# Tag Info

## Hot answers tagged expected-return

10

### What methods do you use to improve expected return estimates when constructing a portfolio in a mean-variance framework?

Short of having a 'reasonable' predictive model for expected returns and the covariance matrix, there are a couple lines of attack. Shrinkage estimators (via Bayesian inference or Stein-class of estimators) Robust portfolio optimization Michaud's Resampled Efficient Frontier Imposing norm constraints on portfolio weights Naively, shrinkage methods ...

8

### How are distributions for tail risk measures estimated in practice?

Perhaps you may want to consider article by D. Levine - Modeling Tail Behavior with Extreme Value Theory who gives practicale example on how EVT can be used to calculate probabilities on returns in tails with use of the Pickands-Balkema-de Haan Theorem and generalized Pareto distribution. It also contains some criterias and points on other methods that can ...

8

### How are distributions for tail risk measures estimated in practice?

One approach is Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) a.k.a. Expected Shortfall (ES). It does, as you suggest, take into account the whole set of returns. However, instead of traditional VaR which asks "what is the worst 1% or 5% loss I can expect" in a given time frame, conditional VaR asks "assuming I sustain losses of at least 95% or 99% (and perhaps am ...

8

### What methods do you use to improve expected return estimates when constructing a portfolio in a mean-variance framework?

Both answers from Shane and Vishal Belsare make sense and detail different models. In my experience, I have never been satisfied by a unique model since the majority of papers out there can be split in two categories: Those that predict the mean component of the problem. Those that predict the variance component of the problem. The ideal (to read ...

6

### What methods do you use to improve expected return estimates when constructing a portfolio in a mean-variance framework?

You raise a very important point, which unfortunately doesn't have a simple answer. Black-Litterman addresses the allocation problem by allowing you to provide a prior within a bayesian framework. It doesn't really tell you how to produce the prior itself. But more importantly, it doesn't address the fundamental problem: it's difficult to accurately ...

6

### How does left tail risk differ from right tail risk?

Here's a partial answer: This partly depends on the return characteristics. One way to look at this is to analyze the skewness and kurtosis of the returns. Most strategies have a negative skewness, which roughly means that they have mostly consistent small positive returns, with the occasional large negative return. Alternatively, some strategies have ...

5

### What is the expected return I should use for the momentum strategy in MV optimization framework?

If you don’t have any specific model which describes the behavior of the asset being traded, you can estimate the empirical distribution of returns by backtesting your momentum strategy. Then you can adjust this estimate during your strategy’s lifetime from your trading results. Additionally you can enhance this by accounting for different market regimes ...

5

### How to apply the Kelly criterion when expected return may be negative?

You are trying to apply the Kelly Criterion, supposedly to maximize how aggressively to bet, and you are having trouble when the Kelly Value turns negative. The naive answer to your question is that when your kelly value turns negative, then $f=\frac{bp-q}{b}$ turning negative means the instantaneous expected return is negative, which means you should not ...

4

### Expected return from a multiple linear regression?

If the equation satisfies all the assumptions of OLS, particularly homoscedasticity and no autocorrelation in the errors, then the expected return for the equation you laid out is $E[r_{future}|r_{history},x_{news}]=\alpha+\beta_1r_{history}+\beta_2x_{news}+\beta_3r_{history}*x_{news}$ If the unconditional expected return is zero (as is likely to be ...

3

### St Petersburg lottery pricing & short investing horizons

What a great question -- it touches on many issues at the core of quantitative finance. This answer might be a lot more than you bargained for, but it's too interesting to pass up. References Mostly, this subject falls somewhere at the intersection of these three highly-interrelated topics: risk-neutral valuation, rational pricing and the fundamental ...

3

### What is the expected return I should use for the momentum strategy in MV optimization framework?

Another possible approach is taking views a la Black-Litterman. There is a 2006 paper "Incorporating Trading Strategies in the Black-Litterman Framework" that discusses the methodology in more detail. There are several practical issues that one should consider when implementing a momentum strategy with optimization. I would pay careful attention to the ...

3

### How does left tail risk differ from right tail risk?

Tail risk represents the probability that the magnitude of returns on an asset/portfolio will exceed some threshold (usually three standard deviations) on the normal curve. If you visualize a normal curve on standard axes, the tail on the left side corresponds to an extreme low return and the tail on the right side corresponds to an extreme high return. In ...

2

### How does return-based analysis calculate expected return of a trading system?

Returns-based analysis cannot calculate the expected return of a trading system. It yields nonsensical results and is not suited to this particular calculation. Consider a game where every time you play, you win 25% twice and lose 40% once. There are basically three permutations of this game. Represented in R vectors: first <- c(.25, .25, -.4) second ...

2

### How does return-based analysis calculate expected return of a trading system?

You can't add returns. You must multiply them. In your example above where daily returns are 25%, 25%, and -40% To compute expected return from a return series, simply use this formula: return = product( 1+return); in the case of you example this yields: return = (1.25 * 1.25 * .6) = .9375 To get the expected daily return use the geometric mean: ...

2

### How to model the daily return using intraday data?

It seems that your real question is: is the PFP (Price Formation Process) diffusive from intraday to weekly sampling rate? It is a very good question since on intraday, some academics found some multifractal features into intraday returns, meaning that the PFP is not a Geometric Brownian Motion at small scales (even considering stochastic volatility). You ...

1

### St Petersburg lottery pricing & short investing horizons

This may or may not be helpful, since I don't have anything to point you to that specifically addresses the high skewness of the distribution you mention. However, this sounds like it is probably an idiosyncratic risk, and that certainly has bearing on whether or not it would be priced. In the standard capital asset pricing model, the marginal investor ...

1

### How to model the daily return using intraday data?

Isn't this a simple mathematical rule? $$\Delta r_{t}=r_{t} - r_{t-1} = ln(p_{t}) - ln(p_{0}) - ln(p_{t-1}) + ln(p_{0})=ln(\frac{p_{t}}{p_{t-1}})$$ i.e. logarithmic or continuously compounded return. As a result: E(\Delta r_{t})=\frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=1}^{T}\Delta r_{t} = ...

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