Illustration: Alan Stonebraker

Figure 1: By coupling a nonlinear system, such as an atom, to the electromagnetic field, it is possible to create Fock states (eigenstates of the harmonic oscillator). (Top) Brune et al. send atoms (left) into a cavity (center). The atoms are prepared with pulse $P1$ to be in a superposition of states $|e〉$ and $|g〉$ before they enter the cavity. The relative phase between these states, which is converted to probability amplitudes for $|e〉$ and $|g〉$ with pulse $P2$ when the atoms exit the cavity, depends on the number of photons in the cavity. (Bottom) In place of a cavity, Wang et al. create an electromagnetic field in a microwave resonator (blue). A superconducting qubit, acting as an artificial atom, couples to the center conductor.
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