I'm wondering what you would say, especially to parents, but in a more broad way, to friends, to family, to anyone who finds themselves encountering a child or a person who is struggling with and uncomfortable with a gender that's being assigned them, to the family members of that person to help them become good and caring and kind family members to them?

我疑惑 特别是对父母 对朋友 对家庭怎或是对任何人， 你会怎样去向他们解释， 并说服他们 去关心那些痛苦挣扎于 性别的人 同时成为 有好并关爱的 家庭成员？


Geena Rocero: Sure. Well, first, really, I'm so blessed.

吉娜·萝杰拉：可以。我个人真的非常幸运。


The support system, with my mom especially, and my family, that in itself is just so powerful.

那个支持系统，特别是我的妈妈， 和我的家人，所有的那些 都是那么强有力。


I remember every time I would coach young trans women, I would mentor them, and sometimes when they would call me and tell me that their parents can't accept it, I would pick up that phone call and tell my mom, "Mom, can you call this woman?"

每一次，我记得我训练 和辅导变性女人， 有时当她们打电活给我 并告诉我她们的父母不接受， 我会打电话给我妈， 说：“妈，你能打电话这个女人么？”


And sometimes it works, sometimes it doesn't, so — But it's just, gender identity is in the core of our being, right?

有时有用，有时并不奏效。 性别性别身份 是我们存在的核心，对吧?


I mean, we're all assigned gender at birth, so what I'm trying to do is to have this conversation that sometimes that gender assignment doesn't match, and there should be a space that would allow people to self-identify, and that's a conversation that we should have with parents, with colleagues.

我们在出生时就有个性别， 而我想做的就是 去讨论 当先天性别分配有问题时， 应该有空间， 有空间让人们去自我鉴定性别， 那是一个我们应该与 父母，同事讨论的话题。


The transgender movement, to compare to how the gay movement started.

变性的运动 和男同性恋运动是怎样开始的相比


There's still a lot of work that needs to be done.

还在起步阶段。 还有很多需要做的事情。


There should be a space of curiosity and asking questions, and I hope all of you guys will be my allies.

人们应该给予好奇 与讨论的空间， 我希望你们都可以成我的盟友。


KS: Thank you. That was so lovely. GR: Thank you.

谢谢！说的太好了。 谢谢


In many patriarchal societies and tribal societies, fathers are usually known by their sons, but I'm one of the few fathers who is known by his daughter, and I am proud of it.

在许多族长制社会和部落制社会中， 父亲通常是因为他的儿子而出名， 但我属于少数的父亲， 我因自己的女儿而出名的， 我对此感到特别骄傲。


Malala started her campaign for education and stood for her rights in 2007, and when her efforts were honored in 2011, and she was given the national youth peace prize, and she became a very famous, very popular young girl of her country.

马拉拉在2007年开始 为自己的教育权利而战， 在2011年，她因为自己的努力 而被授予国家青年和平奖， 从那时起，她变成了 巴基斯坦非常有名的年轻女孩。


Before that, she was my daughter, but now I am her father.

在这之前，她是我的女儿， 但现在我是她的父亲。


Ladies and gentlemen, if we glance to human history, the story of women is the story of injustice, inequality, violence and exploitation.

女士们先生们， 如果我们回顾一下人类历史， 会发现女性的历史 其实是关于不公正， 不平等， 暴力和被剥削的故事。


You see, in patriarchal societies, right from the very beginning, when a girl is born, her birth is not celebrated.

你会发现， 在重男轻女的社会里， 从一开始， 也就是从女孩出生那一刻开始， 她的出生是不被庆祝的。


She is not welcomed, neither by father nor by mother.

她不受欢迎， 无论是父亲还是母亲，


The neighborhood comes and commiserates with the mother, and nobody congratulates the father.

邻居会过来 对母亲表示同情， 没有人会去恭喜父亲。


And a mother is very uncomfortable for having a girl child.

母亲也会因为拥有了一名女儿 而感到不适。


When she gives birth to the first girl child, first daughter, she is sad.

当她产下第一名女婴时， 她是难过的。


When she gives birth to the second daughter, she is shocked, and in the expectation of a son, when she gives birth to a third daughter, she feels guilty like a criminal.

当她产下第二名女婴时， 她是震惊的， 由于一心想要儿子， 当她产下第三名女婴的时候， 她感觉羞愧极了，像罪犯一样。


Not only the mother suffers, but the daughter, the newly born daughter, when she grows old, she suffers too.

受苦的不仅仅只有母亲， 也有女儿，刚刚来到世界的女婴， 当她长大， 她也会受许多苦。


At the age of five, while she should be going to school, she stays at home and her brothers are admitted in a school.

五岁， 本来是应该去上学的年龄， 她只能呆在家 眼睁睁地望着自己的哥哥或者弟弟去上学，


Until the age of 12, somehow, she has a good life.

在十二岁的时候， 她似乎拥有了快乐的生活。


She can play with her friends in the streets, and she can move around in the streets like a butterfly.

她可以在街道上和朋友一起游戏， 她也可以像蝴蝶一样， 在街道间穿梭。


But when she enters her teens, when she becomes 13 years old, she is forbidden to go out of her home without a male escort.

但当她进入了青少年时期， 当她十三岁的时候， 她禁止在没有男性的陪同下 离开家。


She is confined under the four walls of her home.

她被家里的四面墙困住了。


她也不再是自由的个体了。


She becomes the so-called honor of her father and of her brothers and of her family, and if she transgresses the code of that so-called honor, she could even be killed.

她成为了所谓的 父亲，兄弟和家庭的 “荣耀”， 如果她违反了那所谓荣耀的 准则， 她有可能会被处死。


And it is also interesting that this so-called code of honor, it does not only affect the life of a girl, of the male members of the family.

但是让人惊讶的是， 这个所谓的荣耀准则， 不仅仅影响女孩的生活， 也与家庭里的男性成员 息息相关。


I know a family of seven sisters and one brother, and that one brother, he has migrated to the Gulf countries, to earn a living for his seven sisters and parents, because he thinks that it will be humiliating if his seven sisters learn a skill and they go out of the home and earn some livelihood.

我知道有一户家庭里有七个女儿，一个儿子， 那个唯一的儿子 已经移民到中东海湾地区， 去挣钱养活七个姐妹 和他的父母。 因为他认为， 如果他的七个姐妹学会了一些技能， 可以离开家 挣点钱，这将是对他的羞辱。


So this brother, he sacrifices the joys of his life and the happiness of his sisters at the altar of so-called honor.

所以这位儿子， 牺牲了自己的生活的快乐， 也摧毁了他姐妹的幸福生活， 只为了维护所谓的荣耀。


And there is one more norm of the patriarchal societies that is called obedience.

在重男轻女的社会里， 还有一项常态， 那就是服从。


A good girl is supposed to be very quiet, very humble and very submissive.

一个好的女孩应该是 非常安静，非常谦虚， 并且非常顺从。


The role model good girl should be very quiet.

好女孩的榜样必须是非常安静的。


She is supposed to be silent and she is supposed to accept the decisions of her father and mother and the decisions of elders, even if she does not like them.

她必须处于沉默的状态， 无条件接受一切 来自父母的， 长者的决定， 即使她不喜欢那些决定。


If she is married to a man she doesn't like or if she is married to an old man, she has to accept, because she does not want to be dubbed as disobedient.

如果她要嫁给一个自己不喜欢的男人， 或者她要嫁给一个比自己年龄大很多的男人， 她必须无条件接受， 因为她不想被带上 "违抗命令"的名声。


If she is married very early, she has to accept.

如果她过早地结婚， 她也必须服从。


Otherwise, she will be called disobedient.

要不然，她就会被众人称作“违抗命令”。


In the words of a poetess, she is wedded, bedded, and then she gives birth to more sons and daughters.

用诗人的话说， 结婚并同床， 然后她生下更多的儿子和女儿，


And it is the irony of the situation that this mother, she teaches the same lesson of obedience to her daughter and the same lesson of honor to her sons.

这种情况的讽刺之处在于， 这名母亲 又将服从的概念 灌输给自己的女儿 将荣耀的概念灌输给自己的儿子。


And this vicious cycle goes on, goes on.


Ladies and gentlemen, this plight of millions of women could be changed if we think differently, if women and men think differently, if men and women in the tribal and patriarchal societies in the developing countries, if they can break a few norms of family and society, if they can abolish the discriminatory laws of the systems in their states, which go against the basic human rights of the women.

女士们先生们， 我认为，数以百万计女性的苦境， 是可以被改变的， 如果我们从不同的角度思考， 如果女性和男性换位思考， 如果在发展中国家， 那些生于重男轻女和部落制社会中的男性和女性 愿意打破家庭和社会中的 一些陈规 如果他们能废除在国家体系中 存在的带有歧视性的法律， 这些法律违反 女性最基本的人权。


Dear brothers and sisters, when Malala was born, and for the first time, believe me, I don't like newborn children, to be honest, but when I went and I looked into her eyes, believe me, I got extremely honored.

亲爱的兄弟姐妹们，当马拉拉出生时， 在那一次， 相信我， 坦白说，我不喜欢新生儿 但当我看到她的眼睛时， 相信我， 我觉得分外荣幸。


And long before she was born, I thought about her name, and I was fascinated with a heroic legendary freedom fighter in Afghanistan.

在她出生很久之前， 我就开始想给她取什么名字， 我当时对在阿富汗战争中 一位为自由而战的传奇女性着迷，


Her name was Malalai of Maiwand, and I named my daughter after her.

她的名字是迈旺得的马拉拉， 所以我给自己的女儿也取名马拉拉。


A few days after Malala was born, my daughter was born, my cousin came -- and it was a coincidence -- he came to my home and he brought a family tree, a family tree of the Yousafzai family, and when I looked at the family tree, it traced back to 300 years of our ancestors.

在马拉拉生日后的几天， 我的女儿出生了， 我的堂兄过来了 -这完全是意料之外的- 他来我家， 并带来了族谱， 那是属于优素福家族的族谱， 当我看着那份族谱的时候， 它介绍了三百年前我们的祖先，


But when I looked, all were men, and I picked my pen, drew a line from my name, and wrote, "Malala."

但当我细看的时候，名单里全是男性， 随后我拿起了笔， 在我名字的下方划了一条线， 然后写上,"马拉拉”。


And when she grow old, when she was four and a half years old, I admitted her in my school.

她渐渐长大， 当她四岁半的时候， 我送她去我的学校，


You will be asking, then, why should I mention about the admission of a girl in a school?

你或许会问，为什么我要提到 送女儿去学校？


It may be taken for granted in Canada, in America, in many developed countries, but in poor countries, in patriarchal societies, in tribal societies, it's a big event for the life of girl.

在加拿大，美国 等发展中国家，这可能是理所当然的， 但是在贫穷的国家， 在重男轻女或部落制的社会中， 这对女孩来说无比重要。


Enrollment in a school means recognition of her identity and her name.

将她送进学校 意味着对她个体和名字的认可，


Admission in a school means that she has entered the world of dreams and aspirations where she can explore her potentials for her future life.

进入学校 意味着她进入了充满梦想和抱负的 世界 她可以为自己的未来 探索个人的潜能。


I have five sisters, and none of them could go to school, and you will be astonished, two weeks before, when I was filling out the Canadian visa form, and I was filling out the family part of the form, I could not recall the surnames of some of my sisters.

我有五个姐妹， 她们之中没有一个人上过学校， 接下来的故事也许会让你震惊， 两周前， 当我在填加拿大签证表格的时候， 我发现自己需要填写家庭成员， 我那时居然想不起 我一些姐妹的姓氏。


And the reason was that I have never, never seen the names of my sisters written on any document.

原因就是， 我从来没有见过 自己的姐妹在任何文件中写过自己的名字。


That was the reason that I valued my daughter.

这就是为什么 我珍重女儿的原因。


What my father could not give to my sisters and to his daughters, I thought I must change it.

我父亲不能给予 自己女儿的东西， 我想我一定要改变这个现象。


I used to appreciate the intelligence and the brilliance of my daughter.

我经常表扬我女儿， 赞扬她聪明，机智，


I encouraged her to sit with me I encouraged her to go with me to different meetings.

当有朋友来的时候， 我鼓励她和我坐在一起。 我鼓励她和我一起参加不同的会议。


And all these good values, I tried to inculcate in her personality.

所有这些好的价值 我都试图灌输到她的性格中。


但不仅仅是她，不仅仅是马拉拉，


I imparted all these good values to my school, girl students and boy students as well.

我把这些好的价值 带去学校，带给男同学也带给女同学。


I taught my girls, I taught my girl students, to unlearn the lesson of obedience.

我教育自己的女儿 我教育自己的女学生， 要学会对“服从”说不


I taught my boy students to unlearn the lesson of so-called pseudo-honor.

我教育我的男学生， 要忘记所谓的“荣耀”。


Dear brothers and sisters, we were striving for more rights for women, and we were struggling to have more, more and more space for the women in society.

亲爱的兄弟姐妹们， 我们为女性争取更多的权利， 我们也在努力在社会中 为女性争取更多的空间和地位，


但是我们也遇到了新的现象。


It was lethal to human rights and particularly to women's rights.

这个现象给人权带来巨大的打击， 尤其是对女性的权利。


It means a complete negation of women's participation in all political, economical and social activities.

这种现象剥夺了 女性的参与权， 无论是在政治活动，经济活动，还是社会活动之中。


Girls were prohibited from going to school.


Women were forced to wear veils and they were stopped from going to the markets.

妇女被迫带上面纱， 而且她们被禁止去集市。


Musicians were silenced, girls were flogged and singers were killed.

音乐家被静止弹奏音乐， 女孩被鞭打， 歌手被刺杀。


Millions were suffering, but few spoke, and it was the most scary thing when you have all around such people who kill and who flog, and you speak for your rights.

百万人受苦， 但只有极少数人敢站出来说， 最恐怖的事情是， 你的周围充满了 经常进行杀戮和鞭打的人， 但你仍要为自己的权利发出呐喊。


At the age of 10, Malala stood, and she stood for the right of education.

在她十岁的时候， 马拉拉站起身， 为自己的教育权利呐喊。


She wrote a diary for the BBC blog, she volunteered herself for the New York Times documentaries, and she spoke from every platform she could.

她把自己的一篇日记作为BBC的博客， 她自愿参加 《纽约时代》一些纪录片的制作， 她尽力登上每一个展台去发出自己的声音。


And her voice was the most powerful voice.

她的声音是世界上最强有力的声音。


It spread like a crescendo all around the world.

她的声音逐渐传播到世界的每一个角落。


And that was the reason the Taliban could not tolerate her campaign, and on October 9 2012, she was shot in the head at point blank range.

这就是为什么塔利班 不能容忍她的宣传活动， 在2012年10月9日， 她头部被近距离射击。


It was a doomsday for my family and for me.

那天对我们全家人尤其对我自己来说，简直是世界末日。


整个世界变成了一个大黑洞。


While my daughter was on the verge of life and death, I whispered into the ears of my wife, "Should I be blamed for what happened to my daughter and your daughter?"

我的女儿 处于生命垂危状态， 我低声对妻子说， “对于发生在我们女儿身上的事情， 我是不是有责任？”


And she abruptly told me, "Please don't blame yourself.

她立刻打断我： ”请别责备自己。


You put your life at stake for the cause of truth, for the cause of peace, and for the cause of education, and your daughter in inspired from you and she joined you.

你将自己的生命至于危险的环境， 是为了真理， 为了和平， 也为了教育， 你的女儿受到了启发， 并愿意和你并肩作战。


You both were on the right path and God will protect her."

你们两个人都在正确的道路上， 真主会保佑她。”


These few words meant a lot to me, and I didn't ask this question again.

这一番话对我意义非常大， 此后我也没有再问过这样的问题。


When Malala was in the hospital, and she was going through the severe pains and she had had severe headaches because her facial nerve was cut down, I used to see a dark shadow spreading on the face of my wife.

当马拉拉在医院的时候， 她忍受着巨大的痛苦， 她头痛极为严重， 因为她的面部神经被切断了， 我妻子的脸 成天被阴云笼罩着。


但我的女儿从来没有抱怨。


She used to tell us, "I'm fine with my crooked smile and with my numbness in my face.

她会告诉我们， “微笑奇怪，面部僵硬， 这些都没有关系。


我会好起来的，别担心。”


She was a solace for us, and she consoled us.

她是我们的安慰， 给我们带来慰藉。


Dear brothers and sisters, we learned from her how to be resilient in the most difficult times, and I'm glad to share with you that despite being an icon for the rights of children and women, she is like any 16-year old girl.

亲爱的兄弟姐妹们， 从她身上，我学到了 在困境中如何变得坚强， 我也很乐意和你们分享， 尽管她如今是 儿童权利和妇女权利领域的重要人物， 她和其他16岁的女孩没有什么不同。


She cries when her homework is incomplete.

当作业没有写完时，她会哭。


She quarrels with her brothers, and I am very happy for that.

她也会和兄弟争吵， 我觉得这些其实都很正常。


People ask me, what special is in my mentorship which has made Malala so bold and so courageous and so vocal and poised?

人们问我， 为什么我的启蒙 能让马拉拉如此大胆， 如此勇敢，有感召力并且镇定自若？


我告诉他们，不要问我做了什么。


I did not clip her wings, and that's all.

我所做的，只是没折断她的翅膀。


Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you.


I had brain surgery 18 years ago, and since that time, brain science has become a personal passion of mine.

我18年前做过脑部手术， 从那时起， 我就非常热衷于脑科学研究。


And first let me say, I recently joined Google's Moonshot group, where I had a division, the display division in Google X, and the brain science work I'm speaking about today is work I did before I joined Google and on the side outside of Google.

首先我要声明，我最近参加了 谷歌的登月组， 我在谷歌X 负责那里的显示部门。 但是今天我要谈到的脑科学方面的研究， 是我加入谷歌之前做的， 在谷歌之外做的。


So that said, there's a stigma when you have brain surgery.

现在说正题。¶ 做过脑手术之后就出现这样一个问题：


And if not, can you make yourself smart again?

如果不是，你还能重新变聪明吗？


After my neurosurgery, part of my brain was missing, and I had to deal with that.

我做了神经手术之后， 大脑少了一部分， 而我得接受这个事实。


It wasn't the grey matter, but it was the gooey part dead center that makes key hormones and neurotransmitters.

不是灰质部分，而是正中间黏糊糊的部分， 那里是产生关键的激素和神经递质的地方。


Immediately after my surgery, a dozen powerful chemicals to take each day, because if I just took nothing, I would die within hours.

在手术刚刚结束之后， 我就得决定每天要吃的十几种强力药物里， 每一种吃多少。 如果什么药都不吃， 几个小时内我就会死掉。


Every day now for 18 years -- every single day -- I've had to try to decide the combinations and mixtures of chemicals, and try to get them, to stay alive.

18年来每天，每一天， 我都得决定我需要吃什么样的 药以及如何搭配它们， 把这些药找来吃，让自己活下去。


But luckily, I'm an experimentalist at heart, so I decided I would experiment to try to find more optimal dosages because there really isn't a clear road map on this that's detailed.

不过幸好我打心底里是个实验科学家， 所以我觉得我要试验一下， 找到更合适的剂量， 因为这方面实在是没有个详细的 路线图可参考。


I began to try different mixtures, and I was blown away by how tiny changes in dosages dramatically changed my sense of self, my sense of who I was, my thinking, my behavior towards people.

我开始尝试不同的药物搭配， 而我完全没有想到的是， 剂量上的微小改变 竟然会剧烈地改变我的自我感觉， 我认为自己是谁，我的想法， 我对待他人的行为。


One particularly dramatic case: for a couple months I actually tried dosages and chemicals typical of a man in his early 20s, and I was blown away by how my thoughts changed.

一个非常极端的例子： 有几个月我尝试的药物和剂量 正常是用于20出头的男性的。 让我非常惊讶的是我的想法完全改变了。


I was angry all the time, I thought about sex constantly, and I thought I was the smartest person in the entire world, and —— of course over the years I'd met guys kind of like that, or maybe kind of toned-down versions of that.

我总是非常生气， 我不停地想到性， 而且我觉得自己是 世界上最聪明的人， 当然这些年来我遇到过这样的男人， 或者是没这么夸张但也类似的男人。


But to me, the surprise was, I wasn't trying to be arrogant.

对我来说，让我惊讶的是， 我并不是想要做个傲慢的人，


I was actually trying, with a little bit of insecurity, to actually fix a problem in front of me, and it just didn't come out that way.

我实际上是想， 虽然不是很确定， 要解决摆在我面前的一个问题， 可结果却不是那样的。


But that experience, I think, gave me a new appreciation for men and what they might walk through, and I've gotten along with men a lot better since then.

不过那段经历，我觉得， 让我对男性有了新的认识， 包括他们可能的感受。 而且从那以后 我和男性之间相处得也更好了。


What I was trying to do with tuning these hormones and neurotransmitters and so forth was to try to get my intelligence back after my illness and surgery, my creative thought, my idea flow.

我当时试图 调节这些激素 和神经递质等的剂量， 我想要做的是 在生病和手术之后，重新找回我的智慧， 我的创造性思维，我的思考能力。


And I think mostly in images, and so for me that became a key metric -- how to get these mental images that I use as a way of rapid prototyping, if you will, my ideas, trying on different new ideas for size, playing out scenarios.

我主要是通过图像来思考的， 所以对我来说最关键的， 就是如何找回这些大脑中的图像， 因为我是用图像来快速地构建原型想法的。 只要我愿意，我的想法， 会尝试不同规模的新想法， 设想各种场景。


Philiosophers like Hume and Descartes and Hobbes saw things similarly.

哲学家们，像休谟、笛卡儿、霍布斯 也是这样看事情的。


They thought that mental images and ideas were actually the same thing.

他们认为脑中的图像和思想 是一回事。


There are those today that dispute that, and lots of debates about how the mind works, but for me it's simple: Mental images, for most of us, are central in inventive and creative thinking.

现在有很多人质疑这一点， 也有很多关于大脑如何思考的争论， 但对我来说很简单： 对大多数人来说，大脑中的图像 是在创造性思考中处于核心地位。


So after several years, I tuned myself up and I have lots of great, really vivid mental images with a lot of sophistication and the analytical backbone behind them.

在我试验了几年之后， 我找到了合适的药物剂量， 我脑中开始出现了很多栩栩如生 又非常复杂的图像， 还有图像中包含的思路。


And so now I'm working on, how can I get these mental images in my mind out to my computer screen faster?

现在我在做的， 就是如何把我脑子中的这些图像 更快地传到我的电脑屏幕上?


Can you imagine, if you will, a movie director being able to use her imagination alone to direct the world in front of her?

想像一下， 如果一个电影导演仅靠她的想象力 就可以导演她眼前的世界?


Or a musician to get the music out of his head?

或者一个音乐家这样就能把他脑子里的音乐传出来?


There are incredible possibilities with this as a way for creative people to share at light speed.

这件事有不可思议的可能性， 它可以让有创造性的人们 以闪电般的速度来分享想法。


And the truth is, the remaining bottleneck in being able to do this is just upping the resolution of brain scan systems.

事实上，要实现这一点 现在剩下的瓶颈仅仅在于 提高大脑扫描系统的分辨率。


So let me show you why I think we're pretty close to getting there by sharing with you two recent experiments from two top neuroscience groups.

现在我要给大家看看， 为什么我觉得我们已经接近成功了， 我要展示两个近期的实验， 分别是在两个顶级的脑科学研究组做的。


Both used fMRI technology -- functional magnetic resonance imaging technology -- to image the brain, and here is a brain scan set from Giorgio Ganis and his colleagues at Harvard.

他们都用了fMRI技术 也就是功能性核磁共振成像技术 来对大脑进行造影。 这套大脑扫描图是 哈佛的吉奥吉欧•加尼斯和他的同事们做的。


And the left-hand column shows a brain scan of a person looking at an image.

左边一列扫描的 是一个正看着一张图的人的大脑。


The middle column shows the brainscan of that same individual imagining, seeing that same image.

中间一列 是同一个人的大脑扫描图， 但他只是在想像看刚才那张图片，


And the right column was created by subtracting the middle column from the left column, showing the difference to be nearly zero.

右边一列是将 中间的图从左边的图减去后得到的 可以看出来差别几乎为零。


This was repeated on lots of different individuals with lots of different images, always with a similar result.

这个实验在很多不同的人身上重复过， 而且用了很多不同的图片， 结果几乎总是一样。


The difference between seeing an image and imagining seeing that same image is next to nothing.

真正看一张图片 和想像看同一张图片 之间几乎没有差别。


Next let me share with you one other experiment, this from Jack Gallant's lab at Cal Berkeley.

下面我再给你们看一个实验， 是在加州大学伯克利分校 杰克•加蓝特的实验室做的。


They've been able to decode brainwaves into recognizable visual fields.

他们有办法将脑电波 转换成可识别的视图。


In this experiment, individuals were shown hundreds of hours of YouTube videos while scans were made of their brains to create a large library of their brain reacting to video sequences.

在这个实验里，受试者 要看几百小时的youtube视频， 看的时候他们的大脑会被扫描， 这样就建立了一个巨大的数据库，里面纪录下了 他们的大脑对一系列视频的反应，


Then a new movie was shown with new images, new people, new animals in it, and a new scan set was recorded.

然后给他们看一段新视频，里面有新的图像， 新的人物，新的动物， 并且新的大脑扫描图也被纪录下来。


The computer, using brain scan data alone, decoded that new brain scan to show what it thought the individual was actually seeing.

电脑仅仅通过大脑扫描数据 就可以解析新的扫描图， 推测出受试者实际看到的是什么图像。


On the right-hand side, you see the computer's guess, and on the left-hand side, the presented clip.

右边是电脑的猜测， 而左边是给受试者看的片段。


这真是让人印象极为深刻。


We are so close to being able to do this.

我们离真正实现这一点已经不远了，


And now remember that when you see an image versus when you imagine that same image, it creates the same brain scan.

请记住当你看一副图片 或者你想同一副图片时， 大脑扫描的结果是一样的。


So this was done with the highest-resolution brain scan systems available today, and their resolution has increased really about a thousandfold in the last several years.

这是用当今分辨率最高的 大脑扫描系统做的。 这个系统的分辨率在近几年里 提高了将近一千倍。


Next we need to increase the resolution another thousandfold to get a deeper glimpse.

下一步我们需要将分辨率 再提高一千倍， 才能看得更深。


There's a lot of techniques in this approach.


One way is to crack open your skull and put in electrodes.

一种方法是把头骨撬开把电极放进去，


There's a lot of new imaging techniques being proposed, some even by me, but given the recent success of MRI, first we need to ask the question, is it the end of the road with this technology?

还有很多新的成像技术被提出来， 有些还是我提出来的， 不过考虑到最近在核磁共振上的成功， 我们首先应该问的问题是， 这项技术已经发展到尽头了吗？


Conventional wisdom says the only way to get higher resolution is with bigger magnets, but at this point bigger magnets only offer incremental resolution improvements, not the thousandfold we need.

传统的观点认为 提高分辨率的唯一方法是用更大的磁铁， 但是现在更大的磁铁只能 带来分辨率的提升只是固定增量的， 不是我们想要的一千倍。


I'm putting forward an idea: instead of bigger magnets, let's make better magnets.

我提出了一个想法： 不用更大的磁铁， 我们来做更好的磁铁。


There's some new technology breakthroughs when applied to magnetic structures that have created a whole new class of magnets, and with these magnets, we can lay down very fine detailed magnetic field patterns throughout the brain, and using those, we can actually create holographic-like interference structures to get precision control over many patterns, as is shown here by shifting things.

纳米科学方面现在有些技术突破， 而用在磁铁结构上 已经制造出了一种全新类型的磁铁。 用这些磁铁，我们可以 在整个大脑里布置出结构非常细致的磁场模式， 在整个大脑里布置出结构非常细致的磁场模式， 这样我们就能造出 类似于全息的干扰结构， 可以对很多模式进行精确控制， 只要像这样移动一些东西就行了。


We can create much more complicated structures with slightly different arrangements, kind of like making Spirograph.

我们还可以造出更复杂的结构， 只要使用稍微不同的排列就可以了。 有点儿像画螺旋图。


A lot of effort in MRI over the years has gone into making really big, really huge magnets, right?

这些年来MRI领域很多人 不是在试图做出 非常非常大的磁铁吗？


But yet most of the recent advances in resolution have actually come from ingeniously clever encoding and decoding solutions in the F.M. radio frequency transmitters and receivers in the MRI systems.

但是最近分辨率领域的进步， 实际上是源于 MRI系统中 调频电波频率发射和接收器 极为精巧的编码解码方法。


Let's also, instead of a uniform magnetic field, put down structured magnetic patterns in addition to the F.M. radio frequencies.

另外，我们可以不再使用总是一样的磁场， 而是用有一定结构的磁场模式， 再加上调频电波频率。


So by combining the magnetics patterns with the patterns in the F.M. radio frequencies processing which can massively increase the information that we can extract in a single scan.

这样就将磁场模式 与调频电波频率模式相结合， 可以极大地增加 我们在一次扫描中所提取的信息。


And on top of that, we can then layer our ever-growing knowledge of brain structure and memory to create a thousandfold increase that we need.

除此之外， 我们在大脑结构和记忆方面的知识也在不断增加， 我们可以把这些知识整合进去， 就能得到我们想要的1000倍的增长了。


And using fMRI, we should be able to measure not just oxygenated blood flow, but the hormones and neurotransmitters I've talked about and maybe even the direct neural activity, which is the dream.

运用fMRI，我们不仅可以 测量携氧的血液流动， 还可以测量我刚才说的激素和神经递质， 甚至有可能直接测量神经活动， 那就是梦。


We're going to be able to dump our ideas directly to digital media.

那样我们就可以把我们的想法 直接下载到数字媒体上。


Could you imagine if we could leapfrog language and communicate directly with human thought?

想像一下，如果我们可以不借助语言 而直接交流思想？


那时候我们能有什么样的成就呢？


And how will we learn to deal with the truths of unfiltered human thought?

我们要怎样学会面对 未加修饰的，完全真实的人类思想呢？


It might be irresistible as a tool to amplify our thinking and communication skills.

把它作为一种工具来放大我们的思考和沟通能力，


And indeed, this very same tool may prove to lead to the cure for Alzheimer's and similar diseases.

这个想法可能让人难以抗拒。 确实，这个方法有可能会带来治疗 阿尔兹海默式症或其它疾病的方法。


We have little option but to open this door.

除了开启这扇门之外，我们别无选择。


Regardless, pick a year -- will it happen in five years or 15 years?

不管怎样，预测一下， 五年还是十五年之后能实现呢？


It's hard to imagine it taking much longer.

很难想像要花更久的时间。


We need to learn how to take this step together.

我们要一起学习如何一起迈出这一步。


I'm going to talk to you tonight about coming out of the closet, and not in the traditional sense, not just the gay closet.

今晚我会和大家讲述 如何走出柜 但不是传统意义上的层面 不只是成为同性恋那样的出柜


Your closet may be telling someone you love her for the first time, or telling someone that you're pregnant, or telling someone you have cancer, or any of the other hard conversations we have throughout our lives.

你所谓的出柜 有的或许是你跟她第一次说我爱你 或许告诉别人你怀孕了 或许告诉别人你患有癌症 甚至是其他我们都经历过的 难以启齿的谈话


All a closet is is a hard conversation, and although our topics may vary tremendously, the experience of being in and coming out of the closet is universal.

所谓的柜就是一次说不出口的谈话 虽然我们的话题涉及广泛 在柜中 和出柜的经历都是相通的


It is scary, and we hate it, and it needs to be done.

这种感觉很可怕 尽管我们都不喜欢 但是还得这样做


Several years ago, I was working at the South Side Walnut Cafe, a local diner in town, and during my time there I would go through phases of militant lesbian intensity: not shaving my armpits, quoting Ani DiFranco lyrics as gospel.

几年以前 我在South Side Walnut咖啡店工作 一个当地的餐厅 那段时间我经历了 激进女同性恋的紧张 没有刮我的腋毛 引用福音Ani DiFranco的歌词


And depending on the bagginess of my cargo shorts and how recently I had shaved my head, the question would often be sprung on me, usually by a little kid: "Um, are you a boy or are you a girl?"

由于我宽松的工装短裤 还有我最近的发型 经常会有人问我 通常是小孩儿问我 “嗯，你是男孩还是女孩？”


And there would be an awkward silence at the table.

随之而来的是一阵尴尬的寂静


I'd clench my jaw a little tighter, hold my coffee pot with a little more vengeance.

我紧咬牙关 怀着报复的心紧握着咖啡罐


The dad would awkwardly shuffle his newspaper and the mom would shoot a chilling stare at her kid.

爸爸尴尬地乱翻着报纸 妈妈冷漠地盯着孩子


But I would say nothing, and I would seethe inside.

但是我说不出口 内心却在沸腾


And it got to the point where every time I walked up to a table that had a kid anywhere between three and 10 years old, I was ready to fight.

重点是 每次我走到旁边 有3到10岁小孩儿的桌子时 我都准备好要干一架了


So I promised myself, the next time, I would say something.

所以我跟自己讲 下一次 我一定会说什么


So within a matter of weeks, it happens again.

所以 过了几个星期 又出现这种状况了


Familiar silence, but this time I'm ready, and I am about to go all Women's Studies 101 on this table. I've got my Betty Friedan quotes.

熟悉的沉寂 但是这次我准备好了 这次我要把所有女性的话 说出来 我准备好引用Betty Friedan的话


I've even got this little bit from "Vagina Monologues" I'm going to do.

我甚至从《阴道独白》中选了几句话


So I take a deep breath and I look down and staring back at me is a four-year-old girl in a pink dress, not a challenge to a feminist duel, just a kid with a question: "Are you a boy or are you a girl?"

我深吸了口气 我低下头看 迎来的是一个穿着粉色裙子的4岁小女孩儿的目光 这个小菜一碟 只是个小孩儿问问题 “你是男孩还是女孩？”


So I take another deep breath, squat down to next to her, and say, "Hey, I know it's kind of confusing.

我又深吸了口气 在她身旁蹲下来说 “我知道有点不好理解


My hair is short like a boy's, and I wear boy's clothes, but I'm a girl, and you know how sometimes you like to wear a pink dress, and sometimes you like to wear your comfy jammies?

我的头发像男生的那样短 我还穿着男生的衣服 但是我是个女孩 有时候你喜欢穿粉色的裙子 有时候喜欢穿舒服的睡衣 对吧


Well, I'm more of a comfy jammies kind of girl."

那我就是那种喜欢穿舒服睡衣的那种女孩


And this kid looks me dead in the eye, without missing a beat, and says, "My favorite pajamas are purple with fish.

这个小孩儿死死的盯着我 都不带眨的 说 ”我最喜欢的睡衣是紫色的 上面还有鱼


And that was it. Just, "Oh, okay. You're a girl.

就是这样 ”哦 好吧 你是个女孩


It was the easiest hard conversation And why? Because Pancake Girl and I, we were both real with each other.

这是有史以来 最简单的一次艰难对话 为什么呢 因为这个煎饼女孩和我 我们对彼此都很真诚


So like many of us, I've lived in a few closets in my life, and yeah, most often, my walls happened to be rainbow.

所以 跟很多人一样 我住在自己的几个柜里 是的 而且我的四面墙常常会变成彩色


But inside, in the dark, you can't tell what color the walls are.

但是墙的里面 黑暗中 你却不知道内墙是什么颜色


You just know what it feels like to live in a closet.

你就是知道在柜里是什么感觉


So really, my closet is no different than yours or yours or yours.

所以 真的 我的柜和你的 你的 所有人的柜都是一样的


Sure, I'll give you 100 reasons why coming out of my closet was harder than coming out of yours, but here's the thing: Hard is not relative.

当然 我会告诉你100个理由 来解释为什么我出柜会比你出柜要难 但是重点是 难并不是相对的


Who can tell me that explaining to someone you've just declared bankruptcy is harder than telling someone you just cheated on them?

谁能告诉我 是跟一个人讲你刚刚破产难 还是跟一个人讲你背叛他难呢


Who can tell me that his coming out story is harder than telling your five-year-old you're getting a divorce?

谁能告诉我 是一个人说自己出柜难 还是告诉你5岁的孩子你要离婚了难呢


没有谁更难一些 就只是很难而已


We need to stop ranking our hard against everyone else's hard to make us feel better or worse about our closets and just commiserate on the fact that we all have hard.

我们不能把各自的难处排个1234 以此来让我们对自己的柜更好过或更难过些 然后又互相怜悯大家都很难


At some point in our lives, we all live in closets, and they may feel safe, or at least safer than what lies on the other side of that door.

在生活中的某些时刻 我们都闷在柜里 这样我们感到很安全 至少比在柜外面更安全些


But I am here to tell you, no matter what your walls are made of, a closet is no place for a person to live.

但是我要告诉大家 不管你的柜是什么材质 那都不是一个人应该住的地方


Thanks. So imagine yourself 20 years ago.


Me, I had a ponytail, a strapless dress, and high-heeled shoes.

那时的我 扎着马尾 穿着没有肩带的裙子 蹬着高跟鞋


I was not the militant lesbian ready to fight any four-year-old that walked into the cafe.

我不是那个紧张的女同性恋 随时准备迎战走进咖啡厅的4岁孩童


I was frozen by fear, curled up in the corner clutching my gay grenade, and moving one muscle is the scariest thing I have ever done.

恐惧使我不得动弹 缩在我 那个黑漆漆的柜里 绷紧身为同性恋的神经 我从未


My family, my friends, complete strangers -- I had spent my entire life trying to not disappoint these people, and now I was turning the world upside down on purpose.

放松过紧绷的那根弦 我的家人 朋友 陌生人 我一直都 努力不让这些人失望 然而现在 我却故意


I was burning the pages of the script we had all followed for so long, but if you do not throw that grenade, it will kill you.

把事情弄的一团糟 我把我们一直沿用的脚本 都烧掉 但是如果你不丢掉手中的手榴弹 它会至你于死地


One of my most memorable grenade tosses was at my sister's wedding.

让我印象最深刻的一次爆发 是在我姐姐的婚礼上


It was the first time that many in attendance knew I was gay, so in doing my maid of honor duties, in my black dress and heels, I walked around to tables and finally landed on a table of my parents' friends, folks that had known me for years.

很多在场的人知道我是同性恋 这还是头一回 所以我作为伴娘 穿着一袭黑裙和高跟鞋 我游走在桌边 最后决定坐在我父母的朋友的那一桌上 他们认识我很久了


And after a little small talk, one of the women shouted out, "I love Nathan Lane!"

说了一会儿话后 有个女人大叫着说 “我超爱Nathan Lane！”


And the battle of gay relatability had begun.

就这样一场关于同性恋的话题拉开帷幕


"Ash, have you ever been to the Castro?"


"Well, yeah, actually, we have friends in San Francisco."

”恩 内什么 实际上 我们在旧金山有朋友“


"Well, we've never been there but we've heard it's fabulous."

”内什么 我们没去过那儿 但是听说那儿挺棒的“


"Ash, do you know my hairdresser Antonio?

”Ash 你知道我的理发师Antonio吗？


He's really good and he has never talked about a girlfriend."

他人很好 但是从没听他谈过女性朋友”


"Ash 你最喜欢哪个电视节目


Our favorite TV show? Favorite: Will & Grace.

我们最喜欢的？ 最喜欢的电视节目非Will & Grace莫属


你知道我们最爱谁吗 最爱Jack了


And then one woman, stumped but wanting so desperately to show her support, to let me know she was on my side, she finally blurted out, "Well, sometimes my husband wears pink shirts."

然后另一个女人 张口结舌 但是极力变现出她的支持 让我明白她是站在我这一边的 她最终脱口而出 ”有时候我丈夫穿粉色的T恤“


And I had a choice in that moment, as all grenade throwers do.

在那一刻 和所有爆发者一样 我作出了选择


I could go back to my girlfriend and my gay-loving table and mock their responses, chastise their unworldliness and their inability to jump through the politically correct gay hoops I had brought with me, or I could empathize with them and realize that that was maybe one of the hardest things they had ever done, that starting and having that conversation was them coming out of their closets.

我可以回到我女性朋友和支持同性恋的那一桌去 对他们这些人的反应嘲笑一番 说他们什么都不懂 他们不能理解我身上所带的同性恋的标签 或者我可以选择感同身受 理解那可能是他们从未做过的最难的事情 开始并进行那样的对话 是他们出柜的表现


Sure, it would have been easy to point out where they felt short.

当然 指出他们不对的地方很容易


It's a lot harder to meet them where they are and acknowledge the fact that they were trying.

但是和他们在同一层面上理解 并知道他们在努力却很难


And what else can you ask someone to do but try?

除了让人家努力尝试 你还能要求人家什么呢


If you're going to be real with someone, you gotta be ready for real in return.

如果你想对某人坦诚 那你就要准备好别人同样对你完全坦白


So hard conversations are still not my strong suit.

所以进行难的对话仍不是我的强项


去问问我从未约过会的人就知道了


But I'm getting better, and I follow what I like to call the three Pancake Girl principles.

但是我做好的更好了 因为我遵循我称之为 煎饼女孩三原则


Now, please view this through gay-colored lenses, but know what it takes to come out of any closet is essentially the same.

请各位带上同性恋有色眼镜来看待这个 但是要明白出任何的柜所需的努力 都是一样的


卸下你的防御 做真实的自己


That kid in the cafe had no armor, but I was ready for battle.

那个在咖啡厅的女孩就没有防御 然而我却是准备开战


If you want someone to be real with you, they need to know that you bleed too.

如果你想让别人对你坦诚 你得让他们知道你也有所付出


Number two: Be direct. Just say it. Rip the Band-Aid off.

原则二 要直接 有什么说什么 不要绷着


你知道你是同性恋 那就说出来


If you tell your parents you might be gay, they will hold out hope that this will change.

如果你告诉你的父母 你可能是同性恋 他们会心有一丝希望 你会改变的


Do not give them that sense of false hope.


And number three, and most important -- Be unapologetic.

原则三 最重要的一点 不要有负罪感


你是在坦言有关自己的事情


And some folks may have gotten hurt along the way, so sure, apologize for what you've done, but never apologize for who you are.

可能会有人受伤 这是一定的 对你所做的事情道歉 但是不要为你的本质而道歉


And yeah, some folks may be disappointed, but that is on them, not on you.

是的 有些人会很失望 但是他们对自己失望 而不是对你


Those are their expectations of who you are, not yours.

那是他们所期望的你的样子 而不是你自己的期望


那是他们的故事 而不是属于你的故事


The only story that matters is the one that you want to write.

唯一重要的故事 是你想要书写的那一个


So the next time you find yourself in a pitch-black closet clutching your grenade, know we have all been there before.

那么下回你发现自己 窝在柜里 手里紧攥着手榴弹时 要知道我们都经历过这个阶段


And you may feel so very alone, but you are not.

你可能会感到孤独 但实际上不是的


And we know it's hard but we need you out here, no matter what your walls are made of, because I guarantee you there are others peering through the keyholes of their closets looking for the next brave soul to bust a door open, so be that person and show the world that we are bigger than our closets and that a closet is no place for a person to truly live.

虽然很难 但是你需要走出柜 不管你的墙是什么 我向你保证 还有些人 从他们柜的锁眼里 寻找下一个勇敢的人推开们 所以做那个勇敢的人吧 让人们知道柜已容不下我们 一个柜不是一个人 能活出真实自己的地方


谢谢 Boulder 祝各位晚上愉快


If we take a look back at the history of how intelligence has been viewed, one seminal example has been Edsger Dijkstra's famous quote that "the question of whether a machine can think is about as interesting as the question of whether a submarine can swim."

当我们回顾在历史上 智能是如何被看待的， 一个开创性的例子是 艾兹格•迪杰斯特拉的著名引述， "关于一台机器能否思考的问题 与关于 一艘潜艇是否会游泳的问题 几乎同样有趣"。


Now, Edsger Dijkstra, when he wrote this, intended it as a criticism of the early pioneers of computer science, like Alan Turing.

当艾兹格•迪杰斯特拉 写下这句话的时候， 他的用意是去批判那些 早年间开辟了计算机科学的先锋， 比如阿兰 · 图灵。


However, if you take a look back and think about what have been the most empowering innovations that enabled us to build artificial machines that swim and artificial machines that [fly], you find that it was only through understanding the underlying physical mechanisms of swimming and flight that we were able to build these machines.

然而，如果你回顾过去 并予以思考，有哪些 最有利于发展的创新， 让我们有机会能够制造出 会游泳的机器 和会[飞]的机器， 你会发现，只有通过了解 游泳和飞行 背后的物理机制， 我们才有能力去制造这些机器。


And so, several years ago, I undertook a program to try to understand the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying intelligence.

所以说，在几年前， 我着手了一个项目， 试图去了解 智能背后的 基础物理机制。


Let's first begin with a thought experiment.

首先，让我们从一个思维实验开始。


Pretend that you're an alien race that doesn't know anything about Earth biology or Earth neuroscience or Earth intelligence, but you have amazing telescopes and you're able to watch the Earth, and you have amazingly long lives, so you're able to watch the Earth over millions, even billions of years.

假装你是一个外星人， 你对地球上的生物学、 神经科学和智能一无所知， 但你有绝佳的望远镜， 因此你能观望地球， 你的寿命也惊人地长， 所以你可以观察地球 超过数百万年，甚至几十亿年。


And you observe a really strange effect.

然后你观察到一个很奇怪的现象。


You observe that, over the course of the millennia, Earth is continually bombarded with asteroids up until a point, and that at some point, corresponding roughly to our year, 2000 AD, asteroids that are on a collision course with the Earth that otherwise would have collided mysteriously get deflected or they detonate before they can hit the Earth.

你观察到，几千年来， 地球不断地与小行星发生碰撞 直到某一刻， 而在那一刻， 大约对应的是公元2000年， 那些在地球撞击轨道 上的小行星， 本该相撞 但却被神秘地弹开了 或者在碰到地球之前就引爆了。


Now of course, as earthlings, we know the reason would be that we're trying to save ourselves.

当然，作为地球人， 我们知道其中的原因是 我们正试图自我拯救。


But if you're an alien race who doesn't know any of this, doesn't have any concept of Earth intelligence, you'd be forced to put together a physical theory that explains how, up until a certain point in time, asteroids that would demolish the surface of a planet mysteriously stop doing that.

但如果你是一个外星人， 对这些一无所知， 对地球上的智能也没有任何概念， 这就迫使你去总结 一种物理理论， 去解释其原因， 直到在某一刻， 本应摧毁一个星球表面的小行星， 神秘地停止了这种行为。


And so I claim that this is the same question as understanding the physical nature of intelligence.

因此我声称这个问题 与理解智能的物理本质的问题 是相同的。


So in this program that I undertook several years ago, I looked at a variety of different threads across science, across a variety of disciplines, that were pointing, I think, towards a single, underlying mechanism for intelligence.

因此，在我几年前着手的 这个项目中， 我研究了许多不同的线程， 跨越科学界，跨越多个学科， 在我看来，他们都指向 一个统一的、潜在的 智能机制。


In cosmology, for example, there have been a variety of different threads of evidence that our universe appears to be finely tuned for the development of intelligence, and, in particular, for the development of universal states that maximize the diversity of possible futures.

例如在宇宙学中， 就存在着各种各样的线索， 它们显示我们的宇宙就 为了智能的开发， 而被精准地调试过， 和特别是的对于发展 世界各国 去实现有最大多样化可能性的未来。


In game play, for example, in Go -- everyone remembers in 1997 when IBM's Deep Blue beat Garry Kasparov at chess -- fewer people are aware that in the past 10 years or so, the game of Go, arguably a much more challenging game because it has a much higher branching factor, has also started to succumb to computer game players for the same reason: the best techniques right now for computers playing Go

在棋牌界，举个例子，围棋-- 大家都记得在1997年的时候 IBM制作的机器人“深蓝“打败了 世界象棋冠军加里·卡斯帕罗夫-- 很少有人意识到 在过去10年左右的时间里， 围棋， 可以说是一个更具挑战性的游戏， 因为它具有更高的分支系数， 也已开始屈服于 电脑这个游戏对手， 出于同样的原因： 现在，电脑下围棋的 最佳技术方法


are techniques that try to maximize future options during game play.

是在下棋的过程中， 试图最大化 未来的各种可能性。


Finally, in robotic motion planning, there have been a variety of recent techniques that have tried to take advantage of abilities of robots to maximize future freedom of action in order to accomplish complex tasks.

最后，在机器人的运动规划中， 有各种各样的新颖技术， 它们有试图利用 机器人的能力去将 未来的行动自由最大化， 从而完成复杂的任务。


And so, taking all of these different threads and putting them together, I asked, starting several years ago, is there an underlying mechanism for intelligence that we can factor out of all of these different threads?

因此，考虑所有这些不同的线程 并把它们放在一起， 从几年前开始我就在问， 有没有一种潜在的智能机制 可以让我们分解出 所有这些不同的线程？


Is there a single equation for intelligence?

是否存在一个 关于智能的公式？


And the answer, I believe, is yes. ["F = T ∇ Sτ"] What you're seeing is probably the closest equivalent to an E = mc² for intelligence that I've seen.

而我相信答案是有。 ["F = T ∇ SΤ"] 你看到的可能是 我所见过最接近于 E = mc² 的智慧。


So what you're seeing here is a statement of correspondence that intelligence is a force, F, that acts so as to maximize future freedom of action.

所以你在这里看到的 是一张对应表， 其中智能是一种力量，F， 它的作用是为了便于将未来的 行动自由最大化。


It acts to maximize future freedom of action, or keep options open, with some strength T, with the diversity of possible accessible futures, S, up to some future time horizon, tau.

它的作用是将未来的 行动自由最大化， 或是保留灵活的选择权， 与一种力量 T， 和有多种可能性的、 可实现的未来，S， 一直到某个未来的开始， tau。


In short, intelligence doesn't like to get trapped.

简而言之，智能不喜欢被困住。


Intelligence tries to maximize future freedom of action and keep options open.

智能试图将未来的行动自由最大化， 并保留选择权。


And so, given this one equation, it's natural to ask, so what can you do with this?

所以，鉴于这一公式， 你自然会问， 那么这些可以让你做什么？


Does it predict human-level intelligence?

它能否预测人类的智能水平？


Does it predict artificial intelligence?


So I'm going to show you now a video that will, I think, demonstrate some of the amazing applications of just this single equation.

因此，我将要展示给你们一段视频， 我认为，它会展示出 单是这一个公式的 一些惊人的应用。


Narrator: Recent research in cosmology has suggested that universes that produce more disorder, or "entropy," over their lifetimes should tend to have more favorable conditions for the existence of intelligent beings such as ourselves.

讲述人： 宇宙学的最近研究 反应了那些产生更多混乱、 或者"熵"的宇宙， 在他们的生命中 应该倾向于产生更多 有利的情况， 让像我们这样的智慧生物 得以存在。


But what if that tentative cosmological connection between entropy and intelligence hints at a deeper relationship?

但假如那个在熵与智能之间 暂定的宇宙链接 暗示着更深层的关系呢？


What if intelligent behavior doesn't just correlate with the production of long-term entropy, but actually emerges directly from it?

如果智能的行为不仅只与 长期熵的生产相关， 而是直接由其产生的呢？


To find out, we developed a software engine called Entropica, designed to maximize the production of long-term entropy of any system that it finds itself in.

为了找到答案， 我们开发了一个软件引擎 称为 Entropica， 设计的意图是将 长期熵的生产最大化， 无论它身在任何系统内。


Amazingly, Entropica was able to pass multiple animal intelligence tests, play human games, and even earn money trading stocks, all without being instructed to do so.

惊人的是，Entropica 通过了 多个动物的智能测验、 玩人类的游戏、 甚至在股票交易中赚钱， 而且完全没有被给出那些指示。


Here are some examples of Entropica in action.

下面是一些 Entropica 的行动实例。


Just like a human standing upright without falling over, here we see Entropica automatically balancing a pole using a cart.

就像人类站立不会跌到， 这里我们可以看到 Entropica 自动地使用购物车去平衡棍子。


This behavior is remarkable in part because we never gave Entropica a goal.

这种行为可以说是非常卓越的 因为我们从未给 Entropica 设定一个目标。


It simply decided on its own to balance the pole.

它自己就决定去平衡那根棍子。


This balancing ability will have appliactions for humanoid robotics and human assistive technologies.

这种平衡能力将能应用于 人形机器人 和人类的辅助科技。


Just as some animals can use objects in their environments as tools to reach into narrow spaces, here we see that Entropica, again on its own initiative, was able to move a large disk representing an animal around so as to cause a small disk, representing a tool, to reach into a confined space holding a third disk and release the third disk from its initially fixed position.

正如一些动物可以使用 环境中的物体作为工具 去伸入狭窄的空间， 这里我们可以看到 Entropica， 同样是自主的， 能够移动一个表示动物的大圆盘 去把一个表示工具的小圆盘， 去深入一个狭窄的空间， 那里有第三个圆盘， 并把第三个圆盘从它初始 的静态解放出来.


This tool use ability will have applications for smart manufacturing and agriculture.

这种工具的使用能力将能运用于 智能制造业和农业。


In addition, just as some other animals are able to cooperate by pulling opposite ends of a rope at the same time to release food, here we see that Entropica is able to accomplish a model version of that task.

此外，正如其他一些动物 能够合作起来同时去拉 一根绳子的两端 从而释放食物， 这里我们可以看到 Entropica 有能力完成 这项任务的模型版本。


This cooperative ability has interesting implications for economic planning and a variety of other fields.

这种合作能力能够带来有趣的影响， 在经济规划和各种其他领域中。


Entropica is broadly applicable to a variety of domains.

Entropica 可以广泛适用于 各种各样的领域。


For example, here we see it successfully playing a game of pong against itself, illustrating its potential for gaming.

例如，在这里我们看到它成功的 与自己玩乒乓球游戏， 说明其在游戏界的潜力。


Here we see Entropica orchestrating new connections on a social network where friends are constantly falling out of touch and successfully keeping the network well connected.

在这里我们看到 Entropica 指挥着 社交网络上新的关系， 在这朋友们不断的失去联系 并成功地保持有效的网络连接。


This same network orchestration ability also has applications in health care, energy, and intelligence.

这种相同的网络指挥能力 在医疗保健、能源、和智能方面 都有相关的应用。


Here we see Entropica directing the paths of a fleet of ships, successfully discovering and utilizing the Panama Canal to globally extend its reach from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

这里我们可以看到 Entropica 指挥一支舰队的路径， 成功地发现并利用巴拿马运河， 然后将其范围从大西洋到太平洋 全球性地扩大。


By the same token, Entropica is broadly applicable to problems in autonomous defense, logistics and transportation.

同样的，Entropica 可以广泛地适用于 自主防御、 物流和运输地应用。


Finally, here we see Entropica spontaneously discovering and executing a buy-low, sell-high strategy on a simulated range traded stock, successfully growing assets under management exponentially.

最后，在这里我们看到 Entropica 自主地发现和执行 一个低买高卖的策略， 这是在模拟的范围交易股票上， 它成功地将其管理的资产 成指数升涨。


This risk management ability will have broad applications in finance and insurance.

这种风险管理的能力 将在金融和保险领域 有广泛的应用。


Alex Wissner-Gross: So what you've just seen is that a variety of signature human intelligent cognitive behaviors such as tool use and walking upright and social cooperation all follow from a single equation, which drives a system to maximize its future freedom of action.

阿历克斯•维斯纳-格罗斯： 你刚看到的 是各种具有代表性的人类智能 的认知行为， 例如工具的使用、直立行走 和社会合作， 它们都遵循一个公式， 该公式所驱动的系统 是要将其未来的行动自由最大化。


现在，这里存在一个深刻的讽刺。


Going back to the beginning of the usage of the term robot, the play "RUR," there was always a concept that if we developed machine intelligence, there would be a cybernetic revolt.

回到最初， 机器人这个术语的用法， "RUR，"这出戏， 总存在一种概念就是 如果我们开发了机器智能 就会产生一个人工智能的叛变。


One major consequence of this work is that maybe all of these decades, we've had the whole concept of cybernetic revolt in reverse.

这项工作的主要成果之一 就是也许这几十年间， 我们对于人工智能的叛变 的整个概念 是颠倒的。


It's not that machines first become intelligent and then megalomaniacal and try to take over the world.

机器不是先有了智慧 然后才变得狂妄 并试图接管世界的。


It's quite the opposite, that the urge to take control of all possible futures is a more fundamental principle than that of intelligence, that general intelligence may in fact emerge directly from this sort of control-grabbing, rather than vice versa.

其实几乎是相反的， 那种迫切的欲望， 想要控制所有未来的所有可能 是比智能更基本的 一个原则， 综合智能事实上可能是从 这种控制欲中直接产生的， 而不是反之。


Another important consequence is goal seeking.

另一个重要的成果是寻找目标。


I'm often asked, how does the ability to seek goals follow from this sort of framework?

我经常被问道， 寻找目标的能力 怎么会遵循这种框架结构呢？


And the answer is, the ability to seek goals will follow directly from this in the following sense: just like you would travel through a tunnel, a bottleneck in your future path space, in order to achieve many other diverse objectives later on, or just like you would invest in a financial security, reducing your short-term liquidity in order to increase your wealth over the long term, goal seeking emerges directly

答案是，寻找目标的能力 将直接遵循它， 道理是这样的： 就像你要穿过一条隧道， 你未来道路空间中的一个瓶颈， 为了在以后实现许多 其他的各种目标， 或者就像你会投资 于金融证券， 减少你的短期流动性 从而长远的增加你的财富， 目标的寻求直接涌现于


from a long-term drive to increase future freedom of action.

长期的驱动， 为了增加未来的行动自由。


Finally, Richard Feynman, famous physicist, once wrote that if human civilization were destroyed and you could pass only a single concept on to our descendants to help them rebuild civilization, that concept should be that all matter around us is made out of tiny elements that attract each other when they're far apart but repel each other when they're close together.

最后，理查德 · 费曼， 这位著名的物理学家， 曾经写道， 如果人类文明被摧毁 并且你只能将一个概念 传承给我们的后代， 来帮助他们重建文明， 这个概念应该是 我们身边的一切物质 都是由微小的元素组成的， 它们之间距离远的时候 会相互吸引， 但在靠的很近时 它们会互相排斥。


My equivalent of that statement to pass on to descendants to help them build artificial intelligences or to help them understand human intelligence, is the following: Intelligence should be viewed as a physical process that tries to maximize future freedom of action and avoid constraints in its own future.

我与这句话等同的声明， 来传递给后代， 帮助他们建立人工智能 或是帮助他们理解 人类的智慧， 是如下的话： 智能应该被看作是 一个物理过程， 它试图将未来的行动自由最大化 并且避免在自己的未来中的约束。