# Thread:

1. ## Consistent and unbiased estimator.

Let $Y_1, Y_2 , . . . \dotso Y_n$ denote a random sample from the uniform distribution on the interval $(\theta,\ \theta+1)$. Let

$\hat{\theta_1} = \overline{Y}-\frac{1}{2}$ and $\hat{\theta_2} = Y_{(n)} -\frac{n}{n+1}$

a) show that both $\hat{\theta_1}$ and $\hat{\theta_2}$ are unbiased estimators for $\theta$

b) show that both $\hat{\theta_1}$ and $\hat{\theta_2}$ are consistent estimators for $\theta$

Attempt

a) I figure $f(y) = \left\{ \begin{array}{rcl}<br /> \frac{1}{(\theta+1)-\theta} & \mbox{for} & \theta \leq y \leq \theta+1 \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise} & <br /> \end{array}\right.$ simplifying I get:

$f(y) = \left\{ \begin{array}{rcl}<br /> 1 & \mbox{for} & \theta \leq y \leq \theta+1 \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise} & <br /> \end{array}\right.$

so for the estimator of $\hat{\theta_1}$

$\int_\theta^{\theta+1} y \ dy$

$= \frac{y^2}{2}\bigg{|}^{\theta+1}_{\theta}$

$= \frac{1}{2}\bigg{(}(\theta+1)^2-\theta^2\bigg{)}$

$= \frac{1}{2}(2\theta+1) = \theta +\frac{1}{2}$ I know I'm near the end for $\hat{\theta_1}$ but I don't know how to get it into to above form.

for $\hat{\theta_2}$ which is an order stat. my $F(y) = y$, thus for the max function which is $n[F(y)]^{n-1}f(y)$, so getting the estimator:

$\int_\theta^{\theta+1} n[y]^{n-1} \cdot 1 \cdot y \ dy$

$=\int_\theta^{\theta+1} n[y]^n \ dy$

$=y^{n+1}\frac{n}{n+1} \bigg{|}_\theta^{\theta+1}$

$=\frac{n}{n+1} \bigg{(}(\theta+1)^{n+1} - \theta^{n+1}\bigg{)}$ at this point I get stuck.

b) Looking at the definition $\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \ V(\hat{\theta}) = 0$

so for $\hat{\theta_1}$

$E[\hat{\theta_1^2}]= \int_\theta^{\theta+1} y^2 \ dy$

$= \frac{y^3}{3}\bigg{|}^{\theta+1}_{\theta}$

$= \frac{1}{3}\bigg{(}(\theta+1)^3-\theta^3\bigg{)}$

$=\theta^2+\theta+\frac{1}{3}$

thus $V(\theta)= \theta^2+\theta+\frac{1}{3} - (\theta +\frac{1}{2})^2= \frac{1}{12}$

this next step I'm not sure, but it looks similar to the example I have in the book $V(\hat{\theta_1})=V \left[ \overline{Y}-\frac{1}{2}\right] = V(\overline{Y})+\frac{1}{4}$ at which point I don't know how to proceed.

for $\hat{\theta_2}$

$E[\theta^2]=\int_\theta^{\theta+1} n[y]^{n-1} \cdot 1 \cdot y^2 \ dy$

$E[\theta^2]=\int_\theta^{\theta+1} n[y]^{n+1} \ dy$

$E[\theta^2]=y^{n+2}\frac{n}{n+2} \bigg{|}_\theta^{\theta+1}$

$E[\theta^2]=\frac{n}{n+2} \bigg{(}(\theta+1)^{n+2} - \theta^{n+2}\bigg{)}$

for the variance

$V[\theta]= \frac{n}{n+2} \bigg{(}(\theta+1)^{n+2} - \theta^{n+2}\bigg{)} - \left( \frac{n}{n+1} \bigg{(}(\theta+1)^{n+1} - \theta^{n+1}\bigg{)} \right)^2$

$V[\theta]= \frac{n}{n+2} \bigg{(}(\theta+1)^{n+2} - \theta^{n+2}\bigg{)} - \left( \frac{n}{n+1} \right)^2 \bigg{(}[(\theta+1)^{n+1}]^2 -2[\theta(\theta+1)]^{n+1} + [\theta^{n+1}]^2\bigg{)}$ I can't seem to go further from here.

2. Originally Posted by lllll
Let $Y_1, Y_2 , . . . \dotso Y_n$ denote a random sample from the uniform distribution on the interval $(\theta,\ \theta+1)$. Let

$\hat{\theta_1} = \overline{Y}-\frac{1}{2}$ and $\hat{\theta_2} = Y_{(n)} -\frac{n}{n+1}$

a) show that both $\hat{\theta_1}$ and $\hat{\theta_2}$ are unbiased estimators for $\theta$

[snip]

Attempt

a) I figure $f(y) = \left\{ \begin{array}{rcl}<br /> \frac{1}{(\theta+1)-\theta} & \mbox{for} & \theta \leq y \leq \theta+1 \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise} & <br /> \end{array}\right.$ simplifying I get:

$f(y) = \left\{ \begin{array}{rcl}<br /> 1 & \mbox{for} & \theta \leq y \leq \theta+1 \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise} & <br /> \end{array}\right.$

so for the estimator of $\hat{\theta_1}$

$\int_\theta^{\theta+1} y \ dy$

$= \frac{y^2}{2}\bigg{|}^{\theta+1}_{\theta}$

$= \frac{1}{2}\bigg{(}(\theta+1)^2-\theta^2\bigg{)}$

$= \frac{1}{2}(2\theta+1) = \theta +\frac{1}{2}$ I know I'm near the end for $\hat{\theta_1}$ but I don't know how to get it into to above form.

for $\hat{\theta_2}$ which is an order stat. my $F(y) = y$, thus for the max function which is $n[F(y)]^{n-1}f(y)$, so getting the estimator:

$\int_\theta^{\theta+1} n[y]^{n-1} \cdot 1 \cdot y \ dy$

$=\int_\theta^{\theta+1} n[y]^n \ dy$

$=y^{n+1}\frac{n}{n+1} \bigg{|}_\theta^{\theta+1}$

$=\frac{n}{n+1} \bigg{(}(\theta+1)^{n+1} - \theta^{n+1}\bigg{)}$ at this point I get stuck.

[snip]
$E(\hat{\theta_1}) = E\left(\overline{Y} - \frac{1}{2}\right)$

$= E\left(\frac{Y_1 + Y_2 + \, .... \, + Y_n}{n} - \frac{1}{2}\right)$

$= E\left(\frac{Y_1}{n}\right) + E\left(\frac{Y_2}{n}\right) + \, .... \, + E\left(\frac{Y_n}{n}\right) - E\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)$

$= \frac{\theta + \frac{1}{2}}{n} + \frac{\theta + \frac{1}{2}}{n} + \, .... \, + \frac{\theta + \frac{1}{2}}{n} - \frac{1}{2}$

$= n \, \left( \frac{\theta + \frac{1}{2}}{n}\right) - \frac{1}{2} = \theta$.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

$E(\hat{\theta_2}) = E\left(Y_{(n)} - \frac{n}{n+1}\right)$

$= E\left(Y_{(n)} \right) - E\left(\frac{n}{n+1}\right)$

$= E\left(Y_{(n)} \right) - \frac{n}{n+1}$.

$g(u) = n [F(u)]^{n-1} f(u) = n (u - \theta)^{n-1} (1) = n (u - \theta)^{n-1}$.

Note: Since the distribution of Y is uniform, no integration is necessary to get F(u).

Therefore $E\left(Y_{(n)} \right) = \int_{\theta}^{\theta + 1} u \, g(u) \, du = n \int_{\theta}^{\theta + 1} u \, (u - \theta)^{n-1} \, du$

Substitute $w = u - \theta$:

$= n \int_{0}^{1} (w + \theta) \, w^{n-1} \, dw$

$= n \int_{0}^{1} w^{n} \, dw + n \theta \int_{0}^{1} w^{n-1} \, dw$

$= \frac{n}{n+1} + \theta$.

3. Originally Posted by lllll
Let $Y_1, Y_2 , . . . \dotso Y_n$ denote a random sample from the uniform distribution on the interval $(\theta,\ \theta+1)$. Let

$\hat{\theta_1} = \overline{Y}-\frac{1}{2}$ and $\hat{\theta_2} = Y_{(n)} -\frac{n}{n+1}$

a) show that both $\hat{\theta_1}$ and $\hat{\theta_2}$ are unbiased estimators for $\theta$

b) show that both $\hat{\theta_1}$ and $\hat{\theta_2}$ are consistent estimators for $\theta$

[snip]

b) Looking at the definition $\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \ V(\hat{\theta}) = 0$

so for $\hat{\theta_1}$

$E[\hat{\theta_1^2}]= \int_\theta^{\theta+1} y^2 \ dy$

$= \frac{y^3}{3}\bigg{|}^{\theta+1}_{\theta}$

$= \frac{1}{3}\bigg{(}(\theta+1)^3-\theta^3\bigg{)}$

$=\theta^2+\theta+\frac{1}{3}$

thus $V(\theta)= \theta^2+\theta+\frac{1}{3} - (\theta +\frac{1}{2})^2= \frac{1}{12}$

this next step I'm not sure, but it looks similar to the example I have in the book $V(\hat{\theta_1})=V \left[ \overline{Y}-\frac{1}{2}\right] = V(\overline{Y})+\frac{1}{4}$ Mr F says: That's not right. It's just ${\color{red}V\left(\overline{Y}\right)}$.

at which point I don't know how to proceed.

for $\hat{\theta_2}$

$E[\theta^2]=\int_\theta^{\theta+1} n[y]^{n-1} \cdot 1 \cdot y^2 \ dy$

$E[\theta^2]=\int_\theta^{\theta+1} n[y]^{n+1} \ dy$

$E[\theta^2]=y^{n+2}\frac{n}{n+2} \bigg{|}_\theta^{\theta+1}$

$E[\theta^2]=\frac{n}{n+2} \bigg{(}(\theta+1)^{n+2} - \theta^{n+2}\bigg{)}$

for the variance

$V[\theta]= \frac{n}{n+2} \bigg{(}(\theta+1)^{n+2} - \theta^{n+2}\bigg{)} - \left( \frac{n}{n+1} \bigg{(}(\theta+1)^{n+1} - \theta^{n+1}\bigg{)} \right)^2$

$V[\theta]= \frac{n}{n+2} \bigg{(}(\theta+1)^{n+2} - \theta^{n+2}\bigg{)} - \left( \frac{n}{n+1} \right)^2 \bigg{(}[(\theta+1)^{n+1}]^2 -2[\theta(\theta+1)]^{n+1} + [\theta^{n+1}]^2\bigg{)}$ I can't seem to go further from here.
Since $\hat{\theta_1}$ and $\hat{\theta_2}$ are unbiased estimators, it's sufficient to show $\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} Var(\hat{\theta_1}) = 0$ and $\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} Var(\hat{\theta_2}) = 0$.

$Var(\hat{\theta_1}) = Var\left(\overline{Y} - \frac{1}{2}\right) = Var(\overline{Y}) = Var\left( \frac{Y_1 + Y_2 + \, .... \, + Y_n}{n}\right)$

$= \frac{1}{n^2} \, Var\left( Y_1 + Y_2 + \, .... \, + Y_n \right) = \frac{n}{n^2} \, Var(Y_i) = \frac{1}{n} \, \left(\frac{1}{12}\right)$.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

$Var(\hat{\theta_2}) = Var\left(Y_{(n)} - \frac{n}{n+1}\right) = Var\left(Y_{(n)}\right)$ $= E(Y_{(n)}^2) - [E(Y_{(n)})]^2$.

You've already got $E(Y_{(n)})$ from part (a).

$E\left(Y_{(n)}^2 \right) = \int_{\theta}^{\theta + 1} u^2 \, g(u) \, du = n \int_{\theta}^{\theta + 1} u^2 \, (u - \theta)^{n-1} \, du = \, ....$

Then $Var(\hat{\theta_2}) = \frac{n}{n+2} - \frac{n^2}{(n+1)^2} = \frac{2n+1}{n^2 + 2n + 1} - \frac{2}{n+2}$.
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