## [automatic continuity] measurable homomorphisms of (C,+)-->(C,+) or (C,+)-->(C,*)  are continuous and admit an explicit description ?

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I am interested in generalisation of the following fact [known as automatic continuity, as I have been pointed out below]. I am especially looking for references to papers dating back to 1920s---I feel that question like these have been well-studied when people have still been interested in set-theoretic aspects of analysis...

(Cauchy) Any measurable automorphism (R,+)-->(R,+) is necessary a linear function, and any measurable homomorphism $(R,+)\longrightarrow(R,\times)$ is necessary an exponential function $e^{ax}$. Is something similar true for homomophisms of complex numbers f:(C,+)--->(C,+) or f:(C,+)-->(C,*) (latter assuming ker f = Z) ? (Yes, see answers below).

That is, I am interested in facts which follow the following rough pattern:

If a map is not set-theoretically wild, e.g. measurable or Borel, and satisfies some identities, then it is in fact continuous, and, further, can be given by an explicit formula.

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## 2 Answers

The general phenomenon you're looking for is called automatic continuity. This is the line of research that stemmed from results regarding the continuity of homomorphisms from (R,+) to (R,+). The two principal general results illustrating the phenomenon of automatic continuity are the following.

Theorem (S. Banach). Any Baire measurable homomorphism between Polish groups is continuous.

Theorem (A. Weil). Any Haar measurable homomorphism from a locally compact Polish group into a Polish group is continuous.

Both of these theorems apply to the locally compact Polish group (C,+).

Automatic continuity is still an active area of research, see this recent survey by Christian Rosendal.

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I apologize for the significant overlap between your answer and mine. I hadn't seen your post until submitting my answer. – Theo Buehler Mar 7 2011 at 0:54
Thanks for pointing out that the first theorem is due to Banach for Polish groups. Pettis generalized the result to a larger class of groups in his classic 1950 paper On continuity and openness of homomorphisms in topological groups. – François G. Dorais♦ Mar 7 2011 at 1:02
Thank you for your answer. Theorem by Weil does solve my particular question about homomorphisms (C,+)-->(C,*). Although it would be nice to have a reference to the original paper, perhaps found in the book by Dales ot aumatic continuity.  – mmm  Mar 7 2011 at 1:13
@mmm: I'm pretty sure Weil's theorem is in his 1940 book L'intégration dans les groupes topologiques et ses applications, Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles, 869, Paris: Hermann. – Theo Buehler Mar 7 2011 at 1:23

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On page 23 of his 1932 book Sur la théorie des opérations linéaires Banach proves:

Theorem. A Baire measurable homomorphism between Polish groups is continuous.

Note that Banach writes $+$ for the composition but neither does he assume nor use that a group is abelian. He proves the result first for Borel measurable homomorphisms and remarks immediately afterwards that the same argument even shows that a Baire measurable homomorphism between Polish groups is continuous, a fact usually attributed to Pettis for reasons that are unclear to me.

Recall that a topological group is Polish if its topology is second countable and metrizable with respect to a complete metric. The Baire $\sigma$-algebra is the $\sigma$-algebra generated by the Borel sets and the meager sets (beware that there are other uses of the term "Baire measurable" in the literature -- there are even published papers whose authors fell for this trap).

In particular, the specific question you ask about the real and complex numbers has a positive answer in all cases.

There is an entire industry, called automatic continuity, asking the question whether homomorphisms/derivations etc are continuous only due to their algebraic property. The easiest result in that direction states that a $*$-homomorphism between $C^{\ast}$-algebras is a linear contraction. One of the major players of that topic, H.G. Dales, has recently written a voluminous book of the same title, containing many results of that spirit and many historical remarks.

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Thank you for your answer, especially the reference to H.G.Dales, Banach algebras and automatic continuity, 2000. I shall look whether it has a reference to the particular question about homomorphisms (C,+)-->(C,*).  – mmm  Mar 7 2011 at 1:12
mmm: Yes, that's the book. I'm not sure whether that specific question is addressed there. I doubt it. – Theo Buehler Mar 7 2011 at 1:16
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