Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is an alternative or complementary type of therapy that involves animals as a form of treatment.[1] The goal of AAT is to improve a patient's social, emotional, or cognitive functioning.   Advocates state that animals can be useful for educational and motivational effectiveness for participants.[2] In a variety of settings such as prisons, nursing homes, mental institutions, animals are used to assist people with different disabilities. The most commonly used types of AAT are canine-assisted therapy and equine-assisted therapy. AAT is especially helpful in reducing the symptoms of psychological disorders, but most of the effects only last for a short period.
Wilson's (1984) biophilia hypothesis is based on the premise that our attachment to and interest in animals stems from the strong possibility that human survival was partly dependent on signals from animals in the environment indicating safety or threat. The biophilia hypothesis suggests that now, if we see animals at rest or in a peaceful state, this may signal to us safety, security and feelings of well-being which in turn may trigger a state where personal change and healing are possible.[3]  A contrast is sometimes made with Animal assisted activity (AAA).[4] AAA is more casual and unstructured than AAT, involving perhaps more than one patient and with the primary focus on the presence of the animal itself. By contrast, AAT includes a handler which together with the animal has been trained for the role. AAT is more structured with specific objectives for each session. However, in common usage terms like these for animal assisted interventions are often used rather loosely.[4]
Medical uses

Animals can be used in a variety of settings such as prisons, nursing homes, mental institutions,[5] hospitals and in the home.[6] Assistance dogs can assist people with many different disabilities; they are capable of assisting certain life activities and help the individuals navigate outside of the home.[6]
As with all other interventions, assessing whether a program is effective as far as its outcomes are concerned is easier when the goals are clear and are able to be specified. There are a range of goals for animal assisted therapy programs relevant to children and young people, including enhanced capacity to form positive relationships with others.

Pediatric care
Therapists rely on techniques such as monitoring a child's behavior with the animal, their tone of voice, and indirect interviewing. These techniques are used, along with the child's pet or other animal, in order to gain information.[7] Before pet therapy can be useful, the child and the animal must first develop a sense of comfort with each other, which is easier to achieve if the child's own pet is used.[7] The applied technique that generates the most helpful information about the victim's experience is telling the child that the animal wants to know how they are feeling or what happened. AAT can be used in children with mental health problems, can be used as a stand-alone treatment or it can be used along with conventional methods.[8] Animals can be used as a distraction method when it comes to various situations or pain, and animals can also help bring happiness, pleasure, and entertainment to the pediatric population. Animals can also help improve children's moods and reinforce positive behaviors while helping to decrease negative ones.[9] Dogs in AAT can be an effective method to reduce pain in children as a complementary treatment.[10]
Prisons
Animal-assistance programs may be useful in prisons to relieve stress of the inmates and workers, or to provide other benefits, but further study is needed to confirm the effectiveness of such programs in these settings.[11]
Nursing homes
When elderly people are transferred to nursing homes or LTC facilities, they often become passive, agitated, withdrawn, depressed, and inactive because of the lack of regular visitors or the loss of loved ones.[12] Supporters of AAT say that animals can be helpful in motivating the patients to be active mentally and physically, keeping their minds sharp and bodies healthy.[2] Therapists or visitors who bring animals into their sessions at the nursing home are often viewed as less threatening, which increases the relationship between the therapist/visitor and patient.[13]
There are numerous techniques used in AAT, depending on the needs and condition of the patient. For elderly dementia patients, animal assisted therapy provides opportunities to have close physical contact with the animals, which may be helpful for people whose loved ones have passed and who do not frequently receive visitors.[14]
Types
There are various animal species used in animal-assisted therapy (AAT). Individual animals are evaluated with strict criteria before being used in AAT. The criteria include appropriate size, age, aptitude, typical behaviors and the correct level of training. The most common forms of AAT are with dogs and horses. There is also published research on dolphin therapy.[15]
Canine-assisted therapy
In canine-assisted therapy, therapy dogs interact with clients in animal assisted interventions, to enhance therapeutic activities and well-being including the physical, cognitive, behavioral and socio-emotional functioning of clients.[16][17][18]  Well trained therapy dogs exhibit the behavior that human clients construe as friendly and welcoming.[18] They comfort clients via body contact.[17] Therapy dogs are also required to possess a calm temperament for accommodating the contact with unfamiliar clients while they serve as a source of comfort.[17] They promote patients engaging in interactions which can help patient improve motor skills and establish trusting relationship with others. The interaction between patients and therapy dogs also aids reducing stressful and anxious feelings patients have.[17] Due to those benefits, canine assisted therapy is used as a complement to other therapies to treat diagnosis such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and dementia.[16][18][17]
Canine assistance can also be used in classroom for promoting the development of creative writing and living skills and the participation of children in group activities.[16] There are programs called canine-assisted reading programs which facilitate children with special educational needs. These programs utilize the calm, non-judgmental, happy characteristics of canines to let the process of reading become more meaningful and enjoyable for children. With these benefits, researchers suggest to incorporating dogs into assisting learning and educational programs.[16]
Equine-related therapy

A distinction exists between hippotherapy and therapeutic horseback riding. The American Hippotherapy Association defines hippotherapy as a physical, occupational, and speech-language therapy treatment strategy that utilizes equine movement as part of an integrated intervention program to achieve functional outcomes, while the Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship International (PATHI) defines therapeutic riding as a riding lesson specially adapted for people with special needs.[19]  According to Marty Becker, hippotherapy programs are active "in twenty-four countries and the horse's functions have expanded to therapeutic riding for people with physical, psychological, cognitive, social, and behavioral problems".[20] Hippotherapy has also been approved by the American Speech and Hearing Association as a treatment method for individuals with speech disorders.[19] In addition, equine assisted psychotherapy (EAP) uses horses for work with persons who have mental health issues. EAP often does not involve riding.[21][22] Additional information pertaining to equine assisted therapy can be seen with Laira Gold's open clinical study of EAT.[23]
Dolphin therapy
Dolphin assisted therapy refers to the controversial alternative medicine practice of swimming with dolphins. This form of therapy has been strongly criticized as having no long term benefit,[24] and being based on flawed observations.[25] Psychologists have cautioned that dolphin assisted therapy is not effective for any known condition and presents considerable risks to both human patients and the captive dolphins.[26] The child has a one-on-one session with a therapist in a marine park of some kind.[27] An ethical issue with data on dolphin-assisted therapy and the effectiveness of it is that most of the research is done by people who operate the dolphin-assisted therapy programs.[27] John Lilly, who studied dolphin-human interaction, first considered this idea that interactions with dolphins can have rewarding benefits on humans in the 1960s.
Conditions Benefit from Animal-Assisted Therapy
Based on current research, there are many conditions/disorders that can benefit from animal-assisted therapy (AAT) in diverse settings around the world. Those conditions include psychological disorder, developmental disorder, dementia, cancer, chronic pain, advanced heart failure, etc.[17][15] Animal-assisted therapy is commonly used for psychological disorder. Disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), autism spectrum disorder(ASD), post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD) are part of psychological disorders that can benefit from animal-assisted therapy. [8][18][17][15]
Effectiveness
In recent decades, an increased number of research indicates the social, psychological, and physiological benefits of animal assisted therapy in health and education field.[16] Although the effectiveness of AAT is still unclear due to the lack of clarity regarding the degree to which the canine itself contributes in the recovery process,[17] there is a growing awareness that AAT may be effective in treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and dementia.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may decrease behavioral issues and improve socialization skills with the intervention of AAT. Compared to children only received cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), children who received both canine-assisted therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) had reduce in severity of ADHD symptoms.[8][18][17][15] However, the canine-assisted therapy had no effect on relieving ADHD symptoms in long-term treatment.[18]
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Animal Assisted Therapy for the Treatment of Trauma in Military Veterans
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a multidimensional diagnosis and is often difficult to diagnose due to varying severity and forms.[28] PTSD is often difficult to treat due to high drop-out rates and low responses to traditional psychotherapeutic approaches and interventions.[29] Alternative approaches, including animal assisted interventions (AAIs), have attracted increased popularity, noting the benefit from comfort animals provide through social and emotional companionship,[30] serving as a complementary or alternative therapy.[31] AAIs are any intervention that incorporates and includes an animal in the treatment process [29][32] and encompass Animal-Assisted Therapy (therapeutic interventions), Animal-Assisted Activities (enrichment activities), and Service/Assistance Animals (i.e., trained animals that assist and support with daily activities).[33] In general, animals can have an overall positive effect on health and can improve mood and quality of life.[29]
Animals have two types of effects, direct and indirect, on a mental health spectrum including biological, psychological, and social responses,[28] further targeting marked symptoms of PTSD (i.e., re-experiencing, avoidance, changes in beliefs/feelings, and hyperarousal) (Johnson et al., 2018). Direct effects of animals include a decrease in anxiety and blood pressure while indirect effects result in increased social interactions and overall participation in everyday activities.[28]
Biologically, specific neurochemicals are released when observing human and animal interactions.[28] For example, the neurotransmitter phenylethylamine is released during a positive interaction between human and animal, further improving mood.[28]  Similarly,dog assistance can potentially mediate oxytocin which effects social and physical wellbeing and decrease blood pressure [17]. The psychological benefits of animals focus mainly on dog and human interactions, the reduction of anxiety and depressive symptoms, and increased resilience.[28] Animals in this capacity can further provide emotional and psychological assistance and support, addressing several PTSD symptoms.[28][32] The presence of an animal can alleviate intrusion symptoms by providing a reminder that there is no danger present.[32] Animals can further elicit positive emotions, targeting emotional numbing experiences.[32] Animal interactions also provide social benefits, providing companionship and alleviate feelings of loneliness and isolation through everyday routines and increased social interactions in public.[28][32]
The incorporation and involvement of animals dates back to the earliest forms of organized combat.[28] Dogs, in particular, were utilized in different capacities.[28] Ancient armies employed dogs as Soldiers and companions which extended to modern combat including dogs as a crucial asset in communication, detection, and intimidation.[28] In World War II, dogs were used in therapy as emotional support during the war.[29] While a range of animals can be utilized in AAIs, dogs and horses have been investigated and explored as forms of rehabilitation for veterans suffering from PTSD.[28] Dog assisted therapy and therapeutic horseback riding are non-invasive methods for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans.[17].
Canines can easily integrate into a multitude of environments, are highly responsive to humans, and are very intelligent.[34] For those reasons, dogs are the most common animal used in AAIs.[33] Dogs are typically categorized according to the level of training received and the specific needs of the individual.[33] A service dog provides relief through specialized support related to a physical, mental, or psychological disability.[35] Emotional support animals (ESAs) solely provide psychological relief and do not require specialized training.[35] Therapy animals often provide additional support in a therapeutic environment by supporting counselors or therapists in their therapeutic duties.[35] While service dogs, ESAs, and therapy dogs can support the diverse symptoms that veterans, specifically bred and selected dogs, PTSD Service Dogs (PSDs), are trained and assigned to veterans with PTSD to support with daily life activities [30] as well as with emotional and mental health needs.[28]
Dogs provide subjective positive effects to veterans and serve as a compassionate reminder to veterans suffering from PTSD that danger is not present, creating a safe space for the veteran.[29] They are often sensitive to humans and have the ability to adapt their behavior accordingly by doing tasks such as preventing panic, waking a veteran from a nightmare, and nudging to help the veteran “stay in the present”.[36] Dogs also provide veterans with a nonjudgmental and safe environment that can help a veteran express feelings and process thoughts without interruption, criticism or advice.[37] Interactions, such as petting, playing and walking, with the dog can increase physical activity, reduce anxiety, and provide encouragement to stay in the present moment.[37] The interaction between dog and veterans supports social interactions for isolated veterans, reduces symptoms associated with PTSD such as depression and anxiety, and increases veterans’ calmness.[17]
Similar to dogs, horses have been included in the treatment of veterans suffering from PTSD [33] by providing an accepting and nonjudgmental environment,[31] which further facilitates a veterans’ ability to cope with symptoms associated with PTSD.[31] Because horses are social animals, they are capable of creating and responding to relationships based on the veteran's energy, providing an opportunity for veterans to regain the ability to form trusting relationships.[38] Therapeutic work with horses varies from ground-based activities, mounted activities, or a combination of both.[33] In the therapeutic context, horses can promote cognitive reframing as well as an increase in the use of mindfulness practice.[31] While there is limited research and standardized instruments to measure the effects, veterans who have participated in pilot programs have better communicate skills, self-awareness, and self-esteem,[31] promoting safety and support during the transition into civilian life.[39] Long term effects of equine based interventions with veterans include increased happiness, social support, and better sleep hygiene [33] because they are able to process information regarding their emotions and behaviors in a nonjudgmental space.[39]
While AAIs can be effective, they also have limitations due to limited research and findings on AAIs and veterans with PTSD [29].Furthermore, studies approved yield small sample sizes which limit the power to detect changes [31] as well as the specific tasks that are particularly helpful to veterans.[36] AAT may alsoobstruct veterans from cultivating their own way of control over stressful situation.[citation needed
Autism Spectrum Disorder
AAT could reduce the symptoms of ASD such as aggressiveness, irritability, distractibility, and hyperactivity.[8] Therapeutic horseback riding showed positive effects on children with ASD. It increased children's ability of communication and decreased their ASD symptoms. The slow swing motion of horseback riding stimulates the vestibular system and therefore may help children with ASD produce speech sounds.[40] Canine assisted intervention provides a calmer environment by reducing the stress, irritation, and anxiety that children with ASD experience.[15][40] Playing with dogs increases the positive mood in children with ASD.[40] Animals also can serve as a social catalyst. In the presence of animals, children with ASD are more likely engage in social interactions with humans.[40] However, the impact of AAT upon parent-child interaction is not clear.[8]
Dementia
AAT encourages expressions of emotions and cognitive stimulation through discussions and reminiscing of memories while the patient bonds with the animal. A study in 2017 evaluated results from ten research articles and found that animal assisted therapies (particularly using dogs) resulted in measurable quality of life improvements for patients with dementia.[41]
Limitations
One limitation of pet therapy centers on the application during scenarios that involve adults who have been sexually assaulted. While pets do tend to cause more comfort to victims, pet therapy may not be the catalyst that provides positive success in therapy sessions. As mentioned above, adults tend not to focus as much on having an animal companion, and therefore, pet therapy cannot be attributed as the reason for success in those types of therapy sessions.[5] There are some ethical concerns that arise when applying pet therapy to younger victims of sexual assault. For example, if a child is introduced to an animal that is not their pet, the application of pet therapy can cause some concerns. First of all, some children may not be comfortable with animals or may be frightened, so there would be ethical concerns with using pet therapy, which could be avoided by asking permission to use animals in therapy. Second, a special bond is created between animal and child during pet therapy. Therefore, if the animal in question does not belong to the child, there may be some negative side effects when the child discontinues therapy. The child will have become attached to the animal, which does raise some ethical issues as far as subjecting a child to the disappointment and possible relapse that can occur after therapy discontinues.[5]
Another limitation of animal assisted therapy is that AAT might be a short term reinforce, not a long term one.
The effectiveness of AAT is also still unclear due to the lack of clarity regarding the degree to which the canine itself contributes in the recovery process.[17]
There are some concerns specific to dolphin-assisted therapy: First, it is potentially hazardous to the human patients, and it is harmful to the dolphins themselves; by taking dolphins out of their natural environment and putting them in captivity for therapy can be hazardous to their well-being.[26] Second, dolphin-assisted therapy has been strongly criticized as having no long term benefit,[24] and being based on flawed observations.[25] Third, psychologists have cautioned that dolphin assisted therapy is not effective for any known condition.[26]
History
Animal-assisted therapy sprouted from the idea and initial belief in the supernatural powers of animals and animal spirits. In modern times animals are seen as "agents of socialization" and as providers of "social support and relaxation".[42] The earliest reported use of AAT for the mentally ill took place in the late 18th century at the York Retreat in England, led by William Tuke.[43] Patients at this facility were allowed to wander the grounds which contained a population of small domestic animals. These were believed to be effective tools for socialization. In 1860, the Bethlem Hospital in England followed the same trend and added animals to the ward, greatly influencing the morale of the patients living there.[43] However, in other pieces of literature it states that AAT was used as early as 1792 at the Quaker Society of Friends York Retreat in England.[44] Velde, Cipriani & Fisher also state "Florence Nightingale appreciated the benefits of pets in the treatment of individuals with illness."
The US military promoted the use of dogs as a therapeutic intervention with psychiatric patients in 1919 at St Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, DC.
Sigmund Freud kept many dogs and often had his chow Jofi present during his pioneering sessions of psychoanalysis.  He noticed that the presence of the dog was helpful because the patient would find that their speech would not shock or disturb the dog and this reassured them and so encouraged them to relax and confide.  This was most effective when the patient was a child or adolescent.[45]
Some claim that AAT is based on attachment theory, though attachment theory originated in the 1950s and AAT originated earlier (as described above).
Increased recognition of the value of human–pet bonding was noted by Dr. Boris Levinson in 1961.[44] Dr. Boris Levinson accidentally used animals in therapy with children when he left his dog alone with a difficult child, and upon returning, found the child talking to the dog.[7]
See also

Animal cognition
Animal consciousness
Care farming
Emotional support animal
Human-canine bond
Service animal
Service dog
Therapy cat
Therapy dog

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This is a list of historians.
The names are grouped by order of the historical period in which they were living and producing works, which is not necessarily the same as the period in which they specialize.[1]

Antiquity
Greco-Roman world

Classical period
Herodotus (484 BC–c. 420 BC), Halicarnassus, wrote the Histories that established Western historiography
Thucydides (460 BC–c. 400 BC), Peloponnesian War
Xenophon (431 BC–c. 360 BC), Athenian knight and student of Socrates
Ctesias (early 4th century BC), Greek historian of Assyrian, Persian, and Indian history
Hellenistic period
Theopompus (c. 380 BC-c. 315 BC), Greek history
Eudemus of Rhodes (c. 370-c. 300 BC), Greek historian of science
Ptolemy I Soter (367 BC–c. 283 BC), general of Alexander the Great, founder of Ptolemaic Dynasty
Duris of Samos (c. 350 BC – after 281 BC), Greek history
Berossus (early 3rd century BC), Babylonian historian
Timaeus of Tauromenium (c. 345 BC–c. 250 BC), Greek history
Manetho (3rd century BC), Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos (ancient Egyptian: Tjebnutjer) who lived during the Ptolemaic era
Quintus Fabius Pictor (c. 254 BC–?), Roman history
Artapanus of Alexandria (late 3rd to early 2nd centuries BC), Jewish historian of Ptolemaic Egypt
Cato the Elder (234-149 BC), Roman statesman and historian, author of the Origines
Gaius Acilius (fl. 155 BC), Roman history
Agatharchides (fl. mid 2nd century BC), Greek history
Polybius (203 BC–c. 120 BC), early Roman history (written in Greek)
Sempronius Asellio (c. 158 – after 91 BC), early Roman history
Diodorus of Sicily (1st century BC), Greek history
Posidonius (c. 135 BC – 51 BC), Greek and Roman history
Theophanes of Mytilene (fl. mid 1st century BC), Roman history
Roman Empire
Julius Caesar (100 BC–c. 44 BC), Gallic and civil wars
Sallust (86 BC–34 BC), Roman history
Dionysius of Halicarnassus (c. 60 BC–after 7 BC), Roman history
Livy (c. 59 BC–c. 17 AD), Roman history
Memnon of Heraclea (fl. 1st century AD), Greek and Roman history
Strabo (63 BC-24 AD), geography, Greek history
Marcus Velleius Paterculus (c. 19 BC–c. 31 AD), Roman history
Claudius (10 BC–54 AD), Roman, Etruscan and Carthaginian history
Pamphile of Epidaurus (female historian active during the reign of Nero, r. 54–68), Greek history
Marcus Cluvius Rufus, (fl. 41–69), Roman history
Quintus Curtius Rufus (c. 60–70), Greek history
Flavius Josephus (37–100), Jewish history
Dio Chrysostom (c. 40 – c. 115 AD), history of the Getae
Thallus (early 2nd century AD), Roman history
Gaius Cornelius Tacitus (c. 56–c. 120), early Roman Empire
Plutarch (c. 46–120), would not have counted himself as an historian, but is a useful source because of his Parallel Lives of important Greeks and Romans
Criton of Heraclea (fl. 100), history of the Getae and the Dacian Wars
Suetonius (c.69 – after 122), Roman emperors up to the Flavian dynasty
Appian (c. 95–c. 165), Roman history
Arrian (c. 92–175), Greek history
Granius Licinianus (2nd century), Roman history
Criton of Pieria (2nd century), Greek history
Lucius Ampelius (2nd century AD?), Roman history
Dio Cassius (c. 160–after 229), Roman history
Marius Maximus (c. 160 – c. 230), biographer of Roman emperors
Diogenes Laërtius (fl. c. 230), history of Greek philosophers
Sextus Julius Africanus (c. 160 – c. 240), early Christian
Herodian (c. 170–c. 240), Roman history
Publius Anteius Antiochus (early 3rd century)
Gaius Asinius Quadratus (fl. 248), Roman history
Dexippus (c. 210 – 273), Roman history
Ephorus the Younger (late 3rd century), Roman history
Acholius (late 3rd century), Roman history
Callinicus (d. 273), history of Alexandria
Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 275–c. 339), early Christian
Praxagoras of Athens (fl. early 4th century), Greek and Roman history
Festus (fl. 370), Roman history
Aurelius Victor (c. 320 – c. 390), Roman history
Eutropius (d. 390), Roman history
Ammianus Marcellinus (c. 325–c. 391), Roman history
Virius Nicomachus Flavianus (334–394), Roman history
Sulpicius Alexander (fl. late 4th century), Roman history
Rufinus of Aquileia (c. 340–410), early Christian
Eunapius (346–414), biographies of philosophers and universal history
Orosius (c. 375 – after 418), early Christian
Philostorgius (368–c. 439), early Christian
Socrates of Constantinople (c. 380–?), early Christian
Agathangelos (5th century), Armenian history
Priscus (5th century), Byzantine history
Sozomen (c. 400–c. 450), early Christian
Theodoret (c. 393–c. 457), early Christian
Movses Khorenatsi (13 January 410–488), Armenian history
Hydatius (c. 400–c. 469), chronicler of Hispania
Salvian (c. 400/405–c. 493), early Christian
Faustus of Byzantium (5th century), Armenian history
Ghazar Parpetsi (441/443–510/515), Armenian history
Zosimus (fl. 491–518), late Roman history
Jordanes (6th century), history of the Goths
John Malalas (c. 491–578), Early Christian
China

Sima Tan (165 – 110 BC), Chinese historian and father of Sima Qian, who completed his Records of the Grand Historian
Sima Qian (c. 145 BC–c. 86 BC), founder of Chinese historiography who compiled the Records of the Grand Historian (although this was preceded by the Book of Documents and Zuo Zhuan)
Liu Xiang (79 BC–8 BC) (Chinese Han Dynasty), Chinese history
Ban Biao (3–54) (Chinese Han Dynasty), started the Book of Han that was completed by his son and daughter
Ban Gu (32–92) (Chinese Han Dynasty), Chinese history
Ban Zhao (45–116) (Chinese Han Dynasty, China's first female historian)
Chen Shou (233–297) (Chinese Jin Dynasty), compiled the Records of the Three Kingdoms
Fa-Hien (c. 337–c. 422), Chinese Buddhist monk and historian
Fan Ye (398–445), Chinese history, compiled the Book of Later Han
Shen Yue (441–513), Chinese history of the Liu Song Dynasty (420–479)
Middle Ages
Byzantine sphere

Procopius (c. 500–c. 565), Byzantine, useful for writings on the reign of Justinian and Theodora
Constantine of Preslav (late 9th century–early 10th century), Bulgarian historian
Nestor the Chronicler (c. 1056–c. 1114, in Kiev), author of the Primary Chronicle
Joannes Zonaras (12th century), Byzantine chronicler
Nicetas Choniates (died c. 1220)
Domentijan (1210–1264), Serbian monk and chronicler
Latin sphere

Early Middle Ages
Gregory of Tours (538–594), A History of the Franks
Baudovinia (fl. c. 600), Frankish nun who wrote a biography of Radegund
Cogitosus (fl. c. 650), Irish historian
Tírechán (fl. c. 655), Irish biographer of Saint Patrick
Muirchu moccu Machtheni (7th century), Irish historian
Adamnan (625–704), Irish historian
Bede (c. 672–735), Anglo-Saxon England
Paul the Deacon (8th century), Langobards
Einhard (9th century), biographer of Charlemagne
Nennius (9th century?), Wales
Notker of St Gall (9th century), anecdotal biography of Charlemagne
Martianus Hiberniensis (819–875), Irish teacher and historian
Asser, Bishop of Sherborne (died 908/909), Welsh historian
Regino of Prüm (died 915)
High Middle Ages

fl. 10th century
Widukind of Corvey (925–973), Ottonian chronicler
Liutprand of Cremona (922–972), Byzantine affairs
Heriger of Lobbes (925–1007)
fl. 11th century
Thietmar of Merseburg (25 July 975–1 December 1018), German, Polish, and Russian affairs
Michael Psellus (1018–c. 1078)
Marianus Scotus (1028–1082/1083), Irish chronicler
Michael Attaleiates (c. 1015–c. 1080)
Guibert of Nogent (1053–1124)
Eadmer (c. 1066–c. 1124), post-Conquest English history
Adam of Bremen (second half of the 11th century), historian of Scandinavia, work Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum
fl. 12th century
Albert of Aix (fl. circa AD 1100), historian of the First Crusade
Florence of Worcester (died 1118), English chronicler
Symeon of Durham (died after 1129), English chronicler
Alured of Beverley (fl. 1143), English chronicler
William of Malmesbury (1095–1143), English
Anna Comnena (1083–after 1148)
John of Worcester (fl. 1150s), English chronicler
Saxo Grammaticus (12th century), Danish
Ambroise (fl. 1190s), Anglo-Norman poet, wrote verse narrative of the Third Crusade
Galbert of Bruges (12th century), Flemish chronicler
Gallus Anonymus (fl. 11th–12th centuries), Polish historian
Svend Aagesen (c. 1140/1150–?), Danish historian
Geoffrey of Monmouth (c. 1100–c. 1155), churchman/historian
Helmold of Bosau (ca. 1120–after 1177), German chronicler
William of Tyre (c. 1128–1186)
William of Newburgh (1135–1198), English historian called "the father of historical criticism"
Geoffroi de Villehardouin (c. 1160–1212)
fl. 13th century
Giraldus Cambrensis (c. 1146–c. 1223)
Wincenty Kadlubek (1161–1223), Polish historian
Adam of Eynsham (died c. 1233), English hagiographer and writer, abbot of Eynsham Abbey
Snorri Sturluson (c. 1178–1241), Icelandic historian
Matthew Paris (died 1259)
Salimbene di Adam (1221–c. 1290), Italian
Templar of Tyre (c. 1230–1314), end of the Crusades
Late Middle Ages
Historians of the Italian Renaissance are listed under "Renaissance".
Piers Langtoft (died c. 1307)
Jean de Joinville (1224–1319)
John Clyn (fl. 1333–1349), Irish historian
Jean Froissart (c. 1337–c. 1405), chronicler
Dietrich of Nieheim (c. 1345–1418), ecclesiastic history
Adhamh Ó Cianáin (died 1373)
Alfonso de Cartagena (1396–1456)
Christine de Pizan (c. 1365–c. 1430), historian, poet, philosopher
Álvar García de Santa María (1370–1460)
Giolla Íosa Mór Mac Fhirbhisigh (fl. 1390–1418)
John Capgrave (1393–1464)
Jan Długosz (1415–1480), Polish historian and chronicler
Cathal Óg Mac Maghnusa (1439–1498), compiler and annalist
Giovanni Villani (1276–1348), Italian chronicler from Florence who wrote the Nuova Cronica
Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin (died 1372)
John of Fordun (died 1384), Scottish chronicler
Ruaidhri Ó Cianáin (died 1387)
Islamic world

Ibn Rustah (10th century), Persian historian and traveler
Muhammad al-Tabari (838–923), Great Persian historian
Al-Biruni (973–1048), Persian historian
Mohammed al-Baydhaq (fl. 1150), Moroccan historian
Usamah ibn Munqidh (1095–1188)
Abdelwahid al-Marrakushi (born 1185), Moroccan historian
Ibn al-Khabbaza (died 1239), Moroccan historian
Ata al-Mulk Juvayni (1226–1283), Persian historian
Abdelaziz al-Malzuzi (died 1298), Moroccan historian
Ibn Abi Zar (fl. 1315), Moroccan historian
Ibn Idhari (late 13th and the early 14th century), Moroccan historian
Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1247–1317), Persian historian
Abdullah Wassaf (1299–1323), Persian historian
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), North African historian "of the world"
Ismail ibn al-Ahmar (1387–1406), Moroccan historian
Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi (died 1454), Persian historian
Far East
Fang Xuanling (579–648) (Chinese Tang Dynasty), compiled the Book of Jin
Yao Silian (died 637) (Chinese Tang Dynasty), compiled the Book of Liang and Book of Chen
Wei Zheng (580–643), Chinese historian and lead editor of the Book of Sui
Liu Zhiji (661–721), Chinese history, author of the Shitong, first Chinese work about Chinese historiography and the methods of writing histories
Ō no Yasumaro (died 723), Japanese chronicler and editor of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki
Liu Xu (888–947), Chinese historian and lead editor of the Old Book of Tang
Li Fang (925–996), Chinese editor of the Four Great Books of Song
Song Qi (998–1061), Chinese historian and co-author of the New Book of Tang
Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072), Chinese historian and co-author of the New Book of Tang
Sima Guang (1019–1086), Chinese historiographer and politician
Kim Bu-sik (1075–1151), Korean historian, author of the Samguk Sagi
Il-yeon (1206–1289), Korean historian, author of the Samguk Yusa
Lê Văn Hưu (1230–1322), Vietnamese history
Toqto'a (1314–1356) (Chinese Yuan Dynasty), Mongol historian who compiled the History of Song
Song Lian (1310–1381) (Chinese Ming Dynasty), wrote the History of Yuan
Zhu Quan (1378–1448), Chinese history
South Asia
Kalhana (c. 12th century), historian of Kashmir and the broader Indian Subcontinent
Hemachandra (12th century)
Abdul Malik Isami (14th century)
Jonaraja (15th century)
Padmanābha (15th century)
Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi (15th century), Delhi Sultanate
Renaissance to early modern
Renaissance Europe
Western historians flourishing during the Italian Renaissance or Northern Renaissance
Individuals born after 1600 are listed under "early modern".
Baldassarre Bonaiuti (1336–1385), chronicler (historian) of the 14th century
Philippe de Commines (1447–18 October 1511), French historian
Robert Fabyan (died 1513)
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527), author of Florentine Histories
Hector Boece (1465–1536), Scottish philosopher and historian; wrote Historia Gentis Scotorum
Albert Krantz (1450–1517)
Polydore Vergil (c. 1470–1555), Tudor history
Francesco Guicciardini (1483–1540), historian of the Italian Wars, "Storia d'Italia"
Olaus Magnus (ca. 1490–1570)
João de Barros (1496–1570)
Aegidius Tschudi (1505–1572), Swiss historian
Josias Simmler (1530–1576)
Arild Huitfeldt (1546–1609), Denmark
Raphael Holinshed (died c. 1580)
Caesar Baronius (1538–1607)
Sigismund von Herberstein (1486–1566), Muscovite affairs
Paolo Paruta (1540–1598), Venetian historian
Garcilaso de la Vega (1539–1616), Spanish historian, Inca history, culture, and society
Pilip Ballach Ó Duibhgeannáin (fl. 1579–1590)
Early modern period
Western historians who flourished during the Early modern and Enlightenment period, between c. 1600 and 1815
John Hayward (1564–1627)
James Ussher (1581–1656), chronology of the history of the world
Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft (1581–1647), Dutch Republic
William Bradford (1590–1657), Mayflower/Plymouth Colony of America
Mícheál Ó Cléirigh (c. 1590–1643), Irish historian
Tadhg Óg Ó Cianáin (died c. 1614)
Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh (Peregrine O'Clery) (died c. 1662/1664), Irish
Sir James Ware (1594–1666), Anglo-Irish historian and antiquarian
Placido Puccinelli (1609–1685), Italian historian
John Strype (1643–1737), English historian
Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh (fl.1643–1671), Irish historian, annalist, genealogist
Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange (1610–1688), Medieval and Byzantine historian and philologist
Mary Bonaventure Browne (c. 1610–c. 1670), Poor Clare and Irish historian
Peregrine Ó Duibhgeannain (fl. 1627–1636), Irish historian
Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh (1629–1716/1718), Irish historian
Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont (1637–1698), ecclesiastical historian
Geoffrey Keating/Seathrún Céitinn (died 1643), Irish historian
Đorđe Branković (1645–1711), Serb history
Josiah Burchett (1666–1746), British naval historian and Admiralty official
Laurence Echard (c. 1670–1730), England
Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672–1750), Italy
Manuel Teles da Silva, 3rd Marquis of Alegrete (1682-1736), Portuguese historian
Archibald Bower (1686–1766), Rome
Vasily Tatishchev (1686–1750), first historian of modern Russia
Giambattista Vico (1688–1744), Italian historian, first modern philosopher of history
Voltaire (1694–1778), Europe, France
Johann Lorenz Von Mosheim (1694–1755), Lutheran historian
Charlotta Frölich (1698–1770), Swedish historian
David Hume (1711–1776), History of England
Thomas Hutchinson (1711–1780), colonial Massachusetts
Francisco Jose Freire (1719–1773), Portuguese historian and philologist
Zaharije Orfelin (1726–1785), Austrian Serb historian
Edward Hasted (1732–1812), Kent, England
Mikhail Shcherbatov (1733–1790), Russian historian
Edward Gibbon (1737–1794), Roman Empire and Byzantium
Alexander Hewat (or Hewatt) (1739–1824), colonial Carolina and Georgia
Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra (1745–1813), Spanish historian
David Ramsay (1749–1815), American Revolution; South Carolina
Johannes von Müller (1752–1809), Switzerland
Anton Tomaz Linhart (1756–1795), well known for Slovenian history
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766–1826), Russian historian, Russian Empire
Francesco Maria Appendini (1768–1837), Italian historian-Republic of Ragusa
Ernst Moritz Arndt (1769–1860), German historian
Middle East and Islamic Empires

Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni (1540–1615), Indo-Persian historian
Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi (1553–1616), Moroccan historian
Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali (1549–1621), Moroccan historian
Bahrey (1593), Ethiopian monk and historian; wrote Zenahu le Galla (History of the Galla, now the Oromo)
Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi (1631–1685), Moroccan historian
Mohammed al-Ifrani (1670–1745), Moroccan historian
Abu al-Qasim al-Zayyani (1734–1833)
Sulayman al-Hawwat (1747–1816), Moroccan historian
Mohammed al-Duayf (born 1752), Moroccan historian
Abbasgulu Bakikhanov (1794–1847), history of Azerbaijan and the Middle East
George Grote (1794–1871), classical Greece
Teimuraz Bagrationi (1782–1846), history of Georgia and the Caucasus
Mohammed Akensus (1797–1877), Moroccan historian
Far East
Qian Qianyi (1582–1664) (late Chinese Ming Dynasty)
Zhang Tingyu (1672–1755) (Chinese Qing Dynasty), compiled the History of Ming
Mohammed al-Qadiri (1712–1773), Moroccan historian
Qian Daxin (1728–1804) (Chinese Qing Dynasty)
Chang Hsüeh-ch'eng (1738–1801), Chinese historian, local histories and essays on historiography
Yu Deuk-gong (1749–1807), Korean historian
Modern historians
Historians who flourished after 1815 and who were born after 1770

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831), German philosopher of history
John Lingard (1771–1851), England
George Tucker (1775–1861), American history
Erik Gustaf Geijer (1783–1847), Swedish nationalist historian
John Colin Dunlop (c. 1785–1842)
Joachim Lelewel (1786–1861), Polish historian
Archibald Alison (1792–1867), English historian
Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881), French Revolution; Germany
Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864), Lithuanian
Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877), French historian of the Revolution, Empire
Charles Dezobry (1798–1871), French historian and historical novelist
George Finlay (1799–1875), Greece
Barthold Georg Niebuhr (1776–1831), German historian
Louis Gabriel Michaud (1773-1858), French
Jules Michelet (1798–1874), French
François Mignet (1796–1884), French historian of the Revolution, Middle Ages
Christian Molbech (1783–1857), Danish history, founder of Historisk Tidsskrift (1839)
František Palacký (1798–1876), Czech
Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886), European diplomacy; most influential German historian
William H. Prescott (1796–1859), U.S. historian of Spain, Mexico, Peru
François Guizot (1787–1874), French historian of general French, English history

Historians born during the 19th century

A
Lord Acton (1834–1902), Europe
Henry Adams (1838–1918), U.S. 1800–1816
Grace Aguilar (1816–1847), Jewish history
Charles McLean Andrews (1863–1943), American; U.S. colonial history
Alfred von Arneth (1819–1897), history of the Austrian Empire
Mikhail Artamonov (1898–1972), founder of Khazar studies
William Ashley (1860–1927), British economic history
Octave Aubry (1881–1946)
François Victor Alphonse Aulard (1849–1928), French Revolution and Napoleon I
Zurab Avalishvili (1876–1944), history of Georgia and the Caucasus
[top]
B
Jacques Bainville (1879–1936), France
George Bancroft (1800–1891), United States to 1789
R. Mildred Barker (1897–1990), Shakers, religion
Harry Elmer Barnes (1889–1968), World War I; ideas
Wilhelm Barthold (1869–1930), Muslim studies, Turkology
Charles Bean (1879–1968), Australia in World War I
Charles A. Beard (1874–1948), American; economic interpretation; historiography
Mary Ritter Beard (1876–1958), American; women's
Winthrop Pickard Bell (1884–1965), Nova Scotia
Hilaire Belloc (1870–1953), French writer and historian, later naturalised British
Marc Bloch (1886–1944), medieval France; Annales School
Herbert Eugene Bolton (1870–1953), Spanish-American borderlands
Erich Brandenburg (1868–1946), Modern Germany
George Williams Brown (1894–1963), Canada
Otto Brunner (1898–1982), medieval and early modern Austria
Geoffrey Bruun (1899–1988), Europe
Arthur Bryant (1888–1985), Pepys; English warfare
Henry Thomas Buckle (1821–1862), England; History of Civilization
Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897), art history, Europe; Renaissance
John Hill Burton (1809–1881), Scottish Jacobin history
J.B. Bury (1861–1927), classical, Europe
[top]
C
Helen Cam (1885–1968), English medieval
Pierre Caron (1875–1952), French revolution
E.H. Carr (1892–1982), Soviet history, methodology
Henri Raymond Casgrain (1831–1904), French Canada
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1828–1897), Spanish historian
Américo Castro (1885–1972), Spanish identity
Bruce Catton (1899–1978), American Civil War
Cesar de Bazancourt (1810–1865), Crimean War
Nirad C. Chaudhuri (1897–1999), India
Boris Chicherin (1828–1904), Russian historian, history of Russian law
Hiram M. Chittenden (1858–1917), American West, fur trade
Winston Churchill (1874–1965), world wars
Augustin Cochin (1876–1916), history of French Revolution
R. G. Collingwood (1889–1943), philosophy of history
Julian Corbett (1854–1922), British naval
Vladimir Ćorović (1885–1941), Serbia
Avery Craven (1885–1980), American South
Edward Shepherd Creasy (1812–1878), warfare
Margaret Campbell Speke Cruwys (1894–1968), Devon historian
[top]
D
Felix Dahn (1834–1912), medieval
Angie Debo (1890–1988), Native American and Oklahoma history
Léopold Delisle (1826–1910), French historian and librarian
Bernard DeVoto (1897–1955), American West
William Dodd (1869–1940), American South
David C. Douglas (1898–1982), Norman England
Johann Gustav Droysen (1808–1884), German history
Sir George Dunbar (1878–1962), India
Ariel Durant (1898–1981), Europe
Will Durant (1885–1981), Europe
[top]
E
Ephraim Emerton (1851–1935), medieval Europe
[top]
F
Cyril Falls (1888–1971), military, world wars
Lucien Febvre (1878–1956), France
Keith Feiling (1884–1977), England, conservatism
Herbert Feis (1893–1972), World War II diplomacy; international finance
Charles Harding Firth (1857–1936), 17th-century England
Walter Lynwood Fleming (1874–1932), U.S. Reconstruction
Edward Augustus Freeman (1823–1892), English politics
James Anthony Froude (1818–1894), Tudor England
J.F.C. Fuller (1878–1966), military
Frantz Funck-Brentano (1862–1947), France
John Sydenham Furnivall (1878–1960), Burma, Southeast Asia
Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges (1830–1889), antiquity, France
[top]
G
François-Louis Ganshof (1895–1980), medieval history
Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1829–1902), 17th-century England
Pieter Geyl (1887–1966), Dutch
Lawrence Henry Gipson (1882–1970), British Empire before 1775
Arthur Giry (1848–1899), diplomacy
Gustave Glotz (1862–1935), Ancient Greece
George Peabody Gooch (1873–1968), modern diplomacy
Timofey Granovsky (1813–1855), medieval Germany
John Richard Green (1837–1883), English
Mary Anne Everett Green (1818–1895), English
Lionel Groulx (1878–1967), Quebec
René Grousset (1885–1952), Oriental history
[top]
H
Élie Halévy (1870–1937), French historian of 19th-century Britain
Henry Hallam (1777–1859), Medieval European history
Louis Halphen (1880–1950), Middle Ages
Clarence H. Haring (1885–1960), Latin American history
Charles H. Haskins (1870–1937), medieval
Kristin Ann Hass, American historian
Henri Hauser (1866–1946), French historian, economist, geographer
Julien Havet (1853–1893), Middle Ages
Paul Hazard (1878–1944), modern France
Eli Heckscher (1879–1954), Swedish economic historian
Auguste Himly (1823–1906), French historian and geographer
Mihály Horváth (1809–1878), Hungarian
Johan Huizinga (1872–1945), Dutch historian, author of Waning of the Middle Ages
[top]
I
Ibn Zaydan (1873–1946), Moroccan historian
Dmitry Ilovaisky (1832–1920), Russian history
Harold Innis (1894–1952), Canadian economic history
[top]
J
Mohammed ibn Jaafar al-Kattani (1858–1927), Moroccan
Muhammad Jaber (1875–1945), history of the Levant and the Middle-East
William James, historian of the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars
Ivane Javakhishvili (1876–1940), Georgian historian
[top]
K
Samuel Kamakau (1815–1876), Hawaiian historian
Konstantin Kavelin (1818–1885), Russian historian, history of Russian laws
François Christophe Edmond de Kellermann (1802–1868), French political historian
Hans Kelsen (1881–1973), legal
Philip Moore Callow Kermode (1855–1932), Manx crosses and runic inscriptions
Alexander William Kinglake (1809–1891), works on the Crimean War
William Kingsford (1819–1898), Canadian
Vasily Klyuchevsky (1841–1911), Russian history
David Knowles (1896–1974), English medieval
Dudley Wright Knox (1877–1960), American naval historian
Ludwig von Köchel (1800–1877), writer, composer, botanist, music historian
Mihail Kogălniceanu (1817–1891), Romanian
Hans Kohn (1891–1971), European nationalism
Nikodim Kondakov (1844–1925), Byzantine art
Nikolay Kostomarov (1817–1885), Russian and Ukrainian history
Godefroid Kurth (1847–1916), Belgian historian
[top]
L
Leonard Woods Labaree (1897–1980), editor of the Benjamin Franklin papers
William L. Langer (1896–1977), U.S. historian, world and diplomatic history
John Knox Laughton (1830–1915), British naval historian
Ernest Lavisse (1842–1922), French history
William Edward Hartpole Lecky (1838–1903), England and Ireland
Georges Lefebvre (1874–1959), French Revolution
Liang Qichao (1873–1929), Chinese and Western history and historiography
B.H. Liddell Hart (1895–1970), military
John Edward Lloyd (1861–1947), Welshness
Ferdinand Lot (1866–1952), Middle Ages
Arthur R.M. Lower (1889–1988), Canadian
[top]
M
Thomas Macaulay (1800–1859), British
J. D. Mackie (1887–1978), Scottish
William Archibald Mackintosh (1895–1970), Canadian economic
Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840–1914), naval
Frederic William Maitland (1850–1906), English legal, medieval
Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1888–1980), Indian history
J.A.R. Marriott (1859–1945), modern Britain, modern Europe
Karl Marx (1818–1883), sociology and economics
Albert Mathiez (1874–1932), French Revolution
Friedrich Meinecke (1862–1954), German intellectual and cultural
Krste Misirkov (1874–1926), Macedonian historian and author
Auguste Molinier (1851–1904), Middle Ages
Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903), Roman Empire
Indro Montanelli (1909–2001)
Alfred Morel-Fatio (1850–1924), Spain
Samuel Eliot Morison (1887–1976), naval, American colonial
Lewis Mumford (1895–1988), urban
[top]
N
Lewis Bernstein Namier (1888–1960), 18th-century British and 20th-century diplomatic
Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri (1835–1897), Moroccan
J. E. Neale (1890–1975), Elizabethan England
Allan Nevins (1890–1971), U.S. political and business; Civil War; biography
A. P. Newton (1873–1942), British Empire
Stojan Novaković (1842–1915), Serbian
[top]
O
Charles Oman (1860–1946), 19th-century military
Herbert L. Osgood (1855–1918), American colonial
[top]
P
K. M. Panikkar (1895–1963), Indian historian
Cesare Paoli (1840–1902), Italian history
Gaston Paris (1839–1903), Middle Ages
Herbert Paul (1853–1935), 19th-century Britain
Henry Francis Pelham (1846–1907), Roman
Samuel W. Pennypacker (1843–1916), Pennsylvania history
Dexter Perkins (1889–1984), American history
Ivy Pinchbeck (1898–1982), English women and children
Henri Pirenne (1862–1935), Belgian and medieval European history
Sergey Platonov (1860–1933), Rucxian
Datto Vaman Potdar (1890–1979), Indian historian
Eileen Power (1889–1940), Middle Ages
F. M. Powicke (1879–1963, English medieval
H. F. M. Prescott (1896–1972), biographer of Mary I of England and medieval History
[top]
Q
Jules Quicherat (1814–1882), Middle Ages
[top]
R
William Pember Reeves (1857–1932), New Zealand
Pierre Renouvin (1893–1974), diplomatic historian
James Riker (1822–1889), New York
B. H. Roberts (1857–1933), Mormon
James Harvey Robinson (1863–1936), European
Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), American west, naval
John Holland Rose (1855–1942), English specialist on modern Europe, Britain and France
Simon Rutar (1851–1903), Slovenian
Ilarion Ruvarac (1832–1905), Serbian
[top]
S
Abram L. Sachar (1899–1993)
Govind Sakharam Sardesai (1865–1959), Indian
Jadunath Sarkar (1870–1958), history of India
George Sarton (1884–1956), history of science
Gustave Schlumberger (1844–1929), French
John Robert Seeley (1834–1895), British Empire
Shin Chaeho (1880–1936), Korean
Adam Shortt (1859–1931), Canadian
Goldwin Smith (1823–1910), British and Canadian
Sergey Solovyov (1820–1879), Russian historian
Oswald Spengler (1880–1936), world; The Decline of the West
Frank Stenton (1880–1967), English medieval
Doris Mary Stenton (1894–1971), English medieval
William Stubbs (1825–1902), English law
[top]
T
Hippolyte Taine (1828–1893), French Revolution
Frank Bigelow Tarbell (1853–1920), ancient art history
Yevgeny Tarle (1874–1955), Russian historian
A. Wyatt Tilby (1880–1948), British author of The English People Overseas (Vol. I– VI)
Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859), France
Zacharias Topelius (1818–1898)
Thomas Frederick Tout (1855–1929), England
Arnold J. Toynbee (1889–1975), A Study of History, world history
Heinrich Gotthard von Treitschke (1834–1896), German historian and nationalist
George Macaulay Trevelyan (1876–1962), British
Mikheil Tsereteli (1878–1965), Georgian historian
[top]
U
Frank Underhill (1889–1971), Canadian
[top]
V
Paul Vinogradoff (1854–1925), medieval England
[top]
W
Spencer Walpole (1839–1907), English historian
Charles Webster (1886–1961), British Diplomatic
Curt Weibull (1886–1991), Swedish historian
Lauritz Weibull (1873–1960), Swedish historian
Spenser Wilkinson (1853–1937), British military historian
Mary Wilhelmine Williams (1878–1944), Latin America
James A. Williamson (1886–1964), English maritime historian and historian of exploration
Esmé Cecil Wingfield-Stratford (1882–1971), English
Justin Winsor (1831–1897), editor of the Narrative and Critical History of America (8 vols., 1884–89)
Ernest Llewellyn Woodward (1890–1971), British history and international relations
George MacKinnon Wrong (1860–1948), Canadian
[top]
X
[top]
Y
Yi Byeongdo (1896–1989), Korean
[top]
Z
Faddei Zielinski (1859–1944), ancient Greece
[top]
Historians born in the 20th century

A
Raouf Abbas (1939–2008), Egyptian
Irving Abella (born 1940), Canadian
Aberjhani (born 1957), American; African American, Harlem Renaissance, Literary
David Abulafia (born 1949), Mediterranean history
Ezequiel Adamovsky (born 1971), Argentine
Donald Adamson (born 1939), British
Teodoro Agoncillo (1912–1985), Filipino (Philippine) history
Robert G. Albion (1896–1983), maritime
Dean C. Allard (born 1933), American naval
Robert C. Allen (born 1947), British economic
Gar Alperovitz (born 1936), American, Hiroshima
Ida Altman (born 1950), American, colonial Spain & Latin America
Mor Altshuler, Israeli historian of early Hasidism, Kabbalism, and Jewish messianism
Abbas Amanat Iranian-American historian of early modern Iran, Sh'ism and the Persianate world
Stephen Ambrose (1936–2002), American; World War II, U.S. political
Henri Amouroux (1920–2007), French; Nazi occupation of France
Perry Anderson (born 1938), British; European history
Joyce Appleby (born 1929), American; U.S. early national
Herbert Aptheker (1915–2003), American; African American
Leonie Archer, British
Philippe Ariès (1914–1984), French; medieval; childhood
Karen Armstrong (born 1944), British; religious
Andrea Aromatico (born 1966), Italian; esotericism and Hermetic iconography
Leonard J. Arrington (1917–1999), American; Mormons
Thomas Asbridge, Crusades
Maurice Ashley (1907–1994), 17th-century England
Paul Avrich (1931–2006), Russian, the Anarchist movement
Ali Azaykou (1942–2004), Moroccan
Eiichiro Azuma (born 1966), American
[top]
B
Nigel Bagnall (1927–2002), Ancient Rome, Greece
Bernard Bailyn (born 1922), early American; Atlantic
David E. Barclay (born 1948), German
Juliet Barker (born 1958), late Middle Ages, literary biography
Frank Barlow (1911–2009), medieval biography
Linda Diane Barnes, American
Geoffrey Barraclough (1908–1984), Germany, world[2]
G.W.S. Barrow (1924–2013), Scottish
H. Arnold Barton (born 1929), Scandinavian
Paul R. Bartrop (born 1955), the Holocaust, genocide
Jacques Barzun (1907–2012), cultural
Jorge Basadre (1903–1980), Peruvian
Hanna Batatu (1926–2000), Palestinian; modern Iraq
K. Jack Bauer (1926–1987), U.S. naval, military, and maritime
Yehuda Bauer (born 1926), the Holocaust
Stephen B. Baxter, late 17th- and early 18th- century English history
David Bebbington (born 1949), history of Evangelicalism
Antony Beevor (born 1946), World War II
James Belich (born 1956), New Zealand
Abdelmajid Benjelloun (born 1944), Morocco
Laurence Bergreen (born 1950), biography
Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997), ideas
Michael Beschloss (born 1955), Cold War
Nicholas Bethell (1938–2007), Soviet
Anthony Birley (born 1937), Ancient Rome
David Blackbourn (born 1949), German
Geoffrey Blainey (born 1930), Australian
Gisela Bock (born 1942), German feminist
Brian Bond (born 1936), British military
Chrystelle Trump Bond, American dancer, choreographer, and dance historian
Daniel J. Boorstin (1914–2004), American
Georges Bordonove (1920–2007), France
John Boswell (1947–1994), Medievalist
Robert Bothwell (born 1944), Canadian history
Gérard Bouchard (born 1943), Canadian
Joanna Bourke (born 1963), military
Paul S. Boyer (1935–2012), American morality
Karl Dietrich Bracher (1922–2016), modern German
Jim Bradbury (born 1937), Middle Ages
James C. Bradford (born 1944), American naval
David Brading (born 1936), Mexican history
William Brandon (1914–2002), American West
Fernand Braudel (1902–1985), world, Mediterranean
Ahron Bregman (born 1958), Arab-Israeli conflict
Carl Bridenbaugh (1903–1992), American colonial
Asa Briggs (1921–), British social[3]
Timothy Brook (born 1951), China
Martin Broszat (1926–1989), Nazi Germany
Peter Brown (born 1935), Medieval
Christopher Browning (born 1944), the Holocaust
Alan Bullock (1914–2004), 1940s
Peter Burke (born 1937)
Briton C. Busch (1936–2004), British diplomatic and American maritime
Richard Bushman (born 1931), American colonial and Mormon
Herbert Butterfield (1900–1979), historiography
[top]
C
Angus Calder (1942–2008), Second World War
Philip L. Cantelon (born 1940), United States
Julio Caro Baroja (1914–1995)
Sir Raymond Carr (1919–2015), Spanish and Latin American
Paul Cartledge (born 1947), classical
Lionel Casson (1914–2009)
Boris Celovsky (1923–2008), Czech-German relations
Iris Chang (1968–2004), China
Howard I. Chapelle (1901–1975), maritime
Maher Charif, Arab
Louis Chevalier (1911–2001), France
Alexander Campbell Cheyne (1924–2006), Scotland
Thomas Childers (1976–), war and society, both World Wars
Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri (born 1935), India
I. R. Christie (1919–1998), Britain
Alan Clark (1928–1999), World Wars
Christopher Clark (born 1960), Prussia
J.C.D. Clark (born 1951), British
Manning Clark (1915–1991), Australia
Patrick Collinson (1929–2011), Elizabethan England & Puritanism
Robert Conquest (1917–2015), Russia
Margaret Conrad (born 1946), Canada
Vladimir Ćorović (1885–1941), former Yugoslavia
Peter Cottrell (born 1964), Anglo-Irish
Gordon A. Craig (1913–2005), German and diplomatic
Donald Creighton (1902–1979), Canadian
Vincent Cronin (1924–2011), European and art history
William Cronon (born 1954), American environmental
Pamela Kyle Crossley (born 1955), China
Dan Cruickshank (born 1949), British and architectural history
Gemma Cruz (born 1943), Rizaliana, Filipino (Philippine) history
Barry Cunliffe (born 1939), archaeology
John Shelton Curtiss (1899–1983), Soviet Union
[top]
D
Vahakn N. Dadrian (born 1926), Armenia
Robert Dallek (born 1934), 20c American presidents
William Dalrymple, Scottish
David B. Danbom, American rural
Ahmad Hasan Dani (1920–2009), South Asia
Robert Darnton (born 1939), 18th-century France
Saul David (born 1966), military
John Davies (1938–2015), Wales
Norman Davies (born 1939), Polish and British
Kenneth S. Davis (1912–1999), Franklin D. Roosevelt
Natalie Zemon Davis (born 1928), early modern France, film
R.H.C. Davis (1918–1991), Middle Ages
Lucy Dawidowicz (1915–1990), Holocaust
David Day (born 1949), Australia
Renzo De Felice (1929–1996), Italian fascism
Carl N. Degler (1921–2014), American
Len Deighton (born 1929), British military
Esther Delisle (born 1954), French-Canadian
Jean Delumeau (born 1923), Catholic Church
Marcel Detienne (born 1935), ancient Greece
Alexandre Deulofeu (1903–1978), Catalan
Isaac Deutscher (1907–1967), Soviet
Tom M. Devine (born 1945), Scottish
Wu Di (born 1951), China
Igor M. Diakonov (1914–1999), Ancient Near East
David Herbert Donald (1920–2009), American Civil War
Gordon Donaldson (1913–1993), Scottish
Susan Doran, Elizabethan England
William Doyle (born 1932), French Revolution
Georges Duby (1924–1996), Middle Ages
William S. Dudley (born 1936), American naval
Robert Dudley Edwards (1909–1988), Irish
Eamon Duffy (born 1947), 15th–17th-century religious
A. Hunter Dupree (born 1921), American science and technology
Trevor Dupuy (1916–1995), military
Jean-Baptiste Duroselle (1917–1994), French diplomacy
Harold James Dyos (1921–78), British urban
[top]
E
Elizabeth Eisenstein (1923–2016), French Revolution, books
Geoff Eley (born 1949), German
John Elliott (born 1930), Spanish
Joseph J. Ellis (born 1943), American early Republic
Geoffrey Elton (1921–1994), Tudor England
Peter Englund (born 1957), Swedish
Robert Malcolm Errington (born 1939), British
Richard J. Evans (born 1947), German social
Alf Evers (1905–2004), American
[top]
F
Esther Farbstein (born 1946), Israeli, Holocaust
Brian Farrell (1929–2014)
John Lister Illingworth Fennell (1918–1992), medieval Russia
Niall Ferguson (born 1964), military, business, economic, imperial
Božidar Ferjančić (1929–1998), medieval
Marc Ferro (born 1924), World War I
Joachim Fest (1926–2006), Nazi Germany
David Feuerwerker (1912–1980), Jewish
Heinrich Fichtenau (1912–2000), medieval, diplomacy
David Kenneth Fieldhouse (born 1925), British Empire
Orlando Figes (born 1957), Russian
Robert O. Fink (1905–1988), classical
Moses Finley (1912–1986), ancient, especially economic
David Hackett Fischer (born 1935), American Revolution, cycles
Fritz Fischer (1908–1999), German
Frances FitzGerald (born 1940), Vietnam; history textbooks
Judith Flanders (born 1959), Victorian British social
Robert Fogel (1926–2013), American economic, cliometrics
Eric Foner (born 1943), Reconstruction
Shelby Foote (1916–2005), American Civil War
Amanda Foreman (born 1968), Georgian England, American Civil War, women's history
Michel Foucault (1926–1984), ideas
Jo Fox, twentieth-century film and propaganda
Robin Lane Fox (born 1946), ancient
Stephen Fox (born 1938), U.S. in World War II
Elizabeth Fox-Genovese (1941–2007), American South; cultural and social, women
Walter Frank (1905–1945), Nazi historian
H. Bruce Franklin (born 1934), Vietnam War
Antonia Fraser (born 1932), English
Frank Freidel (1916–1993), Franklin Roosevelt
Joseph Friedenson (1922–2013), Holocaust
Henry Friedlander (1930–2012), Holocaust
Saul Friedländer (born 1932), Holocaust
Sheppard Frere (1916–2015)
David Fromkin (born 1932)
Francis Fukuyama (born 1955), world
Bruno Fuligni (born 1968)
François Furet (1927–1997), French Revolution
[top]
G
Femme Gaastra (born 1945), Dutch
John Lewis Gaddis (born 1941), Cold War
Lloyd Gardner, U.S. diplomatic
Peter Gay (1923–2015), psychohistory, Enlightenment and 19th-century social
Eugene Genovese (1930–2012), U.S. South, slavery
Imanuel Geiss (1931–2012), 19th- and 20th-century Germany
François Géré (born 1950), military
Christian Gerlach (born 1963), Holocaust
N.H. Gibbs (1910–1990), military
William Gibson (born 1959), ecclesiastical
Martin Gilbert (1936–2015), Holocaust
Carlo Ginzburg (born 1939), social
Jan Glete (1947–2009), Swedish
Eric F. Goldman (1916–1989), 20th-century American
James Goldrick, Australian
Adrian Goldsworthy (born 1969), ancient
Guillermo Gómez (born 1936), Filipino (Philippine) history
Brison D. Gooch (1925–2014), Europe, Belgium
Doris Kearns Goodwin (born 1943), American presidential
Andrew Gordon, British naval
Svetlana Gorshenina (born 1969), Central Asian history
Gerald S. Graham (1903–1988), British imperial
Jack Granatstein (born 1939), Canada
Michael Grant (1914–2004), ancient
Peter Green (born 1924), ancient
Vivian H.H. Green (1915–2005), Christianity
John Robert Greene (born 1955), American presidency
Roger D. Griffin (born 1948), fascism, political and religious fanaticism
Ramchandra Guha (born 1958), India, environment
Ranajit Guha (born 1923), Indian
Lev Gumilyov (1912–1992), Soviet
Oliver Gurney (1911–2001), Assyria, Hittites
John Guy (born 1949), Tudor England
[top]
H
Irfan Habib (born 1931), India
Sheldon Hackney (1943–2013), U.S. South
Kenneth J. Hagan, U.S. naval
Claude Hall (1922–2001), American diplomacy
John Whitney Hall (1916–1997), Japan
Bruce Barrymore Halpenny, World War II air war
N. G. L. Hammond (1907–2001), ancient Greek history
Victor Davis Hanson (born 1953), ancient warfare
Syed Nomanul Haq, history and philosophy of science
Dick Harrison (born 1966), Swedish and Medieval
Peter Harrison (born 1955), early modern intellectual
Max Hastings (born 1945), military, Second World War
John Hattendorf (born 1941), maritime
Ragnhild Hatton (1913–1995), 17th- and 18th-century European international
Denys Hay (1915–1994), medieval and Renaissance Europe
John Daniel Hayes (1902–1991), American naval
Peter Hayes (born c.1947), Holocaust
Joel Hayward (born 1964), Islamic, maritime, 20th-century German, military
Ingo Heidbrink (born 1968), maritime history, history of technology
Jeffrey Herf (born 1947), German and European
Arthur Herman (born 1956), American and British
Michael Hicks (born 1948), late medieval England
Raul Hilberg (1926–2007), Holocaust
Klaus Hildebrand (born 1941), 19th–20th-century German
Christopher Hill (1912–2003), 17th-century England
Andreas Hillgruber (1925–1989), 20th-century German
Richard L. Hills (born 1936), technology
Gertrude Himmelfarb (born 1924), British
Harry Hinsley (1918–1998), British intelligence, World War II
Eric Hobsbawm (1917–2012), labour; Marxism
Marshall Hodgson (1922–1968), Islamic
Peter Hoffmann, National Socialism
Richard Hofstadter (1916–1970), American political
David Hoggan (1923–1988), neo-Nazi
Hajo Holborn (1902–1969), Germany
Tom Holland (born 1968), Ancient Greece, Rome, Middle Ages
C. Warren Hollister (1930–1997), Middle Ages
George Holmes (1927–2009), Medieval
Richard Holmes (1946–2011), military
Ed Hooper (born 1964), Southern Appalachia, Tennessee, Old South
A.G. Hopkins (born 1938), British
Keith Hopkins (1934–2004), ancient
Michiel Horn (born 1939), Canadian
Alistair Horne (born 1925), modern French
Daniel Horowitz (born 1954), American cultural
Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, women
Albert Hourani (1915–1993), Middle Eastern
Youssef Hourany (born 1931), Lebanese, ancient
Michael Howard (born 1922), military
Robert Hughes (1938–2012), Australia, cities
Andrew Hunt (born 1968), Cold War America
Tristram Hunt (born 1974)
Mark C. Hunter (born 1974), naval
[top]
I
Halil Inalcik (1916–2016), Ottoman Empire
Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal, Sialkote, Pakistan
Jonathan Israel (born 1946), Netherlands, Enlightenment, Jewry
[top]
J
Eberhard Jäckel (born 1929), Nazi Germany
Julian T. Jackson (born 1954), French
Harold James (born 1956), modern Germany
Nikoloz Janashia (1931–1982), Georgia and the Caucasus
Simon Janashia (1900–1947), Georgia and the Caucasus
Marius Jansen (1922–2000), Japan
Pawel Jasienica (1909–1970), Polish
Merrill Jensen (1905–1980), American Revolution
Richard J. Jensen (born 1941), American
Khasnor Johan, Malaysian historian
Paul Johnson (born 1928), British, Western civilization
Robert Erwin Johnson (1923–2008), American naval
Mauno Jokipii (1924–2007), Finnish, World War II
A.H.M. Jones (1904–1970), later Roman Empire
George Hilton Jones III (1924–2008), English history
Gwyn Jones (1907–1999), medieval
Loe de Jong (1914–2005), Dutch
Tony Judt (1948–2010), 20th-century European; postwar
[top]
K
Donald Kagan (born 1932), ancient Greek
Michel Kaplan (born 1946), French Byzantinist
David S. Katz, early modern English religious
Elie Kedourie (1926–1992), Middle East
Rod Kedward (born 1937), 20th-century France
John Keegan (1934–2012), military
Nushiravan Keihanizadeh (born 1937), Iranian history
John H. Kemble (1912–1990), American maritime
Paul Murray Kendall (1911–1973), late Middle Ages
Elizabeth Topham Kennan (born 1938), medievalist
George F. Kennan (1904–2005), U.S.-Soviet relations
James Kennedy (born 1963), Netherlands
Paul Kennedy (born 1945), world, military
W. Hudson Kensel (1928–2014), western American
Ian Kershaw (born 1943), Nazi Germany, Hitler
Daniel J. Kevles (born 1939), science
Khan Roshan Khan (1914–1988), Pakistani historian
Kim Jung-bae (born 1940), Korean
Michael King (1945–2004), New Zealand
Patrick Kinross (1904–1976), Ottoman Empire
Henry Kissinger (born 1923), 19th-century Europe; late 20th-century
Martin Kitchen (born 1936), modern European history
Simon Kitson, Vichy France
Matti Klinge (born 1936), Finnish
Felix Klos (born 1992), American/ Dutch, Modern European history
R.J.B. Knight (born 1944), British naval
Yuri Knorozov (1922–1999), historical linguist
Eberhard Kolb (born 1933), German
Gabriel Kolko (1932–2014), American
Claudia Koonz, Nazi Germany
Andrey Korotayev (born 1961), economic history, Near Eastern history, Islamic and pre-Islamic history
Ernst Kossmann (1922–2003), Low countries
Philip A. Kuhn (1933–2016), China
Thomas Kuhn (1922–1996), science
Myoma Myint Kywe (born 1960), Burmese writer and historian
[top]
L
Benjamin Woods Labaree (born 1927), American colonial and maritime
Leopold Labedz (1920–1993), Soviet
Walter LaFeber (born 1933), diplomatic; Cold War
Brij Lal, Fiji
K.S. Lal (1920–2002), Medieval Indian
Harold Lamb (1892–1962), American
Andrew Lambert (born 1956), British naval
Ricardo Lancaster-Jones y Verea (1905–1983), haciendas in Western Mexico
Abdallah Laroui (born 1933)
David Lavender (1910–2003), American West
Jacques Le Goff (1924–2014), medieval
Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (born 1929), French
Daniel Leab (1936–2016), 20th-century
Robert Leckie (1920–2001), American military
Lee Ki-baek (1924–2004), Korean
William Leuchtenburg (born 1922), American political and legal
Barbara Levick (born 1931), Roman emperors
David Levering Lewis (born 1936), African American, Harlem Renaissance
Li Ao (1935–2018), Chinese
Leon F. Litwack (born 1929), American and African-American
Xinru Liu, Ancient Indian and Chinese
Mario Liverani (born 1939), ancient Middle East
Radoš Ljušić (born 1949), Serbia
David Loades (1934–2016), Tudor England
James W. Loewen (born 1942), American
Elizabeth Longford (1906–2002), Victorian England
Erik Lönnroth (1910–2002)
Walter Lord (1917–2002), American
John Lukacs (born 1924), modern Europe
[top]
M
Charles B. MacDonald (1922–1990), World War II
Stuart Macintyre (born 1947), Australian
Piers Mackesy (1924–2014), British military
Margaret MacMillan (born 1943), 20th-century international relations
William Miller Macmillan, liberal South African historiography
Ramsay MacMullen (born 1928), Roman
Magnus Magnusson (1929–2007), Norse
Charles S. Maier (born 1939), 20th-century Europe
Paul L. Maier (born 1930), ancient history
Pauline Maier (1938–2013), early American
Leonard Maltin (born 1950), film
William Manchester (1922–2004), Churchill
Golo Mann (1909–1994)
Robert Mann, Vietnam War
Susan Mann (born 1941), Canadian
Adel Manna (born 1947), Palestine in the Ottoman period
Philip Mansel (born 1951), France, Ottoman Empire
Arthur Marder (1910–1980), British naval
Michael Marrus (born 1941), French and Jewish
Rev. F.X. Martin (1922–2000), Irish medievalist and campaigner
Henri-Jean Martin (1924–2007), the book
Laurence Marvin, American, French medievalist
Timothy Mason (1940–1990), Nazi Germany
Garrett Mattingly (1900–1962), early modern Europe
Ernest May (1928–2009), 20th century warfare and international relations
Richard Maybury (born 1946), U.S., World War I, World War II, and the Middle East
Arno J. Mayer (born 1926), World War I and Europe
Mark Mazower (born 1958), Balkans, especially Greece
David McCullough (born 1933), American
Forrest McDonald (1927–2016), early national U.S., presidency, business
K. B. McFarlane (1903–1966), English medievalist
William S. McFeely, American Civil War
W. David McIntyre (born 1932), Commonwealth, New Zealand
Neil McKendrick, modern economic and social history
Ross McKibbin (born 1942), 20th-century Britain
Rosamond McKitterick (born 1949), Medieval
William McNeill (1917–2016), world
James M. McPherson (born 1936), American Civil War
D. W. Meinig (born 1924), American geography
Evaldo Cabral de Mello (born 1936), Dutch Brazil
Russell Menard, colonial American
Thomas C. Mendenhall (1910–1998)
Josef W. Meri (born 1969), Islamic world, Jews
Barbara Metcalf, India
Rade Mihaljčić (born 1937), medieval Serbia
Perry Miller (1905–1963), American intellectual
Giles Milton (born 1966), exploration
Zora Mintalová – Zubercová (born 1950), food history and material culture of Central Europe
Yagutil Mishiev (born 1927), history of Derbent, Dagestan, Russia
Hans Mommsen (1930–2015), German
Wolfgang Mommsen (1930–2004), British and German
Simon Sebag Montefiore (born 1965), Russia, Middle East
Theodore William Moody (1907–1984), Ireland
Edmund Morgan (1916–2013), American colonial and Revolution
Kenneth O. Morgan (born 1934), British politics, Wales
William J. Morgan (1917–2003), U.S. naval
Samuel Eliot Morison (1887–1976), American colonial and naval
Benny Morris (born 1948), Middle-Eastern
Ian Mortimer (born 1967), Middle Ages
W.L. Morton (1908–1980), Canada
George Mosse (1918–1999), German, Jewish, fascist and sexual
Roland Mousnier (1907–1993), early modern France
Mubarak Ali (born 1941), Pakistan
[top]
N
Joseph Needham (1900–1995), history of Chinese science and technology
Cynthia Neville, late medieval social, cultural and legal history; Scotland and England; Gaelic culture
Leo Niehorster (born 1947), military
Thomas Nipperdey (1927–1992), German history from 1800 to 1918
Ernst Nolte (1923–2016), German; fascism and communism
Stojan Novaković (1842–1915), Serbia
[top]
O
Josiah Ober, ancient Greece
Heiko Oberman (1930–2001), Reformation
Ambeth Ocampo (born 1961), Filipino (Philippine) history
W. H. Oliver (1925–2015), New Zealand
Robin O'Neil, Holocaust
Vincent Orange (1935–2012), military, World War II, aviation
Michael Oren (born 1955), modern Middle East
Margaret Ormsby (1909–1996), Canada
İlber Ortaylı (born 1947), Turkey
Fernand Ouellet (born 1926), French Canada
Richard Overy (born 1947), World War II
Steven Ozment (born 1939), Germany
[top]
P
Thomas Pakenham (born 1933), Africa
Hasan Bülent Paksoy (born 1948), Central Asia
Madhavan K. Palat (born 1947), Russian and European history
Ilan Pappé (born 1954), Israel
Peter Paret (born 1924), military
Geoffrey Parker (born 1943), early modern military
Simo Parpola (born 1943), ancient Middle East
J. H. Parry (1914–1982), maritime
T. T. Paterson (1909–1994)
Fred Patten, science fiction
Stanley G. Payne (born 1934), Spain, fascism
Abel Paz (1921–2009), Spanish anarchist movement
Morgan D. Peoples (1919–1998), Louisiana
William Armstrong Percy (born 1933), Medieval Europe and ancient Greek and Roman, homosexuality
Bradford Perkins (1925–2008), U.S. diplomatic
Detlev Peukert (1950–1990), Alltagsgeschichte (of everyday life) in the Weimar & Nazi eras
Liza Picard (born 1927), London
David Pietrusza (born 1949), American
Boris B. Piotrovsky (1908–1990), Urartu and Scythia
Richard Pipes (born 1923), Russian and Soviet
J.H. Plumb (1911–2001), British of the 18th century
J. G. A. Pocock (born 1924), early modern intellectual
Kwok Kin Poon (born 1949), Chinese Southern and Northern Dynasties
Barbara Corrado Pope (born 1941), American, Belle Époque, women's studies
Roy Porter (1946–2002), medicine, British social and cultural
Norman Pounds (1912–2006), geography and history of England
Gordon W. Prange (1910–1980), World War II Pacific
Joshua Prawer (1917–1990), Crusades
Michael Prestwich (born 1943), medieval England
Clement Alexander Price (1945–2014), American
Francis Paul Prucha (1921–2015), American Indians
Janko Prunk (born 1942), Slovenian
[top]
Q
Carroll Quigley (1910–1977), classical, western history, theorist of civilizations
[top]
R
Marc Raeff (1923–2008), Russian Empire
Werner Rahn, German naval
Jack N. Rakove, U.S. Constitution and early politics
Šerbo Rastoder, Montenegrin
René Rémond (1918–2007), French political
Timothy Reuter (1947–2002), Medieval Germany
Henry A. Reynolds (born 1938), Australian
Susan Reynolds, medieval
Richard Rhodes, World War II, hydrogen bomb
Nicholas V. Riasanovsky (1923–2011), Russian[4]
Admiral Sir Herbert Richmond (1871–1946), British naval
Jonathan Riley-Smith, Crusades
Blaze Ristovski, Macedonian
Charles Ritcheson, Anglo-American relations 1775–1815
Gerhard Ritter, German
Andrew Roberts, British
J. M. Roberts, European
N.A.M. Rodger, British naval
William Ledyard Rodgers, ancient naval
Walter Rodney, Guyanese
Ryan Roenfeld, 19th- and 20th-century U.S.
Theodore Ropp, military
W.J. Rorabaugh, 19th- and 20th-century U.S.
Ron Rosenbaum, Hitler
Charles E. Rosenberg, medicine and science
Stephen Roskill, British naval
Theodore Roosevelt, War of 1812, frontier
Maarten van Rossem, 20th-century U.S.
Michael Rostovtzeff, ancient
María Rostworowski, Peruvian
Hans Rothfels, modern German
Sheila Rowbotham (born 1943), feminism, socialism
Herbert H. Rowen, Dutch
A. L. Rowse (1903–1997), English
Miri Rubin, social, Europe 1100–1600
George Rudé (1910–1993), French revolution
R. J. Rummel, genocide
Steven Runciman (1903–2000), Crusades
Leila J. Rupp, feminist
Conrad Russell, 17th-century Britain
Cornelius Ryan (1920–1974), World War II, popular
Boris Rybakov (1908–2001), leader of Soviet anti-Normanists
[top]
S
Edgar V. Saks (1910–1984), Estonian
Richard G. Salomon (1884–1966), medieval and church
Dominic Sandbrook (born 1974), recent Britain and the United States
Usha Sanyal, Asian, Islam and Sufism
S. Srikanta Sastri (1904–1974), Indian
Simon Schama (born 1945), British, Dutch, American, French
J. Salwyn Schapiro, fascism
Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Andrew Jackson, New Deal, politics
Arthur Schlesinger, Sr. American social
Jean-Claude Schmitt, Middle Ages
David Schoenbaum, modern German and American–Israeli relations
Carl Schorske, Vienna, Modernism, intellectual
Paul W. Schroeder, European diplomacy
D. M. Schurman, British imperial and naval
Dorothy Schwieder, (1933–2014). Iowa
Joan Scott, feminism
William Henry Scott (1921–1993), Philippines
Howard Hayes Scullard (1903–1983), ancient
Oscar Secco Ellauri (1904–1990)
Tom Segev, Israeli
Robert Service, Soviet and Russian
Dasharatha Sharma, Rajasthan
Ram Sharan Sharma (1919–2011), ancient India
James J. Sheehan, modern German
William L. Shirer, American journalist, expert on the Third Reich
He Shu (born 1948), Chinese cultural revolution
Jack Simmons (1915–2000), English historian, expert on railway history
Keith Sinclair (1922–1993), New Zealand
Helene J. Sinnreich, Holocaust
Nathan Sivin, China
Quentin Skinner, early modern Britain
Alexandre Skirda, Russian
Theda Skocpol, institutions and comparative method; sociological
Richard Slotkin, American environment and West
Cornelius Cole Smith, Jr. (1913–2004), military history, expert on the American Old West
Digby Smith, military
Henry Nash Smith, U.S. cultural
Jean Edward Smith, U.S. foreign policy, constitutional law, biography
Justin Harvey Smith, Mexican–American War
Page Smith (1917–1995), American
Richard Norton Smith, U.S. presidential
T. C. Smout, Scottish environmental and social
Louis Leo Snyder, German nationalism
Timothy D. Snyder, Eastern Europe
Albert Soboul (1913–1982), French revolution
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918–2008), Russian Gulag
Pat Southern (born 1948), ancient Rome
Richard Southern, medieval
E. Lee Spence (born 1947), shipwrecks
Jonathan Spence, China
Jackson J. Spielvogel, world
Kenneth Stampp, U.S. South, slavery
George Stanley (1907–2002), Canada
Stanoje Stanojević (1874–1937), Serbia
David Starkey (born 1945), Tudor
Leften Stavros Stavrianos (1913—2004), world
James M. Stayer, German Reformation
Wickham Steed, Eastern Europe
Valerie Steele, fashion
Jean Stengers, Belgian
Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon
Fritz Stern, Germany and Jewish
Zeev Sternhell, fascism
William N. Still, Jr., American naval
Lawrence Stone, early modern British social, economic and family
Norman Stone, military
Hew Strachan, military
Barry S. Strauss, ancient military
Floyd Benjamin Streeter, Kansas, American West
Michael Stürmer, modern German
Ronald Suleski (born 1942), China
Viktor Suvorov, Soviet
Ronald Syme (1903–1989), ancient
David Syrett, British naval
[top]
T
Ronald Takaki (1939–2009), American, ethnic studies
J. L. Talmon (1916–1980), Modern, The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy
Alasdair and Hettie Tayler, Scottish
A.J.P. Taylor (1906–1990), Britain, modern European
Abdelhadi Tazi (born 1921), Moroccan
Antonio Tellez (1921–2005), Spanish Anarchism and anti-fascist resistance
Harold Temperley (1879–1939), 19th- and early 20-century diplomatic
Romila Thapar (born 1931), ancient India
Barbara Thiering (born 1930), Biblical
Joan Thirsk (born 1922), agriculture
Hugh Thomas, Spanish Civil War, Cuba, Atlantic slave trade
E. P. Thompson (1924–1993), British labour
John Toland (1912–2004), World War I and World War II
K. Ross Toole (1920–1981), Montana
Ahmed Toufiq (born 1943), Moroccan
Marc Trachtenberg, Cold War
Hugh Trevor-Roper (1914–2003), Nazi; British
Gil Troy, modern American, the Presidency
Barbara Tuchman (1912–1989), 20th-century military
Robert C. Tucker, Stalin
Peter Turchin (born 1957), Russian historian of historical dynamics
Henry Ashby Turner, Jr., 20th-century German
Frederick Jackson Turner (1861–1932), American frontier
Denis Twitchett (1925–2006), China
David Tyack (born 1930), American education
[top]
U
Walter Ullmann (1910–1983), Medieval
Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, early America
David Underdown. (1925–2009), 17th-century England
Mladen Urem, Croatian literary
Robert M. Utley (born 1929), 19th-century American West
[top]
V
Hans van de Ven, Dutch-born British, modern China
Jan Vansina (1929–2017), Belgian; African history
Jean-Pierre Vernant,(1914–2007), French, ancient Greece
Paul Veyne, French, ancient Greece and Rome
César Vidal Manzanares, Spanish
Pierre Vidal-Naquet (1930–2006), French, ancient Greece, civil rights activist
Richard Vinen, British historian
Klemens von Klemperer German-born, Nazi Germany
[top]
W
John Waiko (born 1944), Papua New Guinean
J. Samuel Walker, nuclear energy and weapons
Retha Warnicke (born 1939), Tudor and gender issues
Eugen Weber, modern French
Cicely Veronica Wedgwood (1910–1997), 16th–17th-century Europe
Hans-Ulrich Wehler, 19th-century German social
Russell Weigley, military
Gerhard Weinberg, Germany, World War II
Roberto Weiss, Renaissance
Frank Welsh (born 1931), British imperial
Christopher Whatley, Scottish
John Wheeler-Bennett, German
John Whyte, Northern Ireland and on divided societies
Christopher Wickham, medieval
Alexander Wilkinson (born 1975), early modern European; books
Toby Wilkinson (born 1969), ancient Egypt
Eric Williams (1911–1981), Guianese, Caribbean
Glanmor Williams
Glyndwr Williams, exploration
William Appleman Williams, U.S. diplomatic
John Willingham, Texas
Andrew Wilson, Ukraine
Clyde N. Wilson, 19th-century U.S. South
Ian Wilson (born 1941), religious
Keith Windschuttle (born 1942), Australian; historiography
Henry Winkler (born 1938), German
Robert S. Wistrich, Anti-Semitism, Holocaust, Jews
John B. Wolf, French
Michael Wolffsohn, German Jewish
Herwig Wolfram (born 1934), Medieval
Gordon S. Wood, American Revolution
Michael Wood
Thomas Woods, American; conservatism
C. Vann Woodward (1908–1999), American South
Daniel Woolf (born 1958), British and Historiography
Lucy Worsley, British
Gordon Wright (1912–2000), modern French
Lawrence C. Wroth, American printing trade
[top]
X
[top]
Y
Robert J. Young, French Third Republic
Robert M. Young (born 1935), medicine
[top]
Z
Nicolas Zafra (1892–1979), Philippines
Gregorio F. Zaide (1907–1986), Philippines
Adam Zamoyski (born 1949), Napoleonic era
Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, German
Howard Zinn (1922–2010), American
Rainer Zitelmann, German
Marek Żukow-Karczewski, Poland, Kraków
[top]
See also
General
Historiography
Historiography of the British Empire
Historiography of the United Kingdom
Historiography of Canada
Historiography of the French Revolution
Historiography of Germany
Historiography of the United States
Historiography of World War II
History
List of history journals
Lists of historians
List of historians by area of study
List of Canadian historians
List of historians of England in the Middle Ages
List of Historians of the French Revolution
List of contemporary French historians
List of Irish historians
List of Jewish historians
List of Russian historians

Bibliography
The American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature, ed. by Mary Beth Norton and Pamela Gerardi (3rd ed. 2 vol, Oxford U.P. 1995), 2064 pages; annotated guide to 27,000 of the most important English language history books in all fields and topics ,
Allison, William Henry et al. eds. A guide to historical literature (1931), comprehensive bibliography for scholarship to 1930 as selected by scholars from the American Historical Association ;
Barnes, Harry Elmer. A history of historical writing (1962)
Barnes, Harry Elmer. History, its rise and development: a survey of the progress of historical writing from its origins to the present day (1922),
Barraclough, Geoffrey. History: Main Trends of Research in the Social and Human Sciences, (1978)
Bentley, Michael. ed., Companion to Historiography, Routledge, 1997, ISBN9780415285575; 39 chapters by experts
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) detailed coverage of historians and major themes.
Breisach, Ernst. Historiography: Ancient, Medieval and Modern, 3rd edition, 2007, ISBN0-226-07278-9
Elton, G.R. Modern Historians on British History 1485-1945: A Critical Bibliography 1945-1969 (1969), annotated guide to 1000 history books on every major topic, plus book reviews and major scholarly articles.
Gilderhus, Mark T. History an Historiographical Introduction, 2002, ISBN0-13-044824-9
Gooch, G. P. History and historians in the nineteenth century (1913),
Iggers, Georg G. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (2005)
Kramer, Lloyd, and Sarah Maza, eds. A Companion to Western Historical Thought Blackwell 2006. 520pp; ISBN978-1-4051-4961-7.
Momigliano, Arnaldo. The Classical Foundation of Modern Historiography, 1990, ISBN978-0-226-07283-8
Rahman, M. M. ed. Encyclopaedia of Historiography (2006),
E. Sreedharan, A Textbook of Historiography, 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000 (2004)
Thompson, James, and Bernard J. Holm. A History of Historical Writing: Volume I: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Seventeenth Century (2nd ed. 1967), 678pp; A History of Historical Writing: Volume II: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (2nd ed. 1967), 676pp ; ; highly detailed coverage of European writers to 1900
Woolf D. R. A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities) (2 vols. 1998),
Woolf, Daniel, et al. The Oxford History of Historical Writing (5 vol 2011–12), covers all major historians since ancient times to present; see

, coverage of leading British historians and institutions from the Institute of Historical Research

, freelance writer