# Tagged Questions

A tree is a graph that is connected but contains no cycles.

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### How many vertices of degree 1 in a tree?

How many vertices of degree 1 are there in a tree with no vertices of degree more than 4? The only thing that I have right now is that the number of edges in a tree is n-1 where n is the number of ...
1answer
132 views

### Height of a full binary tree

A full binary tree seems to be a binary tree in which every node is either a leaf or has 2 children. I have been trying to prove that its height is O(logn) unsuccessfully. Here is my work so far: I ...
1answer
85 views

### Is the graceful labeling conjecture still unsolved?

From the Wikipedia article on graceful labeling: ... A major unproven conjecture in graph theory is the Ringel–Kotzig conjecture, named after Gerhard Ringel and Anton Kotzig, which hypothesizes that ...
1answer
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### Number of upper sets of size $n$ in a finite tree

Consider a finite tree $T = (V, <)$, where $y < x$ means that $y$ is the parent of $x$. We assume that $T$ has a unique root $r$ that has no parent. An upper set of $T$ is a subset $S$ of $V$ ...
1answer
140 views

### No of labeled trees with n nodes such that certain pairs of labels are not adjacent.

Moderator Note: This is a current contest question on codechef.com. What is the number of trees possible with $n$ nodes where the $i$th and $(i+1)$th node are not adjacent to each other for \$i ...
1answer
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### How can I tell how many non-isomorphic unrooted trees with 6 edges exists without drawing them all?

Typically my professor asks that we draw them all, but I would like to save some time to confirm how many I need.
1answer
127 views

### What is the fairest solution/formula for rewarding points in a hierarchical network?

Introduction The nature of this hierarchical network is based on the concept of Multi-Level Marketing strategy. Example 1 - Unfair Situation Ancestor receives 1 point for every descendant ...
1answer
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### Finite Rooted Binary Trees

I am new to learning about finite rooted binary trees. This lemma below is from John Meiers book: Groups, Graphs and Trees. There is no aval proof in the book. I was just wondering is I could catch a ...
1answer
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### Let T be a tree with sub-trees which each set has a vertex in common - hence T has a vertex in all of its sub-trees?

The question is: Let T be a tree with sub-trees $T_1,T_2,..,T_n$ such that all trees $T_i,T_j$ have a vertex in common which each set has a vertex in common - show that T has a vertex in all $T_i$. ...
1answer
131 views

### has deleting node in a binary search tree Displacement feature?

I am developing an academic project about graph and tree theory.I searched a lot but I didn't find a clear answer. In a part of project we want to delete some nodes from tree for example we want to ...
1answer
59 views

### Looking to generalize a binomial tree with some constraints.

I've got a set of sample data and I'm looking to see if it's possible to generalize a binomial formula to give a closed form solution to this. If not, would it be possible to write a program to do ...
1answer
122 views

### How many arguments are there in a Merkle tree?

I want to calculate the amount of elements in a Merkle tree given the number of leaf elements. The number of elements at a given level n is equal to number of elements at a level n+1, divided by two ...
0answers
215 views

### Certain permutations of the set of all Pythagorean triples

The fact that the set of all primitive Pythagorean triples naturally has the structure of a ternary rooted tree may have first been published in 1970: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3613860 I learned ...
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53 views

### Free medial magmas

A medial magma is a set $M$ with a binary relation $*$ satisfying $(a*b)*(c*d) = (a*c)*(b*d)$. Medial magmas constitute an algebraic category $\mathsf{Med}$, therefore there is a functor \$\mathsf{Set} ...
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87 views

### Identify this combinatorial construction

I am no combinateur, but I stumbled across the following construction when studying an operad arising from information theory (actually it's a special algebra of an A$_\infty$-operad). It looked ...
0answers
82 views

### Number of spanning arborescences

I am trying to prove the following result from my book: Let $G$ be a directed graph with vertices $x_1,x_2,\cdots x_n$ for which a directed Eulerian circuit exists. A spanning arborescence with root ...
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### Are almost all rooted trees asymmetric?

It's well known that almost all graphs are asymmetric (have trivial automorphism group) and that almost all free trees are symmetric. By which argument do I see whether almost all rooted trees are ...
0answers
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### Mathematical notation for formulas involving trees

I am working on document that requires me to write such things as "$T_1$ is a descendant of $T_0$", or "$N_1$ is an parent of $N_2$". For now, I've been highjacking set notation for use in formulas, ...
0answers
189 views

### Algorithm for generating homeomorphically irreducible trees of size n

In this video they talk about generating all the homeomorphically irreducible trees of size 10. I was wondering if there is a generating algorithm for generating all the homeomorphically irreducible ...
0answers
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### Presentation of tree decompositions (and related concepts) in terms of continuous maps?

A tree decomposition of a graph $G$ is commonly defined in terms of a tree $T$ with the following structure: Each vertex $t \in V(T)$ is associated to a set $X_t \subseteq V(G)$; The union ...
0answers
37 views

### Groups acting on (regular) trees with finite quotient

Let $T$ be a regular tree, and suppose that $G \leq \mathrm{Aut}(T)$ has finite quotient graph, $T / G$. Is it true (in general) that $G$ will have trivial centralizer in the full automorphism group? ...
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326 views

### Minimum Spanning Tree in a Complete Graph

We generate a complete euclidean graph by taking N random points from a limited (1.0 x 1.0 square) 2D space, connecting them all together (complete graph) and giving the edges weights proportional (or ...
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78 views

### A few questions about a relationship between some integer sequences and infinite recursive trees

In his book Gödel, Escher, Bach Douglas Hofstadter defines the following two integer sequences: Hofstadter G-sequence: $a(n)=n-a(a(n-1))$ Hofstadter H-sequence: $a(n)=n-a(a(a(n-1)))$ He says ...
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### How matroids can help me locating trees inside a graph?

Background I am working on a project at present involving graph analysis. I basically need to mathematically model trees inside my graph. How can this be done using Matroids? What I am looking for ...
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### Embedding tree metric isometrically into $\ell_\infty$

I just started (independent) learning on metric embeddings from the Fall 2003 offering of the course at CMU. I have a limited mathematical background and alas, it made me stumble at the first exercise ...
0answers
25 views

### Finding number of homeomorphically irreducible trees of degree N

There is a scene in Goodwill Hunting where professor challenges students with task of finding all homeomorphically irreducible trees of degree 10. This is discussed in many places, such as here and is ...
0answers
36 views

### Red Black Binary Search Trees

Give an example of a Red-Black tree and a value, for which inserting the value, and then immediately deleting it yields a tree that is different from the tree before the insertion.
0answers
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### Enumeration of symbols in grammatical expressions or vertices in tree graphs

I have expressions (type of a function) like e.g. $$f:(A\to B)\to C \to (D\to E)\to F.$$ (Where I understand $A\to B\to C$ as $A\to (B\to C)$, in case that is relevant.) There might be information ...
0answers
41 views

### What is the runing time of this algorithm involving length and depth?

I'm hoping that someone can shed some light on this running time. I have a "tree", for lack of a better description, that has a length $l$ and depth $d$. I want to maximize the tree size, which ...
0answers
47 views

### How can I prove this property of a $d$-ary tree?

I have the following homework (algorithms lecture): Every $d$-ary tree $G=(V,E)$ contains a vertex $v$ such that the size of the subtree with root $v$ is at least $\frac{1}{d+1} \vert V \vert$ and at ...
0answers
15 views

### Is there a fast tree balancing algorithm when addition > deletion

Is there a tree balancing algorithm / tree structure that is faster on addition of nodes than on deletion?
0answers
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### How to formulate a best-search algorithm limited by a count of nodes visited?

The problem I'm doing a search by computer program. Each node takes about 5 minutes of wall time to get a result so I'm looking to carefully choose the nodes to inspect so as to find the best result ...
0answers
107 views

### A tree that does not satisfy: If $v$ and $w$ are vertices in $T$, there is a unique path from $v$ to $w$?

It is a strange question on a book. Give an example of a tree $T$ that does not satisfy the following property: If $v$ and $w$ are vertices in $T$, there is a unique path from $v$ to $w$. I ...
0answers
42 views

### Keeping consistency in subjective ranking

I'm doing some work on a computer program that aids in ranking items which don't have a way to objectively compare to each other. As it is now, it takes each item and pairs it up with each other ...
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144 views

### Finding the number of spanning trees of a given height

I hope I can avoid being confusing, but here goes. I have a graph $(V, E)$, connected, undirected and with no loops. I also have an assignment of integer-valued weight to each edge of the graph. ...
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77 views

### Concerning The 'Price-Collecting Steiner Tree'

I'm a Master student at the University of Leuven, Belgium. I have to make a report of a case concerning the 'Price-Collecting Steiner Tree'. We have our model and our restrictions. We are just looking ...
0answers
40 views

### What is the algorithm to sort 5 elements in 7 binary comparisons?

I'm tasked with finding the algo that sorts 5 elements in 7 binary comparisons. (The 7 is derived from ceilingFunction(log 5!), which our text states is the minimum number of comparisons required for ...
0answers
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### 2-3-4 Tree: how to insert numbers to optimise the layers?

Let's imagine I have number in a list from 1 to 15, then the way to have 2 full rows is to insert them with this order into an empty 2-3-4 tree 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,1,3,5,7,9,11,13,14,15 (you can test ...
0answers
41 views

### Nilpotency of the adjacency matrix of a directed tree network

Say I have a directed network that is organized in a tree, with all connections going downstream (genealogically). By that I mean that there is one root node connected to $c_{00}$ child nodes, and ...
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### Straight skeleton is a tree

Can anybody give me a hint on how to prove that the straight skeleton of every polygon is a tree. Here is the definition of the straight skeleton (taken from Wikipedia): The straight skeleton of a ...
0answers
66 views

### Spanning Tree question regarding fundamental cycle / cutset

Hello i have a question regarding this graph and i am not sure about the answer. Given the following graph (image in link), where the dotted lines are edges of a spanning tree, find the fundamental ...
0answers
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### Constructing steiner tree

Given 4 nodes with edge values as stated below, is it possible to build a minimum spanning tree using Steiner tree? ...
0answers
71 views

### Bootstrap sampling

The usual way to create bootstraps is by sampling with replacement from the original data set. The resulting resampled bootstraps have the same length (N records/data points) as the original data ...
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82 views

### Bounding the number of nodes in a sub-tree of a Red Black Tree

Let T be a Red Black tree with n nodes. Let v be a child of a child of the root. Find a tight asymptotic lower bound as a function of n to the number of nodes in the sub-tree of v (meaning the root of ...
0answers
49 views

### Upper bound for number of unlabelled trees?

Is there even a remotely good formula for the upper bound for the number of unlabelled trees. I know of Knuth's formula for asymptotic behaviour, but that is not always above the actual value. The ...
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179 views

### Depth-first spanning tree?

I am going to identify tree edges and back edges in an undirected graph. The graph consists of $5$ nodes, the edges between these nodes are as shown below: Suppose starting with $v_1$, after a ...
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### An MST-like problem with vertex selection

Consider a planar pointset in a rectangle, where every point has a color (an integer label). We need to select one point of every color, so as to minimize the cost of a planar MST of selected points ...
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233 views

### Prove that in every tree, any two paths with maximum length have a node in common.

Prove that in every tree, any two paths with maximum length have a node in common. This is not true if we consider two maximal (i.e. non-extendable) paths. What does this even mean?
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### Terminology, mapping a tree to a tree

I have stumbled upon a problem, unfortunately I do not know the proper terminology to be used which hinders me in thinking about the problem and explaining the problem. I am not even sure this is the ...
0answers
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### Need help performing a tree method to test for satisfiability

For those who commented on my previous questions, sorry for the lack of information and explanation. Clearly I did not do a good job of explaining myself so I deleted the question and hope this one ...
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