Syria Deeply looks back at some of the history and evolution of the country's revolutionary art over the past five years of war, including political graffiti, digital art and other mediums that have become part of the uprising's language and culture.
DAMASCUS — On Feb. 16, 2011, 15-year-old Bashir Abazid and his friends painted several walls of his hometown of Daraa with revolutionary slogans: "The people want the fall of the regime" and "Your turn is coming, doctor," in reference to President Bashar al-Assad, once a practicing ophthalmologist. Syrian security forces made an example of the children, detaining them and torturing them for more than a month.
News of the detention and torture of the students shocked the country, and is now widely considered one of the main events that sparked the Syrian uprising. Shortly after the incident, street artists all over the region started painting the walls of their cities with similar slogans.
Over the past five years of war, political art has become part of the landscape of the conflict, both on the ground in bombed-out cities and in the digital world, where different kinds of battles are waged.
Digital art, for example, which doesn't require workshops or studios to produce, and can be distributed across various online platforms that reach millions of people, has become increasingly popular in Syria and other post-Arab Spring countries.
Abdalla Omari, a painter and filmmaker from Damascus, has also become famous for his series of war-inspired portraits. His portrait of Nayef — a young boy who was killed in 2013 after having survived the deaths of 40 of his family members — paints a powerful reality of millions of Syria's children. For Omari, the act of revolt is a form of art in itself. "Art is rebellion against rules and norms, and an attempt to construct new rules and norms," he says. "That's why the documentation through art began from the moment these kids in Daraa wrote the slogans on the walls."
The act of creating art, for him, is directly linked to the revolt, and his work as an artist is merely a reaction to "the bigger masterpiece, which is the revolution."
The Syrian crisis, Omari says, has put Syrian artists under a spotlight, giving them exposure and pushing them to work harder to deliver their messages. "In my opinion, voices of artists reverberate louder than others," he says.
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Abdalla Omari's "Bashar Al Assad"
Artistic point of view
Sedki Alimam, a young graphic designer who fled his hometown of Aleppo in 2012, began publishing posters as events escalated in his country. For him, art became a tool to express the overlooked reality on the ground: "There are no innocent armed men in Syria," he says.
When it comes to using art as a documentation tool, he believes that the focus should be on all sides in the conflict. "I am with the Syrian Revolution, and anyone who sees my work can easily tell," he says. "However, I am against considering the involvement of foreign parties as a solution to the Syrian regime."
Syria's problem, Alimam says, is greater than Bashar al-Assad's government. "The regime we are fighting is not Bashar al-Assad. We are fighting an entire system â€¦ Assad is just a puppet."
In Alimam's recent project, titled "Kingdom of Hyenas," he replaces the heads of leaders on all warring sides with vicious-looking animals.
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"Kingdom of Hyenas" by Sedki Alimam
"It shows all fighting factions as monstrous creatures, mercilessly killing innocents and stealing everything they lay their hands on," he says. In today's Syria, human concepts such as morality, justice and dignity are unheard of, he says.
Fares Cachoux, a Syrian artist and graphic designer from Homs, is perhaps one of the most internationally recognized names in the Syrian visual arts scene. He was dubbed the "Designer of The Revolution" for his series of simple, yet powerful posters that offer a timeline of the country's journey from civil uprising to bloody civil war.
Cachoux's works have been showcased in numerous art galleries and exhibitions in Europe, where he hopes the world will see the heartbreaking story of his people and his country.
His striking artworks capture everything — from the Syrian government's crackdown on activists, the Houla massacre, the rise of the al-Qaeda-linked al-Nusra Front and ISIS, and the Russian government's support of Assad.
Cachoux is a strong believer in the vitality of imagery in today's digital world and the power of art and visual forms of communication in documenting war. "What we are witnessing today is a reinforcement of the image," he says. "We live in a society of pictures, of videos, of screens."
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"Al Houla" by Fares Cachoux, depicting the Houla massacre, when government forces killed 108 people, including 49 children
Cachoux believes that the war in Syria, which has claimed more casualties than any other war in the 21st century and has produced more refugees and displaced people than World War II, is a "turning point in the history of war documentation."
"For the first time, we have millions of pictures and millions of hours of recordings depicting a conflict from the very beginning," he says.
Unlike World War II, when events were covered solely by print and state media and often took the form of propaganda, information from Syria is reaching the world in a faster, more direct and sometimes more reliable way. "It's as if the world is able to watch the war live as it happens," Cachoux says.
Visual art also plays a vital role in sending out a message to the world using a universal language. "You don't need to be a Syrian or an expert on Syria to understand a simple poster," he says.
The job will not end with the end of the conflict, he says. "The role of Syrian artists is, and will be, telling the story of the Syrian Revolution," Cachoux says. "Today, and years after the war is over, we will see hundreds and thousands of artworks, each showing the conflict in its own way. From Daraa's children in 2011, to the final solution to the crisis, we will see a very clear timeline consisting of works of art."
Despite the fading memory of the peaceful revolution, Syrian artists believe that years from now, the artistic memory of Syria will bear witness to the uprising turned civil war turned multi-pronged proxy war that has torn the nation apart.