Note how remarkably different this is from the Kiehl-Trenberth diagrams NASA has previously been using:
I have discredited the Kiehl-Trenberth diagram in this post.
While the new NASA energy budget is much improved and has no back-radiation component, the web site I linked to above still talks briefly about greenhouse gases and some back-radiation effect. As I have noted, any such effect is small and can only happen in a way to briefly slow the cooling of the Earth as solar insolation is being reduced from its maximum effect in the afternoon of a day. Even then, infra-red absorption of incoming radiation from the sun may be greater than any back-radiation effect until evening. The overall effect of IR-absorbing gases is a cooling effect as I have previously claimed it was.
Let us consider the new NASA Earth Energy Budget numbers. The first thing to note is that the infra-red radiation from the ground is only 21% of the incoming radiation from the sun. In the Kiehl-Trenberth diagram, the energy flux of out-going infra-red radiation (396 W/m^2) is actually greater than the total incoming solar radiation flux (341 W/m^2) and much, much greater than the energy absorbed by the surface from the sun (161 W/m^2). This is patent nonsense. Energy must be conserved and it is in the new diagram.
As I have claimed, the net effect of infra-red absorbing or greenhouse gases is that they absorb more energy from the incoming solar radiation through the course of the day than they absorb from the out-going infra-red radiation from the surface of the Earth. In the new NASA diagram, the total radiation absorbed by the infra-red absorbing gases is 16% + 3% (clouds) = 19%. Of the 21% of infra-red radiation emitted from the surface, only 15% is absorbed in the atmosphere. Thus, the net absorption of incoming solar radiation at 19%, is 1.27 times greater than the net absorption of energy emitted by radiation from the ground. This means the net cooling effect is at least 1.27 times greater than any warming effect could be.
Another point of great interest is that the new NASA diagram gets the fraction of the cooling of the surface of the Earth by infra-red radiation about right. The fraction of surface cooling by infra-red radiation from the surface is 21% / 51% = 0.41. This agrees with some calculations I have done based on molecular collision frequencies at the altitude in the atmosphere at which radiation competes evenly with molecular transport or movement. The temperature of the Earth seen from space as a black body radiator is 255 K. This is the temperature of the standard atmosphere at an altitude of 5 Km. The altitude at which radiation cooling in the atmosphere is equal to the cooling caused by thermals, conduction, and the transport of water vapor is then a bit lower and proves to be about 4 Km.
Back radiation to the ground from an infra-red absorbing molecule such as water or CO2 is thus not a likely event. To this, we must add the very important caveat that the Earth's surface can only re-absorb that energy if it has cooled since the emission of the radiation occurred. Given the very short time scale between emission of radiation from the Earth and the re-emission from an atmospheric molecule such as CO2 or water, any such cooling is trivial. Radiation from molecules in equilibrium with the cooler temperatures found as one goes higher into the atmosphere will not be absorbed at all, since infra-red radiation only flows from warmer to cooler bodies. The reverse does not happen. This is a law of thermodynamics often violated by greenhouse gas global warming alarmists. Thus, any back-radiation effects were always trivial and more than compensated by the cooling effect of infra-red gases absorbing solar radiation before it could reach the surface of the Earth.