# Einstein's box - unclear about Bohr's retort

I was reading a book on the history of Quantum Mechanics and I got intrigued by the gendankenexperiment proposed by Einstein to Bohr at the 6th Solvay conference in 1930.

For context, the thought experiment is a failed attempt by Einstein to disprove Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.

Einstein considers a box (called Einstein's box; see figure) containing electromagnetic radiation and a clock which controls the opening of a shutter which covers a hole made in one of the walls of the box. The shutter uncovers the hole for a time Δt which can be chosen arbitrarily. During the opening, we are to suppose that a photon, from among those inside the box, escapes through the hole. In this way a wave of limited spatial extension has been created, following the explanation given above. In order to challenge the indeterminacy relation between time and energy, it is necessary to find a way to determine with adequate precision the energy that the photon has brought with it. At this point, Einstein turns to his celebrated relation between mass and energy of special relativity: $E = mc^2$. From this it follows that knowledge of the mass of an object provides a precise indication about its energy.
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Bohr's response was quite surprising: there was uncertainty in the time because the clock changed position in a gravitational field and thus it's rate could not be measured precisely.

Bohr showed that [...] the box would have to be suspended on a spring in the middle of a gravitational field. [...] After the release of a photon, weights could be added to the box to restore it to its original position and this would allow us to determine the weight. [...] The inevitable uncertainty of the position of the box translates into an uncertainty in the position of the pointer and of the determination of weight and therefore of energy. On the other hand, since the system is immersed in a gravitational field which varies with the position, according to the principle of equivalence the uncertainty in the position of the clock implies an uncertainty with respect to its measurement of time and therefore of the value of the interval Δt.

Question: How can Bohr invoke a General Relativity concept when Quantum Mechanics is notoriously incompatible with it? Shouldn't HUP hold up with only the support of (relativistic) quantum mechanics?

Clarifying a bit what my doubt is/was: I thought that HUP was intrinsic to QM, a derived principle from operator non-commutability. QM shouldn't need GR concepts to be self consistent. In other words - if GR did not exist, relativistic QM would be a perfectly happy theory. I was surprised it's not the case.

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It seems he uses only the principle of equivalence, not Einsteins' field equations. So there shouldn't be a problem with the fact that they didn't have a quantum gravity theory, no? – MBN Apr 9 '11 at 1:14
As far as I see it, it uses the fact that, with a spatially varying gravitational field, the time $\Delta t$ depends on the spatial position because clocks behave differently according to GR. By 1930 GR was already an experimentally proven theory. – Sklivvz♦ Apr 9 '11 at 1:17
your question is built around the statement that GR and QM are "notoriously incompatible". This is not the case at least at the level of Bohr's answer which invokes only time-dilation. So while one might not have a clear formulation of QFT in a curved spacetime, phenomena such as time-dilation, red-shift and others have been well tested with many "quantum" systems with no contradictions. Problems will arise when considering quantum systems which can appreciably affect the background gravitational field - as in the case of a neutron star or black hole, but this is not the case here. – user346 Apr 9 '11 at 4:12

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It's one thing for two theories of nature to be incompatible with one another, but nature can't be incompatible with itself. Bohr was just clever enough to use the features of nature that were well understood and sufficient to resolve the apparent conundrum that Einstein created. The irony was that it used the equivalence principle, the very thought child of Einstein himself! – Raskolnikov Apr 9 '11 at 9:12
@ras: you have misunderstood the argument, which was about whether Quantum theory is self-consistent. The argument was never that Nature is not self-consistent. – Sklivvz♦ Jul 24 '11 at 0:08
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## 2 Answers

Bohr realized that the weight of the device is made by the displacement of a scale in spacetime. The clock’s new position in the gravity field of the Earth, or any other mass, will change the clock rate by gravitational time dilation as measured from some distant point the experimenter is located. The temporal metric term for a spherical gravity field is $1~-~2GM/rc^2$, where a displacement by some $\delta r$ means the change in the metric term is $\simeq~(GM/c^2r^2)\delta r$. Hence the clock’s time intervals $T$ is measured to change by a factor $$T~\rightarrow~T\sqrt{(1~-~2GM/c^2)\delta r/r^2}~\simeq~T(1~-~GM\delta r/r^2c^2),$$ so the clock appears to tick slower. This changes the time span the clock keeps the door on the box open to release a photon. Assume that the uncertainty in the momentum is given by the $\Delta p~\simeq~\hbar/\Delta r~<~Tg\Delta m$, where $g~=~GM/r^2$. Similarly the uncertainty in time is found as $\Delta T~=~(Tg/c^2)\delta r$. From this $\Delta T~>~\hbar/\Delta mc^2$ is obtained and the Heisenberg uncertainty relation $\Delta T\Delta E~>~\hbar$. This demands a Fourier transformation between position and momentum, as well as time and energy.

This argument by Bohr is one of those things which I find myself re-reading. This argument by Bohr is in my opinion on of these spectacular brilliant events in physics.

This holds in some part to the quantum level with gravity, even if we do not fully understand quantum gravity. Consider the clock in Einstein’s box as a blackhole with mass $m$. The quantum periodicity of this blackhole is given by some multiple of Planck masses. For a blackhole of integer number $n$ of Planck masses the time it takes a photon to travel across the event horizon is $t~\sim~Gm/c^3$ $=~nT_p$, which are considered as the time intervals of the clock. The uncertainty in time the door to the box remains open is $$\Delta T~\simeq~Tg/c(\delta r~-~GM/c^2),$$ as measured by a distant observer. Similary the change in the energy is given by $E_2/E_1~=$ $\sqrt{(1~-~2M/r_1)/(1~-~2M/r_2)}$, which gives an energy uncertainty of $$\Delta E~\simeq~(\hbar/T_1)g/c^2(\delta r~-~GM/c^2)^{-1}.$$ Consequently the Heisenberg uncertainty principle still holds $\Delta E\Delta T~\simeq~\hbar$. Thus general relativity beyond the Newtonian limit preserves the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. It is interesting to note in the Newtonian limit this leads to a spread of frequencies $\Delta\omega~\simeq~\sqrt{c^5/G\hbar}$, which is the Planck frequency.

The uncertainty in the $\Delta E~\simeq~\hbar/\Delta t$ does have a funny situation, where if the energy is $\Delta E$ is larger than the Planck mass there is the occurrence of an event horizon. The horizon has a radius $R~\simeq~2G\Delta E/c^4$, which is the uncertainty in the radial position $R~=~\Delta r$ associated with the energy fluctuation. Putting this together with the Planckian uncertainty in the Einstein box we then have $$\Delta r\Delta t~\simeq~\frac{2G\hbar}{c^4}~=~{\ell}^2_{Planck}/c.$$ So this argument can be pushed to understand the nature of noncommutative coordinates in quantum gravity.

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I forgot to mention it, but your answer is actually very interesting. – Sklivvz♦ Jul 24 '11 at 0:07

How can Bohr invoke a General Relativity concept when Quantum Mechanics is notoriously incompatible with it?

You may have misheard, Sklivvz. General relativity is perfectly compatible with quantum mechanics. If you want the full and completely accurate theory that answers questions that depend on both GR and QM, in any regime, it is called string theory.

But obviously, you don't need the sophisticated cannon of string theory to answer these Bohr-Einstein questions. String theory is only needed when the distances are as short as the Planck length, $10^{-35}$ meters, or energies are huge, and so on. Whenever you deal with ordinary distance scales, semiclassical GR is enough - a simple quantization of general relativity where one simply neglects all loops and other effects that are insanely small. And indeed, string theory does confirm (and any other hypothetical consistent theory would confirm) that those effects are small, suppressed by extra powers of $G$, $h$, or $1/c$.

And in this Bohr-Einstein case, you don't even need semiclassical general relativity. You don't really need to quantize GR at all. This is just about simple quantum mechanics in a pre-existing spacetime, and Bohr's correct answer to Einstein is just a simple comment about the spacetime geometry. The extreme phenomena that make it hard to unify QM and GR surely play no detectable role in this experiment. They don't even play much role in "quantum relativistic" phenomena such as the Hawking radiation: all of their macroscopic properties may be calculated with a huge accuracy.

Shouldn't HUP hold up with only the support of (relativistic) quantum mechanics?

Nope. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a principle that holds for all phenomena in the Universe. Moreover, it's a bit confusing why you wrote "only" in the context of relativistic quantum mechanics - relativistic quantum mechanics is the most universally valid framework to describe the reality because it includes both the quantum and relativistic "refinements" of physics (assuming that we do the relativistic quantum physics right - with quantum field theory and/or string theory).

Einstein, in his claim that he could violate the uncertainty principle, used gravity, so it's not surprising that the error in Einstein's argument - one that Bohr has pointed out - has something to do with gravity, too. Because we talk about the uncertainty principle, you surely didn't want to say that we should be able to describe it purely in non-quantum language. If you wanted to say that non-relativistic quantum mechanics should be enough to prove Einstein wrong, then it's not true because photons used in the experiment are "quantum relativistic" particles.

In particular, the mass of a photon that he wants to measure is $m=E/c^2 = hf/c^2$. Because photons and electromagnetic waves in any description are produced at a finite frequency $f$, we cannot let $c$ go to infininity because the change of the mass $m=hf/c^2$ that Einstein proposed to measure (by a scale) would vanish so he couldn't determine the change of the mass - and he wanted to calculate the change of the energy from the mass so he wouldn't be able to determine the energy, either.

So Einstein's strategy to show that $E,t$ may be determined simultaneously uses effects that depend on the finiteness of both $h$ and $c$, so he is using relativistic quantum phenomena. To get the right answer or the right predictions what will happen and what accuracy can be achieved, he should do so consistently and take into account all other relevant phenomena "of the same order" that also depend both on relativity and the quanta. The time dilation, as pointed out by Bohr, is one such effect that Einstein neglected, and if it is included, not surprisingly, HUP gets confirmed again.

Such proofs are somewhat redundant in theories that we know. Whenever we construct a quantum theory, whether the gravity is described relativistically or not, with fields or not, the uncertainty principle is automatically incorporated into the theory - by the canonical commutators - so it is never possible to find a measurement for which the theory predicts that HUP fails. This conclusion is safer than details of Bohr's particular "loophole" - I am not going to claim that Bohr's observation is the only (or the main) effect that Einstein neglected. There are probably many more.

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Hi Lubos, I agree with you, but I think you misread my question. I think that the Bohr retort is perfectly valid in the grander scheme of things. I just found it funny that it used non-QM concept to support a QM thesis. – Sklivvz♦ Apr 9 '11 at 9:28
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