# Weyl's inequality

In mathematics, there are at least two results known as "Weyl's inequality".

## Weyl's inequality in number theory

In number theory, Weyl's inequality, named for Hermann Weyl, states that if M, N, a and q are integers, with a and q coprime, q > 0, and f is a real polynomial of degree k whose leading coefficient c satisfies

$|c-a/q|\le tq^{-2},\,$

for some t greater than or equal to 1, then for any positive real number $\scriptstyle\varepsilon$ one has

$\sum_{x=M}^{M+N}\exp(2\pi if(x))=O\left(N^{1+\varepsilon}\left({t\over q}+{1\over N}+{t\over N^{k-1}}+{q\over N^k}\right)^{2^{1-k}}\right)\text{ as }N\to\infty.$

This inequality will only be useful when

$q < N^k,\,$

for otherwise estimating the modulus of the exponential sum by means of the triangle inequality as $\scriptstyle\le\, N$ provides a better bound.

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## Weyl's inequality in matrix theory

In linear algebra, Weyl's inequality is a theorem about the changes to eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix that is perturbed. It is useful if we wish to know the eigenvalues of the Hermitian matrix H but there is an uncertainty about the entries of H. We let H be the exact matrix and P be a perturbation matrix that represents the uncertainty. The matrix we 'measure' is $\scriptstyle M \,=\, H \,+\, P$.

The theorem says that if M, H and P are all n by n Hermitian matrices, where M has eigenvalues

$\mu_1 \ge \cdots \ge \mu_n\,$

and H has eigenvalues

$\nu_1 \ge \cdots \ge \nu_n\,$

and P has eigenvalues

$\rho_1 \ge \cdots \ge \rho_n\,$

then the following inequalties hold for $\scriptstyle i \,=\, 1,\dots ,n$:

$\nu_i + \rho_n \le \mu_i \le \nu_i + \rho_1\,$

If P is positive definite (e.g. $\scriptstyle\rho_n \,>\, 0$) then this implies

$\mu_i > \nu_i \quad \forall i = 1,\dots,n.\,$

Note that we can order the eigenvalues because the matrices are Hermitian and therefore the eigenvalues are real.

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## References

• Matrix Theory, Joel N. Franklin, (Dover Publications, 1993) ISBN 0-486-41179-6
• "Das asymptotische Verteilungsgesetz der Eigenwerte linearer partieller Differentialgleichungen", H. Weyl, Math. Ann., 71 (1912), 441–479
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