Today I'm going to speak to you about the last 30 years of architectural history.

今天我要跟大家讲述 过去30年的建筑史。


太多东西要在这18分钟内讲述了。


It's a complex topic, so we're just going to dive right in at a complex place: New Jersey.

这是一个复杂的题目， 那就让我们从这个复杂的地方开始： 新泽西。


Because 30 years ago, I'm from Jersey, and I was six, and I lived there in my parents' house in a town called Livingston, and this was my childhood bedroom.

三十年前，我住新泽西 那时我六岁，我住在父母家 小镇名叫Livingston， 这是我儿时的卧室。


Around the corner from my bedroom was the bathroom that I used to share with my sister.

在我卧室的角落 是我和姐姐共用的洗手间。


And in between my bedroom and the bathroom was a balcony that overlooked the family room.

在我的卧室和浴室之间 是一个可以看到客厅的阳台。


And that's where everyone would hang out and watch TV, so that every time that I walked from my bedroom to the bathroom, everyone would see me, and every time I took a shower and would come back in a towel, everyone would see me.

那是家人聚会，看电视的客厅， 每次我从卧室走去浴室的时候， 每个人都能看到我， 每次我洗完澡 裹着浴巾走回卧室， 每个人都能看到我，


I was awkward, insecure, and I hated it.

我很尴尬， 没有安全感，我讨厌我的房间。


I hated that walk, I hated that balcony, I hated that room, and I hated that house.

我讨厌那段路，我讨厌那个阳台， 我讨厌那个房间，我讨厌那个房子。


That feeling, those emotions that I felt, that's the power of architecture, because architecture is not about math and it's not about zoning, it's about those visceral, emotional connections that we feel to the places that we occupy.

那种感觉，那种情绪， 那就是建筑的力量， 因为建筑并不有关于数学 也不关乎分区规划， 建筑关乎本能， 以及我们对所占有空间的 情感连接。


And it's no surprise that we feel that way, because according to the EPA, Americans spend 90 percent of their time indoors.

也难怪我们有这样的感觉， 美国环境保护局的调查表明， 美国人90%的时间呆在室内。


That's 90 percent of our time surrounded by architecture.

也就是说，我们人生中 90%的时间被建筑物围绕着。


That means that architecture is shaping us in ways that we didn't even realize.

建筑在我们不曾意识到的 多个方面形塑我们。


That makes us a little bit gullible and very, very predictable.

那让我们很容易受骗， 也非常，非常可以预测。


It means that when I show you a building like this, I know what you think: You think "power" and "stability" and "democracy."

当我将这个建筑展示给你的时候， 我知道你在想什么： 你想到“权力” 和 “稳定” 还有“民主”。


And I know you think that because it's based on a building that was build 2,500 years ago by the Greeks.

我知道因为这个建筑 是希腊人于2500年前建造的。


This is a trigger that architects use to get you to create an emotional connection to the forms that we build our buildings out of.

也就是说，建筑 能够让你创造出那些 我们想通过建筑物表达含义的 情感连结。


It's a predictable emotional connection, and we've been using this trick for a long, long time.

这是个可预测的情感连结， 我们使用这个诡计 很多很多年了。


We used it [200] years ago to build banks.

我们用这个方法 [200] 年前 建造银行。


We used it in the 19th century to build art museums.

我们19世纪建造艺术博物馆。


And in the 20th century in America, we used it to build houses.

在20世纪的美洲， 我们用它来建筑房屋。


And look at these solid, stable little soldiers facing the ocean and keeping away the elements.

看着这些坚固的小士兵 面朝大海，挡住这些东西。


This is really, really useful, because building things is terrifying.

这真的非常非常有效， 因为建造东西真的很麻烦。


It's expensive, it takes a long time, and it's very complicated.

非常昂贵，耗时，而且很麻烦。


And the people that build things -- developers and governments -- they're naturally afraid of innovation, and they'd rather just use those forms that they know you'll respond to.

建筑房屋的人 ──发展商和政府── 他们天生就害怕创新， 他们宁可选用这些你已熟知的风格。


That's how we end up with buildings like this.

这就是为什么这样的建筑存在。


This is the Livingston Public Library that was completed in 2004 in my hometown, and, you know, it's got a dome and it's got this round thing and columns, red brick, and you can kind of guess what Livingston is trying to say with this building: children, property values and history.

这是我家乡的Livingston公共图书馆 于2004年完工， 你知道的，它有圆形的屋顶 有这样的圆形设计和柱子，红色的砖， 你可以由此猜测出Livingston 想要通过这个建筑表达些什么： 儿童、财产价值和历史。


But it doesn't have much to do with what a library actually does today.

但这和现代图书馆的理念不大一样。


That same year, in 2004, on the other side of the country, another library was completed, and it looks like this.

同一年，2004年， 这个国家的另一端， 另一个图书馆完工了， 就是这样。


This library is about how we consume media in a digital age.

这个图书馆关于在数字时代 我们是如何消费媒体的。


It's about a new kind of public amenity for the city, a place to gather and read and share.

这是城市的一个新型的公众设施， 一个可以聚会，读书和分享生活的地方。


So how is it possible that in the same year, in the same country, two buildings, both called libraries, look so completely different?

怎么会这样呢 在同一年，同一个国家， 两个建筑物，都是图书馆， 却有着巨大的差别？


And the answer is that architecture works on the principle of a pendulum.

答案就是，建筑风格是摇摆不定的。


On the one side is innovation, and architects are constantly pushing, pushing for new technologies, new typologies, new solutions for the way that we live today.

一边是创新， 建筑不断被推进， 加入新的科技元素， 根据我们现代生活所需 新的类型，新的方案。


And we push and we push and we push until we completely alienate all of you.

我们推进、推进、推进， 直到我们完全疏远了你们。


We wear all black, we get very depressed, you think we're adorable, we're dead inside because we've got no choice.

我们穿黑色，我们压力很大， 你认为我们很可爱， 而我们内心已死， 因为别无选择。


We have to go to the other side and reengage those symbols that we know you love.

我们走向另一端 重新找回那些我们了解到 你们热爱的符号。


So we do that, and you're happy, we feel like sellouts, so we start experimenting again and we push the pendulum back and back and forth and back and forth we've gone for the last 300 years, and certainly for the last 30 years.

我们这样做，你们很开心。 我们感受到客满演出， 于是又开始试验 我们将钟摆推来推去， 推来推去 过去的300年里我们这样做， 过去的30年也是如此。


Okay, 30 years ago we were coming out of the '70s.

好的，30年前 我们刚走过70年代。


Architects had been busy experimenting with something called brutalism.

建筑师们忙着试验某种叫做 粗野主义的艺术。


它是关于混凝土的艺术...


小窗户，毫无人性的巨大规模。


So as we get closer to the '80s, we start to reengage those symbols.

然后我们快进入80年代了， 我们开始重拾某些符号。


We push the pendulum back into the other direction.

我们把钟摆推回到另一个方向。


We take these forms that we know you love and we update them.

你们热爱这样的建筑形式， 我们就将它们改造升级。


We add neon and we add pastels and we use new materials.

我们加入霓虹 我们加入柔和的粉蜡色 我们使用新型材料。


We take Chippendale armoires and we turned those into skyscrapers, and skyscrapers can be medieval castles made out of glass.

我们取材自齐本德尔式衣橱 将它们变成摩天大楼， 这些摩天大楼像是 用玻璃制造的中世纪古堡。


Forms got big, forms got bold and colorful.

这些建筑变得更大， 设计更大胆，更色彩丰富。


We're all hanging out in malls and we're all moving to the suburbs, and out there, out in the suburbs, we can create our own architectural fantasies.

我们在大型商场里游玩， 我们在郊区生活， 在那里，在郊区， 我们可以按自己的幻想 建筑房屋。


And those fantasies, they can be Mediterranean or French or Italian.

这些奇思幻想 可以是地中海风情， 或是法式优雅， 或是意大利风格。


也许源源不绝供应面包条儿。


They're easy, they're cheap, because instead of making places, we're making memories of places.

简单、便宜， 我们不是建造住所， 而是建造记忆中的住所。


Because I know, and I know all of you know, this isn't Tuscany.

因为我知道， 我想各位也都知道， 这不是意大利托斯卡纳。


So architects get frustrated, and we start pushing the pendulum back into the other direction.

就这样，建筑师感到沮丧了， 于是我们把钟摆又推回了另一个方向。


In the late '80s and early '90s, we start experimenting with something called deconstructivism.

在80年代末，90年代初期， 我们开始试验解构主义。


We throw out historical symbols, we rely on new, computer-aided design techniques, and we come up with new compositions, forms crashing into forms.

我们找出历史符号， 我们用新的电脑辅助设计技术， 我们推出新的艺术作品， 各种形式撞击在一起。


This is academic and heady stuff, it's super unpopular, we totally alienate you.

这太学术太费脑筋了， 这样的建筑非常不受欢迎， 建筑师们疏远了人群。


Ordinarily, the pendulum would just swing back into the other direction.

通常来说，钟摆将会摇去另一个方向。


随后，有意思的事情发生了。


在1997年，这个建筑投入使用了。


This is the Guggenheim Bilbao, by Frank Gehry.

这是在西班牙毕尔巴鄂的古根海姆博物馆， 由弗兰克·盖里设计建筑。


And this building fundamentally changes the world's relationship to architecture.

就是这个建筑 颠覆了世界与建筑的关系。


Paul Goldberger said that Bilbao was one of those rare moments when critics, academics, and the general public were completely united around a building.

保罗·戈德伯格说，毕尔巴鄂的 这个建筑很难得地 获得到批评家、学术界人士， 还有普通民众 的一致好评。


The New York Times called this building a miracle.

纽约时报称这个建筑为 一个奇迹。 在这个建筑完工后，


Tourism in Bilbao increased 2,500 percent after this building was completed.

毕尔巴鄂的游客数量 增长了25倍。


So all of a sudden, everybody wants one of these buildings: L.A., Seattle, Chicago, New York, Cleveland, Everybody wants one, and Gehry is everywhere.

突然间，所有人都想要有这样的建筑： 洛杉矶、 西雅图、 芝加哥、 纽约、 克利夫兰、 每个人都想要这样的建筑， 盖里的设计随处可见。


Now, how is it possible that these forms -- they're wild and radical -- how is it possible that they become so ubiquitous throughout the world?

这样的建筑设计怎么会 受到热烈欢迎 -- 它们狂野又激进 -- 全世界范围内怎么会 无所不在呢？


And it happened because media so successfully galvanized around them that they quickly taught us that these forms mean culture and tourism.

这要归功于媒体成功地包装， 它们很快速地传递了信号： 这建筑形式有文化内涵，而且可以吸引游客。


We created an emotional reaction to these forms.

人们与这样的建筑形式 建立了情感联系。


世界上的市长们也是这样想的。


So every mayor knew that if they had these forms, they had culture and tourism.

所有市长都认为 如果所在城市有这样的建筑， 他们就有文化，有游客。


This phenomenon at the turn of the new millennium happened to a few other starchitects.

这样的现象出现在 进入21世纪的那些年 也捧红了一些其他的明星建筑师。


It happened to Zaha and it happened to Libeskind, and what happened to these elite few architects at the turn of the new millennium could actually start to happen to the entire field of architecture, as digital media starts to increase the speed with which we consume information.

被捧红的还有扎哈 还有里伯斯金， 发生于这些少数精英建筑师身上的现象 在千禧年即将到来的时候 也在整个建筑界中弥散开来了， 因为让我们得以获取信息的数字媒体 开始加速了。


Because think about how you consume architecture.


A thousand years ago, you would have had to have walked to the village next door to see a building.

一千年前， 你需要步行到隔壁村落去看一个建筑。


Transportation speeds up: You can take a boat, you can take a plane, you can be a tourist.

交通运输业的高速发展： 你可以乘船，你可以搭飞机， 你可以当一名游客。


Technology speeds up: You can see it in a newspaper, on TV, until finally, we are all architectural photographers, and the building has become disembodied from the site.

科学技术高速发展： 你可以在报纸上、电视上欣赏建筑， 最终，我们都成为了建筑摄影师， 建筑不再只是实体。


Architecture is everywhere now, and that means that the speed of communication has finally caught up to the speed of architecture.

现在，建筑无处不在， 这意味着通讯的速度 终于赶上了建筑发展的速度。


Because architecture actually moves quite quickly.


It doesn't take long to think about a building.

观赏评论一个建筑不需要很久。


It takes a long time to build a building, three or four years, and in the interim, an architect will design two or eight or a hundred other buildings before they know if that building that they designed four years ago was a success or not.

但建成一座建筑却要很长时间， 三到四年， 在这期间，建筑师要设计 2个，8个，或 也许是100个其他建筑， 他们甚至不知道自己4年前 设计的建筑成功与否。


That's because there's never been a good feedback loop in architecture.

因为建筑里没有一个意见反馈处。


That's how we end up with buildings like this.

因此我们最终得到这样的建筑。


Brutalism wasn't a two-year movement, it was a 20-year movement.

粗野主义不是两年的运动， 而是长达20年的运动。


For 20 years, we were producing buildings like this because we had no idea how much you hated it.

长达20年的时间， 我们建造这样的建筑 因为我们并不知道 你们是如此厌恶它们。


It's never going to happen again, I think, because we are living on the verge of the greatest revolution in architecture since the invention of concrete, of steel, or of the elevator, and it's a media revolution.

这样的事再也不会发生了， 我想， 因为我们处在 最伟大的建筑革命的边缘， 这是继发明混凝土， 发明钢铁，或是发明电梯之后的 一次媒体革命。


So my theory is that when you apply media to this pendulum, it starts swinging faster and faster, until it's at both extremes nearly simultaneously, and that effectively blurs the difference between innovation and symbol, between us, the architects, and you, the public.

我的理论是，当我们将媒体 与这个钟摆结合之后， 摆动速度加快了， 直到摇摆 同时达到两边的极限， 这高效地模糊了， 创新和传统符号间的不同， 我们建筑师和你们公众间的不同。


Now we can make nearly instantaneous, emotionally charged symbols out of something that's brand new.

现在我们可以用全新的事物创建 瞬间产生的情绪化的符号。


Let me show you how this plays out in a project that my firm recently completed.

让我展示这是怎么进行的 这是我的建筑事务所最近完成的项目。


We were hired to replace this building, which burned down.

我们受雇去重建这座被烧毁的建筑。


This is the center of a town called the Pines in Fire Island in New York State.

这座建筑位于小镇派恩斯的中心 小镇位于纽约州的火烧岛。


We proposed a building that was audacious, that was different than any of the forms that the community was used to, and we were scared and our client was scared and the community was scared, so we created a series of photorealistic renderings that we put onto Facebook and we put onto Instagram, and we let people start to do what they do: share it, comment, like it, hate it.

我们提出了一个创新大胆的设计建议， 和这个社区出现过的任何形式的建筑都不同， 我们担心会吓到客户， 吓到社区的人们， 于是我们制作了一系列逼真的视觉图片， 把它们放到Facebook 和Instagram上， 让人们去 分享、评论、点赞，或是厌恶它。


But that meant that two years before the building was complete, it was already a part of the community, so that when the renderings looked exactly like the finished product, there were no surprises.

这意味着在建筑完工前两年， 它已经是这个社区的一部分了， 所以当完工的作品和视觉图 看起来一模一样的时候， 就不会带来惊讶之感。


This building was already a part of this community, and then that first summer, when people started arriving and sharing the building on social media, the building ceased to be just an edifice and it became media, because these, these are not just pictures of a building, they're your pictures of a building.

这座建筑已经是社区的一个部分， 第一个夏天， 人们来到这里，在社交媒体上分享照片， 这个只想成为建筑物的建筑 变成了媒体， 因为这，这不仅仅是建筑的照片。 它们是你拍摄的建筑相片。


And as you use them to tell your story, they become part of your personal narrative, and what you're doing is you're short-circuiting all of our collective memory, and you're making these charged symbols for us to understand.

你通过这样的照片来讲述故事， 建筑成为了你个人叙事的一个部分， 你在做的事情，就是短暂回顾 我们共同的记忆， 你在创造这些让我们理解的符号，


That means we don't need the Greeks anymore to tell us what to think about architecture.

这意味着我们不再需要希腊 来告诉我们建筑的意义。


We can tell each other what we think about architecture, because digital media hasn't just changed the relationship between all of us, it's changed the relationship between us and buildings.

我们可以分享自己有关建筑的想法， 因为数字媒体不仅改变了 人与人间的关系， 它改变了我们和建筑的关系。


Think for a second about those librarians back in Livingston.

想象那些在Livingston的图书馆员。


If that building was going to be built today, the first thing they would do is go online and search "new libraries."

如果今天我们要新建图书馆， 他们得知消息后会做的第一件事就是 上网去搜索“新图书馆”。


They would be bombarded by examples of experimentation, of innovation, of pushing at the envelope of what a library can be.

他们会被建筑范例信息轰炸， 实验性的、创新型的、 尝试打破常规的图书馆建筑样例。


这些都是有力的信息冲击。


That's ammunition that they can take with them to the mayor of Livingston, to the people of Livingston, and say, there's no one answer to what a library is today.

那是人们可以带着的信息冲击， 给Livingston的市长、群众， 然后说，现代图书馆没有既定的模式。


This abundance of experimentation gives them the freedom to run their own experiment.

丰富的实验过程 给予他们实验的自主性。


Architects are no longer these mysterious creatures that use big words and complicated drawings, and you aren't the hapless public, the consumer that won't accept anything that they haven't seen anymore.

建筑师不再是神奇的生物， 滥用夸张的术语和繁琐的绘图， 你们也不再是倒霉的公众， 客户不再接受那些他们没见过的东西。


Architects can hear you, and you're not intimidated by architecture.

建筑师能与你沟通， 你不再为建筑感到不适。


That means that that pendulum swinging back and forth from style to style, from movement to movement, is irrelevant.

这意味着钟摆来回摆动， 不同的风格、 不同的艺术运动， 已无关紧要。


We can actually move forward and find relevant solutions to the problems that our society faces.

我们可以向前 寻找有效解决 社会急迫问题的方法。


This is the end of architectural history, and it means that the buildings of tomorrow are going to look a lot different than the buildings of today.

这是建筑史的终点， 它意味着，未来的建筑 会与当今的建筑有很大差别。


It means that a public space in the ancient city of Seville can be unique and tailored to the way that a modern city works.

这意味着，塞维利亚古老城市的 某块公共空地 可以是独特的以现代城市功能 打造的区块。


It means that a stadium in Brooklyn can be a stadium in Brooklyn, not some red-brick historical pastiche of what we think a stadium ought to be.

这意味建在布鲁克林的体育场 可以是一个属于布鲁克林风格的体育场， 而不是我们脑中体育场该有的 模仿红砖历史建筑的模样。


It means that robots are going to build our buildings, because we're finally ready for the forms that they're going to produce.

这意味着机器人可以去建造房屋， 因为我们已经能够接受机器建造的房屋。


And it means that buildings will twist to the whims of nature instead of the other way around.

这还意味着，建筑会为了大自然而改变 而不是大自然为了建筑而改变。


It means that a parking garage in Miami Beach, Florida, can also be a place for sports and for yoga and you can even get married there late at night.

这意味着佛罗里达迈阿密海滩的车库， 也可以是一个运动场所 瑜伽会馆 晚上你甚至可以在那里举办结婚。


It means that three architects can dream about swimming in the East River of New York, and then raise nearly half a million dollars from a community that gathered around their cause, no one client anymore.

这意味着三个建筑师能够梦想 在纽约东河游泳， 从围绕在附近的社区客户群 募集近50万美元， 建筑师们的客户不再是单一的。


It means that no building is too small for innovation, like this little reindeer pavilion that's as muscly and sinewy as the animals it's designed to observe.

这意味着，再小的建筑也能创新， 就像这个驯鹿观赏馆 如同它要观察的驯鹿般强健有力。


And it means that a building doesn't have to be beautiful to be lovable, like this ugly little building in Spain, where the architects dug a hole, packed it with hay, and then poured concrete around it, and when the concrete dried, they invited someone to come and clean that hay out so that all that's left when it's done is this hideous little room that's filled with the imprints and scratches of how that place was made,

这意味着建筑无需是漂亮的 惹人喜爱的， 就像西班牙这个丑丑的小房子， 建筑师挖了一个洞， 用甘草填充， 注入混凝土， 当混凝土干燥后， 他们邀请某位牛来讲甘草清理干净 所留下的 就是这个丑陋的小屋子 充满建筑它时留下的痕迹和沧桑，


and that becomes the most sublime place to watch a Spanish sunset.

这个建筑成了欣赏西班牙日落 最庄严的地方。


Because it doesn't matter if a cow builds our buildings or a robot builds our buildings.

因为真的无关紧要， 无论是牛为我们建造的 还是机器人建造的，


It doesn't matter how we build, it matters what we build.

也无关于建筑的过程， 重要的是我们的建造了什么。


Architects already know how to make buildings that are greener and smarter and friendlier.

建筑师知道如何建造更加绿色、 更加智能、更加人性化的建筑。


We've just been waiting for all of you to want them.

我们只是等待人们开始想要这样的建筑。


And finally, we're not on opposite sides anymore.

最终，我们不再站在对立面。


Find an architect, hire an architect, work with us to design better buildings, better cities, and a better world, because the stakes are high.

找一个建筑师、雇一个建筑师， 与我们一起设计更好的建筑、 更好的城市、更好的世界， 因为赌注很高。


Buildings don't just reflect our society, they shape our society down to the smallest spaces: the local libraries, the homes where we raise our children, and the walk that they take from the bedroom to the bathroom.

建筑不只反映了我们的社会， 建筑塑造着社会， 从生活中最小的空间： 地方图书馆， 我们养育子女的家， 从卧室走向浴室的那条路。


She's just turned one and started to walk.

她刚满一岁并开始学走路了。


And she's walking in that really cool way that one-year-olds do, a kind of teetering, my-body's-moving- too-fast-for-my-legs kind of way.

她正在用一岁的小孩通常使用的非常酷的方式走路， 那种摇摇晃晃、身体比腿移动得快得多的方式。


And one of her favorite things to do at the moment is to stare at herself in the mirror.

她最喜欢做的事情之一 就是盯着镜子里的自己。


她非常喜欢自己在镜子里的影像。


She giggles and squeals, and gives herself these big, wet kisses.

她边笑边叫，然后给了镜子中的自己一些大大的、湿湿的吻。


Apparently, all of her friends do this and my mom tells me that I used to do this, and it got me thinking: When did I stop doing this?

很显然，她所有的朋友都这样做，然后我妈说我小时候也是这样的， 这让我想到一个问题： 我是什么时候停止这样做的？


When is it suddenly not okay to love the way that we look?

从什么时候开始，突然间我们不再喜欢自己的长相了？


因为很显然我们不再那样做。


Ten thousand people every month google, "Am I ugly?"

每个月都有一万人在谷歌上搜索 “我丑吗?“


This is Faye. Faye is 13 and she lives in Denver.

这是法耶，她13岁，住在丹佛。


And like any teenager, she just wants to be liked and to fit in.

就像所有的青少年一样，她也想被别人喜欢并与人相处融洽。


She's getting ready for the week ahead at school.

她正在为下周的学校生活做准备。


And she's slightly dreading it, and she's a bit confused because despite her mom telling her all the time that she's beautiful, every day at school, someone tells her that she's ugly.

她有些害怕，并且有一点困惑，因为 尽管她妈妈一直告诉她说 她很漂亮， 但是每天在学校都会有人说她长得难看。


Because of the difference between what her mom tells her and what her friends at school, or her peers at school are telling her, she doesn't know who to believe.

因为她妈妈告诉她的和她在学校的朋友 或同龄人告诉她的是不同的， 所以她不知道该相信谁。


So, she takes a video of herself. She posts it to YouTube and she asks people to please leave a comment: "Am I pretty or am I ugly?"

因此，她为自己拍摄了一个视频并放到了YouTube上， 然后她让大家来评论： “我长得漂亮还是难看？”


Well, so far, Faye has received over 13,000 comments.

截止目前，法耶共收到了超过13000个评论。


Some of them are so nasty, they don't bear thinking about.

它们中的一些很下流，不值一提。


This is an average, healthy-looking teenage girl receiving this feedback at one of the most emotionally vulnerable times in her life.

这是一个普通的、看起来很健康的少女 在她生命中情感最脆弱的时光收到的回复。


Thousands of people are posting videos like this, mostly teenage girls, reaching out in this way.

有成千上万的人们上传这样的视频， 他们中大部分都是十几岁的女孩，用这种方式来接触外界。


然而是什么导致他们这样做的呢？


Well, today's teenagers are rarely alone.


They're under pressure to be online and available at all times, talking, messaging, liking, commenting, sharing, posting — it never ends.

他们被迫上网并随时保持在线， 聊天、发信息、点赞、评论、分享、上传—— 无休无止。


Never before have we been so connected, so continuously, so instantaneously, so young.

我们之前从来没有如此被紧密地联系， 而且是如此地无休无止、如此快速，如此年轻。


And as one mom told me, it's like there's a party in their bedroom every night.

正如一位妈妈跟我说的，似乎每天晚上他们的卧室里都有聚会。


And the social pressures that go along with that are relentless.

而由此伴随而来的社会压力也是残酷的。


This always-on environment is training our kids to value themselves based on the number of likes they get and the types of comments that they receive.

这种永远在线的环境将我们的孩子训练成 要靠通过他们获得的点赞数量 和收到的评论来肯定自己的价值。


There's no separation between online and offline life.


What's real or what isn't is really hard to tell the difference between.

很难区分什么是真实的什么不是真实的，


And it's also really hard to tell the difference between what's authentic and what's digitally manipulated.

也很难区分现实 和虚拟世界。


What's a highlight in someone's life versus what's normal in the context of everyday.

也分不清日常生活和精彩时光。


And where are they looking to for inspiration?

那他们又从哪里去获得灵感呢？


Well, you can see the kinds of images that are covering the newsfeeds of girls today.

你可以看看那些今天出现在各种新闻中 女孩的形象。


Size zero models still dominate our catwalks.

“零号尺寸”模特仍然统治着T形台。


And trends like #thinspiration, #thighgap, #bikinibridge and #proana.

现在的趋势是#励瘦、#大腿间距、 #比基尼桥和#安娜运动。


For those who don't know, #proana means pro-anorexia.

要跟那些不明白这些的人提一下，#安娜运动的意思是支持厌食。


These trends are teamed with the stereotyping and flagrant objectification of women in today's popular culture.

这些趋势与今天的流行文化中对女性的刻板印象 和公然物化结合在一起。


It is not hard to see what girls are benchmarking themselves against.

从中不难看出女孩子们是怎样定位自己的。


但是男孩子们对此也不能幸免。


Aspiring to the chiseled jaw lines and ripped six packs of superhero-like sports stars and playboy music artists.

他们渴望拥有轮廓分明的下巴线条和像英雄般的体育明星 以及花花公子音乐艺术家所拥有的六块腹肌。


But, what's the problem with all of this?

但是, 所有的这些表现的问题是什么呢?


Well, surely we want our kids to grow up as healthy, well balanced individuals.

我们当然希望我们的孩子成长为一个健康、均衡发展的个人。


But in an image-obsessed culture, we are training our kids to spend more time and mental effort on their appearance at the expense of all of the other aspects of their identities.

但是在这样一个对相貌着迷的文化中，我们正将我们的孩子训练成 将更多的时间和精力花在外貌上， 而对于其他方面的身份认同关注更少的人。


So, things like their relationships, the development of their physical abilities, and their studies and so on begin to suffer.

因此，他们会在人际关系、体能发展 和学习等方面开始受挫。


Six out of 10 girls are now choosing not to do something because they don't think they look good enough.

现在10个女孩中有6个会因为她们觉得自己不够好看 而不去做某事。


These are fundamental activities to their development as humans and as contributors to society and to the workforce.

作为人类以及社会和职场的参与者的发展来说，


Thirty-one percent, nearly one in three teenagers, are withdrawing from classroom debate. They're failing to engage in classroom debate because they don't want to draw attention to the way that they look.

这些都是基本的。 有31%，也就是说将近三分之一的青少年 会从课堂辩论中退出。 他们退出是因为 不想让别人注意到他们的长相。


One in five are not showing up to class at all on days when they don't feel good about it.

有五分之一的青少年在感觉不是很好的时候 甚至都不会在班级里露面。


And when it comes to exams, if you don't think you look good enough, specifically if you don't think you are thin enough, you will score a lower grade point average than your peers who are not concerned with this.

考试的时候， 如果你觉得自己不够好看， 特别是如果你觉得自己不够苗条的话， 那么跟那些不关心这些的同学比起来 你可能得到的平均分数要比他们低。


And this is consistent across Finland, the U.S.

这一点不管是在芬兰、美国


and China, and is true regardless of how much you actually weigh.

还是中国都是一致的，而且不管你真实的体重是多少。


So to be super clear, we're talking about the way you think you look, not how you actually look.

所以非常清楚，我们是在讨论 你所认为的自己的长相，而不是你的真实长相。


Low body confidence is undermining academic achievement.

对身体的信心不足会削弱学业成绩。


Teenagers with low body confidence do less physical activity, eat less fruits and vegetables, partake in more unhealthy weight control practices that can lead to eating disorders.

那些对自己身体信心不足的青少年会更少参加体育活动， 吃更少的水果和蔬菜， 而会更多参加那些不健康的可能导致饮食失调的 体重控制训练。


They're more easily influenced by people around them and they're at greater risk of depression.

他们更容易受到周围人的影响， 并且有更高的抑郁的风险。


And we think it's for all of these reasons that they take more risks with things like alcohol and drug use; crash dieting; cosmetic surgery; unprotected, earlier sex; and self-harm.

基于以上理由，我们认为他们有更高的风险去做 那些像酗酒、吸毒、 快速减肥、整容、无防护措施以及过早的性交 和自残这样的事情。


The pursuit of the perfect body is putting pressure on our healthcare systems and costing our governments billions of dollars every year.

对完美身材的追求正使医保系统饱受压力 并且每年要花费政府数十亿美元。


而且我们并不会因为长大而放弃追求完美身材。


Women who think they're overweight — again, regardless of whether they are or are not — have higher rates of absenteeism.

那些认为自己超重的妇女——不管她们 是否真的超重—— 会有更高的缺勤率。


Seventeen percent of women would not show up to a job interview on a day when they weren't feeling confident about the way that they look.

17%的女性会因为 某天感觉对自己的长相不自信 而不去参加那天的面试。


Have a think about what this is doing to our economy.

想一下这对我们的经济 会有什么影响。


If we could overcome this, what that opportunity looks like.

如果我们能克服这些，将会带来 哪些机会。


Unlocking this potential is in the interest of every single one of us.

释放这个潜能将有益于 我们每一个人。


Well, talking, on its own, only gets you so far.

单独的空谈，也就只能到此为止了。


If you actually want to make a difference, you have to do something.

如果你真的想有所改变， 你得去做点什么。


And we've learned there are three key ways: The first is we have to educate for body confidence.

而我们了解到这里有三个关键的方法： 首先我们得培养自己对身体充满信心。


We have to help our teenagers develop strategies to overcome image-related pressures and build their self-esteem.

我们得帮助青少年想出 策略去克服跟形象有关的压力 并且建立他们的自尊心。


Now, the good news is that there are many programs out there available to do this.

好消息是现在已经有 许多这样的项目。


The bad news is that most of them don't work.

坏消息是大多数这样的项目没有效。


I was shocked to learn that many well-meaning programs are inadvertently actually making the situation worse.

我很震惊地了解到许多善意的 项目却无意中 使得情况更糟糕了。


So we need to make damn sure that the programs that our kids are receiving are not only having a positive impact, but having a lasting impact as well.

因此我们要确保 我们的孩子们正在接受的项目 不仅是对他们有积极影响的， 而且还要有持续的影响。


And the research shows that the best programs address six key areas: The first is the influence of family, friends and relationships.

研究表明最好的项目 跟六个关键领域有关： 首先是家人和亲朋好友的影响。


The second is media and celebrity culture, then how to handle teasing and bullying, the way we compete and compare with one another talking about appearance — some people call this "body talk" or "fat talk" — and finally, the foundations of respecting and looking after yourself.

其次是媒体和名人文化， 然后是如何处理调侃和欺凌， 同其他人基于长相的 竞争和比较的方式， 对相貌的讨论——有些人 称之为"身材谈话“或”肥胖谈话“—— 最后一点，是你尊重 和看待自己的基础。


These six things are crucial starting points for anyone serious about delivering body-confidence education that works.

这六件事对于那些 真正想要实现有效的身体信心教育的人来说 是至关重要的起点。


An education is critical, but tackling this problem is going to require each and everyone of us to step up and be better role models for the women and girls in our own lives.

教育是很重要的， 但是解决这个问题需要 我们所有人 提升自己并且成为 我们生活中的妇女和女孩们更好的榜样。


Challenging the status quo of how women are seen and talked about in our own circles.

挑战我们在圈子中 如何看待和谈论女性的现状。


It is not okay that we judge the contribution of our politicians by their haircuts or the size of their breasts, or to infer that the determination or the success of an Olympian is down to her not being a looker.

我们不能仅凭 政治家的发型和胸围 去判断她的贡献大小， 或者因为长相不佳而推断 一个奥运会运动员不会成功。


We need to start judging people by what they do, not what they look like.

我们需要根据人们的所做所为去评判一个人， 而不是他们的长相。


We can all start by taking responsibility for the types of pictures and comments that we post on our own social networks.

我们可以从对我们 发布在社交网络上的图片和评论 担起责任开始做起。


We can compliment people based on their effort and their actions and not on their appearance.

我们可以基于人们的努力 和行动去赞美他们 而不是他们的相貌。


And let me ask you, when was the last time that you kissed a mirror?

让我来问问你， 你上一次对着镜子亲吻 是什么时候？


Ultimately, we need to work together as communities, as governments and as businesses to really change this culture of ours so that our kids grow up valuing their whole selves, valuing individuality, diversity, inclusion.

最终，我们需要跟 社区、政府 和企业一起努力去改变我们的这些文化， 这样我们的孩子才能在成长中获得完整的自我， 重视个性、多元和包容。


We need to put the people that are making a real difference on our pedestals, making a difference in the real world.

我们要让那些正在改变 我们的现状的人去改变 真实的世界。


Giving them the airtime, because only then will we create a different world.

给他们时间，因为只有这样 我们才能创造一个不同的世界，


A world where our kids are free to become the best versions of themselves, where the way they think they look never holds them back from being who they are or achieving what they want in life.

一个我们的孩子可以自由地成为 最好的自己的世界， 一个他们不会因自己的长相 而阻碍他们成为自己想要成为的人 或者获得想要的东西的世界。


Think about what this might mean for someone in your life.

想一下这对你生命中的某个人可能意味着什么。


Your friend? It could just be the woman a couple of seats away from you today.

还是你的某个朋友？也可能只是今天 跟你隔着几个座位的某个女性。


What would it mean for her if she were freed from that voice of her inner critic, nagging her to have longer legs, thinner thighs, smaller stomach, shorter feet?

这将对她意味着什么呢? 如果她能摆脱内心挑剔的声音 唠叨她要有 更长更细的大腿,更瘦的肚子 和更短的脚。


What could it mean for her if we overcame this and unlocked her potential in that way?

如果我们能克服这些并打开 她在那方面的潜力，那对她来说又将意味着什么？


Right now, our culture's obsession with image is holding us all back.

现在，我们的文化中对形象的痴迷 阻碍了我们所有人。


但是让我们向孩子们展示真相。


Let's show them that the way you look is just one part of your identity and that the truth is we love them for who they are and what they do and how they make us feel.

让我们向他们表明长相 只是身份的一部分， 而事实是我们爱他们是因为 他们是谁 和他们的所做所为 以及他们给我们的感觉。


Let's build self-esteem into our school curriculums.

让我们在学校的课程中设置自尊心科目。


Let's each and every one of us change the way we talk and compare ourselves to other people.

让我们每一个人改变 我们谈论自己和跟他人比较的方式。


And let's work together as communities, from grassroots to governments, so that the happy little one-year-olds of today become the confident changemakers of tomorrow.

让我们作为团体一起努力， 从基层到政府， 以便这些今天一岁大的快乐的孩子 成为 明天自信的变革者。


On November 5th, 1990, a man named El-Sayyid Nosair walked into a hotel in Manhattan and assassinated Rabbi Meir Kahane, the leader of the Jewish Defense League.

1990 年 11 月 5 日， 一位名叫埃尔·塞伊德·诺塞尔的男子 走入曼哈顿的一间宾馆 刺杀了拉比梅厄‧卡赫纳， 犹太防卫联盟的首领。


Nosair was initially found not guilty of the murder, but while serving time on lesser charges, he and other men began planning attacks on a dozen New York City landmarks, including tunnels, synagogues and the United Nations headquarters.

诺塞尔一开始并未被指认参与谋杀， 但当他因小事入狱服刑期间， 他和一些人开始计划袭击 纽约市的一些地标， 包括隧道，犹太教会堂 和联合国总部。


Thankfully, those plans were foiled by an FBI informant.

谢天谢地，这些计划被 美国联邦调查局的线人挫败了。


Sadly, the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center was not.

不幸的是，1993 年 世贸中心的那场爆炸袭击却发生了。


Nosair would eventually be convicted for his involvement in the plot.

诺塞尔最终被指控 参与这场犯罪谋划。


埃尔·塞伊德·诺塞尔是我的父亲。


I was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1983 to him, an Egyptian engineer, and a loving American mother and grade school teacher, who together tried their best to create a happy childhood for me.

我 1983 年出生在 宾夕法尼亚州的匹兹堡， 我的父亲是一位 埃及裔工程师， 我有个爱我的美国母亲， 她是一名小学老师， 他们尽最大的努力 为给我创造出欢乐的童年。


It wasn't until I was seven years old that our family dynamic started to change.

直到我 7 岁的时候 家庭氛围开始出现了变化。


My father exposed me to a side of Islam that few people, including the majority of Muslims, get to see.

我的父亲让我接触伊斯兰的一支 很少人见过，包括大部分的穆斯林， 都没见过的一个派别。


It's been my experience that when people take the time to interact with one another, it doesn't take long to realize that for the most part, we all want the same things out of life.

我的人生经验告诉我 人们与彼此相处， 很快就意识到，很大程度上 人们对生活有着相同的追求。


However, in every religion, in every population, you'll find a small percentage of people who hold so fervently to their beliefs that they feel they must use any means necessary to make others live as they do.

然而，所有宗教，所有群体， 你总能看到一小部分人 对他们的信仰太过狂热 以至于认为他们应该用各种方法 让其他人和他们过同样的生活。


A few months prior to his arrest, he sat me down and explained that for the past few weekends, he and some friends had been going to a shooting range on Long Island for target practice.

在他被捕前的几个月， 他和我坐着聊天解释到 在过去的几个周末， 他和他的一些朋友 在长岛 进行目标射击训练。


He told me I'd be going with him the next morning.

他让我第二天一早和他一起去。


We arrived at Calverton Shooting Range, which unbeknownst to our group was being watched by the FBI.

我们来到凯佛顿射击场， 我们并不知道自己已经 被联邦调查局监视了。


When it was my turn to shoot, my father helped me hold the rifle to my shoulder and explained how to aim at the target about 30 yards off.

轮到我射击的时候， 我的父亲帮我扶住 肩膀上的来福枪， 并教导我如何瞄准 30 码处的目标。


That day, the last bullet I shot hit the small orange light that sat on top of the target and to everyone's surprise, especially mine, the entire target burst into flames.

那天，我射出的最后一颗子弹 打中了目标顶上的橙色亮光， 所有人都惊呆了，尤其是我， 整个目标版燃烧了。


My uncle turned to the other men, and in Arabic said, "Ibn abuh."

我的叔叔转向旁边的人， 用阿拉伯语说到，“Ibn abuh”——


They all seemed to get a really big laugh out of that comment, but it wasn't until a few years later that I fully understood what they thought was so funny.

他们当场开怀大笑起来， 几年后 我才了解他们大笑的原因，


They thought they saw in me the same destruction my father was capable of.

他们以为我和我的父亲有着 同样的摧毁能力。


Those men would eventually be convicted of placing a van filled with 1,500 pounds of explosives into the sub-level parking lot of the World Trade Center's North Tower, causing an explosion that killed six people and injured over 1,000 others.

这群男人最终被指控 将满载 1500 磅重的 炸弹的厢式货车 停在世界贸易中心北塔的 地下停车场， 爆炸造成 6 人死亡， 同时致使超过 1000 人受伤。


These were the men I called ammu, which means uncle.

这些是我曾经称呼其为 ammu， 意为叔叔的人。


By the time I turned 19, I had already moved 20 times in my life, and that instability during my childhood didn't really provide an opportunity to make many friends.

当我 19 岁的时候， 我已经搬超过 20 次家了， 童年所经历的不稳定 并未给我 结交朋友的机会。


Each time I would begin to feel comfortable around someone, it was time to pack up and move to the next town.

每当我感到和附近人相熟时， 就是我要收拾行囊 去下一个地方的时候。


Being the perpetual new face in class, I was frequently the target of bullies.

作为永远的班级新生， 我常是同学们欺负的对象。


I kept my identity a secret from my classmates to avoid being targeted, but as it turns out, being the quiet, chubby new kid in class was more than enough ammunition.

为了不被同班同学欺负， 我将自己的身份保密， 但结果是，作为 安静又胖乎乎的新同学 很轻易就成为被欺负的对象。


So for the most part, I spent my time at home reading books and watching TV or playing video games.

所以更多的时候， 我待在家里 看书看电视 或者是打电动。


For those reasons, my social skills were lacking, to say the least, and growing up in a bigoted household, I wasn't prepared for the real world.

正因为这样，我的社交能力有所缺失， 简单地说， 成长在固执的家庭， 我没有准备好应对现实世界。


I'd been raised to judge people based on arbitrary measurements, like a person's race or religion.

我被教育成用武断的方式， 依据人们的脸或宗教， 来评断他人。


One of my first experiences that challenged this way of thinking was during the 2000 presidential elections.

某次经历 挑战了我思考的方式 发生于 2000 年美国总统竞选期间。


Through a college prep program, I was able to take part in the National Youth Convention in Philadelphia.

在预科期间， 我参与了 在费城举办的全国青年大会。


My particular group's focus was on youth violence, and having been the victim of bullying for most of my life, this was a subject in which I felt particularly passionate.

我这组的话题是关于青少年暴力， 作为倍受欺负的受害者， 这个话题我很感兴趣。


The members of our group came from many different walks of life.

组员都有着不同的生活轨迹。


One day toward the end of the convention, I found out that one of the kids I had befriended was Jewish.

大会临近结束的某天， 我发现我的某个朋友 是犹太人。


Now, it had taken several days for this detail to come to light, and I realized that there was no natural animosity between the two of us.

我也是过了几天 才知晓这件事情， 我认识到，我们之间 并没有与生俱来的仇恨。


I had never had a Jewish friend before, and frankly I felt a sense of pride in having been able to overcome a barrier that for most of my life I had been led to believe was insurmountable.

我从未有过犹太朋友， 坦白地说，我为此感到骄傲， 能够跨越 我人生绝大部分时间 认为是不可能逾越的障碍。


Another major turning point came when I found a summer job at Busch Gardens, an amusement park.

另一个转折点是， 某年暑假，我在布希花园 这个主题乐园打工。


There, I was exposed to people from all sorts of faiths and cultures, and that experience proved to be fundamental to the development of my character.

我见识到有着不同信仰， 来自不同文化的人们， 这样的经验 对我的人格发展 是至关重要的。


Most of my life, I'd been taught that homosexuality was a sin, and by extension, that all gay people were a negative influence.

因为在过去的日子， 我接收到的教育是， 同性恋是罪恶的， 据此推断， 所有的同性恋者都有着 消极的影响。


As chance would have it, I had the opportunity to work with some of the gay performers at a show there, and soon found that many were the kindest, least judgmental people I had ever met.

在我打暑期工的时间里， 我有机会和同性恋演员 一起合作， 我很快发现，很多同性恋者 是我所见过最善良， 最自由开放尊重他人的人。


Being bullied as a kid created a sense of empathy in me toward the suffering of others, and it comes very unnaturally to me to treat people who are kind in any other way than how I would want to be treated.

在儿童时期被欺负的经历 教给我要对他人的遭遇 感到同情和怜悯， 对我来说， 我会善待那些 对我好的人。


Because of that feeling, I was able with real life experience and interaction.

因为这样的感受，我能够 用真实生活和交际经历来


I don't know what it's like to be gay, but I'm well acquainted with being judged for something that's beyond my control.

我不知道作为同性恋者的感受， 但我熟知那种被 无法掌控的事物所评断的感受。


接着，有个“每日秀”的节目出现了。


On a nightly basis, Jon Stewart forced me to be intellectually honest with myself about my own bigotry and helped me to realize that a person's race, religion or sexual orientation had nothing to do with the quality of one's character.

每一晚，乔恩·斯图尔特催促我 诚实面对自己的偏见， 帮助我认识到一个人的种族， 信仰和性取向 对这个人的人格没有任何关系。


He was in many ways a father figure to me when I was in desperate need of one.

某种程度上说， 每当我迫切需要一个父亲的时候， 他就在那里。


Inspiration can often come from an unexpected place, and the fact that a Jewish comedian had done more to positively influence my worldview than my own extremist father is not lost on me.

鼓舞人心之事 往往来自你无法预知的地方， 事实上，一个犹太裔喜剧明星 积极地影响我的世界观， 比我那极端的亲生父亲 多得多。


One day, I had a conversation with my mother about how my worldview was starting to change, and she said something to me that I will hold dear to my heart for as long as I live.

某天，我和母亲谈到 我的世界观正在改变， 她对我说， 我将在生命里 一直带着尊重的心。


She looked at me with the weary eyes of someone who had experienced enough dogmatism to last a lifetime, and said, "I'm tired of hating people."

她用疲倦的眼神看着我， 她受够了 被教条主义侵占的人生， 说到：“我不愿憎恨他人了。”


In that instant, I realized how much negative energy it takes to hold that hatred inside of you.

瞬间，我意识到，在内心里承受憎恨 需要多么巨大的负能量。


扎克‧伊博黑姆不是我的本名。


I changed it when my family decided to end our connection with my father and start a new life.

当我的家人决定 和我父亲断绝关系时 我改了这个名字 以开始新的生活。


So why would I out myself and potentially put myself in danger?

那么，我为什么要 出现在公众视线前 将自己置于可能的危险境地呢？


I do it in the hopes that perhaps someone someday who is compelled to use violence may hear my story and realize that there is a better way, that although I had been subjected to this violent, intolerant ideology, that I did not become fanaticized.

我这样做是希望也许某人某天 当他决定使用武力 反抗社会的时候 可能会听到我的故事，并意识到 有比动武更好的方法， 尽管我曾被灌输 这样的暴力思维， 偏狭的意识， 我并没有为其所动。


Instead, I choose to use my experience to fight back against terrorism, against the bigotry.

而是选择通过自己的经验 来抵抗恐怖主义， 来反对偏见。


I do it for the victims of terrorism and their loved ones, for the terrible pain and loss that terrorism has forced upon their lives.

我为了那些恐怖袭击的受害者 以及他们的亲人而这样做， 为了那些被恐怖主义活动所造成的 生命的苦痛和损失而这样做。


For the victims of terrorism, I will speak out against these senseless acts and condemn my father's actions.

为了那些遭受恐怖袭击的 受害者，我站出来 反对这些毫无意义的袭击行动， 谴责我父亲的行为。


And with that simple fact, I stand here as proof that violence isn't inherent in one's religion or race, and the son does not have to follow the ways of his father.

就是这样简单的原因， 我站在这里证明 暴力不是宗教或种族与生俱来的， 儿子并不需要走上 和父亲相同的道路。


Thank you. Thank you, everybody. Thank you all. Thanks a lot.

谢谢。 谢谢各位。 谢谢大家。 非常感谢。


Right now you have a movie playing inside your head.

此时此刻 正有一部电影在你脑海中放映。


这是一部奇妙的多轨道电影。


It has 3D vision and surround sound for what you're seeing and hearing right now, but that's just the start of it.

这部围绕着你正看到和听到的电影 拥有三维视觉和环绕立体声， 但这仅仅是个开始。


Your movie has smell and taste and touch.

你的电影有嗅觉、味觉和触觉。


It has a sense of your body, pain, hunger, orgasms.

它拥有你的身体所拥有的感觉， 痛苦，饥饿，高潮。


它拥有情绪， 愤怒和快乐。


It has memories, like scenes from your childhood playing before you.

它拥有记忆，就像你的童年 正在你的面前放映。


And it has this constant voiceover narrative in your stream of conscious thinking.

并且它在你的有意识的思维流中 拥有恒定的旁白。


At the heart of this movie is you experiencing all this directly.

这部电影的核心 是你直接体验这一切。


This movie is your stream of consciousness, the subject of experience of the mind and the world.

这部电影是你的意识流， 它是一部关于 对思想和世界的体验为主题的影片。


Consciousness is one of the fundamental facts of human existence.

意识是人类之所以存在 的基本事实之一。


我们每个人都是有意识的。


We all have our own inner movie, you and you and you.

我们都有自己的内心电影， 包括你、你、还有你。


There's nothing we know about more directly.

没有什么是我们能直接了解的。


At least, I know about my consciousness directly.

至少，我能直接了解我的意识。


I can't be certain that you guys are conscious.

我不确定你们是否也能意识到这点。


Consciousness also is what makes life worth living.

意识也是一种让生命值得活下去的东西。


If we weren't conscious, nothing in our lives would have meaning or value.

如果我们没有意识，那么我们生命中的任何事情 都失去了意义和价值。


But at the same time, it's the most mysterious phenomenon in the universe.

同时，意识也是 最宇宙中最神秘的现象。


为什么我们会有这些内心电影？


Why aren't we just robots who process all this input, produce all that output, without experiencing the inner movie at all?

为什么我们不只是那种 处理输入 再输出结果 而不会体验任何内心电影的机器人？


Right now, nobody knows the answers to those questions.

目前为止，没有人知道这个问题 的答案。


I'm going to suggest that to integrate consciousness into science, some radical ideas may be needed.

我想说如果要将意识整合 到科学中去，一些激进的想法也许是需要的。


Some people say a science of consciousness is impossible.

有人说意识科学 是不可能存在的。


科学，从它的本质上来看，是客观的。


Consciousness, by its nature, is subjective.

意识，从它的本质上来看，是主观的。


So there can never be a science of consciousness.

所以，不可能会有意识科学。


For much of the 20th century, that view held sway.

在20世纪的大部分时间里，这种观点占据统治地位。


Psychologists studied behavior objectively, neuroscientists studied the brain objectively, and nobody even mentioned consciousness.

心理学家客观地研究行为举止， 神经科学家客观地研究大脑， 但是没有人哪怕是提到意识。


Even 30 years ago, when TED got started, there was very little scientific work on consciousness.

即使30年前，当TED刚开始时， 也很少见到关于意识方面 的科学研究。


Now, about 20 years ago, all that began to change.

大约在20年前， 所有这些都开始改变了。


Neuroscientists like Francis Crick and physicists like Roger Penrose said now is the time for science to attack consciousness.

像弗朗西斯·克里克这样的神经科学家 以及像罗杰·彭罗斯这样的物理学家 都说现在正是科学向意识方面进攻 的时候。


And since then, there's been a real explosion, a flowering of scientific work on consciousness.

从那以来， 关于意识方面的科学研究 遍地开花。


And this work has been wonderful. It's been great.

这项研究很奇妙，很了不起。


But it also has some fundamental limitations so far.

但是迄今为止它也还有一些 根本的局限性。


The centerpiece of the science of consciousness in recent years has been the search for correlations, correlations between certain areas of the brain and certain states of consciousness.

近几年 意识科学研究的核心 是寻找相关性， 关于大脑的特定区域 和特定的意识状态之间的相关性。


We saw some of this kind of work from Nancy Kanwisher and the wonderful work she presented just a few minutes ago.

我们看了南希·坎维舍 做的一些这方面的研究以及几分钟之前 她刚刚提交的精彩工作。


Now we understand much better, for example, the kinds of brain areas that go along with the conscious experience of seeing faces or of feeling pain or of feeling happy.

现在我们有了更好的理解，例如， 不同的大脑区域对应着不同 的意识体验：人脸识别 或者感受痛苦 或者感受快乐。


But this is still a science of correlations.

但这仍然是关于相关性的科学。


We know that these brain areas go along with certain kinds of conscious experience, but we don't know why they do.

我们知道这些大脑区域 对应着特定的意识体验， 但是我们不知道为什么会这样。


I like to put this by saying that this kind of work from neuroscience is answering some of the questions we want answered about consciousness, the questions about what certain brain areas do and what they correlate with.

我想说的是， 神经科学方面的这种研究 正回答着那些 我们想要回答的关于意识、 关于某些特定大脑区域做些什么 以及对应哪种的问题。


But in a certain sense, those are the easy problems.

但是从某种意义上来说，这些都是简单的问题。


都不是神经科学家想要研究的。


There are no truly easy problems with consciousness.

没有真正的关于意识的简单问题。


But it doesn't address the real mystery at the core of this subject: why is it that all that physical processing in a brain should be accompanied by consciousness at all?

它没能解开关于这个课题的核心 的真正谜团： 为什么大脑中所有的物理过程 必须伴随着意识？


Why is there this inner subjective movie?

为什么会有这种内心的主观电影的存在？


Right now, we don't really have a bead on that.

目前为止，我们对此还没有一点头绪。


And you might say, let's just give neuroscience a few years.

也许你会说， 让我们再给神经科学几年时间。


It'll turn out to be another emergent phenomenon like traffic jams, like hurricanes, like life, and we'll figure it out.

它会被证明是另一种涌现现象， 就像塞车、就像飓风、 就像生命一样，并且我们会弄明白它。


The classical cases of emergence are all cases of emergent behavior, how a traffic jam behaves, how a hurricane functions, how a living organism reproduces and adapts and metabolizes, all questions about objective functioning.

所有涌现现象的经典案例 都是应急行为的表现， 塞车是如何行成的， 飓风是如何作用的， 生物体是如何繁殖、 适应环境和新陈代谢的， 所有这些问题都是关于客观机能的。


You could apply that to the human brain in explaining some of the behaviors and the functions of the human brain as emergent phenomena: how we walk, how we talk, how we play chess, all these questions about behavior.

你可以把它应用到人类的大脑上 去解释为什么人类大脑的某些行为 和功能 跟涌现现象很像： 我们如何走路，如何谈话，如何下象棋， 所有这些问题都是关于行为的。


But when it comes to consciousness, questions about behavior are among the easy problems.

但是当谈到意识时， 关于行为的问题 只是一个简单的问题。


When it comes to the hard problem, that's the question of why is it that all this behavior is accompanied by subjective experience?

当涉及到困难问题时， 问题就变成了为什么 所有的这些行为 都伴随着主观体验。


And here, the standard paradigm of emergence, even the standard paradigms of neuroscience, don't really, so far, have that much to say.

对此，涌现现象 的标准范例， 甚至神经科学的标准范例， 到目前为止都没有太多可以说的。


Now, I'm a scientific materialist at heart.

现在，我本质上是一个科学唯物主义者。


I want a scientific theory of consciousness that works, and for a long time, I banged my head against the wall looking for a theory of consciousness in purely physical terms that would work.

我希望某种关于意识的科学理论 能够奏效， 在过去很长一段时间里， 我埋头苦干， 努力寻找一种有效的 单从物理的角度去解释的 关于意识的理论。


But I eventually came to the conclusion that that just didn't work for systematic reasons.

但我最终得出一个结论， 那就是它不起作用只是因为系统性的原因。


It's a long story, but the core idea is just that what you get from purely reductionist explanations in physical terms, in brain-based terms, is stories about the functioning of a system, its structure, its dynamics, the behavior it produces, great for solving the easy problems — how we behave, how we function — but when it comes to subjective experience — why does all this feel like something from the inside? —

说来话长， 但是这个故事的核心就是 你从在物理方面，在基于大脑方面的 纯粹的还原论者的解释中得到的东西， 是关于一个系统的功能、 它的结构、它的动力、 以及它所产生的行为的， 它可以很好地解决简单问题—— 比如说我们如何表现，我们如何活动—— 但是当它涉及到主观体验时—— 比如说为什么所有这些都感觉像是来自内心的某些东西？——


that's something fundamentally new, and it's always a further question.

这是一些全新的东西， 并且它总会成为一个更深层次的问题。


So I think we're at a kind of impasse here.

因此我想我们进入了僵局。


We've got this wonderful, great chain of explanation, we're used to it, where physics explains chemistry, chemistry explains biology, biology explains parts of psychology.

我们已经有了一套美妙的、伟大的解释链， 我们已经习惯了它，那就是用用物理解释化学， 用化学解释生物， 用生物解释部分心理学。


But consciousness doesn't seem to fit into this picture.

但是意识 似乎并不符合这种情形。


On the one hand, it's a datum that we're conscious.

一方面，它是一个已知数 即我们是有意识的。


On the other hand, we don't know how to accommodate it into our scientific view of the world.

另一方面，我们却并不知道 如何使它与我们的科学的世界观相适应。


So I think consciousness right now is a kind of anomaly, one that we need to integrate into our view of the world, but we don't yet see how.

所以我认为就目前而言意识 是一种反常事物， 是一种需要我们将它整合到 我们的世界观中，而我们却还不知道如何整合的事物。


Faced with an anomaly like this, radical ideas may be needed, and I think that we may need one or two ideas that initially seem crazy before we can come to grips with consciousness scientifically. Now, there are a few candidates for what those crazy ideas might be.

面对这样的反常事物， 我们可能需要一些激进的想法， 并且我认为我们可能需要一两个 在我们可以科学地 面对意识之前 看起来很疯狂的想法。 现在，对于这些疯狂的想法可能是什么


My friend Dan Dennett, who's here today, has one.

已经有了一些候选项。 我的朋友丹·丹尼特就有一个这样的想法，他今天也在这里。


His crazy idea is that there is no hard problem of consciousness.

他的疯狂想法是关于意识 的困难问题并不存在。


The whole idea of the inner subjective movie involves a kind of illusion or confusion.

整个内心主观电影的想法 涉及一种幻觉或困惑。


Actually, all we've got to do is explain the objective functions, the behaviors of the brain, and then we've explained everything that needs to be explained.

事实上，我们现在要做的就是解释 客观功能和大脑行为， 然后自然地我们就解释了 所有需要被解释的。


我想说，给他更多的能量。


That's the kind of radical idea that we need to explore if you want to have a purely reductionist brain-based theory of consciousness.

这就是那种我们需要去探索的 激进想法， 如果你想获得关于意识的 纯还原论者的基于大脑的理论的话。


At the same time, for me and for many other people, that view is a bit too close to simply denying the datum of consciousness to be satisfactory.

同时，对于我和其他很多人来说， 这个观点有一点太接近于简单地 否认关于意识的已知资料 而不能令人满意。


因此我选择了另一个不同的方向。


In the time remaining, I want to explore two crazy ideas that I think may have some promise.

在余下的时间里， 我想探讨两个我认为可能有希望的 疯狂想法。


The first crazy idea is that consciousness is fundamental.

第一种疯狂想法是 意识是一种基本概念。


Physicists sometimes take some aspects of the universe as fundamental building blocks: space and time and mass.

物理学家有时候会把宇宙中的某些方面 作为基本概念，如： 空间、时间和质量。


They postulate fundamental laws governing them, like the laws of gravity or of quantum mechanics.

他们设定了一些基本定律去管理它们， 例如重力定律和量子力学定律。


These fundamental properties and laws aren't explained in terms of anything more basic.

这些基本性质和定律 不能解释一些更基础的东西。


Rather, they're taken as primitive, and you build up the world from there.

这相当于以它们为根本， 然后你在它们的基础上建立这个世界。


Now sometimes, the list of fundamentals expands.

现在，这张基本定律名单会不时扩大。


In the 19th century, Maxwell figured out that you can't explain electromagnetic phenomena in terms of the existing fundamentals — space, time, mass, Newton's laws — so he postulated fundamental laws of electromagnetism and postulated electric charge as a fundamental element that those laws govern.

在19世纪，麦克斯韦断定 你无法用当时存在的基本概念—— 空间、时间、质量、牛顿定律—— 去解释电磁现象， 因此他设定了电磁学的 基本定律， 并且设定了电荷 作为这些定律的 基本元素。


I think that's the situation we're in with consciousness.

我认为这与我们在研究意识上的 情形是一样的。


If you can't explain consciousness in terms of the existing fundamentals — space, time, mass, charge — then as a matter of logic, you need to expand the list.

如果我们不能用现存的基本概念—— 时间、空间、质量、电荷—— 去解释意识， 那么从逻辑上而言，你需要去扩充这张名单。


The natural thing to do is to postulate consciousness itself as something fundamental, a fundamental building block of nature.

接下来将意识本身设定为 某种根本性的东西， 作为自然界的基本概念就是一件自然而然的事。


This doesn't mean you suddenly can't do science with it.

这并不意味着突然间你不能用它来研究科学了。


This opens up the way for you to do science with it.

这反而是为你开僻了一条用它来研究科学的道路。


What we then need is to study the fundamental laws governing consciousness, the laws that connect consciousness to other fundamentals: space, time, mass, physical processes.

然后我们需要做的就是研究 那些掌控着意识的基本定律， 那些将意识与其它基本概念—— 空间、时间、质量、物理过程—— 联系在一起的定律。


Physicists sometimes say that we want fundamental laws so simple that we could write them on the front of a t-shirt.

物理学家有时候说 我们希望那些基本定律可以简单到 能够把它们写在T恤上。


Well I think something like that is the situation we're in with consciousness.

我想我们在对意识的研究上 也应该这样。


We want to find fundamental laws so simple we could write them on the front of a t-shirt.

我希望我们发现的关于意识的基本定律也可以简单到 能够把它们写在T恤上。


We don't know what those laws are yet, but that's what we're after.

我们现在还不知道这些定律是什么， 但这是我们正在寻找的。


The second crazy idea is that consciousness might be universal.

第二个疯狂的想法 是意识也许是普通存在的。


Every system might have some degree of consciousness.

也许每个系统都有某种程度的 意识。


This view is sometimes called panpsychism: pan for all, psych for mind, every system is conscious, not just humans, dogs, mice, flies, but even Rob Knight's microbes, elementary particles.

这种观点有时被称作泛心论： 万物皆有精神或心理活动， 每个系统都具有意识， 不仅是人类、狗、老鼠、苍蝇， 甚至连罗伯·奈特的微生物、 基本粒子都具有意识。


Even a photon has some degree of consciousness.

甚至连一个光子都有某种程度的意识。


The idea is not that photons are intelligent or thinking.

这个观点不是说光子是智能的 或者能思考的。


It's not that a photon is wracked with angst because it's thinking, "Aww, I'm always buzzing around near the speed of light.

不是说一个光子 会由于焦虑而被破坏， 而这种焦虑是因为它想着“哦，我总是以接近光速的速度


I never get to slow down and smell the roses."

紧张地跑来跑去，从来没有放慢速度来闻一闻玫瑰花香“。


But the thought is maybe photons might have some element of raw, subjective feeling, some primitive precursor to consciousness.

这种观点想要表达的是也许光子可能会有 一些原始的、主观的体验， 一些原始的意识的前兆。


对你来说，这听起来可能有点怪。


I mean, why would anyone think such a crazy thing?

我的意思是，为什么不可以有人思考这样疯狂的事呢？


Some motivation comes from the first crazy idea, that consciousness is fundamental.

有一些动机来自第一个疯狂想法， 即意识是基本概念。


If it's fundamental, like space and time and mass, it's natural to suppose that it might be universal too, the way they are.

如果它是基本概念，就像空间、时间和质量一样， 那么很自然地可以假定它也可能具有普遍性， 就像其它的基本概念一样。


It's also worth noting that although the idea seems counterintuitive to us, it's much less counterintuitive to people from different cultures, where the human mind is seen as much more continuous with nature.

还有一点值得注意的是虽然这个想法 对我们来说是违反直觉的， 但对来自其他文化的人来说 可能就不是那么违反直觉了， 那些人的心灵 跟自然联系在一起的时间更长。


A deeper motivation comes from the idea that perhaps the most simple and powerful way to find fundamental laws connecting consciousness to physical processing is to link consciousness to information.

从这个想法中得到的一个更深的动机是 也许找出将意识与物理过程 联系在一起的 最简单和最有力的方式 就是将意识与信息相结合。


Wherever there's information processing, there's consciousness.

有信息处理的地方 就有意识。


Complex information processing, like in a human, complex consciousness.

复杂的信息处理，比如说人类的信息处理， 伴随着复杂的意识。


Simple information processing, simple consciousness.

简单的信息处理， 伴随着简单的意识。


A really exciting thing is in recent years a neuroscientist, Giulio Tononi, has taken this kind of theory and developed it rigorously with a mathematical theory.

一件令人很兴奋的事是最近几年 有一个神经科学家，朱利奥·托诺尼 采用了这种理论 并且严格按照数学理论 的方式发展了它。


He has a mathematical measure of information integration which he calls phi, measuring the amount of information integrated in a system.

他有一个关于信息整合 的数学测量， 他称之为phi， 他用它来测量 一个系统中的信息整合的量。


And he supposes that phi goes along with consciousness.

他推断phi 是与意识相关的。


So in a human brain, incredibly large amount of information integration, high degree of phi, a whole lot of consciousness.

所以在人类的大脑中， 有着令人难以置信的信息整合量， 高度的phi值， 一大堆的意识。


In a mouse, medium degree of information integration, still pretty significant, pretty serious amount of consciousness.

在老鼠的大脑中，有中度的信息整合量， 但仍然数目庞大， 仍然具有大量的意识。


But as you go down to worms, microbes, particles, the amount of phi falls off.

但是当你将研究目标降至蠕虫、 微生物、粒子， phi的值就会跌落。


The amount of information integration falls off, but it's still non-zero.

信息整合量会跌落， 但不会为零。


On Tononi's theory, there's still going to be a non-zero degree of consciousness.

在托诺尼的理论中， 意识程度 也不会降为零。


In effect, he's proposing a fundamental law of consciousness: high phi, high consciousness.

事实上，他正在提出这样一个关于意识的 基本定律：phi值越高，意识度也越高。


Now, I don't know if this theory is right, but it's actually perhaps the leading theory right now in the science of consciousness, and it's been used to integrate a whole range of scientific data, and it does have a nice property that it is in fact simple enough you can write it on the front of a t-shirt.

现在，我不知道这个理论是否正确， 但是实际上或许它正处于 意识科学的理论前沿， 并且它已经被用于整合 各方面的科学数据， 它还有一个很好的属性就是它足够简单， 简单到你可以将它写在T恤上。


Another final motivation is that panpsychism might help us to integrate consciousness into the physical world.

另外一个最终动机就是 泛心论可以帮助我们 将意识和物理世界相结合。


Physicists and philosophers have often observed that physics is curiously abstract.

物理学家和哲学家经常注意到 物理学是深奥抽象的。


It describes the structure of reality using a bunch of equations, but it doesn't tell us about the reality that underlies it.

它用一连串的方程式 去描述现实结构， 但是它又不告诉我们 构成它的现实基础。


As Stephen Hawking puts it, what puts the fire into the equations?

正如史蒂芬·霍金所说， 是什么将火放进方程式的？


Well, on the panpsychist view, you can leave the equations of physics as they are, but you can take them to be describing the flux of consciousness.

而在泛心论者看来， 物理方程可以是它现在的样子， 但是你也可以用它来描述 意识的量。


That's what physics really is ultimately doing, describing the flux of consciousness.

这是物理学最终要做的， 描述意识的量。


On this view, it's consciousness that puts the fire into the equations.

用这种观点看来，是意识 将火放到了方程中。


On that view, consciousness doesn't dangle outside the physical world as some kind of extra.

在那种观点看来，意识 不是晃荡在物质世界之外 的特别的东西。


它存在于物质世界的核心。


This view, I think, the panpsychist view, has the potential to transfigure our relationship to nature, and it may have some pretty serious social and ethical consequences.

我认为，这种泛心论者的观点， 有那种使我们对我们与自然的关系产生改观 的潜能， 并且它可能产生一些相当严重的 社会和伦理方面的后果。


它们当中的一些可能是违反直觉的。


I used to think I shouldn't eat anything which is conscious, so therefore I should be vegetarian.

我曾经想我不可以 吃任何有意识的东西， 因此我要做一个素食主义者。


Now, if you're a panpsychist and you take that view, you're going to go very hungry.

但是现，如果你是一个泛心论者并且采用这种观点， 你只能挨饿。


So I think when you think about it, this tends to transfigure your views, whereas what matters for ethical purposes and moral considerations, not so much the fact of consciousness, but the degree and the complexity of consciousness.

因此我想当你思考它的时候， 这将会使你有改变观点的倾向， 然而对于伦理目标 和道德考量来说 最重要的不是关于意识的事实， 而是意识的程度和复杂性。


It's also natural to ask about consciousness in other systems, like computers.

探讨其它系统，比如说电脑中的意识


What about the artificially intelligent system in the movie "Her," Samantha?

也是一件很自然的事情。 比如说电影《她》中的 人工智能系统萨曼莎是什么情况？


Well, if you take the informational, panpsychist view, she certainly has complicated information processing and integration, so the answer is very likely yes, she is conscious.

如果你用这种信息性的， 泛心论者的角度来看， 她的确能进行复杂的信息处理 和整合， 所以答案很有可能是“是”，她是有意识的。


If that's right, it raises pretty serious ethical issues about both the ethics of developing intelligent computer systems and the ethics of turning them off.

如果这个答案正确的话， 那么不管是开发智能计算机系统 或者关闭他们 都会引起严重的伦理问题。


Finally, you might ask about the consciousness of whole groups, the planet.

最后，你可能会询问 集体意识、 行星的意识。


加拿大有它自己的意识吗？


Or at a more local level, like the audience at a TED conference, are we right now having a collective TED consciousness, for this collective TED group which is distinct from the inner movies of each of our parts?

或者在一个更地方的层面来说， 一个由一场TED大会的听众 所组成的集体 拥有集体的TED意识吗， 这个TED集体 的内在电影 是与我们每个人自己 的内在电影不同吗？


I don't know the answer to that question, but I think it's at least one worth taking seriously.

我不知道这个问题的答案， 但我觉得至少它 值得重视。


Okay, so this panpsychist vision, it is a radical one, and I don't know that it's correct.

好了，这就是泛心论者的观点， 它是一个激进的想法， 而我不知道它是否正确。


I'm actually more confident about the first crazy idea, that consciousness is fundamental, than about the second one, that it's universal.

事实上我对第一个疯狂想法 即意识是一种基本概念， 要比对第二个疯狂想法 即意识是普遍存在的 要更有把握。


I mean, the view raises any number of questions, has any number of challenges, like how do those little bits of consciousness add up to the kind of complex consciousness If we can answer those questions, then I think we're going to be well on our way to a serious theory of consciousness.

我的意思是，这个观点引起了很多问题， 拥有很多挑战， 比如说那些小的意识 是如何添加到 我们了解和喜爱 的复杂意识中去的。 如果我们能够回答这些问题， 那么我想我们就会在通往 关于意识的严肃理论的道路上顺利走下去。


If not, well, this is the hardest problem perhaps in science and philosophy.

如果不能，那么这可能成为 科学上和哲学上最难解的问题。


我们不能期盼一个晚上就能解决这个问题。


But I do think we're going to figure it out eventually.

但是我相信我们终将弄明白它。


Understanding consciousness is a real key, I think, both to understanding the universe and to understanding ourselves.

我想，理解意识是 我们理解宇宙 和理解我们自己的一个关键。


而做到这一点也许只需要我们采用正确的疯狂想法。


I grew up in a very small country town I had a very normal, low-key kind of upbringing.

我在维多利亚的 一个小乡镇长大。 我受的教育平凡而普通。


I went to school, I hung out with my friends, I fought with my younger sisters.

我上学，跟朋友一起玩， 跟妹妹们吵架。


And when I was 15, a member of my local community approached my parents and wanted to nominate me for a community achievement award.

在我15岁的时候，一名社区的工作人员 找到我的父母， 想要提名我 一个社区成就奖。


And my parents said, "Hm, that's really nice, but there's kind of one glaring problem with that.

我的父母说：“嗯，这是件好事儿， 不过有个比较明显的问题。


She hasn't actually achieved anything." And they were right, you know.

她从来也没取得什么成就啊。“ 他们说的对。


I went to school, I got good marks, I had a very low-key after school job in my mum's hairdressing salon, and I spent a lot of time watching "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and "Dawson's Creek."

我上学，成绩还不错。 毕业之后在妈妈的 发型设计沙龙有个很普通的工作， 我还花很多时间看各种肥皂剧， 比如”吸血鬼猎人巴菲“和”恋爱时代“。


I wasn't doing anything that was out of the ordinary at all.

我压根儿也没有过任何 不寻常的作为。


I wasn't doing anything that could be considered an achievement if you took disability out of the equation.

我从来也没做过任何可以被当做是成就的事情， 如果不考虑身体有缺陷这一点的话。


Years later, I was on my second teaching round in a Melbourne high school, and I was about 20 minutes into a year 11 legal studies class when this boy put up his hand and said, "Hey miss, when are you going to start doing your speech?"

几年以后，我再次回到 一个墨尔本高中的教书， 当我在11年级的一堂法律课上刚讲了大概20分钟时， 一个男孩举手问道： “女士，你什么时候才能开始演讲？”


You know, I'd been talking them about defamation law for a good 20 minutes.

事实上，我已经就诽谤法 讲了二十多分钟了。


And he said, "You know, like, your motivational speaking.

然后他说：”比方说 励志演说什么的。


You know, when people in wheelchairs come to school, they usually say, like, inspirational stuff?"

当坐着轮椅的人来到学校， 他们一般都会说一些鼓舞人心的故事，是吧？“


”不过这种演讲一般都是在大报告厅里进行的呀。“


And that's when it dawned on me: This kid had only ever experienced disabled people as objects of inspiration.

就是在那个时候我开始意识到： 这孩子一直把残障人士当做 一种励志对象。


We are not, to this kid -- and it's not his fault, I mean, that's true for many of us.

对这个孩子来说，我们并不是什么激励对象， 这也不是他的错， 很多人都有这种想法。


For lots of us, disabled people are not our teachers or our doctors or our manicurists.

对很多人来说，残障人士并不是老师， 医生或者美甲师。


We're not real people. We are there to inspire.

我们不是真实的人，我们的存在只是为了激励别人。


And in fact, I am sitting on this stage looking like I do in this wheelchair, and you are probably kind of expecting me to inspire you. Right? Yeah.

现在，我在这个讲台上， 坐着轮椅演讲， 你们可能多少也会期待我 能对你们有所激励，对吧？（观众笑声） 我说的没错吧。


Well, ladies and gentlemen, I'm afraid I'm going to disappoint you dramatically.

不过，女士们先生们，恐怕 我要让你们非常失望了。


我在这里不是为了激励你们。


I am here to tell you that we have been lied to about disability.

我来这儿是想告诉你们 我们对残疾有错误的认识。


Yeah, we've been sold the lie that disability is a Bad Thing, capital B, capital T.

没错，我们一直被错误的灌输 残疾是件坏事，很——糟——糕的事。


It's a bad thing, and to live with a disability makes you exceptional.

这是件坏事，带着残缺生活 会让你与众不同。


It's not a bad thing, and it doesn't make you exceptional.

其实，这并不是件坏事， 也不会让你变得多出众。


And in the past few years, we've been able to propagate this lie even further via social media.

在过去的几年，这个谎言 通过社交媒体 被传的更广了。


You may have seen images like this one: "The only disability in life is a bad attitude."

你们可能看过这样的图片： ”生活中唯一的残缺就是消极的态度。“


Or this one: "Your excuse is invalid." Indeed.

或者这个：”你的理由不成立。”


亦或者：“不要轻易放弃，继续尝试！”


These are just a couple of examples, but there are a lot of these images out there.

这只是其中的几个例子， 这样的图片还有很多。


You know, you might have seen the one, the little girl with no hands drawing a picture with a pencil held in her mouth.

你们还可能看到过这个， 一个没有手臂的小女孩儿 把笔刁在嘴里画画。


You might have seen a child running on carbon fiber prosthetic legs.

你们可能也见过一个孩子借助 碳纤维义肢奔跑。


And these images, there are lots of them out there, they are what we call inspiration porn.

类似这样的图片， 太多了， 我们管这些叫励志情色片。


And I use the term porn deliberately, because they objectify one group of people for the benefit of another group of people.

（观众笑声） 我故意用“情色片”这个词的， 因为他们为了另一群人的利益， 而把一群人物化。


So in this case, we're objectifying disabled people for the benefit of nondisabled people.

现在，我们正在物化残障人士， 以满足非残障人士的利益。


The purpose of these images is to inspire you, to motivate you, so that we can look at them and think, "Well, however bad my life is, it could be worse.

这些图片是 想要鼓舞你们，激励你们， 这样我们看到这些残疾人的时候 就会想：“哦，我的生活再糟， 也还是有比我更糟的。


I've lost count of the number of times that I've been approached by strangers wanting to tell me that they think I'm brave or inspirational, and this was long before my work had any kind of public profile.

我已经记不清有几次， 有陌生人向我走过来， 想要告诉我他们认为我很勇敢， 很励志， 这还是在我没有 成为公众人物之前的事。


They were just kind of congratulating me for managing to get up in the morning and remember my own name. And it is objectifying.

他们只是因为我早上能够正常起床， 还能记着我自己的名字 而祝贺我。（观众笑声） 这就是物化。


These images, those images objectify disabled people for the benefit of nondisabled people.

这些图片 物化了残障人士，好让他们 能够激励非残障人士。


They are there so that you can look at them and think that things aren't so bad for you, to put your worries into perspective.

他们的存在，就在于能够让你们 庆幸自己过的还不坏， 把担心抛在脑后。


And life as a disabled person is actually somewhat difficult.

不过残障人士的生活 的确有些挑战。


我们确实需要克服一些困难。


But the things that we're overcoming are not the things that you think they are.

不过我们需要克服的那些事 跟你们想像的不一样。


They are not things to do with our bodies.

这些事跟我们身体本身的缺陷没什么关系。


I use the term "disabled people" quite deliberately, because I subscribe to what's called the social model of disability, which tells us that we are more disabled by the society that we live in than by our bodies and our diagnoses.

我刻意使用“残疾人”这个词， 因为我可以接受这种社会普遍认同的残疾， 这让我们认识到，相比较我们身体本身的 缺陷和病症，我们所居住的社会 让我们更觉得自己是残疾人。


So I have lived in this body a long time.

其实我像现在这样已经相当久了。


It does the things that I need it to do, and I've learned to use it to the best of its capacity just as you have, and that's the thing about those kids in those pictures as well.

我想做什么都能做， 而且我也知道怎么做那些力所能及的事儿， 就跟你们一样， 图片里的那些孩子也是这样。


They're not doing anything out of the ordinary.

他们并没做什么不同寻常的事儿。


They are just using their bodies to the best of their capacity.

他们只是最大程度的 让自己的身体发挥功能。


So is it really fair to objectify them in the way that we do, to share those images?

那么通过传播这些图片 来物化他们 真的公平吗？


People, when they say, "You're an inspiration," they mean it as a compliment.

当人们说：”你真励志，” 他们以为这是一种赞美。


我知道大家为什么这么做。


It's because of the lie, it's because we've been sold this lie that disability makes you exceptional.

是因为我们一直以来都被灌输一种错误的思想： 残缺可以让你变得出色。


You know, I'm up here bagging out inspiration, and you're thinking, "Jeez, Stella, aren't you inspired sometimes by some things?"

我在讲台上否认这种激励作用， 你们就会想：“天呐，史黛拉， 难道你就不会受其他事物的激励吗？”


I learn from other disabled people all the time.

我无时无刻不在从其他残障人士身上学习。


I'm learning not that I am luckier than them, though.

不过我学习，并不是我比他们幸运多少。


I am learning that it's a genius idea to use a pair of barbecue tongs to pick up things that you dropped. I'm learning that nifty trick where you can charge your mobile phone battery from your chair battery.

我学到的是，用烧烤棍 把你掉的东西捡起来 是个相当不错的主意。（观众笑声） 我觉得用电动轮椅的电池给手机充电 也是个绝妙的点子。


We are learning from each others' strength and endurance, not against our bodies and our diagnoses, but against a world that exceptionalizes and objectifies us.

我们互相学习彼此的坚强和隐忍， 不是对抗身体缺陷和疾病的坚强， 而是对抗整个社会区别对待我们， 物化我们的这种风气。


I really think that this lie that we've been sold about disability is the greatest injustice.

我真心认为这种针对我们残障人士的谎言 就是最大的不公。


这让我们的生活变得很困难。


And that quote, "The only disability in life is a bad attitude," the reason that that's bullshit is because it's just not true, because of the social model of disability.

还有那句名言：”生活中唯一的残疾 就是消极的态度“， 这简直就是胡说八道， 因为事实根本不是这样 这只是社会认同的残疾。


No amount of smiling at a flight of stairs has ever made it turn into a ramp.

笑的再多也不会让你费力攀爬的楼梯 变成可以通过轮椅的斜坡。


Never. Smiling at a television screen isn't going to make closed captions appear for people who are deaf.

永远都不会。（观众笑声） 对着电视机屏幕笑， 也不能让聋哑人听懂 没有字幕的节目。


No amount of standing in the middle of a bookshop and radiating a positive attitude is going to turn all those books into braille.

在书店里呆的再久， 释放再积极的正能量， 也不能把这些书变成盲文。


I really want to live in a world where disability is not the exception, but the norm.

我真心期待能活在这样一个世界里， 残疾不再是当成一种特殊， 仅仅是普通现象。


sitting in her bedroom watching "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" isn't referred to as achieving anything because she's doing it sitting down.

一个坐在卧室里 看”吸血鬼猎人巴菲” 的15岁女孩， 不会因为她能正常坐着 就被提名什么成就奖。


I want to live in a world where we don't have such low expectations of disabled people that we are congratulated for getting out of bed and remembering our own names in the morning.

在我期望的社会里， 人们不放低他们对 残障人士的期待， 不会因为他们早上能正常起床， 记得自己的名字


I want to live in a world where we value genuine achievement for disabled people, and I want to live in a world where a kid in year 11 in a Melbourne high school is not one bit surprised that his new teacher is a wheelchair user.

就对他们大加赞赏。 我期待的社会，人们会认可残障人士 真正的成就， 我期待的社会里， 一个墨尔本高中11岁的孩子 不会因为他的新老师需要轮椅代步


Disability doesn't make you exceptional, but questioning what you think you know about it does.

残障不会让你变得出色， 但质疑你原本自以为了解的事物，可以让你进步。


What do augmented reality and professional football have to do with empathy?

扩增实境 职业橄榄球 这二者和同理心有何关系？


And what is the air speed velocity of an unladen swallow?

未负重的燕子 飞行的空速是多少？


Now unfortunately, I'm only going to answer one of those questions today, so please, try and contain your disappointment.

遗憾的是 今天我只会回答其中一个问题 所以请不要感到沮丧


When most people think about augmented reality, they think about "Minority Report" and Tom Cruise waving his hands in the air, but augmented reality is not science fiction.

当大多数人想到扩增实境时 他们会想到电影“少数派报告“ 以及汤姆·克鲁斯 在空中挥舞着双手的场景 但扩增实境并不是科幻小说


Augmented reality is something that will happen in our lifetime, and it will happen because we have the tools to make it happen, and people need to be aware of that, because augmented reality will change our lives just as much as the Internet and the cell phone.

这项技术 会在我们有生之年成为现实 因为我们有办法去实现它 大家需要意识到这点 扩增实境将改变我们的生活 如同互联网和手机那样


那么我们怎么才能实现扩增实境呢？


Step one is the step I'm wearing right now, Google Glass.

首先就是戴上我现在用的这个东西 谷歌眼镜


I'm sure many of you are familiar with Google Glass.

相信在场有很多人都对它不陌生


What you may not be familiar with is that Google Glass is a device that will allow you to see what I see.

但你可能并不知道 谷歌眼镜还可以 让你看到我所看到的一切


It will allow you to experience what it is like to be a professional athlete on the field.

它能让你体会到 身为职业运动员在赛场上的感受


Right now, the only way you can be on the field is for me to try and describe it to you.

而现在，要想体会这种感受的唯一方式 就是听我试图去向你描述


I have to create a framework that you then fill in with your imagination.

来建立起一个框架 然后你运用想像力去充实它


With Google Glass, we can put that underneath a helmet, and we can get a sense of what it's like to be running down the field at 100 miles an hour, your blood pounding in your ears.

而有了谷歌眼镜 我们可以把它放在橄榄球头盔下 这样我们就能体会到 以100英里／小时的速度 在球场上奔跑的感受 你能听到血液在耳中 怦怦搏动的声音


You can get a sense of what it's like to have a 250-pound man sprinting at you trying to decapitate you with every ounce of his being.

还能体会到 一个250磅重的人 向你飞奔而来的感受 他竭尽全力 要把你放倒 我就曾被放倒过


Now, I have some footage to show you of what it's like to wear Google Glass underneath the helmet to give you a taste of that.

下面这段视频将展示 头盔下的谷歌眼镜所记录的片段 让你体验一把


Unfortunately, it's not NFL practice footage because the NFL thinks emergent technology is what happens when a submarine surfaces, but — — we do what we can.

遗憾的是这并不是 橄榄球联盟的训练视频 因为他们觉得新兴技术 是在潜水艇浮出水时才会发生的事儿 但是我们尽力而为


我了个去，被拦阻太不爽了


Chris Kluwe: So as you can see, small taste of what it's like to get tackled on the football field from the perspective of the tacklee.

克瑞斯·柯鲁威：就像你看到的 这段视频让你体会到 在球场上被拦阻的感受 是从被拦阻者的角度去体验


Now, you may have noticed there are some people missing there: the rest of the team.

现在你可能注意到 球场上少了些什么人 少了球队的其他成员


We have some video of that courtesy of the University of Washington.

还有段视频 由华盛顿大学提供


蓝色球衣8号! 蓝色球衣8号! 走起！


CK: So again, this takes you a little bit closer to what it's like to be on that field, but this is nowhere what it's like to be on the NFL.

克里斯 柯鲁威：这又让你更近距离地 去体验在球场的感受 但这和橄榄球联盟比赛相比 完全不是同一种感觉


粉丝想要体验身处那种比赛中的感觉


他们想要体会在球场上的感觉


They want to be their favorite players, and they've already talked to me on YouTube, they've talked to me on Twitter, saying, "Hey, can you get this on a quarterback?

他们想要变身为他们最喜欢的球员 粉丝们已经在YouTube上和我谈起了这点 还在推特上跟我说起这事儿 “嗨，你能不能让个四分卫戴上这眼镜？“


Well, once we have that experience with GoPro and Google Glass, how do we make it more immersive?

当我们有了GoPro摄像机 还有谷歌眼镜后 我们怎么才能提供更仿真式的体验呢？


Well, we take that step by going to something called the Oculus Rift, which I'm sure many of you are also familiar with.

接下来 就是利用头戴式显示器， 相信你们大多数人对它也很熟悉。


The Oculus Rift has been described as one of the most realistic virtual reality devices ever created, and that is not empty hype.

头戴式显示器被称为 目前制造出的效果最逼真 的虚拟显示设备 这并不是什么天花乱坠的炒作


I'm going to show you why that is not empty hype with this video.

接下来我将向你展示 这为什么不是炒作 看看这段视频


No! No! No! I don't want to play anymore! No!

不！不！不！ 我不想再玩下去了！不！


CK: So that is the experience of a man on a roller coaster in fear of his life.

克里斯 柯鲁威：这名男士在体会 坐在过山车上的感受 担心自己快没命了


What do you think that fan's experience is going to be when we take the video footage of an Adrian Peterson bursting through the line, shedding a tackler with a stiff-arm before sprinting in for a touchdown?

你觉得粉丝会有怎样的感觉 当他们看到这样的视频： 阿德里安▪彼得森冲过分码线 伸直手臂挡开来拦阻的人 然后飞奔至达阵区触地得分


What do you think that fan's experience is going to be when he's Messi sprinting down the pitch putting the ball in the back of the net, or Federer serving in Wimbledon?

想想粉丝会有怎样的感受 当他变身梅西 在球场上疾驰 将球送入对方球门 或者变身费德勒在温布尔顿打球


What do you think his experience is going to be when he is going down the side of a mountain at over 70 miles an hour as an Olympic downhill skier?

想像这样的场景 当一个人从山的一侧 以70多英里每小时的速度下降 作为奥运会速降滑雪运动员 会是怎样的感受？


我估摸成人纸尿裤的销量 可能会激增


How do we get to augmented reality, A.R.?

那么我们怎样才能做到扩增实境呢？


We get to augmented reality when coaches and managers and owners look at this information streaming in that people want to see, and they say, "How do we use this to make our teams better?

只有当 教练、经理和球队老板 看到这样的信息源源不断地涌入 那就是大家都想去体验一把， 然后他们会问： 怎么才能利用这项技术 让我们的球队表现得更好？


Because teams always use technology to win games.


他们喜欢取胜， 这能让他们赚到钱


So a brief history of technology in the NFL.

简短地说几句橄榄球联盟 使用科技的历史


In 1965, the Baltimore Colts put a wristband on their quarterback to allow him to call plays quicker.

1965年，巴尔的摩小马队 让他们的四分卫戴上腕带 这样他就能更快地发起进攻口令


They ended up winning a Super Bowl that year.

那年他们最后获得了超级碗冠军


其他球队也纷纷仿效这种做法


More people watched the game because it was more exciting.

由于比赛变得更精彩刺激， 有更多的人观看


In 1994, the NFL put helmet radios into the helmets of the quarterbacks, and later the defense.

1994年，橄榄球联盟 在四分卫的头盔里安装了 无线电通讯器 随后给防守队员也装上了


More people watched games because it was faster.

大多数人看比赛是因为它节奏更快


In 2023, imagine you're a player walking back to the huddle, and you have your next play displayed right in front of your face on your clear plastic visor that you already wear right now.

想像在2023年， 身为球员的你 走到球队集合点 看到下一次进攻的战术图 显示在你眼前的头盔护面上 也就是现在球员戴的头盔护面


No more having to worry about forgetting plays.

你不用再担心自己忘了战术


No more worrying about having to memorize your playbook.

不用再担心去死背“兵书”


你只需走上球场， 开始行动就行


And coaches really want this, because missed assignments lose you games, and coaches hate losing games.

教练们很想实现这点 因为不能成功地实施战术 会导致输掉比赛 而教练们讨厌失败


But augmented reality is not just an enhanced playbook.

但扩增实境不仅仅 能帮你在战术上有所提高


Augmented reality is also a way to take all that data and use it in real time to enhance how you play the game.

它还能利用所获得的所有数据 进行实时分析 帮你打场更精彩的比赛


那会变成怎样一种情况呢？


Well, a very simple setup would be a camera on each corner of the stadium looking down, giving you a bird's-eye view of all the people down there.

一个很简单的方法就是 在体育场的每个角都装上摄像机 这样你就能俯视全场 看到场内所有的人


You also have information from helmet sensors and accelerometers, technology that's being worked on right now.

你还能从头盔传感器 和加速度传感器 获得信息 现在这些技术正处在研发之中


You take all that information, and you stream it to your players.


The good teams stream it in a way that the players can use.

优秀的球队知道该 如何利用这些数据


而糟糕的球队则会面对 信息负荷的问题


这就决定了一个球队的好坏


And now, your I.T. department is just as important as your scouting department, and data-mining is not for nerds anymore.

那时，球队的信息技术部门 就和负责物色球员的部门一样重要 数据挖掘再也不是电脑呆子才干的事儿


运动员也能去挖掘数据，谁知道呢!


那在球场上又是怎样一番场景呢？


You're scanning downfield for an open receiver.

你扫视前场，想要把球 传给一个没人防守的接球员


All of a sudden, a bright flash on the left side of your visor lets you know, blind side linebacker is blitzing in.

突然你的护面左边出现一道闪光 让你意识到 无人防守的线卫正对你闪电突击


Normally, you wouldn't be able to see him, but the augmented reality system lets you know.

通常情况下你是看不到线卫 但是扩增实境系统告诉了你


Another flash alerts you to an open receiver.

又一道闪光提醒你 有个无人防守的接球员


You throw the ball, but you're hit right as you throw.

你扔出球，但在发球的同时 却被从右边来的人撞倒


You don't know where it's going to land.


However, on the receiver's visor, he sees a patch of grass light up, and he knows to readjust.

不过在接球员的护面上 他看到一小片草地变亮了 他知道要重新调整路线


He goes, catches the ball, sprints in, touchdown.

他跑到那里接到球 然后飞奔去触地


Crowd goes wild, and the fans are with him every step of the way, watching from every perspective.

球场沸腾了，球员的每一步 粉丝都可以身临其境去感受到 从每一个角度去体会


Now this is something that will create massive excitement in the game.

而这就能为比赛带来 无穷的刺激


It will make tons of people watch, because people want this experience.

它吸引无数人去观赛 因为大家想要体会那种感受


Augmented reality will be a part of sports, because it's too profitable not to.

扩增实境将成为运动的一部分 因为它能带来太多的好处和利益


But the question I ask you is, is that's all that we're content to use augmented reality for?

但我现在想要问你们 难道我们就满足于 这样使用扩增实境吗？


Are we going to use it solely for our panem, our circenses, our entertainment as normal?

仅仅是为了赚钱 赢得比赛，增强娱乐性？


Because I believe that we can use augmented reality for something more.

我认为我们可以利用扩增实境 实现更多


I believe we can use augmented reality as a way to foster more empathy within the human species itself, by literally showing someone what it looks like to walk a mile in another person's shoes.

我们能用它 让人们对人类自己 产生更多的同感 让人们真真正正地 体会到 穿着别人的鞋走一英里的感受


We know what this technology is worth to sports leagues.

我们都知道这项技术 对于体育联盟的价值


It's worth revenue, to the tune of billions of dollars a year.

它能带来每年数十亿美元的收入


But what is this technology worth to a teacher in a classroom trying to show a bully just how harmful his actions are from the perspective of the victim?

但这项技术 也对老师很有价值 她能告诉学校里的恶霸学生 他的行为造成多大的伤害 站在被欺负人的角度 去审视自己的行为


What is this technology worth to a gay Ugandan or Russian trying to show the world what it's like living under persecution?

这项技术对于 乌干达或俄罗斯的同性恋也有价值 它能让世界上其他人 体会到被迫害的感受


What is this technology worth to a Commander Hadfield or a Neil deGrasse Tyson trying to inspire a generation of children to think more about space and science instead of quarterly reports and Kardashians?

这项技术对于 指挥官哈德菲尔德或奈尔·德葛拉司·泰森 这样的人也有用 利用扩增实境启发下一代人 让孩子们去更多地思考太空、科学 而不是季刊和卡戴珊


Ladies and gentlemen, augmented reality is coming.

女生们，先生们 扩增实境的时代就要来临


The questions we ask, the choices we make, and the challenges we face are, as always, up to us.

我们提出的问题， 做出的选择 面临的挑战 全都取决于我们自己


I recently retired from the California Highway Patrol after 23 years of service.

我最近刚退休， 离开了加利福尼亚公路巡警局， 我工作了23年的地方。


The majority of those 23 years was spent patrolling the southern end of Marin County, which includes the Golden Gate Bridge.

这23年里的大多数时间， 我都是在马林县的南部巡逻， 我都是在马林县的南部巡逻， 其中包括金门大桥，


The bridge is an iconic structure, known worldwide for its beautiful views of San Francisco, the Pacific Ocean, and its inspiring architecture.

这座桥是一个标志性建筑， 世界闻名， 因为从桥上可以观赏旧金山与 太平洋的美景，还有它予人灵感的建筑风格。


Unfortunately, it is also a magnet for suicide, being one of the most utilized sites in the world.

不幸的是，这座桥也吸引了自杀者， 成为了全球自杀事件最多的地点之一。


金门大桥开通于1937年，


Joseph Strauss, chief engineer in charge of building the bridge, was quoted as saying, "The bridge is practically suicide-proof.

约瑟夫·施特劳斯是负责建造这座桥的总工程师， 我引用他一句话， “这座桥实际上有防自杀设计，


Suicide from the bridge is neither practical nor probable."

在这座桥上自杀 既难以成功也不太可能发生。”


But since its opening, over 1,600 people have leapt to their death from that bridge.

但自从这座桥开放后， 超过1,600 人从桥上 纵身投入了死亡。


Some believe that traveling between the two towers will lead you to another dimension -- this bridge has been romanticized as such — that the fall from that frees you from all your worries and grief, and the waters below will cleanse your soul.

某些人相信 经过这两座塔间 会带你去另一个世界—— 这座桥已经被浪漫成这样了—— 就是说从桥上坠落 会让你免除所有的烦恼与悲痛， 而下面的水 会净化你的灵魂。


But let me tell you what actually occurs when the bridge is used as a means of suicide.

但是，让我来告诉你 假如你尝试从金门大桥跳河自杀 结果实际上是怎样的。


After a free fall of four to five seconds, the body strikes the water at about 75 miles an hour.

在四到五秒的自由落体后， 人的身体击中水面， 速度大约75英里每小时。


That impact shatters bones, some of which then puncture vital organs.

这个冲击力能使骨头粉碎， 一些碎片之后会刺穿重要器官。


Those that don't generally flail in the water helplessly, and then drown.

如果没有死， 一般是在水中无助地扑腾， 然后淹死。


I don't think that those who contemplate this method of suicide realize how grisly a death that they will face.

我认为那些考虑 这种自杀方式的人 并未意识到他们的死法将会多么可怕。


Except for around the two towers, there is 32 inches of steel paralleling the bridge.

除了在两座塔周围， 桥边有32英寸的钢索， 平行于桥。


This is where most folks stand before taking their lives.

大多数自杀者 在自杀前就站在这里。


I can tell you from experience that once the person is on that cord, and at their darkest time, it is very difficult to bring them back.

根据我的经验，我可以告诉你， 一旦有人站在了钢索上， 在他人生最黑暗的时刻， 再让他回来是极为困难的。


I took this photo last year as this young woman spoke to an officer contemplating her life.

我在去年拍了这张照片， 当时这位年轻女子正和一位警官说话， 思索她的人生。


I want to tell you very happily that we were successful that day in getting her back over the rail.

我要很高兴地告诉大家， 那天我们很成功地 把她从护栏那边拉了回来。


When I first began working on the bridge, we had no formal training.

当我刚开始在这座桥上工作时， 我们没有受过正式的训练，


You struggled to funnel your way through these calls.

我在这些呼叫中挣扎前进，


This was not only a disservice to those contemplating suicide, but to the officers as well.

这是帮倒忙， 不仅是对那些想自杀的人， 对警察也是伤害。


从那以后，我们走过了漫漫长路。


Now, veteran officers and psychologists train new officers.

如今，经验丰富的老警官和心理学家们 对新警察进行训练。


I met Jason on July 22 of last year when I get received a call of a possible suicidal subject sitting on the cord near midspan.

我遇到杰森是在去年6月22日， 那时我接到一个电话， 说可能是一个人要自杀， 正坐在桥中段附近的钢索上。


I responded, and when I arrived, I observed Jason speaking to a Golden Gate Bridge officer.

我回应了，而当我到达时， 我看到了杰森， 他正和一位金门大桥的警官对话。


Jason was just 32 years old and had flown out here from New Jersey.

杰森年仅32岁， 是从新泽西州乘飞机来的。


As a matter of fact, he had flown out here on two other occasions from New Jersey to attempt suicide on this bridge.

事实上， 他另外还来过两次， 从新泽西飞来， 想在这座桥上自杀。


After about an hour of speaking with Jason, he asked us if we knew the story of Pandora's box.

在与杰森交谈了大约一个小时后， 他问我们是否知道潘多拉之盒的故事。


Recalling your Greek mythology, Zeus created Pandora, and sent her down to Earth with a box, and told her, "Never, ever open that box."

想一想希腊神话， 宙斯创造了潘多拉， 然后将她降于人间，还有一个盒子， 并告诉她：”永远不要打开这个盒子。“


Well one day, curiosity got the better of Pandora, and she did open the box.

终于有一天，好奇心战胜了潘多拉， 她真的打开了盒子。


Out flew plagues, sorrows, and all sorts of evils against man.

飞出了瘟疫、悲伤， 以及对人类有害的种种坏事。


The only good thing in the box was hope.

盒内唯一的好东西只有希望。


Jason then asked us, "What happens when you open the box and hope isn't there?"

然后杰森问我们， “当你打开盒子， 却没有希望，会发生什么？”


He paused a few moments, leaned to his right, and was gone.

他停顿了一会儿， 向他的右方倒下， 不见了。


This kind, intelligent young man from New Jersey had just committed suicide.

这位来自新泽西的善良，聪明的年轻人 就这样自杀了。


I spoke with Jason's parents that evening, and I suppose that, when I was speaking with them, that I didn't sound as if I was doing very well, because that very next day, their family rabbi called to check on me.

那天晚上我与杰森父母谈话， 我感觉，我和他们谈话时， 我的声音听起来好像是我状态不好， 因为就在后一天， 他们家的拉比打电话过来问我怎么样。


杰森的父母要他打的电话。


The collateral damage of suicide affects so many people.

自杀带来的间接伤害 影响着如此多的人。


I pose these questions to you: What would you do if your family member, friend or loved one was suicidal?

我向你们提出这些问题： 如果你们的家人、朋友或爱人要自杀， 你们会怎么办？


In my experience, it's not just the talking that you do, but the listening.

据我的经验，要做的不仅仅是说， 而是听。


Don't argue, blame, or tell the person you know how they feel, because you probably don't.

不要争辨、责备， 或是告诉那个人你知道他的感受， 因为你很可能并不知道。


By just being there, you may just be the turning point that they need.

只要你在那里， 你可能就是他们所需的那个转折点。


If you think someone is suicidal, don't be afraid to confront them and ask the question.

如果你认为有人想自杀， 不要害怕面对他们，别怕提问题。


One way of asking them the question is like this: "Others in similar circumstances have thought about ending their life; have you had these thoughts?"

提问的方法有许多，可以是这样： “别人处在类似的境况下， 会考虑结束自己的生命； 你有这样想过吗？”


may just save their life and be the turning point for them.

与这个人正面相对可能正好挽救了他的生命， 从而成为了他的转折点。


Some other signs to look for: hopelessness, believing that things are terrible and never going to get better; helplessness, believing that there is nothing that you can do about it; recent social withdrawal; and a loss of interest in life.

有一些其他的迹象值得留意： 绝望，认为一切都很可怕， 永远不会好转； 无助，认为没有任何办法 可以进行改变； 近来回避人际交往； 以及对生活失去兴趣。


I came up with this talk just a couple of days ago, and I received an email from a lady that I'd like to read you her letter.

就在几天前我有过一次谈话， 我收到一位女士的一封电子邮件， 我想给大家读读她的信。


She lost her son on January 19 of this year, and she wrote this me this email just a couple of days ago, and it's with her permission and blessing that I read this to you.

她在今年1月19日失去了儿子， 然后她给我写了这封邮件， 就在几天前， 她给了我许可和祝福， 让我为大家读一下。


"Hi, Kevin. I imagine you're at the TED Conference.

“嗨，凯文。我猜想你在TED大会上了。


That must be quite the experience to be there.

能在那里想必是次难得的经历吧。


I'm thinking I should go walk the bridge this weekend.

我在想我应该这个周末去大桥上走一走。


Hope you get the word out to many people and they go home talking about it to their friends who tell their friends, etc.

希望你能把话带给许多人， 然后他们回家会把这事说给朋友们， 朋友们也会讲给他们的朋友，等等。


I'm still pretty numb, but noticing more moments of really realizing Mike isn't coming home.

我还是感觉很木， 而更多的时候会真正意识到 麦克没有回家。


Mike was driving from Petaluma to San Francisco to watch the 49ers game with his father on January 19.

麦克是从佩塔卢马开车到旧金山， 来和父亲看49人队的比赛， 就在1月19日。


I called Petaluma police and reported him missing that evening.

我打电话给佩塔卢马警察局， 报告麦克在那天晚上失踪了。


The next morning, two officers came to my home and reported that Mike's car was down at the bridge.

第二天早上， 两个警官来到了我家， 说麦克的车掉在了桥下。


A witness had observed him jumping off the bridge at 1:58 p.m. the previous day.

一名目击者看到他从桥上冲下去， 就在前一天下午1点58分。


Thanks so much for standing up for those who may be only temporarily too weak to stand for themselves.

我非常感谢你 一直在鼓励那些人， 他们可能只是一时软弱 而自己无法承受。


Who hasn't been low before without suffering from a true mental illness?

谁没有消沉过？ 即使是没有遭受过真正的精神疾病？


这么轻率地结束它实在是不应该。


我为你和你的努力而祷告。


The GGB, Golden Gate Bridge, is supposed to be a passage across our beautiful bay, not a graveyard.

金门大桥 本应是跨过 我们美丽的旧金山湾， 而非跨过一片墓地。


I can't imagine the courage it takes for her to go down to that bridge and walk the path that her son took that day, and also the courage just to carry on.

我无法想象她这样的勇气， 就这样走过那座桥， 重走她儿子那天所走的路， 以及坚持下来的勇气。


I'd like to introduce you to a man I refer to as hope and courage.

我想为大家介绍一个人， 我认为他代表了希望和勇气。


On March 11 of 2005, I responded to a radio call of a possible suicidal subject on the bridge sidewalk near the north tower.

在2005年3月11日， 我的无线电说桥上的人行道上有个人可能想自杀， 我回应了。 就在北塔附近，


I rode my motorcycle down the sidewalk and observed this man, Kevin Berthia, standing on the sidewalk.

我骑着我的摩托车沿着人行道过去， 看到了这个人，凯文·贝希亚， 他正站在人行道上。


When he saw me, he immediately traversed that pedestrian rail, and stood on that small pipe which goes around the tower.

当他看到我时， 他立即翻过人行道护栏， 站在塔周围的小钢管上。 站在塔周围的小钢管上。


For the next hour and a half, I listened as Kevin spoke about his depression and hopelessness.

之后的一个半小时里， 我就在那里听凯文讲 他的抑郁和绝望。


Kevin decided on his own that day to come back over that rail and give life another chance.

那一天凯文自己决定， 从护栏那边回来， 再给生命一次机会。


When Kevin came back over, I congratulated him.

当凯文回来时， 我祝贺了他。


“这是一个新的开始，新的生命。”


But I asked him, "What was it that made you come back and give hope and life another chance?"

但我又问他： “是什么让你回来， 并且再给希望和生命一次机会？”


你们知道他告诉了我什么？


You let me speak, and you just listened."


Shortly after this incident, I received a letter from Kevin's mother, and I have that letter with me, and I'd like to read it to you.

这件事后不久， 我收到凯文母亲写来的一封信， 我带来了这封信， 我想给大家读一读。


"Dear Mr. Briggs, Nothing will erase the events of March 11, but you are one of the reasons Kevin is still with us.

“亲爱的布里格斯先生， 什么都无法抹去3月11日的那件事， 而凯文仍在我们身边，你是原因之一。


I truly believe Kevin was crying out for help.

我真的相信凯文是在呼喊求救。


He has been diagnosed with a mental illness for which he has been properly medicated.

他诊断患有精神疾病， 一直在接受适当的药物治疗。


I adopted Kevin when he was only six months old, completely unaware of any hereditary traits, but, thank God, now we know.

在凯文年仅六个月时，我收养了他， 我完全不知道他在遗传上的任何问题， 但感谢上帝，现在我们知道了。


我们真的为你而感谢上帝，


Sincerely indebted to you, Narvella Berthia."

真的感激不尽， 娜弗拉·贝希亚。”


And on the bottom she writes, "P.S. When I visited San Francisco General Hospital that evening, you were listed as the patient.

在信下面她写道， “又及：我那晚到旧金山综合医院时， 你被登记为病人。


Boy, did I have to straighten that one out."

天哪，我一定要提这事吗？”


Today, Kevin is a loving father and contributing member of society.

今天，凯文是个慈爱的父亲， 对社会也在做出贡献。


He speaks openly about the events that day and his depression in the hopes that his story will inspire others.

他坦率地说起 那天的事和他的抑郁症， 希望他的故事 能启发他人。


Suicide is not just something I've encountered on the job.

自杀不仅是我工作中遇到的事情，


My grandfather committed suicide by poisoning.


That act, although ending his own pain, robbed me from ever getting to know him.

他这样做，虽然结束了他自己的痛苦， 而连我认识他的机会也被夺走了。


For most suicidal folks, or those contemplating suicide, they wouldn't think of hurting another person.

对于大多数试图自杀者， 或考虑自杀的人， 他们不会想到会伤害到另一个人，


他们就是想结束自己的痛苦。


Typically, this is accomplished in just three ways: sleep, drugs or alcohol, or death.

通常，只有三种方法可以实现： 睡觉，毒品或酒精，或是死亡。


In my career, I've responded to and been involved in hundreds of mental illness and suicide calls around the bridge.

在我的职业生涯中， 我参与了数百起 大桥附近的精神疾病和自杀报案。 大桥附近的精神疾病和自杀报案。


Of those incidents I've been directly involved with, I've only lost two, but that's two too many.

其中我直接参与的事件里， 我只失去了两个， 但两个实在太多了。


The other was a man I spoke to for about an hour.

另外一个是名男子， 我和他谈了大约一个小时。


During that time, he shook my hand on three occasions.

在那一小时里， 他三次与我握手。


On that final handshake, he looked at me, and he said, "Kevin, I'm sorry, but I have to go."

最后一次握手时， 他看着我说， “凯文，我很抱歉，我得走了。”


太可怕了，真的太可怕了。


I do want to tell you, though, the vast majority of folks that we do get to contact on that bridge do not commit suicide.

但我真的想告诉你们， 绝大多数 我们在桥上与之有过接触的人 都没有自杀。


Additionally, that very few who have jumped off the bridge and lived and can talk about it, that one to two percent, most of those folks have said that the second that they let go of that rail, they knew that they had made a mistake and they wanted to live.

另外， 那些跳下桥并且幸存的极少数， 那些能说起这件事的人， 那百分之一、二的人， 其中多数人都说， 他们放开护栏的一瞬间， 他们知道了自己犯下了一个错误， 他们想活。


I tell people, the bridge not only connects Marin to San Francisco, but people together also.

我告诉人们，金门大桥连接的 不仅是马林县与旧金山， 也连接着人与人之间。


That connection, or bridge that we make, is something that each and every one of us should strive to do.

这种连接，或者我们所建的这座桥， 代表着我们每一个人应当 为之而努力的东西。


The world makes you something that you're not, but you know inside what you are, and that question burns in your heart: How will you become that?

这个世界造就了一个不真实的你， 但在内心深处，你知道自己是谁。 有个问题使你心神不安： “你是怎样变成那样的呢？”


I may be somewhat unique in this, but I am not alone, not alone at all.

也许我是这个问题的一个特例， 但我并不孤单， 一点也不。


So when I became a fashion model, I felt that I'd finally achieved the dream that I'd always wanted since I was a young child.

当我成为一名时装模特时， 我感觉我终于实现了 小时候一直向往的梦想。


My outside self finally matched my inner truth, my inner self.

我外在的自我终于和我内心的真实， 我真实的自我，成为一致。


For complicated reasons which I'll get to later, when I look at this picture, at that time I felt like, Geena, you've done it, you've made it, you have arrived.

由于一些我之后将解释复杂的原因 当我看着张照片时， 那时我感觉，“吉娜你做到了， 你成功了， 你完成心愿了。“


But this past October, I realized that I'm only just beginning.

但是，在之前的十月里， 我意识到这只是一个开始。


All of us are put in boxes by our family, by our religion, by our society, our moment in history, even our own bodies.

我们大家都被家庭， 宗教， 社会， 历史， 甚至我们的生体所限制。


Some people have the courage to break free, not to accept the limitations imposed by the color of their skin or by the beliefs of those that surround them.

有些人有勇气去解放自我， 不接受因为皮肤颜色 或者大环境中的信仰 所导致的限制。


Those people are always the threat to the status quo, to what is considered acceptable.

这些人对所谓的 ”可以接受的标准 “ 一直都是威胁。


In my case, for the last nine years, some of my neighbors, some of my friends, colleagues, even my agent, did not know about my history.

就我而言，在过去的九年里 我的一些邻居， 部分朋友和同事，甚至有些中介 都不知道我的历史。


I think, in mystery, this is called the reveal.

我认为在宗教中这叫做事实的揭露。


I was assigned boy at birth based on the appearance of my genitalia.

在我出生时，根据生殖器的外观 我被鉴别为男孩。


I remember when I was five years old in the Philippines walking around our house, I would always wear this t-shirt on my head.

我记得在菲律宾，我五岁的时候 在房子周围走动的时候， 我总是会把这件短袖衫穿在头上。


And my mom asked me, "How come you always wear that t-shirt on your head?"

我妈妈便问我， “你为什么总是把那件短袖衫穿在头上？”


I said, "Mom, this is my hair. I'm a girl."

我说：“妈妈，这是我的头发，我是一个女孩。”


那时我就知道如何自我识别。


Gender has always been considered a fact, immutable, but we now know it's actually more fluid, complex and mysterious.

性别总是被认为是一个事实， 不可改变， 但是我们知道事实上性别是更加不定的， 复杂的，并且神秘的。


Because of my success, I never had the courage to share my story, not because I thought what I am is wrong, but because of how the world treats those of us who wish to break free.

因为我的成功，我从前没有勇气 去分享我的故事， 不是因为我认为自己性别取向是错的， 而是因为畏惧世界会如何对待我们 这些打破常规的人。


Every day, I am so grateful because I am a woman.

每一天， 我都感到非常庆幸，因为我是一个女人。


I have a mom and dad and family who accepted me for who I am.

我有一个家庭 和能够接受我真正自我的父母。


但很多人并不是那么幸运。


There's a long tradition in Asian culture that celebrates the fluid mystery of gender.

在亚洲，我们有一个悠久的传统 去赞颂性别不定的神秘。


There is a Buddhist goddess of compassion.

这是佛教中的观世音菩萨。


There is a Hindu goddess, hijra goddess.

这是印度教中的希吉拉女神。


So when I was eight years old, I was at a fiesta in the Philippines celebrating these mysteries.

所以当我八岁那年， 我在菲律宾的一个嘉年华会 庆祝这些神秘宗教。


I was in front of the stage, and I remember, out comes this beautiful woman right in front of me, and I remember that moment something hit me: That is the kind of woman I would like to be.

我在舞台前， 我记得，这个美丽的女人 迎面向我走来， 我记得，在那一刻我的内心被触动了： 那就是我想成为的那种女人。


So when I was 15 years old, still dressing as a boy, I met this woman named T.L.

在我15岁时 我已男孩的身份 见到了这位叫做T.L女士。


She is a transgender beauty pageant manager.

她是变性选美大赛的经理。


That night she asked me, "How come you are not joining the beauty pageant?"

那一晚她问我， “你为什么不参加变性选美大赛呢？”


She convinced me that if I joined that she would take care of the registration fee and the garments, and that night, I won best in swimsuit and best in long gown and placed second runner up among 40-plus candidates.

她说服我，如果我参加变性选美大赛 她会为我付注册费， 帮我买服装。 在那晚 我赢得了最佳泳装奖， 最佳长礼服奖 并且在四十个候选人中 获得了季军。


All of a sudden, I was introduced to the world of beauty pageants.

倾刻之间，我迈入了 选美大赛的世界中。


Not a lot of people could say that your first job is a pageant queen for transgender women, but I'll take it.

没有多少人敢说你的第一份工作 是变性选美大赛中的女王， 不管被人怎样想，我接受了。


So from 15 to 17 years old, I joined the most prestigious pageant to the pageant where it's at the back of the truck, literally, or sometimes it would be a pavement next to a rice field, and when it rains -- it rains a lot in the Philippines -- the organizers would have to move it inside someone's house.

在我十五到十七岁那些年间， 我加入了最有名望的选美大赛 坦白的说，在卡车背后举行的选美大赛， 或者有时在庄稼地旁的马路上， 在下雨的时候 举办者就得把选美大赛 移到别人的房子里。


I also experienced the goodness of strangers, especially when we would travel in remote provinces in the Philippines.

我也感受到了陌生人的善意， 特别是当我们身处于 菲律宾偏远的省市中。


But most importantly, I met some of my best friends in that community.

但是最重要的是，我遇到了 那个社区中几个我最要好的朋友。


In 2001, my mom, who had moved to San Francisco, called me and told me that my green card petition came through, that I could now move to the United States.

在2001年， 我移居旧金山的妈妈打电话通知我 我的绿卡申请通过了， 我可以移居美国了。


我告诉我妈，“妈妈，我现在很开心。


I'm here with my friends, I love traveling, being a beauty pageant queen."

我和身边的朋友在一起， 我爱旅行，我爱作为一名选美皇后。”


But then two weeks later she called me, she said, "Did you know that if you move to the United States you could change your name and gender marker?"

两周之后她又打电话给我，她说， “你知道如果你移居到美国， 你个可以换一个名字，并且改变你的性别标识么？”


My mom also told me to put two E's in the spelling of my name.

我妈妈还告诉我在我名字的拼写中 放入两个字母“E”


She also came with me when I had my surgery in Thailand at 19 years old.

在泰国我十九岁那年接受变性手术时， 她也在我身边。


It's interesting, in some of the most rural cities in Thailand, they perform some of the most prestigious, safe and sophisticated surgery.

这真是很有趣，在泰国最乡村的地方， 他们却可以做最先进， 安全，并且成熟的变性手术。


At that time in the United States, you needed to have surgery before you could change your name and gender marker.

在那时，美国需要 你在换名和改变性别标识之前 现接受变性手术。


So in 2001, I moved to San Francisco, and I remember looking at my California driver's license with the name Geena and gender marker F.

在2001年，我移居到旧金山， 我记得，当我看着 有着我名字吉娜 和性别标识为女的驾照时，


For some people, their I.D. is their license to drive or even to get a drink, but for me, that was my license to live, to feel dignified.

对有些人来说， 他们的驾照只是一个身份证， 或者获取酒的凭证， 但对我来说，那个驾照是使我可以生活， 并感到有尊严的许可证。


All of a sudden, my fears were minimized.

倾刻之间，我的畏惧被最小化了。


I felt that I could conquer my dream and move to New York and be a model.

我感到我可以征服我的梦想了， 可以移居到纽约并成为一名模特。


有很多人不像我如此幸运。


I think of this woman named Islan Nettles.

我想到这个叫做阿亚拉·莱特丝的女人。


She's from New York, she's a young woman who was courageously living her truth, but hatred ended her life.

她来自纽约的年轻的女人， 她勇敢的围着她的信仰活着， 但是人们的憎恶结束了她的生命。


For most of my community, this is the reality in which we live.

在我群体的大多数中， 这就是我们真实的生活。


Our suicide rate is nine times higher than that of the general population.

我们的自杀率是 一般人群自杀率的9倍。


Every November 20, we have a global vigil for Transgender Day of Remembrance.

每年11月20日， 我们有一个 变性纪念日的守夜。


I'm here at this stage because it's a long history of people who fought and stood up for injustice.

我站在这里 因为这是一段很长的人们与 不正义搏斗的历史。


This is Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera.

她们是玛莎P.约翰逊和西尔维亚·里维拉。


Today, this very moment, is my real coming out.

今天，这个特别时刻， 是我的真情表露。


I could no longer live my truth for and by myself.

我不能仅仅 为了我自己信仰而活着。


I want to do my best to help others live their truth without shame and terror.

我想尽力去帮助别人， 帮助他们在没有羞耻和恐惧的情况下以真正的自我生活。


I am here, exposed, so that one day there will never be a need for a November 20 vigil.

我站在这里，坦诚相待， 为了有一天，我们将不再需要 11月20日的守夜。


My deepest truth allowed me to accept who I am.

我最深处的真理允许我接受我自己。


Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Kathryn Schulz: Geena, one quick question for you.

谢谢。谢谢。谢谢。 凯瑟琳·舒尔茨:吉娜问你一个简单的问题。