# False beliefs in mathematics (conceptual errors made despite, or because of, mathematical education)

Over on mathoverflow, there is a popular CW question titled: Examples of common false beliefs in mathematics. I thought it would be nice to have a parallel question on this site to serve as a reference for false beliefs within less obscure mathematics. That said, it would be good not get bogged down with misconceptions that are generally assumed to be elementary such as: $(x + y)^{2} = x^{2} + y^{2}$.

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@ALL: Should this be community wiki! – anonymous Oct 26 '10 at 4:32

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I dont really see a need for this question. :/ I think the one on Mathoverflow is welcoming of examples in other areas of math rather than "obscure". I think that it is a cool question, but I really dont think we need this duplicate. – BBischof Oct 26 '10 at 4:34

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Voted to close. This is a dup, as per the question itself. – Mariano Suárez-Alvarez♦ Oct 26 '10 at 5:05

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Specifically, the MO discussion focused on mistakes that were (a) conceptual, and (b) known to be made by mathematicians (especially, mistakes the answerers had made). This restriction prevented trivial responses. I suggest revising the question to be "false beliefs YOU -- a presumably mathematically capable math.SE user -- have held" as a separate matter from "review every error that students make!". If the latter is interesting it would be better to explore it in another thread. – T.. Oct 26 '10 at 15:22

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@T.. Title has been edited as per your suggestion. – Ami Oct 26 '10 at 15:34
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## 10 Answers

Many well-educated people believe that a p-value is the probability that a study conclusion is wrong. For example, they believe that if you get a 0.05 p-value, there's a 95% chance that your conclusion is correct. In fact there may be less than a 50% chance that the conclusion is correct, depending on the context. Read more here.

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I recently caught myself thinking that the formula for the determinant of a 2-by-2 matrix also works for a block matrix, i.e. $\det (A B; C D) = \det(A)\det(D) - \det(B)\det(C)$.

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It works if e.g. $D$ and $C$ commute. – Plop Oct 27 '10 at 12:55

Every torsion-free Abelian group is free.

(This only holds for finitely generated Abelian groups.)

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The counterexample which is obvious in hindsight: Q. – Qiaochu Yuan Oct 26 '10 at 15:49
@Qiaochu Yuan: Yes, my problem when I had this false belief was, that I only knew Q, the ring---not Q, the Abelian group. ;) – Rasmus Oct 26 '10 at 17:53
What about Q the omnipotent being? – OghmaOsiris Jul 26 '11 at 21:38

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@OghmaOsiris: please try to only include relevant comments... – Mariano Suárez-Alvarez♦ Jul 28 '11 at 22:35

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@Mariano: please try to lighten up. – OghmaOsiris Jul 30 '11 at 21:33

I have seen this one time too many $$\frac{a}{b}+\frac{c}{d}=\frac{a+c}{b+d}$$

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Interestingly, the fraction (a+c)/(b+d) is useful. Of course it's not the sum of a/b and c/d, but it is part of constructing the Farey sequence and is important in finding rational approximations. – John D. Cook Oct 27 '10 at 11:36
– AD. Oct 27 '10 at 12:33
– leonbloy Sep 3 '11 at 17:13

To generalize a few of the answers, for pretty much any function, someone somewhere will make the mistake of treating it as if it is linear in all of its variables. Thus we get: $e^a + e^b = e^{a+b}$, $\sqrt{a + b} = \sqrt{a} + \sqrt{b}$, $a/(b+c) = a/b + a/c$, ...

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These are 2 instances which i have seen to happen with my friends. If $A$ and $B$ are 2 matrices, then they believe that $(A+B)^{2}=A^{2}+ 2 \cdot A \cdot B +B^{2}$.

Another mistake is if one i asked to solve this equation, $\displaystyle\frac{\sqrt{x}}{2}=-1$, people generally square both the sides and do get $x$ as $4$.

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I had posted this on MO, and i am posting this here as well as this appears elementary. – anonymous Oct 26 '10 at 4:35

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More generally, people simplify X to Y by saying "if X, then Y". They forget that they also need "if Y, then X". In other words, "Sqrt[x] = -2" implies "x=4" (vacuously), but the converse is false. I blame our telling students "you can do anything to both sides of an equation, as long as it's the same thing". That's true, but we should add "most of the time, you want to make sure you can undo it too". – barrycarter Apr 5 '11 at 5:28

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Actually "you can do anything to both sides of an equation, as long as it's the same thing" is exactly right for deriving new equations from old ones. I think the problem is probably that most students don't realise that solving an equation is the exact opposite procedure. – gfes Jun 6 '11 at 2:37

The question I've heard on many levels (including the grad level): what is the square root of $a^2$? And everyone says: it's $a$!

In fact it is $|a|$.

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It seems they mistook your question for "What is *a* square root of $a^2$?" – Rahul Narain Oct 27 '10 at 1:12

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er... in $\mathbb{R}$ I suppose, but surely not in $\mathbb{C}$. – J. M. Oct 27 '10 at 1:14

Both my students and some of my colleagues (!) believe that the graph of a function cannot cross a horizontal asymptote. Obviously this implies that they misunderstand the definition of an asymptote. More worryingly (in my eyes), it also seems to imply that they don't understand why we even care about asymptotes.

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So $y=\exp(-x)\cos(x)$ is asymptotic to the horizontal axis, yes? – J. M. Oct 28 '10 at 12:25

I have seen this many times:

$$a^2 + a^3 = a^5$$

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it depends on what the meaning of + is.... – a little don Oct 28 '10 at 12:16

I was reading a book on Lie algebras yesterday and found a mistake over something basic. The author stated that two nested exponents equal their product.

Let B, x, and y belong to the set of natural numbers and have this equality:

$$(B^x)^y = B^{(x*y)}$$

Take the $\log_B$ of both sides and we get:

$$x^y = x*y$$

which is obviously wrong. When I read that I immediately thought of this thread. It's a late addition, I know, but I just thought I'd share my own mathematical pet peeve.

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If any one can show me how to represent compound exponents in MathJax? – bwkaplan Sep 3 '11 at 15:40

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If this post really has a mistake, that is quite ironic. :-) – Srivatsan Sep 3 '11 at 15:54

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Taking log on the LHS side gives $y\log_B (B^x)==xy\log_B(B)=xy$. – Fredrik Meyer Sep 3 '11 at 16:23

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@bwkaplan: I'm having trouble parsing your comment. (3. does? I didn't think so!) in particular. "does?" makes no sense to me. In fact, simply directly computing my example shows that it is true. But let's go through your log, and see what happens. $\log_3 (3^4)^5 = 5 \log_3 3^4 = 5\cdot 4 \log_3 3 = 5 \cdot 4 = \log_3 3^{5 \cdot 4}$. So it seems that the log method also does not disagree with my example. But perhaps "does? I didn't think so!" has a completely different meaning? – mixedmath♦ Sep 3 '11 at 16:34

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@Fredrik Meyer I now see the mistake I made in carrying the exponent outside the logarithm function. Whoops, my bad! – bwkaplan Sep 3 '11 at 16:36
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