Over 400 years of history
Sweden has a lengthy history of initiatives in the defence and security industry. This small country has produced a large number of well-known, high-tech companies – such as Bofors, Kockums and Saab – that have now become one with Saab. Certain aspects of our history go all the way back to the 1600s, when Sweden was one of Europe’s major powers.
Saab came about during the 1930s under the threat of a new world war. In the neutral Sweden, politicians wanted to create an air force based on domestic industry. It was clear that aviation was the future. Prime Minister Per-Albin Hansson declared in a speech in 1936 that “our country should manufacture its own weapons as much as possible. We have good shipyards and armouries but we have no production in the country for warplanes.”
Saab was founded on 2 April 1937 to develop and manufacture combat aircraft. The Swedish Air Force was built up during the Cold War with products from us, and became one of the world’s largest. Planes such as the Draken, Viggen and Gripen represent some of Sweden’s largest industrial initiatives through history and have led to pioneering technological developments in several fields, not the least in the IT sector.
A large portion of the Swedish defence and security industry’s history is associated with today’s Saab. With the acquisitions of companies such as Bofors and Kockums, Saab has gained a heritage that can be traced back to the 1600s. As early as the reign of King Karl XI during the country’s years as a major power, Sweden’s most specialised vessels were launched at the naval yard in Karlskrona, and the same is true today with the construction of the next generation of submarines.
In the manufacturing district of Bofors at the close of the 1800s, Alfred Nobel began world-leading production of artillery and gunpowder. More than 100 years later, this is where antiaircraft weapons systems and antitank weapons are developed for future needs. In 2006, Saab made one of its most strategic acquisitions with the purchase of Ericsson Microwave Systems. The company has world-leading products in radar and surveillance, including the airborne radar system Erieye, the Giraffe ground radar system and the artillery localization radar system Arthur.
Although we started as a pure defence industry company, the end of the war and impending military budget cuts prompted the company to branch out into civilian aircraft and applications. This process would pave the way for the company’s merger with Scania between 1969 and 1995.
AB Svenska Järnvägsverkstäderna, ASJ, founded in Linköping by the brothers Carl Johan and Erland Uggla.
The shipyard delivers the first submarines to the Swedish Navy, the Svärdfisken and Tumlaren, and submarine production becomes the main focus of the company’s operations.
ASJ’s aircraft department is formed, ASJA, on the initiative of managing director Erland Uggla. The head of the department was Sven Blomberg.
ASJA buys Svenska Aero from Carl Clemens Bücker for SEK 250,000. The purchase included a previously placed order for seven fighter aircraft of the type J6 Jaktfalken.
Defence decision entails significant build-up of the air force. This is interpreted to mean that by 1943, Sweden should acquire 297 warplanes and 95 training aircraft. Discussions were initiated between ASJA and Bofors on forming a single company for the manufacture and design of aircraft.
Svenska Aero AB founded with head office in Trollhättan. Behind the new company are Bofors and Ab Ars (subsidiary of the Electrolux Group). Among the founders are: Marcus Wallenberg, Axel Wenner-Gren, Sven Wingquist. Agreement is reached in January for the shares to be equally distributed between ASJA and Bofors, and AB Förenade Flyverkstäder, AFF, is founded on 31 March.
Svenska Aero AB buys out competitor ASJA and moves head office to Linköping. In practice, it is ASJA that takes over the Saab brand.
Second World War breaks out and Bofors plays a key role in equipping the Swedish Armed Forces.
Statens Uppfinnarnämnd (a government organisation for promoting innovations for the Swedish military), Bofors, L M Ericsson and Saab begin joint research on ekoradar, the Swedish name for radar.
Maiden flight for Saab 91 Safir, 20 November. Until the Saab 340, the plane was Saab’s most successful export. It was used by several flight schools and air forces. Total of 323 produced. Designed by Anders Johan Andersson.
A unique subterranean shop facility in Linköping was put in service, measuring 20,000 square metres.
Development begins of antitank rifle, 84 mm m/48, at FFV in Eskilstuna, but barrels manufactured by Bofors. The antitank rifle goes under the name Carl-Gustaf outside of Sweden.
Maiden flight of Saab 29 Tunnan.
Maiden flight of Saab 32 Lansen, which was used by the Swedish Air Force from 1956 until 1997.
Maiden flight of Saab 35 Draken.
The submarines Draken, Vargen, Nordkaparen and Springaren launched. The first series to be fully designed by Kockums and a confirmation that the company had achieved the capability to produce its own submarines.
Ericsson develops the first fully Swedish-made aircraft radar for Saab 35 Draken.
The company changes its name to Saab AB.
Scania-Vabis AB merged into Saab-Scania AB.
First delivery of the Giraffe antiaircraft radar system.
With an eight-metre long Stirling section, the Näcken became the first Stirling-powered submarine in the world. With the Stirling technology, a submarine can remain submerged for several weeks at a time. The nearly silent machinery also makes the submarines more difficult to detect.
Kockums receives a huge export order valued at SEK 15 billion from Australia to build six submarines for the Australian Royal Navy. Kockums built the forebody, mid-section and two platforms for the first Collins submarine in Malmö.
First test flight of JAS 39 Gripen.
Aviation and motor vehicle production are separated: General Motors takes over automobile production in newly formed Saab Automobile AB. Scania becomes a separate company. The remaining parts stay in Saab AB.
Bofors merges with Förenade Fabriksverken i Eskilstuna and forms the company Swedish Ordnance in the Celsius Group.
Saab acquires defence group Celsius.
A major change. Saab and Celsius (including former Bofors) merge and gather aircraft, missile and avionics manufacture at Saab. Bofors’ artillery operations, including intelligent ammunition, are transferred to BAE Systems.
Bofors is split between Saab Dynamics (missiles and light support weapons) and BAE Systems Bofors AB (barrel systems and ammunition), which is included in the defence group BAE Systems Inc.
Saab becomes sole owner of Ericsson Microwave Systems and Saab Ericsson Space.
Major initiative begun in research and development of new-generation radar system.
Saab signs an agreement with the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) for Gripen E.
Saab and Thyssen Krupp announce signing of a letter of intent pertaining to Saab’s purchase of Kockums.
Saab and Brazil sign contract for Gripen E.
Major contract with the United Arab Emirates for the new radar system Swing Role Surveillance System.
Saab acquires Dockstavarvet shipyard and the repair shipyard Muskövarvet AB, in order to strengthen Saab’s product offering in the naval domain.
U.S. Air Force selects Saab and Boeing T-X trainer. The advanced trainer will be developed and produced together with Boeing for the United States Air Force.
The first Brazilian Gripen flies in Brazil and the local production of the aircraft begins.


Is It Wrong?
(That I'm Stoked for Ukraine?)
According to everything I’ve read, the unmanned sea drones that Ukraine used on October 28 change everything. Sort of. Just some floating oil spill barriers are currently enough to stop them, but you can bet the Boy Scout troop of military engineers there are already working on a way around that. (For example, I can think of two things that would jump barriers without triggering. And hey - after three or four have sacrificed themselves, those barriers won’t be an issue for the rest of a swarm.)
The ironic thing is that Russians actually found one of these before the mission, and for some reason thought nothing more of it? They had to dispose of the explosive payload, you’d think that would have been a dead giveaway.
And, well. Ukraine aren’t the first to use USVs. The distinction for the first design goes to Italy, who used a speedboat with explosives to sink a UK cruiser in 1941 - here, have a bit of history and some Ukraine USV analysis on HI Sutton’s Covert Shores.
The story of that first one that the Russians found 21 Sept is there - they towed it to sea and blew it up. Safest course of action, but of course they still got very little intel that way.
Obviously a few militaries are interested, but the spec hasn’t been hard to figure out - buy a Ski-Doo drive system, some satellite and remote control gear, cameras, and a big load of explosives, and load them into an aluminium hull along with fuel and a pair of (apparently - oh the irony if true!) Russian fuses on the nose to blow shit up.
They’re semi-autonomous and can navigate to a target and destroy it - with a range of between 400 and 800km if reports are right. They can stream video back for FPV use or just surveillance, can be remotely guided. And they cost less than 20% of what a good long range air missile does.
This thing is brilliant and doesn’t really need a clean room to build, meaning almost anywhere will do. Seven of them proved that they can cause enough confusion and shock that Russia was prodded into taking defensive actions all over their sea front.
There wouldn’t be the protection of oil booms out to sea, so they effectively threaten any ship that leaves the safe harbours. And as I said, at the price point, they’re cheap enough to be thrown away in a huge swarm wave and devastate any harbour.
They could also conceivably make a significant dent in any flotilla and reach the high-value ships at the core and damage them. And there’s always the chance that Ukraine has secretly actually built a few 1000 of them and that the wave is only the first of several…
If I was a Russian Naval commander I’d be shitting bricks about now.
Plus, knowing the Ukies and their ingenuity, this is just one weapon in a whole series of new drone swarms. Imagine these wrapped around, and able to able to launch, a missile each - they’d only have to get in missile range, fire the missile, and their job is done. More expensive, of course, but there’s 5m of ship mostly empty hull to safely wrap around a missile to keep it dry, and then the last action of the USV is to launch it.
Possibly bricks AND blue lights. . .
Tell me if you think I’m right and there’ll be a few surprise variants… There’s a link to chat with me on Mastodon down below.
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.. by Mir Wazir Khan
The world is commemorating 75-years anniversary of 75-years old ‘Little Boy’. In most of the world’s cultures, little boy is a name for someone within the age of early adolescent. However, 75-years ago in July 1945, the United States nuclear scientist gave the name of ‘Little Boy’ to its first nuclear bomb which they were planning to drop over Japan shortly.
The Nazi Germany had surrendered in May 1945; but the war was extremely bloody over the Pacific front between the forces of the US and Japan. The US’ efforts for invasion of Japan by land through amphibious assault by sea had failed and the US was losing thousands of troops on daily basis. The large number of body-bags returning to the US angered the people and leadership of the US and forced them to think seriously for ending the war by all means possible.
During the war the US was engaged in the development of a nuclear bomb under the supervision of Robert Oppenheimer and the project was named Manhattan Project. The project reached its culmination on July 16, 1945 when a nuclear bomb was detonated for the first time in human history. The detonation took place in the desert of New Mexico at 5:29 am. After the successful experimentation of its first nuclear detonation, the first nuclear bomb to be used against Japan to end the war was code-named ‘Little Boy’.
August 6, 1945 was chosen as a date to use the bomb and Hiroshima was selected as the city for the catastrophe. A B-29 bomber of the US Air Force with Colonel Paul W. Tibbet as its chief pilot were to operate the flight for the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. For the special nuclear bombing mission, the flight of the B-29 bomber was code named as Enola Gay in honor of the mother of Col. Paul W.Tibbet.
The nuclear bombing flight took off from US military base from North Field of Northern Mariana Island in the Pacific that was housing major US airpower against Japan. The airbase was around six hour’s flight away from Hiroshima. A 12-person crew boarded the B-29 along with the silent ‘Little Boy’. The project director of the Manhattan Project, Maj. Gen. Leslie B.R Groves wanted to photograph the take-off for the coming generations to see. So the airfield was illuminated with flashlights to take photographs of the take-off. The colonel-pilot Paul W. Tibbets was instructed to take out his head from the cockpit window of the bomber and to wave to the assembled viewers who were none other than senior people of the Manhattan Project and senior military personnel of the USA.
The bomber flew for about six hours towards its unfortunate target with the ‘Little Boy’ sleeping. Capt. Williams armed and assembled the bomb during the six hour flight (a nerve- wrecking mission given the possibility of its mid-air explosion). Capt. William’s assistant 2nd Lt. Morris removed the safety devices of the bomb (another unbelievably dangerous feat) to get it ready for dropping about an hour before it could be released above the chosen target.
The B-29 bomber arrived at the target—the city of Hiroshima- at an altitude of 32333 feet. High altitude was chosen for the flight because the Japanese, due to shortage of fuel, were reluctant to scramble and engage enemy aircrafts at high altitude. The Japanese were not aware that that particular bomber was on a special mission. At 8:15 am on August 6, 1945 the bomb was released from an altitude of 31,060 feet. The bomb detonated above the predetermined site of the city at an altitude of 1968 feet. A doomsday scenario enveloped the city of Hiroshima. Around 80000 died and 70000 were injured in a matter of minutes. The Japanese determination and resistance was shaken. Col. Paul W.Tibbets, the aviator for the first nuclear bombing, in an interview said that he was not sorry for his action as he was doing his assigned duty of a bomber pilot and was acting under the rightful command of his superiors and in service of the nation. He rose through the ranks of US Air Force and retired at the rank of Brigadier-General. After retirement, he worked for aviation companies and died on November 1, 2007 at the age of 92. Before his dead he had asked for no funeral and headstone fearing that opponents of nuclear weapons may use his tomb as a place of protests. His body was cremated and ashes thrown into English Channel.
Two days later from the first nuclear bombing, on August 9, 1945 another nuclear bomb code-named ‘Fat Man’ was dropped over Nagasaki. Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945 and World War II ended with alarming message for the world. Fearing the enormous destructive power of the nuclear bomb, other countries also commenced preparation to acquire the same at any cost. Thus preparation for World War III has begun immediately after the termination of World War II. The ex-Soviet Union become the next nation to possess the ‘Little Boy’. Presently, there are about twelve countries (seven declared and five undeclared) to be in possessions of ‘Little Boys’. Now the nuclear weapons are in a more advanced and destructive shape. It doesn’t need six-hour flight to drop a single nuclear bomb. Rather the Intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles and long-range nuclear bombers can destroy planet Earth several times during the span of six hours. May God save us from any nuclear apocalypse and grant wisdom and sagacity to world leaders to say ‘No’ to nuclear weapons! .. Mir Wazir Khan, Chitral, 06 Aug 2020


One morning, I decided to do some metal detecting along the backshore near Brora. I didn't really expect anything other than the usual rusty iron stuff, but I was in for a surprise. After an hour scanning cracks in exposed bedrock at low tide, I had a haul of 8 bullets.
These things really had me scratching my head. None of them were deformed, so I assumed they couldn't have been fired. If they hadn't been fired, how on earth did they wind up down cracks in exposed bedrock at low tide? If they had been fired into the sea, surely they would have been deformed to some degree? They were large enough and heavy enough to have been sniper rounds, but what were they doing there? How did they get there? And if they hadn't been fired, where were the casings? It was time to call in the experts.
Photos were taken, dimensions, calibre and weights were recorded, and the information was sent to an arms dealer. Turns out these bullets are old, much older than world war 1. They are 0.577/450 calibre bullets which were made for Martini-Henri rifles.
Submitted for British Army evaluation in 1868, the new Martini-Henri astonished everyone with its performance. Not only could it fire 20 aimed shots accurately in under a minute, but it also exhibited extraordinary reliability following water-immersion and dirt tests.
The rifle was officially brought into service in 1871. As Britain's first purpose-designed breech-loading metallic cartridge service rifle, it represented a massive leap forward in technology and defined British imperialism at the height of the Victorian empire.
Although notorious for causing bruised shoulders, it proved to be a brutal man stopper. The rifle is famously known for its performances during the Zulu War of 1879, the Afghan War of 1878-1880, and the First Boer War of 1880-1881. It wasn't replaced until 1888, when the first of the British bolt-action magazine-fed rifles, the Lee-Metford, came into service.
All intriguing stuff, but how did these rounds wind up down cracks in bedrock at low tide on the coasts near Brora? And if they had been fired, why were they not mushroomed and deformed?
The arms dealer then forwarded information which solved the riddle. These rifles were issued to local civilian Brora volunteers during World War 1, and would have been fired at the old shooting range along the Brora backshore near Sputie Burn. The range is still there, and is referred to locally as The Targets.
The bullets I'd found with my metal detector were rounds that missed the targets, expended their energy in the air, and simply tumbled harmlessly into the sea at the end of their trajectory. This photo was taken from the firing positions and is looking back towards Brora at the Targets.
This photo shows you where I was finding the bullets. There is so much history lying around just waiting to be discovered.
Snider Enfield Rifles
A short time later I was down the back shore again, hunted out a few more Martini-Henry rounds, and then picked up this 0.50 cal. Where did this come from? Were 0.50's around before WW1? Or did someone actually fire Brownings at the Brora targets towards the end of WW1?
I wrote to a friend in Australia and he
emailed me back with this: 'The Snider Rifle (1853) and the US
Sharps rifle (1848) both fired .577 cartridges. Around 1900, the
.50 cal was invented by Browning based on the 30.06 but not
adopted by the US Army as the .50 cal Browning Automatic Rifle
until the First World War.
I wrote to a friend in Australia and he emailed me back with this: 'The Snider Rifle (1853) and the US Sharps rifle (1848) both fired .577 cartridges. Around 1900, the .50 cal was invented by Browning based on the 30.06 but not adopted by the US Army as the .50 cal Browning Automatic Rifle until the First World War.
next job was to determine what calibre of
bullet this was. This photo clearly shows that the bullet is far
bigger than 0.50 cal, so it is definitely 0.577, most likely for
the Snider Enfield, which was in service in the British Army at
the same time as the Martini-Henry which superceded it.
next job was to determine what calibre of bullet this was. This photo clearly shows that the bullet is far bigger than 0.50 cal, so it is definitely 0.577, most likely for the Snider Enfield, which was in service in the British Army at the same time as the Martini-Henry which superceded it.
Regarding the Snider Enfield, Wikipedia has this to say: 'The British .577 Snider Enfield was a breech-loading rifle. The American Jacob Snider invented the firearm action, and the Snider Enfield was one of the most widely used of the Snider varieties. The British Army adopted it in 1866 as a conversion system for its ubiquitous Pattern 1853 Enfield muzzle loading rifles, and used it until 1874 when the Martini-Henry rifle began to supersede it. The British Indian Army used the Snider Enfield until the end of the nineteenth century.'
This is the Snider Enfield with a photo of a bullet used during the first Boer war (1880-1881).
This bullet and the one I found above are identical so the Snider Enfield was most likely issued to Brora civilian volunteers during WW1 along with the Martini-Henry's, probably as a sniper rifle. It's amazing what's lying around Brora.
It isn't far to the targets from the car park marked on the map. If the tide is out there are plenty of stretches of hard sand for easy walking, but if the tide is in you might be better walking along the grassy coast instead. There is barbed wire fencing around the targets, but the fencing is old and if you take your time and look there are easy places to gain access.
This is the car park marked on the map, and it has easy access to the back shore.


Behind every armored car lies a testament to intricate craftsmanship, blending engineering precision with artistic ingenuity. The armored car construction is far more than the assembly of metal and materials; it’s a meticulous process that combines cutting-edge technology with skilled craftsmanship to create vehicles that ensure security without sacrificing style. In this article, we delve into the artistry that underlies armored car construction and the elements that make it a true masterpiece. See over here to get info about armored cars companies.
Crafting an armored car begins with precision engineering. Expert engineers meticulously design the vehicle’s structure, incorporating advanced materials such as ballistic steel, composite ceramics, and specialized glass. The goal is to strike the perfect balance between protection, weight, and mobility, ensuring the vehicle can withstand threats while remaining maneuverable and efficient.
While technology plays a pivotal role, the human touch is equally essential. Skilled artisans work meticulously to handcraft and install armored components. Each piece of armor is carefully shaped, cut, and fitted to ensure a seamless integration that doesn’t compromise the vehicle’s aesthetics. This fusion of human skill and technological innovation results in armor that fits like a tailored suit.
Customization and adaptation:
The armored car construction is not a one-size-fits-all endeavor. Each vehicle is customized to meet specific client requirements and operational needs. Whether it’s configuring the interior layout for maximum comfort, integrating specialized equipment, or accommodating unique security features, the construction process is tailored to create a vehicle that perfectly aligns with its intended purpose.
The finest armored cars are a harmonious blend of form and function. Craftsmen take great care to ensure that the armored components seamlessly integrate with the vehicle’s original design, maintaining its aesthetic appeal. The result is a vehicle that doesn’t just offer protection but also exudes elegance and sophistication, whether it’s a luxury sedan or a rugged SUV.
Attention to detail:
Every detail matters in armored car construction. From selecting the right type of bolts and hinges to testing the ballistic resistance of various materials, craftsmen leave no stone unturned. Rigorous quality control ensures that every aspect of the vehicle meets the highest standards, providing occupants with the utmost safety and peace of mind.


PLA Athin silicone wristbandsir Force tests abilities over water
Bombers, jets hone skills over South China Sea, western Pacific
The People"s Liberation Army Air Force recently conducted combat exercises over the western Pacific Ocean and South China Sea, according to its spokesman, Senior Colonel Shen Jinke.
Shen said on Sunday that a group of aircraft including H-6K bombers and Su-30 fighter jets flew over the Miyako Strait earlier last week and then carried out combat training over the western Pacific to verify their long-range operational capabilities.
At the same time, another group of H-6Ks, Su-35 fighter jets and other aircraft conducted a joint combat patrol over the South China Sea, practicing aerial maneuvers and strike tactics at sea, he said in a statement published by the Air Force.
The PLA Air Force has become adept at organizing sophisticated joint operations and is able to safeguard the country"s sovereignty, national security and interests, Shen said.
This is the second time the PLA Air Force has sent its Su-35s－built by Russia"s Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association and introduced to China in late 2016－to take part in exercises over the South China Sea. The first was in early February.
Photos released by the Air Force showed air-launched cruise missiles under the wings of the H-6K bombers participating in the exercises.
The H-6K is the PLA"s most advanced bomber and is capable of carrying supersonic cruise missiles to make precision strikes against land targets or ships. Foreign military observers said that the plane has a flight range of about 3,500 kilometers, while its cruise missile has a minimum range of 1,500 km, which means the bomber is able to hit targets at least 5,000 km from its takeoff point.
A news release published by Japan"s Joint Staff on Friday said that in addition to bombers and fighter jets the Chinese Air Force had dispatched a Tupolev Tu-154 signal intelligence jet and a Y-8 electronic warfare aircraft to participate in the western Pacific training exercise.
The Air Force began performing long-range, ocean-bound drills in March 2015 and has organized dozens of such operations since then.
Fu Qianshao, an expert from the PLA Air Force, said that ocean-bound exercises verify not only the Air Force"s long-distance combat capability, but also its logistics support and electronic warfare abilities.
According to the Air Force, China is developing a new-generation strategic bomber that will be much stronger than the H-6K. Analysts believe the new aircraft will have a range of at least 10,000 km, enough to perform intercontinental missions.custom wristbands canadacustom wristbandbreast cancer awareness wristbandscustom braceletspersonalized heart bracelet
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The Doomsday Project was Robotnik's ultimate weapon in world domination. It is a gigantic tower which was something Robotnik worked on since the coup. The pods which are made there can be deployed through systems of underground tunnels and can fire destructive energy beams. They are virtually indestructable. With the Deep Power Stones to run the dreaded machine, Robotnik would've been unstoppable, if not for Sonic and Sally, who used the stones themselves to destroy it.


|Role||Interceptor fighter, fighter-bomber|
|National origin||United States|
|Manufacturer||McDonnell Aircraft /
|First flight||27 May 1958|
|Introduction||30 December 1960|
|Status||Active as of 2011|
|Primary users||United States Air Force (historical)
United States Navy (historical)
United States Marine Corps (historical)
Israeli Air Force
|Unit cost||New build F-4E in FY1965:US$2.4 million|
An F-4B Phantom II of Marine fighter-attack squadron VMFA-314, the Black Knights
The McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II[N 1] is a tandem two-seat, twin-engined, all-weather, long-range supersonic jet interceptor fighter/fighter-bomber originally developed for the United States Navy by McDonnell Aircraft. It first entered service in 1960 with the U.S. Navy. Proving highly adaptable, it was also adopted by the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Air Force, and by the mid-1960s had become a major part of their respective air wings.
The Phantom is a large fighter with a top speed of over Mach 2.2. It can carry over 18,000 pounds (8,400 kg) of weapons on nine external hardpoints, including air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles, and various bombs. The F-4, like other interceptors of its time, was designed without an internal cannon, but later models incorporated a M61 Vulcan rotary cannon. Beginning in 1959, it set 15 world records, including an absolute speed record, and an absolute altitude record.
The F-4 was used extensively during the Vietnam War, serving as the principal air superiority fighter for both the Navy and Air Force, as well as being important in the ground-attack andreconnaissance roles by the close of U.S. involvement in the war. The Phantom has the distinction of being the last U.S. fighter flown to attain ace status in the 20th century. During the Vietnam War, the USAF had one pilot and two weapon systems officers (WSOs), and the US Navy one pilot and one radar intercept officer (RIO), achieve five aerial kills against other enemy fighter aircraft and become aces in air-to-air combat. The F-4 continued to form a major part of U.S. military air power throughout the 1970s and 1980s, being gradually replaced by more modern aircraft such as the F-15 Eagle and F-16 in the U.S. Air Force; theGrumman F-14 Tomcat and F/A-18 Hornet in the U.S. Navy; and the F/A-18 in the U.S. Marine Corps.
The F-4 Phantom II remained in use by the U.S. in the reconnaissance and Wild Weasel(suppression of enemy air defenses) roles in the 1991 Gulf War, finally leaving service in 1996. It was also the only aircraft used by both U.S. flight demonstration teams: the USAF Thunderbirds (F-4E) and the US Navy Blue Angels (F-4J). The F-4 was also operated by the armed forces of 11 other nations. Israeli Phantoms saw extensive combat in several Arab–Israeli conflicts, while Iran used its large fleet of Phantoms in the Iran–Iraq War. Phantoms remain in front line service with seven countries, and in use as an unmanned target in the U.S. Air Force. Phantom production ran from 1958 to 1981, with a total of 5,195 built, making it the most numerous American supersonic military aircraft.


BAE Systems Regional Aircraft has confirmed that the Avro RJ100 sold in November 2007 to an undisclosed Middle Eastern customer for VVIP use has been acquired by the Bahrain Defence Force. aircraft. The aircraft, former Blue1 RJ100 OH-SAM (msn E3386) was delivered to the Bahrain Defence Force during January, and is currently undergoing VVIP conversion. She was withdrawn from service by Blue1 in December 2007, and ferried to Stansted on 27 December for hand-back to BAE Systems. The Bahrain Defence Force already operate two Avro RJ85s in VVIP configuration.


The UN Security Council on Thursday strongly condemned the most recent ballistic missile launch conducted by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK).
In a press statement, the 15-nation council demanded the DPRK to immediately cease further actions in violation of relevant Security Council resolutions, saying that the council would closely monitor the situation and "take further significant measures including sanctions."
The DPRK attempted on Sunday to test-fire an unidentified missile on its east coast, according to the South Korean military. The United States confirmed later that the missile launch had failed.
The Security Council expressed their "utmost concern" over DPRK's "highly destabilizing behavior and flagrant and provocative defiance of the Security Council" by conducting the ballistic missile launch, said the statement.
It stressed that DPRK's illegal ballistic missile activities are contributing to its development of nuclear weapons delivery systems and are greatly increasing tension in the region and beyond.
In order to reduce the tension in the Korean Peninsula, the most powerful UN body demanded the DPRK conduct no further nuclear tests.
According to previous Security Council resolutions, the DPRK is banned from conducting any launches that use ballistic missile technology, nuclear tests or any other provocation. To that end, the council has imposed tough sanctions on the DPRK, which includes banning the sale and transfer of coal, iron and iron ore from the country's territory.


Mechatronic drive systems for the PUMA
The PUMA is the German army's new APC for challenging overseas deployments. We have developed reliable electromagnetic solutions for the following applications
- Munition feed and change
- Main weapons system
- Grenade launcher system
- Turret lashing
- Drive of main and auxiliary weaponry
Products used in the PUMA
Compact, special gearboxes which are protected against environmental influences for direct attachment to a motor.
Control/ power electronics
Four-axis control and power electronics for AC servo motors with an integrated EMC filter
High-torque servo system
High-torque servo system with integrated electronics and filter for ammunition feed (magazine drive).
High-performance servo motors
High-performance servo motors for main weapon drive.
Gun Laying Gear
Compact environmental proved gun laying gear for direct motor mount.
Compact Linear Actuator
Linear actuator for cocking of the auxiliary machine gun.
Rotary medium torque actuator for ammunition selection.
Small Rotary System with Integrated Electronics
Small Rotary System for automatic turret traverse locking.
Rotary High Torque Actuator for ammunition feeding.
Rotary System with Integrated Electronic
Rotary Small System for automatic turret elevation locking.


Recreational shooting continues to be prevalent since firearms were first made affordable and readily available on the average man or woman; mostly as hunting. As firearm technologies advanced after the American revolutionary war, the abundance of firearms in civilian hands, furthered through the 2nd Amendment of the usa Constitution, permanently integrated the gun as a possible icon with the American life-style.
Within the late 19th century, the cowboys made famous the cowboy-style action shooting, and shooting galleries. Recreational shooting further expanded inside the Last century with all the creation of The Office in the Director of Civilian Marksmanship, which aimed to show civilians the fundamentals of shooting and to help them learn to get marksmen, in the event that they might be required to serve later on.
Today, recreational shooting is enjoyed by hunters, competitors, collectors, and light-weight users who may own only one or two firearms. Whilst the competitive scene is fairly large, especially inside the U . s ., virtually all gun owners tend not to compete or would they ever attend any kind of professional program. It's these recreational users who keeps the relevant these days.
All shooting ranges in the United States comply with a recognized 'code' of firearm rules of safety and regulations which, first of all, keep it well-known that firearms are not toys, should be given respect and care, and to be kept from the wrong hands. Basic safety is either taught by new shooters' peers, or by range safety officers, when they have an understanding of the appropriate disciplines and etiquette, they're prepared for their first shooting experience.
Recreational shooting can be carried out often: shooting for accuracy, shooting for speed, or perhaps shooting inanimate objects to the sheer enjoyment than it; all of which are fantastic ways of blowing off steam all night . a great time with friends.
Shooting for accuracy, or marksmanship, places emphasis on either achieving tight 'groupings,' which refers to the distance between 3 or even more points of impact from fired bullets, or precision accuracy for small targets or long ranges. This style is probably the very complicated, as the slightest error in breath control, trigger squeeze, positioning, and handling of the firearm could lead to a missed shot. The difficulty of precision shooting sometimes intimidates new shooters, but those who view it as a challenge to get over enjoy every chance they get to improve upon their skills.
Shooting for speed could encompass clay pigeon shooting, in which a round clay disc is 'thrown' by way of a machine or hand-held thrower by a shooting partner, along with the shooter uses a shotgun loaded with bird shot to hit the clay target before it's either beyond range or hits the bottom. Since the shooter's skill and reaction time advances, multiple clays may be thrown at the same time, and also the speed/elevation with the clays may be adjusted for brand new challenges. Clay shooting is among the most popular social shooting events, whether for stylish business executives or college buddies spending a day in the range. Another speed shooting style could be reactive targets, or obstacle courses. Although they are generally reserved for competitions, a shooter doesn't need to be a professional to join in 3-gun matches (fast-paced shooting courses having a shotgun, rifle, and pistol the place that the shooter competes up against the clock gain hits on an range of targets). Additional experienced 3-gun participants are always ready to assist newcomers to understand better techniques and to maximize the efficiency with their equipment to realize better times and scores. 3-gun events produce an adrenaline rush which any shooter would enjoy.
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Revised Fighter Class (LeVeLs 1-40) | sermon
This is the first in what I hope to be a weekly series of articles. At the moment I am only going up to 40th-level, that may change in the future, but not before I have all the classes finished to 40th.
My reasons for revising the classes are threefold: firstly to help speed up character creation (by removing random feats); secondly to better balance the classes (primarily at epic levels) and lastly just to give those classes better flavour (again primarily at epic levels).
Without further ado, here is the first revised class...
Hit Dice: d12 hit points per level.
Class Skills: Balance (Dex), Bluff (Cha), Climb (Str), Concentration (Con), Diplomacy (Cha), Craft (one craft), Handle Animal (Wis), Intimidate (Cha), Jump (Str), Knowledge (local) (Int), Listen (Wis), Profession (one profession), Ride (Dex), Sense Motive (Wis), Spot (Wis), Swim (Str) and Use Rope (Dex).
Skill Points at 1st-level: (4 + Int modifier) x4.
Skill Points at Each Additional Level: 4 + Int modifier.
Weapon and Armor Proficiency (Ex): A fighter is proficient in all simple and martial weapons and with all armor (heavy, medium and light) and shields (including tower shields).
Weapon Focus (Ex): At 1st-level and every 4 levels thereafter, the Fighter gains +1 to attack rolls with his weapon of choice. The Fighter does not need to choose the same weapon type each time they gain this bonus.
Weapon Specialization (Ex): Beginning at 2nd-level and every two levels thereafter, the Fighter gains +1 damage with a single weapon of their choice. The Fighter does not need to choose the same weapon type each time they gain this bonus.
e.g. At 8th-level the Fighter could choose to gain +2 damage with the longspear and +2 damage with the shortsword.
Weapon Deflect (Ex): At 3rd-level and every 4 levels thereafter, while holding a weapon, the Fighter gains +1 to armor class. The Fighter loses this bonus when caught flat-footed, but it does apply to ranged attacks (so long as the Fighter is not caught flat-footed by the ranged attack in question).
Bonus Feat: The Fighter gains a bonus feat at 4th-level and every 4 levels thereafter.
Improved Critical (Ex): At 5th-level the critical threat range of each weapon that benefits from the weapon focus ability is doubled.
Weapon Mastery (Ex): Your weapon of choice now encompasses all simple and martial weapons of the same category (bludgeoning, missile, piercing or slashing).
e.g. A character who (weapon) focused on the longsword at 1st-level, would now also gain the benefits of their weapon focus and weapon specialization bonuses as well as improved critical, to any (simple or martial) slashing weapon, such as a guisarme, scimtar or sickle (among others).
Improved Critical Multiplier (Ex): Your weapons critical multiplier is increased. If the multiplier was x2 it is now x3. If the multiplier was x3 it is now x5, if the multiplier was x4 it is now x7.
Exotic Weapon Mastery (Ex): Your weapon of choice now encompasses exotic weapons of the same category as well as simple and martial weapons.
Greater Critical (Ex): Your critical threat range is tripled.
e.g. A Longsword that normally threatens a critical on a range of 19-20 would now threaten on a range of 15-20.
Total Weapon Mastery (Ex): Your critical, critical multiplier, weapon focus and weapon specialization modifiers now apply to all weapons regardless of category.
Greater Critical Multiplier (Ex): Your critical multiplier is further increased. If initially x2 it is now x4. If the multiplier was x3 it is now x7. If the multiplier was x4 it is now x10.
Eclectic Weapon Mastery (Ex): Your critical, critical multiplier, weapon focus and weapon specialization modifiers now apply to even household objects or makeshift weapons such as teapots, chairs, doors, spoons, branches, animals, tables and so forth.
King Aldred (40th-level Fighter)
Male Human; CR 26; Medium-size humanoid; HD 40d12+400; hp 666; Init +8; Spd 30 ft.; AC 64 (+18 armor, +5 deflection, +8 Dex, +5 natural armor, +8 shield, +10 weapon deflect), flat-footed 38, touch 49; Atk: +61 melee 3d6+32/18-20/x7 (+1 Dread Greataxe - see Rod of Kingly Might); AL LE; SV Fort +48; Ref +46; Will +37; Str 32; Dex 27; Con 30; Int 23; Wis 23; Cha 23; Height 7 ft.
Skills (Total Skill Points 430): Bluff +36, Climb +31, Concentration +30, Diplomacy +36, Craft (Armorsmithing) +26, Handle Animal +26, Intimidate +36, Jump +31, Knowledge (local) +36, Knowledge (Nobility and Royalty) +26, Listen +26, Profession (Siege Engineer) +20, Ride +38, Sense Motive +36, Spot +36, Swim +31 and Use Rope +28.
Feats (12): Blind-Fight, Cleave, Combat Expertise, Great Cleave, Improved Bull Rush, Improved Initiative, Improved Overrun, Improved Sunder, Iron Will, Leadership, Monkey Grip, Power Attack.
Epic Feats (12): Blinding Speed, Damage Reduction (x6), Dire Charge, Epic Leadership, Heavy Armor Mastery, Light Armor Mastery, Medium Armor Mastery
Comments on the Revised Fighter Class
Base Attack Bonus (BAB): The first thing to note is that there are no 'in-built' iterative attacks. Instead, characters who wish to make multiple attacks take a -5 BAB penalty on all attacks for every additional attack they wish to make that round (as a full attack action).
e.g. A 22nd-level Fighter could either make one attack at +22 BAB, two attacks both at +17 BAB, three attacks at +12 BAB, four attacks at +7 BAB, or five attacks at +2 BAB.
NB. You cannot force yourself to have a negative Base Attack Bonus.
The second thing to note is that BAB continues after 20th-level. There is no Epic Attack Bonus.
Saving Throws: Note that the revised Fighter Class gains good Reflex saving throws.
Its slightly tougher than before for two reasons. The first is because the Fighter class is generally seen as weaker than many of the other classes (notably the spellcasters). The second reason is that with less choice over feats you need more 'bang for your buck'.
I didn't front load 1st-level with anything for two reasons as well. Firstly, I don't like tempting those people who multi-class single levels just to get certain bonuses, the second is to make the weapon specialization simple to determine (its half Fighter level).
If you have any other comments or questions about the Revised Fighter Class feel free to email me firstname.lastname@example.org or come to the forums.
Next week (fingers crossed)...the Revised Barbarian Class...what do you mean he can turn his skin to steel!? ;-)
Unless stated otherwise, all content © 2001-2007 Craig Cochrane. All rights reserved.


Swiss Arms rifle owners granted amnesty by government
Weapons similar to these guns were put on a prohibited list by the RCMP but the government has stepped in and granted an amnesty to people who own Swiss Arms Classic Greens, meaning they will not be prosecuted for possessing the rifles. www.m4carbine.net
The federal government has granted amnesty to owners of Swiss Arms Classic Green semi-automatic rifles, who will be able to continue to possess their guns "without threat of criminal charges," according to a statement from the public safety minister's office.
Although the guns have been sold in Canada for a dozen years, the RCMP had been investigating a small group of rifles similar to the Classic Greens that were brought into Canada from the small arms manufacturer in Switzerland eight months ago,
These guns were repainted and modified versions of used models purchased in Switzerland. In an email to one of the stores that was selling the guns, the RCMP said they suspected the guns could be converted to automatic weapons.
Automatic weapons are banned in Canada. Semi-automatics are allowed as long as their magazines hold only five rounds.
It's not clear why the RCMP decided to prohibit a whole class of guns, including about 2,000 that had been legally purchased in Canada. The RCMP did not make an announcement about the ban and has not answered calls or emails from CBC News.
The National Firearms Association published the news about the ban on its Facebook page and website, and portrayed the prohibition as the beginning of a siege on other types of guns.
"Access to Information records show that RCMP have an aggressive firearms reclassification agenda and that prohibitions will not stop with the Swiss Arms series rifles," the association said.
Conservative MPs support 'law-abiding gun owners'
Monday afternoon, after the matter had been brought up by Conservative MPs in the House of Commons who promised to support law-abiding gun owners, Public Safety Minister Steven Blaney's office issued a statement announcing the amnesty.
"The minister announced his intent to bring forward an amnesty to ensure that individuals in possession of these firearms can continue to possess their property without threat of criminal charges," wrote spokesman Jean-Christophe de Le Rue.
J.R. Cox, who operates The Shooting Edge, a Calgary gun store, told CBC the military-style carbines are the most expensive on the market, costing about $4,000.
"There is a movement within the RCMP and they don't like to see guns in the hands of anybody but themselves," he said about the Mounties' attempt to put them on a prohibited list.
Auditors have poured through two years of Senate expense records, and some say the Auditor General should target MPs' spending next.
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SUBJECT: CMMS Fundamentals
GROUP SIZE: 4-5 persons
PRICE RANGE: 200-300€
Basic pistol shooting training conducted in accordance with Combat Marksmanship Course (CMMS). The aim of the classes is to make you aware of what combat shooting is and to teach you the combat shooting fundamentals. Classes are conducted by former commandos from JWK and JW GROM. No matter if you have been shooting for 10 years or since yesterday, you’ll start from the beginning. We guarantee that we’ll turn your concept of combat shooting upside down!
This training is intended both for people who have never held a pistol and for experienced shooters, basically for everyone interested in modern combat shooting. Everyone who wants to participate in intermediate and advanced trainings needs to complete fundamentals first. Our approach results from the fact that even obvious activities, such as loading and unloading weapons, are taught in a unique way different from other systems. For beginners it is a great opportunity to start their adventure with combat shooting. For advanced shooters it is a great chance to broaden their horizons, eliminate the bad habits and training scars.
Scope of training
– firearms safety rules
– pistol structure and principle of operation (Glock)
– loading and unloading
– shooting stance
– pistol grip
– sights alignment
– trigger control
Combat Marksmanship Course (CMMS)
Intensive shooting training developed by Delta Force and Navy Seals. The main purpose of the training is to master a few fundamental principles of combat shooting. Regardless of the training level, all of the techniques create an internally coherent system.
We give you a clear development perspective. We make sure that each student knows what and how to do. Choose your goal and see how you can achieve it.
During the pistol fundamentals training you’ll have access to: Glock 17, Glock 19, Glock 19x or Glock 44 pistols, 150 9mm rounds, ear muffs, ballistic glasses, combat belt with holster and pouches. Watch the list below, if you’re planing to take your own equipment. If you are lacking some gear, don’t hesitate to contact us, we’ll help if possible.
What to take?
– Comfortable outfit adequate to the season and the forecasted weather conditions
– tactical/trekking boots
– trousers with wide belt loops (4-5cm)
Attendees with their own weapons
– semi-automatic pistol
– 150 ammo rounds
– 2-4 magazines
– combat belt
– magazine pouches
After sending the application form we’ll contact you within 48 hours to discuss all of the details. Price of this training depends on your choice:
– 250€ for attendees with their own equipment
– 350€ for attendees using our equipment
We accept PLN or EUR bank transfers.


SEOUL, South Korea (AP) — North Korean leader Kim Jong Un ordered the “exponential” expansion of his country’s nuclear arsenal, the development of a more powerful intercontinental ballistic missile and the launch of its first spy satellite, state media reported Sunday, after he entered 2023 with another weapons firing following a record number of testing activities last year.
Kim’s moves are in line with the broad direction of his nuclear weapons development program as he has repeatedly vowed to boost both the quality and quantity of his arsenal to cope with what he calls U.S. hostility. Some experts say Kim’s push to produce more nukes and new weapons systems reflects his hopes to solidify his future negotiating power as he heads into prolonged tensions with the U.S. and its allies.
“They are now keen on isolating and stifling (North Korea), unprecedented in human history,” Kim said at a recently ended ruling party meeting, according to the official Korean Central News Agency. “The prevailing situation calls for making redoubled efforts to overwhelmingly beef up the military muscle.”
Kim accused South Korea of being “hell-bent on imprudent and dangerous arms build-up” and openly trumpeting its preparations for war with North Korea. That, Kim said, highlights the need to mass-produce battlefield tactical nuclear weapons and push for “an exponential increase of the country’s nuclear arsenal,” KCNA said.
Kim also set forth a task to develop another ICBM system “whose main mission is quick nuclear counterstrike,” KCNA said. It said Kim accused the United States of frequently deploying nuclear strike means in South Korea and pushing to establish a NATO-like regional military bloc.
Kim said North Korea will also launch its first military reconnaissance satellite “at the earliest date possible,” saying related preparations are in their final stages.
Tactical nuclear weapons and a military reconnaissance satellite are among Kim’s long wish list of new weaponry. Other weapons he wants include a multi-warhead missile, a more agile solid-fueled ICBM, an underwater-launched nuclear missile and a hypersonic weapon.
“Kim’s comments from the party meeting reads like an ambitious — but perhaps achievable — new year’s resolution list,” said Soo Kim, a security analyst at the California-based RAND Corporation. “It’s ambitious in that Kim consciously chose to spell out what he hopes to accomplish as we head into 2023, but it also suggests a dose of confidence on Kim’s part.”
Last month, North Korea claimed to have performed key tests needed for the development of a new strategic weapon, a likely reference to a solid-fueled ICBM, and a spy satellite.
Kim’s identification of South Korea as an enemy and the mentioning of hostile U.S. and South Korean policies is “a reliable pretext for the regime to produce more missiles and weapons to solidify Kim’s negotiating position and concretize North Korea’s status as a nuclear weapons power,” Soo Kim said.
Some observers say North Korea wants to become a legitimate nuclear power state as a way to win the lifting of U.N. and other international sanctions and force the end of the regular U.S.-South Korean military drills that the North views as an invasion rehearsal.
“It was during his 2018 New Year’s speech that (Kim) first ordered the mass production of warheads and ballistic missiles, and he’s doubling down on that quantitative expansion goal in the coming year,” said Ankit Panda, an expert with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Panda said the reference to a new ICBM appears to concern a solid-propellant system, saying that “We should expect to see larger, solid propellant missiles tested soon.”
Panda said the satellite launch should take place in April. North Korea typically marks April 15, the birth anniversary of Kim’s late father and state founder, Kim Il Sung, with great fanfare and state-organized celebrations.
Outside worries about North Korea’s nuclear program have grown since the North last year approved a new law that authorized the preemptive use of nuclear weapons in a broad range of situations and openly threatened to use its nuclear weapons first.
During his speech at the party meeting, Kim reiterated that threat.
“(Kim’s report) made clear that our nuclear force considers it as the first mission to deter war and safeguard peace and stability. However, if it fails to deter, it will carry out the second mission, which will not be for defense,” KCNA said.
The North’s increasing nuclear threats have prompted the United States and South Korea to expand their military exercises and strengthen a trilateral security cooperation involving Japan. The U.S. military has warned any nuclear attack by North Korea against the United States or its allies and partners “will result in the end of that regime.”
Earlier Sunday, South Korea’s military detected the missile launch from the North’s capital region. The Joint Chiefs of Staff said in a statement the missile traveled about 400 kilometers (250 miles) before falling into the water between the Korean Peninsula and Japan.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff called the launch “a grave provocation” that hurts peace and security on the Korean Peninsula and around the world. It said South Korea maintains a readiness to overwhelmingly deal with any provocations.
The U.S. Indo-Pacific Command said in a statement that the U.S. commitments to defend South Korea and Japan “remain ironclad.”
North Korea test-fired more than 70 missiles last year, including the three short-range ballistic missiles detected by South Korea on Saturday. The North’s testing spree indicates the country is likely emboldened by its advancing nuclear program, though whether the country has functioning nuclear missiles remains a source of outside debate.
North Korea’s state media confirmed Sunday that the country conducted the test-firings of its super-large multiple rocket launcher to test the weapon’s capability. KCNA said three shells fired from the launcher on Saturday accurately hit an island target off the country’s eastern coast. It said North Korea fired another shell from the launcher toward its eastern waters Sunday.
Kim Jong Un said the rocket launcher puts all of South Korea within striking distance and is capable of carrying a tactical nuclear warhead, according to KCNA.
Outside experts categorize weapons fired from the launcher as ballistic missiles because of their trajectories, ranges and other characteristics.
“Its recent missile launches were not technically impressive. Instead, the high volume of tests at unusual times and from various locations demonstrate that North Korea could launch different types of attack, anytime, and from many directions,” said Leif-Eric Easley, a professor at Ewha University in Seoul.
Animosities between the rival Koreas have further deepened since early last week, when South Korea accused North Korea of flying drones across the countries’ heavily fortified border for the first time in five years and responded by sending its own drones toward the North.


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Classic military operations and psychological operations in the Ukraine & Russia war. All war is carried out through classic military operations and psychological operations that can be effective enough to deter the enemy and save wear and tear and human and material losses, which are much more expensive (Géré, 1997). The good use of both is part of the general military strategy to dissuade the enemy, undermine their combat morale, reinforce and maintain the combat morale of the troops, legitimize their own cause, while delegitimizing the cause of the enemy ( Madrón, 1992). In such a way that psychological operations cannot be implemented in isolation because they do not produce expected effects, it is necessary to apply military logic that provides for the use of physical operations that reinforce the results of the former, such as the important role of MANPADS to affect the Russian air invasion in the Ukraine and where much has been made of the defunct Russian air force.
In the past article he wrote titled Lessons Learned in the Ukrainian War at OFCS. Report in the international section spoke about the importance of MANPADS and said that the use of advanced anti-aircraft systems in Ukraine is forcing rusian pilots to fly at low altitude, giving these portable systems a better chance of hitting, capable of shooting down planes and helicopters.
The war is acquiring a low cost in relation to some systems. The economy is crucial in any armed conflict, the balance of costs in some sectors makes it difficult not only to act but also to make it profitable.
On February 24, 2022, NATO provided kyiv with a large amount of military hardware. Among this material they highlight the shipment (according to the data available on March 6, 2022) almost 17,000 MANPADS.
MANPADS (Man Portable Air Defense System) are short-range surface-to-air missiles (between 4 and 7 kilometers) capable of challenging air dominance at low altitude. Their low cost and flexibility of use (shot from the shoulder or from a simple tripod) will make them ideal weapons in the context of a hybrid or asymmetric conflict such as the one currently experienced in that area of Europe.
Their ease of use also allows civilian personnel, with little military training, to use them effectively after a short training and, in addition, they offer an excellent cost/benefit ratio. There is, however, some concern about the risk of its uncontrolled proliferation. (Narcoterrorism.- Like the equipment that Venezuela acquired and that can be supplied to guerrilla groups in Latin America and transnational organized crime groups such as drug cartels and other terrorist groups. In recent years; Drug traffickers have used these devices against the Mexican government).
But we have another example when the MANPADS supplied by the Americans to the mujahideen during the Russian invasion of Afghanistan (1979-1989), were instrumental in wearing down Soviet air power. It is estimated that the Stinger and RedEye missiles enabled the mujahideen to destroy 269 Soviet aircraft.
After the conflict, the United States government organized a Stinger buy-back program, offering up to $100,000 for each one, due to the danger that this entailed in the event that they could later be in the hands of various Afghan factions after the Russian evacuation in 1989.
It must be borne in mind that with a single MANPADS you can easily bring down a civilian plane and we must remember that despite the means used to recover it, several units were still in the hands of the Taliban when the Americans invaded the country in 2001.
However, in the current conflict in Ukraine, the use by the Ukrainian resistance also seems effective. The massive contribution of MANPADS by NATO, through Romania and Poland, has favored the reconfiguration of the Ukrainian anti-aircraft defenses towards a kind of guerrilla, which is based on the harassment with MANPADS of Russian aircraft that fly at low altitude. .
Their small size allows the guerrillas to camouflage themselves anywhere (other than the open field) and since only one person is needed to fire the missile, they are difficult to detect and their massive use makes their neutralization practically impossible.
Despite the lack of reliable figures on the number of aircraft lost or damaged, the available data (as of July 1) indicated that 18% of the Russian aircraft shot down were due to the action of these portable missiles.
This Russian vulnerability is explained both by its doctrine, in which the intensive use of helicopters predominates, and by the scarcity of guided bombs, which forces pilots to fly at medium and low altitude, following predictable flight paths, in order to be able to Visualize attacking targets. They have also proven effective against drones and cruise missiles.
MANPADS can use several guidance systems, for example infrared (they go towards a heat source) the most common, to defend against these missiles, the most effective countermeasures are infrared decoys. Basically, they are flares that create a heat source, towards which the missile is directed, allowing the aircraft to escape.
These infrared decoys are effective against certain missiles, such as the Soviet SA-7 or SA-14 models, but not as effective against more modern models such as the British Starstreak or the Polish Piorun.
MANPADS, on the other hand, are not effective against the latest generation aircraft and lately, the Russian Aerospace Forces have improved the self-protection of their aircraft, implementing active defense systems such as the President-SL370-5 capable of detecting the launch point of a MANPAD and to warn the pilot so that he can launch decoys and perform evasive maneuvers.
The proliferation of MANPADS poses a threat to aircraft, both civil and military. Since 1975, 60 civilian aircraft have been shot down using MANPADS, killing more than 1,000 people.
Russia is one of the world’s leading exporters of MANPADS, with the 9K38 Igla/SA-18 model being the most common, with 10,000 units sold between 2010 and 2018, mainly to Iraq, Venezuela and Libya.
China and North Korea are also major exporters of these weapons. The United States government estimated in 2004 that there were more than 500,000 MANPADS in circulation worldwide, many of them in the hands of non-state armed groups.
Although this estimate is old, it is still valid as a reference, despite the destruction since 2003 of more than 40,000 MANPADS from the arsenals of former Warsaw Pact countries, under the impetus of a disarmament program led by the Office of Foreign Affairs. United States Department of State Politico-Military.
The proliferation of MANPADS in Ukraine is necessary for the Ukrainians to maintain the war effort, however, it is important to prevent arms trafficking in Europe in the medium and long term. There is fear of an increase in the supply of these weapons on the black market, which could fall into the hands of criminal or terrorist organizations, with the potential threat that this could pose to air traffic.
Despite these risks, MANPADS remain a special case in the texts governing arms transfers. The 2008 common European position on arms exports, for example, does not explicitly address their status.
Its use in the context of the war in Ukraine could ultimately promote a redefinition of export control procedures in this segment. Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programs may be implemented, in parallel with tracing measures, in an attempt to limit or prevent trafficking in these munitions.
For now Britain is supplying Ukraine with its latest generation of STARStreak missiles Russia failed to knock out the Ukrainian network of long-range, radar-guided S-300 surface-to-air missiles at the outset of the war. Though some have been destroyed, other S-300s continue to operate, forcing Russian aircraft to fly at low altitudes to avoid radar detection, In this way, currently, the use of MANPADS is of vital importance.
Russia’s blitzkrieg failed and the conflict became bogged down in months of grinding stalemate before Ukraine launched successful counter-offensives in the east and south. The outcome of the war remains highly uncertain, and Putin is under pressure. Ukraine has made impressive gains on the battlefield, and it is very evident that Ukraine’s military success is reshaping Russia as well as the war. Not since the initial part of Operation Barbarossa in the second world war has the Russian army had such a terrible series of reverses on the battlefield.


The Sharpshooter, or "Sharp", specializes in long-range weaponry and headshots. OK, I stole that line directly from the wiki, I admit it.
As I've mentioned, this is a good perk to start any game with because he gets a headshot bonus with the pistol and because he's the only perk that can level using the pistol. He also gets extra headshot bonuses on the sniper rifles and the crossbow. A high-level Sharp with a crossbow at normal difficulties can single-shot a Scrake and two-shot a Fleshpound. His weapons are the pistol, the Handcannon, the lever-action rifle, the M14EBR sniper rifle, and the compound crossbow.
The 9mm pistol (Beretta M9A1) is one of the two basic weapons that every class spawns with. It's a semi-automatic handgun with a medium rate of fire, decent magazine size and cheap ammo. Unlike most weapons it cannot be dropped during normal play -- unless you have two, in which case you can drop one. The iron sights are very basic but it's a fairly accurate weapon in close-to-medium range. Not unlike with the Commando's Bullpup, I recommend that you carefully line up your shots and pick off the specimens at medium range. It's surprisingly effective.
The only way to drop a single 9mm pistol is to die while using it. Unlike the knife, however, another player can pick it up and carry two. Having two pistols will not increase your ammo capacity, however, and while your rate of fire will go up you will lose accuracy (and you won't be able to use the iron sights). On the other hand dual 9mms make a decent backup weapon for in-your-face emergency defense, so pick what works for you. If you find yourself needing the accuracy more than the rate-of-fire you can always drop one and pick it up again later.
The 9mm comes with a flashlight that can be toggled with alt-fire. Dual 9mms are one of the few weapons that a Sharpshooter can carry along side the Crossbow.
The Handcannon, on the other hand, is a Desert Eagle .50 AE (50 caliber) handgun. It has a much slower rate of fire, more expensive ammo, and a smaller clip than the 9mm. It is also more powerful, being able to reliably single-shot a crawler and can penetrate multiple clots with a single headshot.
Like the 9mm you can carry dual handcannons. Also like the 9mm your rate-of-fire goes up and your accuracy goes down, with no change in capacity. In my experience it's worse with the Handcannon because of its higher recoil. It is also -- single or dual -- one of a few weapons that the Sharpshooter can carry along side a crossbow.
Between the choices above, in descending order of preference, I would carry: a single Handcannon; dual 9mms, dual Handcannons; or a single 9mm. I rarely carry dual Handcannons unless I pick one up at random, or happen to notice a new player join between waves who doesn't have time to visit the Trader. (So I'll buy an extra and drop it for him when I see him.) Dual 9mms are a balance between accuracy and killing power, and if I have dual Handcannons, well, I can always drop one. A single 9mm is default and is still useful.
The lever-action rifle is a semi-automatic rifle (Winchester Model 94). It has a decent rate of fire, decent damage, and is the cheapest primary weapon in KF. It's fairly easy to make headshots at medium-to-long range and the iron sights are easy to use. A high-level Sharp can take out a Scrake with only a few headshots (3 to 5 rounds depending on difficulty). Unfortunately you can't carry one along side a Crossbow or it would be my first choice, hands down. Reload is fairly slow, one round at a time, but unlike a magazine reload it can be interrupted partway through. Like the shotgun, you should reload obsessively every chance you get. Reload time gets a boost from the Sharpshooter perk.
The M14EBR is a high-accuracy, high-firing-rate semi-automatic sniper rifle with a laser sight (enable using alt-fire). It is less powerful per shot than the lever-action but has a higher damage-per-second and a magazine reload.
I personally dislike the sight on this weapon, I feel it obscures too much of the target. I prefer the lever-action rifle and tend to use the M14 only when faced with a high volume of specimens, or when I run out of lever-action ammo. I also shoot from the hip a lot.
The compound crossbow is a very high-accuracy, high-powered, low-speed weapon for the Sharpshooter, though it's an amazing weapon for any perk. On higher difficulties the off-perk multiplier drops considerably but is still worth having. It has the second-most expensive ammo of any weapon (only the L.A.W. rockets cost more) and the total capacity is 35 bolts. As mentioned before, a high-level Sharp can single-shot a Scrake and two-shot a Fleshpound, though it depends on the difficulty level (and it helps considerably to have a clear shot at an unraged specimen). It's also a very heavy weapon; the Sharpshooter can only carry dual 9mms, single or dual Handcannon, SCARMK17, MAC10, MP7M or the M79 Grenade launcher. That seems like a large list until you realize that most of them are very expensive off-perk, the MP7M and MAC10 have low capacity, the MAC10 is cheap but has high recoil, and of that list only the pistols get the Sharpshooter's headshot bonus. You could also carry one of the Berserker's blade weapons (Katana, Fire Axe, or Machete).
One thing to note is that a high-level Support Specialist, with his extra carrying capacity, can usually carry a Crossbow plus most any other assault weapon.


Establish your army, build and expand your units with the Halo Covenant Banshee by Mega Bloks! The Type-26 Ground Support Aircraft - also known as the Banshee Â is the standard ground assault unit in the Covenant military, capable of reaching speeds of over 100 Km/H. As it screeches across alien skies, the highly agile and acrobatic Banshee is armed with twin plasma cannons and fuel rod cannon aimed to wreck havoc on UNSC ground forces. The familiar howl of an approaching Banshee can send even the most courageous UNSC forces scrambling for cover!
Ideal for children ages 8 and up!


November’s Object of the Month is a flint dagger over 4,000 years old. It has been chosen as Object of the Month by Carolyn Wingfield, Curator. The dagger was made by a skilled prehistoric flint-knapper and its significance was drawn to the museum’s attention by Hazel Martingell, a specialist in prehistoric flint and stone artefacts.
Found on Windmill Hill in 1863
The flint dagger was found by workmen on Windmill Hill, just north of Saffron Walden, in 1863. They were digging a road from the main road to The Vineyards, the new residence of William Murray Tuke. Tuke was a banker and a trustee of Saffron Walden Museum. In 1871 he gave the dagger to the Museum but it was over a hundred years before the date and significance of the dagger were identified.
Photograph of Windmill Hill, taken in about 1900 (from the museum’s collection)
An identity puzzle
At first, the dagger was thought to date from the Old Stone Age, because it has some similarities to very fine flint tools produced over 16,000 years ago by the so-called ‘Solutrean’ culture (named after a French site).
We now know of hundreds of other flint daggers and knives like the Windmill Hill dagger. They date from the end of the Neolithic (New Stone Age) and beginning of the Bronze Age, around 2,500 – 2,000 BC. Both flint and metal (copper and bronze) daggers were in use at this time, though they are never found together. Perhaps different groups favoured different materials.
Archaeologists use many terms to describe flint blades; the Windmill Hill example could be called a dagger or a knife. It would have had a handle of wood, bone or antler, and must have been a prized possession.
The technique used to make flint artefacts like the Windmill Hill dagger is known as ‘pressure flaking’. A flint blade was struck and shaped, then finished by levering off tiny, regular flakes by applying pressure with a pointed tool. It takes great skill to produce such thin and sharp blade in flint.
To see another example of fine flint-working from this period, follow this link to the website of the Wiltshire Museum, Devizes and Phil Harding’s favourite object, the remarkable ‘Stonehenge Dagger’, which was found in a burial near Stonehenge.
Drawing of the flint dagger by Hazel Martingell
We do not know why or how the Windmill Hill dagger came to be buried, but it is unlikely that such a precious object would have been lost by accident.
You can see the flint dagger on display in the Museum until 30 November 2016.


A lightweight yet durable gun that packs a serious punch with power transfer matching that of a far more expensive gun.
- Ergonomic and stub loading plate included.
- Extruded Aluminum Barrel.
- 6.5mm Stainless steel shaft.
- Interchangeable Mako and cluster heads as standard.
- Surelock firing mechanism with line release.
- Streamlined closed muzzle with power-up option.
- Dyneema bridle gun rubber.
- Packaged in polybag.


Here's a picture that will hopefully explain where im going with the right arm.
-I had this wicked idea about that laspistol. I wanna make it to look very archaic and ancient. Something like old flintlock pistol mixed with classic laspistol or something like that=)
(the pistol in the picture has nothing to do with that)
And Steve- you are right...i redo the arm when i'm adding the pistol.


A product of France-based Dassault Aviation, the multi-role, single-engine fighter jet carried out exceptionally in the course of the 2019 Balakot operation
In an try and strengthen its fleet of fourth-generation fighters, the Indian Air Drive (IAF) is ready to amass 24 second-hand Mirage 2000 fighters, made by Dassault Aviation.
The IAF will even safe elements for its two present squadrons of the plane.
In response to a Hindustan Occasions report, folks within the know have stated that IAF has initiated a contract value €27 million with the producer to purchase the fighters, eight of that are in ready-to-fly situation.
The report additionally revealed that these plane, which is able to price €1.125 million every, will quickly be shipped to India in containers.
The Mirage fighters
The Mirage-2000 is undoubtedly one of many IAF’s most versatile and deadliest plane and it was first commissioned in 1985.
Quickly after inducting the Mirage, IAF gave it the title — Vajra — which means lightning thunderbolt in Sanskrit. It’s developed by Dassault Aviation and took its first flight in 1978 and was inducted into the French Air Drive in 1984.
India had positioned an preliminary order of 36 single-seater Mirage-2000 and 4 twin-seater Mirage 2000 in 1982 as a solution to Pakistan shopping for United States-made F-16 fighter jets by Lockheed Martin.
The Mirage-2000 performed a decisive function within the 1999 battle of Kargil and turned it in India’s favour.
In 2004, the federal government positioned an extra order of 10 Mirage-2000 planes taking the overall tally to 50 jets.
It was in 2011 that one other contract was signed that noticed the Mirage 2000 jets being upgraded to Mirage 2000-5 Mk — rising the lifetime of the planes, which is able to now serve until 2030.
The Mirage 2000 is powered by a single shaft engine known as SNECMA M53, making it mild and easy.
The aircraft weighs 7,500 kg (dry) and has a complete takeoff weight of 17,000 kg.
The fighter jet can attain a most velocity of Mach 2.2 (2,336 kmph) and might journey 1,550 km with drop tanks. It may possibly contact a most peak of 59000 toes.
As compared, India’s different fighter and extra superior fighter jet — the Russia-made Sukhoi Su30MKI has a velocity of two,120 kmph (Mach 2), slower than the Mirage-2000 and is heavier too. This provides the Mirage-2000 a bonus in fast operations.
The Mirage 2000 comes loaded with a fly-by-wire flight management system and Sextant VE-130 HUD, which shows knowledge associated to flight management, navigation, goal engagement, and weapon firing.
The Mirage 2000 is able to carrying laser-guided bombs, air-to-air and air-to-surface missiles. It additionally boasts of a Thomson-CSF RDY (Radar Doppler Multi-target) radar onboard.
Aside from India, Mirage 2000 is utilized by France, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Peru, Taiwan, Peru, Greece and Brazil.
Utilized in Balakot strikes
On 26 February 2019, 20 totally armed Mirage 2000 fighter plane entered Pakistani airspace and dropped 1,000-kg laser-guided bombs on Jaish-e-Mohammed terror launch pads throughout the Line of Management.
The Balakot strike was the first-ever air operation accomplished by India in Pakistan past the Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.
The Balakot airstrike was New Delhi’s retaliation for the terrorist assault in Pulwama, the place a Central Reserve Police Drive (CRPF) convoy was attacked and 42 personnel had been killed.
Mirage 2000 vs F-16
Following the Balakot airstrike, there have been many who questioned which was the higher fighter between the Mirage 2000 and Pakistan’s F-16 Preventing Falcons, what they time period is their deadliest arrow in its quiver.
On the subject of velocity, the Mirage 2000 can attain high speeds of as much as Mach 2.2 or 2,336 km/hour at excessive altitude. Alternatively, the F-16 Falcon — manufactured by Common Dynamics – now Lockheed Martin — for the US Air Drive is relatively slower. It may possibly attain a most velocity of over Mach 2.
The Mirage 2000 boasts of 9 hardpoints for weapons carriage and a fight vary of 1,850 km. The F-16, nevertheless, boasts extra weapon storage capability than the Mirage.
When it comes to climbing velocity, the Mirage wins over the F-16. Whereas the Mirage has a most climbing velocity of 60,000 toes per minute, the F-16 reportedly manages 50,000 toes per minute.
Moreover, the F-16 has a fight radius going as much as 1,370 km with two bombs weighing round 907 kg every whereas the Mirage can go 1,475 km with 4 250-kg bombs.
With inputs from companies
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The russian military has long had a love for truck mounted rocket launchers starting with the katyusha rocket launcher in world war ii. Engineers with the multiple launch rocket system mlrs are turning the system. The m270 multiple launch rocket system m270 mlrs is an armored, self propelled, multiple. The us army aviation and missile command has demonstrated the application of advanced technology to significantly improve the accuracy and range of the. Rockets and missiles market global industry analysis, size.
In many ways, the 9a524 tornado is simply a continuation of this trend of operating wheeled rocket launchers. The mlrs rockets are tubelaunched, spinstabilized, freeflight projectiles. The ar3 is capable of launching conventional and guided rockets. The himars launcher is a c transportable, wheeled, indirect fire, rocketmissile launcher capable of engaging a variety of targets while firing all rockets and missiles in the current and future multiple launch rocket system mlrs family of munitions and army tactical missile. A rocket can be defined as a missile or spacecraft which acquires high speeds from a rocket engine. Mlrs launchers and rockets are now in the inventories of or have been ordered by france, germany, the united kingdom, italy, finland, egypt, israel, japan, norway, denmark, turkey. It is home to the tactical missile system tacms missile, and the high mobility artillery rocket system himars launcher, which fires both mlrs rockets and tacms missiles. Fundamentals of rockets and missiles class sampler. A missile can be defined as a selfdriven munitions system that is powered by a rocket.
Following developmental testing, the army acquired the multiple launch rocket system mlrs in 1981 36. Even modern military missiles are not necessarily rockets. Most famous of these are the v1 flying bomb and v2, both of which used a simple mechanical autopilot to keep the missile flying along a prechosen route. The two new innovations worked well together and were a major reason for the success of the gmlrs and the himars rocket launcher. The atacms version in south korean service has a range of 165 kilometers.
Rockets, missiles, and space travel, with sputnik data, revised and enlarged by ley, willy and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at. The exterior of atacms and mlrs launchers appear similar. It ranges from the v1 and v2 vengeance weapons to antiaircraft and shipping missiles and to artillery substitute rockets. The multiple launch rocket system is a highmobility automatic system based on an m270 weapons platform. The weapons systems book is an authoritative source of. The guided multiple launch rocket system gmlrs is a tracked, selfpropelled, indirect fire, ground rocketmissile system used by the u. The rockets are assembled, checked, and packaged in a dualpurpose launchstorage tube at the. These rockets, often used for counterbattery fire, are launched from mlrs or high mobility. The system can fire rockets or mgm140 atacms missiles, which are contained in interchangeable pods.
Astros ii artillery saturation rocket system is a selfpropelled multiple rocket launcher produced in brazil by the avibras company. Rockets have different capabilities than conventional artillery munitions, such as longer range and different payloads, typically considerably larger warheads than a similarly sized artillery platform or multiple warheads. A rocket is a device that carries its own supply of energy and reaction mass. Atacms is a 610mm rocket that fits in the same size container that normally holds six 227mm mlrs rockets. The m142 high mobility artillery rocket system himars is the light, wheeled version of the m270 multiple launch rocket system mlrs. One m270 firing 12 m26 rockets would drop 7,728 bomblets, and one mlrs battery firing 108 rockets had the equivalent firepower of 33 battalions of cannon artillery. This was a new industry at the time, built out of component parts that included the aeronautic, electronic, and automotive industries, as well as research science. A multiple rocket launcher mrl or multiple launch rocket system mlrs is a type of rocket artillery system. The life story of a technology is recommended for public and academic libraries. The m270 mlrs multiple launch rocket system entered service with the us army in 1983. It is fitted with two pods with four launcher tubes for 370 mm rockets each, or five launcher tubes for 300 mm rockets. North korea launches 2 rockets, south says the new york. This book went through many editions and titles from its first appearance in 1944 as rockets to the mid 1960s as rockets, missiles, and men in space.
The himars utilizes the same pod as the m270 mlrs uses. Rocket artillery is artillery that uses rockets as the projectile. The multiple launch rocket system mlrs m270a1 program was developed and produced as a multinational program since 1976. Jan, 2006 the reduced range practice rocket rrpr is the only type of the old rockets produced for training purposes an rrpr allows safe, realistic mlrs life fire training without deploying a warhead. Lockheed martin, missiles precision attack, new systems tech, other equipment land, policy procurement, rockets, usa. Whether one is interested in rockets, missiles, sociology, technology or history, this book will be an asset. Safe handling and storage of mlrs family of munitions. Nov 28, 2019 north korea launches 2 rockets, south says the shortrange projectiles were launched off the norths east coast, days after kim jongun ordered artillery fire near a disputed sea border.
The production of the m270 ended in 2003, when a last batch was delivered to the egyptian army. Fire arrows were also used in multiple launch systems and transported via carts. The top mlrs battery in swa was a battery, 1st battalion, 158th field artillery mlrs, oklahoma army national guard which fired 699 rockets during the raids and actual ground war. Sep 01, 2007 the m270 mlrs, a tracked vehicle, functions as mobile artillery, burying enemy frontline positions under a barrage of rockets. Using the revised name guided multiple launch rocket system gmlrs, the upgraded mlrs is an air transportable, tracked, selfpropelled, indirect fire, ground rocketmissile system capable of firing all rockets and missiles in the original and extended mlrs family of munitions. The system uses the launcher originally designed for the mlrs. The first modern missiles were the v2 rockets developed by the germans. Herein, rocket artillery is defined as rockets fired in an indirect mode and with a capability to engage targets at less than 100 km range, but not excluding systems capable of reaching several hundred kilometres however, the class commonly known as short range ballistic missiles is not included here. Smart missiles and rockets will be essential weapons in the armys new brigade units of action that will have to operate over large areas, ranging from 50 to 60 square miles, said brig. The combatproven multiple launch rocket system mlrs 270 is a rocket artillery system manufactured by lockheed martin missiles and fire control. Can an mlrs fire only one missile to destroy only one. In ancient times, warriors threw spears or fired arrows from bows.
Mar 25, 20 missiles are vehicles powered by rockets, to carry warheads. The 6th battalion, 27th field artillery was reactivated as the armys first multiple launch rocket system mlrs battalion on 1 october 1984, and became known as the proud rockets. Messerschmitt me 262 schwalbe first flight over berlin after 61 years, historical footage. Guidance added to mlrs rockets white sands missile range. By the late nineteenth century, due to improvements in the power and range of conventional artillery, the use of early military rockets declined. The 18th field artillery brigade airborne at fort bragg, north carolina was the initial army test bed unit for the m142 himars. Mlrs fires surfacetosurface rockets and the army tactical missile system atacms.
Russian rockets leveled entire village in syria youtube. The use of rocket artillery dates back to medieval china where devices such as fire arrows were used. Jul 24, 2019 it continues to produce the mlrs launcher and family of munitions, which includes the guided mlrs unitary rocket. Rockets and missiles market global industry analysis. Oct 01, 2004 smart missiles and rockets will be essential weapons in the armys new brigade units of action that will have to operate over large areas, ranging from 50 to 60 square miles, said brig.
Army in 1983, the mlrs has been adopted by several nato countries. Armys gsrs general support rocket system program in the mid. The rockets and missiles are used to destroy the enemy aircrafts, helicopters, incoming missiles or rockets, tanks, ships, submarine, armored vehicles, and artilleries among others. North korea launches 2 rockets, south says the new york times. Illustrated encyclopedia of the worlds rockets and missles. Oct 27, 2018 the first himars entered service in 2005, about a year after gmlrs gps guided mlrs rockets did.
Without leaving the cab, the crew of three driver, gunner and section chief can fire up to 12 mlrs rockets in fewer than 60 seconds. About the same time, marine interest centered upon the field artillery rocket system fars, 5inch zuni rocket pods mounted on a trailer 37, and the hydra, a system incorporating pods of 2. The windows are made of glass and layers of sapphire. Lockheed martin vought mlrs rockets m26m30m31 the mlrs multiple launch rocket system is a mobile rocket launcher which can fire a variety of rockets from the mlrs familiy of munitions mfom as well as the mgm140 atacms guided missile family mlrs started life as the u.
The m270 multiple launch rocket system m270 mlrs is an armored, selfpropelled, multiple rocket launcher. The first missiles to be used operationally were a series of missiles developed by nazi germany in world war ii. A timeline of guns, missiles, and rockets by tim cooke. All future mlrs himars rockets to be m30 guided versions. All missiles such as ballistic or antitank missiles are guided. In addition to the gmlrs rockets and atacms missiles, the army seeks. The m270 multiple launch rocket system is an armored, selfpropelled, multiple rocket launcher. Low cost guidance for the multiple launch rocket system mlrs. Bm21 grad mlrs massive artillery rocket system youtube. So if an mlrs has been upgraded to fire missiles then it would be able to fire one missile to destroy a target with out any problems.
The whole of the original manual is also available from mlrs books. Existing systems are discussed to understand why the. Missiles are categorized by the launch platform, intended target, and the navigation and guidance. Cruise missiles usually have a turbofan for propulsion. It seems that 300 mm rocket pods are interchangeable with the ar1a mlrs. It continues to produce the mlrs launcher and family of munitions, which includes the guided mlrs unitary rocket. M270 multiple launch rocket system project gutenberg. Missiles and rockets was a professional trade periodical developed in 1957 to facilitate the aerospace industry. Mlrs multiple launch rocket system, united states of america. This is why a rocket can operate in the vacuum of outer space. It was translated into many languages and was a fixture in every school, military, or public library i visited in the 1960s to the 1980s. Some 1,300 m270 systems have been manufactured in the united states and in europe, along with more than 700,000 rockets.
The m270 is currently in service with the us army and a number of other countries. Tim cooke in ancient times, warriors threw spears or fired arrows from bows. The m79 multiple launch rocket system is a rocket launcher mounted on the m12r light antiarmor vehicle and m510 mammoth. Can an mlrs fire only one missile to destroy only one target. Today soldiers shoot bullets from machine guns that fire up to 3,000 times a minute. Illustrated with many line drawings it is a valuable aid giving a great deal of useful data on these revolutionary new weapons. The first himars entered service in 2005, about a year after gmlrs gps guided mlrs rockets did. The original partners france, germany, italy, the uk and usa continued the cooperation into the current guided mlrs gmlrs program, which pursue more accurate guided rockets using fewer rockets to achieve the effect. Mike cannon, army program executive officer for tactical missiles. It covers aspects of technological, social, governmental development and control, and the political implications of rockets and missiles. Herein, rocket artillery is defined as rockets fired in an indirect mode and with a capability to engage targets at less than 100 km range, but not excluding systems capable of reaching several hundred kilometres however, the class commonly known as short range ballistic missiles is not. The multiple launch rocket system mlrs is a highly mobile, automated system that fires surfacetosurface rockets and missiles from the m270 family of launchers. It is capable of firing all rockets and missiles in the current and future multiple launch rocket system mlrs family of munitions, as well as the army tactical missile system atacms family of.
The handbook of rockets and guided missiles by bowman, norman j and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at. It fires six 65mm argent v missiles per volley every two to three seconds. Armys gsrs general support rocket system program in the mid1970s. Illustrated encyclopedia of the worlds rockets and.
A timeline of guns, missiles, and rockets book, 2018. The categories are surfacetosurface, airtosurface, surfacetoair, and antisatellite missiles. North korea launches 2 rockets, south says the shortrange projectiles were launched off the norths east coast, days after kim jongun ordered artillery fire near a disputed sea border. It is also a standard nato multiple launch rocket system. Missiles are vehicles powered by rockets, to carry warheads. This is an introductory class in rocket systems used as launch vehicles and as weapons. The mlrs is capable of supporting and delivering all freeflight basic and extendedrange ermlrs rockets and the army tactical missile system atacms block i missiles. Lockheed martin vought mlrs rockets m26m30m31 the mlrs multiple launch rocket system is a mobile rocket launcher which can fire a variety of rockets from the mlrs familiy of munitions mfom as well as the mgm140 atacms guided missile family. Jan 21, 2017 in military weapons terminology a missile is guided and a rocket is unguided. Basic rocketry principles are introduced to provide a foundation of the principals of solid and liquid rockets.
Oct 12, 2012 last year south korea moved some of its u. The illustrations, diagrams and crosssections in parkers book illustrate typical m270 missions, rockets missiles carried, basic vehicle body details, closeups of wheels, controls, crew stations, engines, etc. Each pod contains six standard rockets or one guided atacms missile. Transportation industry military and naval science air to surface missiles airtosurface missiles guided missiles missiles rockets ordnance. Unguided rocket artillery is notoriously inaccurate and slow. In the 1980s and early 1990s, avibras worked almost exclusively with the manufacturing of rockets and multiplelaunch rocket systems mlrs, such as the astros ii, in addition to developing antitank and antiship missiles. The m79 mlrs rockets are capable of achieving target lock on aircraft, though they cannot lock onto ground vehicles or infantry. Follow the steps in the process that led from spears and cannonballs to armorpiercing rockets and missiles that can strike targets on the. M270 multiple launch rocket system wikipedia republished. In military weapons terminology a missile is guided and a rocket is unguided. Russias bastion defense launches supersonic antiship missiles in 1st arctic drills duration. The launcher holds two modified canisters, each with one missile.898 1195 1522 396 512 216 332 140 468 802 1232 1403 1163 591 789 1481 1506 1073 14 892 724 1322 838 850 112 145 32 38 368 627 1492 1049 434 1346 483 327 1266 530 151 350 188 697 1194 81 782 1121 1055 329