9. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION - Sakshi Educ field of induction B, ... State Faraday’s laws of...
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Transcript of 9. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION - Sakshi Educ field of induction B, ... State Faraday’s laws of...
1. The magnetic lines of force passing through a normal plane is called magnetic flux.
= . cosB A BA = Where q is the angle between B and A
(Vector A is perpendicular to its plane)
2. Faraday Laws:
a. Whenever there is changing in magnetic flux linked with a coil, emf is induced in it.
b. The induced emf is proportional to the negative rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the coil.
= (Or) dedt
For N turns ( )d N
= (Proportionality constant K = 1)
= (Neumanns Law)
c. Induced current (i) = 2 2( )d
e N Ndt t
d. Induced change 2 2( )
= = (Induced charge is independent of time)
3. Lenzs Law:
Induced emf always opposes the change that produces it. Lenzs law obeys the law of conservation of energy.
4. Motional EMF:
If a straight conductor of length l moves with a constant speed v perpendicular to the uniform magnetic field of induction B, then a voltage is developed across ends of the conductor ends which is given by e = Blv
5. Induced current ( I ) =e Blv
6. Self Inductance:
If the current in a coil changes, the magnetic flux around the coil changes. Hence emf is induced in the coil called self inductance.
If i is the current through the coil and f is the flux lines around the coil then
f a i = Li. Where L is the coefficient of self induction
e Ldt dt
Unit of L - Henry or wb/amp or volt-sec/amp
7. Energy stored in an Inductor 21
8. Mutual Inductance:
a. When current in a coil changes, the magnetic flux linked with other coil changes and an emf is induced in the secondary coil called mutual induction.
b. If IP is the current through the primary and fS is the flux linked with secondary,
s p s pI MI = Where M is mutual inductance of the coil
Unit of M: Henry (or) volt - sec. amp (or) weber/ amp.
Induced emf ( ) . PPdid d
e M i Mdt dt dt
= = =
Very Short Answer Questions
1. What did the experiments of Faraday and Henry show?
A 1) whenever the magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit changes, an induced emf and hence an induced current is set up in it.
2)The higher the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the closed circuit, the greater is the induced emf (or) current.
2. Define magnetic flux?
A. The magnetic flux through any surface placed in a magnetic field is the total number of magnetic lines of force crossing this surface normally.
Magnetic flux . cosB A BA = =
Units: Weber Dimensional formula: 2 2 1ML T A
3. State Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction.
A. Faradays Laws:
a) Whenever magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, emf is induced in it.
b) The induced emf is proportional to the negative rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the coil.
= (or) dedt
= (Proportionality constant K = 1)
For N turns ( )d N
Or ( )d
= Or 2 2( )de N Ndt t
4. State Lenzs law.
A. Lenzs Law:
The direction of an induced emf is always opposes the change in the magnetic flux that causes it. Lenzs law obeys the law of conservation of energy.
5. What happens to the mechanical energy (of motion) when a conductor is moved in a uniform magnetic field?
A. The mechanical energy spent in moving the conductor is converted into electrical energy and then into thermal energy.
6. What are eddy currents?
A. Eddy Currents:
When the magnetic field in a metal changes with time, induced electric field is produced which applies force and makes the free electrons of metal to move in closed paths. These are eddy currents.
These currents were discovered by Foucault, so they are also known as Foucault currents. The direction of eddy currents is given by Lenz's law.
7. Define Inductance?
A. Inductance (L) is the ratio of the flux-linkage to current, it is equal to /N I .
Units: Henry Dimensional formula: 2 2 2ML T A .
8. What do you understand by self inductance?
A. The magnetic flux ( )N linked with the coil is found to be proportional to the strength of the current (I)
i.e. N I N LI =
Where constant of proportionality 'L' is called co-efficient of self induction (or) self inductance.
If I = 1A, N L =
Thus co-efficient of self induction of a coil is defined as the magnetic flux linked with a coil through which a unit current flows.
Short Answer Questions
1. Obtain an expression for the emf induced across a conductor which is moved in a uniform magnetic field which is perpendicular to the plane of motion?
A. Consider a straight conductor moving in a uniform and time independent magnetic field.
Figure shows a rectangular conductor PQRS in which the conductor PQ is free to move.
The rod PQ is moved towards the left with a constant velocity as shown in the figure.
Assume that there is no loss of energy due to friction. PQRS forms a closed circuit enclosing an area that changes as PQ moves. It is placed in a uniform magnetic field B which is perpendicular to the plane of this system.
If the length RQ = x and RS =, the magnetic flux B enclosed by the loop PQRS will be
B Blx =
Since x is changing with time, the rate of change of flux will induce an emf given by:
( )Bd d Blxdt dt
Where we have used /dx dt = which is the speed of the conductor PQ.
The induced emf Bl is called motional emf. 2. Describe the ways in which Eddy currents are used to advantage?
A. i) Magnetic Braking In Trains:
In some electric trains electromagnets are situated above the rails. When these are activated, the eddy currents induced in the rails oppose the motion of the train.
ii) Electromagnetic Damping:
In some galvanometers core is made of nonmagnetic metallic material. When the coil oscillates, the eddy currents induced in the core oppose the motion of the coil and bring it rest quickly.
iii) Induction Furnace:
In an induction, a metallic block to be melted is placed in a high frequency changing magnetic field. Strong eddy currents are induced in the block. Due to the high resistance of the metal, a large amount of heat is produced in it. This heat ultimately melts the metallic block.
iv) Electric Power Meters:
The shiny metal disc in the electric power meter rotates due to eddy currents. Electric currents induced in the disc by magnetic fields produced by sinusoidally varying currents in the coil.
3. Obtain an expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids?
A. Mutual Inductance of Two Long Solenoids: Consider two long co-axial solenoids s1 and s2, with s2 wound over s1.
Let l = Length of each solenoid
r1, r2 = radii of inner and outer solenoids
A = r12 = area of cross section of inner solenoids s1
N1,N2 = number of turns in the two solenoids
First we pass a time varying current I2 through S2. The magnet field set up inside S2 due to I2
is B2 = on2I2 Where n2 =N2/l = the number of turns per unit length of S2.
Total magnetic flux linked with inner solenoid S1 is
2 = B2AN1= on2I2.AN1 Mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil 2 is
= on2AN1= 0 1 2
N N A
Now we consider the flux linked with the outer solenoid S2 due to the current I1 in the inner
solenoid S1. The field B1 due to I1 is constant inside S1 but zero in the annular region
between the two solenoids. Hence
B1= on1I1 Where n1= N1/l = the no of turns per unit length of S1
Total flux linked with the outer solenoid S2 is
2 =B1AN2= on1I1.AN2= 1 2 1oN N AI
Mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1 is
= 0 1 2
N N A
M= 1 2oN N A
= 0n1n2Al= 0n1n2 r12l
Thus, the mutual inductance of two coils is the property of their combination. It does not matter which one of them functions as the primary or the secondary coil.
Long Answer Questions
1. Outline the path-breaking experiments of Faraday and Henry and highlight the contributions of these experiments to our understanding of electromagnetism?
A. Whenever, there is a change in magnetic flux through a closed circuit, an induced emf is set up in the circuit. This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction.
I. Magnet - Coil Experiment:
1) The circuit consists a coil 1C connected in series with a galvanometer.