 4 Major Organic Molecules.
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
• Describe the main functions of each organic molecule.
Carbohydrates- provides energy (sucrose)
Proteins- proteins as enzymes "catalysts"
Lipids- energy storage
Nucleic acids- holds/transfers genetic information
• Explain the difference between monomers and polymers.
A monomer is a small single molecule and a polymer is a chain of many monomers
• List the monomers and polymers of each organic molecule.
Polymer=DNA and RNA
• Explain what makes carbon "special".
It is in all living things
• List the 6 main elements found in living things.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus
• What are enzymes and why are they important for living things?
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of the chemical reaction. They are important in living things because they help speed up the chemical reactions.
• What factors affect how enzymes work?
Temperature increase and decrease (increase enzymes break up, decrease enzyme activity decreases)
• Describe the pH scale and list examples
Acidic substances are numbers 1-6 on the pH scale
Basic substances are numbers -14 on the pH scale
Number 7 is neutral
• Describe the structure and function of DNA.
The structure is a double helix made up of two chains of nucleotides. It is the genetic information of the cell
• Explain the structure of a nucleotide. (draw)
It is a group made up of a phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base (G,C,A,T,U)
• List four nitrogen bases and their complementary pair.
Guanine Cytosine Adenine Thymine
C G T A
• Describe how DNA coils into Chromosomes/ and describe the structure of a chromosome.
DNA coils into chromosomes by attatching to enzymes and condenses. The structure is in the shape of an X
• Explain the process of DNA is Replication (Steps and Enzymes involved).
Happens in S phase of the cell cycle.
1.helicase helps to unzip the DNA double helix. Hydrogen bond between base pairs is broken and the two DNA strands unwind
2.two new complementary strands are produced following the rules of base pairing. Enzyme is DNA polymerase.
• List the reasons why cells divide.
Divides to replace old cells
So the celldoesnt get to big
So the person, plant, animal, etc. can grow
• Describe the Stages of the Cell Cycle and the major events that occur in each.
G1: period of activity in which cells do most of their growing. They increase in size and synthesize new proteins and organelles
S: chromosomes replicate and the synthesis of DNA molecules are produced
G2: organelles and molecules for cell division are produced
M: mitosis or cell division
• Describe the stages DNA goes through during the cell cycle.
The DNA is replicated and divided in to two separate cells
• Explain the four stages of Mitosis and what major events occur in each
Prophase- Chromosomes become visible
Metaphase- Chromosomes align in center of cell
Anaphase- Chromosomes seperate
Telophase- A nuclear membrane re-forms around each new group of chromosomes
Describe the purpose of cell division
The purpose of cell division is that it has to divide/replicate so the cell doesn't grow too large.
• Describe the structure and function of RNA.
A single stranded chain of nucleotides
• List the steps of Transcription and Translation (include the 3 forms of RNA)
Transcription: The process of transcribing DNA to RNA
Translation: The process of matching up MRNA with a strand of TRNA
3 forms of RNA: TRNA (transfer), MRNA (messenger), RRNA ( Ribosomal)
• Explain how Genes and DNA relate to proteins and our bodies' building blocks.
Genes make up the DNA telling the cells how to rebuild
• Who is Gregor Mendel?
Scientist that developed the punnet square
• What is the principal of dominance?
One factor in a gene pair may mask the other
• How do you use a Punnett square to determine the phenotype and genotype of an organism. (practice some from the book).
put the gene of one parent in a square with the gene of the other parent, each square has a 25% chance of showing. The dominant one has a better chance because it over rules the recessive gene.
Describe the differences between Hypertonic Isotonic, and Hypotonic.,
Hypertonic- more solute
Hypotonic- less solute
Isotonic- equal solute
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