William Hope Hodgson (15 November 1877 – 19 April 1918) was an English author. He produced a large body of work, consisting of essays, short fiction, and novels, spanning several overlapping genres including horror, fantastic fiction, and science fiction.[2] Hodgson used his experiences at sea to lend authentic detail to his short horror stories, many of which are set on the ocean, including his series of linked tales forming the "Sargasso Sea Stories". His novels, such as The House on the Borderland (1908) and The Night Land (1912), feature more cosmic themes, but several of his novels also focus on horrors associated with the sea. Early in his writing career Hodgson dedicated effort to poetry, although few of his poems were published during his lifetime. He also attracted some notice as a photographer and achieved renown as a bodybuilder. He died in World War I at age 40.
Life
Early years and life at sea
Hodgson was born in Blackmore End, Essex, the son of the Reverend Samuel Hodgson, an Anglican priest, and Lissie Sarah Brown. He was the second of 12 children, three of whom died in infancy. The death of a child is a theme in several of Hodgson's works including the short stories "The Valley of Lost Children", "The Sea-Horses", and "The Searcher of the End House".
Hodgson's father was moved frequently and served 11 different parishes in 21 years, including one in County Galway, Ireland. This setting was later featured in Hodgson's novel The House on the Borderland.
Hodgson ran away from his boarding school at age 13, in an effort to become a sailor. He was caught and returned to his family, but eventually received his father's permission to be apprenticed as a cabin boy and began a four-year apprenticeship in 1891. Hodgson's father died shortly thereafter, of throat cancer, leaving the family impoverished; while William was away, the family subsisted largely on charity. After his apprenticeship ended in 1895, Hodgson began two years of study in Liverpool and was then able to pass the tests and receive his mate's certificate; he then began several more years as a sailor.
At sea, Hodgson experienced bullying. This led him to begin a program of personal training. According to Sam Moskowitz,[3]
The primary motivation of his body development was not health, but self-defence. His relatively short height and sensitive, almost beautiful face made him an irresistible target for bullying seamen. When they moved in to pulverize him, they would learn too late that they had come to grips with easily one of the most powerful men, pound for pound, in all England.
The theme of bullying of an apprentice by older seamen, and revenge taken, appeared frequently in his sea stories.
While away at sea, in addition to his exercises with weights and with a punching bag, Hodgson also practised his photography, taking photographs of aurora borealis, cyclones, lightning, sharks, and the maggots that infested the food given to sailors. He also built up a stamp collection, practised his marksmanship while hunting, and kept journals of his experiences at sea. In November 1898, he was awarded the Royal Humane Society medal for heroism for saving another sailor who, in March of the same year, had fallen from the topmast into the sea in shark-infested waters off the coast of New Zealand.
Physical culture, essays and poetry
In 1899, at age 22, he opened a School of Physical Culture in Ainsworth Street, Blackburn, England, as "the inventor and teacher of a system that will cure indigestion". The School offered tailored exercise regimes for personal training. Among his customers were members of the Blackburn police force. In 1902, Hodgson himself appeared on stage with handcuffs and other restraining devices supplied by the Blackburn police department and applied the restraints to Harry Houdini, who had previously escaped from the Blackburn jail. His behavior towards Houdini generated controversy; the escape artist had some difficulty removing his restraints, complaining that Hodgson had deliberately injured him and jammed the locks of his handcuffs.
Hodgson was not shy of publicity, and in another notable stunt, rode a bicycle down a street so steep that it had stairs, an event written up in the local paper. Despite his reputation, he eventually found that he could not earn a living running his personal training business, which was seasonal in nature, and shut it down. He began instead writing articles such as "Physical Culture versus Recreative Exercises" (published in 1903). One of these articles, "Health from Scientific Exercise", featured photographs of Hodgson himself demonstrating his exercises. The market for such articles seemed to be limited, however; so, inspired by authors such as Edgar Allan Poe, H. G. Wells, Jules Verne and Arthur Conan Doyle,[4] Hodgson turned his attention to fiction, publishing his first short story, "The Goddess of Death", in 1904, followed shortly by "A Tropical Horror" (1905). He also contributed to an article in The Grand Magazine, taking the "No" side in a debate on the topic "Is the Mercantile Navy Worth Joining?" In this piece, Hodgson laid out in detail his negative experiences at sea, including facts and figures about salaries. This led to a second article in The Nautical Magazine, an exposé on the subject of apprenticeships; at the time, families often were forced to pay to have boys accepted as apprentices. Hodgson began to give paid lectures, illustrated with his photography in the form of colorized slides, about his experiences at sea.
Although he wrote a number of poems, only a handful were published during his lifetime; several, such as "Madre Mia" (1907), appeared as dedications to his novels. Apparently cynical about the prospects of publishing his poetry, in 1906 he published an article in The Author magazine, suggesting that poets could earn money by writing inscriptions for tombstones. Many of his poems were published by his widow in two posthumous collections, but some 48 poems were not published until their appearance in the collection The Lost Poetry of William Hope Hodgson (2005).
Career in fiction, and marriage
Hodgson's first short story was "The Goddess of Death" (1904), in which he utilised a statue of Flora which stood in Corporation Park, Blackburn, as the focus of a tale in which a Hindu statue, seized from an Indian temple, stood in a small English town. The statue comes alive to take its revenge on the people who stole it. The Royal Magazine published the story in April 1904.
In 1906, the American magazine The Monthly Story Magazine published "From the Tideless Sea", the first of Hodgson's Sargasso Sea stories. Hodgson continued to sell stories to American magazines as well as British magazines for the remainder of his career, carefully managing the rights to his work in order to maximize his remuneration.
While he still lived with his mother in relative poverty, his first published novel, The Boats of the "Glen Carrig", appeared in 1907, to positive reviews. Hodgson also published "The Voice in the Night" the same year, as well as "Through the Vortex of a Cyclone", a realistic story inspired by Hodgson's experiences at sea and illustrated with tinted slides made from his own photographs; Hodgson had previously used these slides to illustrate a "lantern lecture" entitled "Through the Heart of a Cyclone", which he had given at the Trinity Wesleyan School in Montague Street, Blackburn, on 16 November 1906. Hodgson also explored the subject of ships and cyclones in his story "The Shamraken Homeward-Bounder" (1908). Also in 1908, Hodgson published his second novel, The House on the Borderland, again to positive reviews, as well as an unusual satirical science fiction story, "Date 1965: Modern Warfare", a Swiftian satire in which it is suggested that war should be carried out by men fighting in pens with knives, and the corpses carefully salvaged for food, although in letters to the editor published at the time, Hodgson expressed strong patriotic sentiments.
In 1909, he published "Out of the Storm", a short horror story about "the death-side of the sea", in which the protagonist drowning in a storm rants about the horrors of a storm at sea. According to Moskowitz,
"This story proved an emotional testament beyond all other evidence. Hodgson, whose literary success would be in a large measure based on the impressions he received at sea, actually hated and feared the waters with an intensity that was the passion of his life."[3]
Also in 1909, Hodgson published another novel, The Ghost Pirates. In the foreword, he wrote that it
"... completes what, perhaps, may be termed a trilogy; for, though very different in scope, each of the three books deals with certain conceptions that have an elemental kinship. With this book, the author believes that he closes the door, so far as he is concerned, on a particular phase of constructive thought."
The Bookman magazine in its review of the novel in 1909 concluded with the comment:
"We can only hope that Mr. Hodgson may be induced to reconsider his decision, for we know of nothing like the author's previous work in the whole of present-day literature."
Despite the critical success of his novels, Hodgson remained relatively poor. To try to bolster his income from short story sales, he began working on the first of his recurring characters, Thomas Carnacki, featured in several of his most famous stories and partly inspired by Algernon Blackwood's occult detective John Silence.[4] The first of these, "The Gateway of the Monster", was published in The Idler (1910). In 1910, Hodgson also published "The Captain of the Onion Boat", an unusual story that combines a nautical tale and a romance. He continued to publish many stories and non-fiction pieces, occasionally resorting to the use of recycled plot elements and situations, sometimes to the annoyance of his publishers.
His last novel to see publication, The Night Land, was published in 1912, although it likely had its genesis a number of years earlier. Hodgson also worked on a 10,000-word novelette version of the novel, now known as The Dream of X (1912). He continued to branch out into related genres, publishing "Judge Barclay's Wife", a Western adventure, in the United States, as well as several non-supernatural mystery stories and the science fiction story "The Derelict" (1912), and even war stories (several of the Captain Gault tales feature wartime themes).
In 1912, Hodgson married Betty Farnworth, known also as Bessie, a girl from Cheadle Hulme and a staff member who wrote the "agony" column for the women's magazine Home Notes. Both were 35. She gave up her job after they married on 26 February 1913, in the London borough of Kensington. They moved to the south of France and took up residence there, owing in part to the low cost of living. Hodgson began a work entitled "Captain Dang (An account of certain peculiar and somewhat memorable adventures)" and continued to publish stories in multiple genres, although financial security continued to elude him. When war broke out in Europe, the Hodgsons returned to England.
Later life, World War I experience and death
Hodgson joined the University of London's Officers' Training Corps. Refusing to have anything to do with the sea despite his experience and Third Mate's certificate, he received a commission as a lieutenant in the Royal Artillery. In 1916, he was thrown from a horse and suffered a broken jaw and a serious head injury; he received a mandatory discharge, and returned to writing.
Refusing to remain on the sidelines, Hodgson recovered sufficiently to re-enlist. His published articles and stories from the time reflect his experience in war. He was killed by the direct impact of an artillery shell at the Fourth Battle of Ypres in April 1918; sources suggest either the 17th or 19th. He was eulogized in The Times on 2 May 1918. The American magazine Adventure, to which Hodgson had contributed fiction, also ran an obituary which reprinted a clipping from his widow, describing how Hodgson led a group of
NCOs to safety under heavy fire.[5]
Most famous works
Hodgson is most widely known for two works. The House on the Borderland (1908) is a novel of which H. P. Lovecraft, in his long essay "Supernatural Horror in Literature", wrote "but for a few touches of commonplace sentimentality [it] would be a classic of the first water".[6] The Night Land (1912) is a much longer novel, written in an archaic style and expressing a sombre vision of a sunless far-future world; Lovecraft described it as "one of the most potent pieces of macabre imagination ever written".[6] These works both contain elements of science fiction, although they also partake of horror and the occult. According to critical consensus, in these works, despite his often laboured and clumsy language, Hodgson achieves a deep power of expression which focuses on a sense not only of terror but as well of the ubiquity of potential terror, of the thinness of the invisible boundary between the world of normality and an underlying, unaccountable reality for which humans are not suited.
The Ghost Pirates (1909) has less of a reputation than The House on the Borderland, but is an effective seafaring horror story of a ship attacked and ultimately dragged down to its doom by supernatural creatures. The book purports to be the spoken testimony of the sole survivor, and the style lacks the pseudo-archaism which makes The Boats of the "Glen Carrig" (1907) and The Night Land tedious reading for many.
Hodgson is also known for his short stories featuring recurring characters: the "detective of the occult" Thomas Carnacki, and the smuggler Captain Gault. The Carnacki story "The Whistling Room" has been reprinted in numerous anthologies, including collections introduced by Alfred Hitchcock. Hodgson's single most famous short story is probably "The Voice in the Night" (1907), which has been adapted for film twice. Another story regarded highly by critics is "The Shamraken Homeward-Bounder".
Hodgson's work is said to have had an influence on H.P. Lovecraft, even though Lovecraft did not read his works until 1934. In a 2009 essay, China Miéville traces the origin of "the tentacle" as an object of horror to Hodgson's The Boats of the "Glen Carrig", but the motif had already been used by M. R. James in "Count Magnus", which Lovecraft first read shortly before employing the motif.
Literary influence
After his death, Hodgson's work was largely forgotten. In the 1930s, however, Hodgson's supernatural fiction was anthologised in both Colin de la Mare's They Walk Again (1931) and Dennis Wheatley's A Century of Horror Stories (1935); this began a revival of interest in Hodgson's work.[7]
Hodgson's work was inspirational to many science fiction and fantasy writers. In Britain, both Olaf Stapledon and Dennis Wheatley were influenced by Hodgson's work.[7] Across the Atlantic, Clark Ashton Smith[8] and Henry S. Whitehead[9] were also influenced by Hodgson's writings. Modern authors who cite Hodgson as an influence include Iain Sinclair,[10] Gene Wolfe, Greg Bear, China Miéville, Simon Clark, Elizabeth Massie, Tim Lebbon, and Brian Keene.
Hodgson's literary estate
Hodgson's widow, Bessie, worked to keep his books in print and to publish works he was not able to get published during his lifetime, including two books of poetry. After Bessie Hodgson died in 1943, Hodgson's sister Lissie took over his literary estate.
While the first six Carnacki stories were collected during Hodgson's lifetime, "The Haunted Jarvee" appeared posthumously in 1929, and two more Carnacki stories, "The Find" and "The Hog," were published in 1947 by August Derleth. Some critics suspected that Derleth might actually be the author of these two stories, but that theory has been discounted.
One Captain Gault story, "The Plans of the Reefing Bi-Plane", was not published until 1996, when it was included in the short story collection Terrors of the Sea.
Some of Hodgson's poems were first published in 2005, when they appeared in The Lost Poetry of William Hope Hodgson.
A number of other Hodgson works are reprinted for the first time since their original publication in the five-volume Collected Fiction of William Hope Hodgson series published by Night Shade Books.
Copyright protection has now expired on most of Hodgson's work, with the exception of some of the works published posthumously, including many of his poems.
Novels
The Boats of the "Glen Carrig" (1907)
The House on the Borderland (1908)
The Ghost Pirates (1909)
The Night Land (1912)
The Dream of X (1912) (a 20,000-word abridgement of the 200,000-word novel The Night Land)
The House on the Borderland and Other Novels (1946) (a posthumous collection of Hodgson's four major novels)
Captain Dang (unfinished)
Order of writing versus order of publication
Sam Gafford, in his 1997 essay "Writing Backwards: The Novels of William Hope Hodgson" has suggested that Hodgson's four major novels may have been published in roughly the reverse order of their writing.[11] If this is true, then The Night Land was Hodgson's first novel, in which he poured out his imagination at its most unbridled, and not his last. Gafford writes:
"This concern over the order of composition of the novels may seem of little importance until we consider the implications toward Hodgson's work overall. .. in effect, Hodgson moved away from TNL’s quasi-science fiction scenario (which contained an astounding number of original conceptions) and toward BoGC’s more basic adventure slant."
If we accept Gafford's thesis, then Hodgson actually wrote The Boats of the "Glen Carrig" last, and it benefits from the modernization of style to the point where it is Hodgson's most accessible novel:
"When he finishes the group with BoGC, Hodgson has managed to rid himself of these affectations of style and produces a book written in a flat but serviceable tone. With each book, Hodgson learns better control of language and more writing savvy and eventually begins to develop his own voice."
But despite the excessively archaic prose style, which does make them less approachable, it is actually Hodgson's earlier works that are considered masterpieces today. And as Gafford says:
"...we can only wonder what wonderfully imaginative excesses like The Night Land may have been lost because of an unappreciative public."
Short stories
Miscellaneous stories
Note: the following list of stories is based on the five-volume Collected Fiction of William Hope Hodgson published by Night Shade Books, completed in late 2006. The list includes details of first publication, where known.
"The Goddess of Death" (Hodgson's first published story, which appeared in 1904 in Royal Magazine)
"The Valley of Lost Children". Cornhill Magazine, February 1906
"Terror of the Water-Tank" (The Blue Book, 1907)
"Bullion" (Everybody's Weekly, 1911)
"The Mystery of the Water-Logged Ship" (Grand Magazine, 1911)
"The Ghosts of the Glen Doon" (The Red Magazine, 1911)
"My House Shall Be Called the House of Prayer". Cornhill Magazine, February 1911
"Mr. Jock Danplank" (The Red Magazine, 1912)
"The Mystery of Captain Chappel" (The Red Magazine, 1917)
"The Home-Coming of Captain Dan" (The Red Magazine, 1918)
"Merciful Plunder" (first published in 1925 in Argosy-Allstory Weekly)
"The Haunting of the Lady Shannon" (Out of the Storm, 1975)
"The Heathen's Revenge" (first published in a chapbook as "The Way of the Heathen", 1988)
"A Tropical Horror" (first published in 1905)
"The Voice in the Night" (first published in 1907)
"The Derelict" (first published in 1912)
"Eloi Eloi Lama Sabachthani" (first published as "The Baumoff Explosive" in 1919)
"The Shamraken Homeward-Bounder"
"Out of the Storm"
"The Albatross"
"The 'Prentices' Mutiny"
"The Island of the Crossbones"
"The Stone Ship"
"The Regeneration of Captain Bully Keller"
"The Mystery of Missing Ships"
"We Two and Bully Dunkan"
"The Haunted Pampero"
"The Real Thing: 'S.O.S.'"
"Jack Grey, Second Mate"
"The Smugglers"
"In the Wailing Gully"
"The Girl with the Grey Eyes"
"Kind, Kind and Gentle Is She"
"A Timely Escape"
"The Homecoming of Captain Dan"
"On the Bridge"
"Through the Vortex of a Cyclone". Cornhill Magazine, November 1906
"A Fight with a Submarine"
"In the Danger Zone"
"Old Golly"
"Demons of the Sea"
"The Wild Man of the Sea"
"The Habitants of Middle Islet"
"The Riven Night"
"The Heaving of the Log"
"The Sharks of the St. Elmo"
"Sailormen"
"By the Lee"
"The Captain of the Onion Boat"
"The Sea-Horses"
"The Valley of Lost Children"
"Date 1965: Modern Warfare"
"Judge Barclay's Wife"
"How the Honorable Billy Darrell Raided the Wind"
"The Friendship of Monsieur Jeynois"
"The Inn of the Black Crow"
"What Happened in the Thunderbolt"
"How Sir Jerrold Treyn Dealt with the Dutch in Caunston Cove"
"Jem Binney and the Safe at Lockwood Hall"
"Diamond Cut Diamond with a Vengeance"
"The Room of Fear"
"The Promise"
Sargasso Sea stories

"From the Tideless Sea Part One" (first published in 1906 in Monthly Story Magazine)
"From the Tideless Sea Part Two: Further News of the Homebird" (first published in 1907 in Blue Book Magazine)
"The Mystery of the Derelict" (first published in 1907 in Story-teller)
"The Thing in the Weeds" (first published in 1912 in Story-teller)
"The Finding of the Graiken" (first published in 1913 in The Red Magazine)
"The Call in the Dawn" (first published as "The Voice in the Dawn" in 1920 in Premier Magazine)
Carnacki stories
"The Thing Invisible" (first published in 1912 in The New Magazine)
"The Gateway of the Monster" (first published in 1910 in The Idler)
"The House Among the Laurels" (first published in 1910 in The Idler)
"The Whistling Room" (first published in 1910 in The Idler)
"The Searcher of the End House" (first published in 1910 in The Idler)
"The Horse of the Invisible" (first published in 1910 in The Idler)
"The Haunted Jarvee" (first published in 1929 in The Premier Magazine)
"The Find" (first published in 1947 as part of the Carnacki the Ghost Finder collection)
"The Hog" (first published in 1947 in Weird Tales)
Captain Jat stories
(Details of first publication are given)
"The Island of the Ud". The Red Magazine, 1912
"The Adventure of the Headland". The Red Magazine, 1912
Captain Gault stories
(Details of first publication are given)
"Contraband of War". London Magazine, 1914
"The Diamond Spy". London Magazine, 1914
"The Red Herring". London Magazine, 1914
"The Case of the Chinese Curio Dealer". London Magazine, 1914
"The Drum of Saccharine". London Magazine, 1914
"From Information Received". London Magazine, 1914
"The German Spy". London Magazine, 1915
"The Problem of the Pearls". London Magazine, 1915
"The Painted Lady". London Magazine, 1915
"The Adventure of the Garter". London Magazine, 1916
"My Lady's Jewels". London Magazine, 1916
"Trading with the Enemy". London Magazine, 1916
"The Plans of the Reefing Bi-Plane" (not published until its inclusion in Terrors of the Sea in 1996)
D.C.O. Cargunka stories
"The Bells of the Laughing Sally" (first published in 1914 in The Red Magazine)
"The Adventure with the Claim Jumpers" (first published in 1915 in The Red Magazine)
Selected short story collections
Carnacki, the Ghost-Finder (1913) (collection of short stories)
Men of the Deep Waters (1914) (collection)
The Luck of the Strong (1916) (collection)
Captain Gault, Being the Exceedingly Private Log of a Sea-Captain (1917) (collection)
Carnacki, the Ghost-Finder (1947) (expanded from the 1913 edition)
Non-fiction
Health from Scientific Exercise. Cassell's Magazine, November 1903
Poems
"Amanda Panda"
"Beyond the Dawning"
"Billy Ben"
"Bring Out Your Dead"
"The Calling of the Sea"
"Down the Long Coasts"
"Eight Bells"
"Grey Seas are Dreaming of My Death"
"The Hell! Oo! Chaunty" (appears in The Ghost Pirates)
"I Come Again"
"I Have Borne My Lord a Son"
"Listening"
"Little Garments"
"Lost"
"Madre Mia" (appears as the dedication in The Boats of the "Glen Carrig")
"Mimosa"
"The Morning Lands"
"My Babe, My Babe"
"Nevermore"
"The Night Wind"
"O Parent Sea"
"The Pirates"
"The Place of Storms"
"Rest"
"The Ship"
"The Sobbing of the Freshwater" (first published in 1912 in London Magazine)
"The Song of the Great Bull Whale" (first published in 1912 in Grand Magazine)
"Song of the Ship"
"Speak Well of the Dead"
"Storm"
"Thou Living Sea"
"To My Father"
"The Voice of the Ocean"
"Shoon of the Dead" (appears in The House on the Borderland)
"Who Make Their Bed in Deep Waters"
Poetry collections
The Calling of the Sea (published posthumously by Hodgson's widow in 1920)
The Voice of the Ocean (published posthumously by Hodgson's widow in 1921)
Poems of the Sea (published in 1977 and collecting the poems from the two previously published collections)
The Lost Poetry of William Hope Hodgson (published in 2005, edited by Jane Frank, including 43 previously unpublished poems)
Recent publications of Hodgson's work
Out of the Storm: Uncollected Fantasies (1975) (Sam Moskowitz, ed.) The 1975 hardcover edition contains an introductory 100-page essay by Moskowitz about Hodgson's life and work; the paperback reissue lacks the essay.
The Haunted "Pampero" (1992) (Sam Moskowitz, ed.)
Terrors of the Sea (Unpublished and Uncollected Fantasies) (1996) (Sam Moskowitz, ed.)
The Boats of the "Glen Carrig" and Other Nautical Adventures: The Collected Fiction of William Hope Hodgson Volume 1 (2004) ISBN1-892389-39-8
The House on the Borderland and Other Mysterious Places: The Collected Fiction of William Hope Hodgson Volume 2 (2004) ISBN1-892389-40-1
The Ghost Pirates and Other Revenants of the Sea: The Collected Fiction of William Hope Hodgson Volume 3 (2005) ISBN1-892389-41-X
The Night Land and Other Romances: The Collected Fiction of William Hope Hodgson Volume 4 (2005) ISBN1-892389-42-8
The Dream of X and Other Fantastic Visions: The Collected Fiction of William Hope Hodgson Volume 5 (2009) ISBN1-892389-43-6
Adrift on The Haunted Seas: The Best Short Stories of William Hope Hodgson (2005) (Douglas A. Anderson, ed.)
The Lost Poetry of William Hope Hodgson (published in 2005, edited by Jane Frank, including 43 previously unpublished poems)
The Wandering Soul: Glimpses of a Life: A Compendium of Rare and Unpublished Works (2005), edited by Jane Frank. This volume contains photographs, articles, and essays by and about Hodgson, including an essay on bodybuilding, one of his sailing logs, and his obituary.
See also
List of horror fiction authors
Notes and references

Further reading
CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

 at Project Gutenberg
 at Faded Page (Canada)

 at Internet Archive
 at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
 at The University of Adelaide Library

 at Archive.org

 at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
 on IMDb
 at Library of Congress Authorities, with 24 catalogue records

What was the first book published by William Hope Hodgson?


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This article lists political parties in Mexico.
Mexico has a multi-party system, which means that there are more than two dominant political parties.
Nationally, there are three large political parties that dominate: the PRI, the MORENA, and the PAN. Other smaller political parties survive in isolation or by forming local coalitions with any of the big three.
National parties

As of 2018, Mexico has seven nationally recognized political parties by the Federal Electoral Institute. National recognition was given to those parties that secured representation in Congress (effectively, a share of the popular vote greater than 2%).
Under Mexican law, parties are listed in the order in which they were first registered, thus:
National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional, PAN) – a right of center party, member of Centrist Democrat International. Founded September, 1939.[1]
Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRI) – the dominating party, under different names, at the municipal, state, and national levels for most of the 20th century. Although part of the Socialist International, it is now considered a centrist party.[2]
Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD) – a left of center party. Born as "National Democratic Front", a joint effort from a splinter group of the PRI and several forces from the left, in the 1988 elections. Its first candidate and founder, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, lost the 1988 presidential election under dubious circumstances, which eventually helped the party consolidate itself. It has long controlled the government of the capital, Mexico City.
Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo, PT) – a laborist political party formed in 1990. It is often allied with the PRD for electoral purposes.
Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (Partido Verde Ecologista de México, PVEM) – a minor party founded in 1991[3] with an environmental platform. This party allied with the PAN to elect the first non-PRI president in almost seven decades. Since then it has mostly allied with the PRI.
Citizens' Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano, MC: formerly known as Convergencia and Convergencia por la Democracia) – a social democratic party, formed in 1997.
National Regeneration Movement (Movimiento de Regeneración Nacional, MORENA) – a left-wing nationalist party, formed in 2011, and proclaimed as national party in 2014. This is the political party of Incumbent President Andrés Manuel López Obrador as of the July 1, 2018 Elections. MORENA also took over as the dominating party in the Senate and Chamber of Deputies during the 2018 elections, forming the government along with PT and PES.
In terms of their congressional representation and share of the national vote, only PRI, PAN and MORENA can be considered major parties.
Other political parties
Communist Party of Mexico (far-left, not officially registered as party, cannot compete in elections)
Nationalist Front of Mexico (right-wing, not officially registered as party, cannot compete in elections)
National Synarchist Union (far-right, not officially registered as party, cannot compete in elections)
Autonomous Region Party ("Unification of the northeast")
Socialist Convergence (Mexico) (Convergencia Socialista - CS)  (left-wing, not officially registered as party, cannot compete in elections)
Workers' Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario de los y las Trabajadores)  (left-wing, not officially registered as party, cannot compete in elections)
Local parties
Local parties are registered with the Electoral Institute of each Mexican state according to their own criteria and regulations, which may differ from those of INE but maintaining a national relation due to the highest court in the law of political parties, the SCJN. This list is complete as of 2006.
Colima Democratic Association (Asociación Democrática de Colima, Colima)
Alliance for Yucatan Party (Partido Alianza por Yucatán, Yucatán)
Coahuila First (Primero Coahuila, Coahuila)[4]
Social Democratic Party of Coahuila (Social Demócrata de Coahuila, Coahuila)[4]
Progressive Party of Coahuila (Partido Progresista de Coahuila, Coahuila)
Popular Awareness Party (Partido Conciencia Popular, San Luis Potosi)
Former parties
During the 19th century the two most important parties were the Liberals (Liberales) and the Conservatives (Conservadores).
Mexican Conservative Party (1849–1867)
Mexican Liberal Party (1905–1918)
Progressive Constitutionalist Party (1910–1929) Merged into National Revolutionary Party
Laborist Party (1919–1929)
Mexican Communist Party (1919–1989)
Revolutionary Party of National Unification (1939–1940)
Popular Force Party (1945–1948)
Federation of Parties of the People (1945–1954)
Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution (1954–2000)
Mexican Democratic Party (1979–1997)
Mexican Workers' Party (1984–1987)
Mexican Socialist Party (1987–1989)
Cardenist Front of National Reconstruction (1987–1997)
Party of the Nationalist Society (1998–2003)
Social Democracy (1999–2000)
Citizen Force Party (2002–2003)
Mexican Liberal Party (2003) (2002–2003)
Social Democratic Party (2005–2009)
México Posible
Party of the Democratic Centre
Popular Socialist Party (1948–present)
Social Alliance Party
Socialist Workers Party
Unified Socialist Party of Mexico
Workers Party of Acapulco (Guerrero)
Workers' Revolutionary Party
Humanist Party (2014–2015, 2017–2018)
New Alliance (PANAL) 2005-2018
Social Encounter Party (PES) 2006 (2014 as national party)-2018
See also
National political association
Liberalism in Mexico
Politics of Mexico
List of political parties by country

 - A list of officially registered national parties can be consulted here.
 - Index of links to every Electoral Institute in each state of Mexico. Lists of political parties in each state can be consulted in each website.

What is the dominant political party in Mexico?