By the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) show that more than 80 percent of all flight accidents are primarily caused by human error. In this regard, almost all accidents share similar characteristics in that the problems experienced by the flight crew during an emergency least affected by the technical aspects of the plane (Cooper, White & Lauber, 1980). In practice, though most flight crews operate on a multi-crew cockpit environment key challenges such as inadequate leadership, poor decision-making, deficient task management and ineffective communication often result in the occurrence of the accident.
Furthermore, traditional pilot training programs often concentrated more on individual performance and technical elements on flying the plane. However, the training did not cover on crew management where the crew has significant role in ensuring the safety of the plane. Moreover, traditional training did not address flight safety aspects where the crewmembers are expected to participate and coordinate the landing phases and ensuring stabilized landing approaches. It is estimated that more than 60 percent of the flight accidents are caused by failure to coordinate landing phases. Moreover, 81 percent of uncoordinated and unstable landing phases results in accidents (Birnbach & Longridge, 1993). CRM was initiated as a policy by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).
The policy was obtained from the recommendations made in the inquiry on flight safety whereby 63 percent of flight accidents were attributed to inadequate monitoring of flight crew. Moreover, NTSB also recommended that pilot error might be minimized if the flight crew adopts effective Error Management (EM) procedures and skills. In this regard, NTSB emphasized on more training of the cabin crews on error detection as well as error recovery to ensure flight safety especially in emergency situations (Helmreich & Taggart, 1995). In the 1950s, there was an overall increase in the technical advancement of the planes.
Ultimately, the demand for air transport increased due to the introduction of commercial airplanes that could fly faster and further due to the introduction of jet engines in most airliners. However, the jet planes came in with their operation complexities and increased safety risks. Unfortunately, most aircraft engineers, designers, and even pilots did not anticipate the risks associated with the transition.
Many fatal plane accidents that were highly
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