# Tagged Questions

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1answer
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### Asymptotic Freedom - Qualitative Explanation

I am doing a (mostly qualitative) course on Particle Physics, and am confused about the concept of asymptotic freedom. The lecture notes basically say that a quark may experience no force/be "unbound" ...
2answers
218 views

### About free quarks and confinement

I simply know that a single free quark does not exist. What is the reason that we can not get a free quark? If we can't get a free quark then what is single-top-quark?
1answer
356 views

### Do color-neutral gluons exist?

If I'm correct a quark can change color by emitting a gluon. For example a blue up quark $u_b$ can change into a red up quark by emitting a gluon: $$u_b \longrightarrow u_r + g_{b\overline{r}}$$ ...
1answer
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### Baryon wave function symmetry

If a baryon wavefunction is $\Psi = \psi_{spatial} \psi_{colour} \psi_{flavour} \psi_{spin}$, and we consider the ground state (L=0) only. We know that the whole thing has to be antisymmetric under ...
4answers
4k views

### What are quarks made of?

So atoms are formed from protons and neutrons, which are formed from quarks. But where do these quarks come from? What makes them?
2answers
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### What Quark and Anti-quark are electrically neutral Pions made out of?

A positive pion is an up and an anti-down. A negative pion is a down and an anti-up. What's a pion with an electrical charge of 0?
3answers
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### What does it mean that the neutral pion is a mixture of quarks?

The quark composition of the neutral pion ($\pi^0$) is $\frac{u\bar{u} - d\bar{d}}{\sqrt{2}}$. What does this actually mean? I think it's bizarre that a particle doesn't have a definite composition. ...
2answers
242 views

### Quark compositions in $\pi^+$ to $\pi^0$ pion decay

Pions can undergo a rare beta-like decay into leptons: Pion beta decay (with probability of about $10^{−8}$) into a neutral pion plus an electron and electron antineutrino (or for positive ...
1answer
452 views

### Neutral Pion Decay

While studying C-symmetry, a question about neutral pion decay came up. The most probable channels in which neutral pion $\pi^0$ decays are: $\pi^0\longrightarrow\gamma+\gamma$ (98%) ...
1answer
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### Why is a pion so light compared to a neutron or proton?

A pion is made out of a pair of up and/or down quarks. A neutron or proton is three up or down quarks. So naively I'd expect a pion to be about 2/3 the mass of a nucleon. In fact it's less than 1/6 ...
2answers
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### How can a pion have a mass, given it's a “field mediator” and created/destroyed continuously?

Maybe some of my assumptions here are basically wrong, but isn't it true that pion is the "mediator" for the strong force field. the quantum field theory basically says that there are no fields, ...
2answers
984 views

### Is it pions or gluons that mediate the strong force between nucleons?

From my recent experience teaching high school students I've found that they are taught that the strong force between nucleons is mediated by virtual-pion exchange, whereas between quarks it's gluons. ...
1answer
130 views

### Magnetic monopoles

I am a non-expert in this field, just have a layman's interest in the subject. Has anyone ever considered the possibility of magnetic monopoles (one positive and one negative charge) being confined ...
0answers
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### What is the process that gives quarks fractional electric charge? [duplicate]

I've heard always that quarks has fractional electric charge, How do we know that quarks has fractional electric charge? what is the process that gives quarks its fractional electric charge? Ok ...
1answer
84 views

### Second baryon octet

Let's temporarily ignore spin. If 3 denotes the standard representation of SU(3), 1 the trivial rep, 8 the adjoint rep and 10 the symmetric cube then it's well-known that 3 x 3 x 3 = 1 + 8 + 8 + 10 ...
3answers
132 views

### How quark electric charge directly have been measured?

How quarks electric charge directly have been measured when quarks never directly observed in isolation? (Due to a phenomenon known as color confinement.)
1answer
84 views

### Facts About Quarks Electric Charge [duplicate]

Quarks have the unusual characteristic of having a fractional electric charge. here there is a new model that suggests maybe an up Quark has no electric charge and infact down Quark has electric ...
1answer
62 views

### What would be the effect of an excess of up quarks on stellar formation?

Suppose you had 80% up quarks, and only 20% down quarks. How would this affect stellar formation?
2answers
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### So there are 6 quarks, what are anti-quarks considered then?

I just recently got into particle physics and the quantum world and I love it. So my first big question is. I watch all these videos and people explain the quarks (up, down, top, bottom, strange, ...
0answers
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### Are quarks the limits? The end of the fundamental science. For collisions on more higher energies will lead to black holes after all?

Are quarks the limit and the Plank scale is believed to be the limit of distance when the very concept of space and length cease to exist (10^-19) Any attempt to research the existence of shorter ...
2answers
321 views

### If quarks didn't have mass, could protons (and neutrons) exist?

I read here (mass of a proton) that the mass of a proton is mostly (99%) due to the energy of the strong nuclear force which binds the quarks together, and not the actual mass of the quarks. My ...
0answers
99 views

### Strong decays of baryons via quark-antiquark pairs

I have the doubly charmed $\Xi_{cc}^{++}$ consisting of ccu quarks. This is meant to decay via strong force, producing a light baryon (cud/uuc/udc etc...) and a quark-antiquark pair along with a ...
1answer
61 views

### The fractional model of Quarks electric charge was found before discovery of the $\Delta^{++}$, or after it?

From Wikipedia: Existence of the $\Delta^{++}$ , with its unusual +2 electric charge, was a crucial clue in the development of the quark model. the fractional model of Quarks electric charge was ...
2answers
106 views

### What is mass of free up and down Quark?

Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. Due to a phenomenon known as color confinement, quarks ...
2answers
237 views

### What IS Color Charge?

This question has been asked twice already, with very detailed answers. After reading those answers, I am left with one more question: what is color charge? It has nothing to do with colored light, ...
2answers
81 views

### What reason(s) exist to suppose that all degeneracy pressures can be overcome in Black-Hole formation?

In models of stellar collapse to a black hole, it is a given that density increases without bound towards a singularity. Electron degeneracy I get. Neutron degeneracy I get. I assume there's some ...
1answer
91 views

### A strange particle, $X$, decays in the following way: $X → π^– + p$. State what interaction is involved in this decay

A strange particle, $X$, decays in the following way: $X → π^– + p$. State what interaction is involved in this decay. I know the answer to be weak interaction, but why is it weak interaction? What ...
3answers
188 views

### Origin of lepton/quark generations?

What theoretical explanations exist for the fact that there are three generations of leptons and quarks? I'm not so much asking why there are exactly 3 generations, but rather what makes electron, ...
1answer
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### Measuring nucleons using electron beams

sorry if the question is too elementary. From: The Britannica Guide to Particle Physics: The sizes of atoms, nuclei, and nucleons are measured by firing a beam of electrons at an appropriate target. ...
1answer
209 views

### Why isn't Hydrogen's electron pulled into the nucleus? [duplicate]

Possible Duplicate: Why do electrons occupy the space around nuclei, and not collide with them? Why don’t electrons crash into the nuclei they “orbit”? From what I learned in chemistry, ...
1answer
257 views

### How does Delta baryon decay conserve angular momentum?

I'm a chemist so bear with me: I understand the Delta baryons $\Delta^{+}$ and $\Delta^{0}$ to be in some sense spin (and isospin) quartet states of the proton and neutron. These can decay straight ...
1answer
90 views

### $sss$ decay and violation of strangeness

Why can the hyperon $\Omega^{-}$ not decay by strong interaction? It seems that strangeness must be violated, but why is it the only way?
2answers
241 views

### Cramer's rule, Origin of Quarks Fractional electric charge? [closed]

In linear algebra, Cramer's rule is an explicit formula for the solution of a system of linear equations with as many equations as unknowns. 2u+1d=1 1u+2d=0 $$a_1d+b_1u=c_1$$ $$a_2d+b_2u=c_2$$ ...
1answer
187 views

### What was the first discovery of the delta baryon $\Delta^{++}$?

The delta baryons (also called delta resonances) are a family of subatomic hadron particles which have the symbols $\Delta^{++}$, $\Delta^{+}$, $\Delta^{0}$, and $\Delta^{−}$ and electric charges +2, ...
2answers
425 views

### Could the fractional model of Quarks electric charge turn out to be false? [closed]

The delta baryons (also called delta resonances) are a family of subatomic hadron particles which have the symbols $\Delta^{++}$, $\Delta^{+}$, $\Delta^{0}$, and $\Delta^{−}$ and electric charges +2, ...
1answer
227 views

### Pion Decay and Fractional electric Charge disappeared, why?

Since the charged pions decay into two particles, a muon and a muon neutrino Fractional electric Charge disappeared, why? The decay proceeds by the weak interaction $W^{+}$ and can be visualized in ...
1answer
260 views

### What is the relationship between the Higgs field and quarks?

I have some difficulty considering the relative size of each and the meaning behind the shape of Higgs boson. I ask relating to the structures of both the Higgs field and quarks. How is it that the ...
5answers
245 views

### Could Quark model turn out to be false?

Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. Due to a phenomenon known as color confinement, quarks ...
1answer
98 views

### Relating theta_QCD to neutron EDM

How do I relate the topological $\theta_\text{QCD}$ parameter to the electric dipole moment (EDM) of the neutron? I am very familiar with chiral perturbation theory. I just need to know how to take ...
4answers
1k views

### Could the Periodic Table have been done using group theory?

These three questions are phrased as alternative-history questions, but my real intent is to understand better how well different modeling approaches fit the phenomena they are used to describe; see 1 ...
1answer
89 views

### Could quarks and leptons mix if they carried flavor charges?

If quarks and leptons carried flavor charges that differed across generations (as they do in some theories), then could mixing take place?
4answers
2k views

### Why do electron and proton have the same but opposite electric charge?

What is the explanation between equality of proton and electron charges (up to a sign)? This is connected to the gauge invariance and renormalization of charge is connected to the renormalization of ...
3answers
82 views

### Top quark production questions

I am just looking on the TopQuark production via proton antiproton collision and strong interaction. There seem to be three basic possibilities. \$q + \bar q \rightarrow Gluon \rightarrow t +\bar t ...
1answer
283 views

### Quark Radius Upper Bound

If quarks had internal structure (contradicting current beliefs), what is the lowest upper bound on their "radius" based on current experimental results? If possible, I'd prefer to only consider ...
1answer
456 views

### What is the difference between 'running' and 'current' quark mass?

When looking at the PDG, there is a difference between the 'running' and the 'current' quark masses. Does anyone know which is the difference between these two?
1answer
186 views

### What is meant by the rest energy of non-composite particle?

When talking about the rest energy of a composite particle such as a proton, part of the rest energy is accounted for by the internal kinetic energy of its constituent quarks. But what is physically ...
1answer
75 views

### Future of colliders and technical limitations

Are there any technical limitations (theoretical or technological) that prevent quark based colliders? ie. Colliding two quarks together.
1answer
85 views

### Is there a tb meson?

I was wandering around the particle date group page for meson and couldn't find a meson for top-bottom, which from symmetry you would expect. Q1: Is this because it hasn't been found? Q2: There is ...
1answer
129 views

### Particle mixing and indistinguishability

Neutral kaons have two flavor combinations: $\mathrm{d}\bar{\mathrm{s}}$ and $\mathrm{s}\bar{\mathrm{d}}$. They can also be weak eigenstates: $\mathrm{\frac{d\bar{s} \pm s\bar{d}}{\sqrt{2}}}$. But ...
2answers
203 views

### What is the interaction with Higgs field(s) that give the quarks so much different masses?

The masses of quarks are: mu 2∼3 MeV md 4∼6 MeV mc 1.3 GeV ms 80∼130 MeV mt 173 GeV mb 4∼5 GeV
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