(a) APS/Alan Stonebraker; (b) Y. Zhang et al. [7]

Figure 1: (a) The magnetic dipole field produced by an electron spin. Note that the magnetic field experienced by the nuclear spin has a transverse component along the $x$-axis, even though the electron spin is aligned with the external field along the $z$-axis. Therefore, flipping the electron spin would lead to changes in both the magnitude and the direction of the magnetic field experienced by the nuclear spin. This is the essence of the anisotropic hyperfine interaction (AHF). (b) A malonic acid molecule. The red spheres are oxygen nuclei, the larger dark gray spheres are carbon nuclei, and the smaller light gray spheres are protons. One proton has been knocked off by x-ray irradiation, to leave a radical electron localized at the central carbon-13 nucleus. AHF is used in Ref. [7] to couple the nuclear spins of the carbon-13 and the proton via the electron spin.
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