On the Number of Perfect Binary Quadratic Forms

Francesca Aicardi
Source: Experiment. Math. Volume 13, Issue 4 (2004), 451-457.

Abstract

A perfect form is a form {\small $f=mx^2+ny^2+kxy$} with integral coefficients {\small $(m,n,k)$} such that {\small $f(\mathbb{Z}^2)$} is a multiplicative semigroup. The growth rate of the number of perfect forms in cubes of increasing side {\small $L$} in the space of the coefficients is known for small cubes, where all perfect forms are known. A form is perfect if its coefficients belong to the image of a map, {\small $Q$}, from {\small $\mathbb{Z}^4$} to {\small $\mathbb{Z}^3$}. This property of perfect forms allows us to estimate from below the growth rate of their number for larger values of {\small $L$}. The conjecture that all perfect forms are generated by {\small $Q$} allows us to reformulate results and conjectures on the numbers of the images {\small $Q(\mathbb{Z}^4)$} in cubes of side {\small $L$} in terms of the numbers of perfect forms. In particular, the proportion of perfect elliptic forms in a ball of radius {\small $R$} should decrease faster than {\small $R^{-3/4}$} and the proportion of all perfect forms in a ball of radius {\small $R$} should decrease faster than {\small $2/\sqrt{R}$}.

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Supplemental material: On the Number of Perfect Binary Quadratic Forms - Appendices.
Primary Subjects: 11E12
Secondary Subjects: 11N99
Keywords: Quadratic forms; multiplicative semigroups
Full-text: Open access
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