# Is the Fermat scheme $x^p+y^p=z^p$ always normal

Let $K$ be a number field with ring of integers $O_K$.

Is the closed subscheme $X$ of $\mathbf{P}^2_{O_K}$ given by the homogeneous equation $x^p+y^p=z^p$ normal?

I know that this is true if $K=\mathbf{Q}$. (My method of proof is a bit awkward.)

I expect the answer to be no (unfortunately) in general. What is an equation for the normalization of $X$? In other words, what is an equation for the normalization of $\mathbf{P}^1_{O_K}$ in the function field of $\mathrm{Proj}K[x,y,z]/(x^p+y^p-z^p)$?

Note that the only difficulty arises modulo $p$. The fibre is then reduced.

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Maybe I'm missing something. If the only difficulty arises mod $p$, and you are only considering the case of being over a number field ... doesn't this mean there is no difficulty? – Matt Apr 1 '12 at 17:00
I'm considering the scheme over its ring of integers $O_K$. The generic fibre of this scheme is the curve $x^p+y^p=z^p$ over $K$. There are no problems in this case; this curve is smooth. But the scheme $X$ over $O_K$ has singularities. I'm asking if all them are normal. – Harry Apr 1 '12 at 17:26
Maybe the terminology modulo $p$ caused some confusion. What I meant is that if you consider the fibres of $X$ over $\mathrm{Spec} O_K$ you get a smooth curve unless you reduce modulo a prime lying over $p$. – Harry Apr 1 '12 at 17:27
Sorry, I see. I didn't carefully read the second to last sentence and just saw $Proj K[x,y,z]/(x^p+y^p-z^p)$ and assumed you were asking about the singularities of that. – Matt Apr 1 '12 at 18:26

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I meant never normal when $K/\mathbb Q$ is ramified above $p$. – QiL'8 Apr 1 '12 at 21:32
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## 1 Answer

This answer amplifies some of QiL's remarks in the comments above:

To investigate such a question, you can use Serre's criterion: normal $= R_1 + S_2$.

In this case your scheme is a projective hypersurface, thus Cohen--Macaulay, and so in particular $S_2$. So the only issue is $R_1$. Now the codimension one points either live in the generic fibre, which is smooth, or are generic points in one of the special fibres.

So you are reduced to computing the local ring around a generic point in positive characteristic. As you note, if this characteristic is different from $p$ then the fibre is smooth. In particular, it is generically smooth (equivalently, generically reduced, or again equivalently, $R_0$) and all is good. So you are reduced to the generic points in the char. $p$ fibres. Here you can hope to compute explicitly:

You can work in affine coords. where your curve is $x^p + y^p = 1$, and so your problem is to determine whether the ring $O_K[x,y]/(x^p + y^p -1)$ is regular after localizing at the prime ideals dividing $p$. Reducing mod $p$, you are asking if the minimal primes of the ring $(O_K/p)[x,y]/(x+y - 1)^p$ are prinicipal.

Let me assume that there is a unique prime in $O_K$ above $p$, just to ease my typing.

If $O_K/p$ is a field $k$ (i.e. $p$ is unramified), you'll be in good shape, since the minimal prime of $k[x,y]/(x+y-1)^p$ is generated by $x+y-1$. But if $p$ is ramified, of degree $e$, then you get problems: you need two generators: $(x+y - 1)$ and some nilpotent $\pi$ such that $\pi^e = 0$.

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