10 years ago I bought a radio for my workshop. The criteria were: FM, cheap and mains-powered. I forgot to add the criterion: works. The radio was really bad at tuning – be that finding a station or keeping tuned to it. So I decided to gut it and put my own circuit inside. Continue reading “Arduino FM Radio”
In building QRP HF radios, having an RF signal level amplifier building block is handy. You want 50 Ohm output impedance, some reasonable gain, supply voltage of the usual 10-14V and ease of building using standard parts from your parts bin. Some searching around the interwebs came up with a good idea for circuit from Aaron Parks, KC8FQD, who did a YouTube video on a WWV receiver.
The circuit is made up of a cascode gain stage and then a bootstrapped voltage follower to lower the output impedance. Here’s your basic cascode amplifier layout:
A BJT cascode amplifier has the following design steps distilled from some very long (and undoubtedly very interesting if maths is your thing) lecture notes from the UPenn Electronics Engineering course:
- Choose the gain you want from your amplifier (AV), the supply voltage (VCC), your quiescent output voltage (VC1) and your quiescent current through the transistors (IC).
- Calculate RC: RC = VC1 / IC
- Calculate RE: RE = RC/AV
- Calculate R2: R2 = 1/(0.1 IC)
- Calculate R3: R3 = (0.7 + IERE)/0.1 IC
- Calculate R1: R1 = (VCC / 0.1 IC) – R2 – R3
Note that in the calculations, IC, IC1 and IE are all nearly the same value. So, let’s say exactly the same value.
The trick with the design is to not be too greedy and ask for too much gain since we’ll end up with an oscillator, not an amplifier. Since we are amateur radio enthusiasts, we choose a supply voltage of 12.5V. For this exercise we would like a gain of about 10 across the HF bands (500kHz to 30MHz). A moderate quiescent current is recommended for decent bandwidth, so shoot for, say IC = 1mA. For a maximum possible voltage output swing, we set VC1 at 6.2V for quiescent conditions.
The Circuit Realised
Here’s the final circuit for my Rev B board (don’t even ask about Rev A!). Aaron made a video with feedback on the design, so note that this schematic is now updated (20 July 2015) with his improvements (a.k.a. bug fixes!). I used LTSpice to test the theory before committing to PCB manufacture. Look Ma, no inductors! (Apart from those little ferrite beads added as a just-in-case on two transistor legs and then hot-snotted into place.)
Here’s the output for a 100mV p-p input sweeping from 0.5 to 25MHz in a logarithmic way over 15ms. (This is the second attempt following some very helpful comments about how to use my scope properly from Alan W2AEW.)
As I read it, the lower frequency gain is around 8x, has a peak (around 4MHz) of around 25x and the lowest gain (taken with a pinch of salt because that’s the limit of my signal generator O/P which might be 3bB down at the limit) of around 5x gain at 25MHz. That’s pretty much as I expected from LTSpice (if memory serves me correctly!). So the gain isn’t flat across all HF, but if you’re working within one band as one usually does on a homebrew QRP radio, that doesn’t really matter.
The parts for each amplifier come to around €3, including PCB and those fancy SMA connectors.
I guess you could chain these together to get the gain you want if you need more than ~10x. A Rev C board might have the +ve supply brought out to pads on the same offset left and right of the board to make a chain of boards look really neat and tidy inside your QRP build.
I have a few PCB’s to give away – I won’t give them all away since, as I said, this is a basic building block and in some projects I might use several. Use the Contact link above to see if I have any left – and if you were to send me a few dollar bills to cover my costs, that would be mighty kind. If you’d like to order some boards for yourself, they’re just $14 for (at least) 10, delivered from Dirty Boards PCB’s. Here’s the link to order.
I sent a board to Alan Wolke W2AEW and he made one of his excellent videos on cascode circuits. Thanks again, Alan! I also sent one to Aaron KC8FQD who was also kind enough to build it and make a nice video and analyse and fix an error in the output buffer. Aaron and Alan: smarter than the average bear.
I saw an excellent YouTube video from Alan W2AEW and thought I’d have a go at making a prettier version of the tool myself. After all, checking 50 Ohm coax cables is a common task for an amateur radio enthusiast. Continue reading “TDR Pulse Generator For Testing Coax”
Last year I found some awesome Arduino pinout diagrams with full colour on the Arduino forums. They are all titled something like The Unofficial Arduino Pinout Diagram / The Definitive Arduino Pinout Diagram, etc. They disappeared from the Internet (pighixxx.com) in December 2013. With the help of the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine I retrieved them. Fortunately they were distributed under a CC-BY-ND license, so here they are again in PDF’s for your download delectation. Continue reading “Arduino Pinout Diagrams”
The Saleae Logic is an 8 channel 24MHz logic analyser. Soon after its launch people in China opened them up to find that they are pretty simple inside and, as sure as night follows day, little workshops in Shenzen started producing clones impossibly cheaply and to be sold through eBay, AliExpress, etc. Continue reading “Saleae Logic Analyser Clone with Ubuntu Linux”
Back in the day, developing serial protocols was a cat-and-mouse game of write some code for host processor, tweak your serial peripheral and repeat, adding some logic analyser sauce as necessary. These days logic analysers and even DSOs will decode a wide variety of serial protocols for one- or more-wire hardware architectures. Still, fast logic analysers and fancy protocol-savvy scopes are pricey.