By Scott Higginbotham
A sword is much more than sharp piece of steel where its wielder uses brute force to pummel an opponent and, it should be noted that most medieval swords and their modern replicas typically weigh around four pounds, however, an hour or so in the practice yard makes it seem otherwise.
A tree-sized man going by the name of Hrothgar or Wulfnoth would be more adept at using a weapon better suited for blunt force - a flanged mace or warhammer comes to mind, however, this may elicit further study, as I am certain that weapons of this variety are masterpieces in their own right.
The last post centered on the pommel of the sword, but there are other parts that warrant discussion. The pommel helped create balance, secured the tang, and was also an offensive part of a sword.
|Cross Pattee' guard - Scott Higginbotham|
|Various styles - Scott Higginbotham|
Defense was paramount when a green and untried English knight faced a veteran on some unnamed 13th century meadow. When thrusts and parries failed the crossguard served to stop an attacker from removing one's hand, arm, or perhaps worse, depending on the angle of the strike. A downward swing could be stopped by a quick twist of the grip where the guard absorbs the force of the blow.
|Fishtail guard - Scott Higginbotham|
However, and hustling away from this sidebar, in a melee or close-quarter fighting the crossguard could be jabbed at an angle into an opponent's exposed face or other un-armored parts of the body. Moreover, the end could be thrust downward onto the head or a mail-clad shoulder causing short-term pain and perhaps an opportunity.
|Curved guard - Scott Higginbotham|
Those most skilled at swordplay would find that the guard could be used to disarm an opponent. With swords locked at the crossguards in some smoke-filled great hall, a deft twisting of the wrist could change the fortunes of your favorite protagonist based on just a slight concavity to the guard. This curve could act as a type of lever to wrangle an opponent defenseless by pivoting the attacker's wrist toward his body and combining that with a thrust to the sword hand from a mailed fist.
Imagine how the game could change for one's character and the possibilities that could arise if Sir Knight, weary and winded, had a burst of sudden clarity and used this part of the sword to end an otherwise even fight - to breathlessly utter, "Yield!"
This article merely scratches the deep surface of sword construction. For your viewing pleasure watch the video below and peruse the site dedicated to Ewart Oakeshott and his method of sword typology.
To those that read, write, and otherwise love those epic days of yesteryear it is my hope that this snippet has given you added color for the characters you read about and those you create from your dreams. Historical fiction allows us to live vicariously, perform the greatest of feats, and press onward, heedless of our limits, through the lives of our heroines and heroes.
Scott Higginbotham is the author of A Soul’s Ransom, a novel set in the fourteenth century where William de Courtenay’s mettle is tested, weighed, and refined, and For A Thousand Generations, where Edward Leaver navigates a world where his purpose is defined with an eye to the future.


- About MorphixSyn
- TEC: Rial, Recko, Sunschida ----------------- Grendel: Kazzar
- Self Employed
- Do not excessively covet swords and daggers made by famous masters. Even if you own a sword or dagger worth 10,000 pieces, it can be overcome by 100 spears each worth 100 pieces. Therefore, use the 10,000 pieces to procure 100 spears, and arm 100 men with them. You can in this manner defend yourself in time of war.


Just how to Boost Your Gun Target Abilities
If you are interested in shooting at gun targets yet do not have the essential devices or wish to find out how to fire handguns, there is no demand to misery. There is a variety of choices offered for purchasing handgun targets from a range of on the internet stores as well as auction sites. You can likewise buy pistol targets straight from a showing off goods supplier if you so need. Buying these targets online has several benefits. Firstly, you can take your time to actually figure out what sort of options you have, before buying. For instance, if you are searching for handgun targets that will assist improve your precision and also trigger timing, you may wish to consider paper targets. These are low-cost and provide an excellent training alternative for those who might not have the ability to afford a metal handgun targets. On top of that, paper targets can easily be gotten rid of or moved to an additional day and also positioned on a different array. This is a basic procedure that takes just a few secs. For those that want to purchase pistol targets, yet do not have the necessary cash money on hand, paper targets may very well be the best selection. However, you ought to realize that it is feasible to have issues with the paper targets gradually, as they can quickly be curved or torn, and ought to be avoided if possible. For those interested in shooting handgun targets that will concentrate on improving their marksmanship abilities, there are additionally alternatives available for these individuals. There are a variety of publications readily available that offer one-of-a-kind instruction as well as methods for boosting your marksmanship skills. You can usually locate these types of books in the form of electronic books, which you can conveniently download and install to an ereader device. This permits you to review your book at any kind of practical time, which will enable you to exercise your technique whenever you are not at the array. This is a fantastic method to include your strategy into your regular range time, in addition to to examine your accuracy levels. If you are interested in enhancing your shooting abilities with gun targets, steel targets are an excellent alternative. Steel targets are made to mimic the obstacle as well as excitement connected with shooting a steel pointer weapon, as well as they come in various styles as well as versions. These steel targets are commonly covered with a sort of paint that will resist rusting, making them entirely secure to utilize. You will usually discover that these steel targets are marked with a format that resembles that of a genuine steel tip gun, and you will also find versions that are modeled after semi-automatic attack rifles. Since these steel targets are not combustible, they are an excellent addition to your home as well as can offer you with a valuable opportunity to learn an appropriate environment. Marksmanship is an important ability to work with, particularly if you wish to come to be a successful handgun shooter. Consequently, it is very important for you to work with creating your specific marksmanship abilities as long as possible. While it is not always required to join a capturing club or enlist in a training program in order to discover the correct methods for improving your marksmanship, it absolutely is practical for you to acquaint yourself with a few of the most usual techniques. There are plenty of books offered that can assist you find out different elements of marksmanship, and also you can also take a look at the Web for videos as well as various other resources that can help boost your skills. Whether you intend to enhance your shooting skills with pistol targets or boost your handgun abilities, you can do so by taking advantage of the sources offered to you. As you begin to deal with boosting your capturing skills with pistol targets, you will find that the more time and effort you take into it, the much better outcomes you will see. If you are seeking a fantastic brand-new hobby or serious training program to improve your abilities with weapons, you may want checking out steel target capturing. This type of target is enjoyable and amazing, and you can deal with enhancing your precision and also targeting techniques with the help of a specialist trainer. You can boost your capturing abilities and create a true feeling of journey while firing clay targets at your house or in the woods.


FLORIDABLANCA, Pampanga – President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. witnessed the joint acceptance, turnover and blessing of various land and air assets acquired by the Philippine Air Force (PAF) in a ceremony at the Basa Air Base in Floridablanca, Pampanga on November 8, 2022.
The newly acquired land and air assets include the Rafael SPYDER (surface-to-air python and derby) ground-based air defense system (GBADS) and a new Airbus C-295W medium lift aircraft.
The ceremonies highlighted a new milestone for PAF to operate its own sophisticated ground missile-based air defense system and showcase its new C-295W aircraft, which recently arrived from Spain, that will also be used to assist other airlifters in humanitarian assistance and disaster response operations.
In a statement, PAF said both GBADS and C-295W were a product of the Horizon 2 of the Armed Forces of the Philippines Modernization Program.
The Spyder Air Defense acquisition was concluded in mid-2019, while the acquisition of additional three C-295W medium lift aircraft was concluded in the last quarter of 2020.
GBADS, which seeks to enhance the PAF’s air defense capabilities, is a mobile air and missile defense system designed to protect critical installations, land-based fixed assets, mobile platforms and friendly forces from aerial threats such as combat aircraft, attack helicopters, unmanned air vehicles, incoming missiles, guided munition, and rockets.
The C-295W aircraft, on the other hand, is part of the three of its kind that were acquired from Airbus Defense and Space from Spain under the Medium Lift Aircraft Acquisition Project.
Another C-295 is currently having its flight test in Spain. The first was delivered in March this year.
The delivered C-295W is an upgraded version of the C-295M, the difference can be seen on the wingtips as the C-295W has winglets for greater lift and fuel efficiency, thus, increasing the aircraft’s range.
The 220th Airlift Wing of the Air Mobility Command will operate these aircraft which will be utilized to transport troops and equipment to various parts of the country.
Both GBADS and the C-295W are intended to improve the air defense cover of the country, as PAF embarked on the acquisition of several air defense assets, including air and land components that would form a system that are networked to each other.


What was in the letter released by 116 Entrepreneurs: Late Sunday, 116 entrepreneurs, including Elon Musk, released a letter to the United Nations warning of the dangerous “Pandora’s Box” presented by weapons that make their own decisions about when to kill. Publications including The Guardian and The Washington Post ran headlines saying Musk and his cosigners had called for a “ban” on “killer robots.”
Those headlines were misleading. The letter doesn’t explicitly call for a ban, although one of the organizers has suggested it does. Rather, it offers technical advice to a UN committee on autonomous weapons formed in December. The group’s warning that autonomous machines “can be weapons of terror” makes sense. But trying to ban them outright is probably a waste of time.
What the difference between weapons and autonomous weapons: Weapons systems that make their own decisions are a very different, and much broader, category. The line between weapons controlled by humans and those that fire autonomously is blurry, and many nations—including the US—have begun the process of crossing it. Moreover, technologies such as robotic aircraft and ground vehicles have proved so useful that armed forces may find giving them more independence—including to kill—irresistible.
What do these new weapons technologies mean for military power: A recent report on artificial intelligence and war commissioned by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence concluded that the technology is set to massively magnify military power.
The US Department of Defense has a policy to keep a “human in the loop” when deploying lethal force. Pentagon spokesperson Roger Cabiness said that the US has declined to endorse a ban on autonomous weapons, noting that the department’s Law of War Manual specifies that autonomy can help forces meet their legal and ethical obligations. “For example, commanders can use precision-guided weapon systems with homing functions to reduce the risk of civilian casualties,” said Cabiness. In 2015, the UK government responded to calls for a ban on autonomous weapons by saying there was no need for one, and that existing international law was sufficient.
What autonomous weapons are already on the market: You don’t have to look far to find weapons already making their own decisions to some degree. One is the AEGIS ship-based missile and aircraft-defense system used by the US Navy. It is capable of engaging approaching planes or missiles without human intervention, according to a CNAS report.
Other examples include a drone called the Harpy, developed in Israel, which patrols an area searching for radar signals. If it detects one, it automatically dive-bombs the signal’s source. Manufacturer Israeli Aerospace Industries markets the Harpy as a “‘Fire and Forget’ autonomous weapon.”
Musk signed an earlier letter in 2015 alongside thousands of AI experts in academia and industry that called for a ban on offensive use of autonomous weapons. Like Sunday’s letter, it was supported, and published, by the Future of Life Institute, an organization that ponders long-term effects of AI and other technologies, and to which Musk has gifted $10 million.
Why we should consider something other than a total ban: Rebecca Crootof, a researcher at Yale Law School, says people concerned about autonomous weapons systems should consider more constructive alternatives to campaigning for a total ban.
That time and energy would be much better spent developing regulations. – Rebecca Crootof Yale Law School Researcher
International laws such as the Geneva Convention that restrict the activities of human soldiers could be adapted to govern what robot soldiers can do on the battlefield, for example. Other regulations short of a ban could try to clear up the murky question of who is held legally accountable when a piece of software makes a bad decision, for example by killing civilians.
Learn More @ Wired.com


Subverting Feminism for Guns
The National Rifle Association in the United States of America has very few female members, but those that are members claim that guns empower them, protect them and give them more freedom in a country marked by the highest crime rate in the world. Members of the NRA sometimes even use feminism as an excuse to support females bearing guns and to prevent gun-control legislation.
Lets analyze this for a moment, and we will do so by examining the text of another website:
We use firearms for self-defense in preference to less effective tools. The need for effective, capable equipment is not unique to self-defense. For example, no one uses 1986 vintage computers and few people drive 1968 cars. No one claims that access to modern computers should be restricted to deter hackers or that prohibiting new car models would reduce the number of deliberate hit-and-run accidents.
We're not going to dispute that one. Nobody out there is worried about their abusive ex-husband walking around with a rusty musket that can't shoot. Its the ones with the musket that can shoot we should worry about.
Yet much of the effort by the perpetrators of gun control has been to deny the rest of us safe, effective and well-designed guns.
Actually much of the effort has been to keep guns and weapons that are considered "too dangerous" off the streets. Things like rocket launchers, grenades and other items usable by terrorists. Besides, who carries a grenade or an automatic sub-machinegun like a Mac 10 around for self-defense?
People who wish you defenseless often claim that effective defensive rifles and shotguns have "no legitimate sporting use". Would they consider defense of your family from an attack to be un-sporting? Remind them that the concept of a "sporting use" comes from their spiritiual forebears, the Nazis. Those thugs determined that trying to stay out of a concentration camp was not a legitimate use of arms, while hunting women and children for sport was.
Okay, so apparently anti-gun activists are NAZI children now. That is going to take a big leap of faith to believe. Also, I have NEVER heard of any laws trying to prohibit shotguns, which is primarily a weapon for hunting deer, elk, bears. I could however see laws prohibited automatic assault rifles (like the kind the military sometimes use) because their purpose is not to shoot deer but to go on a shooting spree (aka, to go postal).
The other target of the prohibitionists are the magazines. A standard magazine for a small or medium caliber rifle is thirty rounds. In 1994 such a magazine cost $15 and worked reliably. A standard magazine for a handgun held about fifteen rounds and cost $20.
The reasoning for this was simple: Magazine clips that contain 10 bullets are more useful to people who carry automatic weapons (which are illegal in most states). You just hold down the trigger and the handgun keeps firing, a bit like a machine gun, which means the criminal in question has the ability to fire many rounds at a police officer quickly and easily, and is more likely to hit the target as a result. Thanks to the 10 bullet limit the person runs out of bullets a lot faster. Since that law has been in place officers in many American states have seen a dramatic drop in the death of police officers due to automatic weapons.
After production of magazines with capacity over ten rounds was banned in 1994, the prices on the standard magazines had increased to to over $100 for most models. The crippled ten-round versions had to be produced in a way that makes restoring them to standard capacity impossible. Those changes made ten-round magazines less reliable. In 2004, that ill-intentioned law sunset, but several states implemented even more restrictive versions of their own.
Those changes were only less reliable for people using automatic weapons. The new magazines were designed specifically to jam up frequently when used in an automatic gun.
Why the need for standard magazines? Ask your local police officer. He is on patrol with a handgun which uses standard magazines and, in many cities, an automatic rifile or a submachine gun with standard magazines. Under stress, even well-trained people can miss. Moreover, a single hit is not guaranteed to stop an attack. Fortunately, he has the benefit of body armor and backup just a radio call away.
Precisely. Criminals are the ones who use automatic weapons and therefore are willing to pay more to find the old standard magazine clips.
Most other people have no such luxuries. They don't sleep with magazine pouches affixed to their nightgowns and would depend on that one magazine already in their weapons. Arbitrarily requiring that even that one magazine hold a lot less ammunition than normal has the effect of giving attacking criminals an edge over the law-abiding humans.
True enough, but only if the criminal in question can find the old magazine clips and use them in an automatic gun. Taking the old standard clips off the market completely and destroying any that are found would be the ideal solution.
Yet another benefit of removable magazines is that they are safer than most types of integral magazines. It is simpler and faster to remove a magazine than it is to unload an old-style lever action gun in which every cartridge has to be chambered before it can be ejected.
Exactly. And criminals love it when they can change clips quickly and easily. It makes it easier to fire back police officers. Using clips with less bullets means criminals will run out of bullets sooner. Please note that police officers and the military still have access to the old standard clips.
The prohibitionists are trying to ban all guns (except those controlled by them). Guns which are too small or too large, too accurate or too inaccurate, ammunition which penetrates too much or too little, in short, they wish to ban every gun ever made. It is of no use explaining to them how safe the designs are or how important for preserving lives: like the Inquisitors out to burn heretics, they are motivated by irrational hatred and by lust for control over others.
Actually anti-gun activists are usually motivated by a death in the family, usually a loved one who was killed by a school classmate, by an irate co-worker or even an ex-lover. Its not a matter of control, its a matter of trying to prevent the same type of deaths happening to someone else. Imposing gun control laws is just one way people are trying to voice their opinion that the system isn't perfect and needs to be fixed. Not all guns need to be removed. There will always be need of guns for the purpose of defense, but defensive weapons do not need to be AK-47s or M4A1 assault rifles.
Clearly, our safety is not a concern for the prohibitionists. What they want is to reduce our ability to defend ourselves. Some sick people get off on being in control of others. Some turn to rape and battery to satisfy their urges, others run for Congress. The sentiment which governs the two groups is identical: desire to be in control of others. Just as rape is more about control than it is about procreation, so gun banning is about social control and not about public safety.
Apparently anti-gun activists are just like rapists and wife-beaters, in addition to being NAZI children. Wow. We agree rape is more about power than sex, but so is high-powered machine guns and assault rifles. Its not about self-defense. Its the feeling of POWER when you pull the trigger on a Sig or an Aug and shoot the target with armor-piercing rounds. That kind of extreme power is addictive and a bit like the first time you sit behind the wheel of a really fast car. You can feel the power in the palm of your hands. You can control it. You feel safe and dangerous at the same time and it gives you an adrenaline rush. Protection? Bah! For the brief instant you are the angel of death and have the power to take lives. It is a power-trip and there is no doubt about it.
Even some older rifle designs from the 1940s are such ancient tools they have been banned from manufacture ostensibly because it has a flash hider (designed to keep the user hidden so people can't see your location), a folding stock (for compact storage) and a bayonet lug. The prohibitionists claim that these features turn the rifle's owners into psychopaths. Yet the very branch of the government enforcing the prohibition, the ATF, issues weapons with similar features to its agents. A double standard at work.
Some weapons are specifically designed to be used covertly. Weapons like the Colt M4A1 assault rifle (military issue) come with detachable silencers which can pick off enemies at distances without even a whisper. Such weapons are banned because they are designed specifically for assassins, snipers and government agents. They are not the kind of thing you want your wacko next door neighbour owning. Piss off your neighbour and he could shoot you 30 times from 200 yards away and nobody would even hear the gun fire.
"But all we want to ban are assault weapons and Saturday Night Specials," say the gun-grabbers. "Your deer rifle and you pheasant shotgun are safe." They do not tell you that your sniper rifle (formerly known as the deer gun), your big-bore streetsweeper (aka hunting shotgun) and your Dirty Harry death machine (target revolver) are next. When you read or watch news, look out for loaded yet meaningless phrases like cop-killer bullet, deadly automatic high-power assault pistol, and the like. The sound bytes are nonsense once you think about what they really mean, but not everyone questions what the news tell them.
The person who wrote the website we are criticizing is extremely paranoid. Next he'll tell you the government is out to brainwash you or something like that.
The gun banners hate effective weapons because armed people are less afraid of their own government and less dependent on it. It is no surprise that totalitarian governments world-wide keep most of their populations disarmed. They know from history that even a handful of armed people can stand in the way of genocide and check its advance. It does, however, take well-armed and well-trained people to stop evil in its tracks. Although most civilians' training level is sufficient only for a last-ditch stand, that stand is much better done with a rifle than with a shovel. I would guess that those relatives of mine who got turned into lampshades during WW2 did wish for a way to fight back, if too late.
Told you so. There is some evidence to suggest the United States is becoming a police state, but we would also have to admit the cause of that is more the result of rampant gun crime and the growth of terrorism. If the Jews during WWII had had more guns available to them it would have been one more excuse for Hitler to hunt them all down, which he attempted anyway. Exploring What-If scenarios is a bit time consuming however so we shall skip that tangent.
The current, all-inclusive catch phrase is assault weapon. These days it is used to describe any gun that the thugs in office wish to ban. For instance, in California, even Olympic style target pistols are classified as assault weapons.
Sometimes law makers do go overboard with their definitions and they fail to narrow down precisely what makes and models are being banned. But that is also a form of progress. Eventually someone in society points out the error and the laws are modified and rectified.
Yet the states which have the most onerous and restrictive laws, all make exceptions for police and military use. They claim that most models of guns are unsafe to the users...unless the users are police officers. Many politicians have bodyguards armed with the guns prohibited to the rest of us.
And rightly so. Only people who are responsible and knowledgable of the weapons they carry should be using them. We're not about to start handing out Desert Eagles to school children afterall, even in the event of a war children should be the last people given arms. We feel that the police and the military have the proper training, the responsibility and indeed the DUTY to use the best possible weapons for defending America.
No one in their right mind looks for trouble. Yet, we must take up arms in self-protection, wouldn't using effective tools help? Our opposition won't go easier on us just because we use obsolete and ineffective means of self-protection.
That is true, but what if the opposition is forced to use obsolete weaponry or can't even find a weapon period? A criminal could rob a convenience store with a baseball bat or a knife, but it is hardly an effective weapon against a bank teller behind reinforced glass.
What makes an effective weapon? Semi-automatic clones of army rifles have been generally considered effective. They are reliable, durable and accept a cartridge of sufficient effectiveness. Because the type is so common, ammunition and magazines are relatively inexpensive, though that is changing as restrictive laws reduce their availability. A mothballed rifle and its ammunition can remain usable for decades. For that reason, people who would do us harm would much prefer that we had no access to such useful means of self-defense.
No dispute there. Whole heartedly agree. Statistically however you are 4 times more likely to be murdered or accidentally shot by a relative or a close friend than you are by a complete stranger. Tempers flare, people get mentally disturbed, your uncle goes crazy with lust for your 10 year old daughter and decides to kill you and kidnap your daughter. When he pulls out his old rifle from his Vietnam days you aren't really going to have any time to reach for your trusty .357 Magnum. That is the thing about gun murders. They happen so fast that even if you did have a gun in the house it would be too late.
Ability to defeat body armor is one of the useful characteristics of rifles. Just as the crossbow and the longbow challenged the dominance of the armored knight, the rifle reduces the ability of an armored enforcer to operate with impunity against civilians.
So why does regular law-abiding citizens need high powered rifles and/or armor piercing bullets? Answer: They don't. Only criminals and terrorists want that kind of weaponry. We make exceptions for the SWAT team and the military, but otherwise such weapons need to be kept off the streets and away from youth gangs. The last thing we need is teenagers bringing armor-piercing bullets to school.
Sporting rifles are usually based on older military designs. They are at least as powerful as the more recent types but have smaller magazines and lower rates of fire. For those reasons, they are less well suited for personal protection.
Most gun crime occurs within point blank range. The criminal typical has the gun in your face or directly to your head. Its more personal and intimidating to do so. A rifle is not an effective weapon in close quarters. Once again, this is a situation where you should be reaching for your trusty .357 Magnum.
So, what happens if effective arms are banned from sale and possession? Two scenarios exist.
The first one is that the commoners, the serfs, the subjects, whatever term is used for us, end up with only feeble, obsolete weapons for self-defense. We would be at the mercy of whoever controls the military and police, the way Japanese peasants were at the mercy of the samurai for centuries. Or, if ever compelled to make a stand in our own defense, we'd be in the position of the gun-less natives forced to take on the European machine guns with spears or tomahawks.
Contrary to popular belief samurais did not rule with the sword. They ruled with highly effective training that made them very good men-at-arms. The katana and wakizashi swords were the tools of choice, but they were also trained with Japanese bows, spears and many other tools of the trade. Likewise contrary to popular belief Native Americans were very good at what they did, despite their weapons. Bows have a much faster rate of fire, enabled the archer to shoot burning arrows and burn down whole forts. Tomahawks were a close range weapon, the equivalent of a soldier's bayonet. White men colonizing America did not win through military force, they won through trickery and diseased blankets.
The other possibility is that, penalties for any weapon being drastic, we would try to get the most potent arms possible. Moreover, millions of guns already exist. These are durable tools and do not degrade much over time. The only way to get those from the population would be to threaten dire punishment for non-compliance. That way lies a civil war, a distinctly unpleasant process.
Many people in the past have theorized that a ban of various weapons in the United States could spark a civil war between the NRA and the government. The person who wrote the article we are criticizing seems to think the government would do a door to door search for illegal weapons but that is simply not feasible. The standard thing to do is to politely ask people to register their legally acquired firearms, to get special permits for any weapons that are restricted and to seize/destroy any illegal weapons found during criminal investigations.
Throughout history, anyone who said "Make yourself defenseless or else we will harm you" has inflicted harm even in the event of full compliance. Thus lawful humans have nothing to lose by retaining their ability to protect themselves.
No one has ever said that. The American government is certainly not threatening to kill its own citizens for the sake of gun control. The person is being ridiculous.
Some prohibitionists express hope that we will run out of ammunition. They don't realize that most individuals have several thousand rounds on hand at any time and, if buying more becomes impossible, none of those cartridges would be wasted on non-essential uses. Fighting will become the sole, essential use.
True enough. But making armor-piercing bullets illegal is just the first step in keeping our police officers safer. It also means that people will be less likely to sell their precious armor-piercing rounds to criminals because they will want to keep them to themselves.
The main indication that gun control in America has failed is the fact that its supporters are still alive. Millions of people who have invested in arms, training and lobbying in response to past restrictive legislation have no plans to surrender. If gun control efforts begin to infringe significantly on their ability to fight in the future, those who wish to disarm others will be killed.
Guns are addictive, hence all the Americans who own guns and love them so much. Its fun to twirl a fully loaded pistol on your finger and play cowboy with the mirror. The last part of the statement above is an outright threat that essentially says: "Try to take my guns away and I will kill you." Which is funny because attempting to assassinate politicians will only reinforce people's beliefs that gun laws need to be tougher.
The reason for such a blunt statement is that being a gun owner is made up of two components: posession of a weapon and posession of skills and training. One can surrender a gun but not the training.
Actually the "training" is an illusion. People think that just because they can shoot a target that isn't moving that somehow they have great aim and shooting skill. Its a bit like how many Americans think they are good at driving a car but in reality can't even park properly. Shooting a fast moving target in the forehead, now that takes real training. It can't be done with "natural talent", it has to be acquired through a lot of practice shooting under extreme conditions.
That skill is the gun-banner's problem. It means that a person trained to use weapons will be able to make use of guns acquired in the future. He would also have a strong motivation to avenge the loss of his means of self-protection. Guns can be made, stolen, bought or taken off enemy casualties. Furthermore, tools other than guns can be used for offensive actions. A gun-banner would have to watch his back for the rest of his life.
More idle threats for any politician willing to ban certain guns. The user is basically saying he is a gun addict and will give up his guns over his own dead body. Yada yada yada, he's wacko.
The only solution to it would be gulags, prison camps or execution for the former gun owners. Soviets, for example, use a combination of the two approaches. Knowing that, gun owners cannot surrender their arms and expect to be left in peace. And the gun control fans cannot just remove the guns and expect to survive long after that.
He didn't finish his thought properly. We're surprised he didn't start bashing communists and claiming that we need guns to prevent Soviet invasion.
Fortunately, we have a realistic perception of how terribly destructive a civil war would be. All other means of combating gun control - education, lobbying, moving to less restrictive jurisdictions will be tried first.
Hollywood is very good at showing us what post WWIII would look like, but never in all the versions we've seen was the apocalypse caused by a bunch of gun wackos upset by new gun laws.
Some people dismiss the possibility of civilians going to war over abuses of their rights and actually winning. They say that a handgun is useless against an army. They are partly right: handguns are primarily for self-defense. For that reason, the 2nd Amendment covered all military weapons, as those were needed to check state tyranny.
Damn right we dismiss it. A hand gun is quite effective actually, especially in street combat and guerrilla warfare, but an assault rifle with 30 bullets would definitely be cause for worry. That is the kind of weapon used for killing everyone in a bank or a post office.
Fortunately, the army on which the enemy is counting isn't eager to do their bidding. Much of the support for our rights (and for this web site) comes from the members of the armed forces and from police officers. If push comes to shove, at least part of this nation's soldiers will not be following orders.
I think the user has miscalculated how much the military would be involved, which is not at all. This falls under FBI and CIA jurisdiction if people start assassinating politicians. The men and women of the American armed forces wouldn't even be involved.
You'll note that the above article was two things:
#1, despite the stuff about protecting yourself from rapists he really didn't discuss much about women protecting themselves.
#2, he was much more obsessed with gun control laws and worried about the government taking away his precious automatic assault rifles (and threatening people with civil war).
The use of graphics on his site told a different story however, you can see them here on this site as we have copied all of them. It was a very obvious use of power symbols as propaganda tools to convince women that they need guns to protect themselves from rape.
And more so, they don't just need a trusty .357 Magnum or similiar (yet powerful) handgun, but they specifically need shotguns and rifles.
The internet user we are criticizing had many reasons for wanting to keep his guns: Aesthetic values, going outside and shooting stuff for exercise, that the media is biased against guns, that guns are a necessary evil, that guns make good art works/topic starters/fashion statements, that martial arts is no excuse to not carry a gun, that fake guns are for wimps, that you need to defend your home, that not wearing a gun is like surrendering without a fight and that you depend on others to protect you... and finally a variation on the Biblical story of the Good Shepherd, except instead the Shepherd threatens and shoots his own sheep with his shotgun (WTF?) in order to keep them from straying off.
But in total, after reading all of it, we concluded the guy was a complete wacko, a bully and like all bullies if there was ever new laws ever made regarding his precious assault rifles we firmly believe he would hide his guns in his basement/attic and be too much of a chicken to actually go try to assassinate politicians.
We're not going to discount the possibility that he might try do a Timothy McVeigh (the guy who planned the Oklahoma City bombing, the largest act of terrorism prior to 9/11 which killed 168 people and injured over 800) stunt and build homemade explosives. He sounds like the type of coward who would say things to intimidate people but in reality is too attached to his tiny penis to actually risk his own life.
If it was his interest to compel women with the extreme fear of rape to go buy a gun he really didn't do a good job of it. He was really just preaching to the gun-loving masses who already agree with him.
And its not our business to dissuade women from buying a gun for protection. But make sure its the right gun for the job, and make sure you are buying it for the right reasons.
If you were to buy a gun to protect yourself from rapists we recommend the Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum. It is relatively small, easy to carry and aim and packs a punch like a boxer on steroids. It may not be a .50 calibre Desert Eagle with armour piercing bullets, but what rapist wears armour?
Do not bother with a shotgun, a rifle, a submachine gun or grenades. Most rapes are date rapes or work/family related. A shotgun doesn't fit in your car glove box and most people would be concerned if you started carrying a machine gun to work. Big flashy guns are for men with small dicks.
The biggest trick to not being raped is actually just confidence. If you look like an easy victim rapists will automatically be drawn to you. They want someone who is quiet like a mouse, won't struggle or tell anyone afterwards. Rapists are more likely to be a relative, a co-worker or even your boss or husband.
Frankly the best tool against a rapist is laughter. Men can't stand it when you laugh at their equipment. Call it a combination of dick-envy and male ego, but men get really upset when you laugh at their pathetic private little pistol.


Activate the console on the server machine (~) and type "sv_cheats 1" to enable the following codes.
NOTE: All codes must be entered from the Host computer.
Arctic sniper rifle - givespaceweapon_awp
Auto-aim with sniper rifle - sv_aim
Adjust gravity - sv_gravity
See and fire through walls and objects - gl_zmax
View other players' frags - cl_hidefrags 0
Faster forward motion - cl_forwardspeed 999
Faster backwards motion - cl_backspeed 999
Faster side motion - cl_sidespeed 999
Level select - changelevel
Weapon select - give weapon name
Auto-reload enabled - +reload
Auto-reload disabled - -reload
See things brightly without flashlight - lambert -1.0001
SetC4 timer - mp_c4timer -1000-1000
Hyper auto-aim enabled - sv_clienttrace 999999999
Hyper auto-aim disabled - sv_clienttrace 1
$16,000 - impulse101
Use one of the following entries with the 'give' code to get the corresponding weapon.
AK-47 - weapon_ak47
Benneli xm1014 - weapon_xm1014
C4 - weapon_c4
Colt M4a1 carbine - weapon_m4a1
Commando - weapon_sg552
Fn P90 - weapon_p90
Glock 18 pistol - weapon_glock18
HE grenade - weapon_hegrenade
M3 super shotgun - weapon_m3
MAC-10 - weapon_mac 10
MP5 - weapon_mp5navy
Para - weapon_m249
Scout - weapon_scout
SIG p228 - weapon_p228
Steyr Aug - weapon_aug
Desert eagle - weapon_deagle
Usp.45 pistol - weapon_usp
To activate codes easier, bind them to keys. For example, type: bind v "impulse 101" at the console window to bind the "$16,000" code to the "V" key.
Ninety bullets for Usp.45 Pistol
Buy a MAC-10 and all its bullets, then buy a Usp.45 Pistol.
120 bullets for Glock pistol
Buy a MP5 and all its bullets, then buy a Glock Pistol. Note: If you already have it, you do not have to buy another one.
98 bullets for Scout
Buy a Scout, shoot one bullet and reload. Then, buy the bullets again.
120 bullets for Steyer TMP
Buy a MP5 and all its bullets, then buy a TMP.
Silent AWP shots
in the console, type 'bind mouse1 "+attack; impulse 100" ' then press enter. Voila, now when you shoot your AWP or any sniper rifle, your shots will be silent. Be warned, if you try this with a full-auto weapon, chances are you will be killed as the weapon might jam and stop shooting.
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DSO National Laboratories (DSO) is Singapore’s national defence research and development organisation. It undertakes indigenous development of advanced defence and weapon systems that provide the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) with the superior technological edge in the battlefield. While its primary focus is to support the SAF, DSO also extends its defence R&D capabilities to support homeland security.
With more than 1,500 defence engineers and scientists pushing the boundaries of science and technology across the domains of air, land, sea, space and cyberspace, DSO develops cutting edge technologies and solutions to enhance Singapore’s defence and national security capabilities.
Today, many of the SAF’s mission-critical systems bear the invisible imprint of our work. We take pride in our ability to fuse our multi-disciplinary expertise into cutting-edge technologies and systems that cannot be commercially procured.


JF-17 Thunder developed sophisticated
Beijing: China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology (NRIET) recently held 'xuhayy Air Show, the event has a modern radar which party it is being said about the F-17 Thunder is designed to be installed in block 3 '.
KLJ-7A radar, called it 'the ESA' '(AESA) radars type used in modern fighter aircraft, which belongs to. Xuhayy air show at the radar which features according to the true identity of the target while reviewing them, identified several targets at a time and the ability to target and goals (synthetic aperture radar, moving on including support) are identified.
The KLJ-in 7A Available more details but security experts say hundreds of small radar is fitted together and identify and (simultaneously 15 targets to track up to 170 km them) has the ability to hit 4.
The ESA, like other radars KLJ-7A is not only able to jam enemy radar systems, but can also thwart efforts to jam the enemy radar....
The JF-17 Thunder block 1 and block 2, respectively, and KLJ-7 radar KLJ-7V2 The ESA installed. KLJ-7A, but given the size and structure, experts have been designed for installation in the belief that it especially JF-17 Thunder 'Block 3'.
Defence analysts opinion, KLJ-7 and KLJ-up 7V2 range from imitation to the KLJ-7A similarity ends here, both because it is different than practice and very modern. JF-17 Thunder 'Block 3' in the radar installation has special significance because it helped it to achieve a dominant position in the most advanced, multi-line fighter aircraft to the fourth generation.
KLJ-7A Despite the complexity of the design will have high performance and reasonable price, which will also help keep the cost of JF-17 Thunder program. In addition, Pakistan ayyrunatykl Complex '' (PAC) from ayuyanks Division was founded in Kamra has been fixed many phases of development so far, so that the possibility can not be ignored KLJ-7A manufacture of radar too Pakistani experts have been involved, and JF-17 Thunder 'block 3' as well as its technology radar to even be available to Pakistan.


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In less than 90 years, we will be looking at the future. The future of 22nd century. Well, not really. Since Wikipedia says that 22nd century will only begin at January 1, 2101. However, it’s pretty interesting to predict how the future would be. Well, prediction is not easy considering how volatile the the history is. While I am pretty much influenced by George Friedman’s The Next 100 Years, it’s true that within 20 years of 20th century, a lot of things happened which people who lived in the year 1900 didn’t expect such thing may happen in their future.
6th and 9th of August 1945 marked in the history of human civilizations as the invention of the weapon of mass destruction which unleashed upon the humanity itself. This was a result of nuclear weapon race between Americans and Germans in World War II. Albeit, Nazi Germany surrendered earlier before the Americans could finish up the construction of the bombs. Furthermore, they’re frustrated to know that the Germans had nothing for such thing as they’re already getting suppresses and pressures due to the war. The idea of the bombs was to be detonated upon the Germany but upon the fall of this European nemesis, the Allied forces switched their targets to the stubborn enemy in the Far East, Imperial Japan.


When it comes to using cutting-edge technologies in warfare, the United States Army is the first name that comes to mind. As the most powerful army in the world, the US Army has a bright record of investing in new technologies. This time, the Pentagon has requested a $6 billion federal budget to build a fleet of AI-controlled drones.
The budget will be spent on building a fleet of XQ-58A Valkyrie uncrewed aircraft built by Kratos Defense & Security Solutions. The XQ-58A is 30 feet long and weighs 2,500 pounds. It can also carry up to 1,200 total pounds of weapons. While the Kratos CEO already said each XQ-58A drone costs $6.5 million, a bulk order might lower the price to $3 million.
The US Air Force invests $6 billion on a fleet of AI-controlled drones
The XQ-58 Valkyrie is still an experimental stealth aircraft, but the army hopes to have an operational fleet of them as soon as possible. The drone has already operated in a three-hour demonstration at Elgin Air Force Base. This AI-controlled drone will be used in combat missions to support F-22 and F-35 aircraft, which cost $143 million and $75 million.
The XQ-58 Valkyrie is a product of USAF’s Low Cost Attritable Strike Demonstrator (LCASD) program and can be used for surveillance and resupply actions as well. Additionally, the drone’s weapons and instructions are adjustable according to the mission.
The USAF test pilot, Major Ross Elder, called the XQ-58 Valkyrie testing a “very strange feeling.” He added, “I’m flying off the wing of something that’s making its own decisions. And it’s not a human brain.” Of course, the USAF asserted that drones remain under human control.
The $6 billion budget requested by the Pentagon is for the next five years and needs Congress’s approval. The program might require an initial budget of $3.3 billion in 2024.


It can justifiably be said that the Harrier is Britain's greatest post-war aviation success. However, it had originally been the RAF's intention to introduce a far more formidable 'jump-jet' to the front line - the Hawker Siddeley P.1154. The cancellation of this project in February 1965 was a huge blow to the prospects of the British aircraft industry, with long-term consequences more damaging than the cancellation of the TSR 2. The opportunity to provide the world's first supersonic V/STOL fighter was lost, a capability that will now be provided by the Joint Strike Fighter programme, in which Britain has only a minority stake.
Competition and Commonality
The P.1154 originated in the rejection of subsonic V/STOL aircraft, such as the Hawker P.1127, by both the RAF and NATO in the early 1960's. In 1959 both institutions had drafted requirements, GOR345 and GOR-2 respectively, for a subsonic strike fighter based around the P.1127. Further study resulted in both seeing such an aircraft as unattractive, due to its limited payload-range and apparent vulnerability to supersonic interceptors. With interest in an operational subsonic aircraft waning, despite flight tests having only just begun, Hawker Aircraft at Kingston began design work in early 1961 on a stretched, supersonic derivative of the P.1127, under the direction of Ralph Hooper.
Designated P.1150, this used a Pegasus engine incorporating plenum chamber burning (PCB) in the bypass air delivered to the front nozzles. However, Hawker did not actively promote the P.1150 to potential users in case it led to all remaining interest in the P.1127 evaporating. Despite the loss of service interest in the latter, it needs to be borne in mind that the practical experience gained from the P.1127 and Kestrel continued to 'pour design knowledge' into the supersonic aircraft.
During August 1961 Hawker received specification AC/169 for a supersonic V/STOL strike fighter to meet NATO Basic Military Requirement 3. This called for a single-seat aircraft capable of flying strike missions, with additional reconnaissance and interception capabilities. The key mission was a lo-lo sortie of 250nm radius at Mach 0.92 with a 2,000 lb weapon load. The prospect of providing the NATO alliance with a common fighter soon attracted most major aircraft companies in Western Europe and America to enter the biggest international design competition ever held. The Hawker entry was the P.1150/3, using a Bristol Siddeley BS.100/9 vectored thrust engine, the aircraft being re-designated P.1154 before final submission to NATO in January 1962. The full results of the competition became known in May, the P.1154 being declared technical winner, but when financial and work-sharing considerations were added in the French Mirage IIIV was judged to be of equal merit. As NATO had insufficient funds for full development this was seen to rely on the member countries moving ahead on their own initiative. Nevertheless, the P.1154 did receive some financial support from NATO until December 1963, in the shape of 50% funding of PCB development for the Pegasus and BS.100.
In Britain, the RAF saw that the NBMR-3 competition could lead to the kind of aircraft they needed to replace the Hawker Hunter from 1968, in contrast to the subsonic GOR345/P.1127 aircraft already studied. The Royal Navy also had a requirement for a Sea Vixen replacement, to enter service after 1970. The Ministry of Aviation saw an opportunity to develop the P.1154 for both Services and to break the NBMR-3 impasse at the same time; Hawker received the draft of a new joint requirement, OR356/AW406, in April 1962. It was soon clear to the design staff that the two Services needed very different aircraft, the RAF requiring essentially the NBMR-3 design while the Royal Navy wanted a two-seat, high altitude interceptor to be catapult launched from their carriers. Nevertheless, the prospect of saving £150 million in development costs, which was earmarked to pay for a new aircraft carrier, kept the Royal Navy from opposing the goal of commonality. Similarly, the Hawker directors, including Sir Sydney Camm, wanted to keep the aircraft common to both Services, as this would provide larger orders for the company. This led them to play down the technical difficulties that the firm's designers saw would occur in joint development.
As the design of the P.1154 was adapted to meet the needs of the two Services the respective variants diverged from each other to an ever-greater degree. The preliminary brochure submitted in August 1962 saw the RAF and Royal Navy aircraft as being 80% common. By the time of the more detailed brochure of May 1963 the situation had reversed, with only 20% commonality between the two designs. This growing divergence was mostly caused by the Royal Navy's demands. AW406's insistence on two seats, large AI radar and two-shock inlets to achieve Mach 2 at altitude led to considerable weight growth, necessitating larger wings, while the catapult requirement led to a new undercarriage layout. The waters were further muddied by a Rolls-Royce proposal to substitute twin Spey engines, modified to use vectored thrust and PCB, in place of the BS.100. Despite all this, the design for the RAF remained fairly constant, being essentially the same as that proposed for NBMR-3. While the naval aircraft remained fluid, Hawker began detail design and mock-up construction of the RAF variant.
By June 1963 it was clear that the divergence between the two versions meant that, in effect, two separate aircraft were being proposed, with the airframes, avionics and systems differing between them. The Defence Research Policy Committee therefore ordered that a wholly common, Bi-Service version of the P.1154 be designed. A brochure for this was hastily submitted in August 1963 and it quickly became obvious that it was unacceptable to both Services. The Royal Navy had to give up the second crewmember and two-shock inlets, while the provision of wing folding and catapult facilities increased weight, to the detriment of range and weapon load, in RAF missions. The P.1154 had reached crisis point, with complete cancellation on the cards. Numerous alternative aircraft purchases were investigated from November 1963 to January 1964, including a developed P.1127 for the RAF or dissimilar P.1154 variants tailored to the needs of each Service. The eventual decision, announced in February 1964, was to adapt the McDonnell F-4 Phantom with Spey engines for the Royal Navy and to develop a version of the P.1154 specifically for the RAF, this being seen as the most cost effective solution to the two Service's requirements.
The re-focussing of the P.1154 as a single seat strike fighter for the RAF allowed Hawker Siddeley to concentrate their efforts on a firm objective after the trials of the previous two years. It meant large reductions in development costs, and clearer planning for the manufacture and flight-testing of the development batch aircraft, could be envisaged. Both the RAF and Hawker Siddeley's technical staff were relieved by the elimination of the commonality requirement, and the P.1154 now began to make real progress, moving from design to development.
By early 1964 the industrial base of the project had been strengthened by the formation of Hawker Siddeley Aviation as a consolidated company. The P.1154 was to be developed by the Hawker Blackburn Division, with John Fozard as Chief Designer and Barry Laight (former leader of the Buccaneer team) as Chief Engineer. This division had been specifically formed in 1963 to allow the aircraft to benefit from the experience of the 'weapons system' approach that had been used in the Buccaneer programme, the P.1154 being expected to follow a similar development path. While Hawker Siddeley questioned the degree of control that the Ministry of Aviation had over areas such as the avionics, believing they could perform these functions much better themselves, they agreed to appoint a Programme Controller to oversee the project and to adopt the PERT management system. Both measures were recent innovations, aimed at avoiding the financial errors and timescale overuns that had afflicted the TSR 2 programme.
While the industrial organisation was taking shape, the RAF was refining its requirements. The key features they wanted from the P.1154 were V/STOL and supersonic speed. Outside of these they were willing to simplify the aircraft considerably, to save time and money. While being designed to fulfill essentially the same mission as that of the NBMR-3 submission, much use was made of the work undertaken during the commonality debacle. The airframe was basically that of the Bi-Service design, with all the naval features removed. Once the project received the green light in February 1964 it was constantly reviewed in order to keep the design as simple as possible. The previously projected use of digital computing was dropped, in favour of an analogue nav-attack system that would be 20% cheaper to produce. Manual, rather than automatic, terrain following was adopted while the requirement for the aircraft to carry AS.30, Bullpup and T.V. guided AJ.168 (Martel) missiles was dropped later in the year. The need for the P.1154 to be fully nuclear capable was also relaxed in order to further simplify the aircraft. By April 1964 the RAF had issued a revised OR356 and Hawker Siddeley had begun manufacture of assembly jigs and detail parts for the development batch aircraft at its Kingston and Hamble factories.
August saw Hawker Siddeley submit their detailed design to the Ministry of Aviation, as called for under holding contract KC/3B/5. This outlined a development programme involving eight aircraft, with first flight two years from the instruction to proceed (ITP) and initial CA release five years from ITP. It was agreed in October 1964 that, in the light of the work already done, the ITP could be regarded as having been reached in July 1964. Rolls-Royce were allocated £9 million of development work on the BS.100, including conversion of the Vulcan B.1A test-bed, XA896. Two Hunters were to be converted to test the nav-attack system, designated HS.1172. Hawker Siddeley and the Ministry of Aviation continued to discuss detail points that affected the programme, the most important being the continuing lack of orders for the radar and inertial nav-attack system. Both these items had been awarded to Ferranti, but contract signature was suspended until the company could pay back excess profits gained on the Bloodhound missile programme. This hold-up was causing serious worry to Bob Lickley, Chief Executive of the Hawker Blackburn Division, as he thought it could delay the full release of the P.1154 weapons system by up to 18 months from the planned service entry date of July 1969.
Nevertheless, the RAF continued to refine its scheme for the deployment of the P.1154, the name Harrier having been provisionally chosen for the aircraft. Plans went ahead for eight operational squadrons, two each in the UK, Germany, Middle East and Far East. The aircraft would operate from both main and forward bases, such as short airstrips or stretches of road, with four or six aircraft operating from the latter. Unsupported forward sites could also be used, reducing mission capability. Although it would have been capable of true vertical take-off, the normal means of operation would have been to use a short take-off, in order to minimize ground erosion and hot gas re-ingestion problems, and to maximise payload. Rolling vertical landing, with the engine throttled back, was to be employed at the end of each mission, with vectoring of the engine nozzles in forward flight envisaged to increase maneuverability, at the cost of significant deceleration. All of these techniques were to be explored 'in the field' during the Tripartite trials of the Kestrel in 1964-65. In the ferry mission extended wing tips were added to the aircraft, the 'combat tips' being stored in the rear fuselage. RAF P.1154s were to be capable of operating from all Royal Navy carriers, the aircraft having a folding nose to help it fit their deck lifts.
All the design and operational characteristics worked out during 1964 were embodied in specification SR250D, issued in October. The P.1154 submitted to this specification had a length of 57ft 6in, span of 28ft 4in and height of 12ft 6 in. The low aspect ratio, 269 sq. ft wing used a 'peaky' aerofoil, with a leading edge sweep of 41.2 degrees. The airframe was stressed to 7.5g for combat and 3g for ferry missions. The aluminium and titanium structure was designed for a 3,000hr fatigue life; extensive use of chemical etching, integral machining and bonded honeycomb helped to keep down weight. To cope with bird-strikes at low level the windscreen and leading edges were designed to withstand a 1lb bird impacting at 600 kts. The bicycle undercarriage, stressed for descent rates of 10 ft/sec, employed low-pressure tyres, with the outriggers taking a significant proportion of the aircraft's weight in order to increase stability during ground maneuvering.
The heart of the P.1154 was its Bristol Siddeley BS100/8 Phase II vectored-thrust engine, at the time the most powerful jet engine in the Western world. This was installed around the aircraft's centre of gravity and could be removed via a detachable 'tray' underneath the fuselage. An electronic control system was provided for the engine's main functions. The four engine nozzles had 16 degrees anhedral to improve propulsive efficiency, with the PCB equipped front pair discharging past variable area ramps. Peak temperature of the front jets was 1,400K, the rear jets having a maximum of 1,000K.
Empty weight of the P.1154 was projected as 20,100 lb, maximum loaded weight being 40,050 lb in the ferry condition. Each wing had two pylons, rated at 2,000 lb inboard and 1,000 lb outboard, while the fuselage could take either a single centreline pylon rated at 2,000 lb or dual pylons of 1,000 lb each, maximum weapon load being 8,000 lb. For combat missions two 300 Imperial gallon tanks could be carried on the inboard wing pylons, replaced in the ferry role by 400-gallon tanks, a 200-gallon tank under the fuselage and a detachable flight refueling probe on the starboard air intake. The duplicated, fully powered flying control system was backed up in jet-borne flight by reaction controls in the wingtips and tailcone, using high-pressure air bled from the engine. Both autostabilisation and a simple autopilot were fitted. In case of engine failure, a ram air turbine could be extended from the rear fuselage to sustain electrical and hydraulic power. For emergency landings a 1.5g arrester hook was fitted under the tail.
Capabilities and Costs
For strike missions the P.1154 would have carried low-drag and retarded 1,000 lb bombs, cluster bombs and napalm tanks. Stand off attack could be carried out using SNEB rockets and the anti-radar AJ.168 missile. In the air-to-air role up to four Red Top missiles could be carried on the wing pylons, with underfuselage 2in rockets or twin 30mm Aden guns as secondary armament in either role. In the reconnaissance mission a pod carrying optical linescan, sideways looking radar and a pair of oblique cameras was schemed, although this was thought to pose some problems and simpler equipment was looked into. The aircraft was to be permanently fitted with an F.95 camera in the nose, in addition to its monopulse radar. The latter was able to provide terrain avoidance information on the pilot's head-up display and ranging on surface and airborne targets. Allied with the inertial navigation system, air-data computer and moving map it would provide an accurate system for low-level, single pass attacks. The high speeds envisaged at low altitude led to the adoption of a single piece windscreen to increase the pilot's forward field of view; a Martin-Baker zero-zero ejection seat allowed for his escape at all airspeeds.
Radius of action was affected by both climate and the warload of the aircraft. In typical missions (I.S.A. + 15C at sea-level, 2,000 lb load) and utilising a rolling vertical take-off (500 ft to 50 ft, ground run 50 ft) a lo-lo radius of action of 210 nm was envisaged. With a short take-off (1100 ft to 50 ft, ground run 220 ft) and full internal fuel a lo-lo radius of 280 nm was possible, cruising at Mach 0.92. With combat tanks a radius of 405 nm was forecast in the same regime. If water injection was used in temperate climates it was hoped that an extra 25 nm could be added to the potential radius. A hi-lo profile could potentially double range, while in the air-to-air mission a loiter of 160 minutes, 100 nm from base was possible with maximum combat fuel and two Red Top missiles. Maximum speed at altitude with PCB on was Mach 1.7, falling to Mach 1.13 at sea level. Even in cold thrust the aircraft could achieve Mach 1.1 with two Red Tops, allowing it to 'supercruise' during interception missions.
While the first BS.100 engine went on test at Patchway in October 1964, the RAF had drawn up an additional requirement, ASR382, for an operational two-seat trainer version of the P.1154. The design that Hawker Siddeley submitted was modified to have a front fuselage with stepped tandem seating and a rear fuselage plug, bringing overall length to 61ft 1in. By relocating avionics from the nose to the rear equipment bay, and by reducing internal fuel to 1,174 gallons, the trainer's centre of gravity could be maintained. The RAF planned to buy 25 of these in addition to 157 single-seat aircraft, with training supported by simulators. Overall development costs were officially estimated (taking into account TSR.2 experience) at £170-200 million, with an additional £10 million for the two-seater. Unit costs were put at £1 million for the single-seat aircraft and £1.2 million for the trainer. Final approval was given for development, based on these figures, by the Weapons Development Committee in November 1964. Bristol Siddeley were planning to develop the BS.100 to 39,250 lb thrust by 1972, restoring any performance shortfalls caused by weight growth during development. This was estimated by the Ministry of Aviation to be potentially as high as 8.5%, although Hawker Siddeley hoped to limit weight growth to 4% over the August 1964 brochure figure.
In the same month that the BS.100 began bench tests, a Labour government came to office dedicated to making economies in defence expenditure. They initially focussed on equipment programmes, the high costs of combat aircraft drawing special scrutiny. Almost to a man the RAF was dedicated to preserving the TSR 2, as it was seen to provide the core capability that justified the Service's full independence. In the ongoing debate over the East of Suez commitment, in which they were striving to oust the Royal Navy's carrier task groups from their key role, the RAF saw the TSR 2 as their main weapon. With the further integration of the Service ministries under a centralised Ministry of Defence, the idea that the army might take over the tactical air support mission, and with it the future P.1154 squadrons, seemed a further possibility. The RAF decided not to oppose the cancellation of the P.1154 too vigorously and to gamble all on the TSR 2.
The reason given in the House of Commons for cancelling the P.1154, on 2nd February 1965, was that it would not be in service in time to replace the Hunter in 1969. Although this was probably true, the records show that the RAF had accepted the anticipated delay in introducing the P.1154 until 1970-71, with the Hunter being considered adequate until 1972 in any case. The 1969 date had continued to be publicly quoted merely as a way to keep Hawker Siddeley applied to the task after the commonality fiasco. The P.1154 was replaced in the RAF's plans by a combination of Spey engined Phantoms and a promise to develop, although not necessarily to procure, an operational P.1127/Kestrel derivative using much of the nav-attack system, and some detail design, from the P.1154. However, this subsonic V/STOL development was seen as very much a political consolation prize by the RAF and Hawker Siddeley. Both organisations were fully aware that the P.1127 had been rejected for operational purposes four years previously and, while it had matured a great deal since then, might only be developed in the short term to sweeten the bitter pill of the P.1154's cancellation.
By early 1965 over 5,000 men were directly employed on the P.1154, with more than 750,000 engineering hours expended and £25 million committed. With the development aircraft in assembly, and the forecast operational difficulties largely side-stepped, the cancellation of the P.1154 was a huge waste of potential. Although the TSR 2 was a triumph of 1950's technology, its prospects of being exported looked extremely poor due to its high costs and complexity. On the other hand, the P.1154 represented the last all-British entry in the key supersonic fighter market that has provided the bulk of exports for combat aircraft in the 1970's, 80's and 90's. At the time of its cancellation many countries were still pursuing the goal of survivable, effective airpower that aircraft such as the P.1154 offered. While the subsonic Harrier has proved modestly successful in the export field, the availability of the more capable P.1154 could have strengthened the customer base for V/STOL combat aircraft, providing a much greater success in the one area of aviation where Britain had genuinely led the world.


Battery Townsley was top secret in WWII, and was a casemated battery with two 16" caliber guns (aka battleship guns) that shot one ton armor-piercing shells 25 miles out to sea. Kaboom!
2 pages / 18 photos
Battery Townsley is just north of the Golden Gate, and stands guard over the entrance to the San Francisco Bay. Here we are looking south down the coast, with Rodeo Beach and Fort Cronkhite in the foreground.
Battery Townsley - 1938
The battery was constructed in 1938. It took almost two years, until the summer of 1940, to get the big guns and complex ready to fire rounds of live ammunition.
The battery had two main tunnels and a labyrinth of interconnected side bunkers.
These anchors were used to pull the big guns through the tunnels (the guns had to be replaced on a regular basis).
The metalwork in the battery complex is in a state of beautiful decay.
The artillery shells for the 16-inch caliber guns were huge.


This section provides the expert opinions on the matters related to judicial affairs especially with the fire arms, ammunitions and its parts related to any crime or criminal activity. Ballistics section receives the exhibits from the investigating officer being authorized by honorable court. Assistant Superintendent of Police(ASP, Inspectors and Sub-Inspectors of Police are working here as experts who examine the exhibits of firearms and ammunitions to ascertain whether a firearm is active or not and also an ammunition is alive or not. Digital Comparison Microscope and Automated Ballistics Identification System (ABIS) are the devices available in Ballistics Lab, Dhaka. Examination under comparison microscope and ABIS reveals whether all the fired bullets and fired cartridges have been fired from the same gun. Striking marks of the firing pin on the percussion cap of the fired cartridge collected from the scene if found matching under comparison microscope or on the ABIS with that on the sample fired from the suspected gun can safely be inferred that they have been fired from the same gun. If not matching they are not from the same gun. Same is the procedure for the identification of fired bullets. Another one Ballistics lab is in Chattogram of its kind.CID is in plan to set up ballistics lab in all divisional cities of Bangladesh in future.
Firing is done through bullet catcher Microscopic analysis of firing pin marks, Firing Pin Marks analysis (Side by Side).


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Air Interception radar like this Mk VIII version were fitted to Mosquitos and Beufighters. Too late for the blitz, but from 1942 onwards they kept Britains skies clear of German bombers and helped take the air offensive to Europe. 8500 such sets were manufacture by EKCO at its factory in Wiltshire. Further development continued after the war with them being fitted to jet interceptors like the Hawker Hunter. Tail mounted versions were also fitted to UKs V bombers.
3000 ASV (Anti Surface Vessel) radars were also developed and built which enabled the Fleet Air Arm to defeat Nazi U Boats.
A natural technological development of the wartime AI radar was systems that made enormous advances in the airliner safety, ie weather radar. As an apprentice draughtsman I was involved in the development of the advanced E390 system for the supersonic airliner, the Concorde.
in WAR and Peace
Development work on airborne radar began in 1939, and EKCO, because of its outstanding reputation for quality and innovation, was requested by the Air Ministry to participate in the research and development or AI (Air Interception) and ASV (Anti Surface Vessel) radars. Also radio sets were modified to listen to the enemy. These were used to intercept the Enigma codes being decrypted at Bletchley Park. All this was of course top secret work. Although under the Southend site a maze of bomb proof shelters was constructed, most of the wartime development and production was moved to a stately home near Malmsebury in Wiltshire, while in 1942 the large assembly plant in Southend was used for assembling wiring looms for Lancaster bombers.


If you’re sniper who likes to put in waiting around his prey, carrying extra pods of ammo is not a problem. However, as a person who likes to stay upon the move, remember sniper paintball guns are longer and in most cases somewhat larger than others, these a somewhat more cumbersome to wield. If you enjoy to hide wearing a ghillie suit as well, remember these types of can also be tricky if you want to move in quickly. After playing this location a few times, most players understand how much movement they like during a video game and cater their equipment to this.
These guns are in a position of slinging projectiles a good way which varies depending on the type, power source, and caliber on the gun. While today’s air guns much more expensive powerful in comparison to the older traditional bb guns that we most commonly think of, many individuals still prescribe using up to a.22 caliber gun can will be utilized to shoot anything other than small round.
First off, the pellet gun is nothing if difficult. You can carry it around with ease, it lacks the the nasty kick in all rifles and shotguns, and the sound produced is low enough techniques it doesn’t impact your hearing. No hearing protection is required and you might go home with the main ringing! More than that, having a shotgun or rifle fitting a young hunter is a hard not really impossible piece of work. Not so with the pellet / BB device. These guns are designed to be small and agile along with also isn’t lost on the youth.
You must act as your gun is always loaded and ready to fire despite the fact that it HUNTING air rifle for medium games GUN is definitely not. Keep checking the safety to it’s concerned with. Most of the time, people either considered that their gun wasn’t yet loaded, or they just ‘figured’ these people wouldn’t make an error in judgment. Accidents do occur, so don’t just figure that running without shoes can’t take place. When you’re not using your gun, make sure it’s not loaded. but always figure that it is.
Keep tabs on your dog so they does not get lost by using a dog tracking collar. This handy device will maintain your hunting dog from planning harm’s way while an individual might be training him for the hunt.
Everyone along with a BB gun will be engaging in simple target shooting. Popping cans or bottles can occupy an afternoon. How about rearranging your shooting challenges to interesting variety and also consider make which you better shots? Make up a game, where you advance the particular competition along the way.
The speed of a pellet varies with pounds of a pellet. The heaver a pellet may be the slower the incidence and vice versa. Additionally, air resistance determines speed also. There are various various types of pellets such as wad cutters, which are specific for target shooting and needed in competitions. Round nose pellets and crow magnum hollow heads are used for finest. They are heavier in weight and penetrate deeper. Crow magnums are good because podiatrists expand developing a larger hole as it enters the target, perfect for game regarding example rabbits and woodchucks.
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The shield charged with a drop bomb is from the shoulder sleeve insignia approved for the
Bomb Disposal School in 1942. The device was subsequently adopted for wear on a brassard
to identify bomb disposal personnel. The bomb, with point down, indicates a live bomb and
with the shield reflects the functions of ordnance personnel to safely dispose of live ordnance.
The specific criteria for award of the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Badges is included in AR 600-
8-22, all badges require assignment to specific TOE/TDA EOD positions and recommendation by
The Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, approved the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Specialist and the
Explosive Ordnance Disposal Supervisor Badges on 31 July 1957. In June 1969, the Master
EOD Badge was authorized. At the same time, the designation of the supervisors badge was
changed to Senior EOD Badge and the EOD Specialist Badge was changed to EOD Badge.
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U.S. District Choose Roger Benitez of San Diego dominated that the state’s definition of unlawful military-style rifles unlawfully deprives law-abiding Californians of weapons generally allowed in most different states and by the U.S. Supreme Courtroom.
“Beneath no degree of heightened scrutiny can the legislation survive,” Benitez mentioned. He issued a everlasting injunction in opposition to enforcement of the legislation however stayed it for 30 days to offer state Legal professional Common Rob Bonta time to attraction.
Gov. Gavin Newsom condemned the choice, calling it “a direct risk to public security and the lives of harmless Californians, interval.”
In his 94-page ruling, the decide spoke favorably of recent weapons, mentioned they have been overwhelmingly used for authorized causes.
“Just like the Swiss Military knife, the favored AR-15 rifle is an ideal mixture of dwelling protection weapon and homeland protection gear. Good for each dwelling and battle,” the decide mentioned in his ruling’s introduction.
That comparability “fully undermines the credibility of this choice and is a slap within the face to the households who’ve misplaced family members to this weapon,” Newsom mentioned in an announcement. “We’re not backing down from this struggle, and we’ll proceed pushing for frequent sense gun legal guidelines that may save lives.”
California first restricted assault weapons in 1989, with a number of updates to the legislation since then.
Assault weapons as outlined by the legislation are extra harmful than different firearms and are disproportionately utilized in crimes, mass shootings and in opposition to legislation enforcement, with extra ensuing casualties, the state legal professional basic’s workplace argued, and barring them “furthers the state’s essential public security pursuits.”
Additional, a surge in gross sales of greater than 1.16 million different sorts of pistols, rifles and shotguns within the final 12 months — greater than a 3rd of them to seemingly first-time consumers — present that the assault weapons ban “has not prevented law-abiding residents within the state from buying a variety of firearms for lawful functions, together with self-defense,” the state contended in a courtroom submitting in March.
Comparable assault weapon restrictions have beforehand been upheld by six different federal district and appeals courts, the state argued. Overturning the ban would permit not solely assault rifles, however issues like assault shotguns and assault pistols, state officers mentioned.
However Benitez disagreed.
“This case just isn’t about extraordinary weapons mendacity on the outer limits of Second Modification safety. The banned `assault weapons’ aren’t bazookas, howitzers, or machine weapons. These arms are harmful and solely helpful for army functions,” his ruling mentioned.
White Home says gun violence a difficulty U.S. ‘gained’t resolve in a single day’
Regardless of California’s ban, there at the moment are an estimated 185,569 assault weapons registered with the state, the decide mentioned.
“That is a median case about common weapons utilized in common methods for common functions,” the ruling mentioned. “One is to be forgiven if one is persuaded by information media and others that the nation is awash with murderous AR-15 assault rifles. The info, nonetheless, don’t help this hyperbole, and info matter.”
“In California, homicide by knife happens seven occasions extra typically than homicide by rifle,” he added.
In a preliminary ruling in September, Benitez mentioned California’s difficult authorized definition of assault weapons can ensnare in any other case law-abiding gun homeowners with legal penalties that amongst different issues can strip them of their Second Modification proper to personal firearms.
“The burden on the core Second Modification proper, if any, is minimal,” the state argued, as a result of the weapons can nonetheless be used _ simply not with the modifications that flip them into assault weapons. Modifications like a shorter barrel or collapsible inventory make them extra concealable, state officers mentioned, whereas issues like a pistol grip or thumbhole grip make them extra deadly by enhancing their accuracy as they’re fired quickly.
The lawsuit filed by the San Diego County Gun Homeowners Political Motion Committee, California Gun Rights Basis, Second Modification Basis and Firearms Coverage Coalition is amongst a number of by gun advocacy teams difficult California’s firearms legal guidelines, that are among the many strictest within the nation.
The lawsuit filed in August 2019 adopted a sequence of lethal mass shootings nationwide involving military-style rifles.
It was filed on behalf of gun homeowners who need to use high-capacity magazines of their authorized rifles or pistols, however mentioned they will’t as a result of doing so would flip them into unlawful assault weapons beneath California legislation. Not like army weapons, the semi-automatic rifles hearth one bullet every time the set off is pulled, and the plaintiffs say they’re authorized in 41 states.
California governor criticizes ‘lack of management’ by Trump, Congress over gun management after faculty capturing
The lawsuit mentioned California is “certainly one of solely a small handful states to ban most of the hottest semiautomatic firearms within the nation as a result of they possess a number of frequent traits, similar to pistol grips and threaded barrels,” steadily however not completely together with removable ammunition magazines.
The state is interesting Benitez’s 2017 ruling in opposition to the state’s practically two-decade-old ban on the gross sales and purchases of magazines holding greater than 10 bullets. That call triggered a weeklong shopping for spree earlier than the decide halted gross sales through the attraction. It was upheld in August by a three-judge appellate panel, however the ninth U.S. Circuit Courtroom of Appeals mentioned in March that an 11-member panel will rehear the case.
The state is also interesting Benitez’s choice in April 2020 blocking a 2019 California legislation requiring background checks for anybody shopping for ammunition.
Each of these measures have been championed by Newsom when he was lieutenant governor, they usually have been backed by voters in a 2016 poll measure.
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