## In an arbitrary abelian category, does chain complex homology commute with coproduct?

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On page 55 of Weibel's Introduction to homological algebra the following passage appears:

Here are two consequences that use the fact that homology commutes with arbitrary direct sums of chain complexes

I understand why homology commutes with arbitrary direct sums when the direct sum of a collection of monics is a monic (i.e the direct sum functor is exact) but I was under the impression that there were abelian categories where the direct sum functor is not exact. After a bit of thought, I realised that I don't know an example of an abelian category in which the coproduct functor is not exact.

Sheaves of abelian groups on a fixed topological space give an example of an abelian category in which the product functor is not exact.

Question 1: Is the passage from Weibel's book correct? If so, then why?

Question 2: Is there an example of an abelian category where the direct sum functor is not exact?

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Or are you really after the result that homology is a functor which commutes with direct sums? Consider the category $S$ of chain complexes $A_i\to B_i \to C_i$ (yes, only three terms) (say of R-modules, which should be enough by standard embedding theorems). Homology is a functor $S \to Mod_R$. Does this preserve sums? – David Roberts Sep 18 2011 at 23:49
@David: The standard embeddings" do not work here because they do not preserve infinite direct sums. As I said above, it is clear that homology commutes with direct sum in categories where coproducts are exact. (R-modules are such a category) – Daniel Barter Sep 19 2011 at 0:38

## 1 Answer

I couldn't think of a natural example of an abelian category in which direct sums are not exact (I think this is called axiom AB4). For example, sheaves of abelian groups and R-modules both have this property. However there are natural examples of abelian categories where direct products are not exact (i.e. not satisfying AB4*), for example, the category of abelian sheaves on a space.

Taking the opposite category of such a category will then give an example of a category not satisfying AB4 (albeit, not a very nice one).

Once you have such an example, homology of chain complexes in this category will not commute with direct sum:

if $A_i \to B_i$ is a sequence of monos such that $\bigoplus (f_i :A_i \to B_i)$ is not a mono, then consider the sequence of two-term complexes

$A_i \to B_i$.

$H^0$ of each of these complexes is zero, but $H^0$ of the direct sum is the kernel of $\bigoplus f_i$.

Here is one way to see that Sh(X) does not satisfy AB4* (probably not the easiest). Assume for simplicity X = [0,1]. Take a finite open cover, $\mathcal U_i$ of X by balls of radius $1/i$. Let $A_i$ be the sheaf

$\prod _{U \in \mathcal U_i} j_{U!} \mathbb Z_U$.

This has an epimorphism to $\mathbb Z_X$, but the direct product of all of them together is not epimorphic: taking sections over any open set $V$ will kill off any $A_i$ when no $1/i$-ball contains $V$.

I hope this is correct!

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"Once you have such an example, homology of chain complexes in this category will not commute with direct sum". Ok, this is what I was looking for. thanks Sam!  – Daniel Barter Sep 19 2011 at 2:45
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