几年前，在TED大会上， Peter Skillman 介绍了一个设计挑战 叫做“棉花糖挑战”

Several years ago here at TED, Peter Skillman introduced a design challenge called the marshmallow challenge.


是个非常简单的主意 要求一组四人的团队搭建一个独立的最高建筑 材料是20根意大利面条 一段胶带，一段绳子 一块棉花糖

And the idea's pretty simple: Teams of four have to build the tallest free-standing structure out of 20 sticks of spaghetti, one yard of tape, one yard of string and a marshmallow.


这虽然看似简单，其实并不容易 因为它要求人们 迅速地合作

And, though it seems really simple, it's actually pretty hard because it forces people to collaborate very quickly.


我觉得这是个有趣的主意 我把它放到了设计专题讨论会上

And so, I thought this was an interesting idea, and I incorporated it into a design workshop.


从那以后， 我在全球 70多个设计专题讨论活动中 让学生们和设计者，建筑师 甚至财富50强的首席技术官 这个练习在很多方面给了我们 深刻的启迪 教会我们合作的特性 在这里我跟你们分享一些

And since then, I've conducted about 70 design workshops across the world with students and designers and architects, even the CTOs of the Fortune 50, and there's something about this exercise that reveals very deep lessons about the nature of collaboration, and I'd like to share some of them with you.


通常， 人们总是从 讨论开始着手完成这个任务

So, normally, most people begin by orienting themselves to the task.


他们讨论一阵， 勾勒出结果会是什么样子 他们互相争论一番对错

They talk about it, they figure out what it's going to look like, they jockey for power.


然后花费点时间计划，组织 他们画一下图纸然后拿出意大利面条

Then they spend some time planning, organizing, they sketch and they lay out spaghetti.


他们用了大量的时间 把意大利面条组装得越来越高

They spend the majority of their time assembling the sticks into ever-growing structures.


然后最后，时间快要用完了 他们拿出棉花糖 小心翼翼地将棉花糖放到最上面 然后他们后退一步，哈哈 他们欣赏着他们的成果

And then finally, just as they're running out of time, someone takes out the marshmallow, and then they gingerly put it on top, and then they stand back, and -- ta-da! -- they admire their work.


但是绝大多数时候，真正发生的是 “哈哈” 变成了“糟了” 因为棉花糖的重量把整个结构 给压散架了

But what really happens, most of the time, is that the "ta-da" turns into an "uh-oh," because the weight of the marshmallow causes the entire structure to buckle and to collapse.


有那么一些人 他们的“糟了”时刻比其他人多 其中最糟的是新毕业的商学院学生

So there are a number of people who have a lot more "uh-oh" moments than others, and among the worst are recent graduates of business school.


他们说谎，他们欺骗，很容易受干扰 他们的建筑构造非常蹩脚

They lie, they cheat, they get distracted and they produce really lame structures.


当然也有一些团队 他们创造了更多的“哈哈”时刻 其中最好的，就是新毕业的幼儿园小朋友

And of course there are teams that have a lot more "ta-da" structures, and among the best are recent graduates of kindergarten.


正如PETER告诉我们的 他们不但造出了最高的建筑 而且他们搭建的结构也是最有趣的

As Peter tells us, not only do they produce the tallest structures, but they're the most interesting structures of them all.


所以你会问 这是怎么回事？他们到底有什么特点？

So the question you want to ask is: How come? Why? What is it about them?


Peter喜欢这样说： “因为没有任何孩子企图做 意大利面条公司的总裁。” 是的

And Peter likes to say that none of the kids spend any time trying to be CEO of Spaghetti, Inc. Right?


他们没在争夺权力上花任何时间

They don't spend time jockeying for power.


因为商学院的学生受过的专业训练是 去寻找一个正确的计划

And the reason is that business students are trained to find the single right plan, right?


然而事实是， 当他们把棉花糖放到顶部时 他们用完了有限的时间，然后呢

And then what happens is, when they put the marshmallow on the top, they run out of time and what happens?


幼儿园的孩子的做法不一样 他们从棉花糖开始 他们先建一个样板模型， 然后不断在模型上加建， 其间总是让棉花糖保持在最上面 所以他们一直有很多机会去不断修正样板模型

What kindergarteners do differently is that they start with the marshmallow, and they build prototypes, successive prototypes, always keeping the marshmallow on top, so they have multiple times to fix when they build prototypes along the way.


于是设计者认识到这种合作是 这个互动过程中的重要因素

Designers recognize this type of collaboration as the essence of the iterative process.


对每个版本，孩子都会迅速地得到反馈 他们知道什么行，什么不行

And with each version, kids get instant feedback about what works and what doesn't work.


所以把握雏形的能力是真正的关键 让我们来看看不同的队伍是怎样表现的

So the capacity to play in prototype is really essential, but let's look at how different teams perform.


大多数人建的塔的平均高度是20英尺 商学院学生， 大概是一半 律师好一些， 但也好不到哪里去 幼儿园的孩子，比大多数的成年人要好

So the average for most people is around 20 inches; business schools students, about half of that; lawyers, a little better, but not much better than that, kindergarteners, better than most adults.


建筑师和工程师，谢天谢地。


我见过的最高的塔是39英寸

Thirty-nine inches is the tallest structure I've seen.


为什么呢？因为他们懂得三角形 和自我巩固的几何模式 是建筑 稳定结构的关键

And why is it? Because they understand triangles and self-reinforcing geometrical patterns are the key to building stable structures.


总裁们比平均水平稍好一些 但是有趣的是

So CEOs, a little bit better than average, but here's where it gets interesting.


如果你在他们的小组里加一个行政助理 他们的成绩马上变得好很多

If you put you put an executive admin. on the team, they get significantly better.


这真是令人难以置信， 你四处看看， 你说：“那个小组会赢。”

It's incredible. You know, you look around, you go, "Oh, that team's going to win."


你很早就知道， 为什么呢？

You can just tell beforehand. And why is that?


因为他们有特殊的 简化技巧

Because they have special skills of facilitation.


他们管理流程， 他们懂得流程

They manage the process, they understand the process.


总之，任何一个小组积极管理并 专注于工作本身的话 小组的表现就有显著的提高

And any team who manages and pays close attention to work will significantly improve the team's performance.


特殊技能以及善于使用简便的手法 两者的结合带来了成功

Specialized skills and facilitation skills are the combination that leads to strong success.


如果你有10个队参加这个活动 其中大概有6个队可以搭建可以直立的结构

If you have 10 teams that typically perform, you'll get maybe six or so that have standing structures.


我想， 我们不妨来赌一次


所以我就提供了价值10万美元的软件给得胜的小组

So I offered a 10,000 dollar prize of software to the winning team.


你猜猜那些学设计的学生们会有什么样的反应？

So what do you think happened to these design students?


这就是结果 没有一个小组完成了一个站立的建筑

Here's what happened: Not one team had a standing structure.


哪怕任何一个小组完成一个一英寸的建筑 他们就可以把奖杯捧回去

If anyone had built, say, a one inch structure, they would have taken home the prize.


所以，很有意思的是 高额奖金会有很大的影响。

So, isn't that interesting? That high stakes have a strong impact.


之后我们在同样的学生中又重复了这个活动

We did the exercise again with the same students.


这回他们知道了做样版模型的价值

So now they understand the value of prototyping.


所以最差的那个小组 成为了最好的小组

So the same team went from being the very worst to being among the very best.


他们用最少的时间完成了最高的建筑

They produced the tallest structures in the least amount of time.


这些对我们都有很深的教育意义 揭示了奖励和成功的本质

So there's deep lessons for us about the nature of incentives and success.


所以，你也许会问：怎么会有人 花时间写这么一个棉花糖的挑战

So, you might ask: Why would anyone actually spend time writing a marshmallow challenge?


原因是我可以用 电子工具和流程 来帮助人们造汽车，电子游戏 和模拟视觉效果

And the reason is, I help create digital tools and processes to help teams build cars and video games and visual effects.


而棉花糖的挑战教会我们 识别隐藏着的一些假设

And what the marshmallow challenge does is it helps them identify the hidden assumptions.


因为， 坦白说 每个项目都有它们自己的棉花糖

Because, frankly, every project has its own marshmallow, doesn't it?


这个挑战提供了可以分享的经验 一种共同的语言 处理问题的通用方法

The challenge provides a shared experience, a common language, a common stance to build the right prototype.


可以给我们提供的有价值的经验 你们如果有兴趣 可以去marshmallowchallenge.com网站

And those of you who are interested may want to go to MarshmallowChallenge.com.


这是一个你可以阅读的博客 告诉你怎样搭建棉花糖建筑

It's a blog that you can look at how to build the marshmallows.


There's step-by-step instructions on this.


还有来自世界各地的稀奇古怪的例子 人们怎样调整系统

There are crazy examples from around the world of how people tweak and adjust the system.


There's world records that are on this as well.


而我相信， 最根本的教意是： 设计其实是 一种交流运动

And the fundamental lesson, I believe, is that design truly is a contact sport.


它要求我们把我们所有的神志都放到任务中 要求我们运用最佳的思维状态 我们的感知我们的行动 来迎接我们面对的挑战

It demands that we bring all of our senses to the task, and that we apply the very best of our thinking, our feeling and our doing to the challenge that we have at hand.


而有的时候， 一个小小的样板模型的经验 会帮助我们 将“糟了” 的那一刻变成了“”哈哈”的一刻

And sometimes, a little prototype of this experience is all that it takes to turn us from an "uh-oh" moment to a "ta-da" moment.


让我们设想这里有一台机器，

Let's pretend right here we have a machine.


它是一个很大的，很酷的，很TED的机器， 它是一个时间机器。

A big machine, a cool, TED-ish machine, and it's a time machine.


这里每个人都要走进这个时间机器。

And everyone in this room has to get into it.


你可以选择返回过去或走到未来， 就是不能停在当下。

And you can go backwards, you can go forwards; you cannot stay where you are.


我在想你们会怎么选，近来我问了我的朋友很多次这个问题， 他们的回答都是“回到过去”。

And I wonder what you'd choose, because I've been asking my friends this question a lot lately and they all want to go back.


我不理解。他们说，要回到没有汽车、 没有twitter或《美国偶像》的年代。

I don't know. They want to go back before there were automobiles or Twitter or "American Idol."


我敢肯定，这里必然是有一些怀旧的情愫 或者是痴心妄想。

I'm convinced that there's some sort of pull to nostalgia, to wishful thinking.


但是我必须承认，我跟他们不是一伙的。

I'm not part of that crowd, I have to say.


我不想回到过去，不是因为我喜欢冒险，

I don't want to go back, and it's not because I'm adventurous.


而是因为这个地球上的可能性， 不是走到过去可以获得的，你要走到未来。

It's because possibilities on this planet, they don't go back, they go forward.


也就是说，我想走进这个机器，走到未来。

So I want to get in the machine, and I want to go forward.


我们这个时代是最美好的时代， 不管你用何种方式来衡量，如： 健康、财富、 流动性、机遇、 患病率不断下降。

This is the greatest time there's ever been on this planet by any measure that you wish to choose: health, wealth, mobility, opportunity, declining rates of disease ...


从来没有过这么好的时代。


我的曾祖父母 在60岁的时候就死去了。

My great-grandparents died, all of them, by the time they were 60.


我的祖父母70多岁就死了。

My grandparents pushed that number to 70.


我的父母过世时是80几岁。


我希望我死去的时候 是在一个9数字开头的时候。

So there better be a nine at the beginning of my death number.


但这不仅仅是关乎我们这些人的事情， 因为事实比我们自身大得多。

But it's not even about people like us, because this is a bigger deal than that.


今天在新德里出生的一个小孩 可以像100年前世界上最富的人

A kid born in New Delhi today can expect to live as long as the richest man in the world did 100 years ago.


一样长寿命。 大家认真想想。这是个很了不起的事实啊。

Think about that, it's an incredible fact.


为什么会出现这样的事实呢？


是因为我们消灭了天花。 天花曾夺去了地球上数以亿计的人的生命。

Smallpox. Smallpox killed billions of people on this planet.


它重塑了地球的人口布局， 这是任何战争也无法相比的。

It reshaped the demography of the globe in a way that no war ever has.


但今天它已被彻底消灭了。


在当今的富有社会里 仅仅一代人之前还给数百万人的生命带来威胁的疾病已经 几乎不再出现了。

In the rich world, diseases that threatened millions of us just a generation ago no longer exist, hardly.


白喉, 德国麻疹，小儿麻痹症都几乎不存在了。


你们知道这些名字是什么意思吗？

does anyone even know what those things are?


疫苗和现代医学 以及人类为数百万人提供食品的能力， 这些都是科学方法的胜利。

Vaccines, modern medicine, our ability to feed billions of people, those are triumphs of the scientific method.


在我看来，科学方法 就是不断的尝试， 检验，改变的过程。 它本身也是人类最伟大的功绩之一。

And to my mind, the scientific method -- trying stuff out, seeing if it works, changing it when it doesn't -- is one of the great accomplishments of humanity.


但不幸的是，好消息就这么多， 因为我们还遇到了其他一些难题，也被提到过很多次。

Unfortunately, that's all the good news because there are some other problems, and they've been mentioned many times.


其中一个就是， 虽然我们取得了巨大的进步， 但是现在世界上还有10亿人吃不饱肚子， 每天，他们都在忍受饥饿的折磨。

And one of them is that despite all our accomplishments, a billion people go to bed hungry in this world every day.


这一数字还在上升，并且上升的速度很快。这是足以让我们丢脸的。

That number's rising, and it's rising really rapidly, and it's disgraceful.


不仅如此，人类的想象力 还给地球带来了巨大的垃圾。

And not only that, we've used our imagination to thoroughly trash this globe.


饮用水、可耕地、 热带雨林、石油、天然气， 这些资源都在消失，并且消失的速度也很快。 除非我们懂得去创新， 否则我们就没有任何希望了。

Potable water, arable land, rainforests, oil, gas: they're going away, and they're going away soon, and unless we innovate our way out of this mess, we're going away too.


问题是：我们做得到吗？我想我们可以做到。

So the question is: Can we do that? And I think we can.


我认为我们可以生产出足以养活数十亿人的粮食， 而不会损害他们赖以生存的土地。

I think it's clear that we can make food that will feed billions of people without raping the land that they live on.


我认为我们可以找到环境友好的能源 来供给世界能量。

I think we can power this world with energy that doesn't also destroy it.


我确实是深信这样的理论的，这绝对不是臆想。

I really do believe that, and, no, it ain't wishful thinking.


但我总是遇到让我晚上睡不着觉的事情。 这是其中一个让我晚上睡不着的事情。 人类历史上从来没有象今天这样急需科技的进步

But here's the thing that keeps me up at night -- one of the things that keeps me up at night: We've never needed progress in science more than we need it right now. Never.


而历史上我们也从未有过像今天这样的时机， 我们可以按照我们的意愿去使用这些科技。

And we've also never been in a position to deploy it properly in the way that we can today.


在许多领域，我们都站在了惊人发现的 时代。 事实上，我认为我们需要往回看， 回到300年前，回到文艺复兴之前的年代， 只有在那个年代，才有人要抵抗进步， 才会有人比我们今天更加 猛烈的去反抗科技的进步。

We're on the verge of amazing, amazing events in many fields, and yet I actually think we'd have to go back hundreds, 300 years, before the Enlightenment, to find a time when we battled progress, when we fought about these things more vigorously, on more fronts, than we do now.


人们总是喜欢把自己放在自己的理念框架里， 他们把自己包得那么死，往往无法脱身。

People wrap themselves in their beliefs, and they do it so tightly that you can't set them free.


即使是听到了真理也不能使他们产生动摇。


听着，每个人都可以坚持他的观点， 他们甚至可以坚持他们关于进步的观点，

And, listen, everyone's entitled to their opinion; they're even entitled to their opinion about progress.


但你知道你不能坚持什么吗？

But you know what you're not entitled to?


你不能只坚持你自己所知道的事实。真的，你不能。

You're not entitled to your own facts. Sorry, you're not.


我也是花了一段时间才领悟出来的


大约十年前，我给《纽约客》写了一个故事 一个关于疫苗小故事。

About a decade ago, I wrote a story about vaccines for The New Yorker. A little story.


但我发现竟然有那么多人要反对我 他们反对的是 人类历史上最有效的公共卫生预防措施。

And I was amazed to find opposition: opposition to what is, after all, the most effective public health measure in human history.


我真的不知该怎么做， 我就只做自己该做的。故事写完，我就做别的事。

I didn't know what to do, so I just did what I do: I wrote a story and I moved on.


不久之后， 我写了一个关于转基因食物的文章。

And soon after that, I wrote a story about genetically engineered food.


又是收到了大量的反对，声浪大于上一次。


于是我也就此写了一个文章， 我真的不能理解为何人们会把这理解为 “恶魔食物”， 我不理解，为何人们会认为按照特定的方式 而非任意的方式，来搬运生物分子 是在玩弄自然。

So I wrote a story about that too, and I couldn't understand why people thought this was "Frankenfoods," why they thought moving molecules around in a specific, rather than a haphazard way, was trespassing on nature's ground.


不过我还是只做我该做的。故事写完后，我就不管它了。

But, you know, I do what I do. I wrote the story, I moved on.


我们的工作就是写文章，发表，吃饭，这就是我们的生活。

We type, we file, we go to dinner. It's fine.


但是这些见闻还是让我心里感到不舒服， 我也不知道是什么原因，直到后来我才知道。

But these stories bothered me, and I couldn't figure out why, and eventually I did.


那些曾经把我逼疯的狂热分子 事实上并非狂热分子

And that's because those fanatics that were driving me crazy weren't actually fanatics at all.


他们都是有想法的人，受过良好教育的人，正直的公民。

They were thoughtful people, educated people, decent people.


他们就像这个房间里的人们。

They were exactly like the people in this room.


But then I thought, you know, let's be honest.


我们今天的时代对于进步的关系 已经不同于往日了。

We're at a point in this world where we don't have the same relationship to progress that we used to.


我们现在是以一种很疑惑的眼光来看待进步。


我们会以讽刺的口吻来谈论进步 并且会加上引号：“进步”。

We talk about it in ironic terms with little quotes around it: "progress."


我想是有原因的，我们也知道是什么原因。

Okay, there are reasons for that, and I think we know what those reasons are.


我们对于民间机构， 对政府， 有时甚至是对科学，已经失去了信任， 也许我们确实有不信任的理由。

We've lost faith in institutions, in authority, and sometimes in science itself, and there's no reason we shouldn't have.


讲出几个名字你就知道 是什么原因了。

You can just say a few names and people will understand.


切尔诺贝利，博帕尔，挑战者号， 还有Vioxx抗关节炎药, 大规模杀伤性武器， 半打出的选票。

Chernobyl, Bhopal, the Challenger, Vioxx, weapons of mass destruction, hanging chads.


我想大家可以在自己心中把这样一个清单列出来。 我们过去完全信任的永远是对的， 现在都出问题了。 所以大家还是应当要有一点怀疑的态度。

You know, you can choose your list. There are questions and problems with the people we used to believe were always right, so be skeptical.


要问几个问题，要索求证明和证据。

Ask questions, demand proof, demand evidence.


但有一点需要注意，当你获得证据的时候， 你需要接受那样的证据，但我们并不善于这么做。

But here's the thing: When you get proof, you need to accept the proof, and we're not that good at doing that.


原因，我认为是 我们现在都得了恐惧的传染病， 这样一种传染病之广度和深度是我从未经历的，更希望以后不会再次出现。

And the reason that I can say that is because we're now in an epidemic of fear like one I've never seen and hope never to see again.


12年前，媒体暴光了一则消息， 那是一个非常可怕的消息， 它将自闭症 与接受麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹疫苗注射关联在一起。

About 12 years ago, there was a story published, a horrible story, that linked the epidemic of autism to the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine shot.


于是有大量的研究围绕这一事件而展开。

Tons of studies were done to see if this was true.


确实有必要做这些研究，因为那确实是一个严重的事件。

Tons of studies should have been done; it's a serious issue.


来自美国、英国 瑞典、加拿大的数据验证了 同样的结论，即自闭症和疫苗二者之间没有关联， 没有任何联系，根本没有联系。

The data came back from the United States, from England, from Sweden, from Canada, and it was all the same: no correlation, no connection, none at all.


但这个结果对于大众而言没有太大意义。 因为我们喜欢听小故事， 我们会相信我们眼睛看到的，相信我们内心认为我们看到的 相信那些让我们觉得真实的事情。

It doesn't matter. It doesn't matter because we believe anecdotes, we believe what we see, what we think we see, what makes us feel real.


但就是不相信一堆的化验文件， 不相信来自政府部门的数据， 我也能理解这一点，我想我们所有人都有这样的心理。

We don't believe a bunch of documents from a government official giving us data, and I do understand that, I think we all do.


请听这个事实： 美国是世界上唯一一个 麻疹接种比例在下降的国家。

Disastrous because here's a fact: The United States is one of the only countries in the world where the vaccine rate for measles is going down.


这足以让我们感到羞辱， 我们应当为此感到惭愧。

That is disgraceful, and we should be ashamed of ourselves.


到底是因为什么 才使得这样的事情发生？

What kind of a thing happened that we could do that?


现在我明白了。真的明白了。

Now, I understand it. I do understand it.


请问这里有人得过麻疹吗？


你们当中有人看到别人因为患上了麻疹而死亡吗？

Has one person in this audience ever seen someone die of measles?


事实上它也不会发生在这个国家， 但是，过去一年里，有16万人因为患有麻疹而死去。

Doesn't happen in this country at all, but it happened 160,000 times in the world last year.


这个数字是巨大的， 基本是每个小时有20人因此而死去。

That's a lot of death of measles -- 20 an hour.


但是因为它不是发生在我们身边，我们可以不管这事情， 像Jenny McCarthy那样的人 则依然能够在 奥普拉和拉里金的节目上 传播他们的畏惧和无知信息。

But since it didn't happen here, we can put it out of our minds, and people like Jenny McCarthy can go around preaching messages of fear and illiteracy from platforms like "Oprah" and "Larry King Live."


他们之所以这么做 是因为他们没有把原因与关联放在一起看。

And they can do it because they don't link causation and correlation.


他们也不知道，那些看上去一样的东西 事实上从来都不是一样的。

They don't understand that these things seem the same, but they're almost never the same.


我们需要从中汲取经验教训，并且越早越好。

And it's something we need to learn, and we need to learn it really soon.


这位叫Jonas Salk的男士是一个英雄。


因为他发明了小儿麻痹症的疫苗使得人们避免了这最严重的灾难。

He took one of the worst scourges of mankind away from us.


现在人们不需要去畏惧患上这一疾病了，也不会有患病带来的痛楚，小儿麻痹症消失了。


中间那个男人就不是那么风光了。


他与其他几位研究者一道发明了轮状病毒疫苗。

He just developed a rotavirus vaccine with a bunch of other people.


这一疫苗每一年可以拯救发展中国家 4亿50万孩子的生命。

It'll save the lives of 400 to 500,000 kids in the developing world every year.


确实是很好。这是Paul会四处跟人们讲这一疫苗， 说它们有多好， 并称人们从此可以告别苦楚。

Well, it's good, except that Paul goes around talking about vaccines and says how valuable they are and that people ought to just stop the whining.


因此，我们把Paul当成是恐怖主义分子。


当Paul要公开作证的时候， 他身边必须要有武装保安。

When Paul speaks in a public hearing, he can't testify without armed guards.


他在家里会接到恐吓电话 因为人们会跟他说 他们知道他孩子在哪里上学。

He gets called at home because people like to tell him that they remember where his kids go to school.


为什么？因为Paul发明了一种疫苗。


我本不需要讲这个的，但疫苗确实是极其重要的。

I don't need to say this, but vaccines are essential.


一旦停止疫苗注射，疾病又会卷土重来， 并且是非常可怕的疾病，这样的事情正在发生。

You take them away, disease comes back, horrible diseases. And that's happening.


并且情况变得越来越糟糕， 不久，就会有孩子因为患上这个病而死，这只是一个数字问题。

And it's getting worse, and pretty soon kids are going to die of it again because it's just a numbers game.


And they're not just going to die of measles.


还有小儿麻痹症，谁敢说它不会重新出现？

What about polio? Let's have that. Why not?


我的一位大学同学几周前给我写了一封信， 她说我现在有点太过张扬了。

A college classmate of mine wrote me a couple weeks ago and said she thought I was a little strident.


之前从来没有人这么说的。


她说她不打算给孩子接种小儿麻痹症疫苗。 肯定不会。

She wasn't going to vaccinate her kid against polio, no way.


为什么？因为这个国家没有小儿麻痹症。但你知道吗？

Why? Because we don't have polio. And you know what?


我们昨天没有这个传染病。

We didn't have polio in this country yesterday.


今天，我不知道，也许一位嘉宾从拉各斯上飞机， 他的目的地是洛杉矶机场，现在已经到了俄亥俄州。

Today, I don't know, maybe a guy got on a plane in Lagos this morning, and he's flying to LAX, right now he's over Ohio.


几个小时之后他就要到达地面，他会打车 来到长滩市， 来到这里参加其中一场TED晚宴。

And he's going to land in a couple of hours, he's going to rent a car, and he's going to come to Long Beach, and he's going to attend one of these fabulous TED dinners tonight.


他不知道自己是感染了小儿麻痹症， 我们也不知道，这就是世界的事实。

And he doesn't know that he's infected with a paralytic disease, and we don't either because that's the way the world works.


我们地球的事实就是这样的。不要以为不是。

That's the planet we live on. Don't pretend it isn't.


我们喜欢相信谎言。我们都很喜欢这么做。

Now, we love to wrap ourselves in lies. We love to do it.


你们每个人早上都吃了维他命片吗？

Everyone take their vitamins this morning?


或者紫锥花，或者一点的抗氧化剂， 只有吃过那些你才感觉比较清醒。

Echinacea, a little antioxidant to get you going.


你之所以这么做，是因为每天有半数的美国人也这么做。

I know you did because half of Americans do every day.


他们会吃这东西，，也会吃替代药物， 尽管我们已经知道 这些东西实际上是无效的。

They take the stuff, and they take alternative medicines, and it doesn't matter how often we find out that they're useless.


吃这些只会使得你的尿液变黑。除此以外，它们不起任何作用。

They darken your urine. They almost never do more than that.


假如你愿意花280亿美元来获得一些黑色的尿液，

It's okay, you want to pay 28 billion dollars for dark urine?


是黑色的尿液，黑色的哦。


为什么要这么做呢？为什么？


我想我也许能理解。我们这个国家药品行业非常庞大。

Well, I think I understand, we hate Big Pharma.


而我们都讨厌大政府，因为我们对那里面的人不信任。

We hate Big Government. We don't trust the Man.


但我们不一定要这么做。我们的医保体制很烂。

And we shouldn't: Our health care system sucks.


对于数百万的国民来讲，那是一个残酷体制


而对于那些能够支付起的人们来说 这也绝对是非常冷酷和无情的一种医疗体制。

It's absolutely astonishingly cold and soul-bending to those of us who can even afford it.


于是我们就想办法逃离这样体制。逃到哪里去呢？

So we run away from it, and where do we run?


我们投入了安慰剂的巨大怀抱。


这个很精彩哦，我很喜欢安慰剂。


但是你要知道，这的确是个严重的事情 缘于这东西是一个破烂货， 但我们却花了数以亿计的银子来购买安慰剂。

But, you know, it's really a serious thing because this stuff is crap, and we spend billions of dollars on it.


我这里带来了各种各样的样品。

And I have all sorts of little props here.


它们当中没有一样是有效，不管是银杏果， 紫锥花， 阿薩伊果，都是幌子。我甚至不知道这是什么， 但是我们就花了数十亿银子来购买它们，这是欺骗。

None of it ... ginkgo, fraud; echinacea, fraud; acai -- I don't even know what that is but we're spending billions of dollars on it -- it's fraud.


但你知道吗？当我说到这里的时候，人们会对我尖叫。 他们会说，“你管什么闲事！让人们自己去做选择就行啦！

And you know what? When I say this stuff, people scream at me, and they say, "What do you care? Let people do what they want to do.


吃安慰剂至少使人们内心感到舒服些啊！"


我是不会放在心里的。 假如美国健康与公共事业部部长 说，“我才不管专家 所找到的关于乳房X线照片的证据呢" 或者是一个癌症庸医想通过 咖啡灌肠来医治他的病人。

Because I don't care if it's the secretary of HHS who's saying, "Hmm, I'm not going to take the evidence of my experts on mammograms," or some cancer quack who wants to treat his patient with coffee enemas.


假如你相信信念和魔术 而非证据与科学的话， 你最终只会去到一个你不想去到的地方。

When you start down the road where belief and magic replace evidence and science, you end up in a place you don't want to be.


也许你最终会成为南非前领导人姆贝基。 他坚持相信 甜菜根蒜和柠檬油 比起我们所知可延缓艾滋病的抗逆转录病毒药物对于治疗艾滋病 更有效 这导致了40万人因为感染艾滋病而死亡。

You end up in Thabo Mbeki South Africa. He killed 400,000 of his people by insisting that beetroot, garlic and lemon oil were much more effective than the antiretroviral drugs we know can slow the course of AIDS.


成千上万的本不必要死亡的人们 因此而死。 那里恰恰又是全球感染艾滋病最严重的地区。

Hundreds of thousands of needless deaths in a country that has been plagued worse than any other by this disease.


请不要跟我说这些事例是 不会产生严重后果的。

Please, don't tell me there are no consequences to these things.


后果是有的 ，总是会有的。


现在，我们遇到的最无知的传染病 就是转基因作物 与有机精耕作物 两个阵营之间的 愚蠢对抗。

Now, the most mindless epidemic we're in the middle of right now is this absurd battle between proponents of genetically engineered food and the organic elite.


这也是一个愚蠢的争辩。我们必须停止这样的争辩了。


因为争辩的只是字眼和隐喻本身。

It's a debate about words, about metaphors.


是关于意识形态的争辩，而不是关于科学的争辩。


我们吃进肚子里的每一样东西，每一颗饭， 每一根香菜， 每根布鲁塞尔豆芽 都曾被人类改变过。

Every single thing we eat, every grain of rice, every sprig of parsley, every Brussels sprout has been modified by man.


因为在伊甸园里本来就没有橘子的，

You know, there weren't tangerines in the garden of Eden.


也没有哈密瓜， 更不会有圣诞树。都是人造出来的。

There wasn't any cantaloupe. There weren't Christmas trees. We made it all.


人类在过去一万一千年里造出了这些东西。


有些试验成功了，有些失败了。

And some of it worked, and some of it didn't.


那些失败的尝试就被抛弃了。


而现在我们可以以一种更为精准的方式来做试验。 这肯定会有风险的。 但是我们可以把维他命A放到水稻的基因里， 这将会拯救数百万人的生命， 或者延长他们的寿命。

Now we can do it in a more precise way -- and there are risks, absolutely -- but we can put something like vitamin A into rice, and that stuff can help millions of people, millions of people, prolong their lives.


我只能说，我对此不理解。


我们不少人在反对转基因食物。

We object to genetically engineered food.


我经常听到的理由是： （转基因食物）太多化学成分了， 太多农药、荷尔蒙， 单一化的生产， 确实我们不希望数百亩的地都是生产同样的作物，那样不好。

Well, the things I constantly hear are: Too many chemicals, pesticides, hormones, monoculture, we don't want giant fields of the same thing, that's wrong.


我们也不想让商业公司为新作物打上专利。


我们也不想让大公司垄断种子。


你能猜想我对这些反对意见的回应吗？

And you know what my response to all of that is?


对，猜对了，让我们一起来解决这些问题。


不错，我们遇到了非常严重的食品问题， 但这不是科学的问题。

It's true, we've got a huge food problem, but this isn't science.


这是法律、伦理、专利法相关的问题。

It's law, it's morality, it's patent stuff.


要知道，科学并非一家公司，


甚至不是一个想法，它是一个过程。


这样的过程有时候取得成功，有时候失败， 但因为我们畏惧 而认为我们不该让科学家去 做深入研究本职工作 是非常可怕的， 这也会阻碍了数以百万计的人 走向繁荣。

It's a process, and sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't, but the idea that we should not allow science to do its job because we're afraid, is really very deadening, and it's preventing millions of people from prospering.


未来的50年 我们需要比现在种植 多70%的粮食。

You know, in the next 50 years we're going to have to grow 70 percent more food than we do right now, 70 percent.


这是我们过去30年在非洲投资的总计。

This investment in Africa over the last 30 years.


那里的人需要这些，但我们偏偏不给。

They need it, and we're not giving it to them.


为什么？也是因为转基因食物。


我们不鼓励人们去 吃变坏的食物，比如变坏的木薯。

We don't want to encourage people to eat that rotten stuff, like cassava for instance.


世界上有5000万人是靠吃木薯为生的。

Cassava's something that half a billion people eat.


那是跟马铃薯比较像的一种作物。


就只有卡路里，味道也不好。

It's just a bunch of calories. It sucks.


没有营养，也没有蛋白质， 现在有科学家在尝试 把这些加到木薯里。

It doesn't have nutrients, it doesn't have protein, and scientists are engineering all of that into it right now.


吃到这些经过改良的木薯的人就可以避免失明。

And then people would be able to eat it and they'd be able to not go blind.


也不会挨饿，你会了解到，

They wouldn't starve, and you know what?


这是好事情。虽然比不上高档餐厅， 但也是好事。

That would be nice. It wouldn't be Chez Panisse, but it would be nice.


我只能说， 为什么有些人要反对这个？

And all I can say about this is: Why are we fighting it?


请大家问问自己：我们为何要反对？

I mean, let's ask ourselves: Why are we fighting it?


因为我们不想移动基因组吗？

Because we don't want to move genes around?


这仅仅是移动了一些基因组，跟添加化学物质没有任何关联。

This is about moving genes around. It's not about chemicals.


跟荷尔蒙也没有关系。 我们总是希望获得更大的食物， 更好的食物，更专一的食物。

It's not about our ridiculous passion for hormones, our insistence on having bigger food, better food, singular food.


这不是要造米酥， 只是想让一些人活下来， 现在是时候我们认真理解这过程的含义了。

This isn't about Rice Krispies, this is about keeping people alive, and it's about time we started to understand what that meant.


假如我们不这么做，而是坚持现在的做法， 我们未来将会因为一些我们不希望发生的事情而有负罪感， 那将是高科技的殖民主义。

If we don't, if we continue to act the way we're acting, we're guilty of something that I don't think we want to be guilty of: high-tech colonialism.


没有其他别的词语更合适于描述这一状况了。

There's no other way to describe what's going on here.


这是自私的，肮脏的， 这么做只会降低我们的尊严， 我们必须停止这么做。

It's selfish, it's ugly, it's beneath us, and we really have to stop it.


好了，这样一场非常有趣的对话之后， 你也许会说，“你还会走进这一时间机器， 并且驶向未来吗？”

So after this amazingly fun conversation, you might want to say, "So, you still want to get in this ridiculous time machine and go forward?"


那当然。我肯定会那么做。


这机器现在停在当下， 但是我们遇到了非常好的机遇。

It's stuck in the present right now, but we have an amazing opportunity.


我们可以如愿任意设置时间机器。

We can set that time machine on anything we want.


想去那里就去那里， 我们可以去到我们真正希望到达的地方。

We can move it where we want to move it, and we're going to move it where we want to move it.


我们需要开展这样的对话，我们需要思考， 当我们进入时间机器并且驶向未来时， 我们会为我们的选择感到高兴。

We have to have these conversations and we have to think, but when we get in the time machine and we go ahead, we're going to be happy we do.


我相信我们可以， 而就我的理解， 这就是世界现在所需要的东西。

I know that we can, and as far as I'm concerned, that's something the world needs right now.


有一天， 洛杉矶时报的专栏作家 Steve Lopez走在洛杉矶 大街上 听到一曲美妙的乐曲

One day, Los Angeles Times columnist Steve Lopez was walking along the streets of downtown Los Angeles when he heard beautiful music.


音乐是从一个男人 一个非裔男人 一个颇有魅力， 粗旷的流浪汉 用一把只剩下两根弦的小提琴在演奏

And the source was a man, an African-American man, charming, rugged, homeless, playing a violin that only had two strings.


我现在要讲的这个故事你们很多人已经知道了 因为Steve的专栏后来成了一本 书的基础，然后又被拍成电影 其中Robert Downey Jr 扮演Steve Lopez Jamie Foxx扮演了Nathaniel Anthony Ayer 他原本是茱莉亚音乐学院培训的双重贝斯手 不料他的职业生涯 却因为患上偏执型精神分裂症而不幸中断

And I'm telling a story that many of you know, because Steve's columns became the basis for a book, which was turned into a movie, with Robert Downey Jr. acting as Steve Lopez, and Jamie Foxx as Nathaniel Anthony Ayers, the Juilliard-trained double bassist whose promising career was cut short by a tragic affliction with paranoid schizophrenia.


Nathaniel从茱莉亚音乐学院辍学，他完全崩溃了 30年后的他流落在 洛杉矶 Skid Row 大街上无家可归

Nathaniel dropped out of Juilliard, he suffered a complete breakdown, and 30 years later he was living homeless on the streets of Skid Row in downtown Los Angeles.


我鼓励大家都去看看Steve的书， 或者看看电影 不光是去理解这两个男人之间 建立的美好的纽带 而且也看看音乐是如果帮助建立这种纽带的 而那是最终改变Nathaniel流浪 生活的最有用的工具

I encourage all of you to read Steve's book or to watch the movie to understand not only the beautiful bond that formed between these two men, but how music helped shape that bond, and ultimately was instrumental -- if you'll pardon the pun -- in helping Nathaniel get off the streets.


我和Ayers 先生在2008年相见 那是两年前在迪斯尼音乐厅

I met Mr. Ayers in 2008, two years ago, at Walt Disney Concert Hall.


他才听了贝多芬第一，第四交响乐 到后天来自我介绍

He had just heard a performance of Beethoven's First and Fourth symphonies, and came backstage and introduced himself.


他说话很愉快，很合群 提到了马友友和希拉里.克林顿 道奇队不可能进入世界联赛 而这都是因为最后一刻贝多芬第四交响乐中

He was speaking in a very jovial and gregarious way about Yo-Yo Ma and Hillary Clinton and how the Dodgers were never going to make the World Series, all because of the treacherous first violin passage work in the last movement of Beethoven's Fourth Symphony.


开始的那段变幻莫测的小提琴演奏起的作用 我们谈了一会儿音乐。 几天后我收到Steve的来信 告诉我Nathaniel有兴趣跟我说学小提琴

And we got talking about music, and I got an email from Steve a few days later saying that Nathaniel was interested in a violin lesson with me.


我应该提一下的是Nathaniel拒绝治疗 因为当初他接受的是电击疗法 用的是镇静剂和手铐 那些伤疤从此留在了他的生活中

Now, I should mention that Nathaniel refuses treatment because when he was treated it was with shock therapy and Thorazine and handcuffs, and that scar has stayed with him for his entire life.


结果呢， 他的 精神分裂症现在变得更容易发作 最糟糕的表现是 他发作后 会消失几天 在Skid Row大街上流浪 暴露着内心的恐惧，让心灵的煎熬 在身上释放

But as a result now, he is prone to these schizophrenic episodes, the worst of which can manifest themselves as him exploding and then disappearing for days, wandering the streets of Skid Row, exposed to its horrors, with the torment of his own mind unleashed upon him.


Nathaniel当初就是处在这样的一种状态下 我们在迪斯尼音乐厅开始了第一课的时候 他的目光中夹杂着狂躁 他是一个迷失了方向的人

And Nathaniel was in such a state of agitation when we started our first lesson at Walt Disney Concert Hall -- he had a kind of manic glint in his eyes, he was lost.


他提到了 无形的恶魔和烟雾 有人怎样在他睡觉时给他下毒

And he was talking about invisible demons and smoke, and how someone was poisoning him in his sleep.


我感到很害怕 不是为我自己的安全担心， 而是害怕 我会失去他 他又会沉浸到他的某一种他的状态中 而我会毁了他和小提琴建立起来的关系 如果我开始讲音阶 和琶音和其他形式的精彩 的说教式的小提琴教学法

And I was afraid, not for myself, but I was afraid that I was going to lose him, that he was going to sink into one of his states, and that I would ruin his relationship with the violin if I started talking about scales and arpeggios and other exciting forms of didactic violin pedagogy.


我演奏了贝多芬小提琴协奏曲的第一乐章

And I played the first movement of the Beethoven Violin Concerto.


当我演奏的时候 我知道Nathaniel的眼睛里有一种 奥妙的变化

And as I played, I understood that there was a profound change occurring in Nathaniel's eyes.


好象他抓住了什么隐形的药 象是经历了化学反应，而我的演奏 就是催化剂

It was as if he was in the grip of some invisible pharmaceutical, a chemical reaction, for which my playing the music was its catalyst.


他的狂躁愤怒 也转化成理解 安静的好奇， 和优雅

And Nathaniel's manic rage was transformed into understanding, a quiet curiosity and grace.


神奇的是，他拿起了他的小提琴 他也跟着开始演奏 小提琴协奏曲的某些片断 然后他又要我来完成，门德尔松 柴可夫斯基，西贝柳斯 于是我们开始谈论音乐：从巴赫 到贝多芬，布拉姆斯 布鲁克纳， 所有名字以B打头的人 从巴托克一直到艾沙·佩卡·萨洛宁

And in a miracle, he lifted his own violin and he started playing, by ear, certain snippets of violin concertos which he then asked me to complete -- Mendelssohn, And we started talking about music, from Bach to Beethoven and Brahms, Bruckner, all the B's, from Bartók, all the way up to Esa-Pekka Salonen.


我了解到他不但 是一本音乐大百科全书 而且他能将这些音乐跟他个人的感受联系起来

And I understood that he not only had an encyclopedic knowledge of music, but he related to this music at a personal level.


他讲到那些东西时充满了激情和对音乐 深刻的理解，仿佛是我跟我在洛杉矶 交响乐团的同事们之间交流时一样

He spoke about it with the kind of passion and understanding that I share with my colleagues in the Los Angeles Philharmonic.


通过演奏音乐， 谈论音乐 这个人从一个 偏执，不安的 刚才还在洛杉矶 大街上晃悠的流浪汉 变成了一个迷人，博学 优秀的受过朱丽亚音乐学院教育的音乐家

And through playing music and talking about music, this man had transformed from the paranoid, disturbed man that had just come from walking the streets of downtown Los Angeles to the charming, erudite, brilliant, Juilliard-trained musician.


音乐是良药。音乐改变着我们


对nathaniel来说， 音乐是帮助他开启心智


因为音乐可以帮他将他的思维 妄想，转换成形 通过他的想象力和创造力 变成现实

Because music allows him to take his thoughts and delusions and shape them through his imagination and his creativity, into reality.


而正是这个帮助他从煎熬 中解脱出来

And that is an escape from his tormented state.


而我知道这就是艺术的真髓

And I understood that this was the very essence of art.


这正是我们创造音乐的原因 我们用我们每个人都拥有的一种内在 我们的最根本的核心 我们的感情 通过我们的艺术的镜头 通过我们的创造力，将我们的情感塑造成现实

This was the very reason why we made music, that we take something that exists within all of us at our very fundamental core, our emotions, and through our artistic lens, through our creativity, we're able to shape those emotions into reality.


而这种现实的表达 传递给我们所有的人 感动我们， 启迪我们，团结我们

And the reality of that expression reaches all of us and moves us, inspires and unites us.


而对Nathaniel 音乐把他带回到一群朋友中

And for Nathaniel, music brought him back into a fold of friends.


音乐的挽救力将他 带回到音乐的大家庭 这里人们理解他 承认他的天赋 尊重他

The redemptive power of music brought him back into a family of musicians that understood him, that recognized his talents and respected him.


而我会永远为他创造音乐 无论是在迪斯尼的音乐厅 或者Skid Row的大街上， 因为他提示着我 为什么我要做音乐家

And I will always make music with Nathaniel, whether we're at Walt Disney Concert Hall or on Skid Row, because he reminds me why I became a musician.


Robert Gupta：现在我给大家演奏一段我厚颜从大提琴手那里窃来的曲子

Robert Gupta: I'm going to play something that I shamelessly stole from cellists.


I'm Jane McGonigal. I'm a game designer.


我从事网络游戏设计已经10年了 我未来十年的目标 就是希望能让 就像玩网络游戏那样 简单的解决现实生活中的问题

I've been making games online now for 10 years, and my goal for the next decade is to try to make it as easy to save the world in real life as it is to save the world in online games.


现在，我将解释一下我这么说的原因 如果人们能玩到一些更大型、更优秀的游戏 当然包括在座的诸位，并且能花费更多的时间在游戏上 你会觉得我的解释更有说服力

Now, I have a plan for this, and it entails convincing more people, including all of you, to spend more time playing bigger and better games.


现如今的人们用在网络游戏上的时间可以达到每周30亿小时 现如今的人们用在网络游戏上的时间可以达到每周30亿小时

Right now we spend three billion hours a week playing online games.


你们当中有些人可能会觉得 “花费了这么多时间玩游戏啊”

Some of you might be thinking, "That's a lot of time to spend playing games.


也许有些多了，因为考虑到 现实生活中有很多的紧迫的问题需要我们去处理

Maybe too much time, considering how many urgent problems we have to solve in the real world."


但是，根据我在未来问题研究所 对相关问题的研究

But actually, according to my research at the Institute for the Future, actually the opposite is true.


我们花费在游戏上的时间一点也不多 每周30亿小时的游戏世间对于解决现实生活中的问题来说远远不足 每周30亿小时的游戏世间对于解决现实生活中的问题来说远远不足

Three billion hours a week is not nearly enough game play to solve the world's most urgent problems.


事实上，我觉得为了能更好得在地球上生存 事实上，我觉得为了能更好得在地球上生存 我们需要大量增加游戏时间

In fact, I believe that if we want to survive the next century on this planet, we need to increase that total dramatically.


我曾经计算过，我们所需要的游戏时间 是每周210亿小时

I've calculated the total we need at 21 billion hours of game play every week.


也许这有些违背常理 但，我想重新说一遍，以便于让这种观念被充分理解 如果我们想解决诸如饥饿、 贫困、气候变化、全球冲突、肥胖等问题 我坚信我们需要被鼓励 人们去玩网络游戏 而且每周至少210亿小时

So, that's probably a bit of a counter-intuitive idea, so I'll say it again, let it sink in: If we want to solve problems like hunger, poverty, climate change, global conflict, obesity, I believe that we need to aspire to play games online for at least 21 billion hours a week, by the end of the next decade.


当然，这将会在十年以后 其实，我是很认真的，不是玩笑


这里是解释，我们把这种场景集合起来


就是之所以游戏对人类种族 能在未来生存非常重要的原因。真的

This picture pretty much sums up why I think games are so essential to the future survival of the human species. Truly.


This is a portrait by photographer Phil Toledano.


他想捕捉玩游戏时的一些情感变化 因此，他把摄影仪器放在正在玩游戏的游戏玩家面前

He wanted to capture the emotion of gaming, so he set up a camera in front of gamers while they were playing.


这是一幅游戏玩家的经典表情


现在，如果你不是一个游戏玩家 你就不会察觉出这幅照片中的真正内涵

Now, if you're not a gamer, you might miss some of the nuance in this photo.


你可能会感觉到紧迫、 一丝的恐惧，而不是精神的高度集中 抑或者是集中精力在解决一个难题

You probably see the sense of urgency, a little bit of fear, but intense concentration, deep, deep focus on tackling a really difficult problem.


如果你是一位游戏玩家，你就会感觉到一些不同东西 眼角周围的褶皱是向上的，包括嘴角周围的褶皱也是一样的 这是一个非常乐观的迹象 并且，眉毛向上翘起是惊讶的标志

If you are a gamer, you will notice a few nuances here: the crinkle of the eyes up, and around the mouth is a sign of optimism, and the eyebrows up is surprise.


这说明，这个游戏玩家即将在游戏中获得史诗般胜利 （如诗般美妙的巨大胜利，难以想象的胜利）

This is a gamer who's on the verge of something called an "epic win."


笑声 你们曾经听说过这个词，不错


也就是说你们当中有些是游戏玩家

OK, good, so we have some gamers among us.


这个史诗般的胜利是一个结果 但是它非常令人振奋 在得到这个胜利之前你甚至不曾想到竟然能取得成功

An epic win is an outcome that is so extraordinarily positive, you had no idea it was even possible until you achieved it.


这个成功甚至超出了你的想象 当你一旦达到并完成，你就会被自己的技能所震撼

It was almost beyond the threshold of imagination, and when you get there, you're shocked to discover what you're truly capable of.


这就是所谓的“史诗般的胜利”


而这个玩家即将取得这样的胜利

This is a gamer on the verge of an epic win.


同时，这也是在下个世纪， 我们所期望的在处理全球众多问题 排除各种障碍时露出的表情 能排除万难的人 是无往不胜的

And this is the face that we need to see on millions of problem-solvers all over the world as we try to tackle the obstacles of the next century -- the face of someone who, against all odds, is on the verge of an epic win.


现在，不幸的是，当我们处理日常生活中各种紧急事件的时候，

Now, unfortunately this is more of the face that we see in everyday life now as we try to tackle urgent problems.


我们往往看到的是这个表情 通常我称这个为“不擅长生活”表情

This is what I call the "I'm Not Good At Life" face.


事实上是我自己做出的这个，能否从中看出来呢？好的

This is actually me making it. Can you see? Yes. Good.


这就是我做出的“不擅长生活”表情

This is me making the "I'm Not Good At Life" face.


这也是我在加州的伯克利的一个老社区进修我的博士学位时的 而我读博士研究的课题就是“为什么我们觉得虚拟游戏世界比现实世界更好”

This is a piece of graffiti in my old neighborhood in Berkeley, California, where I did my PhD on why we're better in games than we are in real life.


同时这也是一个很多游戏玩家的难题

And this is a problem that a lot of gamers have.


我们感觉自己无法像在游戏中一样适应现实生活

We feel that we are not as good in reality as we are in games.


我不认为适应就是成功，二者不是等价的 纵然适应是成功的一部分

I don't mean just good as in successful, although that's part of it.


我们确实在游戏世界中收获更多的成功


但是这里所说的适应 就是指去做紧要事情的内在动力、 激起合作的灵感以及协作

But I also mean good as in motivated to do something that matters -- inspired to collaborate and to cooperate.


当我们处于游戏世界时 我觉得我们可以做最好的自己 这时看到一个消息我们就会去帮助别人 并且会持之以恒的解决一个问题 面对挫折我们会勇敢得站起来，并且继续奋斗

And when we're in game worlds, I believe that many of us become the best version of ourselves -- the most likely to help at a moment's notice, the most likely to stick with a problem as long at it takes, to get up after failure and try again.


但，在现实生活中，当我们面对失败的时候 当我们遭遇障碍的时候，我们通常就不会那么感觉了 我们通常会觉得

And in real life, when we face failure, when we confront obstacles, we often don't feel that way.


很压抑、不知所措、 不知所措、焦虑，甚至沮丧、灰心或者愤世嫉俗

We feel overcome, we feel overwhelmed, we feel anxious, maybe depressed, frustrated or cynical.


这个时候我们就没有玩游戏那个时候的感受了 在游戏中就不会存在这些感觉

We never have those feelings when we're playing games, they just don't exist in games.


这就是我在读研究生时研究的东西 这就是我在读研究生时研究的东西

So that's what I wanted to study when I was a graduate student.


游戏能否让我们觉得， 做不成任何事情是不可能的呢？

What about games makes it impossible to feel that we can't achieve everything?


我们怎么才能把从游戏中获得的这种感觉 转移到现实社会的工作中呢

How can we take those feelings from games and apply them to real-world work?


因此，我研究了一些像《魔兽世界》这样的游戏 它们正是理想的解决协作问题的平台

So I looked at games like World of Warcraft, which is really the ideal collaborative problem-solving environment.


我注意到一些事情 正是这些事情让史诗般的胜利在网络游戏里面变得可能

And I started to notice a few things that make epic wins so possible in online worlds.


第一件事情是，无论何时当你出现在这些网络游戏里面的时候 特别是《魔兽世界》 游戏里面会有很多不同的角色 他们对你非常信任，并且会帮助你完成拯救世界的任务

The first thing is whenever you show up in one of these online games, especially in World of Warcraft, there are lots and lots of different characters who are willing to trust you with a world-saving mission, right away.


但并不是所有的任务都是这样， 而仅仅是那些完全匹配你当前等级的任务

But not just any mission, it's a mission that is perfectly matched with your current level in the game.


设计者不会给你一个就你当前的能力完成不了的任务

They never give you a challenge you can't achieve.


但完成这个任务需要发挥你能力的极限，因此，你必须尽你最大努力

But it is on the verge of what you're capable of, so you have to try hard.


在魔兽世界里人人都有自己的职位 那里没有观众 那里一直有一些非常特别并且很重要的事情等着你去完成

But there's no unemployment in World of Warcraft; no sitting around, wringing your hands -- there's always something specific and important to be done.


并且游戏世界里有很多的人可以协作


不论你到了哪里， 都会有成千上万的人等着和你合作 去完成那些艰巨的任务

Everywhere you go, hundreds of thousands of people ready to work with you to achieve your epic mission.


在现实生活中就没有这么轻松了 这种在我们指尖间就有成千上万合作伙伴的感觉

That's not something we have in real life that easily, this sense that at our fingertips are tons of collaborators.


在现实生活中就没有这么简单了 在游戏中会有美妙的故事情节，而这些情节 吸引了我们，并且激励着我们的所作所为 同时，对于我们所做出的任何努力都会有一个积极肯定的回应

And there's this epic story, this inspiring story of why we're there, and what we're doing, and we get all this positive feedback.


你们肯定听说过等级提升， 伴随着等级提升力量加一点同时智力加一点

You guys have heard of leveling up, +1 strength, +1 intelligence.


而我们在现实生活中就没有这种持续的回馈

We don't get that kind of constant feedback in real life.


比如说，当我走下这个舞台的时候，我不会有 演说能力加一，疯狂的创意能力加一 更不用说疯狂的创意能力加20了

When I get off this stage, I'm not going to have +1 speaking, and +1 crazy idea, +20 crazy idea.


在现实生活中我没有得到任何奖励


在网络虚拟环境中，比如《魔兽世界》 在网络虚拟环境中，比如《魔兽世界》 和别人协作是一件非常惬意的事情 因为我们可以不停得向最终的胜利冲击 也正是因为如此我们才会一直沉醉于游戏世界中

Now, the problem with collaborative online environments like World of Warcraft is that it's so satisfying to be on the verge of an epic win all the time, we decide to spend all our time in these game worlds.


到目前为止，《魔兽世界》的游戏玩家们已经花费了总数为593万年的时间 去解决艾泽拉斯里面的各种虚拟的问题 去解决艾泽拉斯里面的各种虚拟的问题

So, so far, collectively all the World of Warcraft gamers have spent 5.93 million years solving the virtual problems of Azeroth.


Now, that's not necessarily a bad thing.


我们把这些数字写下来： 593万年前 我们人类的祖先灵长类开始了直立行走

But to put that in context: 5.93 million years ago was when our earliest primate human ancestors stood up.


这是第一种直立行走的灵长类动物


因此，当我们谈论我们在游戏上花费了那么多时间时 唯一让这件事情合理的理解方式就是：去想一想 在人类进化进程中 我们所花费的时间有多少 而且这是一件多么不同寻常的事情！

So when we talk about how much time we're currently investing in playing games, the only way it makes sense to even think about it is to talk about time at the magnitude of human evolution, which is an extraordinary thing.


这样去想是恰当的，因为你会发现 通过花费大量的时间去玩游戏 我们能改变我们做人的能力 我们能改变我们做人的能力

But it's also apt, because it turns out that by spending all this time playing games, we're actually changing what we are capable of as human beings.


我们正不断发展成为一个更具有协作精神和更强健的物种

We're evolving to be a more collaborative and hearty species.


来看一个有趣的调查 这份调查结果是由一位来自卡内基梅隆大学的研究者发布的 在一个玩游戏氛围很强的国家，当今的年轻人 在一个玩游戏氛围很强的国家，当今的年轻人 在其21岁前，平均每人 花费在网络游戏上的时间可达10000小时 现在，一万小时是一个很有趣的数值

So, consider this really interesting statistic; it was recently published by a researcher at Carnegie Mellon University: The average young person today in a country with a strong gamer culture will have spent 10,000 hours playing online games by the age of 21.


Now 10,000 hours is a really interesting number for two reasons.


首先，美国的儿童 从五年级到高中毕业 所需要的时间

First of all, for children in the United States, from fifth grade to high school graduation, if you have perfect attendance.


就是10080个小时 当然你得表现良好（按时上课，出勤） 我们就有了一份并行跟踪教育的数据， 它显示： 年轻人做一个好的游戏玩家所花费的时间 与他们在学校里面学习知识 所用的时间是一样多的

So, we have an entire parallel track of education going on, where young people are learning as much about what it takes to be a good gamer as they're learning about everything else in school.


你们当中的有些人肯定读过 MalcomGladwell的新书《局外人》 因此你们对作者关于成功理论的见解也就不是那么陌生了 一万小时成功法则

Some of you have probably read Malcolm Gladwell's new book "Outliers," so you would have heard of his theory of success, the "10,000 hours" theory of success.


这个法则是基于认知科学研究的 如果我们在21岁前能花费10000小时 专心努力的学习或者是做一些其他的事情， 那么我们一定可以在这些事情上获得巨大成功

It's based on this great cognitive-science research that says if we can master 10,000 hours of effortful study at anything by the age of 21, we will be virtuosos at it.


我们将在我们所做的任何事情上 成为世界级专家

We will be as good at whatever we do as the greatest people in the world.


现在，我们所关注的就是 擅长游戏的 整整一代年轻人

And so, now what we're looking at is an entire generation of young people who are virtuoso gamers.


最大的问题就是 “这些游戏玩家擅长于做些什么？”

So, the big question is, "What exactly are gamers getting so good at?"


如果我们能给出答案 我们将会发掘出一个 史无前例的人力资源

Because if we could figure that out, we would have a virtually unprecedented human resource on our hands.


他们就是我们现在所拥有的那些 每天花费至少一小时去玩网络游戏的游戏玩家们

This is how many people we now have in the world who spend at least an hour a day playing online games.


他们都是技艺精湛的游戏高手 5亿擅长于某些事情的人

These are our virtuoso gamers, 500 million people who are extraordinarily good at something.


在接下来的十年里 又会有10亿多擅长于 某个领域的新游戏玩家加入进来 如果闻所未闻，那么我告诉你，这件事正在进行

And in the next decade, we're going to have another billion gamers who are extraordinarily good at whatever that is. If you don't know it already, this is coming.


游戏产业一直在不停的发展 现如今，它的低能耗， 以及从宽带互联网到无线手机网络的变革 让全球的游戏玩家， 尤其是来自印度、中国、巴西的玩家们，可以在同一个平台里竞技

The game industry is developing consoles that are low-energy and that work with the wireless phone networks instead of broadband Internet, so that gamers all over the world, particularly in India, China, Brazil, can get online.


据预测，在接下来的十年里将会有10亿的新玩家加入其中

They expect one billion more gamers in the next decade.


届时，我们就会有15亿之众的游戏玩家

It will bring us up to 1.5 billion gamers.


因此，我早早的开始了思考， 这些游戏将把我们引向何方？

So I've started to think about what these games are making us virtuosos at.


对此我觉得大体有四个方面。首先就是对于紧急事件的积极心态，紧急乐观

Here are the four things I came up with. The first is urgent optimism.


把它想象成是极端的自我激励

OK, think of this as extreme self-motivation.


急切的乐观精神是 结合着 自己必胜信念 对立马解决障碍的渴望

Urgent optimism is the desire to act immediately to tackle an obstacle, combined with the belief that we have a reasonable hope of success.


游戏玩家始终相信 不可能取得的胜利也是可能的

Gamers always believe that an epic win is possible, and that it's always worth trying, and trying now.


他们很擅长组建严密的社会结构

Gamers are virtuosos at weaving a tight social fabric.


一项有趣的调查显示 我们更喜欢那些与我们一同玩游戏的人 即便是他们把我打败了，亦是如此

There's a lot of interesting research that shows we like people better after we play a game with them, even if they've beaten us badly.


原因就是，在游戏过程中我们累积了信任 原因就是，在游戏过程中我们累积了信任

And the reason is, it takes a lot of trust to play a game with someone.


我们之所以信任，就是因为他们和我们花费同样的时间 遵守同样的规则 拥有着共同的目标，我们将肩并肩作战直至游戏结束

We trust that they will spend their time with us, that they will play by the same rules, value the same goal, stay with the game until it's over.


基于此，一同游戏的确可以建立 默契、信任和协作

And so, playing a game together actually builds up bonds and trust and cooperation.


进而，我们会建立一个更强健的社会关系网络

And we actually build stronger social relationships as a result.


幸福的生产力，我非常喜欢这个


《魔兽世界》的玩家们平均花费 一周22小时， 就像一个兼职一样玩游戏是有原因的

You know, there's a reason why the average World of Warcraft gamer plays for 22 hours a week -- kind of a half-time job.


就是因为，当我们玩游戏的时候 相对于休闲或者逛街来说， 我们加倍努力的玩游戏会让我们更开心

It's because we know, when we're playing a game, than we are relaxing, or hanging out.


作为人类来说， 我们更喜欢做那些虽然很难但是更有趣的事情

We know that we are optimized as human beings, to do hard and meaningful work.


如果能够提供一个合适的任务给游戏玩家， 他们就会一直不停地努力玩下去

And gamers are willing to work hard all the time, if they're given the right work.


游戏玩家喜欢依附在 那些关乎人类星际故事的威严任务里面

Gamers love to be attached to awe-inspiring missions to human planetary-scale stories.


你所做的任何一点点的琐事都会成为那个最终的美好愿景的一部分 大家都听说过维基百科，全球最大的Wiki（wiki是一种在网路上开放、可供多人协同创作的超文本系统）

So, just one bit of trivia that helps put that into perspective: So, you all know Wikipedia, biggest wiki in the world.


全球第二大的wiki， 就是《魔兽世界》wiki，里面大约有8万篇文章 每个月都有500万人在使用它

Second biggest wiki in the world, with nearly 80,000 articles, Five million people use it every month.


里面集合的有关《魔兽世界》的信息 比网络上任何其他主题的信息 都要多

They have compiled more information about World of Warcraft on the Internet than any other topic covered on any other wiki in the world.


这就创造了一个史诗般的故事


同时也创就了一个关于《魔兽世界》的

They are building an epic knowledge resource about the World of Warcraft.


如史诗般的巨大的知识资源 这就是把那四种超能力集中到一件事情上的例子 游戏玩家们就是一个被高度授权、极具希望的群体

Okay, so these are four superpowers that add up to one thing: Gamers are super-empowered hopeful individuals.


他们都认为自己具有改变世界的能力 他们都认为自己具有改变世界的能力 但问题是他们相信自己能改变的世界是 虚拟世界， 而不是现实世界

These are people who believe that they are individually capable of changing the world. And the only problem is, they believe that they are capable of changing virtual worlds and not the real world.


这正是我所努力去解决的难题

That's the problem that I'm trying to solve.


There's an economist named Edward Castronova.


他研究人们花费这么多时间、 精力和金钱在网络游戏里面的原因

He looks at why people are investing so much time and energy and money in online worlds.


他说：“我们正在见证着大批的人 沉溺于虚拟世界 和网络游戏当中”

And he says, "We're witnessing what amounts to no less than a mass exodus to virtual worlds and online game environments."


因为他是一位经济学家，所以他是理性的

And he's an economist, so he's rational.


他还说... 不像我，我只是一个游戏设计师，我充满了活力

And he says -- Not like me, I'm a game designer; I'm exuberant.


他还说，玩游戏变得更有意义 因为游戏玩家在虚拟世界里得到了 比现实生活中更多的东西

But he says that this makes perfect sense, because gamers can achieve more in online worlds than they can in real life.


他们在游戏里可以拥有 比现实生活中更好的社会关系 玩家也可以获得比现实生活 中更好的回报以及成就感

They can have stronger social relationships in games than they can have in real life; they get better feedback and feel more rewarded in games than they do in real life.


因此，他说对于游戏玩家而言， 花费更多的时间在虚拟空间中比现实社会里更有意义

So he says, for now it makes perfect sense for gamers to spend more time in virtual worlds than the real world.


Now, I also agree that that is rational, for now.


但是，无论如何，这不是最佳选项

But it is not, by any means, an optimal situation.


我们不得不从现在开始把现实社会构建得像一个游戏

We have to start making the real world work more like a game.


因此，我从发生于2500年前的 一些事情中获取灵感

I take my inspiration from something that happened 2,500 years ago.


这些是古老的骰子，由羊的关节骨制作而成

These are ancient dice, made out of sheep's knuckles.


在我们设计出游戏控制器前 我们人类已经拥有了羊关节制作的骰子

Before we had awesome game controllers, we had sheep's knuckles.


这就是人类设计出的 最早的游戏器械 如果你对古希腊历史学家的作品比较熟悉的话 如古希腊历史学家希罗多德，你就会了解这段历史 游戏发明的历史 是什么以及原因是什么呢

And these represent the first game equipment designed by human beings, and if you're familiar with the work of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, you might know this history, which is the history of who invented games and why.


希罗多德说游戏，特别是骰子游戏 是由Lydia 王国在一次大饥荒中发明的

Herodotus says that games, particularly dice games, were invented in the kingdom of Lydia, during a time of famine.


显然，历史上曾经有过这么一次严重的饥荒 Lydia国王决定做一些他们不得不做的疯狂的事情

Apparently, there was such a severe famine that the king of Lydia decided they had to do something crazy.


当时人民在遭受痛苦，互相争斗

People were suffering. People were fighting.


形式非常危机。 他们需要一个极端的解决方案

It was an extreme situation, they needed an extreme solution.


据希罗多德说，他们因此而发明了骰子游戏 并且制定了一个全国范围内的政策 某一天，所有人可以吃东西 但是第二天，所有人就只能玩游戏

So, according to Herodotus, they invented dice games, and they set up a kingdom-wide policy: On one day, everybody would eat, and on the next day, everybody would play games.


人们专心的玩骰子游戏 因为游戏极具吸引力 可以使我们沉浸在如此自我满足的幸福“生产”活动中 人们就会忘掉他们没有食物可吃的事实

And they would be so immersed in playing the dice games, because games are so engaging, and immerse us in such satisfying, blissful productivity, they would ignore the fact that they had no food to eat.


第二天人们就会通过玩游戏度日 接下来的第二天他们就会去吃东西

And then on the next day, they would play games; and on the next day, they would eat.


据希罗多德所说 Lydia国的人民用这种方式度过了18年 用吃一天、玩游戏玩一天的方式 他们顺利的度过了大饥荒

And according to Herodotus, they passed 18 years this way, surviving through a famine, by eating on one day, and playing games on the next.


这也是现如今我们 如何看待游戏的

Now, this is exactly, I think, how we're using games today.


我们通过玩游戏逃避现实中的痛苦 我们通过玩游戏来避开现实环境中那些 残缺不全、不能令人满意的东西 同时从中获取我们所需的东西

We're using games to escape real-world suffering -- we're using games to get away from everything that's broken in the real environment, everything that's not satisfying about real life, and we're getting what we need from games.


而这个过程可以实现永无止境


据希罗多德所著，在18年后 大饥荒没有任何改善、变好的迹象 因此，国王决定全国人玩最后一次骰子游戏

According to Herodotus, after 18 years the famine wasn't getting better, so the king decided they would play one final dice game.


They divided the entire kingdom in half.


他们一起玩一场骰子游戏 游戏的胜利一方将会踏上冒险的远征行程

They played one dice game, and the winners of that game got to go on an epic adventure.


他们将会离开Lydia 去寻找一个新地方居住 留下来的人则可以用 现存的资源度过饥荒 离开的人则肩负着传播、 兴旺文明的重担

They would leave Lydia, and they would go out in search of a new place to live, leaving behind just enough people to survive on the resources that were available, and hopefully to take their civilization somewhere else where they could thrive.


这听起来很疯狂，难道不是吗？


不过，最近DNA证据显示 罗马帝国的祖先——伊楚利亚人 和古利迪亚人 拥有相同的基因

But recently, DNA evidence has shown that the Etruscans, who then led to the Roman Empire, actually share the same DNA as the ancient Lydians.


最近科学家们发现 希罗多德的疯狂故事在历史上确有其事

And so, recently, scientists have suggested that Herodotus' crazy story is actually true.


地质学家也寻找到了证据 表明地球上曾经有过长达20年的全球降温 这就可以解释这次大饥荒的由来了

And geologists have found evidence of a global cooling that lasted for nearly 20 years, that could have explained the famine.


因此，这个看似疯狂的故事兴许是真的


他们通过玩游戏保留了 他们的文化 并且在游戏中躲避现实长达18年 最终得以流传下来 他们早就参悟出了如何通过游戏把人聚到一起 也正是通过这种方式拯救了整个文明

They might have actually saved their culture by playing games, escaping to games for 18 years, and then been so inspired, and knew so much about how to come together with games, that they actually saved the entire civilization that way.


我们也可以通过这种方式做到


人们从1994年开始就在玩魔兽了


这是魔兽世界系列里的第一款实时的战略游戏

That was the first real-time strategy game from the World of Warcraft series.


古人玩骰子游戏长达18年 我们则玩魔兽16年

They played dice games for 18 years, we've been playing Warcraft for 16 years.


所以我断言，我们已经准备好去接受一个能改变我们生活的游戏了

I say we are ready for our own epic game.


古人通过所掌握的 二分之一的文明去寻找新世界 而我们现在则有每周长达210亿小时的玩游戏时间

Now, they had half the civilization go off in search of a new world, so that's where I get my 21 billion hours a week of game-play from.


让我们中一半的人 每天玩游戏一小时 直至我们可以去解决现实生活中的问题

Let's get half of us to agree to spend an hour a day playing games, until we solve real-world problems.


你可能会问，“我们在游戏中如何解决现实中的问题呢？”

Now, I know you're asking, "How are we going to solve real-world problems in games?"


这也是我在过去的几年中积极投身 我从事的工作的原因 我工作的地方叫“未来研究所”

Well, that's what I've devoted my work to over the past few years, at the Institute for the Future.


这是我们在帕洛阿尔托办公室里的广告 它给出了我们关于如何看待未来的观点

We have this banner in our offices in Palo Alto, and it expresses our view of how we should try to relate to the future.


We do not want to try to predict the future.


我们曾经设想过最好情况的结果 然后，我们想通过努力 让人们将那个设想变成现实

We want to imagine the best-case scenario outcome, and then we want to empower people to make that outcome a reality.


我们渴望史诗般的胜利 同时也给予人们实现胜利的途径

We want to imagine epic wins, and then give people the means to achieve the epic win.


我想给大家简短的介绍三款我做的游戏 他们都是一些尝试， 尝试着给未来的人们能创造属于自己的史诗般的胜利，提供一些方法

I'm just going to very briefly show you three games that I've made that are an attempt to give people the means to create epic wins in their own futures.


这款游戏制作于2007年


这是一款网络游戏， 它让你在石油短缺的时候设法生存

This is an online game in which you try to survive an oil shortage.


石油短缺是虚构的 但是我们会投入很多的内容在里面 你就会认为那是真的，并且这会影响你的现实生活 让你感觉我们已经没有石油可用了。因此，当你打开游戏 注册，并告诉我们你的居住地 我们就会给你实时的新闻视频数据 精确地告诉你石油的成本 精确地告诉你石油的成本 什么是不可用，食物供应是如何受到影响的

The oil shortage is fictional, but we put enough online content out there for you to believe that it's real, and to live your real life as if we've run out of oil. So when you come to the game, you sign up, tell us where you live, and then we give you real-time news videos, data feeds that show you exactly how much oil costs, what's not available, how food supply is being affected,


运输是如何受到影响的 并且会告诉你学校是否被关闭，哪里里发生了骚乱 如果这一切都是真的，你就会找出如何处理现实生活中的这些问题的方法

how transportation is being affected, if schools are closed, if there's rioting, and you have to figure out how you would live your real life as if this were true.


我们会要求你将这些东西发布到博客上 上传视频或者照片

And then we ask you to blog about it, to post videos, to post photos.


在2007年，有1700人参加了这款游戏的测试 我们跟踪了这些测试者接下来三年的生活

We piloted this game with 1,700 players in 2007, and we've tracked them for the three years since.


我可以告诉诸位的是这是一段极具改造作用的经历

And I can tell you that this is a transformative experience.


没有人希望改变他们的生活方式 或者是因为他们觉得对环境无损，或者是因为他们觉得这顺理成章

Nobody wants to change how they live, just because it's good for the world, or because we're supposed to.


但是，如果你让他们着沉浸于一个异乎寻常的经历当中 并且告诉他们，“我们已经耗尽我们的石油。”

But if you immerse them in an epic adventure and tell them, "We've run out of oil.


这将是你听说的一个美妙的故事和异乎寻常的经历

This is an amazing story and adventure for you to go on.


挑战自己，看看你将如何生存 大部分的游戏玩家保留了他们在游戏中形成的习惯 大部分的游戏玩家保留了他们在游戏中形成的习惯

Challenge yourself to see how you would survive," most of our players have kept up the habits that they learned in this game.


在接下来的一款拯救世界的游戏里 我们的选择的问题比石油短缺变得更难、更大

So for the next world-saving game, we decided to aim higher -- bigger problem than just peak oil.


我们在“未来研究所”做了一个叫"Superstruct"的游戏

We did a game called Superstruct at the Institute for the Future.


我们在“未来研究所”做了一个叫"Superstruct"的游戏 这个游戏的假设是， 超级计算机经过计算发现人类在地球上只剩下23年的生存时间了

And the premise was, a supercomputer has calculated that humans have only 23 years left on the planet.


这台超级计算机被称作： 全球灭绝预测系统

This supercomputer was called the Global Extinction Awareness System, of course.


人们在游戏中就像是处在 杰里.布鲁克海默的电影里

We asked people to come online -- almost like a Jerry Bruckheimer movie.


大家都知道杰里.布鲁克海默的电影，你组织一个梦之队 你的小分队成员里有宇航员、科学家、曾经的罪犯 他们各自有一些拯救世界的本领

You know Jerry Bruckheimer movies, you form a dream team -- you've got the astronaut, the scientist, the ex-convict, and they all have something to do to save the world.


笑声 在我们设计的游戏里，我们没有采用五人小组模式 我们设计成了人人都可以是这个精英小分队的一员 你的职责就是开发 未来的能源、食物、医疗保健、 安全体制和全社会安全的网络

But in our game, instead of just having five people on the dream team, we said, "Everybody's on the dream team, and it's your job to invent the future of energy, the future of food, the future of health, the future of security and the future of the social safety net."


我们有8000人玩这个游戏，玩了有8周

We had 8,000 people play that game for eight weeks.


他们总结出了500条疯狂但是极具创造力的解决方案 如果你能上网，登陆Google搜索关键字"Superstruct"，你就能看到结果

They came up with 500 insanely creative solutions that you can go online, Google "Superstruct," and see.


最后一个游戏 我们将会在三月三日将其上线。这个游戏是与世界银行学院合作完成的

So, finally, the last game, we're launching it March 3rd. This is a game done with the World Bank Institute.


如果你能完成这个游戏， 你将会获得世界银行学院的认证 成为2010届社会创新者

If you complete the game, you will be certified by the World Bank Institute as a Social Innovator, class of 2010.


通过与撒哈拉以南非洲各地的大学的合作 我们正在邀请他们参加社会创新能力的学习

Working with universities all over sub-Saharan Africa, and we are inviting them to learn social innovation skills.


游戏更像一本漫画小说。 我们有关于各项技能的均衡，像深刻的洞察力、知识网络、 可持续性、远见和机智等

We've got a graphic novel, we've got leveling up in skills like local insight, knowledge networking, sustainability, vision and resourcefulness.


我诚挚的邀请诸位能 把这个游戏分享给年轻人 无论在世界何处，特别是那些发展中的地区 这个游戏可以把人们集中到一起，让他们开始设想他们自己的社会企业去拯救世界

I would like to invite all of you to please share this game with young people, anywhere in the world, particularly in developing areas, who might benefit from coming together to try to start to imagine their own social enterprises to save the world.


人们肯定可以从这个游戏中 获得灵感 我就要结束我的演讲了


我们拥有这么多优秀的游戏玩家 我们玩的这些游戏里就含有可能是我们未来所要做的事情的试验 但没有任何事情曾拯救过现实世界

We've got all these amazing gamers, we've got these games that are kind of pilots of what we might do, but none of them have saved the real world yet.


我希望大家能同意我的观点 即，游戏玩家是一个巨大的人力资源库 我们可以让他们去完成现实世界的工作 正因为如此，游戏是一个有效的变革平台

Well I hope you will agree with me that gamers are a human resource that we can use to do real-world work, that games are a powerful platform for change.


我们拥有这些美妙的超能力、 幸福的生产力、 组织严密社会结构的能力 以及紧急乐观和对史诗意义的渴望

We have all these amazing superpowers: blissful productivity, the ability to weave a tight social fabric, this feeling of urgent optimism and the desire for epic meaning.


我真诚的希望我们能一起来玩那些好的游戏 籍此在接下来的一个世纪里能生存在这个星球上

I really hope that we can come together to play games that matter, to survive on this planet for another century.


我希望大家能加入到我们当中来， 去制作或者是支持这样的游戏

That's my hope, that you will join me in making and playing games like this.


当我期待着下一个十年时 我对两件事情非常肯定 首先，我们能创造出任何我们所能想象出的未来 其次，我们可以玩任何我们想玩的游戏 让我们从游戏着手改变这个世界

When I look forward to the next decade, I know two things for sure: that we can make any future we can imagine, and we can play any games we want, so I say: Let the world-changing games begin.


在相当一段时间我感兴趣于 安慰剂的效力, 通常一个魔术师是不会 对安慰剂感兴趣的。 但是如果你从我职业的角度考虑, 那就是使一些假的事物 真实得使人们相信 这样它们就变成了事实。

For some time I have been interested in the placebo effect, which might seem like an odd thing for a magician to be interested in, unless you think of it in the terms that I do, which is, "Something fake is believed in enough by somebody that it becomes something real."


换句话说， 糖片 在一些研究中有可以测量到的效应， 所谓的安慰剂的效果 正是因为人们认为 他们身上发生的是一种药物作用 或者再给一个例子 为了镇痛 如果病人相信（他们服的是镇痛药物），药在他们身上就会有明显的效果。 这叫做安慰剂效应。

In other words, sugar pills have a measurable effect in certain kinds of studies, the placebo effect, just because the person thinks that what's happening to them is a pharmaceutical or some sort of a -- for pain management, for example, if they believe it enough there is a measurable effect in the body called the placebo effect.


假的东西变成了 真的东西 因为人们对它的认知。

Something fake becomes something real because of someone's perception of it.


为了我们能够理解对方， 我想开始向你们展示一个初级的， 很简单的魔术。

In order for us to understand each other, I want to start by showing you a rudimentary, very simple magic trick.


我也会告诉你我是怎么变得。 这是一个 从50年代开始就在每个孩子的 魔术书里出现的简单魔术。

And I'm going to show you how it works. This is a trick that's been in every children's magic book since at least the 1950s.


我在70年代的时候从童子军魔法中学会它

I learned it myself from Cub Scout Magic in the 1970s.


我先做给你们看， 然后再解释。

I'll do it for you, and then I'll explain it.


最后我会解释我为什么要解释。

And then I'll explain why I explained it.


这把刀， 你们可以检查； 我的手， 你们也可以检查

The knife, which you can examine; my hand, which you could examine.


我就这样把刀握在我的拳头里。

I'm just going to hold the knife in my fist like this.


同时确保没有任何东西可以在我袖子里上下活动 我就这样在这压住我的手腕。

And to make sure nothing goes up or down my sleeve I'm just going to squeeze my wrist right here.


那样你们可以看到没有时间让 任何事物活动。只要我压住这里 没有东西可以通过我的袖子。

That way you can see that at no time can anything travel, as long as I'm squeezing there nothing can go up or down my sleeve.


我将打开我的手掌 希望， 如果所有事情顺利的话， 我的生理磁性会粘得住这把刀。

I'm going to open my hand, and hopefully, if all is well, my pure animal magnetism will hold the knife.


实际上，它粘得如此紧 我甚至可以甩 这把刀也不会掉。

In fact it's held so tightly in place that I can shake it, and the knife does not come off.


没有任何东西在我袖子里， 没有把戏。 你们可以查看所有东西。

Nothing goes up or down my sleeve, no trickery. And you can examine everything.


鼓掌 恩， 这是一个我经常教给 那些对魔术感兴趣的孩子的魔术， 因为你能学到 很多关于欺骗的技巧通过学习 这个魔术－－尽管它是个方法上非常简单的魔术。

So, this is a trick that I often teach to young children that are interested in magic, because you can learn a great deal about deception by studying this very -- even though it's a very simple trick methodologically.


很可能现场很多人都知道这个魔术。

Probably many of you in the room know this trick.


我说我要握住我的手腕 来确保没有东西通过我的袖子， 这是个谎言。

I say I'm going to grab hold of my wrist to make sure nothing goes up or down my sleeve, that is a lie.


我握住我手腕的原因 正是这个幻术的 秘密。

The reason I'm holding onto my wrist is because that's actually the secret of the illusion.


在我手从面向你们移到 背向你们的时候， 这个手指， 我的食指就将移位 从这儿，到这个位置 指向外侧。

In a moment when my hand moves from facing you to being away from you, this finger right here, my index finger is just going to shift from where it is, to a position pointing out like this.


那边坐的人很多没有过童年。

Someone who didn't have a childhood is out there.


笑声 我的手指就是这样移的，从这里，对。

So, it goes like this, from here, right.


在我转动我的手时，我的手指也在移动。


我们可以谈谈为什么这个具有欺骗性， 为什么你们没有注意到只有三个手指在这下面， 因为你的意识，和我们处理意识的方式， 它不计算一，二，三。 它组合它们。

And we could talk about why this is deceptive, why you don't notice there are only three fingers down here, because the mind, and the way it processes information, it doesn't count, one, two, three. It groups them.


但这不是我们今天要讨论的。对吗？那我再打开我的手掌。

But that's not really what this is about. Right? And then I open my hand up.


很显然它被按在那，不是通过什么生理磁性， 而是通过骗局， 我的食指在那里。

Obviously it's clinging there, not by animal magnetism, but by chicanery, my index finger being there.


我再合上我的手指，一样的， 在我后转时，这个动作 一定程度上掩饰了我手指的后转。

And then when I close my finger, same thing, as I move back, this motion kind of covers the moving back of my finger.


我拿开这只手。你拿出这把刀。

I take this hand away. You give the knife out.


这个戏法你可以向你的朋友和邻居做。谢谢。

There is a trick you can do for your friends and neighbors. Thanks.


现在， 这和安慰剂效力有什么关系？

Now, what does that have to do with the placebo effect?


我一年前左右读过一个研究， 这很开阔了我的认知。

I read a study a year or so ago that really blew my mind wide open.


我不是医生或研究人员，所以，这对我而言， 是一件很让人吃惊的事。

I'm not a doctor or a researcher, so this, to me, was an astonishing thing.


它显示如果你给病人 一个安慰剂以白色药片的形式， 像阿司匹林的样子， 如果就是一个圆的白色药片，它有一定的可测量的安慰剂效应。

It turns out that if you administer a placebo in the form of a white pill, that's like aspirin shaped -- it's just a round white pill -- it has some certain measurable effect.


但如果你改变你给的安慰剂的形状， 比如你把它作成小一点的药片， 并且涂成蓝色，刻一个字母上去， 它居然会有更明显的可测量的效果。

But if you change the form that you give the placebo in, like you make a smaller pill, and color it blue, and stamp a letter into it, it is actually measurably more effective.


即使两个里面没有一个 有任何真正的药效 －－它们都是糖片。

Even though neither one of these things has any pharmaceutical -- they're sugar pills.


但是白色药片就是没有蓝色的效果好

But a white pill is not as good as a blue pill.


什么？ 这真的让我很迷惑。


但事实上，那还不是终结。

Turns out though, that that's not even where it stops.


如果你用胶囊， 它们比任何形式的药片更有效果。

If you have capsules, they're more effective than tablets in any form.


有颜色的胶囊，一端黄色，另一端红色的 比白色的胶囊更有效。

A colored capsule, that's yellow on one end and red on the other is better than a white capsule.


一天两次，一次一片 没有三片效果好。 我现在记不清统计数据。对不起。

One pill twice a day is not as good at three pills -- I don't remember the statistic now. Sorry.


... these dosages have something to do with it.


And the form has something to do with it.


如果你想要极限程度的安慰剂 你需要注射针剂。

And if you want the ultimate in placebo, you've go to the needle.


对吗？一个注射器含有 一两毫升的没有作用的东西， 你把这个注射到一个病人身上。。

Right? A syringe with some inert -- a couple CCs of some inert something, and you inject this into a patient ...


在他们脑海里，这是一个如此强大的想像， 它应该比白色药片要强很多很多。

Well this is such a powerful image in their mind, it's so much stronger than the white pill.


这真是一个很强的想象，等我有幻灯片的时候 我可以展示给你们统计数据图。

It's a really, this graph, well I'll show it to you some other time when we have slides.


重点是， 白色药片没有蓝色药片好 没有胶囊好，没有针好。

The point is the white pill is not as good as the blue pill is not as good as the capsule is not as good as the needle.


它们都没有真的药效。 这仅仅是你的信念使它成真 在你身体上，也造成更强的效果。

And none of it has any real pharmaceutical quality, it's only your belief that makes it real in your body and makes a stronger effect.


我想看看我是否可以拿这个想法 把它应用到魔法技巧上。

I wanted to see if I could take that idea and apply it to a magic trick.


采用一些明显是假的戏法 使它看起来是真的。

And take something that is obviously a fake trick and make it seem real.


我们从研究中知道 如果你想要实际效果，你采用注射针。

And we know from that study that when you want reality, you go to the needle.


这是一个七寸的帽别针。它非常尖。 我将把它消一下毒。

This is a seven-inch hatpin. It's very, very sharp, and I'm going to just sterilize it a tiny bit.


这真是我的肌肉。这不是 戴米安的特买肉。

This is really my flesh. This is not Damian's special-grown flesh.


这就是我的皮肤。这不是好莱坞特效。

That's my skin right there. This is not a Hollywood special effect.


我将会刺入我的皮肤 把这个针头穿过到另一边。

I'm going to pierce my skin and run this needle through to the other side.


如果你容易紧张反胃－－ 如果你容易晕－－我向一些朋友表演过 昨天在宾馆里，有些人我不认识， 有个女人差点晕倒。

If you're queasy -- if you faint easily -- I was doing this for some friends in the hotel room last night, and some people that I didn't know, and one woman almost passed out.


所以，我建议如果你容易紧张不安， 你最好在下面30秒里看别处， 实际上，你知道吗，我会在它后面做一开始的坏的部分。

So, I suggest if you get queasy easy that you look away for about the next 30 -- in fact, you know what, I'll do the first bad part behind it.


你将会看到，你可以看别处如果你想的话。

You'll get to see, you can look away too if you'd like to.


恩，这就是发生的，就在这里 我皮肉的起点处 我手臂的下部， 我就造成 一个小穿孔。

So, here is what happens, right here, the beginning of my flesh at the lower part of my arm I just make a little pierce.


对不起。我吓倒你们了吗？


就穿过我的皮肤一点点 在另一端这样出来。

OK, and then just through my skin a tiny bit, and then out the other side like this.


现在， 我们基本上和刀的戏法 在同一个位置上。

Now, essentially we're in the same position we were in with the knife trick.


但你现在不能数我的手指了，对不？

But you can't count my fingers right now can you?


所以，让我来把它们展示给你们。一，二 三，四，五。

So, let me show them to you. That's one, two three, four, five.


我知道人们想什么当他们看到这个的时候。

I know what people think when they see this.


他们说，“哦，他一定不会蠢到 刺穿他自己的皮肤来娱乐我们几分钟。”

They go, "Well, he's certainly not dumb enough to stab himself through the skin to entertain us for a few minutes.


所以，让我给你们偷看一下。


对，我知道 在后面的这些人说，“好。我并没有真的看到那个。“

Yeah, I know. And the people in the back go, "OK, I didn't really see that."


在远程屋里的人现在 可以移近。

People in the satellite room are starting to move in now.


让我给你们仔细看看这个。

Let me give you good close look at this.


这真的是我的皮肤。这个不是好莱坞特效。

That really is my skin. That is not a Hollywood special effect.


那是我的肉，我还可以转动它。

That's my flesh, and I can twist that around.


对不起。如果你感到恶心的话，看别处， 别看这个。

I'm sorry. If you're getting queasy, look away, don't look at the thing.


在后面的人或是几年后从录像上看到这个的 会说，“喔，那个看起来有点缺少 一些效果，但是如果这是真的他会 看到这有个洞，这也有个洞，如果这是真的他会流血。

People in the back or people on video years from now watching this will go, "Well yeah, that looks kind of neat in some sort of effect there, but if it were real he would be -- see there's a hole there and a hole there, if it were real he would be bleeding.


平常这时我会将针头取出。

Normally now, I would take the needle out.


我会洗干净我的手臂，向你们展示我没有伤，

I would clean off my arm, and I would show you that there are no wounds.


但我认为在这种情况下 以这种理念，使假的事物 变成真的事物， 我就将停在这里， 走下讲台。

But I think in this context and with the idea of taking something fake and making it into something real, I'm just going to leave it there, and walk off the stage.


我将在以后几天内再见到你们。

I will be seeing you several times over the next few days.


我希望你们对此期待。非常感谢。

I hope you're looking forward to that. Thank you very much.


So, I've known a lot of fish in my life.


That first one, it was more like a passionate affair.


它是一条美丽的鱼， 美味，纹理细腻，肉质丰富， 是菜单上最受欢迎的鱼。

It was a beautiful fish: flavorful, textured, meaty, a bestseller on the menu.


更好的是， 它是依照最高标准养殖的， 目的是保持它的可持续性的。

Even better, it was farm-raised to the supposed highest standards of sustainability.


而卖他的人也会感到心安理得。

So you could feel good about selling it.


我曾经沉醉于这美丽的关系中， 时间大概延续了几个月。

I was in a relationship with this beauty for several months.


有一天，这个公司的高层打电话给我 邀请我参加一个活动 并就渔业的可持续性发展发表演说。

One day, the head of the company called and asked if I'd speak at an event about the farm's sustainability.


这个公司正是要试图解决一个 对于我们厨师来说正在变得不可想象的问题。 “我们如何把鱼类留在菜单上？”

Here was a company trying to solve what's become this unimaginable problem for us chefs: How do we keep fish on our menus?


在过去的50年中， 我们从各个海洋中捕鱼 就像是砍伐树木。

For the past 50 years, we've been fishing the seas like we clear-cut forests.


90%的大型鱼类，那些我们喜爱的种类， 金枪鱼，大比目鱼，三鲑鱼，剑鱼， 他们都要灭绝了。

Ninety percent of large fish, the ones we love -- the tunas, the halibuts, the salmons, swordfish -- they've collapsed.


所以，不管是好是坏， 水产养殖业，养鱼业，都会成为我们未来的一部分。

So, for better or for worse, aquaculture, fish farming, is going to be a part of our future.


有很多针对这个行业的言论。 其实它们大部分都是关于养鱼业会污染环境， 而且效率很低，比如说金枪鱼。 最大的弊病就是，

A lot of arguments against it: Fish farms pollute -- most of them do anyway -- and they're inefficient. Take tuna, a major drawback.


养殖金枪鱼的饲料转换率是 15比1。

It's got a feed conversion ratio of 15 to one.


这个意思是说，每生产1磅金枪鱼肉 要耗费15磅用其他野生鱼类做的饲料。

That means it takes fifteen pounds of wild fish to get you one pound of farm tuna.


这可不是很具有可持续发展性。


最后， 这个公司想做些正确事情。

So here, finally, was a company trying to do it right.


在那次活动的前一天， 我联系了公司的公关部门头头。

The day before the event, I called the head of P.R. for the company.


就让我们暂且称呼他为“唐阁下”。


我说：“唐阁下， 据我说知，事实是这样的，你们在海洋捕鱼业十分出名， 而且你们不会产生污染。”

"Don," I said, "just to get the facts straight, you guys are famous for farming so far out to sea, you don't pollute."


他回应： “你说的对。我们作业的地点很远， 我们捕鱼所产生的污染物都被稀释掉了， 不会集中残留在一个地方。”

"That's right," he said. "We're so far out, the waste from our fish gets distributed, not concentrated."


然后他补充到， “我们算得上是独树一帜。

And then he added, "We're basically a world unto ourselves.


饲料转换率？2.5比1，” 他说。

That feed conversion ratio? 2.5 to one," he said.


“什么2.5比1？你们在喂什么？”


他回答道：“可持续性蛋白质”。


我说：“很好”。然后挂了电话。


结果那晚，我躺在床上想： 可持续性蛋白质是什么鬼东西？

And that night, I was lying in bed, and I thought: What the hell is a sustainable protein?


所以第二天，就在那个活动之前，我打电话给唐阁下。

So the next day, just before the event, I called Don.


我问道：'唐阁下，你有没有一些可持续性蛋白质的例子？"

I said, "Don, what are some examples of sustainable proteins?"


他说他不知道。他会去问问周围的人。

He said he didn't know. He would ask around.


然后，我和这个公司里的一些人通了电话。 但是没有人能给我一个明确的答案。 直到最后，我通上了电话 对方是生物学专家。

Well, I got on the phone with a few people in the company; no one could give me a straight answer until finally, I got on the phone with the head biologist.


让我也暂且叫他 “唐阁下”。


我说：“唐阁下” “可以举例说明一下可持续性蛋白质吗？”

"Don," I said, "what are some examples of sustainable proteins?"


恩，他提到了一些藻类 还有一些鱼食， 然后他提到鸡丸。

Well, he mentioned some algaes and some fish meals, and then he said chicken pellets.


他说，“是，羽毛，鸡皮， 骨骼，排泄物， 被晒干加工后添入饲料。”

He said, "Yeah, feathers, skin, bone meal, scraps, dried and processed into feed."


我说：“鸡在饲料中的比例 是多少？”

I said, "What percentage of your feed is chicken?"


结果他说：“恩，大概占30%，”


我说，“唐阁下，用鸡喂鱼， 这算什么可持续发展性？”

I said, "Don, what's sustainable about feeding chicken to fish?"


电话的那边安静了很长时间， 然后他对我说， “世界上就是有太多的鸡了。”

There was a long pause on the line, and he said, "There's just too much chicken in the world."


于是，我不再爱这个鱼了。


不，不是因为我是个自以为是， 伪善的美食家。

No, not because I'm some self-righteous, goody-two shoes foodie.


不，我不再爱这个鱼了，是因为，我向上帝发誓， 在那次对话之后，那个鱼尝起来更像鸡。

No, I actually fell out of love with this fish because, I swear to God, after that conversation, the fish tasted like chicken.


这第二条鱼， 它则是另一种不同的爱情故事。

This second fish, it's a different kind of love story.


是很浪漫的那种， 那种你越多了解你的鱼， 你就越爱它。

It's the romantic kind, the kind where the more you get to know your fish, you love the fish.


我第一次在一个饭店中吃到这种鱼， 位置在西班牙南部。

I first ate it at a restaurant in southern Spain.


很久以前一个记者朋友和我说过这里。

A journalist friend had been talking about this fish for a long time.


那条鱼在桌子上 很亮，有着光晕，白色的那种。

It came to the table a bright, almost shimmering, white color.


厨师烹饪它的时间过长了。


但是太神奇了，它还是很好吃。


谁可以做出这样好吃的鱼 而且还是在烹饪时间过长的情况下？

Who can make a fish taste good after it's been overcooked?


我不能， 但是这个人可以。


让我们叫他米格尔。 其实他的名字就是米格尔。

Let's call him Miguel -- actually his name is Miguel.


但是，他没有烹调那条鱼，他也不是个厨师。 至少在你我理解的方式之内他不是。

And no, he didn't cook the fish, and he's not a chef, at least in the way that you and I understand it.


他是一个生物学家 在薇塔拉帕尔马。


他是个位于西班牙西南角的养鱼场。

It's a fish farm in the southwestern corner of Spain.


他就在高达尔克维尔河的尖部。

It's at the tip of the Guadalquivir river.


直到上个世纪80年代， 这个渔场是阿根廷人管辖的。

Until the 1980s, the farm was in the hands of the Argentinians.


他们在这里养牛 那个时候这里基本上是湿地。

They raised beef cattle on what was essentially wetlands.


然后建造一系列复杂的运河， 他们接着把这里的水排入河流。

They built this intricate series of canals, and they pushed water off the land and out into the river.


但是，他们没有成功， 我是指经济方面。

Well, they couldn't make it work, not economically.


而且对周围的环境造成了巨大的灾难。


周围差不多90%的鸟类都消失了， 而在这个地区那些是很多的鸟。

It killed like 90 percent of the birds, which, for this place, is a lot of birds.


到了1982年， 一家具有环保意识的的西班牙公司 购买了这块地。

And so in 1982, a Spanish company with an environmental conscience purchased the land.


代替排水， 他们用这个水渠来把水引进来。

Instead of pushing water out, they used the channels to pull water back in.


他们用水填满了这个运河。


然后建立了一个27000英亩的渔场-- 鲈鱼，梭鱼， 虾，鳗鱼 - 在这个工程中，米格尔，还有这个公司， 完全挽救了这次生态灾难。

They created a 27,000-acre fish farm -- bass, mullet, shrimp, eel -- and in the process, Miguel and this company completely reversed the ecological destruction.


我的意思是说，你从没见过类似的地方。

I mean, you've never seen anything like this.


我看着地平线 它是那么的广阔， 引入您视野的都是被注满水的河道 和这个富饶的沼泽湿地

You stare out at a horizon that is a million miles away, and all you see are flooded canals and this thick, rich marshland.


不久前，我和米格尔去过那儿。


他是个了不起的人， ¾是达尔文，¼是鳄鱼邓迪。

He's an amazing guy, like three parts Charles Darwin and one part Crocodile Dundee.


我们进入了湿地， 而我是气喘吁吁汗流浃背，淤泥没到了我的膝盖， 还有米格尔静静讲述的生物讲义。

Okay? There we are slogging through the wetlands, and I'm panting and sweating, got mud up to my knees, and Miguel's calmly conducting a biology lecture.


这儿，他指向一只罕见的黑肩鸢。

Here, he's pointing out a rare Black-shouldered Kite.


这是，他提到可以满足矿物质需求的浮游植物。

Now, he's mentioning the mineral needs of phytoplankton.


还有这，他看到一组图案 让人联想起坦桑尼亚长颈鹿。

And here, here he sees a grouping pattern that reminds him of the Tanzanian Giraffe.


结果，米格尔曾经花了很长时间工作在 非洲的米库米国家公园。

It turns out, Miguel spent the better part of his career in the Mikumi National Park in Africa.


我问他是怎么 成为一位鱼类专家的。

I asked him how he became such an expert on fish.


他说： “鱼？我不了解他们。

He said, "Fish? I didn't know anything about fish.


然后他发起了更多的对话 都是有关于稀有鸟类和藻类 还有特殊的水生植物。

And then he's off, launching into more talk about rare birds and algaes and strange aquatic plants.


请不要误解我，那样的谈话真的是引人入胜， 关于生物群落一类的事情。

And don't get me wrong, that was really fascinating, you know, the biotic community unplugged, kind of thing.


这都很好，但是我恋爱了。


我脑中始终惦记着那条 我前一晚品尝过被过度烹饪的美味的鱼。

And my head was swooning over that overcooked piece of delicious fish I had the night before.


所以我中断了他。我说， “米格尔，什么使你的鱼那么好吃?"

So I interrupted him. I said, "Miguel, what makes your fish taste so good?"


“我知道，兄弟，藻类，浮游植物， 关系，这些都很神奇。

"I know, dude, the algae, the phytoplankton, the relationships: It's amazing.


然后他继续告诉我 这是一个很富饶的系统， 这些鱼吃的就是它们在野外吃的东西。

Well, he goes on to tell me it's such a rich system that the fish are eating what they'd be eating in the wild.


植物的生物质，浮游植物， 浮游生物，都是鱼的饲料。

The plant biomass, the phytoplankton, the zooplankton, it's what feeds the fish.


这个系统非常健康， 它完全是自我更新的。

The system is so healthy, it's totally self-renewing.


听说过一个不喂动物饲料的农场吗？

Ever heard of a farm that doesn't feed its animals?


那天晚些时候，我和米格尔开着车在周围兜风， 我问他，“这样一个看起来如此自然的地方，” 不像其它任何一个我曾经见过的农场， “你如何衡量成功？”

Later that day, I was driving around this property with Miguel, and I asked him, I said, "For a place that seems so natural, unlike like any farm I'd ever been at, how do you measure success?"


就在那时，仿佛有一位 电影导演突然要求改变场景。

At that moment, it was as if a film director called for a set change.


我们转过弯 看到最美的画面， 成千上万的粉色火烈鸟， 可以说是一张粉色的地毯。

And we rounded the corner and saw the most amazing sight: thousands and thousands of pink flamingos, a literal pink carpet for as far as you could see.


“看他们的腹部，粉色的。


我说，“米格尔，他们的盛宴不正是你的鱼吗？”

I said, "Miguel, aren't they feasting on your fish?"


“鸟类会吃掉我们20%的鱼 还有鱼卵。

"We lose 20 percent of our fish and fish eggs to birds.


而且，去年，这个渔场 有600000只鸟， 超过250个不同的种群。

Well, last year, this property had 600,000 birds on it, more than 250 different species.


今天，这里已经成为最大的 而且是全欧洲最重要的 私有鸟类自然保护区之一。

It's become, today, the largest and one of the most important private bird sanctuaries in all of Europe."


我说，“米格尔，这么多的鸟类数量 不是一个渔场最不想要到的吗？”

I said, "Miguel, isn't a thriving bird population like the last thing you want on a fish farm?"


他说, “我们是广义上的养殖， 不是刻意的。

He said, "We farm extensively, not intensively.


所以他们的肚子上粉色越鲜艳， 代表这个系统越好。”

So the pinker the belly, the better the system."


好的，让我们重新审视一下。 一个农场不给它的动物喂食， 而且它衡量自己的成功是 根据它的天敌。

Okay, so let's review: a farm that doesn't feed its animals, and a farm that measures its success on the health of its predators.


一个渔场，同时也是个鸟类庇护所。


而且，顺便说一句，那些火烈鸟， 它们本不应该在那里。

Oh, and by the way, those flamingos, they shouldn't even be there in the first place.


它们在城里繁殖 而且是在150英里以外的， 那里的土壤状况 更加适合做巢。

They brood in a town 150 miles away, where the soil conditions are better for building nests.


每天早上，它们飞行 150英里来到这个渔场。

Every morning, they fly 150 miles into the farm.


到了晚上，他们在飞行150英里回家。

And every evening, they fly 150 miles back.


（笑声) 他们这样做是因为他们能顺着 A92号高速公路 的白线。

They do that because they're able to follow of highway A92.


我一直在脑海中想象类似【帝企鹅日记】的事， 我看着米格尔。

I was imagining a "March of the Penguins" thing, so I looked at Miguel.


我说，“米格尔，它们飞行 150英里来渔场， 然后它们晚上再 飞150英里回去吗？

I said, "Miguel, do they fly 150 miles to the farm, and then do they fly 150 miles back at night?


它们这么做是为了孩子吗？”


他看着我就像是我刚刚引用了惠特尼休斯顿的歌。

He looked at me like I had just quoted a Whitney Houston song.


他说，“不，他们这么做因为这里的食物更好。”

He said, "No; they do it because the food's better."


我还没有提到我最爱的鱼的皮吧， 真的是很美味，而且我通常不喜欢鱼皮。 我通常不喜欢烤的。我也不喜欢脆的。

I didn't mention the skin of my beloved fish, which was delicious -- and I don't like fish skin; I don't like it seared, I don't like it crispy.


它有辛辣，像柏油那样的味道。


但是，当我在西班牙南部的那个餐馆尝到它的时候， 尝起来不像是鱼皮。

Yet, when I tasted it at that restaurant in southern Spain, it tasted not at all like fish skin.


它尝起来微甜而且干净 就像你尝了一口海洋自然的味道。

It tasted sweet and clean, like you were taking a bite of the ocean.


我向米格尔提到我的想法，他点点头。

I mentioned that to Miguel, and he nodded.


他说，“鱼皮的作用就像是海绵。


它是阻止任何物质进入到体内的最后的防线。

It's the last defense before anything enters the body.


然后他继续说， “但是我们的水没有杂质.”

And then he added, "But our water has no impurities."


好的。一个渔厂不喂它的鱼。 一个渔场衡量它的成功 是依照它天敌的成功。

OK. A farm that doesn't feed its fish, a farm that measures its success by the success of its predators.


然后我意识到当他说， 一个渔场没有杂质， 他轻描淡写的说， 因为在渔场中流过的水 来自于高达尔克维尔河。

And then I realized when he says, "A farm that has no impurities," he made a big understatement, because the water that flows through that farm comes in from the Guadalquivir River.


那条河中含有 现在所有的一条河里都有的东西， 化学污染物， 农药残留。

It's a river that carries with it all the things that rivers tend to carry these days: chemical contaminants, pesticide runoff.


然后当它进入这个系统 之后离开时， 水质变得比来时更干净。

And when it works its way through the system and leaves, the water is cleaner than when it entered.


这个系统很卫生，它可以过滤这儿的水。

The system is so healthy, it purifies the water.


所以，这个渔场不只是不喂动物， 不只是衡量它的成功 根据天敌的健康状况， 但是是一个渔场基本上还是个水净化厂， 而且不仅仅是为那些鱼， 更是为了你和我。

So, not just a farm that doesn't feed its animals, not just a farm that measures its success by the health of its predators, but a farm that's literally a water purification plant -- and not just for those fish, but for you and me as well.


因为当水离开这里时，它会流入大西洋。

Because when that water leaves, it dumps out into the Atlantic.


我知道，这个作用是十分微薄的， 但是我很重视它，而且你们应该也是， 因为这个爱情故事， 不但浪漫， 而且有教育意义。

A drop in the ocean, I know, but I'll take it, and so should you, because this love story, however romantic, is also instructive.


你也许会说它是未来 美食的食谱， 不管是我们在说鲈鱼还是牛肉。

You might say it's a recipe for the future of good food, whether we're talking about bass or beef cattle.


我们现在需要的是 一个全新的农业概念， 一种真正的美食。

What we need now is a radically new conception of agriculture, one in which the food actually tastes good.


但是对很多人来说， 那太极端了。

But for a lot people, that's a bit too radical.


我们不是现实主义者，我们的美食家。 我们是爱人。

We're not realists, us foodies; we're lovers.


我们爱农产品市场。 我们爱小型的家庭式农场。 我们谈论区域性食品。 我们吃有机食品。

We love farmers' markets, we love small family farms, we talk about local food, we eat organic.


然后当你建议这些食品 会保证未来的美食， 某人在某地站起来说， "我说哥们，我爱粉色的火烈鸟， 但是你怎么让这个世界填饱肚子？

And when you suggest these are the things that will ensure the future of good food, someone, somewhere stands up and says, "Hey guy, I love pink flamingos, but how are you going to feed the world?"


你怎么为这个世界填饱肚子？"


不，不只是因为我们已经生产 了远远超出我们这个世界需要的卡路里。

No, not because we already produce enough calories to more than feed the world.


今天十亿人还是在饿着肚子。

One billion people will go hungry today.


十亿--那比以前任何时候都多-- 根本原因在于总体上的分配不平衡， 不是按吨位算的。

One billion -- that's more than ever before -- because of gross inequalities in distribution, not tonnage.


我不喜欢这个问题的真正原因是因为他拟定了一个食物系统的 逻辑，一个存在于过去的50年中的逻辑。

Now, I don't love this question because it's determined the logic of our food system for the last 50 years.


把谷物喂给食草动物， 把农药给单品种作物，化学品给土壤， 把鸡给鱼， 然后各类农业可以 简单的问， “如果我们用更便宜的方法养活更多的人， 有什么不对的呢？”

Feed grain to herbivores, pesticides to monocultures, chemicals to soil, chicken to fish, and all along agribusiness has simply asked, "If we're feeding more people more cheaply, how terrible could that be?"


那就是一个动机。 它已经变得合乎情理了。 它是一个商业计划 属于美国农业的。

That's been the motivation, it's been the justification: it's been the business plan of American agriculture.


我们应该指出它的真面目， 一个在清算的生意， 一个迅速侵蚀的生意 生态资本使得这种生产成为可能。

We should call it what it is: a business in liquidation, a business that's quickly eroding ecological capital that makes that very production possible.


那不是一个生意， 它也不是农业。

That's not a business, and it isn't agriculture.


今天我们的食品正在受到威胁， 不是因为正在递减的供给， 而是因为正在递减的资源，

Our breadbasket is threatened today, not because of diminishing supply, but because of diminishing resources.


不是靠最新的嫁接技术与拖拉机的发明， 而是肥沃的土壤， 不是靠水泵，而是靠新鲜的水源， 不是靠电锯，而是靠森林， 不是靠渔船和渔网，而是靠海洋里的鱼。

Not by the latest combine and tractor invention, but by fertile land; not by pumps, but by fresh water; not by chainsaws, but by forests; and not by fishing boats and nets, but by fish in the sea.


让我们开始问：我们怎么去喂养我们自己？

Let's start by asking: How are we going to feed ourselves?


或者更好的，我们怎么去建立一种环境 它可以让每一个团体 去养活自己？

Or better: How can we create conditions that enable every community to feed itself?


要做到那样， 不要指望未来沿用现在的农业模型。

To do that, don't look at the agribusiness model for the future.


它已经过时了，而且很疲劳。


因为它过度依赖资本，化学，和机械， 而且它生产不出来真正的好食品。

It's high on capital, chemistry and machines, and it's never produced anything really good to eat.


取而代之，让我们看看生态模式。

Instead, let's look to the ecological model.


它存在了20亿年 同时具有实战经验。

That's the one that relies on two billion years of on-the-job experience.


看看米格尔， 看看像米格尔这样的农民，


不只属于他们自己的农场， 它自我恢复，而不是消耗， 广义的农场 取代只是狭义的， 农民不再只是生产者， 而是关系专家，

Farms that aren't worlds unto themselves; farms that restore instead of deplete; farms that farm extensively instead of just intensively; farmers that are not just producers, but experts in relationships.


因为他们 同时也是口味上的专家。

Because they're the ones that are experts in flavor, too.


而且如果要我说实话， 他们是比我更好的厨师。

And if I'm going to be really honest, they're a better chef than I'll ever be.


你们知道，我完全认同这样的事， 因为如果未来的优质食品是这样的，它们肯定会是非常美味的。

You know, I'm okay with that, because if that's the future of good food, it's going to be delicious.


我是在科幻小说的陪伴下长大的。

I grew up on a steady diet of science fiction.


高中的时候，我每天要搭乘 一个小时的公交车往返学校。

In high school, I took a bus to school an hour each way every day.


漫长车程中，我总是沉浸在书本里， 那些科幻小说 将我的思想带到其他的世界， 以叙事的方式， 满足了我当时强烈的好奇感。

And I was always absorbed in a book, science fiction book, which took my mind to other worlds, and satisfied, in a narrative form, this insatiable sense of curiosity that I had.


除此之外，我的好奇心也展现在其他方面： 每当我不需要上课的时候， 我总会前往树林里， 远足和采集“标本”， 青蛙呀、蛇呀、虫子呀、池水呀， 通通带回家中，放到显微镜下研究。

And you know, that curiosity also manifested itself in the fact that whenever I wasn't in school I was out in the woods, hiking and taking "samples" -- frogs and snakes and bugs and pond water -- and bringing it back, looking at it under the microscope.


我当时算得上是极品的科学狂人。


但这一切都是为了尝试了解这个世界， 了解可能的边界。

But it was all about trying to understand the world, understand the limits of possibility.


而我对科幻小说的喜爱 也是与我周围的世界相呼应的， 因为当时是60年代末期， 人类开始登月， 开始潜入深海。

And my love of science fiction actually seemed mirrored in the world around me, because what was happening, this was in the late '60s, we were going to the moon, we were exploring the deep oceans.


雅克.格斯特将他神奇的视觉特效 带入我们的生活中，为我们呈现了 之前无法想象的动物、

Jacques Cousteau was coming into our living rooms with his amazing specials that showed us animals and places and a wondrous world that we could never really have previously imagined.


景观和一个美妙的世界。 这一切都似乎和科幻小说之间

So, that seemed to resonate with the whole science fiction part of it.


产生着共鸣。 与此同时，我也是名艺术家。


我也发现因为当时没有电子游戏、 特效电影的渗入以及现今传媒产业中 大量的图像化， 我不得不在我的头脑中来创造这些图像。

And I found that because there weren't video games and this saturation of CG movies and all of this imagery in the media landscape, I had to create these images in my head.


相信大家小时候都和我一样， 在读书的时候，往往会在我们大脑中 把作者所描述的东西向电影一样播放。

You know, we all did, as kids having to read a book, and through the author's description, put something on the movie screen in our heads.


而我对此的回应则是描绘 外星生物、外星世界、 机器人、宇宙飞船、等等。

And so, my response to this was to paint, to draw alien creatures, alien worlds, robots, spaceships, all that stuff.


我躲在教科书后面涂鸦的行径 总是被数学老师给逮个正着。

I was endlessly getting busted in math class doodling behind the textbook.


正因此，我不得不为我的创造力 寻求其他的宣泄途径。

That was -- the creativity had to find its outlet somehow.


有趣的是，雅克.格斯特的影片令我惊喜地发现 原来在这个地球上 就存在着一个外星世界。

And an interesting thing happened: The Jacques Cousteau shows actually got me very excited about the fact that there was an alien world right here on Earth.


我也许无法真的在有生之年 乘坐宇宙飞船前往外星世界。 这听起来太不着边际了。

I might not really go to an alien world on a spaceship someday -- that seemed pretty darn unlikely.


但这个地球上确实存在着一个 我真的可以前往的世界—— 富饶而奇异， 拥有着我通过书本所幻想的一切。

But that was a world I could really go to, right here on Earth, that was as rich and exotic as anything that I had imagined from reading these books.


因此在我15岁的那一年，我决定成为一名 潜水员。

So, I decided I was going to become a scuba diver at the age of 15.


不过唯一的问题是，我当时 住在加拿大的一个小村庄里， 最近的海也要600英里远。

And the only problem with that was that I lived in a little village in Canada, 600 miles from the nearest ocean.


但我却没有因此而心灰意冷。


我反复纠缠我的老爸，直到他在 纽约水牛市为我找到了一个潜水训练班， 它就在美加边界的另一侧。

I pestered my father until he finally found a scuba class in Buffalo, New York, right across the border from where we live.


在基督教青年会的泳池内， 我拿到了我的潜水证书。

in a pool at a YMCA in the dead of winter in Buffalo, New York.


但在随后的两年里， 我却不曾亲眼看见过大海， 直到我们搬到了加利福尼亚洲。

And I didn't see the ocean, a real ocean, until we moved to California.


在那之后 的40年里， 我在水下度过了大概3000个小时。 其中500个小时是在潜水器中度过的。

Since then, in the intervening 40 years, I've spent about 3,000 hours underwater, and 500 hours of that was in submersibles.


我发现深海之中── 即使是浅海之中── 充满了令人惊奇的生命， 远远超出了我们的想象。 同我们人类狭隘的想象范围相比

And I've learned that that deep-ocean environment, and even the shallow oceans, are so rich with amazing life that really is beyond our imagination.


大自然的想象力 是无边无际的。

Nature's imagination is so boundless meager human imagination.


直到今日，我潜水时所目睹的一切 仍令我感到无比惊奇。

I still, to this day, stand in absolute awe of what I see when I make these dives.


我对海洋的热爱 始终如一、不曾改变。

And my love affair with the ocean is ongoing, and just as strong as it ever was.


但当我长大成人，需要择业的时候， 我选择了电影制作。

But when I chose a career as an adult, it was filmmaking.


在当时看来，这是将我 讲故事的渴求与创造图象的欲望 合二为一的最好途径。

And that seemed to be the best way to reconcile this urge I had to tell stories with my urges to create images.


在我还是个孩子的时候，我常常画漫画。

And I was, as a kid, constantly drawing comic books, and so on.


而电影制作正好将图象和故事结合在一起。 理所当然，水到渠成。

So, filmmaking was the way to put pictures and stories together, and that made sense.


当然了，我讲的故事都是些科幻故事 《终结者》《异性》 和《深渊》。

And of course the stories that I chose to tell were science fiction stories: "Terminator," "Aliens" and "The Abyss."


在《深渊》中，我将我对深海和潜水的喜爱 与电影制作结合到了一起。

And with "The Abyss," I was putting together my love of underwater and diving with filmmaking.


而《深渊》也带来了另一种启迪： 为了更好的呈现 影片的叙事模式， 创造出影片中的液体水生物， 我们开始使用电脑动画技术。

Something interesting came out of "The Abyss," which was that to solve a specific narrative problem on that film, which was to create this kind of liquid water creature, we actually embraced computer generated animation, CG.


电影业中的首个 电脑制作的软表面人物 也因此而诞生。

And this resulted in the first soft-surface character, CG animation that was ever in a movie.


尽管那部电影票房不济， 刚好回本罢了， 我却因此而目睹了令人惊奇的一幕── 全球观众都被影片所呈现的魔法 深深吸引。

And even though the film didn't make any money -- barely broke even, I should say -- I witnessed something amazing, which is that the audience, the global audience, was mesmerized by this apparent magic.


这就是阿瑟·克拉克定律── 先进的科技和魔法之间是难以区分的。

You know, it's Arthur Clarke's law that any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.


而当时观众所目睹的正是这种魔力。


我当时想到，“天呀，这项技术需要在电影艺术中 大范围推广。”

And I thought, "Wow, this is something that needs to be embraced into the cinematic art."


所以在我的下一部电影《终结者2》中， 我们将这项技术推上了新的台阶。

So, with "Terminator 2," which was my next film, we took that much farther.


通过和“工业光魔”电影特效公司的合作，我们创造了影片中那个 液体金属家伙。而电影的成功与否 将取决于这项技术能否奏效。

Working with ILM, we created the liquid metal dude in that film. The success hung in the balance on whether that effect would work.


结果它奏效了。我们再次创造了魔法。 我们再次从观众那里得到了同样的回馈。 不过那部电影的票房要稍微好一点。

And it did, and we created magic again, and we had the same result with an audience -- although we did make a little more money on that one.


综合这两次经历， 我们意识到 这将是一个全新的世界 一个容许电影艺术者们施展想象力的 全新世界。

So, drawing a line through those two dots of experience came to, "This is going to be a whole new world," this was a whole new world of creativity for film artists.


所以我和我的好友Stan Winston 成立了一家公司。 Stan Winston是当时的知名化妆师和造型师。 公司的名字就叫做"数码领域"。

So, I started a company with Stan Winston, my good friend Stan Winston, who is the premier make-up and creature designer at that time, and it was called Digital Domain.


而公司的理念就是 蛙跳过去光学打印机等等的 模拟过程， 直接转入数码制作。

And the concept of the company was that we would leapfrog past the analog processes of optical printers and so on, and we would go right to digital production.


事实上我们的确做到了这一点，使得我们在一段时间内占据了先机。

And we actually did that and it gave us a competitive advantage for a while.


但在90年代中叶，我们发现虽然公司的初衷 是在生物、人物设计方面有所建树， 但我们在这一方面却是落伍了。

But we found ourselves lagging in the mid '90s in the creature and character design stuff that we had actually founded the company to do.


因此我创作了这个《阿凡达》的作品， 旨在将视觉效果 和电脑特效 推向极限， 利用电脑动画制造出 具有真实人类情感的生物。 主要角色将由电脑制作。 整个场景将由电脑制作。

So, I wrote this piece called "Avatar," which was meant to absolutely push the envelope of visual effects, of CG effects, beyond, with realistic human emotive characters generated in CG, and the main characters would all be in CG, and the world would be in CG.


但我却碰了一鼻子灰。 我们公司里的人告诉我说 我们在当时的技术条件下，是无法完成这样的特效的。

And the envelope pushed back, and I was told by the folks at my company that we weren't going to be able to do this for a while.


所以我将这个想法放置一旁，转而制作了一部关于大船沉入海底的电影。

So, I shelved it, and I made this other movie about a big ship that sinks.


我当时跟电影公司说这部电影将会是船上的“罗密欧与朱丽叶”， 将会是一部史诗般的、 浪漫激情的电影。

You know, I went and pitched it to the studio as "'Romeo and Juliet' on a ship: "It's going to be this epic romance, passionate film."


但私底下，我的真实动机 是去拜访一下泰坦尼克的残骸。

Secretly, what I wanted to do was I wanted to dive to the real wreck of "Titanic."


这才是我制作那部电影的原因。


我说的是事实。不过电影公司当时是不知情的。

And that's the truth. Now, the studio didn't know that.


我说服了他们。我说： “我们将潜入船骸，实地取景，

But I convinced them. I said, "We're going to dive to the wreck. We're going to film it for real.


We'll be using it in the opening of the film.


此事至关重要、极具噱头。”

It will be really important. It will be a great marketing hook."


于是我说服了他们投资于一场冒险历程。

And I talked them into funding an expedition.


听起来很疯狂。但这件事归根结底，依旧是关于 如果用你的想像力来创造一个现实。

Sounds crazy. But this goes back to that theme about your imagination creating a reality.


事实上，我们的确在六个月后创造了一个现实── 我在北大西洋2.5英里水下， 身处一个俄罗斯潜水器中， 通过一个视口观望真正的泰坦尼克。

Because we actually created a reality where six months later, I find myself in a Russian submersible two and a half miles down in the north Atlantic, looking at the real Titanic through a view port.


不是电影，不是高清，而是身临其境。


前期的准备工作是很繁琐的，我们需要搭建摄像机、 灯光等等。

And it took a lot of preparation, we had to build cameras and lights and all kinds of things.


但真正让我震惊的是 这些深海潜水活动 就如宇宙探险一样。

But, it struck me how much this dive, these deep dives, was like a space mission.


两者都是高科技产物， 两者都需要缜密的部署。

You know, where it was highly technical, and it required enormous planning.


你踏进船舱，踏入这漆黑 险恶的环境， 如果你无法依靠自己的力量返回的话， 你是没有任何被营救的可能的。

You get in this capsule, you go down to this dark hostile environment if you can't get back by yourself.


我当时想到：“天呀。我就好像 活在一个科幻电影里面一样。

And I thought like, "Wow. I'm like, living in a science fiction movie.


正因此，深海探险成了我新的嗜好。

And so, I really got bitten by the bug of deep-ocean exploration.


当然了，这归结于其中的好奇感、科学性。 它是万物合一、是探求未知、 是好奇无边、是想象无限，

Of course, the curiosity, the science component of it -- it was everything. It was adventure, it was curiosity, it was imagination.


是好莱坞无法给予我的 难得经历。


虽然我可以想象出一个生物，然后利用电脑特效将它创造出来， 但我却无法想象出那天我透过潜水窗 所看到的一切。

Because, you know, I could imagine a creature and we could create a visual effect for it. But I couldn't imagine what I was seeing out that window.


在我们随后的探险过程中， 我观测到过居住在热液喷口的生物， 有时会看到我之前从来没有看过的东西， 有时会看到任何人之前都没有看过的东西， 甚至是一些在我们当时目击并记录之前 还没有被科学所描述的事物。

As we did some of our subsequent expeditions, I was seeing creatures at hydrothermal vents and sometimes things that I had never seen before, sometimes things that no one had seen before, that actually were not described by science at the time that we saw them and imaged them.


正因此，我对此是神魂颠倒， 不得不继续下去。

So, I was completely smitten by this, and had to do more.


于是我做出了一个令人惊讶的决定。

And so, I actually made a kind of curious decision.


在《泰坦尼克号》取得成功之后， 我决定：“好吧，我在好莱坞制作电影的工作 到这里就可以告一段落了。 在接下来的一段时间里，我要成为一名全职探险家。”

After the success of "Titanic," I said, "OK, I'm going to park my day job as a Hollywood movie maker, and I'm going to go be a full-time explorer for a while."


因此，我们开始计划 这些探险活动。

And so, we started planning these expeditions.


我们前往俾斯麦沉船， 利用机器人装置来探测它的残骸。

And we wound up going to the Bismark, and exploring it with robotic vehicles.


我们随后又回到了泰坦尼克的残骸。


并且创造出了一批可以 缠绕光学纤维的机器人。

We took little bots that we had created that spooled a fiber optic.


目的就是深入到残骸中，探索其内部的样子 ──一个前无古人的做法。

And the idea was to go in and do an interior survey of that ship, which had never been done.