|The historical Buddha, Shakyamuni, 2,600 years ago.
This easy was written by Ven. Shih Ying-Fa, Abbot Cloud Water
Zendo, the Zen Center of Cleveland.
"Buddhist meditative sect of China , Vietnam,
Korea and Japan.
The name of the sect (Chin. Ch'an, Jap. Zen, Thien in Vietnamese) derives from the Sanskrit word dhyana [meditation]. In early
China the school was known for making its central tenet the
practice of meditation, rather than adherence to a particular scripture or doctrine. The founder of Zen in China
was the legendary Bodhidharma, who came to China from India
in the late 5th century A.D. He taught the practice of "wall-gazing" and espoused the teachings of the Lankavatara Sutra(whose
chief doctrine is that of "consciousness-only; which he passed on to his successor Hui-k'o (487-593). Little is known of the
early development of Zen, but according to tradition, Hui-neng (638-713) became the sixth patriarch of Chinese Zen by superseding
his rival in the intuitive grasp of the truth of enlightenment, although he was illiterate. The Platform Sutra, attributed
to Hui-neng, defines enlightenment as the direct seeing of one's "original Mind" or "original Nature," which is Buddha, and
this teaching has remained characteristic of Zen up to the present. A number of teaching lineages arose after Hui-neng, all
claiming descent from him, and teaching the method of "sudden enlightenment" best known in the West by the term satori. In
its formative period Zen was influenced both by Taoism and elements of Prajna-Paramita Buddhism (see sunyata). The 8th and
9th century were the "golden age" of Zen, producing such great masters as Ma-tsu, Nan-chuan, Huang-po, Lin-chi, and Chao-chou.
The unique Zen teaching style was developed, stressing oral instruction and using nonrational forms of dialogue, from which
the later koan was derived. In some cases even physical violence was used to jolt the student out of dependence on ordinary
forms of thought and into the enlightened consciousness. Scholarly knowledge, ritual, and performing good deeds were considered
of comparatively little spiritual value.
After the great persecution of Buddhism in 845, Zen emerged as the dominant Chinese
sect, due partly to its innate vitality and partly to its isolation in mountain monasteries away from centers of political
power. Two main schools of Zen, the Lin-chi (Jap. Rinzai) and the Ts'ao-tung (Jap. Soto), flourished and were transmitted
to Japan in the 14th century The Rinzai sect placed greater emphasis on the use of the koan and effort to attain sudden enlightenment,
while the Soto patriarch Dogen (1200-53) emphasized sitting in meditation (zazen) without expectation and with faith in one's
own intrinsic state of enlightenment or Buddha-nature. The austere discipline and practical approach of Zen made it the Buddhism
of the medieval Japanese military class. Zen monks occupied positions of political influence and became active in literary
and artistic life. Zen monasteries, especially the main temples of Kyoto and Kamakura,
were educational as well as religious centers. The Zen influence on Japanese aesthetics ranges from poetry, calligraphy, and
painting to tea ceremony, flower arrangement, and landscape gardening, particularly the distinctive rock-and-sand temple gardens.
Japanese Zen declined in the 16th and 17th century, but its traditional forms were revived by the great Hakuin (1686-1769)
from whom all present-day Rinzai masters trace their descent. Zen thought was introduced to the West by the writings of D.
T. Suzuki, and interest in the practice of Zen meditation has blossomed since World War II, resulting in the establishment
of Zen centers in many parts of the United States. "