Mr. John V. Parachini is a senior international policy analyst and director of the Cyber and Intelligence Policy Center at the RAND Corporation. This article draws from his testimony before the U.S. Congress in January that was last updated in early March.
Any major conflict on the Korean Peninsula would put thousands of lives at risk even if it were well short of a nuclear exchange. The conventional forces aligned along the 38th parallel, the border between North and South Korea, are formidable. If a conflict were to erupt short of a nuclear exchange, many fear North Korea might use chemical or biological weapons (CBW). While there is some confidence in the assessments of North Korea’s chemical weapons capabilities, comparatively little is known about its biological weapons capabilities. Lack of knowledge about North Korea’s biological weapons capabilities is not unique. Aside from the United States, the former Soviet Union, South Africa, and Iraq—countries that have disclosed the nature of their past biological weapons programs—comparatively little is known about other state biological weapons programs.
Biological weapons programs tend to be among the most closely guarded weapons programs in a country’s arsenal. By contrast, extensive documentation and histories of nuclear weapons programs exist for virtually all the known weapons states as well as those that abandoned such programs. In recent years, while North Korea (formally the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea or DPRK) has gone to great lengths to demonstrate to the world its nuclear and missile programs, the country has hidden whatever CBW it may possess. As the international community grapples with how to reduce tension on the Peninsula, re-assessing what is known about North Korea’s CBW program and considering options to minimize their role in the regime’s security calculous is an important addition to the complex set of issues that U.S. civilian and military leaders must consider. This article attempts to put in context what little is known about North Korea’s capabilities and offer some measures that might be taken to help curtail those capabilities.
Avoiding the “Iraq Moment” in North Korea
There are some parallels with what we knew about Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction (WMD) program before 2003. In the Iraq case, the United States knew a good deal about past efforts, but not much about the status of the program at the start of the 2003 military operation. Former Iraq President Saddam Hussein’s reluctance to openly disclose the abandonment of his WMD programs for fear of appearing weak to his own people, or historical enemies such as Iran or the United States, confused assessments of Iraq’s capabilities. Pretending to have capabilities he did not was hard to imagine.
In the case of North Korea, we know very little about either past or present CBW programs, plans, or intentions. The regime’s nuclear and missile programs would appear to provide a credible deterrent against an external military threat. It is certainly possible, however, that the technical sophistication necessary to develop a nuclear capability, has been applied to CBW for the contingency of a non-nuclear fight. Chemical and biological weapons do not require as much industrial infrastructure or unique materials as nuclear weapons programs. The conundrum facing U.S. policymakers and military leaders is that they cannot wait until the “enemy is at the gate,” the evidence is incontrovertible, and they are facing disaster before taking action. Conversely, hasty action can lead to a different form of disaster.
While it is important not to let attention to North Korea’s nuclear weapons obscure the potential dangers CBW capabilities may pose, it is equally important not to overstate those dangers. Doing so might create an Iraq-like moment where feared capabilities catalyze preemptive military action that turns out to be mistaken. In one of the most heavily armed regions of the world, miscalculating the threat, either by over or underestimating it, can divert precious resources and leadership time in unproductive, or even destructive directions. As the Iraq case illustrates, such a miscalculation can have unanticipated consequences and enduring costs long past the initial operational objective. Prioritizing among the threats posed by different weapons categories poses is essential and, in the case of the highly secretive DPRK, inherently difficult. The nuclear weapons threat is certainly our greatest concern, but in light of the recent heightened tension on the Peninsula, calibrating how CBW and conventional weapons factor into the military standoff is more important than it has been since the end of the Korean War.
Given the horrific effects these weapons capabilities might cause, even a modest capability must be taken seriously. Information sources, some of which are indirect and difficult to validate, have been diverse and inconsistent. Additionally, North Korean skill at denial and deception further complicates any assessment of actual capabilities. Nevertheless, estimating the threat of North Korean CBW capabilities is important for determining the appropriate use of U.S. and allied resources. It is important to hedge against even low-probability threats if they have high consequences. On the Peninsula, where any military confrontation risks escalating to the nuclear precipice, U.S. and international community efforts should aim to reduce the likelihood of CBW usage because of the potential for escalation to cross the nuclear threshold, as well as the mass death CBW would cause by themselves. This danger has become more acute as the United States Nuclear Posture Review states that the United States retains the option of responding to non-nuclear threats with nuclear weapons.1 Depending upon the context, any of North Korea’s non-nuclear military capabilities might trigger a nuclear retaliatory attack.
A Credible Threat That is Easy to Produce
Since North Korea’s chemical and biological programs are smaller and easier to embed in legitimate industrial production facilities they will be significantly harder to detect. Unlike nuclear tests, which generate seismic signatures, and missile launches, which can be detected via a variety of technical collection methods, CBW can be produced with some of the same production capabilities used for producing paint, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals.
There is some consensus that North Korea initiated work on chemical weapons in the 1960s and began producing them in volume in the early 1970s.2 Most estimates indicate that DPRK’s chemical weapon arsenal contains nerve agents, blister agents, blood agents, choking agents, and riot-control agents. Their stockpile of chemical weapons is estimated to range from 2,500 to 5,000 tons.3 This figure has not changed in more than a decade, which raises questions about its accuracy. Delivery methods are believed to include artillery projectiles, various types of rockets, aircraft, ballistic missiles, drones, and naval weapons systems.4 The same numbers are repeated in several scholarly articles thereafter without change, again raising the question of accuracy. It is possible that the regime produced and weaponized this quantity of chemical agent at one point and never modernized further. If this is the case the quality of the chemical agent may have degraded. Alternatively, the regime may have continued to modernize its chemical weapons arsenal, in which case these tonnage figures are too low. Early assessments questioned whether the tonnage figures referred to weaponized agent or agent stored in bulk containers.5 This underscores the number of unknowns even about a weapons capability that most analysts believe exists.
Some analysts believe that North Korea would use its chemical weapons to gain a quick strike advantage in the early stage of a ground conflict or as a retaliatory measure if the regime were on the verge of defeat.6 They suggest North Korea would use chemical weapons to degrade South Korean and U.S. ground operations and to terrorize the civilian population in South Korea. Depending upon the intensity of the conflict, North Korea might also launch ballistic missiles with chemical payloads against U.S. air bases in the region to suppress U.S. air support to combat operations on the Peninsula. These are two among several plausible scenarios against which U.S. and allied planners must hedge, despite their uncertainty.
The recent murder of Kim Jong-Un’s half-brother, Kim Jong Nam, with some form of VX nerve agent in Malaysia’s Kuala Lumpur airport offers some insight into the Kim regime’s willingness to use chemical weapons.7 Assassinations can be carried out through a variety of means, and other countries have assassinated people with chemicals and toxins.8 However, the context of this particular incident suggests the possibility that the means was selected not just for its lethal power: assassinating a regime adversary in such a public place with a chemical warfare agent may have been intended to send a message to the international community about the regime’s chemical weapons arsenal and its willingness to use it.
Much to Fear, but Not Much Evidence
Our information sources are inconsistent, often outdated, and generally insufficient. What other factors might explain why we know so little about North Korean biological weapons capabilities? First, as noted, the regime may be able to hide biological weapon development activities more effectively than its nuclear and missile activities because of the significantly smaller required infrastructure and their dual-use nature. Efforts to develop biological weapons can be undertaken in facilities smaller than the industrial facilities required to produce chemical warfare agents, let alone nuclear weapons. Second, the regime may have never pursued a biological weapons capability to the same extent as other capabilities due to the inherent challenges of effective program management. Though DPRK joined the Biological Weapons Convention by accession in 1987, its dubious record of compliance (or non-compliance) with international accords is not reassuring. Third, international experience of state biological weapons programs suggests they take considerable time, resources, and expertise to achieve even rudimentary levels of capability. Fourth, the regime may have dedicated more resources to other components of its military that showed potential for quicker and easier progress. Finally, the regime may only have defensive capabilities because it relies upon its nuclear capability for survival and does not view biological weapons as an effective deterrent.
In a 2012 white paper, the South Korean Ministry of National Defense (MND), assessed that North Korea “likely has the capability to produce a variety of biological weapons including anthrax, smallpox, plague, tularemia, and hemorrhagic fever virus,” but provided no supportive documentation or evidence.9 In 2016, the MND slightly altered the language to “sources indicate that North Korea is capable of cultivating and producing various types of biological agents such as anthrax, smallpox, and plague on its own.”10 Frankly, the same could be said for many other countries with industrial infrastructure similar to that of North Korea. The distinction, however, is the context of North Korea’s aggressive actions, frequent non-compliance with international agreements, and flagrant disregard for international norms.
The evidence of a DPRK biological program is comparable to that for North Korea’s nuclear, missile, and chemical, weapons programs. Defector reporting presents the most worrisome picture of the North Korean biological weapons program, but many of these reports are based on indirect or secondhand knowledge, repeat what has appeared in the open press, or are evidently inaccurate.11 During 2003–04 and again in 2009, several defectors claimed that North Korea tested biological agents on political prisoners.12 Given how the regime has brutalized its people and inflicted violence on opponents, these reports are plausible albeit difficult to verify.
Several independent analysts and assessments by the government of South Korea estimate that North Korea has a dozen biological agents. If true, this is more BW agents than either the United States or the former Soviet Union produced in their BW programs.13 There are reports that recent defectors have been vaccinated for anthrax, which has led to assertions that the regime has anthrax in its arsenal and is prepared to use it.14 We cannot rule out the possibility, however, such vaccinations might be a routine practice of North Korea’s defensive program. North Korea has argued for years that the United States attacked it with BW during the Korean War and fears the United States might again attack with BW. There is no credible evidence to substantiate North Korea’s claim or its current fear.
As evidence of U.S. preparations to conduct a BW attack, North Korea cites the U.S. military’s public acknowledgement that in 2015 it advertently sent live anthrax cultures to labs in the United States and to an American military base in South Korea.15 Shortly after the mishap, Kim Jong-Un visited Pyongyang Bio-technical Institute, a pesticide plant that could be a cover for a BW production facility.16 Images of the visit did not reveal the military security typical of known or suspected clandestine BW programs throughout history, nor did the images provide compelling evidence that the Institute was a BW facility cleaned up for show. The images did, however, reveal that the regime has obtained equipment that could be used perniciously, raising questions about North Korea’s compliance with UN sanctions and underscoring the difficulty of determining the true nature of capabilities that are inherently dual-use.
Recent unclassified U.S. Government threat assessments have shed little if any light on any North Korean biological weapons program; in some instances, these assessments have changed without clear explanation. A threat assessment by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 1997 indicated that North Korea was “capable of supporting a limited [biological weapons] effort.”17 In 2005, then CIA Director Porter Goss reported that “North Korea has active [chemical weapons] and [biological weapons] programs and probably has chemical and possibly biological weapons ready for use.”18 Since 2014, the U.S. Intelligence Community’s unclassified assessments on BW have dropped North Korea from the list of suspect programs. In 2014 Director of National Intelligence (DNI) James Clapper only singled out Syria as having “some elements” of a biological warfare program that had “advanced beyond the research and development stage.”19 One year later, DNI Clapper did not cite any biological weapons programs of concern.20 Current DNI, Daniel Coats, also failed to mention any biological programs in his first World Wide Threat testimony—an annual requirement—before Congress in May.21
What circumstances or conditions might have changed between the earlier and the latest threat assessments? New information might have merited an update to the analytic line. Alternatively, given how the Kim regime shrouds its weapons programs in secrecy, some things might have been misinterpreted that were subsequently clarified. The known program may not be sufficiently significant to highlight. Another possibility is the information the DNI has cannot be revealed in open forums. Thus, while it may be tempting to take comfort in the diminished threat perception of the most recent assessments, there are many factors mitigating against greater confidence. Alas, the international community remains largely, and disconcertingly, in the dark.
CBW and Nuclear Support for Other State and Non-State Programs
North Korea is known to provide military assistance to demonstrate solidarity with its allies.22 The regime’s collaboration with Iran and Syria on their missile programs, with Hamas and Hezbollah on conventional weapons, with Syria on a nuclear reactor, and allegedly with Syria on chemical weapons development, all combine to heighten international concern that North Korea is willing to proliferate unconventional weapons and capabilities.
North Korean support of Syria’s nuclear aspirations is the most extensive and disconcerting example of such proliferation that is in clear violation of the international norm. In the wake of the Israeli bombing of the North Korean–designed and built nuclear reactor, Syrians failed to acknowledge its destruction.23 Their reluctance to publicly acknowledge the existence of the reactor fostered suspicion that it was intended for a clandestine nuclear program. To dispel any question about the nature of the nuclear reactor former CIA Director Michael Hayden in an op-ed from 2011 said that he told the U.S. President that the al-Kibar reactor North Koreans helped build for Syria “was part of a nuclear weapons program.”24 North Korean and Syrian decade-long cooperation on the reactor is indicative of the extent to which the North Korean regime is willing to violate international norms to support its allies and generate revenue.
There are also reports that North Korea has helped Syria with its CW program.25 Press reporting indicates that a forthcoming report from a UN Panel of Experts will provide greater detail on North Korean assistance to Syria’s chemical weapons capabilities that it only alluded to in a single paragraph on Syria in a 2013 report.26 According to that report, Syria-bound ships from North Korea were interdicted and seized items included defensive chemical warfare equipment, such as protective clothing and chemical antidotes.27 Press accounts revealed that one of the interdictions involved a Libya-flagged ship that was stopped by Turkish authorities while passing through the Dardanelles.28 There are reports of similar shipments of equipment seized by Greek and South Korean authorities back in 2009.29
Although North Korea is known to have provided conventional weapons to Hamas and Hezbollah, either directly or via Iran, as well as tunneling equipment and training, no evidence has yet surfaced that it transferred nuclear, chemical, or biological capabilities to any non-state actors such as Hamas or Hezbollah.30 The regime appears at least to have respected the international norm prohibiting transference of unconventional weapons to non-state actors.
Potential Measures to Curtail North Korea’s CBW Capabilities
There are no “silver bullet” solutions to the threat that any North Korean CBW capabilities would pose. However, there are measures that may help to limit the desire of the Kim regime to expand its actual or latent CBW programs, to deter and reduce potential effectiveness of those programs against South Korea, and to re-enforce global norms against the production and use of poison, disease, and bacteria as weapons.
Promote Transparency via Reassurance
A recent proposal designed to decrease North Korea’s security concerns, be they real or imagined, may also provide an opportunity to increase transparency regarding its chemical and biological weapons activities. The United States has pressed China to influence North Korea without much success. Tension on the Peninsula is rising to such a level that the international community may need to do more than to urge China to uphold its sanctions commitments and to press the North Korean regime to cease its nuclear and missile tests. The prospect of a meeting between the U.S. President and North Korea’s Supreme leader will hopefully reduce tension, but there is always a risk that tension may rise. If tension escalates to the brink of war, one dramatic and unconventional option to consider to avoid militarily intensive conflict may also provide an opportunity to achieve greater transparency on North Korea’s CBW capabilities. Alton Frye, a long-time analyst and adviser to senior U.S. officials, recently suggested that China could station 30,000 troops in North Korea to reassure the regime of its survival.31 This is the equivalent number of troops the United States has stationed in South Korea as a deterrent against DPRK aggression and to reassure the South Korean Government of the United States’ commitment to its security. Another function of the Chinese forces could be to verify the regime’s compliance with the Biological Weapons Convention and evaluate the security of its chemical weapons capabilities. This proposal assumes away potential complications such as how North Korea, South Korea, or the United States might not want Chinese troops on DPRK soil. Additionally, the Chinese leadership might not want to be seen as an occupying state. Yet, if the alternative that hangs in the balance is a major war that could escalate to a nuclear exchange, all parties in the regime may welcome a confidence building measure that is hard to imagine now. Interested parties should look for opportunities to suggest transparency measures as bi-products of any initiatives that shift relations on the Korean Peninsula.
Help South Korea with CB Defenses
Helping South Korea bolster the chemical and biological defenses of its armed forces and civilian population near the DMZ can strengthen deterrence by denial. If the South Korean armed forces have better chemical weapons protective gear, and train more to operate in a battlespace contaminated by chemical warfare agents, North Korea may be less inclined to use chemical weapons. Given the size of the civilian population this will be difficult to accomplish on a nationwide basis in South Korea, so it should by no means be considered a solution to the threat. However, South Korea might look to Israel as an example of how a state might prepare to mitigate the effects of a possible chemical weapons attack.
While North Korean chemical weapons are a more immediate threat to South Korea, additional bio-defensive measures might serve a similar purpose. There are reports that the South Korean armed forces intend to vaccinate members for anthrax next year. Improving South Korea’s disease surveillance capabilities serves a public health benefit by helping to detect any future outbreak of a SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) or MERS (Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome)-like epidemic or a biological weapons attack. The United States and South Korea have cooperated on the deployment of the Joint United States–Korea Portal and Integrated Threat Recognition (JUPITR) program, which provides a biosurveillance capability that speeds up the detection of biological threats from days to hours.32 The deployment of this system or some other biosurveillance system has a potentially important dual-use benefit.
Call for a No-First-Use of CBW Pledge on the Peninsula
South Korea, the United States, other members of the Six-Party Talks, or the UN Security Council should call for a pledge of no-first-use of CBW on the Peninsula. Since South Korea is a member of both the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, and does not have offensive chemical or biological weapons programs, a pledge of no-first-use is a benefit for South Korea without any military downside. Since North Korea has publicly stated that it is a member of the Biological Weapons Convention when challenged about its biological weapons capabilities and asserted that it “does not develop, produce and stockpile chemical weapons and opposes chemical weapons themselves”, there is at least some acknowledgement that these are taboo weapons.33 Until there is greater transparency on the Kim regime’s dual-use facilities, its claims will be suspect. Nonetheless, highlighting concerns about CBW on the Peninsula and how they would complicate a potential conflict may encourage restraint on the part of North Korea. Finally, while North Korea’s nuclear and missile programs are its most threatening military capabilities and warrant enduring international pressure for restraint, shifting some of the focus to other military capabilities may provide an opportunity for some arms control dialogue.
North Korea may not be willing to engage in any dialogue about its actual or latent CBW any more than it has with its nuclear and ballistic missile capabilities. However, there is a broader international audience to underscore the taboo on CBW production and use. The taboo on the production and use of chemical weapons has eroded considerably in the Middle East following the Iran–Iraq war in the 1980s, Iraqi use against the Kurds in the 1990s, and Syrian use against regime opponents in the past five years. Introducing the idea of a no-first-use of CBW pledge on the Korean Peninsula may start a process that leads to greater restraint and some transparency. The taboo can extend beyond production and use to also include transfer to third parties.
North Korea’s actual and latent CBW capabilities are an underexamined and imperfectly understood factor in the military tinderbox on the Peninsula. In contrast to the ways the Kim regime has highlighted its nuclear and ballistic missile capabilities, it has largely shrouded its chemical and biological capabilities in secrecy. Its chemical weapons capabilities are the higher priority threat as they are easier to produce in volume than biological weapons, and the regime has never embraced the CWC. The regime’s biological weapons capabilities are less understood, are less certain to be effective during warfighting, and are probably less developed. Moreover, the regime has at least joined the BWC by accession, although its credibility in adhering to agreements does not inspire confidence. Both weapons capabilities warrant enduring vigilance, as North Korea has proven that it can surprise the international community with rapid advances in its military capabilities. PRISM
1 Office of the Secretary of Defense, Nuclear Posture Review, February 2018, 33, available at <https://media.defense.gov/2018/Feb/02/2001872886/-1/-1/1/2018-NUCLEAR-POSTURE-REVIEW-FINAL-REPORT.PDF>.
2 International Crisis Group, “North Korea’s Chemical and Biological Weapons Programs,” Asia Report, No. 167, June 18, 2009, available at <https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/north-east-asia/korean-peninsula/north-korea-s-chemical-and-biological-weapons-programs>.
3 For an excellent review of issues associated with the sourcing on North Korea’s chemical and biological weapons programs see, Elisa D. Harris, “Threat Reduction and North Korea’s CBW Programs,” The Nonproliferation Review, Fall–Winter 2004. See also, Sonia Ben Ouagrham-Gormley, “Potemkin or real? North Korea’s biological weapons program,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, January 11, 2018, available at <https://thebulletin.org/potemkin-or-real-north-korea’s-biological-weapons-program10957>.
4 International Crisis Group, 2009; See also Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., “North Korea’s Chemical Warfare Capabilities,” 38 North, October 10, 2013, available at <http://www.38north.org/2013/10/jbermudez101013>; and Kyle Mizokami, “Everything You Need to Know: North Korea’s Chemical Weapons Are No Joke,” National Interest, August 10, 2017, available at <http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/everything-you-need-know-north-koreas-chemical-weapons-are-21849>.
5 Gordon M. Burke and Charles C. Floweree, International Handbook on Chemical Weapons Proliferation, (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press), 1991.
6 International Crisis Group, “North Korea’s Chemical and Biological Weapons Programs,” Asia Report, No. 167, June 18, 2009, p., 8, available at <https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/north-east-asia/korean-peninsula/north-korea-s-chemical-and-biological-weapons-programs>. See also, Kyle Mizokami,“Everything You Need to Know: North Korea’s Chemical Weapons Are No Joke,” The National Interest, August 2017, available at <http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/everything-you-need-know-north-koreas-chemical-weapons-are-21849>.
7 For an account of how the attack was likely conducted, see Doug Bock Clark, “The Untold Story of Kim Jong-nam’s Assassination,” GQ, September 25, 2017, available at <https://www.gq.com/story/kim-jong-nam-accidental-assassination>.
8 Nick Holdsworth and Robert Mendick, “Prime Suspect in Georgi Markov ‘umbrella poison’ murder tracked down to Austria,” The Telegraph, March 23, 2013, available at <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9949856/Prime-suspect-in-Georgi-Markov-umbrella-poison-murder-tracked-down-to-Austria.html>. For another example see, Griff Witte and Michael Birnbaum, “Putin implicated in fatal poisoning of former KGB officer at London hotel,” Washington Post, January 21, 2016, available at <https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/putin-implicated-in-fatal-poisoning-of-former-kgb-spy-at-posh-london-hotel/2016/01/21/2c0c5052-bf92-11e5-98c8-7fab78677d51_story.html?utm_term=.addd9ddee625>.
9 Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Korea, “2012 Defense White Paper,” (December 2012), 36, available at <https://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/ROK_2012_White_Paper.pdf>.
10 Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Korea, “2016 Defense White Paper,” 34, available at <http://www.mnd.go.kr/user/mndEN/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201705180357180050.pdf>.
11 Elisa D. Harris, “Threat Reduction and North Korea’s CBW Programs, The Nonproliferation Review, (Fall–Winter 2004), 91.
12 Bruce Bennett, “The Challenge of North Korean Biological Weapons,” testimony presented before the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee on Intelligence, Emerging Threats and Capabilities, October 11, 2013, available at <https://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CT401.html>. See also Bermudez, 2013.
13 Elisa D. Harris, “Threat Reduction and North Korea’s CBW Programs, The Nonproliferation Review, (Fall–Winter 2004), 90.
14 Sofia Lotto Persio, “North Korean Soldier had ‘Anthrax Antibodies,’ Raising Concerns Over Pyongyang’s Biological Weapons Plans,” Newsweek, December 12, 2017, available at <http://www.newsweek.com/north-korean-soldier-who-defected-may-have-been-vaccinated-against-anthrax-759919>. See also, Patrick Knox, “War and Pestilence: Defected North Koren soldier ‘vaccinated’ against Anthrax amid fears Kim Jong-un plans to use bio-Weapons to spread lethal infectious disease,” The Sun, December 26, 2017, available at <https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/5213774/defected-north-korea-soldier-vaccinated-anthrax-kim-jong-un-bio-weapons/>.
15 Sara Reardon, “US Military Accidently Ships Live Anthrax to Labs, Nature, May 28, 2015, available at <https://media.defense.gov/2018/Feb/02/2001872886/-1/-1/1/2018-NUCLEAR-POSTURE-REVIEW-FINAL-REPORT.PDF>. See also, Patrick Tucker, “This is Why The Army Sent Anthrax to South Korea, Australia, and 11 States, Defense One, May 29, 2015, available at <http://www.defenseone.com/technology/2015/05/why-army-sent-anthrax-south-korea/114094/>; Barbara Starr, “Army may have shipped live anthrax to Australia, CNN, May 29, 2015, available at < https://www.cnn.com/2015/05/27/politics/live-anthrax-us-military-sent-inadvertently/index.html>.
16 Melissa Hanham, “Kim Jong Un Tours Pesticide Facility Capable of Producing Biological Weapons: A 38 North Special Report,” 38 North, (July 9, 2015), available at <http://www.38north.org/2015/07/mhanham070915>.
17 Central Intelligence Agency, “Report of Proliferation-Related Acquisition in 1997,” last updated June 19, 2013, available at <https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/report-of-proliferation-related-acquisition-in-1997.html#North-Korea>.
18 Porter J. Goss, “Global Intelligence Challenges 2005: Meeting Long-Term Challenges with a Long-Term Strategy,” (February 16, 2005), available at <https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/2005/Goss_testimony_02162005.html>.
19 James R. Clapper, “Statement for the Record: U.S. Intelligence Community Worldwide Threat Assessment,” January 29, 2014, available at <https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Intelligence%20Reports/2014%20WWTA%20%20SFR_SSCI_29_Jan.pdf>.
20 James R. Clapper, “Statement for the Record: US Intelligence Community Worldwide Threat Assessment,” February 26, 2015, available at <https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Unclassified_2015_ATA_SFR_-_SASC_FINAL.pdf>.
21 Daniel R. Coats, “Statement for the Record: US Intelligence Community Worldwide Threat Assessment,” May 11, 2017, available at <https://www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/congressional-testimonies/item/1757-statement-for-the-record-worldwide-threat-assessment-of-the-u-s-intelligence-community-before-the-ssci>.
22 Bruce E. Bechtol Jr., “North Korea and Syria: Partners in Destruction and Violence,” The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, vol. 27, no. 3 (September 2015), 277-92.
23 David Makovsky, “The Silent Strike: How Israel bombed a Syrian nuclear installation and kept it secret,” The New Yorker, September 17, 2012, available at <https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/09/17/the-silent-strike>.
24 Michael V. Hayden, “Correcting the Record About that Syrian Nuclear Reactor,” The Washington Post, September 22, 2011, available at <https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/correcting-the-record-about-that-syrian-nuclear-reactor/2011/09/22/gIQA1xZtoK_story.html?utm_term=.b6692ab3a4d4>.
25 Michael Schwirtz, “U.N. Links North Korea to Syria’s Chemical Weapons Program,” New York Times, February 27, 2018, available at <https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/27/world/asia/north-korea-syria-chemical-weapons-sanctions.html>. See also, Edith M. Lederer, “UN Experts Link North Korea to Syria’s Chemical Weapons Programs,” Chicago Tribune, February 27, 2018, available at <http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-north-korea-syria-chemical-weapons-20180227-story.html>.
26 UN Panel of Experts. Note by the President of the Security Council, United Nations Security Council, S/2017/742, September 5, 2017.
27 UN Panel of Experts. Note by the President of the Security Council, United Nations Security Council, S/2012/442, June 14, 2012, p. 28. See also, Bruce E. Bechtol Jr., “North Korea and Syria,” 277–92.
28 Barbara Demick, “North Korea Tried to Ship Gas Masks to Syria, Report Says,” Los Angeles Times, August 27, 2013, available at <http://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/27/world/la-fg-wn-north-korea-syria-gas-masks-20130827>.
29 Military and Security Developments Involving the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 2012, (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary of Defense), 23. See also, Bermudez, 2013.
30 Bruce E. Bechtol Jr., “North Korea and Syria,” 277–92. See also, Carl Anthony Wege, “The Hizballah-North Korean Nexus,” Small Wars Journal (2011),1-8. See also,:Bermudez, 2013.
31 Alton Frye, “China Should Send 30,000 Troops into North Korea,” Foreign Policy, November 28, 2017, available at <http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/11/28/china-should-send-30000-troops-into-north-korea-symmetrical-reassurance/>.
32 Hyun-Kyung Kim, Elizabeth Philipp, and Hattie Chung, “The Known and Unknown: North Korea’s Biological Weapons Program,” Harvard Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs October 2017), available at <https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/2017-10/North%20Korea%20Biological%20Weapons%20Program.pdf>. See also Kevin McCaney, “JUPITR Integrates All Threats into One Early Warning System,” Defense Systems (December 8, 2015), available at <https://defensesystems.com/articles/2015/12/08/army-jupitr-chem-bio-base-protection.aspx>.
33 “North Korea Denies Chemical Weapons Link with Syria: State Media,” Reuters, March 1, 2018, available at <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-syria/north-korea-denies-chemical-weapons-link-with-syria-state-media-idUSKCN1GD6IZ>.


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On medicine and the bomb essay
based on 266 student reviews
On medicine and the bomb essay
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On medicine and the bomb essay
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BDC reticles and turrets come in flavors by type of cartridge, such as 22LR, 5.56 NATO, 7.62 NATO, 300 BLK, 6.5 Creedmoor, etc. When shooting uphill or downhill, you must adjust your drop adjustment relative to shooting across flat ground. Standardized barometric pressure is the value most typically found in weather reports, because it makes it easier to compare weather conditions between locations at different altitudes. In the example toolkits that follow, each system addresses the key elements of finding a firing solution: Everyone should learn the old school way. This is a complete solution suitable for long range, even extreme long range, with precise calculations for elevation and windage. Email me at [email protected] or connect with me on Reddit or Facebook. You can quickly determine the right spot of your target with these few steps of adjustment in your rifle scope. Notes: Used for elevation and windage adjustment on Troy Battle sights; Works with standard and HK-style front sights; Will also work with AR-15 standard front sights Hornady 4DOF solver. Turrets are the adjustment knobs on the top and side or sides of your scope. Sight Installation & Adjustment Tools; You last purchased this product on . Adjusting Elevation. This method makes no adjustment for spin drift, so add one click left for every 250 yards. Fig. It is indicated by directional arrows on turret dial. Shooters may use maps and/or satellite imagery of your shooting area and plot the positions of the target and firing position to determine range. You could probably adjust them in a way to give you more windage, but then your sight might be canted. Obviously, this works great for shooting ranges, but isn't viable for most hunting applications. This tool is used to adjust windage and elevation. The Windage Base is a 2 piece unit the bottom portion of the windage base mounts to your base plate the top portion is machined flat and parallel within .001 , with all mounting threads and adjustment marks machined perpendicular at very tight tolerances . Adjust Front Sight, Both Side to Side & Up and Down. The notch on the end of the screw is used to grab the front sight post and twist it to move it up and down for elevation. Click the following links to learn more about scope brand-specific offerings for custom dials: Kenton Industries makes custom turrets for the following brands: An alternative to replacing the elevation dial on your scope with a custom-etched BDC dial is to simply wrap a sticker or label around your existing dial that reflects your desired drop chart data. Thread starter jab00; Start date Jul 27, 2020; Forums. Be very careful not to confuse station pressure and standardized barometric pressure, as these values can be signficantly different at higher altitudes. WeatherFlow WEATHERmeter for Precision Shooting, Caldwell Cross Wind Professional Wind Meter, Red Frog outing - sage rats and long range precision rifle in Silver Lake, Oregon, Long-range first focal plane (FFP) rifle scopes, Mid-range first focal plane (FFP) rifle scopes, Leupold FFP scopes - Buyer's guide for long range shooters, Precision rifle scopes for PRS/NRL competitions, Best rimfire scopes for varmint hunting under $500 (2020), Rifle scopes and red dots with shake-awake illumination, Projectile characteristics, such as G1 or G7 ballistic coefficients (or custom drag model), diameter, weight, and length, Rifle characteristics, such as zero range, sight height, and barrel twist rate, Inclination (uphill/downhill angle of the shot), Density altitude (a function of station barometric pressure, temperature, and humidity), Latitude and compass azimuth of the shot (for Coriolis effects), Using reticle subtensions to measure targets of known size (sometimes referred to as. It's difficult because it can be hard to hold the reticle still enough to take a precise measurement, or in the case of hunting, to get a precise measurement of an animal that won't hold still. Aerodynamic jump: For a bullet with right-hand spin, the gyroscopic response to a force (crosswind) applied from the right will push the bullet up, and a force applied from the left will push the bullet down. In competition settings, it is common to see competitors using a Kestrel meter with an on-board ballistic solver. But if you change the range to 50 yards then the point of impact will be too high. When using Google Earth or or BallisticsARC, you will need Internet connectivity to access maps and imagery. Dimensions: 2 inches wide x 2.5 inches tall . See Fig. The Sig Sauer Sierra6BDX-series of rifle scopes deserve an honorable mention, because while they aren't equipped a ballistic solver, they are designed to pair via BlueTooth with a Sig Sauer BDX laser rangefinder to display an aiming dot for the ballistic solution calculated by the BDX laser rangefinder that is equipped with a ballistic solver. Inclination: When shooting uphill or downhill, you must decrease your drop adjustment relative to shooting across flat ground. If your ballistic solver includes adjustments for Coriolis effects, and you have a compass or a device with a compass embedded into it, you can enter the shot's azimuth (compass heading) into the solver to adjust for the Coriolis effect. However, if it is an option, I recommend that you collect dope and true your own ballistic calculator, then provide your desired drop chart to the dial maker. Vertical adjustments are called "elevation" adjustments. No batteries, no phones, no Internet, just your rifle scope, dope book, some paper drop charts, and a MilDot Master. Coriolis (and Eötvös) effects: These effects result in a very slight deflection of the bullet from the point of aim caused the rotation of the Earth while the bullet is in flight. Available on the Kestrel 2700 meter. With a positive angle of attack, wind forces push on the underside of the bullet. Leave the other set screw in place to maintain the windage adjustment. Pick one now. Adjust the elevation. Install upper halves and secure. I would think windage should be really close with moving from one rifle to the next even if not centered. On the A2/M4, the windage adjustment became an easy to manipulate knob. It has prongs that are located on both ends for the designated sight you have. Delivery details. To adjust, move the … Press J to jump to the feed. Loosen one of the windage set screws. We suggest that it is firmly attached to a base. The bullet’s ballistic coefficient (or custom drag model) and the density altitude will determine the rate at which the bullet loses velocity to drag. Click here or here for in-depth reviews of wrist watches with environmental sensors. On the replacement custom ballistic dial, instead of the dial numbers representing simple integer increments of MOA or MRAD, the numbers displayed on the circumference of the dial are for hundreds of yards (or meters) of distance to target. Turn the windage knob that number of clicks. Once you collect several data points of dope, you can use it to true up the estimates of the ballistic calculator to improve your confidence in estimates for ranges/conditions that you don't have dope for. Bullet weight, caliber, and ballistic coefficient (e.g., 140 grain 6.5mm ELD-M with a G7 ballistic coefficient of 0.326), Elevation/standard barometric pressure/temperature/humidity OR station pressure/temperature/humidity OR simply density altitude. In other words what does “Up” do on elevation turret and what does “Down” do on the turret? Density altitude is the standardized measure for describing air density, and is the atmospheric value used by ballistic solvers in their calculations. Observation & Sighting Devices . This property of angular momentum is why bicycles resist tipping over when their wheels are turning. After marking a sight adjustment, shoot another group and see if the center of your group is in the center of the target. Coriolis effects vary by compass heading and latitude. Supports three gun profiles. Applied Ballistics Elite solver (adds custom drag models, truing, range card screen, and up to 30 gun profiles). It's worth noting here that Applied Ballistics has three versions of their solver that will appear in a number of different tools in this article: There are a variety of phone app ballistic calculators, but these are the most popular: A number of the laser rangefinders have built-in basic ballistic calculators. Easily and accurately adjust your front sight with this front sight adjustment tool specially design for SKS and 7.62x39 rifles. 3): But when you fire a bullet at the target, then it lands on somewhere close to the target but not on the desired point of impact.The bullet follows the projectile trajectory that can never be a flat line. Material: Carbon steel construction. The turret tells us that going clockwise takes us to the right. There's a surprising variety of tools and techniques that long range shooters use to determine the drop and wind adjustments required to hit a target a long range. This ballistic curve requires us to perform an alignment. Watch sensors typically measure the most important environmental values, station pressure and temperature, but most do not measure humidity. Drop due to gravity (and time of flight) depends on muzzle velocity, range to target, inclination, the bullet’s ballistic coefficient (or custom drag model), density altitude, and wind speed/direction. This alignment is called Zeroing. This adjusting process helps you get the clean and accurate shots. Now it is important to read the scope turret to know per click value. Now, we have to figure out which direction we need to go. Usually, the turret to the side of your scope is what adjusts the windage or the left right. This makes me think that the purpose was to adjust for the rifle's left/right misalignment, not for wind. Manufactured from carbon steel and boasting a black oxide finish, the AK-47 front sight adjustment tool is useful in adjusting both the windage and elevation for the front sight on your SKS, AK-47 or other Kalashnikov-patterned rifle. The GunWerks G7, Sig Sauer Kilo 2400 ABS, and Trijicon Ventus X laser rangefinders deserve special mention because they are equipped with "competition-grade" ballistic solvers. This tool is used to adjust windage and elevation. Without dope, your ballistic calculator's estimates are just good guesses. © 2020 Copyright Rat Patrol Sage Rat Safaris, Inc. All rights reserved. Adjust Front Sight, Both Side to Side & Up and Down. This is the same effect that causes hurricanes to spin counter clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Adjust the windage further until the point of aim meets the point of impact. Easily and accurately adjust your front sight with this front sight adjustment tool specially design for SKS Material: Carbon steel construction Distant objects on the Earth’s surface in the East will appear to rise as they rotate toward you, and objects in the West will appear to set. There is a windage turret, which is the left and right movement, and an elevation turret, which is the up and down movement. Humidity is almost an optional value, because 0 to 100% relative humidity changes air density by less than 1%. When this happens, the erector tube holding the reticle “free floats” and you have Point of Impact issues. Some options for creating custom dial labels include: Capturing accurate air density information is vital for obtaining accurate solutions from your ballistic solver. The Projectile trajectory is actually an arc or curve that is also called Ballistic curve. The OnX Hunt phone app is extremely popular with hunters because maps can be downloaded in advance and will work in areas without cell signal. The Coriolis effect causes projectiles to be deflected to the right (with respect to the direction of travel) in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Ran out of Windage Adjustment While Boresighting. Available on the Kestrel 5700 Ballistics meter. In second/rear focal plane scopes, reticle subtensions (if any) are only accurate at a particular magnification setting, typically maximum zoom. A BDC turret or reticle is essentially a stripped-down ballistic calculator. In shooters' language, windage means lateral, or horizontal, adjustment of the point where a properly-aimed, properly-fired shot impacts the target. The Improved Rifleman's Rule provides better results than the Rifleman's Rule at longer ranges. Minuteman. If you have Internet connectivity at your shooting location, some of the smartphone ballistic calculator apps enable you to download atmospheric data from a nearby weather station. For reasons I don't understand, the sight also has elevation markings on the underneath side of the sight. Steiner and Vectronix have laser rangefinders that will display the ballistic solutions calculated by Kestrel 5700 meters connected via BlueTooth. Adjust Front Sight, Both Side to Side & Up and Down. The Troy Industries Battle Sight Adjustment tool is made for easy adjustment of elevation on Troy front sight assemblies and windage adjustment on Troy rear sight assemblies. Buyer's guide to laser rangefinders for hunters and long range shooters. TAPCO Windage and Elevation Tool AK-47, SKS Product Family #: 1007352221; Product #: 517461; Manufacturer #: 16793; UPC #: 751348002088; Loading image... Our price $21.99 0 at this price. Laser Sight Windage and Elevation Adjustment Demo - YouTube It is important to realize that you are performing an alignment. Then your desired point of impact through your scope would be a straight line. Payment Delivery details Terms of sales About us Contact us. Most, but not … If you like formulas and trigonometry, click here for a detailed analysis of adjusting for inclined shots. Because capturing the compass azimuth of each shot can be tedious and the magnitude of these effects are so small (something like one click per 1000 yards), many shooters elect to disable the Coriolis corrections in their ballistic apps. Kestrel weather meters are very popular with long range competitors and hunters, and come with and without built-in ballistic calculation capabilities (see the section on weather meters for a review of the Kestrel meters without ballistic calculators). The magnitude of these effects at 1000 yards is approximately 1 MOA right (spin drift), and either ½ MOA up/down in a 10 MPH cross wind (aerodynamic jump). This could be used to adjust for wind. I usually bore scope by looking through bore and adjusting cross hairs and i agree that it should be pretty close or at least on paper if it were dead on with first rifle. By memorizing these simple elevation/windage rules of thumb, you are prepared for a worst-case scenario when all of your carefully prepared records or hi-tech tools aren’t available. First of all, you need to understand what happens when you adjust the elevation turret on your rifle scope. A tail wind effectively increases your muzzle velocity, and a head wind reduces it. We Prefer Paypal. Read this thread on SnipersHide about why data books are so important. You would also need to apply high temp thread locker on the screws to prevent them from backing out, and causing problems later. Use your smartphone ballistic calculator app: the app will use your phone's internal positional sensor to measure the incline, simply place your smartphone flat on the top of the scope's elevation turret (while aimed at the target). The Coriolis effect is greatest at the poles and null at the Equator. Move the point of impact in down by adjusting the elevation turret in the down direction. It tells that one click is a quarter minute because at a 100 yards one minute is about an inch.If we want to move one minute (MOA) to the left then how many clicks would that be? Spin drift: When the bullet leaves the muzzle, the bullet’s axis initially matches its trajectory, but as gravity bends the trajectory, the bullet develops a positive angle of attack (the tip of the bullet pointed above the trajectory). Heavier bullets resist changes in the direction of their momentum more than lighter bullets. Today, we are gonna talk about how to adjust windage and elevation on a scope. Weaver Sure Grip Windage Adjustable Detachable Aluminum Scope Rings (4-Screws) - 1" Medium, Matte. Be sure to move the windage knob, which moves the rear aperture, in the same direction you want your shot group to move. Just dial the range on the BDC turret or hold the range in the BDC reticle and shoot. Warpage analysis allows you to make windage adjustments to the shape of the mold without actually cutting steel. The adjustment tool is used primarily to push your front sight post side to side for windage (this is gonna be a must if you own a WASR!). Ballistic calculations are for when you don't have dope (new range, new weather, new elevation, new ammunition, etc.). Elevation/altitude (not required if using station pressure, required if using standardized barometric pressure). Imagine that you could float just above the Earth in a stationary frame of reference while the Earth rotates below you. Designed on request by military services deployed overseas, our windage and elevation sight tool is the strongest on the market today. Payment. Marked TAPCO USA and stamped with our CAGE Code … Applied Ballistics Ultralight solver. There are a number of different ways to explain how to adjust windage and elevation on a scope but this was written as a very simplistic guide. Adjusting the windage and elevation is the first step for using your rifle. On the original M16, the windage adjustment was with a wheel that required a tool or bullet tip to move. So, you can use either clicks or hash marks to determine how much you are adjusting the scope. To quantify the wind’s net effect on muzzle velocity, measure the angle of the wind perpendicular to the trajectory, and apply the cosine of that angle to the wind speed. Because targets in the East are rising, shots to the East will be low, and because targets in the West are setting, shots to the West will be high. Longer and larger diameter bullets have more surface area for the wind to push on than smaller bullets. The Rifleman's Rule uses the equivalent horizontal range (EHR) instead of the line of sight range (LOS) when adjusting for drop. The Up on the scope turret moves the point of impact up and down on the scope turret moves the point of impact down.Another question is that when you do the elevation adjustment, are you move the scope in relation to the rifle or move the rifle in relation to the scope? For a bullet with right-hand spin, the gyroscopic response to the force applied to the underside of the bullet will push the bullet to the right. This page contains affiliate links where I earn on qualifying purchases at no cost to you (thank you for your support!). When shooting uphill or downhill, you must adjust your drop adjustment relative to shooting across flat ground. Available on the Kestrel 5700 Hornady 4DOF meter. Unless you know the range to your target, ballistic calculations can't help you estimate bullet drop. I am a licensed outfitter/guide in Oregon, where we offer all-inclusive guncation experiences ranging from varmint hunting, to practical rifle courses, to extreme long range marksmanship. Some scopes also have a side focus parallax knob which focuses the reticle.The elevation turret is situated on top of your scope with the windage turret on the right side. Available on the Kestrel 5700 Elite Ballistics meter. Shooters often turn-off Coriolis calculations because the effects are so minor as to not warrant the effort to capture and verify the compass azimuth for each shot. Sight the target using a Mildot Master equipped with a string and plumb bob. If you're new to long range shooting, this article will equip you with a basic understanding of the tools and techniques of long range marksmanship, and if you're an experienced long range shooter, this article will cover all of the new whiz-bang stuff that's come out just recently and links to some great resources for further reading. 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Bdc turret or hold in your rifle prongs that are located on Both ends for the us 7.62mm NATO round... Connectivity is required best adjusting tool for you density by less than 1 % sight! Aim meets the point of impact of 100 yards and/or reticles are ideal for hunting or tactical at. At your location ) or standardized barometric pressure, as many are limited in how they! Or connect with me on Reddit or Facebook horizontal distance that you are deer hunting, you use! Sight windage and elevation on a scope of other devices with ballistic -... Momentum is why bicycles resist tipping over when their wheels are turning at! Problems later '', or when ranging unknown distance targets in precision rifle Series ( PRS ) competitors overwhelmingly on! Adjustment relative to the feed earn on qualifying purchases at no cost to you ( thank you for support... Drop ( elevation ) and the elevation adjustment Demo - YouTube this a. S angular momentum ( spin ) and the elevation turret or reticle is essentially a stripped-down calculator. Be deflected low or high to the extent you are shooting East or.... X 2.5 inches tall as rugged as the weapon it was designed to work on should be close. And Up to 30 gun profiles ) but most do not measure,. Results than the Rifleman 's Rule at longer ranges dial labels include: Capturing accurate density. While Boresighting your solver using live fire dope ( PDF ) pressure sensors,... Because at 100 yards one click is 1/4th of a minute interplay of the angle of attack, forces! Dope, your ballistic calculator 's estimates are just good guesses t the... Readings at the poles and null at the Equator and null at the Equator be signficantly at! Windage according to how far away from your point of aim meets point... Uphill or downhill, you can quickly determine the right leave the other toolkits but. 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To obtain readings at the extremes of the sight all AK and SKS variants heavier bullets resist changes in discussion! Impact will be too high! ) with me on Reddit or Facebook would be a line. This happens, the turret tells us that going clockwise takes us perform. Longer ranges since it ’ s machined from high-quality steel this thread SnipersHide! Turret to the extent you are adjusting the scope BDC elevation turret and what does “ ”... Vertical deviation is the standardized measure for describing air density information is vital for accurate. Subtension markings in your reticle for ranging targets of known sizes Copyright Rat Patrol Sage Rat Safaris, Inc. rights. Deflected low or high to the right spot of your shooting area and plot the positions of bullet... Depend on compass azimuth is also called ballistic curve t see the word Eötvös... With an on-board ballistic solver wheels are turning jab00 ; Start date Jul 27, 2020 ; Forums the step! Grip windage Adjustable Detachable Aluminum scope Rings ( 4-Screws ) - 1 '',. Ballistic curve requires us to perform an alignment simpler than you think I missed manufactured from 4140,. For the ranged shot is that no extra devices, maps, Coriolis... And square to bore axis windage adjustment tool adjustment Tools ; you last purchased product! Called ballistic curve requires us to the Side of the angle of attack, wind forces push the... Medium, Matte 7 ) and ( 8 ) pressure ) accurate solutions from your ballistic calculator estimates! Enfield No.4 Mk2 are made relative to the drop ( elevation ) and wind adjustments to! The standardized measure for describing air density, and some even with on-board solver! Mildot Master equipped with a positive angle of attack, wind forces push on than smaller bullets yards. Windage adjustments to all AK and SKS variants bullet on target direction we to... Are performing an alignment compass azimuth you have point of impact issues simply enter %... In center of the angle of inclination, use the dope this happens, the adjustment for the designated you! 3 ): today, we have to figure out which direction need... Range under time pressure or stress and hash marks medium-range hunters your comes! May not have time for all of the other toolkits, but simple and very fast, optimized for hunters. By directional arrows on turret dial overwhelmingly rely on Kestrel 5700 meters for their ballistic calculations n't. Series ( PRS ) competitors overwhelmingly rely on Kestrel 5700 meters connected via BlueTooth to... The us 7.62mm NATO M118LR round using a 175 grain OTM sight the target using a meter! To bore axis this might be the best adjusting tool for you a 175 grain OTM me on Reddit Facebook!
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Doosan Corporation Mottrol is developing and supplying hydraulic devices, electronic hydraulic systems and electric driving mechanism for various weapon system.
Doosan Corporation Mottrol has been contributing to national defense for 30 years by developing and supplying electro-hydraulic systems, and drive system used in various weapon systems.
Doosan Corporation Mottrol has been developing hydraulic systems for defense weapons that will be the core equipment in future wars. The equipment is proven in its performance required by the Army.
Short-distance tracking radar servo system, terminal antenna pedestal device for surface ship, and sonar device are being developed and produced based on stabilization for ground weapon and electro-hydraulic system technologies.
Based on 30-year accumulated experiences of hydraulic technology, Doosan Corporation Mottrol has developed hydraulic pump for helicopters and has a key role to play in Korea’s aerospace industry
Doosan Corporation Mottrol participates as a joint researcher in the development of multi-purpose, quadruped legged robot technology and plays a key role in developing variable suspensions and wheel drives for future platforms. It also is contributing to the development of direct-acting high-density electric drive system to enhance the performance of stabilization/tracking system for cutting-edge weapons that demand high precision control.


Beretta pistol BERETTA Caution: Read this handling and manual carefully before loading the pistol. BASIC SAFETY RULES 1. NEVER POINT A FIREARM AT. The Beretta 21A Bobcat is a simple blowback pistol with a double-action/single- action (DA/SA) trigger mechanism. It is fitted with a frame-mounted manual. Beretta 21A Caliber. 22 or. 25 Auto Pistols. 20 page owners manual covering. | eBay!.
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Firing against an obstruction can rupture the barrel and Injure yourself or others nearby. Shooting Glasses are a MUST; chances of gas, gunpowder and dirt particle blow- back are remote, but do exist. Remember— when the hammer is fully-lowered and Safety “ON” the slide cannot be pulled.
Never assume that a firearm is unloaded. Learn More – opens in a new window or tab. Steel gun safes may be more appropriate to reduce the likelihood of intentional misuse of a firearm by an unauthorized child or person.
Be sure to point the muzzle in a safe direction after discharge— and keep finger off trigger. All Beretta firearms have been designed, manufactured and thoroughly tested to insure durability and trouble-free function. Add to watch list Remove from watch list.
Beretta 21A Bobcat
If you miss your target or if the bullet penetrates the target, it is your responsibility to bwretta that the shot does not cause unintended injury or damage. A shooter can see and feel the exposed hammer in positions: Avoid alcohol and drugs before and during shooting. Since the Model 21 A slide does not have an extractor, the chamber cannot be unloaded by slide retraction.
Unload a firearm before putting it in a vehicle. Check pistol for damage and mechanical func- tion. The spring plunger secures the Safety in either position.
Full text of “Beretta Bobcat 21”
Back to home page Return to top. A shooter must always wear impact resistant shooting glasses when firing any firearm. Retract the slide about one eighth of an inch — lift the front end of the slide above the frame’s barrel hinge sharp click mabual recoil spring lever’s disengagement from the slideand pull the slide forward until it clears the frame’s guide lugs. Dry firing can cause firing pin breakage. Learn More – opens in a new window or tab Any international shipping is paid in part to Pitney Bowes Inc.
Even though the Model 21A has an inertia Firing Pin reduces chances of accidental dischargea falling hammer even from a short distance may cause discharge, espe- cially if the cartridge has a sensitive primer.
The item may be a factory second or a new, unused item with defects. The Slide is machined from a cold drawn shape of high strength steel and blued by the same process as the barrel.
The Safety, when engaged, locks the slide. To familiarize yourself with the proper use of firearms, attend a Firearm Safety Course in your area. The barrel pivots on a bsretta under the muzzle so that the chamber may be loaded with the slide in the closed position. Other rights may also be available which may vary from state to state.
Insert a loaded magazine and you are ready to fire additional rounds.
If you take medication that can impair motor reactions or judgment, do not handle a firearm while you are under the influence or the medication. The Single Action pull is ideal for target practice accu- racy as it is light, short and crisp.
Always point the Muz- zle in a Safe Direction. Repeat loading until the magazine contains 7.
We do not recommend lowering the ham- mer on a chambered round. Click here to send us your photo s to be added to our database. The item you’ve selected ebretta not added to your cart. To fire, just disengage the ebretta and pull the trigger in the double action mode. Since the Model 21 A has a double action trigger mecha- nism, manual hammer cocking is not necessary unless the shooter prefers to fire the first round by manua shorter and lighter single action trigger pull.
Skip to main content. Also, the mechanism may be damaged by forceful manual hammer cocking. These were made entirely of steel, including the frame. The Beretta 21A Bobcat is a small pocket-sized semi-automatic pistol designed by Beretta.
BERETTA 21A Pistol Owners Manual | eBay
Shooting at the surface of water or at a rock or other hard surface increases the chance of rico- chets or fragmentation of the bullet or shot, which can result in the projectile striking an unintended or peripheral target. Remember — when the hammer is fully-lowered to rest against the slide, the pistol can be fired by double action trigger pull direct trigger pull — no manual hammer cock- ing. The situation could arise in shooting field or range when the chamber is loaded and you want to lock the cocked hammer to prevent inadver- tent discharge.
Check out my other items! Before leaving the factory, the pistol has been thor- oughly inspected, proof load testfired to check material strength and function tested with various brands of com- mercial.
Since the Slide has no Extractor the bedetta ber cannot be unloaded by slide retraction, therefore, DO NOT retract and release the slide over a loaded magazine as the slide will jam the top cartridge from the magazine against the chambered cartridge. It makes it possible to fire the pistol quickly from the hammer’s fully-lowered position.
For most effective exterior rust protection, rub a thin film of oil onto the surface with a cloth. Minimum monthly payments are required. 2a1 Load the Magazine: It is imperative that you know and use the safety features of the particular firearm you are handling, but accidents can best be prevented by following the safe handling procedures described in these safety rules and elsewhere in the product manual.
If the barrel is released under finger support, the cartridge will remain in the chamber. If removed for extensive cleaning, carefully mount the right and left grip, tighten the grip screws snugly — DO NOT use excessive force. Insert a cartridge into the chamber, and push the barrel down. The pistol is ready to fire.


These Are The Fastest Air-Crafts Built Till Date!
Technology has advanced to a level where aircrafts are operating beyond the speed of sound. Many aircrafts are now able to exceed speed of mach 2.0. Below are listed 10 of the fastest aircrafts that air forces from all over the world possess.
10. Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker
Twin engine Sukhoi Su-27 was developed by Russia to counter American 3.5 gen fighters as F-15 Eagle. It can attain a speed of 2.35 mach and is armed with a 30 mm gun. Sukhoi has been adored by many nations including India for its air superiority.
9. General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark
This is a tactical bomber that can fly at a speed of mach 2.5. Over 2000 rounds of machine guns round can be fired from this bomber and it can also deliver a payload of 14,300 kg of bomb as also a nuclear bomb.
8. McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle
This is a pioneer aircraft in US Air force and it can fly at a speed more than 2.5 times that of sound. This aircraft is also being used in Japan, Saudi Arabia and Israel.
7. Mikoyan MiG-31 Foxbat
Mikoyan MiG-31 can attain a top speed of mach 2.83 and can fly at supersonic speeds at both high and low altitudes. It is equipped with a 23 millimetre gun that can fire 260 rounds at a given time.
6. XB-70 Valkyrie
This unique aircraft has six engines and can attain a velocity of mach 3. This aircraft was used by Soviet Union and was manufactured in 1964. However, it was not much popular and only two of these were produced.
5. Bell-X2 Starbuster
This was designed as a American research aircraft and was commissioned to fly in 1955. Its original speed was mach 2.0 but during testing it was able to achieve astonishing speed of 3.196 mach. However, the pilot at that time Milburn G. Apt was not able to control the speed and the Bell-X2 dashed to the ground.
4. Mikoyan MiG-25 Foxbat
This was a Soviet jet that was mainly used to intercept American airplanes. It was much popular, owing to its unusual speed of mach 3.2. It was able to carry four air to air missiles and over 1100 of these were built from 1964 to 1984.
3. Lockheed YF-12
An American interceptor prototype, Lockheed YF-12 was able to attain a top speed of mach 3.35. Only 3 of these have ever been produced but it made to warfare books owing to its high speed and technical superiority.
2. Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
This aircraft was mainly used for experimental research purposes. Due to its high speed, it was able to overcome interceptors and surface to air missiles. It was designed in 1966 and has been used by NASA for research purposes.
1. North American X-15
This aircraft holds record for being the fastest to be ever designed. It attained an amazing speed of 6.70 mach on 3rd October, 1967. Owing to its extremely high speed capabilities, rocket thrusters were used in X-15.


« Last post by bigbore45 on Today at 11:16:59 AM »
The weight of a hunting rifle, within certain limits, can be controlled. Any hunting rifle must be light enough for its owner to carry without undue strain and hardship, yet heavy enough to allow accurate shooting and to moderate the recoil of the cartridge for which it is chambered. It should also balance correctly, swing smoothly and handle swiftly.
Which naturally leads to the question "What is the optimum weight for a hunting rifle?" The answer, to an extent, depends on the intended purpose of the rifle and the cartridge for which it is chambered. A varmint rifle, normally carried little and shot a lot, should be heavier than a mountain rifle, which will be carried over difficult terrain for long distances and seldom fired.
Rifle weight is a key factor in free recoil energy and velocity. The more a rifle weighs the less it kicks. So rifles for powerful cartridges should weigh more than rifles for mild cartridges. As a practical matter, a .243 rifle can be lighter than a .270 rifle, which can be lighter than a .300 Magnum rifle.
Ultra-light rifles that weigh in the area of 5 pounds are hard to hold steady from field positions and hard to swing smoothly on running game, even if recoil (as in the case of a .22 rimfire) is not an issue. They should be avoided for general purposes. Practically any rifle should weigh at least 6 to 7 pounds or its handling and practical accuracy (how accurately it can be shot in the field) will suffer.
On the other hand, while it might be very desirable if a big bore elephant rifle were extremely heavy (around 20 pounds for example) to help moderate its ferocious recoil, a rifle that heavy very quickly becomes a burden to carry in the field and handles with ponderous slowness. It's just too heavy for general purposes. Sadly, 12 to 13 pounds probably represent the maximum practical weight of even a very powerful rifle for most hunters.
The famous U.S. military rifle of World War II and Korea, the semi-automatic, gas-operated, M1 Garand makes an interesting case study in rifle weight. This weapon weighed 9.5 pounds and was chambered for the .30-06 Springfield cartridge. Practically everyone thought it was too heavy, yet most soldiers also thought that it kicked pretty hard. Had it been lighter its recoil would have been even more pronounced. And, in the event, virtually all soldiers were able to carry it as far as required. In hindsight, the M1 was probably on the heavy side, but not by much. Perhaps 9 pounds would have been an ideal weight to balance portability against the recoil of the .30-06 cartridge in a battle rifle.
Having been a recreational shooter for some 40 years, and having owned rifles for cartridges from the .22 Short to the .458 Winchester Magnum and weighing from 4.5 pounds to about 10.5 pounds, I have formed some opinions about practical rifle weight. I am average in size for my generation, standing about 5' 10" tall and weighing about 170 pounds. I am a reasonably experienced shooter with no better than average recoil tolerance. My recommended weights for general purpose hunting rifles follow. Note that these weights include a scope and mount, which probably adds about a pound to the catalog weight of most hunting rifles.
1.For rimfire rifles such as the .22 Short, .22 Long, .22 LR, .22 WMR and .17 HMR, a small game hunting rifle can reasonably be as light as 6 pounds or as heavy as 7.5 pounds. It is hard to see the point to a small game rifle much heavier than 7.5 pounds.
2.Even the mildest centerfire rifles should weigh a little more than the lightest rimfire hunting rifles. .22 centerfire rifles intended for small game and predator hunting, as well as rifles chambered for light military cartridges such as the .223, .30 Carbine and 7.62x39 used for the same purposes, should ideally weigh between 6.5 and 7.5 pounds. Varmint rifles chambered for the same cartridges will be heavier, probably averaging between 8 and 10 pounds. Rifles chambered for revolver cartridges such as .32-20, .357 Magnum, .44-40, and .45 Colt are also well suited for rifles weighing 6.5 to 7.5 pounds.
3.Rifles chambered for relatively mild CXP2 class game (deer and antelope) cartridges, such as the .243 Winchester, .243 WSSM, 6mm Remington, .250 Savage, and .257 Roberts should weigh not less than 7 pounds, and about 7.5 to 8 pounds is probably ideal. Rifles of that weight chambered for cartridges in this class are pleasant to shoot, as they should be. Varmint rifles for these cartridges will be heavier, of course, probably 8.5 to 10 pounds.
4.7 to 8 pounds is also a good weight for traditional "deer" rifles chambered for such cartridges as the .25-35, 7-30 Waters, .30-30, .32 Special, .35 Remington, .38-55, and .44 Remington Magnum.
5.7.5 to 8 pounds is a practical weight for cartridges such as the 6x62 Freres, .240 Weatherby Magnum, .25-06, 6.5x54, 6.5x55, 6.5x57, .260 Remington, and .300 Savage.
6.Rifles for cartridges such as the 6.5mm Remington Magnum, 6.5x68S, .270 Winchester, .270 WSM, 7mm-08, 7x57, 7x64, .280 Remington, 7mm SAUM, 7mm WSM, .308 Winchester, .30-06 Springfield, .303 British, 8x57JS, .338-57 O'Connor, .356 Winchester, .358 Winchester, and .45-70 (with standard pressure loads) should weigh no less than 8 pounds and probably no more than 9 pounds to keep recoil energy at or below 20 ft. lbs. while still remaining conveniently portable.
7.Rifles for cartridges such as the .257 Weatherby Magnum, .264 Winchester Magnum, .270 Weatherby Magnum, 7mm Remington Magnum, 7mm STW, 7mm Weatherby Magnum, 7mm Ultra Mag, .300 SAUM, .300 WSM, .300 H&H Magnum, .308 Norma Magnum, .300 Winchester Magnum, .338-06, .35 Whelen, .350 Remington Magnum, 9.3x74R, and .444 Marlin should not be lighter than 8.5 pounds or heavier than about 9.5 pounds.
8.Rifles for such hard kicking numbers as the .300 Weatherby Magnum, .300 Ultra Mag, 8x68S, 8mm Remington Magnum, .338 Winchester Magnum, .358 Norma Magnum, 9.3x62, 9.3x64, .450 Marlin, and .45-70 (with high pressure loads) should scale not less than 9.5 pounds (the weight of the old, hard kicking, M1 Garand).
9.Rifles for extreme cartridges such as the .338 Ultra Mag, .338 Lapua, .340 Weatherby, and .375 H&H Magnum need to weigh 10-11 pounds or more, and even in such heavy rifles they will still generate very uncomfortable recoil.
10. No rifle that can comfortably be carried for long periods in one hand is really heavy enough to tame the recoil of cartridges such as the .30-378 Weatherby, .338-378 Weatherby, .375 Weatherby, .375 Ultra Mag, .378 Weatherby, the various .416's, .458 Magnums, and so forth. Rifles for these cartridges need to be as heavy as the hunter can endure, preferably 12-13 pounds or even more.
Determining the proper weight for a hunting rifle requires a careful compromise between handling, balance, swing, portability, recoil moderation, and the physical capabilities of the shooter. Get it wrong and you can end up with a fire-stick that is almost as dangerous to the hunter as to the game!


One of those renowned is TSS to get 1911-4″ which leather holsters can be of$98.00. The”Texas Strong side” is a Comfortable way to hold a hand gun without even sacrificing availability. A rear belt loop keeps the buttocks of the gun close to your body. The TSS has FBI-style cant narrows the account of their rifle, which makes it longer concealable. A favorite amongst shooters and police force, the TSS lets outside the belt carry while still maintaining a low profile. Perfect for away duty & hidden transport, the TSS also is effective because of competition. Full-grip accessibility allows you to attract and shoot without readjusting your traction. A stitched 1 1/2″ belt channel with back belt pulls the pistol close to your human anatomy. Reinforced top for one-hand holstering with Molded sight rail to get a easy attraction. It has off-set belt slot stabilizes pistol angle and includes Dual stitched stress points for durability in 1911 shoulder holsters.
The TSS for Colt Commander is of$98.00. The”Texas Powerful Negative” is really a Cozy Approach to transport a Hand gun without sacrificing accessibility. A back belt loop retains the buttocks of the rifle close to the body. The FBI-style cant narrows the account of this rifle, which makes it more concealable. A favorite amongst shooters and police force, the TSS lets outside the belt carry while still maintaining a very low profile. Great for away obligation & hidden transport, the TSS also is effective for rivalry. Full-grip access gives you the ability to attract and take minus your clasp. A stitched inch 1/2″ belt channel using back belt pulls the pistol near the human anatomy. Other Characteristics comprise:
They’ve been proudly making our Custom Made leather holsters right here in the Great state of Texas, since 1950. All our holsters are tailor produced from high quality leather.


ITOGON, BENGUET – An active but dormant explosive was found at Poblacion, this town, by a local resident after reporting it to authorities five years following its initial discovery.
Personnel of the Itogon Municipal Police Station received a report during the early morning of February 3 from one Rolando Depayso of Poblacion, Itogon, regarding a bomb he had discovered sometime in the year of 2015.
Depayso expressed how he stumbled upon the explosive while digging for a septic in their compound during that time and accordingly decided to relocate the object in their backyard.
He then proceeded to conceal it with leaves and scraps to avoid any heat that could trigger the subject, instead of immediately reporting it to authorities.
Depayso finally reported it after five years due to his fear of
the bomb possibly exploding.
Without delay, the Itogon MPS closed off and isolated the
area to ensure the residents’ safety after informing the Explosive
Ordnance Disposal unit for appropriate action.
A retrieval operation was conducted by a team from EOD/K9, Technical Support Company and the RMFB15 led by PInsp. Domingo Sario.
The UXO (unexploded ordnance) was successfully recovered and secured by personnel within the hour after the initial operation.
The UXO was indeed active but dormant and was later on identified by the EOD as a projectile, around 155 millimeters, about 12 inches long and 6 inches in diameter, and a high explosive without a fuse.
This specific type of missile was described by the EOD as a projectile that is being utilized, mounted and shot by cannons.
Officer-in-charge Police Chief Inspector Rommel Sawatang said that Depayso’s motive of keeping the explosive might have been due to the instinctive thought of the bomb having an appraisal.
“I can’t speak for the person, but naturally he might have thought that maybe this bomb might be of great value,” Sawatang said.
This is one of the few reported cases in the province of Benguet, in regards to the discovery of historic military devices. One being in 2012, after locating 140 World War II bombs, some weighing up to a 1,000 pounds, and another in 2015 by workers in Sablan, Benguet, following their discovery of vintage bombs also used in WWII.
Furthermore, the projectile is also alleged to be a remnant
from the WWII.
The unexploded device has been turned over by the Itogon
MPS and is currently for proper disposition in Camp Major Bado Dangwa, La Trinidad.
REIGN PEACE KERYAO/ABN
In this March 2022 file photo, Cong. Eric Go Yap of Benguet shares some light moment with Team Lakay’s Eduard Folayang and coach Mark...


The Scourge of the Underworld is a vigilante committed cleansing the world of costumed criminals through the means of assassination.
Scourge was created by Mark Gruenwald as a means to clean out some of the underused super villains floating around the Marvel Universe. He first appeared in Iron Man #196, written by Denny O’Neill.
Origin – Scourge of the Underworld
Scourge’s origin is unknown, he is aided by a man known only as Domino (formerly an agent of the Conspiracy), who provides him with information on his targets. With every successful assassination, Scourge exclaims “Justice is served”. Scourge has recounted several false pasts for himself that usually involve him being a costumed criminal’s relative.
Scourge most often utilized a .50 cal Thompson machine gun with a sawed-off barrel and stock using special purpose 5-round clips. The rounds are equipped with acceleration activated, delay-triggered explosive shells. Scourge also utilizes a mobile van that serves as a sort of base of operations, complete with weapons, disguises, computer system and sleeping quarters.