# Mass of particle near light speed in a medium

I am trying to get a common understanding from these two previous questions:

Does the increase of mass occur only if the particle approaches c (speed of light in a vacuum) or if it simply approaches the speed of light in its current medium? For example, does the mass of charged particles increase during Cherenkov radiation?

-

## 2 Answers

Yes, the increase of mass occurs only when a particle approaches $c$ (speed of light in vacuum).

$c$ is fundamental in Special Relativity, not because it is the speed of photons, but because it is the constant speed in the universe (the only speed invariant to boosts). Just because macroscopic light is transmitted at a lower speed inside a particular medium, that doesn't mean that the fundamental speed of Special Relativity is any different. Even inside mediums where light travels more slowly, all relativistic effects happen when a particle approaches $c$.

Since Cherenkov radiation (CR) is just an effect related to the speed of light in a medium (and not to $c$), it doesn't have anything to do with mass increase either. Though CR and mass increase can happen simultaneously to a particle, they are independent (the first does not imply the second, and vice-versa).

Second, about the increase of mass.
It has been a historical habit to say that a particle's mass increases as $m=\gamma m_0$ when its velocity approaches $c$. That is not very appropriate. While it may seem convenient to define this relativistic mass, it's not a good habit.

First, because it's confusing to some people. There are physically intuitive ways to explain to a student why time intervals must stretch and why space intervals have to contract, but there's no way at all to explain why a particle's mass should increase.

Second, it's also not accurate. The defined relativistic mass parameter does not sustain the properties you would expect from a mass under close analysis. (I have a reference for this, but the pdf file somehow got corrupted in the last 8 years. I'm looking for a copy.)

-

1
This doesn't mention Cherenkov radiation at all? – Noldorin Jan 5 '11 at 14:41
@Noldorin: I said that the speed of light in a medium has nothing to do with relativistic effects, thus Cherenkov radiation has nothing to do with them either. I'll add that to the answer. – Bruce Connor Jan 5 '11 at 14:56

Special relativity is based on the concept of a single absolute "speed limit" for the universe, from all (inertial) reference frames. That "speed limit" is the constant $c$, which is equivalent to the speed of light in a vacuum. The speed of light in other materials is not fundamental in any way.

So the simple answer is, the two points you bring up are quite orthogonal. Sure, a particle undergoing Cherenkov radiation is likely to be going a high percentage of the speed of the light, and would thus have increased mass. (Note that the Cherenkov radiation would decrease its energy and thus relativistic mass somewhat, due to the EM interaction with the surrounding molecules of the material). At the end of the day, consider 1. as a relativistic effect and 2. as a electromagnetic one. They're both related of course, but there's no direct connection that I think you're looking for.

-

Good answer but the part about Cherenkov radiation is not quite correct  (depending on the point of view). The particle loses energy via EM work done on the molecules of the medium (essentially creating dipole moments by distorting electron orbitars). This work is then soon converted to coherent Cherenkov radiation as those dipoles return to their equilibrium position. – Marek Jan 5 '11 at 12:58
@Marek: Ok, thanks for the clarification - I wasn't sure on that point. I suppose the energy comes from both the travelling particle and the electrons in the molecules of the medium? Will edit... – Noldorin Jan 5 '11 at 14:41
well, I'd say all the energy ultimately comes from the particle (and there is indeed measurable energy loss due to this effect; but it is few orders smaller than the usual ionization losses so it's not terribly important). Anyway, I am no expert on these matters; hopefully someone else can clarify this. – Marek Jan 5 '11 at 15:00
{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 7, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "github"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "english_confidence": 0.9477095603942871, "perplexity_flag": "head"}