Law enforcement agencies must now make their military equipment inventory public and receive government approval before acquiring more to comply with recent state law Assembly Bill 481.
The Post spoke with Los Altos police captain Kathryn Krauss, Mountain View police chief Chris Hsiung and Palo Alto police captain James Reifschneider about their respective department’s military equipment inventories, where they got funding, authorized use cases and recent uses. Here’s what you need to know.
The bill, passed to increase transparency and accountability in law enforcement, separates military equipment into 15 categories, ranging from armored vehicles and weaponized aircraft to pepper spray and Tasers. However, Krauss and Hsiung take issue with that definition, arguing that equipment like pepper spray shouldn’t qualify as military equipment.
Each department leader acknowledged that their officers don’t fire or utilize military equipment often, but that the equipment — especially non-lethal weapons — are a necessary tool.
“These are tools that give police officers more options,” Krauss said. “With technology increasing, there are additional tools out there that allow us to do our job more safely, in order to prevent lethal force from being used.”
Scroll to the bottom of this article for a full list of each department’s military inventory and its full policy.
Since 2017, there have been 16 cases of rape, 176 cases of non-aggravated assault, 38 cases of assault, 982 thefts, 22 cases of arson, 83 cases of domestic violence and one homicide in Los Altos, according to the Los Altos Police Department and Department of Justice. The population of the city is roughly 31,000.
The LAPD currently owns around $77,000 worth of military equipment. This includes:
Twenty seven AR-15/M4 5.56 mm semi-automatic rifles
These rifles are only taken out of patrol cars or the police station when officers believe there may be guns or weapons involved in an interaction. They can be used to engage with suspects at a longer distance, allowing officers to keep a safe distance and prevent being outgunned by a suspect. However, Krauss could only recall one moment when these weapons were utilized since she joined the department 11 years ago: to kill an already injured deer.
One Remington 700 .308 caliber sniper rifle and one Heckler & Koch HK-91 .308 caliber sniper rifle
These rifles are used for both officer training and deployment to the field. While officers have taken them out of their vehicles, the rifles haven’t been fired at anyone in the past 11 years. Krauss said that the Heckler & Koch — seized from a suspect — isn’t being utilized. Because getting rid of or destroying seized weapons is a lengthy process, the department still has the seized weapon in storage.
Eleven Remington 870 less lethal shotguns and 3 Penn Arms GL-140-C 40 mm single shot launchers
According to the LAPD’s draft policy, these tools are used to “limit the escalation of conflict.” The less lethal shotguns fire lead filled bean bags, and the single shot launchers fire rubber bullets.
According to Krauss, communication is always an officer’s first tool when trying to deescalate— which seems to be effective, considering that Krauss couldn’t recall a time that an officer fired any military equipment in the past 11 years.
“Our goal is always to deescalate without having to use any force at all,” Krauss said. “But there are some situations in which that is just not feasible. And so in those situations, these are the tools that we have in order to give our officers options to resolve the situation as safely as possible.”
Krauss provided a few examples of when an officer might use less lethal force against a suspect: a school shooting, a suspect armed with a firearm and an armed individual experiencing a mental health crisis.
“Let’s say someone is having a mental health crisis, and maybe they are feeling suicidal or they want to harm someone else. Let’s say they’re in a busy shopping center parking lot, and they pull out a knife,” Krauss said. “There is distance between our officers and the person with a knife. However, the person refuses to drop the knife and is either threatening self harm or threatening to harm some people around them.”
While less lethal force is an option, Krauss made clear it is never an officer’s only option. Often, out of three officers dispatched to a dangerous situation, one will be equipped with less-lethal force while the other two will have firearms.
“If [a suspect] raises the firearm up and is about to you know, harm someone, then we could follow our policy and take lethal force against them,” Krauss said. “But, if we can use less lethal with the 40 millimeter, and in order to get them to drop the weapon… Then that saved us from having to use the lethal force.”
Since 2017, there have been 75 cases of rape, 1,481 cases of non-aggravated assault, 526 cases of assault, 11,203 thefts, 39 cases of arson, 128 cases of domestic violence and two homicides in Mountain View, according to the Mountain View Police Department and Department of Justice. The population of the city is roughly 80,000.
The MVPD currently owns around $665,000 worth of military equipment. This includes:
Two Mavic 2 enterprise drones
The drones, which are used as extra surveillance during situations involving suspects, were purchased for $12,000, and require $15,000 in annual maintenance. However, that cost, published in the department’s policy, may not be accurate, according to Mountain View Police Chief Chris Hsiung, and remains unclear.
Two .308 caliber sniper rifles
It’s been over 20 years since a sniper rifle has been utilized in attempts of disarming or killing a suspect. Despite this, the SWAT team continues to stay trained and prepared, and two officers renew their qualifications with the sniper rifles every other month.
Eighty eight Colt AR-15/M4 rifles and 20 M16 rifles
Hsiung stated that all officers on patrol — 40 to 45 at a time — should always have a rifle with them to avoid confusion and establish individual responsibility for weapon care.
“We assign them each their own rifle so that they’re used to it,” Hsiung said. “We would not want a case where we only buy ten, and everyone has to share ten weapons. It’s just not practical for wear and tear.”
The AR-15s were paid for by taxpayers, while the M16s were acquired from the U.S. military. According to Hsiung, the rifles are “virtually indistinguishable” from one another.
Even though every officer has a rifle within reach while on patrol, not a single one has been fired in the field for as long as Hsiung can recall.
One Robotex Avatar robot
This small remote-operated device, which has a rectangular body and is propelled by four track wheels, is used to get information in high-stakes situations without risking the safety of an officer. Although its lifespan technically expired in 2018, it remained functional enough to execute a search warrant in June last year.
One mobile command and control vehicle
The command vehicle contains multiple LED TVs, a dispatch console and its own WiFi network and was purchased for $536,000 in 2016. The freightliner is used during large events, like Mountain View’s Art and Wine Festival and concerts at the Shoreline Amphitheater. The vehicle gives support by providing a conference room for the patrolling command team.
Since 2017, there have been 34 cases of rape, 166 cases of assault, 9,038 thefts, 75 cases of arson and two homicides in Palo Alto, according to the Palo Alto Police Department and Department of Justice. The population of the city is roughly 70,000.
The PAPD owns around $718,000 worth of military equipment. However, a large portion of the equipment listed in the department’s proposal is owned by other agencies that the PAPD works with, which are not required to make prices public. The real equipment value is higher than the above figure and currently unknown.
One Accuracy International tactical bolt action rifle
Akin to a sniper rifle, the rifle is the department’s largest and most expensive firearm, coming in at $6,500. According to the department’s policy, officers must complete a course to operate the weapon, which requires the user to manually chamber each round of ammunition.
“I’m hopeful that we’ll never have to use a sniper rifle,” Reifschneider said. “But if there was a specific circumstance where you have an imminent threat to life, that sniper rifle could be the only tool to resolve the circumstance.”
Currently, no officers at the department have the necessary training to operate the rifle.
One command and control vehicle
The Mobile Emergency Operations Center was purchased in 2010 with $300,000 of federal grant funding and $375,000 of city funding.
The vehicle, commonly used to support Stanford football games and other events, contains a variety of technology and radio dispatch options. According to Reifschneider, these features can be used to transition operations — like 911 calls — to the vehicle during power-outages or earthquakes.
Full inventories sourced from departments’ policies are listed below. Click on a city to read its full policy.
Three Penn Arms 40 mm single shot launchers
14 Sage Control Ordnance standard energy baton projectiles
11 Remington 870 less lethal shotguns
90 12 gauge super-sock bean bag rounds
27 Colt AR/M4 rifles
10,800 rounds of .223 Caliber or 5.56 mm rifle ammunition
Two .308 caliber Remington 700 and 700 liter rifles
One .308 caliber Heckler & Koch HK-91 rifle
3.040 rounds of .308 Ammunition
One Benelli M3 Super 90 12 gauge shotgun
600 rounds of 00 buck ammunition
100 slug ammunitions
One Remington 870 MCS 12 gauge breaching shotgun
25 rounds of 12 gauge breaching rounds
One Kaiser Precision Vulcan II munitions pole
One CTS flash bang training kit
Eight Simunition Glock 17T
Four SIM Converted Beretta 92
Two HK MP5 Conversion Kits
Three simunition colt AR-15 carbine rifle uppers
3,500 rounds of FX marking cartridges
Two Mavic 2 enterprise drones
One Robotex Avatar robot
One mobile command vehicle
Two explosive breaching apparatuses
88 colt AR-15/M4 rifles
12 surefire rifle suppressors for SWAT rifles
20 M16 Rifles
Two .308 caliber sniper Rifles
One .50 caliber semi-automatic rifle
48 noise flash diversionary devices
20 rounds of 40 MM barricade penetrator liquid CS
30 canisters of CTS 5230B baffled CS
10 canisters of CTS 5230 CS
Five canisters of CTS 5231 CS smoke triple phaser
25 canisters of Def-Tech CS riot control
Five munitions of CTS 4630 40 mm CS
15 munitions of Def-Tech CS
Two FN303 less lethal launchers
Two 40 mm single-shot launchers
One 40 mm 4-shot multi-launcher
One 12 gauge shotgun chemical munition launcher
50 rounds of 40 mm less lethal sponges
40 rounds of 40 mm less lethal sponges with CS
20 rounds of 40 mm less lethal sponges with OC
900 rounds of less lethal .68 caliber projectiles
30 canisters of baffled CS
30 37 mm less lethal launchers and kinetic energy munitions
One long range acoustic device
108 diversionary devices and chemical agents, which includes:
– Flash bangs
– Mini Bangs
– CS 37 mm Liquid Ferret barricade round
– CS 37 mm Liquid Ferret barricade round
– CS flameless tri-chamber
– CS triple chaser separating canister
– CS riot control grenade
– Maximum HC (Hexachlorethane) smoke
One bolt action rifle and ammunition
One command and control vehicle
Monday, Sept. 19: This article was updated, to include an additional quote from Krauss, and to better reflect the circumstances under which an officer might use less-lethal force.
One thought on “State bill reveals police military equipment inventories”
I like that this article accumulated usage anecdotes and crime data for each agency. The sections for each article of ME were informative. However, I object to one assertion. The article assigns the citing of an example of the use of less-lethal projectiles to Capt Krauss of Los Altos as follows: “…a suspect pointing a firearm at civilians…” That is NOT a situation where a less-lethal projectile would be used. Anytime a firearm is being pointed by a suspect at any human (other than themselves, suicidally), the LE officer will operate under an attempt to deescalate, but the weapon at hand will be a lethal firearm, and they will be prepared to shoot to eliminate the threat by aiming at center body/chest (largest mass) of the suspect. Yes, the likelihood of killing the suspect is high. Yet, this is not a “shoot to kill” directive; it’s about eliminating the threat, so aiming center mass is the highest probability of threat-elimination. By the way, there is no operational tactic that dictates shooting to disarm or maim with a lethal weapon. Moreover, less-lethal projectiles and weapons inherently have less effective targeting, making accurate suppression in a potentially deadly scenario involving a suspect with a firearm even more difficult.


Its official name is the International Atomic Energy Agency and it is a recent winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, in one of those actions that has been giving the Nobel Peace Prize a bad name.
At the 51st session of the General Conference of the IAEA, Syria was elected deputy chair. The timing was typically appropriate, coming just two weeks after Israel apparently bombed a site at which North Korea was transferring nuclear material to Syria.
The best that can be said is that at least Syria wasn't violating the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, since it never signed that treaty.
Coincidentally, this election came about the same time Jane's Defence Weekly reported that dozens of Syrian military officers and Iranian engineers were killed July 26 as they were attempting to mount a SCUD missile with a chemical warhead.
Of course, Syria never signed the Chemical Weapons Convention, either.
This is not to say Syria has no interest in preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction. It managed to include the alleged Israeli nuclear arsenal on the agenda of the IAEA's General Conference.
Should we be surprised the IAEA has also been totally useless in shutting down Iran's nuclear weapons program?


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The Viking Axe
The “axe” is such a basic sounding and well-known word around the world that we typically use for cutting and chopping wood. The Vikings took what seems like a basic tool and made it one of the most feared weapons heard around the world when in the hands of a Norseman. The Vikings used strategic maneuvers with a combination of fearlessness and true Norse craftsmanship to change the way enemies looked at the axe. The Vikings were able to wipe out groups of enemies and cities using axes to completely decimate everything in their site that needed to be destroyed. Below are some of the tactics and thinking behind the Vikings using axes as well as their choice of axe.
The axes with short hafts have a big advantage in that they can be hidden easily. A small axe can be hidden under a cloak and used for a surprise attack on the enemy and were often held in reserve behind a shield.
Many believe that an axe was more difficult to control than a well-balanced weapon such as a sword. With a well-made axe, this is not the case. An axe also has an advantage over any other edged weapon in that the curved edge concentrates all the power of the blow into a small section of the edge. This gives the axe enough force to penetrate through mail or even a helmet.
Axe Battle Techniques
The curved shape of the head allowed for many techniques implemented by the Vikings:
The axe head can be used to hook an opponent’s ankle, thus throwing the opponent off balance and onto the ground.
It can be also hooked over another body part such as the neck, to force a person to move in a direction that they do not want to go.
The axe can also be used to hook the edge of a shield, pulling it away to press an attack, or to even disarm the opponent.
Other Ways to Use the Axe
The pointed tips at each end of a Viking axe head were very sharp and could also be used as part of an attack. The tips can also be used for a gruesome slashing attack. The tips can create nasty wounds when used for stabbing as the axe horn widens a lot more than a spear point or sword.
Axes were sometimes used to land a non-lethal blow by using the axe hammer, this is the backside of the axe head. This was done to really humiliate an opponent, or in some cases, was used against opponents considered so inferior that they are not worthy of a proper blow.
It would seem highly unlikely that axes were thrown in fights, but when desperate, a man will do whatever has to be done to succeed, so learning to throw axes was a lifesaving skill in itself.
Other interesting moves with axes are described in the Viking sagas. These include jumping up and hooking the head of an axe over the wall of a fortification to make it over the obstruction. Another technique would be to use an axe left-handed; this would cause the blows to come in on the undefended side of an opponent.
Next Article: To Be Continued….
Next breakdown we will be talking about how the axe was used for DEFENSE.
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The knife is one of the most reliable and versatile tools in any hunter's arsenal. At Hunt Tough Gear, we carry a variety of hunting knives and other useful tools that any hunter can appreciate. Our selection of knives includse many folding and fixed blade options that feature sharp blades and comfortable handles. You can pick up axes, saws, machetes, and shovels that will prove useful in the great outdoors. Our butchering knives and tools will allow you to properly and safely field dress your prey. We also have versatile multi-tools that contain numerous tools for almost any application.


Glouvil is a large, two handed sword, owned by Refal, King of Gastark. The power of this Rule Fragment grants enormous destructive powers to the one who weilds it, but in return that one has to sacrifice something important. In order to use the sword, the bearer must summon the spirit within the sword, presumably with their mind, and tell the spirit what they are willing to give as compensation. The compensation, however, will not be taken until after the power of the sword is unleashed. Refal had already sacrificed his sense of smell and his right leg when he sacrificed his left eye for the power of the sword just after meeting Kiefer.


I want to minimalize that amount of unused weapons within FFT. Thus these are the weapons available.
Swords(dual wield ok, shield ok, two hands ok)
Katana(two hands ok)
Wakazashi(old ninja knives)(dual wield ok, shield ok, two hand ok)
Bows (innate Two hands)
Guns (no dual wield, shield ok)
Great Swords (old knightswords) (forced two hands)
Polearm(old spears) (forced two hands)
Daggers (1 range) (dual wield ok, shield ok)
Scepters(old rods) (3 range)(dual wield ok, shield ok)
Tomes(old books) (3 range)(forced 2 hands)
Maces(old flails) (2 range) (shield is ok no dual wield)
Magic Daggers(old knives) (2 range) (cannot be dual wield, shield is ok)
*NOTE* Daggers and Magic Daggers are still in the same category.
Now I know many of you will likely say “why is there so little magic weapon wise?” If I recall very seldomly are magic weapons used effectively within patches/fft because most of the people just get the MA boosting one. In order to balance this out. All mage weapons will have a range Tomes will contain some summons, scepters will have some spells, the maces boost element and be the opposite, and some daggers will have status spells.
If the mage weapon does not have some sort of spell cast, it will be assigned a basic skill I will create called “Magic Burst” which will have a chance to proc and cause MA non-element damage to the target.
Who gets what:
Gladiator- Sword, Dagger, Shield
Bandit- Dagger, Gun, Shield
Scarlet- Sword, Dagger
Ronin- Katana, Bow, Wakazashi
Wyrmkin- Polearm, Great Sword
Guardian- Mace, Great Sword, Shield
Ranger- Bow, Gun
Flintlock- Gun, Shield
Fencer- Sword, Dagger
Pugilist- hand-to-hand ‘fists’
Conjurer- Tomes, Dagger
Thaumaturge- Scepter, Dagger
Naturalist- Mace, Dagger
Marauder- Great Sword, Polearm, Katana
Parivir- Wakazashi, Katana, Dagger
Biskmatar- Wakazashi, Scepter, Shield
Berserker- Hand-to-Hand ‘fists’ (in dual wield mode)
Azure- Tomes, Scepter, Mace, Dagger, Shield
Also I realized that my job requirement chart/diagram was not correct- I was missing fencer: corrected for you guys
Now what I need suggestions on is this, what should the physical weapons do? Any non-endgame weapon ideas that do not require any extravegant modding? I don’t need mage weapons just ones for the physical side.
1. If I am to add elemental weapons they will not strengthen/absorb ect~
2. No elemental absorbtion gear, only element canceling. Shields that absorb elements will have elemental weakness and there will be no weak absorbtions in this patch.
3. ARH will be for some skills in classes. Primarily the “best” moves. This is so my equip heavy weapons, light weapons, ranged weapons, magic weapons will be useful.
4. Undead will be immune to all forms of magic except holy magic. I may implement the ability for them to ALWAYS come back to life after their 3 count making petrification a great solution to undead.
5. The byblos/apanda are imp monsters, thus I will likely swap their and the malboro location. Which means… return of being turned into Imps… but permanetly.
6. Should the Zodiac boss fights have one element they are weak to?


I don't know if miniguns already exist as military weapons or not but I think there should be a new firearm to be sold at Dick's Sporting Goods.
The minigun will be a retextured bow where you have to charge the gun by holding right click and whenever you release right click, you will release a powerful fat stream of arrows depending on how completed the charge is.
How will ammunition work?
Ammunition will work the same as other firearms and maybe use a gold hoe for the texture. Each ammunition pack will contain 5000 bullets. Each full charge will use 250 bullets. 1 bullet will cause 1 damage, meaning it will take 20 bullets to kill a unarmored player.
Miniguns will cost 25k dollars and will require a gun license. Each ammunition pack will cost 1 thousand dollars.
Why is it expensive? Because it's a minigun.
Do you like this idea? Vote on the poll. Don't like the idea? Vote and reply why. Like the idea but needs some changes? Vote on the poll and reply what changes should be made.


After Zanarkand and you get control of the air ship, four-slotted armor ad weapons with two or three empty slots will be available from many of the previously. Final Fantasy X HD: Finding Wantz! (Gear with 4 Empty Slots) . Final Fantasy X: Tidus's Celestial Weapon. After Zanarkand and you get control of the air ship, four-slotted armor ad weapons with two or three empty slots will be available from many of the previously.
Ffx weapon with 4 empty slots Video


Fortnite, the popular battle royale game, is all about outlasting your opponents and securing that coveted Victory Royale. To achieve this, you need not only skill but also the right weaponry. Enter the “Fortnite Calculator for Weapon Stats,” a powerful tool that can help you gain the upper hand in the game. In this article, we’ll explore how this calculator works and how it can enhance your Fortnite experience.
What is a Fortnite Weapon Stats Calculator?
Before delving into the specifics, let’s understand the basic concept. A Fortnite Weapon Stats Calculator is a tool that provides detailed information about various weapons in the game. It goes beyond the in-game descriptions and gives you valuable insights into each weapon’s statistics, helping you make informed decisions during your matches.
1. Weapon Overview
The first section of the calculator typically offers an overview of the weapon you’re interested in. It includes the weapon’s name, type (e.g., assault rifle, shotgun, sniper rifle), and an image for quick identification.
2. Damage Per Shot
One of the most critical aspects of any weapon is its damage output. The calculator provides you with the exact damage dealt by the weapon per shot, allowing you to understand its potential in terms of eliminating opponents.
3. Fire Rate
Fire rate, measured in rounds per minute (RPM) or shots per second, determines how quickly a weapon can fire. This statistic is crucial for gauging a weapon’s effectiveness in close-quarters combat and overall DPS (damage per second).
4. Magazine Size and Reload Time
Knowing the magazine size and reload time can be a game-changer during intense firefights. The calculator displays this information, helping you strategize your battles better.
5. Accuracy and Bloom
Aiming accuracy is a significant factor in Fortnite, and the calculator often includes data on a weapon’s accuracy and bloom (the spread of bullets when firing rapidly). Understanding these values can guide your aiming technique.
How to Use a Fortnite Weapon Stats Calculator
Now that you know what to expect from a weapon stats calculator, let’s talk about how to use it effectively.
1. Select Your Weapon
Begin by selecting the specific weapon you plan to use. Most calculators have a dropdown or search feature for this purpose.
2. Analyze the Data
Once you’ve chosen your weapon, carefully study the provided statistics. Pay attention to damage, fire rate, and magazine size, as these directly impact your gameplay.
3. Compare Weapons
Consider comparing multiple weapons to determine which one suits your playstyle best. Some calculators allow side-by-side comparisons, making it easier to make a decision.
4. Optimize Loadouts
Use the calculator to optimize your loadout for different scenarios. For instance, you might prefer a high-damage shotgun for close encounters and a long-range rifle for sniping from a distance.
5. Stay Updated
Weapon stats can change with game updates and balancing patches. Make sure to keep your calculator data up to date to ensure your strategies remain effective.
In the fast-paced world of Fortnite, knowledge is power, and a Fortnite Weapon Stats Calculator can be your secret weapon for success. By arming yourself with precise information about your chosen weapons, you’ll be better equipped to make strategic decisions, outgun your opponents, and inch closer to that coveted Victory Royale. So, don’t just rely on your skills; harness the power of data and take your Fortnite game to the next level!


Think of a futuristic war scenario where soldiers are firing smart weapons from the confines of their command centres.weapons that are capable of intercepting and destroying virtually all enemy attack weapons and yet, they are fired from unmanned vehicles thereby minimising all possibilities of human casualties.
This is the promise that nanotechnology has in store for the global defence industry, which is pumping billions of dollars in nanotech research, examining how nano science can improve defence capabilities. Potential benefits of nanotechnology in the defence industry include stronger, lighter and less-expensive materials and enhanced protection for military personnel.
Large quantities of smart weapons — especially miniaturized, robotic weapons and intelligent, target-seeking ammunition without reliable remote off-switches could lead to unexpected injury to combatants and civilians, destruction to infrastructure, and environmental pollution.
The rest of the Financial Expressarticle deals mostly with 1st and 2nd generation nanotechnologies, although not explicitly. In fact, it tends to confuse some of the expected benefits of advanced nanotech ("visions of lightweight materials many times stronger than steel") with earlier generation projections.
For a more accurate and more complete look at the future of warfare, especially in the context of advanced nanotechnology, take a look at this presentation that I gave at the World Future Society annual conference in 2007 (and subsequently presented to a group of officers at the U.S. Naval War College).
Further understanding of the potential impacts of emerging technologies on waging war can be gained by reading a convincing future scenario called "Crisis in Zefra," prepared by Canada's Directorate of Land Strategic Concepts.
No matter how you look at it, the future looks more precarious than the present, unless we are fortunate and suddenly mature as a species before it's too late.


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Aircraft carriers are owners pride, neighbor’s green-eyed.
On 14 April 2022 Moskva, the flagship of the Russian Navy’s Blackness Sea armada —over two football fields in length—sank nearly ninety km off the Ukrainian coast after beingness hit by two relatively low-tech, shore-launched R-360 Neptune anti-transport cruise missiles.
Moskva was i of the most powerful warships to be lost in gainsay anywhere in the world over the past nearly 40 years and the largest Russian warship to exist sunk since World War Two.
The last such world news headline was created when Argentine Navy cruiser ARA General Belgrano was sunk by a Purple Navy nuclear-powered assault submarine HMS Conqueror during the Falklands War in 1982. Since and so a number of virtually ‘unstoppable and invincible’ land, air, and sea-borne weapons and hypersonic missiles traveling at x times faster than the speed of audio and with a range of over a k miles have been developed to make send-killing seem like child’south play.
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As expected, this sent shock waves all over the world because huge shipping carriers like Moskva are always surrounded by a flotilla of smaller fighting ships, fighter jets, and submarines to protect them from all kinds of missiles, bombs, torpedoes, and cyber-attacks.
But plainly, none of this paraphernalia could save the 3-quarters-of-a-billion-dollar transport from going down to the bottom of the sea.
According to Forbes Ukraine, the sinking of Moskva is a big and irreparable loss for the Russian military machine in the state of war – i that would cost around US$750 million to replace. And if the Ukrainian claims are true, Moskva is the largest warship ever to be destroyed by a missile.
This was celebrated as a big achievement in Ukraine and the commander of Ukrainian naval forces, Rear Admiral Oleksiy Neizhpapa was promoted to the rank of Vice-Admiral as a reward for sinking Moskva the pride of Russia’s Black Sea fleet.
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The Cambridge dictionary describes an aircraft carrier as “a large send that carries military aircraft and has a long, flat surface where they take off and state.”
Aircraft carriers are similar floating islands that allow aircraft to take off and country anywhere in the sea and launch precision attacks on sea-to-sea, sea-to-air, or sea-to-state targets.
As compared to other battleships, which can destroy targets — at the about thirty miles away, aircraft launched from aircraft carriers tin can act as force multipliers and accurately destroy enemy targets on state, air or sea — over one hundred miles away.
During the Falklands State of war, the United kingdom was able to win the war 13,000 km abroad from habitation largely because of the function played past the vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) shipping on board HMS Hermes and HMS Invincible. In improver to the higher up, helicopter gunships proved to be an asset for deploying troops and prey evacuation. Recently, the U.S. aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan provided air support for counter-insurgency operations in Iraq.
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The history of cruiser-bound naval aviation dates back to the early 19th
century when Aviator Eugene Ely landed and look off from USS Pennsylvania docked at the San Francisco harbour in 1910. Past virtue of this daring feat, Ely became the first man to country and take off from a ship and proved that it was possible to fly an aeroplane on-board a ship. But yet, not many people saw this equally the future for naval aviation and mainly considered this as an advanced reconnaissance tool.
During Globe State of war I, many navies tried to develop platforms that could launch fighter aircraft from heavy cruisers or battleships which had to ditch at ocean afterward being launched.
The first real test of the usefulness of aircraft carriers in combat came during the World War II when the Japanese Regal Army launched a devastating assault on Pearl Harbor on Dec 7, 1941. This dramatically demonstrated the lethal ability of the aircraft carriers, which became the ascendant combat vessel of war.
Indian Navy- vigil in the sea
Torpedo- A weapon of choice for anti-submarine warfare
Years subsequently, during the Gulf State of war USS Independence and USS Dwight D. Eisenhower positioned themselves in the Gulf of Oman and Red Sea and facilitated the largest, and fastest strategic sealift in history in which over 240 ships carried more than xviii.three billion pounds of supplies and equipment to back up Operation Desert Storm.
Once again during Operation Enduring Freedom aircrafts and helicopters carried on lath USS Enterprise, USS Theodore Roosevelt, USS Kitty Militarist and USS John C. Stennis Carrier demonstrated their might by attacking Taliban airfields, air defence force positions, and al-Qaeda preparation bases.
Is the Queen of the Waves by its prime?
All in all, there is no denying the fact that shipping carriers have played a crucial role in various combat operations over the past 100 odd years. However, their proven utility in the by does not necessarily does not make the aircraft carriers – the largest, most circuitous and most expensive of all warships find a place in the naval fleets in futurity.
This question is all the more than relevant considering the advances in anti-ship technologies, ranging from drones to satellite reconnaissance to nuclear submarines and anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs).
As compared to the torpedoes and dive bombers in World War Two, aircraft carriers today face up many threats from a number of seen/unseen kamikaze drones, UAVs, submarines, supersonic, nuclear-tipped missiles every bit well every bit hypersonic and ballistic trajectories fired from across the visual range from country, air or bounding main.
Some analysts maintain that information technology is not easy to sink shipping carriers which take sophisticated air defence and early warning systems to counter incoming threats and are always escorted by destroyers, frigates and corvettes and submarines. Just this does non explain why INS Vikrant – armed with 40-millimetre Bofors anti-aircraft guns, and the capacity to field upward to 23 aircraft was kept out of action in all the wars since the day it joined the Indian fleet in 1961 and somewhen retired in 1997.
During Operation Vijay (for the annexation of Goa) INS Vikrant was asked to patrol along the declension of Goa to deter foreign interference with 2 destroyers, INS Rajput and INS Kirpan. The same story was repeated in 1965 when INS Vikrant did not become out to sea and was kept sitting in the Bombay Harbour. Once more in 1971, Republic of india’s solitary aircraft carrier INS Vikrant didn’t fly any shipping and kept loitering forth the relatively safer Eastward coast considering of ‘intelligence reports’ that Islamic republic of pakistan might deploy PNS Ghazi. Ghazi was considered to exist a serious threat to INS Vikrant by the Indian Navy, which believed that Vikrant’s approximate position would be known by the Pakistanis once she started operating shipping.
Similarly, the Majestic Navy is understood to take kept its 2 carriers abroad from the area of operations considering of the fear of reprisals by the Argentine air force during the Falkland state of war in 1982. Argentine republic too deliberately decided to hold back its aircraft carrier after the British submarines sank the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano.


Col. (Res) David Rokach
Over 25 years of experience in the field of HLS & Defense technology . An expert in Business Bridging between operational gaps with innovative and combat proven solutions.
Discharged with honors from the Army where he served as the Head of Combat Weapons System Division , leading R&D and procurement projects. Was Senior VP at Aeronautics, and these days serves as HLS Director at ‘Peres & Associates’.
The Founder of the SOSA HLS Innovation Zone An Innovation Hub for Startups and Corporations


I nearly got hit several times. One night I went to the cinema and there was a raid. The Lyon's Cafe, on the corner, got hit and when we came out of the shelter, the cafe wasn't there anymore.
Flight engineer Rear gunner Lancaster
As usual combats with fighters could be seen going on all around by the lights of tracers from each aircraft.
Rear gunner Lancaster
Our .303 machine guns were like pea shooters compared with the night fighter’s cannons.


A fact that is little known to the public, the IRS has a large inventory of weapons. An official report says that at the end of 2017, the tax agency has 4,487 guns and 5,062,006 rounds of ammunition, including 15 fully automatic firearms, which only the Criminal Investigation Division is authorized to carry.
According to an audit report from the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, from 2009 to 2011, IRS agents accidentally discharged their guns 11 times during that time. The report also stated that the IRS agents fired their guns accidentally more times than they did intentionally. Some of the misfires caused property damage or personal injury.
In a 30-page report issued on July 30, 2018, from the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, the, “Criminal Investigation’s Firearms Training and Qualification Oversight Needs to Be Improved”, included policies on weaponless control, intermediate weapon control and the use of deadly force.
Open the Books, a project of the nonprofit organization American Transparency found that the IRS spent nearly $11 million on guns, ammunition and military-style equipment in 2006-2014.


North Korea vows nuclear test aimed at U.S.
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North Korea is threatening to carry out a nuclear test and more long-range rocket launches, aimed at striking the United States.
Leaders in North Korea made the warning Thursday they plan to conduct warhead tests. The announcement comes after the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution condemning North Korea's rocket launch from last year.
On Tuesday, the UN also expanded sanctions against North Korea.Now, North Korea's National Defense commission is pledging to keep launching satellites and rockets and to conduct a nuclear test as part of a "new phase" of combat with the United States.
The commission released the following statement:
"We do not hide that a variety of satellites and long-range rockets which will be launched by the DPRK one after another and a nuclear test of higher level which will be carried out by it in the upcoming all-out action, a new phase of the anti-U.S. struggle that has lasted century after century, will target against the U.S., the sworn enemy of the Korean people."
The commission went on to say, "Settling accounts with the U.S. needs to be done with force, not with words."
The U.S. State Department has not issued a response to the threat yet.


- The US Navy recently achieved a milestone in the development of the Advanced Arresting Gear for its new Ford-class aircraft carriers.
- During a test at the Runway Arrested Landing Site in Lakehurst, New Jersey, a test team was able to recover aircraft 22 times in just over 26 minutes.
- One of the Navy’s ambitions for Ford-class carriers is increasing lethality by achieving a higher sortie rate than Nimitz-class carriers by using electromagnetic catapults, advanced weapons elevators, and new arresting gear.
- Visit Business Insider’s homepage for more stories.
The US Navy recently achieved a milestone in the development of its advanced aircraft-recovery capabilities for its new supercarriers, Naval Air Systems Command announced this week.
During a challenging test of the Advanced Arresting Gear (AAG) for the Navy’s new Ford-class aircraft carriers at the Runway Arrested Landing Site in Lakehurst, New Jersey, in October, the Navy was able to pull off 22 aircraft recoveries in about 26 minutes.
The AAG, a General Atomics turbo-electric aircraft-recovery system built as a more advanced alternative to the MK 7 hydraulic arresting gear used on the Navy’s Nimitz-class carriers, is part of a suite of new technology incorporated into the Ford-class carriers.
Like the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System and the Advanced Weapons Elevators, the arresting gear has also had its share of problems during the development process, but the Navy is making progress.
In August, the AAG was given a green light to recover all “props and jets,” according to the Aircraft Recovery Bulletin released that month. But now the Navy wants to make sure it can meet sortie-generation requirements: 28 aircraft recoveries in 21 minutes.
During the recent two-day AAG tests, the Navy team evaluated the ability of the AAG’s thermal-management system to handle the heat produced by fast-paced flight operations, NAVAIR said.
The Navy carried out the test with a single-wire system, rather than the three-wire system on the new carriers.
While the land-based testing has certain limitations that would not otherwise be seen with ship-based testing, which is expensive, dependent on the ship’s schedule and done only to confirm land-based testing results, the results of the latest tests were good, NAVAIR told Business Insider.
“This never-before accomplished test event was effectively executed with herculean efforts by a collaborative program office-fleet team,” Capt. Ken Sterbenz, Aircraft Launch and Recovery Equipment program manager, said in a statement.
“This achievement represents a significant datapoint for AAG performance as experienced at our single engine land-based site. I’m highly confident with AAG going into CVN 78 Aircraft Compatibility Testing early next year where the full, three-engine recovery system configuration will be utilized.”
The recent testing involved five F/A-18E/F Super Hornets, 25 maintainers from Carrier Air Wing 8, six pilots from Air Test and Evaluation Squadron 23, and two sailors from the USS Gerald R. Ford, which is the first of a new class of carriers and the most advanced flattop in the Navy’s arsenal.
As of September, the AAG test program had completed more than 2,600 dead-load arrestments at the Jet Car Track Site and over 1,570 arrestments at the Runway Arrested Landing Site, NAVAIR said. The Ford has executed 747 sorties so far. Flight operations aboard CVN 78 are expected to begin early next year.


|This is a page within the www.staffshomeguard.co.uk website. To see full contents, go to SITE MAP.
GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE HOME GUARD
HOME GUARD TRAINING
David G. P. Morse
article has been written by David G.
P. Morse of the
Warwickshire Home Guard Living History Group and is reproduced
here with his generous permission.
GUARD TRAINING RIFLES
David G. P. Morse
During the dark
days of May 1940 when Operation Dynamo brought
back some 420,000 British, French and Belgium
soldiers, plans had been announced that a
defensive civilian- based army was to be
raised, kitted out and armed ready to help
defend our shores This was to be called the
L.D.V., Local Defence Volunteers, later to be
called the Home Guard.
The only issue with
this desperate plan was the arming of this new force.
We had left 50% of our weapons and equipment
behind in France with not enough time to
destroy all of it! What were we to do?
The returning soldiers were the first priority
to rearm. We had plenty of rifles, bayonets
and bullets for them although we needed more,
but what about this new arm of the country's
Well, to start with
the LDV, in a lot of cases, made do with the
Mark I broom handle. This enabled those who
had had no formal training to at least learn
how to march with some resemblance of order!
It would take a
long time for real rifles and then sufficient
ammunition to filter through especially to
those Battalions furthest from the front line
on the South Coast and so individuals,
platoons and then some manufacturers started
making their own versions.
One of the earliest
'imitation' arms was just a length of gas pipe
with a bayonet welded into the end.
Much later, when
rifle shortages persisted, Churchill noticed a
Home Guardsman bearing one of these weapons on
parade. He immediately ordered that large
numbers be manufactured and issued. The only
issue was that it 'was hated' by the Home
Guard: in general it was ungainly, did not
look like a rifle and was ridiculed by one and
When delays were
obvious a cut-out rifle shape was formed out
suitably thick piece of timber, in the case
below out of a scaffolding plank with a thick
metal butt plate to help hold it together. The
overall length was the same as an SMLE and
bayonet. No trigger, magazine receiver or bolt was employed.
Soon, though, the more
imaginative started making their rifles with
sights made from nails and bits of machinery.
A bolt made from a ... Bolt! A solid bar
barrel and even a butt disc made from a washer
Now fitted with a sort of trigger
and magazine it was starting to look like a
The one below came from a
Cheshire, UK, Battalion.
Some went for a
simplistic design, just using a solid round
bar for the barrel, a purpose made magazine,
even though it didn't look like a proper one,
and a heavy duty butt plate.
The next one,
below, was a economy version of the one above
where they have only used a semi-circular
piece of bar for a barrel. No butt plate,
hence the rear end wear and no trigger!
I have seen one other identical to this
one. This one came from Lincolnshire Home
This next one is
one of a pair that I have and came from
Tunstall, Staffordshire. They were made by a
company called William Durose who were a
famous prestige wrought iron gate
manufacturer. Whether these were made for the
factory H.G. I don't know as I have not been
able to get a response from what I think is
the present company. The company name is
stamped upon the side. The bolt is missing,
the barrel, though solid, has a shallow hole
drilled in the end. A stylised trigger, a
magazine that looks similar to a real one and
a thick butt plate completes it.
are getting to the point (below) where almost exact
copies of the real thing were being attempted.
It looks like an SMLE but with parts like the
sights and bolt missing.
I have seen one other
that looked like this and it is in the
Imperial War Museum, London. It has a very
heavy duty non-moving trigger, guard and
magazine made out of wood as are the sling
loops! The cast nose has been broken and the
butt plate is of flimsy construction. They
have included a safety catch and so it's
really a commendable attempt.
The reproduction of
British rifles improved when the makers
starting casting original looking bolts and
receivers and sights as can be seen on this
Long Lee below. A wooden magazine was retained
as was a wooden heavy duty trigger! The barrel
made from a solid bar of steel gave it a
similar weight to the original.
The final one in
this selection is in fact a copy of an SMLE
with most of the good points seen in the ones
above. Cast metal receiver, sights, nose cap,
magazine and trigger but with a poor butt
plate. Sling swivels are in evidence. This is
in fact a training rifle from WW1 as issued to
the V.T.C., the Volunteer Training Corps, as
the stamp indicates under the butt. These were
supplied to the V.T.C. for the same reason
that the Home Guard required them: the
training of new recruits and a shortage of
real weapons. Undoubtedly a Home Guard
Battalion somewhere would have been issued
with this type of mass-produced training rifle
from the "war to end all wars"!
From a platoon point of view, morale was improved if you were carrying a rifle even if it was only to make the numbers of "armed" guardsmen greater and even though you had to shout "BANG" when practicing firing! Also the public's morale improved upon seeing most of the platoon training and parading seemingly armed!
would Home Guard Platoons, Companies
and Battalions go to the trouble of
making replica rifles in the way they
The above photo
shows the L.D.V. early in its formation with
only the first couple of rows actually with
rifles. Who knows how many of those were real?
Better to make it look as if all the men had rifles even if
some were replicas.
advertising poster above says that their
SMLE's cannot be distinguished from the real
publicity shot that happened to get into the
press and therefore be seen by the Germans
would show a "Well armed civilian force ready
to defend their island from invaders"!
David G.P. Morse
© David G. P.
Morse, December 2016
Grateful acknowledgement is made to
the author for his generous permission
publication of the above article within this website.
FURTHER IMAGES OF
|In use for the training of Women
some further examples of
Grateful acknowledgement to David G.P. Morse;
and Bernard Cardogan.
Text and all images
annotated "David G.P. Morse" on this
page: © David G. P. Morse
Armourers—Home Guard." Minor repairs and
adjustments " to the following Small Arms :
Rifles', No. 3, pattern 17; Bren" M-.G., Mk 1
.303"; Carbine, T.S.M.G.; Steu, Mk. II; Pistol No.
1, Mk. 6 : —
Sgt. Culbertson, 10 Westmorland
H.G. Sgt. Todhunter, 4 Cumberland H.G. Cpl. Felton, 10
Westmorland H.G. Cpl. Brierjey, 59 Lanes. H.G. Cpl. Pottage,
42 Lanes. H.G. Cpl. Carding, 42 Lanes. H.G. Cpl. Kitchen, 58
Lanes. H.G. L/Cpl. Sinyard, 27 Lanes. H.G. L/Cpl. Porter, 42
Lanes. H.G. Pte. Palmer, 3 Cumberland H.G. Pte. Lavenka, 4
Cumberland H.G. Pte. Graham, 4 Cumberland H.G. Pte. Kearns, 59
Lanes. H.G. Pte. Smith, 38 Cheshire H.G.952. Armourers Courses. " Minor repairs and
adjustments " —
Sgt. S. Mattox, 26 Staffs. H.G.
Sgt. J. Reynolds, 41 Staffs H.G. Cpl. W. Davis, 26 Staffs H.G.
Cpl. B. Kempson, 26 Staffs. H.G. Cpl. A. Fox, 26 Staffs H.G.
L/Cpl. W. Granger, 26 Staffs H.G. Pte. B. Dunn, 20 Staffs H.G.
Pte. H. Tomlinson, 26 Staffs H.G. Pte. J. Yates, 26 Staffs
H.G. § Pte. J. Colstin, 26 Staffs H.G. Pte. F. Morris, 41
Staffs H.Gj 953. Courses ot
Instruction—Armourers' School, Burscough.Course No. 20—2nd May to 9th May,
Sgt. C. Mallalieu, 60 Lanes. H.G.954. Courses of
.Instruction—Armourers. School,Burscou'gh. .Course No. 22—16/5/42 to 23/S/42. , "Minor repairs and adjustments " to the
following Small'Arms and Machine Guns :—Rifles, Lee-Enfield,
Model 17; Rifles, Automatic,. Browning, .300"; Guns M/C Lewis,
Air pattern, ' .300".; Guns. M/C Lewis, ground pattern, .300";
Guns M/C- Browning, .300"; Carbine .M/C" Sten 9mm.'.Mk: II.;
29mm. Spigot Mortar;. Northover Projector and Mountings,
Tripod, Browning, .300" : —" Sgt. C. F. Driver, 57 Lanes. H.G.
Sgt.. E. Lund, 43 Lanes. -H.G..' Sgt. A, A. Ross, 24 Warwick
H.G. Sgt. R. C. Davis, 1 Moil. H.G. , Sgt. J. F. Salt, 22
Ches. H.G. Sgt. D. W. Roberts, 5-Glam. H.G. Sgt. F. C.
Priestman, 92 Lanes. H.G. . • Sgt. G. Thomas, 1 Carrns. H.G. .
Cpl. W. Mack, 9 Worcs. H.G. Cpl. W. R. Kincher, 27 Warwick
H.G. . Cpl. C. Beadnell, 91 Lanes. H.G. Cpl. W. James, 2
Brecknock H.G. L/Cpl. E. Mason, 14 Warwick H.G. L/Cpl. H.
Thomas 1 Pembroke H.G. L/Cpl. S. Gordon, 10 Mon. H.G. Pte. C.
Whittaker, 31 Lanes. H.G.
updated January 2017


IMDB Ratings: 6.5/10
Director: Makoto Kamiya
Genre: Animation, Action, Horror
Release date: 27 October 2012
Language: Hindi + English
Quality : 720p BRRip
Movie Cast: Matthew Mercer, Dave Wittenberg, Wendee Lee
Movie Story: Special Agent Leon S.Kennedy goes against his superior’s orders and works to destroy a series of biological weapons being used in a war zone in Europe.


Every single hunter requires an exceptional blade. Since very good hunting global knives
are costly and inferior blades are generally basically worthless. It makes sense to purchase intelligently. For almost all sportsmen, one high performance blade is usually sufficient. global knives
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who need a quality blade will want to look for one with a grip that is large enough to present the user management however, not so large it doesn't match easily in the palm. The thickness from the blade is likewise important and ought to get the excellent geometry to create the cutting knife as effective as it can be. Substandard outdoor knives have poor grips that are not very easy to grip. Hands and wrists may slide from them, and then making sporting much more tough than it has to be. On the other hand, people who make an effort to decide on a knife that suits their palm and has a edge made for their planned application tend to be far more happy with their expertise. Sporting ought to be enjoyable, not aggravating. Deciding on the excellent knife for the sort of game is important for every single truly serious hunter.


Tank Myths of World War II
During the 65 years that have passed since the end of hostilities in Europe a variety of myths and misconceptions have arisen regarding the capabilities of American tanks and tank crews. Many of these myths and misconceptions circulate widely on the Internet, and are often derived from the writings and conclusions of a post-war generation of WWII armor "experts", inaccurate combat scenarios found in many WWII video games, misconstrued, self-serving assertions that can be found in some official WWII reports, as well as inaccurate, uncorroborated claims found in some published veterans’ memoirs.
This page is dedicated to deflating these myths, and correcting these misconceptions. The information is derived from years of interviews with scores of armor veterans from several WWII armored divisions whose combat experience ranges from bow gunner / assistant driver to officers who commanded tank battalions during the war.
Myth # 1
The use of sandbags on tanks as field modifications intended to increase crew survivability in medium (Sherman) and light (Stuart) tanks was generally ineffective, and primarily served to improve crew morale as the layering of sandbags on the outer hull of their vehicles made them feel safer.
Sandbags proved to be an effective means of preventing the penetration of the tank''s armor by the shaped charges (high explosive, anti-tank) fired from hand-held German panzerfausts and panzerschrecks. (Both were similar in nature to the widely known bazooka used by US forces.) The added protection afforded by sandbags allowed medium tank crews to continue their missions even after being hit by multiple rounds from German panzerfausts and panzerschrecks. Sandbags were especially helpful because tanks of the 14th Armored Division experienced unusually high levels of combat in urban environments during which attacks by hand-held anti-tank weapons were very common.
Sandbags were much less effective in protecting against armor penetrations by solid anti-tank rounds (shot) fired from high-velocity guns such as the notorious 88mm. However, there are a few recorded instances in which a sandbagged medium tank absorbed one or more hits from shot fired by high-velocity anti-tank guns without hull penetration. This appears to have been a function of range from the anti-tank gun, as well as the angle of attack by the shot on the tanks armor. In subfreezing weather, the moisture in the sandbags froze making them as hard as concrete. Frozen sandbags defeated shot fired from high velocity anti-tank rounds on numerous occassions.
General Patton's charge towards the end of the war that the added weight of sandbags caused the bogie wheels and suspensions of tanks to wear out quickly is not borne out by the contents of the division G-4 Journal. In fact, there is no mention of excessive wear or damage to these components, and the division did not require abnormal amounts of replacements for these components. The only exception is seen among certain units which were equipped with already worn-out M5 light tanks which were issued to the division on its arrival at Marseilles in lieu of new light tanks. These old tanks, as well as some equally worn-out half-tracks were obtained from the junk yard of an Ordnance Supply Depot, and were discovered to have first been in combat during the North African campaign. By April, 1945 the bogies on these North African light tanks were completely worn out, and required replacement in the field, but given the extraordinary number of miles they had traveled the bogies lasted considerably longer than expected -- even carrying the added weight of sandbags.
Tank crews and officers preferred the 75mm tank gun over the 76mm tank gun because it fired a more powerful HE (high explosive) shell which was more effective against soft targets than that of the 76mm gun.
Tank crews and officers actually found that the less powerful HE shell fired by the 76mm gun was more than adequate against soft targets of any type typically engaged by tanks. Why? It must be remembered that at a moments notice medium tanks could call on their supporting artillery to engage targets that required larger, more powerful HE shells. In addition, some medium tanks were equipped with 105mm howitzers, and tank units were often accompanined by assault guns carrying 75mm howitzers, both of which delivered a larger amount of high explosive onto their targets. Not surprisingly, veteran tankers were unwilling to sacrifice the extra range and increased armor penetration of the 76mm gun in exchange for the somewhat larger HE shell of the 75mm gun.
More information will be added to this page as time permits.


North Korea has nuclear capabilities and the whole world could be held hostage if they decide to use them! Find out what would happen if North Korea actually launched a nuclear attack on the world in today's epic new video!
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27 Nis 2022


Destiny House of Wolves Guide to Pulse Rifle Rolls by InterWebNinja
I've seen several posts and comments regarding desirable perks for pulse rifles, and I think there are some misconceptions about the functionality and / or value of several of the perk options available. I'm going to describe what the perks do in more detail and I'll go into some recommendations for 'good' rolls for PRs.
This isn't specific to PRs necessarily, but I think it's important to understand what a couple of the attributes of these perks affect. I'm not going to cover specific barrels, but instead will shortly cover what some of the attributes actually mean.
Target Acquisition: This improves your weapon's Aim Assist. The actual nature of Aim Assist is still somewhat debatable, but it is believed to alter the trajectory of bullets to draw them closer to the target. This effectively increases the size of the hitbox on your target. Some people find this undesirable, though, as they prefer bullet to go exactly where they aim them. This attribute may or may not affect the 'stickiness' of your weapon to a target - I haven't seen any conclusive testing on this front. Overall, though, this is generally seen as a favorable trait.
Recoil Control: Recoil is a hidden stat in this game and is different than stability. Recoil determines the direction and magnitude that your weapon (permanently) travels after firing a shot. For most weapons (including PRs), this is a purely horizontal phenomenon. Some weapons drift left, some drift right, and some remain more centered. If you fire a single shot from a PR, you will notice that the reticule always returns to its original vertical firing position. Stability is what causes you to drift upwards on this weapon class, not recoil. While improved recoil control is generally a good thing, most PRs don't have much recoil to begin with. I don't feel this is a must have attribute.
Handling: This is just the time it takes your weapon to aim down the sights (i.e. time from pressing the aim button to the end of the aiming animation). This is a good attribute to improve, but PRs don't have nearly as sluggish aiming as heavier weapons like snipers or machine guns. Again, I wouldn't explicitly seek this out.
Other than those attributes, barrels affect zoom, range, and stability. I feel that for the most part, these come down to personal preference. I don't care for the Iron Sight options as I find them to take up too much real estate on my screen in the aiming area. My personal favorites are the Red Dot OAS or Red Dot ORES. But I'd just go with what you're comfortable with here.
Grave Robber (melees have chance to reload weapon): Best evidence so far is that this procs about 30% of the time. It doesn't work on Throwing Knives. This is of questionable value for PvP since you typically shouldn't be in melee range with your PR equipped. Perhaps a bit better for PvE, but I feel this is overall of limited value.
Rodeo (firing the weapon decreases recoil): This is one of the more misundertstood perks in the game. It is not a flat boost to recoil control; rather it operates more like Persistence and requires sustained fire before you see any benefit. I honestly don't know why the perk is even on Pulse Rifles, Scout Rifles, or Sniper Rifles - it seems to have no noticeable effect from the testing that I've done. I am not speaking from a subjective impression - I have spent some time systematically testing weapons with and without this perk by looking at spread patterns on walls. It just doesn't make sense on a PR. If you are skeptical, test it yourself, but I'd stay away from this one.
Outlaw (faster reload after precision kills): Faster reload is always good. Thumbs up.
Third Eye (radar stays active while aiming down the sights): This really depends on personal preference, I think. I'm accustomed to playing without Third Eye, but some people really like this perk.
Battle Runner (kills boost sprint speed): I don't have a strong opinion on this one, as I haven't tested it out. Potentially interesting, but I'm not sure it would be better than the reload perks.
Spray and Play (faster reload when your clip is empty): This is more of a PvE perk, and I'm not generally thrilled with PRs in PvE to begin with. You typically won't be unloading an entire clip with your PR in PvP (or at least I typically don't).
Feeding Frenzy (faster reload after kills): Not as much of a boost as you get from Outlaw on a precision kill, but still very nice.
Hip Fire (bonus accuracy while firing from the hip): Pulse Rifles actually aren't terrible when fired from the hip, but typically you shouldn't be engaging at ranges where this comes up. There are better perks.
Perk 2 (choose from 3)
I'm not going to go into all of the options here, as I only feel the third tier is particularly important. For the first tier, you can't really go wrong with a faster reload. Armor Piercing is okay for some PvE contexts, I suppose, as is High-Caliber Rounds for some additional stagger. But I never find myself selecting these perks unless I don't have a better option.
The second tier is filled with quality-of-life perks that are all nice, but again, I just don't value them as much as the options from the third tier.
The third tier is particularly important on Pulse Rifles because it has perks that affect stability. IMO, stability is the #1 attribute you need to be looking at to create a strong PvP PR. You want the first bullet to be landing as close as possible to the third bullet, and stability is what affects this. Several of the perks in the third tier will improve your stability, though they all come at a cost. Hand-laid Stock offers the biggest boost to stability, but at the expense of some range. Braced Frame and Smallbore offer moderate boosts to stability but sacrifice magazine size.
Hidden Hand (increased target acquisition): As mentioned above, this is a good thing. It's hard to measure just how much this improves your ability to connect shots, but in my experience, high aim assist weapons tend to really shine at range. I can snipe across pretty long distances with a PR with good all-around stability, range, and aim assist.
Reactive Reload (reloading after a kill grants brief bonus damage): Not really a practical perk in PvP and of limited value in PvE.
Secret Round (connecting all 3 shots in a burst only consumes 2 bullets): This description is misleading, but if you connect with a high percentage of your shots, this will effectively increase your total ammo capacity by 30-50%. This is more of a PvE perk somewhat akin to Field Scout. You shouldn't need the extra capacity in PvP for most contexts.
Headseeker (within a single burst, landing a body shot increases the damage of subsequent headshots in that burst): The damage boost is smaller than you may seem advertised in descriptions elsewhere - it's only about 10% on the affected headshots. This is a nice perk in PvP for bumping you over some contextual damage thresholds, but it really depends on the weapon archetype. This benefits high-impact PRs the most, IMO.
Army of One (unassisted kills grant bonus melee and grenade cooldown): I'm not sure what to make of this. More melees and grenades (in particular) are always nice, but I don't know the magnitude of the effect here. If it's in line with Grenadier, I don't think this is something to get overly excited about.
Glass Half Full (the bottom half of the magazine deals additional damage): I generally find this to be an impractical perk. Running down your magazine to half capacity can contextually bump you over some damage thresholds, but I don't know if it's worth having only 12 bullets (3-4 bursts) in your magazine to do so. I'd personally avoid this, though others may have found ways to make it work.
Rangefinder (increases range): Yes. Pulse Rifles are wonderful at longer ranges with this perk and will outperform any weapon except a sniper.
Counterbalance (decreases recoil and increases kick): Contrary to its description, this perk actually decreases stability. It does this by removing almost all of the horizontal recoil for the weapon. This just isn't desirable for a PR. You want more stability, not less. Again, if you don't believe me, test this perk out.
General Perk Recommendations
With all that said, my recommendation is pretty simple. Max stability is your number one goal for a PvP PR. I'd favor magazine upgrades (or Secret Round) for PvP, but that isn't really the context where these weapons shine. Here is my ideal loadout for a PR (ordered from most desirable to least desirable perks):
Barrel: Red Dot OAS, Red Dot ORES
Perk 1: Outlaw, Feeding Frenzy
Perk 2: Hand-laid Stock, Braced Frame, Smallbore
Perk 3: Rangefinder, Headseeker (high impact PRs), Hidden Hand
Honestly, if you just go to the Vanguard vendor, pick up the 55A-Allfate, and reroll it for Hand-laid Stock, you're going to have a great PvP weapon. It can kill with two headshot bursts at the same speed as Red Death (with better stability) and should almost always kill in 3 bursts. Whatever you get on Perk 1 and Perk 3 will mostly be gravy.
For PvE, I'd favor Secret Round, and I'd trade one of the middle 'choose 3' perks to get either more magazine size, reload speed, armor piercing, or high-caliber rounds. But again, I don't consider legendary PRs to be particularly strong options in PvE compared to Hand Canons or Scout Rifles.
Let me know if you have any feedback, criticisms, thoughts, or questions.
Credits: Guide by InterwebNinja
Category: destiny house of wolves, destiny house of wolves pulse rifle rolls guide, video game guides, video games


This WarZone Article is about how the US has now supplied Ukraine with smart bombs known as JDAM ER which stands for Joint Direct Attack Munition-Extended Range precision bombs. They have their own wings and can extend the range of the bomb by about 45 miles. This could be a real game changer for the war, and make things more difficult for the Russians, at least for now.
Another article in Not The Bee states
“General James Hecker, the U.S. Air Force’s top officer in Europe, confirmed last week that the Ukrainian Air Force can now employ precision-guided Joint Direct Attack Munition-Extended Range bombs, or JDAM-ERs, against Russian forces – which experts say is a big problem for Putin and his soldiers.”
Check these articles out if you need some evidence for or against Military Aid to Ukraine.