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In this section I hope to present a variety of data on the Improve Gardner Gun from both historical and current sources. Operating instructions, disassembly and nomenclature for the parts of the guns are also presented from an original Pratt & Whitney manual.
See the gun in action here, review some historical accounts, or view the guns related Patents.
|The following is quoted directly from Col. George Chinn's
excellent work on the subject of small arms, "The Machine
Gun". No study of the subject is complete without a review of
this work. This is the text of Volume 1, Chapter 9. This work
is a Bureau of Ordnance, U.S. Navy publication and is in the public
Notwithstanding the wide variety of inventions during this era covering all classes of machine guns, few justified the term "improved" which was invariably mentioned at the beginning of each patent claim. One of the noteworthy exceptions was the Gardner machine gun, invented by William Gardner of Toledo, Ohio, who during the Civil War served in the Union Army as a volunteer in an Ohio regiment and rose to the rank of captain. Being unable to finance production of the weapon, he sold American patent rights to the newly formed company of Pratt & Whitney, Hartford, Conn., after an agreement had been reached whereby the inventor would receive a royalty on each gun delivered. This proved to be a wise move on Gardner's part, for Francis Pratt was no novice in gun design. Being a master mechanic and having spent many years in the employ of Colt's Patent Fire Arms Co., Pratt had attained a reputation for being one of the best gun designers in the field.
The original gun, invented in 1874, was built by hand. The prototype was turned over to Pratt & Whitney, who in less than 1 year produced a weapon thought capable of meeting military requirements.
The Gardner gun consisted of two breech-loading barrels placed parallel to each other an inch and a quarter apart. The barrels were fastened at the breech ends and housed in a single casing. They were loaded, fired, and ejected alternately by one complete revolution of the hand crank.
To facilitate loading, a special wooden block was filled with ammunition, rim end protruding. This insured fast alignment of the base of the round with the slots in the feed guide. These two T slots, machined in a vertical post, dropped the loaded cartridges in correct position for the feed entrance.
To load and fire, one man inserted the rim end of the ammunition projection from the loading block into the feed guide, then withdrew the box from the rounds. Another turned the crank and aimed the piece. As the cartridges were fed from the guide, they were replenished by the loader. In this manner the weapon could be fired continuously.
At the request of Commodore William N. Jeffers, Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance, a test was held at the United States navy Yard, Washington, D.C., in November1875. In this trial the system was greatly commended by the officers who supervised the test. They suggested that Pratt & Whitney be allowed to take the weapon back to the factory in order to perfect the new feed system, invented by E.G. Parkhurst, an engineer of that company. This simple and efficient feed was an arrangement of the cammed levers that transferred the cartridge from the feed guide to the perforated plate, and positively positioned the round in place, retaining the empty case until ejected. The method eliminated the unreliable gravity feed for which the weapon was originally designed.
A very unique feature was incorporated in the gun's design. In order to overcome extraction difficulties, a device known as a "shell starter" was used. This arrangement consisted of two crescent-shaped pieces pinned to the receiver that engaged the rim of the discharged round before unlocking was fully accomplished and cammed in free in the chamber. A loose cartridge case was thus left to be removed by the conventional extractors. This method of initial extraction was also a development by Parkhurst, who added many new an improved parts to this already reliable mechanism.
The official report on the working of the Gardner gun mechanism stated that it possessed every quality desirable in a machine gun, namely: lightness, strength, simplicity and durability; all working parts readily accessible; prospects of a feed that positively aligned the incoming rounds independently for each barrel; and an adaptation for firing each barrel at will. The mechanism worked perfectly and "commends itself to the critical examination and consideration" of the Government.
The weapon had other unusual features, such as a firing pin that was slowly cocked, thereby preventing any sudden impact; and a safety device that allowed ammunition to be run through the weapon without the possibility of discharging the cartridges.
Although General Benet, Chief of Ordnance, was present at the first test at the Navy Yard, the Army showed no inclination to be interested in the Gardner gun, feeling, no doubt that the Gatling was sufficient for the Army needs.
In 1877 additional tests were held to try the new feed system, which was deemed reliable , and to determine the initial velocity, which was measured as 1,280 feet per second.
The weapon used a center-fire metallic-cased caliber .45 infantry rifle cartridge, manufactured by the Union Metallic Cartridge Co. of Bridgeport, Conn.
The barrels are securely screwed into the rear barrel ring, which is pinned fast to the case. The muzzles pass through a similar part called the front barrel ring. The rear ring extends from the back of the housing far enough to contain all bolts together with operating crank and safety stop. A swinging cover, hinged at the forward end of the case, is locked firmly in position by a quick opening latch. When the cover is raised, the whole operating mechanism is fully exposed, which permits the hasty clearing of malfunctions. The manually operated hand crank is pinned to the crankshaft which is supported by a journal boxes. These boxes are locked into the rear of the case and serve to protect the swinging cover from side thrusts. The body of the crankshaft is circular in construction and has journals, or crank pins, for operating the bolts. These pins are diametrically opposite each other for alternate firing and are eccentric enough to give the necessary motion to the bolts as the move to the front and back, performing the functions of loading the live round, and extracting and ejecting the empty cartridge case.
The center portion of the driven side of the bolt is machined to fit the periphery of the driving cam. This is for the purpose of holding the bolt stationary about one-fifth of a revolution of the crank, sot that the time lapse after the firing pin falls will be ample security against hang-fires.
Each bolt is so constructed that it resembles the letter U, having a horizontal extension which contains the firing pin, firing-pin spring, and extractor. The U part of the bolt, which works under and around the crank pin, is curved at the inner point to correspond with the outer circle of the crank. The purpose of the curved front is to hold the bolt in position at the instant of firing. The firing pin extends from the head of the lock through the firing pin spring and sector sleeve, ending in a flange, for locking it into a sear.
The latter is made in the form of a bell crank, pivoted in the center of the bolt. It holds the firing pin securely and prevents it from coming in contact with the primer until purposely released from its position by action of the crank journal after the lock is in battery in its extreme forward position. The cocking device, called the sector, or spring compressor, is hinged in a recess of the bolt and engages by means of gear teeth. This pivoting arm is forced against the safety stop, as the main crank advances. The firing pin is then compressed through the medium of the sector sleeve and held safe from accidental discharge but under tension, until released by the action of the sear.
The face of the bolt now receives the recoil from the charge's explosion, but is backed up by the crankshaft, thus presenting at the time of discharge practically a solid member. Each bolt carries a hook-type extractor which cams itself over the rim of the round as it is seated in the chamber. When the bolt is retracted, the extractor pulls the empty cases from the receiver. It also performs a double function of preventing cartridges from falling through the perforated plate, as they are mechanically forced down through a kind of feed valve.
This valve is operated of the feed-plate lever, attached to the hinged cover and actuated by the motion of the locks. It utilizes about one-eighth the stroke of the crank in its forward motion. The valve is thus given sufficient time to hold both cartridge and empty case down in position while one is loaded and the other ejected. the valve, which is also fastened to the hinged cover, has a reciprocating movement across the perforated plate, containing two angular openings the size and shape of the cartridges. The centers of the openings are equidistant from the center line of the chambers of the barrels.
After a cartridge has dropped one-half its diameter into the valve, it is forced by the action of the latter into position for loading, and held positively against the cartridge support. As the valve is moved back into its original position, the cartridge is cammed downward into the slot in the plate. At the same time it cuts off the incoming rounds in the feed system, and prevents their obstructing the progress of the one being chambered.
The upper end of the Gardner's feed guide has a trumpet-shaped mouth to facilitate the entrance of the rimmed cartridge heads. The lower end has a stop which holds the remaining ammunition in the guide whenever the latter is lifted out of its supporting cover.
The safety is an oblong block with two positions. It has an angular face against which the projections of the cocking device in the locks may engage when they are moved forward by the operation of the crank. The block is held in position by two links, which are moved by an arm pinned fast to a shaft passing through the rear of the receiver. The stop is fastened to the outer end of the shaft. This arrangement is constructed in the form of a crank having a stop spindle placed in the handle.
Behind the shoulder a spring is located that forces the spindle out of the arm into either of the two stop holes, upper and lower. When the spindle is in the upper hole, the arm is in line with the barrels and the safety stop is thrown in contact with the cocking arm, by which the firing pin springs are compressed. this makes the weapon safe, although in a cocked position. However, with the spindle in the lower hole the safety stop places the cocking arrangement out of gear, making it possible to turn the operating crank without compressing the firing-pin springs. As a result the operator may crank live ammunition through the weapon with perfect safety.
When worked in conjunction with the feed valve, which can be made to block the remaining ammunition in the feeder, the loaded rounds can be removed from the chambers. Yet the feeder will remain fully loaded, ready to be put in action instantly. Thereafter, the crank working the gun can be turned without loading the chambers. The double safety feature of the Gardner gun ;has many advantages, both for testing and combat, especially when combined with the unique feature of being able to fire the barrels individually or simultaneously.
The barrels can be changed in short order by driving out a lock pin, and then unscrewing, with the use of a wrench, the flats which are machined on the barrels and made accessible by a large opening on the top of the barrel jacket near the muzzle end. This feature is very necessary in this type of machine gun, because it uses a black powder cartridge. The arrangement permits a visual check and is an easy way to keep the chambers free from the residue left by this kind of propellant.
*(Note that the above paragraph is completely wrong. The opening on the top of the jacket is to pour in water or otherwise provide ventilation. You can remove barrels by removing the front barrel plate and then using a wrench from the front end. This however is more an armory or depot level procedure and would NEVER be done by an individual in the field for CLEANING. Headspace and alignment of the barrels is not done casually. - Joe Lozen)
All these features were incorporated in the Gardner weapon, test fired to the satisfaction of company officials, and proved successful. Finally, after many delays and much correspondence the Navy again took it under consideration. Commodore Jeffers ordered a final test to be run on the gun, and specified that it be conducted at the Washington Navy Yard range under the supervision of commander H. L. Howison. The weapon was brought to the Navy Yard by Francis Pratt and Amos Whitney, who not only explained the mechanism and general characteristics, but took turns at the crank operating it during the day set aside for the test, 17 June 1879.
The Weapon was first examined by the board and found to be in good condition, with all parts working smoothly. The locks were lightly lubricated with a coating of tallow to keep the black powder in a fluid state. At a given signal the test got underway, with Pratt cranking, and a company representative, Mr. Saunders, feeding the gun. A 200-round warm-up burst was fired, and the operating parts were examined and found to be in perfect condition. Then two ammunition boxes were placed on the left side of the gun so that continuous feeding could be accomplished and a 1,000-round burst was fired without incident. Another check then showed that the fouling on the parts was soft because of the tallow, and the barrel cover was quite hot, but not enough to stop the test. Firing was resumed again. When the ammunition was expended from the boxes, a burst of 431 rounds had been fired. The barrels were then found to be moderately fouled. The mechanism was visually inspected and pronounced in good shape. However, the barrels and their cover had become so hot that in clearing the weapon of cartridges at the end of the burst, it was recorded that "the live round taken from the right barrel was too hot to hold in the hand." (It is clear that no one had ever experienced a "cook off" up to this time.)
It was decided at this point that the gun should be given a burst that would prove the reliability of the weapon. A total of 5,000 rounds were prepared for continuous feeding. It was recorded that the time taken in bringing up the cartridges and putting them in the special feeding block allowed some cooling of the weapon before firing commenced. With 2 men feeding and a third ordnance man helping Whitney on the crank, firing was resumed, and 3,019 rounds were fired without stopping. The weapon then had its first malfunction when the extractor in the right hand barrel failed to withdraw the empty case.
There was a delay of 1 minute 15 seconds (according to Navy records) before the brass could be removed and firing resumed. Then after a burst of 359 shots the same malfunction occurred. The officer in charge allowed the gun's proprietors to take the lock out and examine the extractor hooks. They appeared in good condition, but when flexed by hand, the right extractor shank appeared not to be as stiff as the left one. The extractor recess and the grooves int eh barrel were observed to be moderately fouled, but they were not cleaned as the test continued. Since each failure occurred with the right extractor, it was evident that the ammunition was not at fault.
On the next attempt 690 rounds were fired and another stoppage occurred. After two more bursts consumed 870 rounds, the ammunition that had been prepared for the 5,000-round test was entirely expended, and firing was concluded for the morning. The total time consumed in the actual firing of 6, 631 rounds, not counting the delay for cleaning, was found to be 18 minutes 55 seconds. The five stoppages from failure to extract from the right-hand barrel were recorded as taking 5 minutes 34 seconds.
At noon Messr. Pratt and Whitney were allowed to remove the locks in an attempt to put the right-hand extractor in working order. The hook on this piece was found to be dulled and it was filed by hand to provide more bite into the inside rim of the cartridge. The shank was bent inward a bit to increase spring tension.
When firing was resumed after lunch, the jackets covering the barrels were found to be still too hot to pick up the gun by hand. The afternoon test was to be for the purpose of obtaining the best rate of fire. The company elected to fire a 2,000-round burst, with an average of 380 rounds a minute. Pratt was not satisfied with this performance and, turning the crank himself, fired a short burst of 100 rounds in exactly 11 seconds, or a rate of 545 rounds per minute.
The barrels were so hot by this time that permission was asked and granted to pour water through the bores until they cooled down to a safe operating temperature. The weapon then was moved t the sea wall and the muzzle depressed 29(degrees-JL). With two ordnance men feeding and two assisting on the crank, 430 rounds were run through in a 1-minute burst. With 3 men feeding and a like number on the crank, the remaining ammunition of the 5,000 to be used in the afternoon test were fired, but the rate of fire was not recorded.
No failure to extract took place in the afternoon firing, as the quick fix resorted to by company officials to overcome the malfunction most certainly proved to be the correct diagnosis and cure. The total time for actually firing the 10, 000 rounds, again omitting the 5 minutes 35 seconds delay, was 27 minutes 36 seconds.
Mention should be made that Gardner also designed a one-barrel gun, which was bought in limited quantities by the United States Navy.
Unfortunately for Gardner, the firm of Pratt & Whitney, and the United States Government, the armed services had no interest at this time in the further development of machine guns. The services were supplied with the Gatling and even this reliable weapon was seldom, if ever, brought into action against the Indians, whose spasmodic uprisings were the only events that warranted the use of such weapons.
The result was that though the Gardner met successfully every test ordered, nothing was done other than the support given by the Navy, which adopted the weapon and purchased a limited number. Gardner was the first inventor to take into consideration the terrific weight factor involved in the design of hand-transported weapons capable of a high rate of sustained fire. His single-barrel gun weighed only 70 pounds and its fire power depended solely on how fast the operator could turn the handle. This feature was recognized by the Navy as desirable for mounting in the rigging and for easy handling aloft and by landing parties where weight and bulk were critical.
The Army on 15 January and 17 March 1880, ran duplicate trials at Sandy Hook Proving Grounds before a board consisting of Lieut. Cols. S. Crispen and T. G. Baylor and Maj. Clifton Comly. After a successful performance the board stated that the weapon was reliable, simply constructed, light in weight, and easily operated. It recommended that the War Department buy a limited number for actual use in the field service, especially since the cost of the weapon was so much less than that of other machine guns offered to the Government. Despite these recommendations, nothing was ever done officially by the Army to utilize the weapon. By its inaction the United States lost the benefits of one of the best machine-gun designs of all time. For, the British Navy was quick to capitalize on the great contribution Gardner made to weapon development.
Influenced by its successful employment of the reliable Gatling, the British Navy had long respected the engineering ability of American gun designers. The light, inexpensively produced, highly mobile Gardner, to be used in conjunction with the Gatlings, answered some pressing naval problems. Gardner accepted a cordial invitation to visit England and exhibit his weapon. The Admiralty not only adopted the gun after trials proved its worth, but it also purchased manufacturing rights whereby the Government would erect a factory for building the arms, provided the inventor would remain in England to supervise their construction. Gardner agreed, and after terminating his business connections with Pratt & Whitney, he moved to England where he resided until his death.
That the British Admiralty knew what it was after is evidenced by the fact that the army, noting the navy's successful trials of the weapon, also became interested in machine guns. The government was requested to order a selection committee to examine all existing systems of machine guns for the purpose of military adoption. This move was very flattering to the navy's foresight in promoting this gun and proving its extreme serviceability, for the army had heretofore been violently opposed to any form of machine gun.
The British Government granted the request. The committee, on 21 March 1881, reported that, after exhaustive trials of different machine guns on 10 points of comparison, the Gardner had been preferred in 9. It recommended the adoption of the two-barrel gun for all branches of the service where a light weapon could be used and a limber of similar artillery transportation was not required.
The extremely rigorous workout given the weapons under consideration by the committee can be best illustrated by using its own statistics. The Gardner 5-barrel gun fired 16,754 rounds before a failure occurred, which was considerably more than was done by any of the other 8 guns on trial. Then, each of the 5 barrels fired singly 1,500 shots. The total number of malfunctions was 24, or a percentage of .014. Several of the jams were at the very beginning of the trial before the gun, which was new, had been perfectly adjusted. In the last 7,500 rounds fired for endurance, there were but 5 stops: 4 failures to extract and 1 cartridge bent in the feeder. Two of these jams were officially credited to accidental dropping of ammunition in the mud by inexperienced loaders. Leaving out these two stoppages, the percentage drops to 0.04, or four malfunctions in 10,000 rounds.
As another example of the strenuous demands placed on these guns during he examination, the weapons were left uncleaned and exposed to the weather for a full week before firing was resumed. The 5-barrel Gardner fired without hesitation at the rate of 812 rounds a minute.
That the Royal Navy adopted this lightweight gun long before its official use by the army is credited to hostile opposition from the Woolwich Headquarters of the Royal Artillery. This branch was prejudiced against machine guns of this type, since the lightweight construction of the weapon removed from the jurisdiction of this organization. Artillerymen, though tolerating cannon-type machine guns for flank defense, always regarded them as inferior field pieces.
While speaking on the rapid machine gun development of the British Navy, Capt. Charles Beresford in July 1884, in a lecture given before the Royal United Service Institute, stated, "It must be remembered that the navy had had more actual experience in the working of machine guns in the field than any other branch of Her Majesty's Service, as guns for this purpose were supplied to the navy, but not to the army."
The early encouragement to Gardner from the British Government in giving him limited orders for the navy was soon followed by the purchase of large quantities of the weapon for all branches of the service. Its value was proved in Sudan at the battles of El Teb and Tamasi, and with the naval brigades in the Upper Nile in 1884 and 1885. A superior method of mounting was designed by a naval engineer which eliminated the limber system and resulted in a tripod arrangement that was used quite successfully.
Long after the Gardner and other hand-cranked guns had ceased to be considered first-line weapons, due to the method of feed and the employment of black powder cartridges, the British attempted to tbring this type of weapon up to a point where it would again be a gun with great possibilities.
The most serious effort along this line was a belt-fed design that used smokeless powder cartridges. It was commonly known in this country as the Robertson, being named for the British engineer who was responsible for the devisement. As the only improvement deserving mention was the belt-feed arrangement, it should rightfully be called the Gardner-Robertson, there being too many features of the earlier gun present not to be given credit.
This hybrid was tested in the United States in competition with other mechanisms and failed so many times during the trial it was withdrawn by its sponsors. Existing records indicate it was never again entered in trials.


Clayton State University's Department of Public Safety has released a notice regarding electroshock weapons on campus.
To Clayton State University’s faculty and staff---
Subject: Electroshock Weapons
In the most recent legislative session, Governor Deal signed legislation that permits any person who is 18 years of age or older, or who is currently enrolled in classes on the campus in question, to possess and carry an electroshock weapon while in any building or real property owned or leased by technical schools, colleges or universities, provided that the weapon may only be used in self defense or in defense of others (O.C.G.A. 16-11-127.1)
Electroshock weapons are defined as any commercially available device that is powered by electrical charging units and designed exclusively to be capable of incapacitating a person by electrical charge, including, but not limited to, a stun gun or taser.
This law was effective on July 1, 2016. There is no requirement of a weapons permit to carry these devices. No campus property is exempt, including student housing facilities. There is no training requirement or requirement that the devices have to be concealed when being carried.
Contact Public Safety if you have any questions about this new legislation. Thanks.
Chief of Police
Clayton State University


Out of the home office and into real-life fun! On Thursday, we went axe throwing at Rage Axe in Weiterstadt. A special opportunity to get to know colleagues better, strengthen team spirit and simply have a lot of fun.
After a short safety briefing by an axe expert, we could let the Viking in us out. Wooah !!! Several lanes of the indoor axe throwing facility were at our disposal. And after we had tried out different throwing tools and techniques and practised throwing at wooden targets, it was: "To the axes, go!"


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The threat of nuclear weapons maintains the world peace. Nuclear power provides cheap and clean energy. The benefits of nuclear technology far outweigh the disadvantages. Do you agree or disagree?
The last decades have witnessed an increasing role in utilising nuclear technology. Being deemed a pollution-free and limitless energy, nuclear power is regarded as substitute of existing fossil-based energy. Nonetheless, there are those who contend that nuclear weapons pose an imminent threat to the global peace. In this sense, whether nuclear technology is beneficial or detrimental to mankind is yet to be ascertained.
First and foremost, nuclear weapons can lead to a total destruction of humanity. Interestingly enough, one of the remarkable observations coming from research findings is that the energy of explosion from sixteen nuclear bombs can eliminate all living species, and the radiation remained can last for hundreds of years.
From another stance, nuclear technology has already played a pivotal role in individuals’ day-to-day life. To exemplify, one of the most significant applications is the utilisation of radiation in medical field, including the use of gamma ray and X-rays, In order to kill cancerous cells and assist in accurate diagnostics.
Ultimately, a staggering number of individuals, notably environmentalists, claim that nuclear power will be a second to none energy source in the foreseeable future. Having been proven inexpensive, environmentally friendly with less geographical restrictions, nuclear power becomes a prevalent option amongst developing countries. To illustrate, inland countries are not prone to have a hydroelectric power plant built as they are incapable in locating an appropriate site.
Viewed as a whole, it is axiomatic that benefits of developing nuclear technology outweigh its drawbacks. The inexpensive cost and unlimited supply of electricity will be the main source of energy in the foreseeable future. On the basis of my observation, nuclear technology plays a pivotal role in humankind, irrespective of the fact that nuclear weapons pose an imminent threat.


Paul Chen Swords: What You Should Know There are several reasons that Paul Chen swords are in great demand. Fist and probably most importantly is that it�s very hard to find this high level of construction in an oriental sword for such a low price. Most of the Paul Chen swords are forged using a traditional construction method called “differential tempering”. This means that the Ha or the edge of the blade is of a different hardness thank the Mune or back of the blade. So why is that important in a samurai sword?
This is what separates Paul Chen battle ready swords from many swords. In plain English it means that the blade is more flexible than if this method was not used to forge the blade. A good samurai sword must have some flexibility to it or it will break in battle. Differential tempering makes it almost impossible for the Paul Chen swords to break. The second reason why the Paul Chen swords are so popular with most of the swords except a few, the sword parts are authentic. For instance, many of the swords like the Shinto Katana feature premium Japanese cotton for the tsuka-ito. It�s very difficult to find a samurai sword with authentic fittings and parts at such a good price. Another reason you should consider a Paul Chen sword is because of the light weight. Most of the battle ready swords weigh less than 2 lbs.
A light weight sword gives the martial artist the ability to move faster with better precision because he has a sword of superb quality and light weight. Many other swords that are supposed to be comparable to Paul Chen swords weigh in excess of 3 lbs. You might not think that 1lb can be that much of a difference for the artist but it really is. If you are in the market for a battle ready samurai sword a Paul Chen sword should be one of your first considerations. One of the most popular is definitely the Paul Chen Golden Oriole Katana. Weather you want a sword for dojo exercises or just to hang on the wall, you can�t go wrong with a Paul Chen sword, a sword that will last you a lifetime.
Authentic Samurai Swords Buying Guide Take the Thaitsuki Nihonto swords, they�re forged using a 400 year old family method, are you can normally find them for under $1000, however people are realizing more and more that they are very high quality swords, so their prices probably won�t stay low for very long. Here are a few qualities to look for in a quality samurai sword. An authentic samurai sword should be at least a high carbon steel forge blade (like the Thaitsuki swords) or a folded steel blade. A stainless steel blade is not a blade that is forged using traditional construction methods and should only be used for decoration. Many of them look really nice, but they absolutely must not be used for any type of cutting exercise.
If the blade is not made from at high carbon forged steel or folded steel then it�s most likely just stainless steel. When purchasing your authentic samurai sword, make sure that the blade is forged high carbon steel or folded steel. Many companies will tell you that they can sell you a quality authentic samurai sword made from stainless steel. Stainless steel is fine if you�re only going to hang it on the wall but it�s not an authentic samurai sword made using quality forging methods. Take the Paul Chen Shinto Katana. It's a fine sword made from traditional claying methods that make it nearly impossible to break, it's a fine authentic samurai sword.
Japanese Sword: A Great Piece For Any Home A Japanese Sword is a wonderful decoration to add to any room of your home or office. Many people think that a samurai sword might look out of place in their home if their not Japanese or into martial arts. That idea is beginning to change. People who have no Japanese roots and are not necessarily into the martial arts are realizing that a nice Japanese Sword can add beauty to their home.
The Japanese Samurai sword can be a great conversation piece. What do you think of when you think of a samurai warrior. The first thing almost everyone says is "honor". And it's true. The samurai followed a strict code of honor and loyalty to each other and their cause. Japanese Swords are becoming so popular that you can find a very nice sword no matter what your price. You can literally find a nice decoration Japanese Sword for under $100 all the way up to several thousand dollars. Many people are even buying sharpened, battle ready swords just to hang on their wall. Not intending to ever use it but just for the fine quality and craftsmanship.
One of the most popular makers of quality samurai swords right now is Cold Steel. Cold Steel swords offer the collector a chance to get a quality sword at a great price. Most of the Cold Steel swords have all traditional parts and fittings. Many practitioners are looking for a sword that is a bit heavier than say a Paul Chen sword for the sake of cutting power. Cold Steel swords deliver a little more weight for that very purpose. Of course Cold Steel swords also make a beautiful decoration piece to hang on the wall as well as for use in the dojo. If you're in the market for something different and beautifully you can go wrong with a quality Samurai Japanese Sword then check out our store
Sword Display Stand: The Right Stand For Your Sword Most likely you�ll want to display your beautiful sword somewhere in your home or office for all to see. There are several sword display stands to choose from. Some are poorly made and some are of very fine quality.
Many sword display stands are universal, but some are made for certain types of swords, for instance there are many sword stands that are specifically made to display a Japanese katana sword or a specific type of dagger. When buying a sword display stand for your new sword just be sure that you�re buying a stand that is made from solid wood and not one that is cheaply made of some type of particle board or the like. You want a stand made of quality wood that won�t damage your sword in any way.
The two most popular brands of sword display stands are probably Paul Chen and United Cutlery. Both manufacture quality stands at reasonable prices. One other thing to consider when purchasing your sword display stand is to be sure that it fits the size of your sword. You don�t want to but a stand that is to large or to small for your sword. For example, most katana swords are 40” long give or take and inch so you would want to buy a stand that is 18” to 20” wide so that roughly your katana is protruding about 10” out from each side of the stand.
Thaitsuki Nihonto Swords: Leading The Way So why are these swords so popular? There are several reasons but number one is quality. The Thaitsuki swords are handmade by trained craftsman in using a family method over 200 years old. Second, there is no other line of swords in the world that you can find at a price that the Thaitsuki swords sell for with the same quality. Thaitsuki Nihonto swords should be in a price range around $2000 and more.
There are several things about the Thaitsuki Nihonto swords that make them so special. As mentioned above the Thaitsuki swords are hand forged using a very old family method. They have been forging these high quality swords for collectors in Japan and all over the world.
Whether you�re looking for an authentic to hang on the wall or a quality sword to stand up to the rigorous cutting exercises of the dojo you won�t find a better sword than a Thaitsuki sword. The most popular Thaitsuki sword that everyone seems to want is the Thaitsuki Hoso Kumiage The Sivarat family is dedicated to quality and is not willing to do anything to jeporodize the reputation. Thatisuki swords are made using the highest standards and finest authentic fittings. Whether you choose the Musashi Katana with a high quality leather tsuki or the Hoso Katana with a genuine Japanese silk tsuka you can be sure that the quality and durability is second to none in the price range.
Japanese Samurai Swords Buying Guide When it comes to samurai swords, there is quite a bit of terminology for the new collector to understand. But we want to make it easy for anyone to find a good quality samurai sword that will last a lifetime, no matter if you�re looking for one of the very sought after Paul Chen Katana swords for battle or just a quality sword to hang over the mantle.
The first thing to consider for your new samurai sword is the type and quality of the blade. If you�re looking for a you want to be sure and choose a full tang blade, which all of our authentic samurai swords feature as well as all of our battle ready swords. The term “full tang” means that the blade and the part of the sword under the Tsuka (handle) is one long piece of steel. If you get a sword that is not full tang then you�re basically buying it to hang on the wall and nothing more. The next thing to consider when choosing a sword is the type of steel that the blade is made of.
There are basically 3 types of steel, 420 J2 (Stainless steel), High Carbon, and Folded steel. If you are looking for a battle ready sword you�ll want to stay away from the 420 J2 Stainless. High carbon steel is very high quality steel; however folded steel is the strongest. Actually it�s not that the folded steel is a different type of steel, but how the blade is forged. A folded steel blade is typically made from high carbon steel.
The difference is that a folded steel blade is just like it says; the steel is folded over and over again until the smith believes that it is adequate. Some people say that a good high carbon steel blade can be just as strong as a folded steel blade. The smiths for the Thaitsuki Nihonto Swords claim to have mastered a form of forging high carbon steel blades that is just as strong if not stronger than many of the folded steel blades. When choosing a sword samurai sword there are basically 3 different styles to consider, the katana sword, the Wakizashi sword and the Tanto sword.
The Japanese Katana Sword is the most popular among collectors and martial arts students alike. The katana sword was the first and is still the most popular of all samurai swords. The blade is typically 29” long with an overall length around 40” The Wakizashi sword is the shorter companion blade of the katana sword. We first see the Wakizashi sword during the Muromachi period (1568-1603).
The Wakizashi was about 18” long and only allowed to be carried by a samurai. Carrying both the katana and the Wakizashi was popular for the next few hundred years. The smallest samurai sword would be the tanto sword or dagger. Originally tanto swords were 12” in length or less but it�s not out of the ordinary to come across a Tanto that is 15” long. Samurai sword collecting is a very popular past time for many Americans.
Something that is becoming even more popular is martial arts that make use of samurai sword for fighting and cutting exercises. The most popular and affordable authentic samurai swords are the Paul Chen Swords. You can find a decent Paul Chen Practical Katana Sword for under $200. However for less than a hundred more you can get yourself a Paul Chen Practical Plus Katana. If you�re looking for something a little more pricy the Paul Chen Bushido Katana or the Orchid Katana will last a lifetime and can take quite a beating.
The Orchid and Bushido also come in a Wakizashi and Tanto. In conclusion, the most important thing when buying your sword is that you know what kind of blade you're getting. If you want a functional sword be sure that you're not getting one that's only made to hang on the wall. If it's not clearly stated on the page for the sword, don't hesitate to contact the store to ask any questions you might have.
Japanese Tanto Swords: Decorative or Battle Ready Here are a few qualities to look for in a quality tanto sword. We suggest battle ready swords over wall hangers. Why, because the quality will always be better on a battle ready tanto sword than one that�s just for show. If a sword is to be used to cutting exercises it absolutely has have a blade that is full tang and have a blade that is made from high carbon steel or Sweedish folded steel.
If the blade is not made from at high carbon forged steel or folded steel then it�s most likely just stainless steel. Stainless steel is just fine for most knives but just won�t cut it (no pun intended) when it comes to a tanto sword that�s going to be used in the dojo. Two very popular brands of tanto swords are Paul Chen and Cold Steel. Cold Steel, although an American company has most of their swords forged in China by trained smiths. Paul Chen blades are very popular in American and all over the world right now. Most of the Paul Chen swords are forged using a technique called differential tempering. It means that the back of the blade is more flexible than the edge of the blade.
Katana Swords: Beautify Your Home or Office Many people buy will buy a katana sword for decoration but eventually become fascinated with sword play that they end up signing up for a martial arts class and make use of their sword. Among the 3 sizes of traditional samurai swords the katana has always been the most popular among collectors and martial artists alike. In addition to the katana sword there is also the Wakizashi, or short sword and then the tanto sword, about the size of a large knife. When choosing a katana sword there are a few things to consider when deciding which sword is right for you?
First will this sword be used in for cutting exercises or for display only? Don�t think that if you�re wanting to buy a battle ready sword that it cannot be used for display. As a matter of fact most people who buy a battle ready katana sword never do anything but hang it on their wall. Why would anyone buy a battle ready sword but never really use it? Simple, because collectors want a katana sword that�s high quality and often they like to know that if they ever wanted to use it for cutting exercises they could. So if you find a battle ready katana sword then you�ve also found yourself a sword that will be a nice display.
On the other hand there are many decorative only katana swords that will look very nice in any home or office. The difference is the amount of money that you�ll spend and the quality of construction. If you want a battle ready sword you need to choose one that has a blade that is made from high carbon steel or folded steel. Any sword that has a blade made from stainless steel should only be for display. Stainless steel blades are not made to stand up to the rigors of cutting exercises or combat with other swords.
Some of the best quality battle ready katana swords you can find are forged by Thaitsuki, Paul Chen and Cold steel. Among the growing popular of samurai swords are the Kill Bill Swords. You can now buy a Kill Bill Sword just like the ones in the movie. Although they are not made for cutting exercises they are sharpened and look exactly like the actual movie. The most popular are the Kill Bill Bride's Sword and the Kill Bill Guy's Sword.
Ninja Swords: What You Need To Know Before You Purchase You�d almost have to be living on another planet to not realize that swords of any kind are becoming very popular among collectors and even investors. Ninja swords and other styles of Chinese weapons are particularly in demand right now. There are a few key aspects that you should know about before you dish out your money, especially if you plan to buy over the internet.
Unfortunately there are many websites claiming to that certain swords are battle ready or can be used for cutting exercises in the dojo and in many situations that is just not true. Sometimes you might see a website that features a ninja sword and the name of the weapon will be very similar to one of higher quality and will even look exactly like a better well known sword. So the unsuspecting buyer thinks he�s getting this unbelievable that no one else has found on a certain sword. Unfortunately he/she learns the hard way that it�s not what he thought.
If you buy a ninja sword that�s not worthy to be used for anything but hanging on the wall and you take it to the dojo serious injury could result. The main trait of a quality ninja sword that you need to look for is to be sure that the blade is forged high carbon steel and preferably differentially tempered. Differentially tempered means that the back of the blade is not as hard as the edge of the blade.
At first some people think that this is not a positive aspect for a high quality ninja sword. Differentially tempering is necessary so that it gives some flexibility to the sword. Differentially tempering makes the ninja sword virtually unbreakable. Hopefully this article has helped you to know the traits to look for when purchasing your next ninja sword.
Japanese Wakizashi Swords: Decorative or Battle Ready Here are a few qualities to look for in a quality wakizashi sword. We suggest battle ready swords over wall hangers. Why, because the quality will always be better on a battle ready wakizashi sword than one that�s just for show.
If a sword is to be used to cutting exercises it absolutely has have a blade that is full tang and have a blade that is made from high carbon steel or Sweedish folded steel. If the blade is not made from at high carbon forged steel or folded steel then it�s most likely just stainless steel. Stainless steel is just fine for most knives but just won�t cut it (no pun intended) when it comes to a wakizashi sword that�s going to be used in the dojo. The two most sought after brands of tanto swords are Paul Chen and Cold Steel. Cold Steel swords,
Cold Steel swords although an American company has most of their swords forged in China by well trained swordsmiths. Paul Chen blades are very popular in America and all over the world right now. Most of the Paul Chen swords are forged using a technique called differential tempering. It means that the back of the blade is more flexible than the edge of the blade. You can�t go wrong with a Paul Chen or a Cold Steel Japanese wakizashi sword.
A Japanese sword, or nihontō, is one of the traditional samurai bladed weapons of Japan. These are categorised in several types according to size and method of manufacture. The most commonly known type is the katana sword, which, like the similarly formed tachi sword, is a single-edged sword and, usually, curved long sword which was traditionally used by samurai from the 1400s onwards; Wakizashi swords are middle length swords; Tsurugi are double-edged long swords; Ōtachi or Nodachi are older but longer single-edged versions.
Although they are pole-mounted weapons the Naginata and Yari, due to the methods by which they are forged, these swords are still considered part of the Nihonto family.
Japanese swords are still commonly seen; antique and modernly-forged swords can easily be found and purchased here at www.samurai-swords-for-sale.com.
The nihonto samurai sword as we know it today with its deep, graceful curve has its origin in shinogi-zukuri (single-edged blade with ridgeline) tachi swords which were developed sometime around the middle of the Heian period to service the need of the growing military class. Its shape reflects the changing form of warfare in Japan. Cavalry swords were now the predominant fighting unit and the older straight chokutō were particularly unsuitable for fighting from horseback. The curved sword is a far more efficient weapon when wielded by a warrior on horseback where the curve of the blade adds considerably to the downward force of a cutting action of the sword.
The tachi is a sword which is generally larger than a katana, and is worn suspended with the cutting edge down. This was the standard form of carrying the sword for centuries, and would eventually be displaced by the katana style where the blade was worn thrust through the belt, edge up. The tachi was worn slung across the left hip. The signature on the tang (nakago) of the blade was inscribed in such a way that it would always be on the outside of the sword when worn. This characteristic of this sword is important in recognising the development, function and different styles of wearing swords from this time onwards to today's japanese swords.
We have the most complete line of samurai swords and japanese swords and other swords of all types on the internet. Samurai swords from Paul Chen to Cold Steel, Thaitsuki and Imperial Forge as well as many other lines, you will find the samurai sword or other sword that you are looking for at Samurai Swords For Sale.
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Nuclear weapons should be banned - Free Essay Example.
The main reason nuclear weapons should be banned is the simple fact that they kill or severely injure. The most remembered use of a nuclear weapon was during World War 2, when we, the U.S., used the bomb on Nagasaki and Hiroshima killing millions and destroying everything in those cities.
Nuclear weapons should be banned so that our human race has a future. The fact that the current amount of nuclear weapons in the world can destroy the human race many times over is actually horrifying. I think that Nuclear weapons should not only be banned, but also removed and taken away from any country’s possession.
Nuclear weapons. Without a doubt, the deadliest form of weapon man has ever invented, capable of killing millions of people and annihilating entire cities. They are inhumane weapons that carry catastrophic effects when used which are present for many years after the explosion.
The nuclear weapons should be abolished since they pose a great danger to life on earth. These weapons are capable of destroying any form of life on earth. Failing to abolish them and allowing them to be held by more states increases the danger.
Nuclear weapons can cause harm to civilians because of how powerful the explosion tends to be. Many countries have a large stockpile of nuclear weapons. The costs of these weapons are very high and the weapons are also extremely.
Nuclear weapons must be banned for the world. N; Nuclear Weapons; Things every student should keep in mind. Free example essays found anywhere online are available to anyone, which makes them used, re-used, paraphrased, and abused millions of times. Watch out, some are poorly written! We strongly discourage you to submit free essays or any of their parts for credit at your school -- they are.
There should not be that many weapons that can decimate all life within the blast area, and definitely not enough to destroy the surface of the earth. In the same article stated in the previous paragraph, Jim McCluskey shared a statistic that is utterly shock. there are over 23,000 known nuclear weapons in existence right now.
Nuclear weapons should be abolished simply because they are no longer the threat that they used to be at the time of their inception - nearly every country in the world either possesses a nuclear weapon or is the close ally of a nation that does. Nuclear weapons currently pose more of a threat as a tool of disaster by accident than by war. Posted by: ThegaXen. Report Post. Like Reply.
No nuclear weapons should not be banned on a global scale, because if we were to ban nuclear weapons there would be countries that will of course obey the new policy but again there's other countries that wont and therefor the countries that did respect the law would be defenseless against them. Report Post. Like Reply. 0. 0. There's no enforcing it. No, nuclear weapons should not be banned.
Some people might say that nuclear power is terrible for the environment and should be banned. The nuclear program for power in Japan is a bigger benefit to society then removing the program. In this essay, it will discuss the topics: The effect on the environment, effects on the people of Japan, pros and cons, and lastly, the nuclear bomb’s effect on Japan. Unlike most sources of power.
The reason why nuclear weapons exist is largely for war. In the event of war, a country would like to be able to have the upper hand and protect itself. This is where it lies. Additionally, countries engage in nuclear weaponization research and development, for superiority rankings around the world. To be considered a powerful nation and to be able to command respect at world summit meetings.
The bottom line is that there is no reason why weapons of mass destruction of any sort - chemical weapons, biological weapons, RPG's, improvised explosive devices (IED's), missiles, dirty bombs, nuclear devices, or assault weapons -- should be easily accessible. For 10 years there was a ban on the production, ownership and use of assault weapons in the United States until Congress and the Bush.
The Limited Test Ban Treaty has subsequently been signed by a total of 116 countries and represented the most serious effort by the international community to monitor nuclear testing at the time. There became a growing concern that the United States and the Soviet Union could unwillingly enter into an exchange of nuclear weapons. As a result of this possibility, a hotline was established in.
This final round of UN negotiations for a treaty to ban nuclear weapons is history in the making. Since the shocking 1945 nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, we have known that whole.
Nuclear disarmament as a way to keep peace and provide human security Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Key Factors That Led To Reversal of the Accelerating Acquisition of Nuclear Weapons in the Eighties Political Science Concepts Nuclear Weapons Should Be Abolished Proposal: Rationale for Landmines Ban History and current state of nuclear proliferation in Asia.
As debates over nuclear weapon use rage on, the threat is still present and must be handled carefully to avoid a man made apocalypse. McNamara and his stance on eliminating nuclear weapons is sensible, primarily due to the common man and woman agreeing with his logic.


Off The Rocker
Due to recent developments in North Korea's missile programs the U.S has decided to take a firmer stance in halting their long range missile program. U.S Ambassador of the united nations Nikki Haley has reported that North Korea will not listen to diplomatic reason and while force is not necessarily the first choice, force will be used when necessary.
Apparently these developments are in response to the advancements in missile technology that north Korea has made, boasting a missile that is said to be able to reach Alaska and the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. The U.S will apply more sanctions from the U.N and also cut off trade with countries who are doing business with North Korea.


“During the last several weeks, Russian officials conducted training in Iran as part of the agreement for UAV transfers from Iran to Russia,” a US official told CNN. The official said the intelligence about the training has recently been declassified.
The Ukrainian military has primarily been deploying Turkish-built Bayraktar UAVs to destroy Russian command posts, tanks and surface-to-air missile systems, while the Russians have been using homemade Orlan-10 drones for reconnaissance and electronic warfare.
But the Russians have been struggling to replenish their supply, leading them to turn to Iran for the equipment, the US believes. US officials have also argued that the growing relationship between Iran and Russia exemplifies why the US needs to maintain its presence and influence in the Middle East.
Ukraine, meanwhile, has pleaded with the US to provide more powerful armed drones like the Gray Eagle, but the US has been reluctant to provide them for fear that Russia could view it as overly escalatory.


Single use, to restore energy.
Used to repair the health of a bot.
Greatly increases your damage resistance for a short time.
A placeable shield that can be dropped for cover.
Used to repair damage done to structures
Can basically punch through anything
Standard 7.62mm round for higher caliber weapons
Basic 9mm Ammunition
Depleted Uranium Bullet
Used to bring down heavy armor
For use in shotguns and railguns
Packs a real punch
When you really must have something dead
For near instantaneous delivery
For when conventional munitions just can't do the job


A common phrase is thrown around in detective novels, action movies, and Internet forums: “There is nothing more useless than an unloaded gun.” Despite the common sources of this wisdom, it is nevertheless true. Every firearm owner needs a proper supply of ammunition for both practice and actual use. Since ammunition is such a necessity, gun owners should strongly consider investing in reloading supplies. Here are five reasons it is worthwhile. reloaderscenter
It Will Save You Money
Reloading supplies are popular with people who like to shoot a lot. The reason is that it saves them money. On average, a box of fifty .44 caliber rounds will cost a consumer about $50.00. If they do the work themselves, they can make 50 rounds for roughly $13.00. These savings especially hold true for older and more exotic calibers. But even with common, mass-produced calibers such as .223mm and 9mm, putting the components together yourself will save you money.
You Can Shoot More
This goes hand in hand with saving money. Since manufacturing their own shot is cheaper, and the supply more readily available, gun owners allow themselves to spend more time practicing their shooting. Since target shooting is half the fun for most firearms enthusiasts, making their own ammunition allows them to fully enjoy their hobby. Furthermore, officialreloadersstore the extra practice correlates to a higher level of skill when it comes to competitions and hunts.
Anyone who regularly purchases ammunition knows that it can be a volatile market. At times, it can be nearly impossible to find a single box of rounds in a common caliber at any store. In some cases, these shortages can last over a year. However, if you have the equipment to make your own ammunition, you will never have to worry about a shortage again.
Just as every person is different, so too is their preference for ammunition. Some might like a heavier bullet propelled by a large charge of powder. Others prefer a lighter weight with more velocity. Regardless of your preferences, owning your own reloading supplies allows you to custom tailor your shot to meet your specific needs. Many target shooters prefer to make their own rounds to ensure the utmost accuracy. littletalky
For the Fun and Satisfaction
Finally, reloading supplies allow firearms owners to learn a new skill related to their hobby. Some people gain satisfaction and pride from repairing a classic car or building a table. Gun owners can obtain this feeling by making ammunition. Learning a new aspect of a specific field allows a person to better understand the rest of the subject matter. faganpainting.
In conclusion, making your own ammunition is a wonderful way for a firearms enthusiast to delve more deeply into his or her hobby while also saving a significant amount of money. So if you own a gun, do not hesitate to purchase some reloading supplies.


3 edition of German 88-mm Antiaircraft Gun found in the catalog.
August 4, 2003
by Naval & Military Press
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||184|
Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Tm EA German Mm Antiaircraft Gun Material Technical Manual by War Department (, Paperback) at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products! The 88 mm gun (eighty-eight) was a German anti-aircraft and anti-tank artillery gun from World War II. They were widely used by Germany throughout the war. It was one of the most recognizable and most feared German weapons of the war.
Anti-aircraft guns are weapons designed to attack aircraft. Such weapons commonly have a high rate of fire and are able to fire shells designed to damage aircraft. They also are capable of firing at high angles, but are also usually able to hit ground targets as well in a direct fire role. TM EA: German mm Antiaircraft Gun Materiel Technical Manual, War Department, J [DISCLAIMER: The following text is taken from a WWII U.S. War Department Technical Manual.
- Explore dfelscher50's board "88mm FLAK / AT Gun Towed & SP", followed by people on Pinterest. See more ideas about Wwii, World war two and German army pins. The German 88 MM anti-aircraft gun was designed and constructed in secret in the ten year period prior to the advent of Hitler, when the German army was subject to rigid personnel and material limitations. It is known that it was the plan of its designers to construct a dual purpose anti-aircraft and anti-tank weapon.
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The German 88 mm guns became the most famous and feared artillery pieces of the Second World War. They appeared in a whole series of forms ranging from anti-aircraft to anti-tank and tank-guns, including several self-propelled platforms/5(2). German Mm Antiaircraft Gun Material [United States War Department] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.
This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the original. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks.
German mm Antiaircraft Gun Materiel: War Department Technical Manual TM EA, 29 June Paperback – Aug Author: Ray Merriam. The mm gun was a German anti-aircraft and anti-tank artillery gun from World War II.
It was used substantially by Germany throughout the war, and was one of the most recognized German weapons of the war. Development of the mm led to a wide variety of mm name applies to a series of guns, the first one officially called the /5(7).
• “The Heavy Flak Guns – German 88 mm, mm, mm, mm Guns ” by Werner Mȕller (). If you like photos of anti-aircraft artillery (or any artillery, for that matter) then you will probably love this book. There is also adequate text describing the development and deployment of the guns/5(6).
Development of the mm led to a wide variety of mm name applies to a series of guns, the first one officially called the F then the improved F and later the Flak Flak is a contraction of the German word Flugzeugabwehrkanone, meaning "aircraft-defense cannon", the original purpose of the eighty-eight.
It was so successful that every German division in was established with a number of these guns for defence against Allied aircraft.
Then, during the battle of Arras inGeneral Rommel used his anti-aircraft guns on tanks, and the rest is history. This official evaluation of the gun is complete in all the detail one could wish for. TM E A German mm Antiaircraft Gun Materiel "There is included as much technical information required for identification, use, and care of the German mm antiaircraft gun as can be ascertained from printed matter and the materiel on : The Legendary 88 mm gun (eighty-eight) is a German anti-aircraft and anti-tank artillery gun from World War II.
They were widely used throughout the. TM E A German 88 mm Antiaircraft Gun Materiel "There is included as much technical information required for identification, use, and care of the German mm antiaircraft gun as can be ascertained from printed matter and the materiel on hand.
Corrections and additions to this manual will be published as the information becomes available.". German mm Antiaircraft Gun, Paperback, ISBNISBNBrand New, Free shipping in the US. Here's the opening of Tank Fest Northwestthe firing of a pair of German 88mm, or Flak 37's. Very impressive. 1/8 German 88mm Antiaircraft Gun fires 44 magnum blank shells.
The cm Flak (F 36, 37 and 41) is famous or infamous for being a tank killer in World War 2. Yet, this weapon was by its designation an anti-aircraft gun. This raises the question: Why. The weapon was deployed on German tanks, as an antitank gun, an assault gun, and for antiaircraft purposes.
The gun was aptly described as “anti-everything” by one infantryman. The weapon even grudgingly made it into American comics during the war with cartoonist Bill Maudlin showing character G.I.
Willie angrily telling an officer, “I. TM EA German mm Antiaircraft Gun The mm gun was a German anti-aircraft and anti-tank artillery gun from World War II.
It was used substantially by Germany throughout the war, and was one of the most recognized German weapons of the war. Development of the mm led to a. This real German Army 88mm Gun was fired every hour at the D-Day Ohio World War 2 event in Conneaut Ohio on August They sold ear.
A German artillery crew relaxes next to their 88 mm gun. The famous flak gun became one of the most feared anti-tank weapons of the Second World War, serving everywhere from the sands of North Africa to the snowy wastelands of the Russian front.
Image courtesy the German. Technical Manual No. EA, German mm Antiaircraft Gun Material, 29 June a. This manual is published for the information and guidance of the using arms and services. The 88mm Gun: The Weapon Nazi Germany Used to Destroy Everything.
Originally designed as an antiaircraft weapon, it was equally terrifying as an antitank gun. Ammunition for the German mm antiaircraft gun is similar to U.S.
fixed mm rounds (fig. 70). However, the German mm rounds may be identified, as described in .The KwK 36 was derived from the cm FlaK 36 anti-aircraft gun by adapting/modifying it to the limited space available in tank turrets.
Parts of the KwK 36 were built to practically the same design as the cm and cm guns already used in German tanks. The breech ring was square in section and millimetres (13 in) on a of origin: Germany.Lineol 70mm German Flak 88'mm Anti-aircraft Gun W 6 Figs Used Oop $ Wwii German 20mm Flak Scope Z.f.
3x8°, Askania Werke, Telescopic Sight Exc.


I want to preface this post by saying that I hate the pistol caliber debate. I refuse to get sucked into it because it never ends well, or with a definitive winner. You shoot with what you shoot best. Period. Don’t ever let someone’s opinion influence your choice of caliber, unless they are an unequivocally qualified expert in the matter. That said, I am by no means the unequivocal expert, but I can offer some very common sense advice, and am comfortable doing so.
The only caveats I would add is I don’t think you should carry a firearm for defense in anything smaller than 9mm Luger. Now some folks will swear by the .380, especially for the ladies, but I don’t. If you can shoot a .380, you can probably shoot a 9mm. I’m also going to recommend not carrying revolvers. I personally don’t like them, only due to the limitations on ammunition capacity. Other than that, they’re just fine.
For me, there are only three pistol calibers worth carrying for defense. That’d be 9mm, .40 S&W, and .45 ACP. Anything smaller is questionable in stopping power, and anything bigger is just overkill, literally. Over-penetration is a real thing. You want to stop the threat cold in its tracks, but you don’t want to take out the people potentially standing behind the threat as well.
Ammunition theory is fine and dandy, but the delivery method can be equally important. What the hell do you carry then? Fortunately, in 2008, Americans elected the greatest gun salesman in the history of our country. This has driven innovation, demand, and competition to the point where you can find full size, compact, and subcompact pistols from just about every major manufacturer in the three ideal carry calibers. Hell, even Glock is making a single-stack, subcompact 9mm now.
Your choice of pistol is important, and for the sake of this post, we’re going to stay with concealed carry, because even though we all live in the same country, the laws vary state to state in regards to open vs. concealed carry. As of the writing of this post, all 50 states allow concealed carry, either via Constitutional carry (meaning no permit is needed), or through a permit system. Now, your ability to actually acquire a concealed permit in a handful of states is shaky, at best. The Hawaiis, New Yorks, and New Jerseys come to mind immediately.
So, some folks are brand loyalists. Meaning they’ll only buy Glocks, or Springfields, or Walthers, etc. However this can be pretty limiting in your choice of pistol, so I would urge you to explore the full range of pistols available. When choosing a pistol for concealing, I think it is very important to strike a balance between ammunition capacity and ease of concealment. Does your pistol stick out, or pattern under your shirt? That’s no good. Does your pistol only hold six rounds? That’s no good (might as well carry a revolver). These are very important factors to consider before purchase. I think you can’t go wrong with the current crop of ultra-concealable, subcompact semiautomatic pistols.
Now, if the subcompact is not your thing, and you’ve got a bigger frame, you can’t go wrong with pistols sized like the Glock 19, which are just considered compact rather than subcompact. I can do a whole other post on those type of pistols, so we’ll stay on subcompact pistols for the sake of brevity.
For my money, I think it is hard to beat the Glock 26 (9mm, 10 rounds), the Glock 27 (.40, 9 rounds), or the Glock 30 (.45 10 rounds). In my opinion, these are the pinnacle of proper concealed carry pistols. They’re subcompact, they offer very decent (and adjustable) ammunition capacity, and they come in the three desirable calibers. You don’t have to hassle with flipping a safety, they’re easy to field strip and clean, and there are more aftermarket customization and accessory options than I can even begin to list.
There are also other great choices out there for defensive carrying, but if you’re looking for a basic setup, a nearly flawless design, and a pistol that just flat out works, you can never go wrong with Glock. Other options I do like would include the S&W MP Shield, which comes in both 9mm, and .40 S&W, and the Walther PPS, which also comes in 9mm and .40 S&W. However you’re looking at a more limited ammunition capacity with the stock magazines, and that’s not a good thing. They would make excellent backup options though.
In conclusion, its important to point out the three pistols listed will not work for everyone. I’ve left out a ton of other pistols so it is imperative that you do your due diligence and homework on the subject. Get out to the range. Find a friend that carries. This is potentially a life and death topic, and the proper selection and preparation can save you a lot of grief down the road.
Tell us what you carry! I left out a LOT of pistols on purpose. What is your preferred carry position? What holsters work best for you? Let us know and let’s start a discussion in the comment section! Happy Shooting!


The Old Homosassa Heritage Council will have a booth at the Cobia and Big Fish Tournament on June 5 – 7. Here’s your chance to get a beautiful t-shirt for a donation of $18.35!
And even better….
Sal Bottari, the owner of Nature Coast Pawn Shop, has VERY generously donated a rifle or a handgun. Your choice! For $10, you have the chance to win your choice of a Ruger LCP 380 Handgun with Laser, a Ruger 10/22 long rifle with a 25-round magazine, or a Ruger 10/22 youth-size rifle with a 25-round magazine.
Winner will be drawn on Sunday, June 7th! A background check will be performed. If the winner picks the handgun, there will be a 3-day waiting period unless this person already has a concealed weapons permit.


STEALTH bombers swoop over the Pacific Ocean in a spectacular show of American air power amid fears of all-out war with China.
A warship sails below as two B-2 Spirit nuclear strike planes fly in formation with four F/A-18 Hornet fighters and a high-tech E-7A Wedgetail “eye-in-the-sky” spy plane from Australia.
A pair of B-2 Spirit nuclear stealth bombers are pictured soaring over the PacificCredit: Pacific Air Forces
The took part in drills with fighters and a spy plane from the Royal Australian Air ForceCredit: Pacific Air Forces
The US and Australian jets put on a show of force to ChinaCredit: Pacific Air Forces
Forces are readying to ‘respond to any potential crisis’ amid tensions over TaiwanCredit: Pacific Air Forces
The rarely seen B-2 flying wing – designed to be virtually invisible to radar – is the world’s most expensive aircraft at an estimated £1.6billion each.
These incredible pictures were posted online by the US Pacific Air Forces headquartered in Hawaii.
It said the “bilateral training missions” alongside Royal Australian Air Force allies “enhance joint and multilateral readiness”.
And it said the drills allow the Indo-Pacific Command to “respond to any potential crisis in support of a #FreeAndOpenIndoPacific.”
That was seen as a pointed reference to massive Chinese war games that surrounded Taiwan with planes and jets this month.
Xi Jinping’s forces effectively blockaded the self-ruled island and fired ballistic missiles in a chilling rehearsal for an invasion.
Such a conflict could draw the US and other allies into a catastrophic battle of superpowers, experts warn.
Amid rising tensions, the US has reportedly stationed four of its radar-dodging batwing B-2 bombers to a base in Australia.
They were designed to penetrate Soviet air defences during the Cold War, carrying nuclear or conventional weapons in a hidden bomb bay.
Still among the world’s most feared warplanes, they can drop up to 80 independently guided weapons on a single 6,000-mile mission.
Or they can deliver two 14-ton bunkerbuster bombs – called the Massive Ordnance Penetrator – to destroy buried targets 200ft underground.
The US has reiterated support for Taiwan after China refused to rule out the use of force to seize the independent island.
Tensions exploded earlier this month when US Speaker Nancy Pelosi became the first high-profile US politician to visit in 25 years.
China responded with huge exercises blocking Taiwan’s air and sea space, forcing Taiwanese defenders to go on war footing.
Yesterday China launched further “combat readiness” sea and air drills in response to a visit by a cross-party group of Congressmen.
The Defence Ministry branded the trip an “ambush visit” that “violates China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity”.
Analysts fear Beijing could use claims of “provocation” as an excuse to invade Taiwan, which it claims as its own.
At least four detailed scenarios are said to have been plotted by Xi’s military planners, designed to test resolve in the US to get involved.
Experts warn China’s huge army could crush US-led defences in days, and one simulation reckons the US would lose 900 planes.
However experts also say China would need two million soldiers and would face devastating losses like Russia in Ukraine.
Taiwan Air Force jets on war footing during Chinese invasion drills earlier this monthCredit: AP
China fired ballistic missiles over Taiwan during menacing war gamesCredit: Not known, clear with picture desk
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Remington 28g date code on barrel PF When was this man I have just been given a Cebra side by side shotgun 12g but cannot find any informtion on the net about it. Is there any way of dating a shotgun. Used from December 14, - July 9, ".
A lion rampant reguardant is bad enough. Proof Date Codes. Amongst proof marks are codes enabling one to determine the date of manufacture of many guns. Sample photos of their layouts are at the. Originally Posted By: patrickwall Adam, Is that gun yours?
Purely FYI. Since , Spanish proof marks often contain a date code which takes of digits which refer to the weapon type (shotgun is 03), the maker's. I have an Ugartechea boxlock from Bill Hanus Birdgunand the marks on the watertable of my gun are very different than yours.
Recommended Posts. I have a Laurona SXS. I am trying to find out the date of comeingrandireilpene.info the Spanish code. The code stamp on the receiver bottom is F. MN. This does. Posted December 7,
Wirnsberger describes it as a mark used before on breechloading under-lever shotguns, and describes a nearly identical mark only as a "Mark used by Eibar proof house" between December 14, and July 9, There's a little on the web about its history: Garbi (apparently) was part of the failed government-backed DIARM venture which Spanish central. Zlib compression disabled.
Ferlach, Austria year code. Although the first Spanish proof house was established at Eibar in , used before on breechloading under-lever shotguns, and describes Of course dating the older stamps can be an exercise, as they don't have. Wieland's book is the only reference I've used on the subject and it's obviously been awhile since I've opened it.
Edited December 7, by Andy H. Yours will have the letter-number date code on the barrel flats. The best value in Spanish shotguns are generally found in the guns of the little. Whatever the stamp above is, this is the late version which replaced it.
If not, the gun must pass a suitable proof and this stamp is put on the barrels and important parts of the gun. Is there any way of dating a shotgun. Single and final proof of self loading pistols and revolvers. As a result of the Brussel convention Spain entered a compulsory proof
Lloyd3, your gun 57 03 12 97 was actually the 12th gun built in From to they had to bear a date code made of a single capital letter or a capital letter and a numeral (in the Spanish alphabet CH and LL are single letters). Share. A new code has been in use shotgun. pistol. revolver . Spanish date codes By Woodlander2 years ago.
Used from December 14, - July 9, ". There's a little on the web about its history: Garbi (apparently) was part of the failed government-backed DIARM venture which Spanish central. Thank you very much for taking the time to reply to my email and also for researching the names of the craftsman that worked on my gun.


There are multiple types of weaponry available for you to defeat aliens as well as other players. Each weapon is random with randomised stats, though they will always scale to your level. (Gun descriptions below may sometimes not be true in your case, as the stats are randomised for every gun.)
Fighting styles and stats vary for each six types of weapons;
- Assault Rifle
- Battle Rifle
- Pump Shotgun
- Auto Shotgun
- Sniper Rifle
- Point Cannon
Assault Rifle: Edit
Most of the time the least-damaging of all weapon types, with an incredibly high fire rate. It's accuracy is not the best, which means it requires short, controlled bursts.
Battle Rifle Edit
Battle rifles are slightly similar to assault rifles, but exchange fire rate for increased accuracy and increased impact. On the down side, they usually render low magazine size and sometimes low handling.
Pump Shotgun Edit
The pump shotgun specialises in close-quarter-combat because of its low accuracy and high spread. They hit hard up-front, but prove themselves to be near-useless at range. They are, however, usually more precise than auto shotguns.
Auto Shotgun Edit
Auto shotguns work the same way as pump shotguns, except for their automatic fire. Due to this they are sometimes slightly less accurate.
Sniper Rifle Edit
The sniper rifle's main focus is its incredible accuracy and high impact. In contrast, it most often has a low magazine capacity, low handling and a slower rate of fire compared to most guns. It has the longest range of all gun types, and tends to be the weapon of choice for a large amount of players.
Point Cannon Edit
Point cannon deals incredible amounts of damage but are generally inferior in most other categories. They are only able to carry one shot in a magazine at a time. This causes the user to be potentially vulnerable during shots. They don't require a long amount of time to charge up, before releasing a beam of energy capable of hitting more than one target.