# Tagged Questions

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1answer
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### Table of matrix elements of powers of r for radial functions in H atom

Im looking for some references here. I hope it is the right place to ask. I need to find a table of (or a formula from which to extrapolate) the matrix elements of the radial functions of the ...
1answer
64 views

### Highest naturally occuring binding energy of electrons

I was wondering which element has the highest binding energy of an electron. Is it simply the 1s electron of the heaviest stable element? If so, can somebody tell me where I can find a table of ...
1answer
114 views

### Stark Effect on the 1st excited state of Hydrogen

I know the ground state of hydrogen is unaffected by the Stark effect to first order. And I also know that the 1st excited state is split from 4 degenerate states to 2 distinct, and 1 degenerate state ...
0answers
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### Degeneracy of orbitals in magenetic field

Why is that in an external magnetic field(uniform) the degeneracy of d,f orbitals is lost but the degeneracy of p orbitals remain intact assuming the main cause of losing degeneracy is the difference ...
1answer
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### Energy required for ionizing Helium

The energy required to remove both electrons from the helium atom in its ground state is 79.0 eV. How much energy is required to ionize helium (i.e., to remove one electron)? ...
0answers
29 views

### Max wavelength of radiation to remove electron from $He^{+}$ [closed]

I am thinking, I use the formula $$E_n = -13.6 \frac{Z^2}{n^2}$$ $$E_n = -13.6 \frac{2^2}{1^2}$$ But this gives $54.4$, correct answer is $22.8$. Whats wrong?
0answers
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### State of (orbit of) electron given wavelength [closed]

I was thinking I use the formula $$\frac{1}{\lambda} = R(\frac{1}{2^2} - \frac{1}{n^2})$$ But what I got looks something like: \frac{1}{1.99\times 10^{-9}} = 1.097\times 10^7 ...
1answer
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### Finding the wavelength of an electron in its ground state?

To find the wavelength of an electron in its ground state in a hydrogen atom, would I or could I do the following? Use the ground state energy (-13.6eV) in $E^2 = m^2c^4 + p^2c^2$ Solve for $p$ Use ...
3answers
217 views

### How electricity, and generating electricity works on the atomic level?

I am trying to understand the basics physics as to how electricity works. Unfortunately it seems most online material is either complex full blown mathematical equations, or water pump analogies. I ...
0answers
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### Is it reasonable to interpret the Lamb shift as vacuum induced Stark shifts?

This is a pretty hand-wavy question about interpretation of the Lamb shift. I understand that one can calculate the Lamb shift diagrammatically to get an accurate result, but there exist ...
1answer
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### I want some information about population inversion in graphene & build laser with this theory

I have read the paper Theoretical Study of Population Inversion in Graphene under Pulse Excitation. A. Satou, T. Otsuji and V. Ryzhii. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 50 no. 7, pp. 070116-070116-4 (2011). ...
1answer
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### how laser interact with atoms?

I am reading a book introducing basic concept of laser. It is pretty shocking to me that people can generate beam with almost all photons in the same state. In the book, it said that a two-level atoms ...
1answer
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### Huge confusion with Fermions and Bosons and how they relate to total spin of atom

I am supremely confused when something has spin or when it does not. For example, atomic Hydrogen has 4 fermions, three quarks to make a proton, and 1 electron. There is an even number of fermions, ...
0answers
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### Recommend AMO physics news channel [closed]

I'm very interested in Atomic, molecular, and optical(AMO) physics. Could you recommend some good place to see AMO physics news(not too technical)? For example, I found some "SpaceRip" on youtube is ...
0answers
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### Breaking of a covalent bond

When a bond between two atoms is broken, why only one electron is released. Why not two? (as two electrons make up a covalent bond.)
1answer
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### What does the Atomic Form Factor means?

I was reading about Nuclear Physics and the autor mentioned something about the Atomic form factor, something relationated with the Fourier Transform of the espacial distribution of the electric ...
1answer
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### Two photons transition

if an atom in its ground state is coupled to an electromagnetic field it can absorb a photon if the EM field contains one with the right frequency. These transitions depends on $⟨f|H_i|i⟩$ (from ...
0answers
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### Thermionic emission, delayed emission and predissociation

In molecular photodissociation, the thermionic emission, delayed emission and predissociation are the same? otherwise, what is the difference between them? My question is not about the solids, but I ...
1answer
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### How is a Rydberg Blockade Radius defined?

Rydberg blockade is a phenomena in 3 or more level systems of Rydberg dressed atoms.
0answers
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### Where can I find the Bohr Sommerfield condition?

I need to solve the Hydrogen Atom using the phase integral [Bohr Sommerfield Condition] but I don't know where can I find it. Help me please!
0answers
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### Where do electrons get the energy to remain in orbit? [duplicate]

As we know electrons continuously revolve around the nuclus without falling in it at a high velocity beating it's force of attraction. My question is where do electrons get energy to revolve around ...
2answers
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### Optical trapping problem

Can we make light slower by applying optical trapping (I mean applying laser beam to lower the speed of light)?
1answer
57 views

### Thermionic emission and delayed emission

I want to understand the concepts behind the thermionic emission. In thermionic emission, the energy randomization occurs and the energy may be split to electronic or roto-vibrational states. If this ...
0answers
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### What is the height of the electron orbits of atom?

What is the height of the electron orbits an atom? (How far are the energy levels of the electron relative to the center of the atomic nucleus?) How fast do electrons move in their orbits?
2answers
512 views

### Frequency of an Electron

My question is very simple. If frequency is defined as the cylces per unit time, Then what is meant by "Frequency of an Electron" ? If the rotation of electron around a nucleus is considered then, ...
2answers
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### Is the photon energy required to cause an atomic transition $\Delta E+\Delta KE$, where $\Delta E$ is the “transition energy”?

An atom "at rest" can absorb a photon, and while some of this energy goes into increasing the energy level of the electron, momentum must be conserved, and so some energy must also increase the ...
4answers
601 views

### If photon energies are continuous and atomic energy levels are discrete, how can atoms absorb photons?

If photon energies are continuous and atomic energy levels are discrete, how can atoms absorb photons? The probability of a photon having just the right amount of energy for an atomic transition is ...
0answers
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### Where to find probability density plots for all elements?

Does anyone know where I can find something similar to this, but for all elements? I would love to find something with the same image quality. Also, is there any software that can produce images ...
1answer
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### Why it is called a Newton Sphere? (Velocity map imaging)

In velocity map imaging (photo-dissociation and photo-emission), the ejected particles form a newton sphere. I didn't really get the concept why it is called a "newton sphere" and also why at the ...
0answers
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### Does the electron have spin in it's own reference frame?

In our atomic physics class, we saw that the spin-orbit coupling term arises from the scalar product of the magnetic moment of the electron (proportional to its spin), and the magnetic field created ...
3answers
365 views

### What is the physical meaning/concept behind Legendre polynomials?

In mathematical physics and other textbooks we find the Legendre polynomials are solutions of Legendre's differential equations. But I didn't understand where we encounter Legendre's differential ...
3answers
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### Do electrons in multi-electron atoms really have definite angular momenta?

Since the mutual repulsion term between electrons orbiting the same nucleus does not commute with either electron's angular momentum operator (but only with their sum), I'd assume that the electrons ...
1answer
79 views

### Optimal methods for mapping out molecules, atoms and nuclei and their energy levels?

I'm wondering if it would be possible to map out all the different types of molecules, atoms and nuclei and their energy levels on one page (even if in a generalised way)? But perhaps I'm referring to ...
1answer
417 views

### Explanation of energy levels in molecules, atoms, nuclei and their relationship

Why are the energy levels of molecules, the atoms that form them and the nuclei inside the atoms considered separately? Or phrased in a different way- what is it that makes their energy levels so ...
1answer
141 views

### Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment

Can anybody explain how Rutherford bombarded a 0.0004 cm thick gold foil? How did he put it in a photographic sheet? Wasn't the foil too thin to be held? How did he know that the atoms were deflected ...
2answers
130 views

### Causality in a gedanken experiment on the hydrogen atom

Consider a gedanken(=thought) experiment where I am tracking the motion of the electron in a hydrogen atom with a time resolution of (say) $\Delta t = 10^{-20}$ seconds. Further assume (for ...
1answer
133 views

### Explanation on Atomic Orbitals and Molecular Orbitals

We were reading about atomic structures and bond making and my teacher told me that when two atoms are fused or when they make bond, There are two orbitals formed. 1-Bonding Molecular Orbital & 2- ...
2answers
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### Is the artificial gauge field a gauge field?

The so-called artificial gauge fields are actually the Berry connection. They could be $U(1)$ or $SU(N)$ which depends on the level degeneracy. For simplicity, let's focus on $U(1)$ artificial gauge ...
0answers
93 views

### General question on aligning a quantization axis

I have a general question on how to work with quantization axis. Here is the setup: I am looking at a single two-level atom placed at the origin $(0, 0, 0)$, which is unperturbed in the sense that ...
1answer
123 views

### Spin-orbit coupling constant for rubidium

I have come across the following question in my course notes: The $5s\to 5p$ transition in rubidium is split into two components with wavelengths of 780nm and 795nm respectively. For the $5p$ state, ...
1answer
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### About Efimov States and Halo-Nuclei

I read that Halo nuclei could be seen as special Efimov states, depending on the subtle definitions. (The last sentence in the second to last paragraph of this Wikipedia article.) This does ...
0answers
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### Where can I find a complete list of metamaterials up to today?

Where might I find a list of all the metamaterials up-to-date?
2answers
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### high spin atoms SU(2) representation

I am very confused that some atoms called high spin or magnetic atoms have spin level more than $\frac{1}{2}$ but are still said to have $SU(2)$ symmetry. Why not $SU(N)$?
1answer
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### Is the structural similarity between atoms ( smallest) and universe (biggest) a conincidence. Or there can a reason for this beyond imaginations

Is the structural similarity between atoms ( smallest) and universe (biggest) a coincidence. Or there can a reason for this beyond imaginations. It seems like, if one starts travelling from atoms... ...
0answers
116 views

### What is the Landé g factor?

What is the Landé g factor? I know that it gives the relation between magnetic moment and angular moment, but i wanted to know why are those magnitudes related to each other and why is the magnetic ...
3answers
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### Disproving a refutation of quantum mechanics (QM) via a calculation of the ground state of the helium atom

This website http://www7b.biglobe.ne.jp/~kcy05t/ appears to refute Quantum mechanics using some proof. An important paper involved is this 'Calculation of Helium Ground State Energy by Bohr's ...
2answers
231 views

### How robust is Kramers degeneracy in real material?

Kramers theorem rely on odd total number of electrons. In reality, total number of electrons is about 10^23. Can those electrons be so smart to count the total number precisely and decide to form ...
1answer
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### What are relativistic and radiative effects (in quantum simulation)?

I'm reading about Quantum Monte Carlo, and I see that some people are trying to calculate hydrogen and helium energies as accurately as possible. QMC with Green's function or Diffusion QMC seem to be ...
2answers
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### Why is there a factor of 1/2 in the interaction energy of an induced dipole with the field that induces it?

In this paper, there's the following sentence: ...and the factor 1/2 takes into account that the dipole moment is an induced, not a permanent one. Without any further explanation. I looked ...
1answer
322 views

### What exactly is a Fluorescent lamp?

A fluorescent tube (home-based) works on the principle of discharge of electricity through gases, as far as I can tell (I don't know much about cathode rays or gas discharge) What happens inside the ...
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