# General Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications, v. 1.0

by Bruce Averill and Patricia Eldredge

Study Aids:

Click the Study Aids tab at the bottom of the book to access your Study Aids (usually practice quizzes and flash cards).

Study Pass:

Study Pass is our latest digital product that lets you take notes, highlight important sections of the text using different colors, create "tags" or labels to filter your notes and highlights, and print so you can study offline. Study Pass also includes interactive study aids, such as flash cards and quizzes.

Highlighting and Taking Notes:

If you've purchased the All Access Pass or Study Pass, in the online reader, click and drag your mouse to highlight text. When you do a small button appears – simply click on it! From there, you can select a highlight color, add notes, add tags, or any combination.

Printing:

If you've purchased the All Access Pass, you can print each chapter by clicking on the Downloads tab. If you have Study Pass, click on the print icon within Study View to print out your notes and highlighted sections.

Search:

To search, use the text box at the bottom of the book. Click a search result to be taken to that chapter or section of the book (note you may need to scroll down to get to the result).

View Full Student FAQs

# Chapter 29 Appendix E: Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C

Half-Reaction E° (V)
Ac3+ + 3e−→ Ac −2.20
Ag+ + e−→ Ag 0.7996
AgBr + e−→ Ag + Br− 0.07133
AgCl + e−→ Ag + Cl− 0.22233
Ag2CrO4 + 2e−→ 2Ag + CrO42− 0.4470
AgI + e−→ Ag + I− −0.15224
Ag2S + 2e−→ 2Ag + S2− −0.691
Ag2S + 2H+ + 2e−→ 2Ag + H2S −0.0366
AgSCN + e−→ Ag + SCN− 0.08951
Al3+ + 3e−→ Al −1.662
Al(OH)4− + 3e−→ Al + 4OH− −2.328
Am3+ + 3e−→ Am −2.048
As + 3H+ + 3e−→ AsH3 −0.608
H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e−→ HAsO2 + 2H2O 0.560
Au+ + e−→ Au 1.692
Au3+ + 3e−→ Au 1.498
H3BO3 + 3H+ + 3e−→ B + 3H2O −0.8698
Ba2+ + 2e−→ Ba −2.912
Be2+ + 2e−→ Be −1.847
Bi3+ + 3e−→ Bi 0.308
BiO+ + 2H+ + 3e−→ Bi + H2O 0.320
Br2(aq) + 2e−→ 2Br− 1.0873
Br2(l) + 2e−→ 2Br− 1.066
BrO3− + 6H+ + 5e−→ $12$Br2 + 3H2O 1.482
BrO3− + 6H+ + 6e−→ Br− + 3H2O 1.423
CO2 + 2H+ + 2e−→ HCO2H −0.199
Ca2+ + 2e−→ Ca −2.868
Ca(OH)2 + 2e−→ Ca + 2OH− −3.02
Cd2+ + 2e−→ Cd −0.4030
CdSO4 + 2e−→ Cd + SO42− −0.246
Cd(OH)42− + 2e−→ Cd + 4OH− −0.658
Ce3+ + 3e−→ Ce −2.336
Ce4− + e−→ Ce3+ 1.72
Cl2(g) + 2e−→ 2Cl− 1.35827
HClO + H+ + e−→ $12$Cl2 + H2O 1.611
HClO + H+ + 2e−→ Cl− + H2O 1.482
ClO− + H2O + 2e−→ Cl− + 2OH− 0.81
ClO3− + 6H+ + 5e−→ $12$Cl2 + 3H2O 1.47
ClO3− + 6H+ + 6e−→ Cl− + 3H2O 1.451
ClO4− + 8H+ + 7e−→ $12$Cl2 + 4H2O 1.39
ClO4− + 8H+ + 8e−→ Cl− + 4H2O 1.389
Co2+ + 2e−→ Co −0.28
Co3+ + e−→ Co2+ 1.92
Cr2+ + 2e−→ Cr −0.913
Cr3+ + e−→ Cr2+ −0.407
Cr3+ + 3e−→ Cr −0.744
Cr2O7− + 14H+ + 6e−→ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O 1.232
CrO42− + 4H2O + 3e−→ Cr(OH)3 + 5OH− −0.13
Cs+ + e−→ Cs −3.026
Cu+ + e−→ Cu 0.521
Cu2+ + e−→ Cu+ 0.153
Cu2+ + 2e−→ Cu 0.3419
CuI2− + e−→ Cu + 2I− 0.00
Cu2O + H2O + 2e−→ 2Cu + 2OH− −0.360
Dy3+ + 3e−→ Dy −2.295
Er3+ + 3e−→ Er −2.331
Es3+ + 3e−→ Es −1.91
Eu2+ + 2e−→ Eu −2.812
Eu3+ + 3e−→ Eu −1.991
F2 + 2e−→ 2F− 2.866
Fe2+ + 2e−→ Fe −0.447
Fe3+ + 3e−→ Fe −0.037
Fe3+ + e−→ Fe2+ 0.771
[Fe(CN)6]3− + e−→ [Fe(CN)6]4− 0.358
Fe(OH)3 + e−→ Fe(OH)2 + OH− −0.56
Fm3+ + 3e−→ Fm −1.89
Fm2+ + 2e−→ Fm −2.30
Ga3+ + 3e−→ Ga −0.549
Gd3+ + 3e−→ Gd −2.279
Ge2+ + 2e−→ Ge 0.24
Ge4+ + 4e−→ Ge 0.124
2H+ + 2e−→ H2 0.00000
H2 + 2e−→ 2H− −2.23
2H2O + 2e−→ H2 + 2OH− −0.8277
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e−→ 2H2O 1.776
Hf4+ + 4e−→ Hf −1.55
Hg2+ + 2e−→ Hg 0.851
2Hg2+ + 2e−→ Hg22+ 0.920
Hg2Cl2 + 2e−→ 2Hg + 2Cl− 0.26808
Ho2+ + 2e−→ Ho −2.1
Ho3+ + 3e−→ Ho −2.33
I2 + 2e−→ 2I− 0.5355
I3− + 2e−→ 3I− 0.536
2IO3− + 12H+ + 10e−→ I2 + 6H2O 1.195
IO3− + 6H+ + 6e−→ I− + 3H2O 1.085
In+ + e−→ In −0.14
In3+ + 2e−→ In+ −0.443
In3+ + 3e−→ In −0.3382
Ir3+ + 3e−→ Ir 1.156
K+ + e−→ K −2.931
La3+ + 3e−→ La −2.379
Li+ + e−→ Li −3.0401
Lr3+ + 3e−→ Lr −1.96
Lu3+ + 3e−→ Lu −2.28
Md3+ + 3e−→ Md −1.65
Md2+ + 2e−→ Md −2.40
Mg2+ + 2e−→ Mg −2.372
Mn2+ + 2e−→ Mn −1.185
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e−→ Mn2+ + 2H2O 1.224
MnO4− + 8H+ + 5e−→ Mn2+ + 4H2O 1.507
MnO4− + 2H2O + 3e−→ MnO2 + 4OH− 0.595
Mo3+ + 3e−→ Mo −0.200
N2 + 2H2O + 6H+ + 6e−→ 2NH4OH 0.092
HNO2 + H+ + e−→ NO + H2O 0.983
NO3− + 4H+ + 3e−→ NO + 2H2O 0.957
Na+ + e−→ Na −2.71
Nb3+ + 3e−→ Nb −1.099
Nd3+ + 3e−→ Nd −2.323
Ni2+ + 2e−→ Ni −0.257
No3+ + 3e−→ No −1.20
No2+ + 2e−→ No −2.50
Np3+ + 3e−→ Np −1.856
O2 + 2H+ + 2e−→ H2O2 0.695
O2 + 4H+ + 4e−→ 2H2O 1.229
O2 + 2H2O + 2e−→ H2O2 + 2OH− −0.146
O3 + 2H+ + 2e−→ O2 + H2O 2.076
OsO4 + 8H+ + 8e−→ Os + 4H2O 0.838
P + 3H2O + 3e−→ PH3(g) + 3OH− −0.87
PO43− + 2H2O + 2e−→ HPO32− + 3OH− −1.05
Pa3+ + 3e−→ Pa −1.34
Pa4+ + 4e−→ Pa −1.49
Pb2+ + 2e−→ Pb −0.1262
PbO + H2O + 2e−→ Pb + 2OH− −0.580
PbO2 + SO42− + 4H+ + 2e−→ PbSO4 + 2H2O 1.6913
PbSO4 + 2e−→ Pb + SO42− −0.3588
Pd2+ + 2e−→ Pd 0.951
Pm3+ + 3e−→ Pm −2.30
Po4+ + 4e−→ Po 0.76
Pr3+ + 3e−→ Pr −2.353
Pt2+ + 2e−→ Pt 1.18
[PtCl4]2− + 2e−→ Pt + 4Cl− 0.755
Pu3+ + 3e−→ Pu −2.031
Ra2+ + 2e−→ Ra −2.8
Rb+ + e−→ Rb −2.98
Re3+ + 3e−→ Re 0.300
Rh3+ + 3e−→ Rh 0.758
Ru3+ + e−→ Ru2+ 0.2487
S + 2e−→ S2− −0.47627
S + 2H+ + 2e−→ H2S(aq) 0.142
2S + 2e−→ S22− −0.42836
H2SO3 + 4H+ + 4e−→ S + 3H2O 0.449
SO42− + H2O + 2e−→ SO32− + 2OH− −0.93
Sb + 3H+ + 3e−→ SbH3 −0.510
Sc3+ + 3e−→ Sc −2.077
Se + 2e−→ Se2− −0.924
Se + 2H+ + 2e−→ H2Se −0.082
SiF62− + 4e−→ Si + 6F− −1.24
Sm3+ + 3e−→ Sm −2.304
Sn2+ + 2e−→ Sn −0.1375
Sn4+ + 2e−→ Sn2+ 0.151
Sr2+ + 2e−→ Sr −2.899
Ta3+ + 3e−→ Ta −0.6
TcO4− + 4H+ + 3e−→ TcO2 + 2H2O 0.782
TcO4− + 8H+ + 7e−→ Tc + 4H2O 0.472
Tb3+ + 3e−→ Tb −2.28
Te + 2e−→ Te2− −1.143
Te4+ + 4e−→ Te 0.568
Th4+ + 4e−→ Th −1.899
Ti2+ + 2e−→ Ti −1.630
Tl+ + e−→ Tl −0.336
Tl3+ + 2e−→ Tl+ 1.252
Tl3+ + 3e−→ Tl 0.741
Tm3+ + 3e−→ Tm −2.319
U3+ + 3e−→ U −1.798
VO2+ + 2H+ + e−→ VO2+ + H2O 0.991
V2O5 + 6H+ + 2e−→ 2VO2+ + 3H2O 0.957
W2O5 + 2H+ + 2e−→ 2WO2 + H2O −0.031
XeO3 + 6H+ + 6e−→ Xe + 3H2O 2.10
Y3+ + 3e−→Y −2.372
Yb3+ + 3e−→Yb −2.19
Zn2+ + 2e−→ Zn −0.7618
Zn(OH)42− + 2e−→ Zn + 4OH− −1.199
Zn(OH)2 + 2e−→ Zn + 2OH− −1.249
ZrO2 + 4H+ + 4e−→ Zr + 2H2O −1.553
Zr4+ + 4e−→ Zr −1.45

Source of data: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition (2004).

Close Search Results
Study Aids

Need Help?

Talk to a Flat World Knowledge Rep today:

• 877-257-9243

• Live Chat

• Contact a Rep

Monday - Friday 9am - 5pm Eastern

We'd love to hear your feedback!

Leave Feedback!

Edit definition for

#<Bookhub::ReaderController:0x0000000d377140>

show

#<Bookhub::ReaderReporter:0x0000000d131610>

702433
{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 4, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "github"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "english_confidence": 0.30997735261917114, "perplexity_flag": "middle"}