So, ya know where a good chunk of those echinoderm (and other) species names come from?
Monographs are big (LITERALLY-they are Folio oversized!!) collections of taxonomic descriptions, usually to publish on an expeditionary voyage (such as the Challenger) or simply to produce massive compendia of knowledge.
In Taxonomy and Systematics, there are several huge compendia of new species which were written during the late 19th and early/mid 20th Century when people were still exploring the world. What kind of world was this?
- Biodiversity was called "Natural History".
- No computers, internet or any electronic media-Communication between scientists was mostly by postal letter, photographs and/or drawings.
- No electronic databases and until much later not even in-print Zoological Index. Mostly, unfamiliar species were described as new. Comparative information was often hard to come by. No way for people to know if what they had collected in the far-away new land of California if the species they had was even known.
- The Smithsonian on the east coast was paralleled by the west coast Stanford University Museum of Natural History (the latter no longer exists).
I thought I would introduce everyone to some of the fundamental bases of echinoderm taxonomy. This is the starting point/BIG treatment for just about every major group of Echinodermata....
The citation metrics for these papers would be through-the-roof if each one were measured today in terms of their overall contributions.
I've undoubtedly missed someone's favorite..so please feel free to correct/comment and who knows? I may follow up with a second post on the subject! (I certainly will follow up with additional monographs of the latter 20th Century)
1. The Austin H. Clark Crinoid Monographs
Austin H. Clark was the first curator of Echinodermata at the Smithsonian's newly developed National Museum of Natural History. He was considered in his day, by many, to be the world's undisputed expert on crinoids (feather stars and sea lillies) but wrote on all of the various echinoderms which came across his door at the Smithsonian.
Austin's crinoid opus was the starting point for modern crinoid systematics-his 5 part "Monograph of the Existing Crinoidea" which covered largely comatulids.
But Austin wrote on more then crinoids and had published papers on butterflies, the sociology of war, science education and a GREAT deal more then I can completely summarize here.
- Clark, A.H. parts 1-5 (vol.1 pt. 5). A monograph of the exisiting crinoids. Bulletin, U.S. National Museum.
Dr. Mortensen's work was amazingly diverse. He worked on a huge number of groups and on different aspects of echinoderm biology from across the globe and studied such diverse aspects as larval mode to taxonomy, especially from taxa in the Southern Hemisphere and throughout the tropics.
Mortensen was also quite a character and in future blogs, I hope to share some of his uh, published..wit and wisdom with everyone..
Mortensen worked on nearly all of the echinoderm groups, but was particularly passionate about sea urchins..and produced one of the most definitive encyclopedic monographs about echinoids ever published.
His "Monograph of the Echinoidea" is physically massive (each book is about 15 x 18 inches, and about 3-4 inches thick) and includes 16 huge books on EVERY sea urchin group, fossil and living and includes comprehensive summary of literature as well as the most detailed figures and plates available for each group at the time (which are in most cases STILL the most detailed!!)
While dated, Mortensen's monograph remains the starting point for MANY a taxonomic identification/systematics project. The Mortensen monograph had a relatively limited print run and while not ultra rare..is not commonly encountered intact....
3. The HMS Challenger Echinoderm Monographs
Challenger. It collected a huge number of the species known to humans today. Wikipedia put it most succinctly:
... the Report Of The Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76 which, among many other discoveries, catalogued 4,000 previously unknown species of animal. John Murray, who supervised the publication, described the report as "the greatest advance in the knowledge of our planet since the celebrated discoveries of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries".They WEREN'T KIDDING. A good majority of starfish names were described from Challenger material. And a host of other echinoderm taxa are all covered in loving detail in the Reports of the Challenger expedition. Each is a HUGE oversized book...sometimes easily 6-8 inches thick!
Seven massive volumes cover echinoderms of various kinds by several of the most prominent taxonomic names of the day...
Some are quite old..but they were books meant to last..even from the 19th Century!!
And to make things even MORE awesome Many of these are now digitized..
The echinoid monographs are here.
- Agassiz, A. 1881. Report on the Echinodea.9: 1-321.
- Carpenter, P.H. 1884. Report upon the crinoidea collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76. Part I. General morphology, with descriptons of the stalked crinoids. 11: 1-442 pp.
- Carpenter, P.H. 1888. Report upon the crinoidea collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76.Part II. The Comatulae. 20: 1-399 pp.
- Lyman, T. 1882. Report on the Ophiuroidea dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76 14: 1-386.
- Sladen, W.P. 1889. Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H.M.S. Challenger 30: 1-893.
- Theel, H. 1882. Report on the Holothurioidea dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76.First Part-the Elasiopoda. 13:1-290 pp+ plates.
- Theel, H. 1886. Report on the Holothuroidea, 2nd Part. 14: 1-290+ plates.
Probably one of my favorite professional monographs (and authors) is the Starfish Monographs written by Walter K. Fisher. W.K. Fisher was the Director of the Hopkins Marine Station, operated by Stanford University in Pacific Grove, California (now next to Monterey Bay Aquarium).
W.K. Fisher was a contemporary of the famous Ed Ricketts and via Hopkins worked next door to Cannery Row.
Fisher began much of his early career working on starfishes from all around the world...Hawaii, the Philippines and Indonesia/Sulawasi.
He also wrote THE definitive 3 part book set which provided the taxonomic foundation for our understanding of the starfish fauna of the west coast of North America (and parts of the east coast and beyond!).
In some of his later work, he finished his definitive Discovery Report on the Asteroidea but had effectively written SIX books on starfish systemtics and taxonomy. Plus a host of hundreds of papers.
But like many during that time, W.K. Fisher published and was interested in MANY things. He discussed evolution of echinoderms via letters with Austin Clark, as well as took a great interest in ornithology. He published on peanut worms, stylasterine corals, sea cucumbers and a great deal more.
- Fisher, W.K. 1906. The starfishes of the Hawaiian islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission. 23: 987-1130.
- Fisher, W.K. 1919. Starfishes of the Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 3(100): 1-547. 156 pls.
- Fisher, W.K. 1911. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. Part 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosa. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 76: 1-419, plates 1-122.
- Fisher, W.K. 1928. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and Adjacent Waters, Pt. 2: Forcipulata (Part). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 76: 1-245, plates 1-81.
- Fisher, W.K. 1930. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and Adjacent Waters, Pt. 3: Forcipulata (Concluded). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 76: 1-356, plates 1-93.
- Fisher, W.K. 1940. Asteroidea. Discovery Reports (Cambridge) 20: 69-306.