# The image of a morphism between affine algebraic varieties.

Suppose F is an morphism between algebraic variety V and W. Prove that the pull back F# between the coordinate ring C[W] and C[V] is surjective if and only if the morphism F is an isomorphism between V and some algebraic subvariety of W.

This is an exercise from Karen.E.Smith 'An invitation to algebraic geometry.'

I can show without difficulty that if F# is surjective, then F is injective. But how to prove that the image of F is a subvariety of W? Generally it's not true that the image of an injective morphism is an algebraic variety.

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## 1 Answer

I will assume varieties are irreducible. Let $I$ be the kernel of $f^\sharp : \mathbb{C}[W] \to \mathbb{C}[V]$. Since $f^\sharp$ is surjective, $I$ must be a prime ideal, so corresponds to some closed subvariety $Y \subseteq W$. Thus the morphism $f : V \to W$ must factor through the inclusion $Y \hookrightarrow W$. We may assume without loss of generality that $Y = W$. But then $f^\sharp$ is an isomorphism, say with two-sided inverse $g^\sharp : \mathbb{C}[V] \to \mathbb{C}[W]$, and the fundamental theorem regarding morphisms of varieties implies the morphism $g : W \to V$ corresponding to $g^\sharp$ must be a two-sided inverse for $f : V \to W$.

You are right that the image of a morphism of affine varieties need not be closed: for example, if $V = \{ (x, y) \in \mathbb{C}^2 : x y = 1 \}$, $W = \mathbb{C}$, and $f(x, y) = x$, then the image of $f$ is a not closed in $W$. But what about $f^\sharp$? Well, $\mathbb{C}[V] = \mathbb{C}[x, y] / (x y - 1)$ and $\mathbb{C}[W] = \mathbb{C}[x]$, so $f^\sharp : \mathbb{C}[V] \to \mathbb{C}[W]$ is not surjective. (In fact, it is injective!) Thus the argument in the previous paragraph does not apply.

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