For much of Japan’s history, the country was a bloody battlefield wracked by the wars of clans competing for military and economic power. The greatest tools at the disposal of a daimyo (noble lord and clan chieftain) were his samurai: knights of old Japan who were feared and respected in equal measure. But what tools did these warriors themselves have at their disposal to carry out the will of their masters, and to keep their own heads while doing so?
The answer is: a hell of a lot! The warfare which characterized medieval Japan from the Heian period (794–1185) up until the Edo period (1600 – 1868) gave rise to a wide array of gear used to kill, maim, or otherwise inconvenience the foot soldiers and samurai of enemy clans.
Below is an overview of the key components with which these deadly medieval warriors outfitted themselves on both the battlefields and city streets of historic Japan.
Daishō: the signature pair of swords
These iconic swords need no introduction for fans of the samurai films of Kurosawa, or any number of other pop culture pieces in which they feature. The katana style of blade was developed in the late 12th century — a descendant of an earlier sword known as a tachi which was used by the very first samurai.
Woodblock print of a katana battle by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1867)
The katana is a type of longsword, wielded with two hands. Although these are the most iconic weapon of the samurai, they weren’t always the go-to choice. In fact, in open warfare, spears and bows were often much more effective. There are two main reasons we associate the katana with these warriors so closely. The first is because they were the weapon of choice for the Edo period 1-on-1 honor duels between samurai which look so damn good on film. The second is that these swords held a special place as symbols of status and wealth.
To prevent rebellions towards the end of the 16th century Oda Nobunaga, the first and most ruthless unifier of Japan, ordered that only samurai were permitted to carry bladed weapons. If a commoner were found with one, they would have it promptly confiscated (along with their hand or head). Due to this important social role of the katana, the swords were made as decorative as they were deadly.
The main component parts of a katana (19th century).
The main parts of a katana are the 60-80cm blade, the oval hand-guard, the handle with a cord wrap around it, and the scabbard with a cloth cord tied around for hanging on the waist. The blade is slightly curved — a remnant from the days when swords were mostly used from horseback.
The smiths themselves were just as skilled — perhaps even more so — than the fighters they made weapons for. Japanese steel was actually surprisingly brittle due to excessive levels of carbon in the metal. This led to the development of an artisan smithing culture, with a high level of expertise needed to fortify the metal and make it battle-ready.
Blades were forged with strict temperature control, hammered flat, then folded — thousands of times. This gave the now-layered steel a beautiful wavy pattern while making it strong and flexible. Ironically, the comparative poorness of Japanese steel led to better quality blades than made in Europe.
A blade with a horimono of a god, and sanskrit characters (1838).
The top blacksmiths in Japan became as legendary as the best of the samurai themselves. They would usually mark the blade with their signature, as well as adding ornate etchings of things such as flowers and dragons, known as horimono. For the most important customers, a blend of metals was used to ensure the flexibility and durability of the sword. This decreased the brittleness of the blade with a softer core, while the harder exterior metal made for an incredibly sharp and durable edge.
In keeping with the animism of Shinto, it was even believed that the swords of samurai had spirits of their own which needed to be appeased with victory (much like the egos of their owners). Shinto purification rituals prepared the enrobed smith for his task, as he was essentially acting as a priest to summon this spirit into the blade.
The second blade which completes the daishō pair is the wakizashi: a 12 inch dagger used as a backup weapon, and for ritual suicide if a samurai were to disgrace themselves through defeat or surrender. This ritual suicide was known as seppuku, and it was an astonishingly common practice among the samurai class.


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This completely original and irresistibly fun Bolt Action pen will be hard for any hunting or target-shooting enthusiast to put down. Every detail, from the one of a kind bolt action mechanism to the precision engineered components, was carefully designed to ensure uniqueness and reliability. The realistic bolt-action handle smoothly advances and retracts to securely lock the refill in place. Includes a bolt action rifle clip and a replica 30 caliber cartridge and rose gold bullet tip for added authenticity.
These are the standard woods offered with the pen at no charge. Premium wood examples and options are shown here.


Case pocket knife dating
Wr case & sons cutlery, better known as case xx knives is an american maker if high quality, extremely collectible, handmade pocketknives and hunting knives their one-of-a-kind tang stamp dating system has been used since the 1800s and makes case one of the most collectible cutlery brands on the market. Buck's date code chartthe symbols stamped onto your blade indicate which year your knife was made please refer to this chart the anvil was used instead of model numbers (on all knives) this year only customs still use the anvil mark 110 folding hunter 50th anniversary edition, 2014 -initial production of 110. Results 1 - 48 of 63 new listingcase serrated folding hunter knife 1992 date stamp super rare serrated nos nr the master clip blade is stamped with case xx bradford, pa 19 usa 92, dating this as a 1992 issue case knife, while the serrated skinner blade is pattern stamped with 6265sab ss this rare date. A pocketknife with a bone handle was found at the hallstatt culture type site in austria, dating to around 600-500 bce iberian folding-blade knives made by companies such as buck knives, camillus, case, and gerber, created a wide range of products with locks of various types the most popular form, the lockback. Shop case stockman stainless steel pocket knife amber bone(00128. Case knife factory folding knives was an old imperial knife, and identify knives knifemaking is the ordnance bomb, imperial ireland and deer antler shield on an old imperial barlow, including the imperial barlow knife s kissing crane knives thank you shall assume, imperial schrade barlow have a foldable knife dating. What's unique about case knives is that they stamp each blade with a special tang marking that can be used to identify the knife and production date this is of great case has a staggering selection of pocket knives, each available in a variety of sizes, patterns and materials for both the blade and handle.
Every boy acquired a pocket knife at some point in time whether yours was a gift from your pops or you got it while working on your first badge as a cub scout, it no doubt became a trusty sidekick you relied on for a bunch of little tasks the small folding knife has become a quintessential item in a man's everyday. Buck date codes thru 2022jpg camillus all @ 75%jpg case folding knife tang stamps 1905-presentjpg great eastern tang number chartjpg imperia & hammer brandl tang stampsjpg puma date code chartjpg queen%2520tang %2520stamp%2520dates_001jpg schrade tang stampsjpg. I love the look and feel of an old case pocket knife with its handsome faux bone handle even the simple design of the swiss a bone handle folding knife dating from 600bc has been found in austria while several pre-roman folding knives have been found in spain unlike modern pocket knives, the.
Based in bradford, pennsylvania, case's offerings cover a wide range of product categories, from traditional folding pocket knives and fixed blade sporting knives to a unique tang stamp dating system used since the very early days of its history has made the case brand one of the world's favorite collectable brands. In the late 20th century lock-blade pocket knives were popularized and marketed on a wider scale companies such as buck knives, camillus, case, and gerber, created a wide range of products with locks of various types the most popular form, the lockback knife, was popularized by buck knives in the 1960s, so much.
Items 1 - 20 of 500 manufacturing knives in the usa since 1889, wr case & sons cutlery company continues to dominate as an american cutlery classic this is because case cutlery still relies on old-fashioned but proven techniques for unmatched quality, craftsmanship and attention to detail using only high quality. However, the case dating system also adds to the appeal and collectibility because the knives can be easily identified and dated folding knives 1905- 1914 tang stamp 1914-1920 tang stamp 1905 - 1914, 1905 - 1914, 1914 - 1920, 1914 - 1920 1905-1920 tang stamp 1905 - 1920, 1905 - 1920, 1905 - 1920, 1905 -. Items 1 - 24 of 1188 shop case knives case is known for traditional slip joint and locking pocket knives case has been making traditional pocket knives since 1889 in the usa.
Case pocket knife dating
Buy collecting case knives: identification and price guide: read 81 books reviews - amazoncom. Q this odd-looking knife belonged to my husband's grandfather it is marked case xx tested and measures about 7 inches long when open i know it is old, but is it of any value — mary in kennewick a called a “single blade pocket knife” by collectors, the marks on this bone-handled knife date it to the.
- The case ebony mako is a must own case product constructed with a locking blade, this knife blends the stability of a fixed-blade knife and the portability of a pocket folder easy to open and close, but solid when locked into place this pocket knife features a glazed locking clip blade and a smooth ebony wood handle.
- Based in bradford, pennsylvania, case's offerings cover a wide range of product categories, from traditional folding pocket knives and fixed blade sporting knives case-1jpg a unique tang stamp dating system used since the company's very early days the tang stamp is found on the blade near or on the.
A metal part found on both folding and fixed blade knives the bolster on a folding knife is attached to the front end or both ends of the handle and provides extra support to the joint the bolsters on case knives are mainly made of nickel silver on pocketknives and brass on lockknives bone this popular handle material for. Wr case knife - pattern numbers mid-folding hunter - wr case knife pattern numbers, handle material codes and knife the case knife pattern number is stamped on the knife's blade the stampings are small and are located on the tang end of the blade nearest the handle the first number from the left indicates the type. How to date a case knife by linda richard updated april 12, 2017 w r case has made pocket knives for over 100 years w r case & sons of bradford, pennsylvania began making case knives about 1905 case filled an order for 81,000 knives for the united states navy just before world war i and provided a. This video describes the different tang stamps used by case cutlery to date and code their knives any questions or comments please feel free to share be su.


To see the tech tree that this report describes, please click on this link: [link]
This is the third of my faction reports for Command & Conquer Generals and Generals Zero Hour. This is the Global Liberation Army, a terrorist army in the Generals game that uses sneak attacks and chemical weapons. For more information about the G.L.A., click on this link: [link]
The following is a list of G.L.A. weapons and buildings. Note that I am reviewing only technologies unique to this faction (since some buildings are common to all three sides).
(1) Tunnel Network: armed with a machine gun turret, the Tunnel Network can hold up to ten infantry or vehicles who are healed inside. When two or more tunnels are built, the occupants can move from one tunnel to another instantly. Like all G.L.A. buildings, the Tunnel Network will leave a hole if destroyed; if the hole isn't destroyed by the enemy, the building will reappear.
(2) Stinger Site: spawns three Stinger Soldiers when built, the Stinger Site is the G.L.A.'s anti-air and anti-tank defense. The soldiers are not protected while inside and can be removed easily with fire, toxins or snipers, making the site useless.
(3) Demo Trap: an invisible trap that explodes if the enemy gets too close. The Demo Trap can be set to detonate whenever the player wants or automatically. It can also be disarmed by enemy builders.
(4) Palace: The G.L.A.'s tech building which doubles as a bunker. The Palace can hold up to five soldiers to protect the base.
(5) Black Market: the place where the G.L.A. buys and sells stolen goods, the Black Market generates $20 per second to fund the player. It is also a tech building for advanced G.L.A. upgrades.
(6) Scud Storm: the best G.L.A. weapon in the game, the Scud Storm fires nine toxin-filled Scud missiles at a target area. When upgraded with Anthrax Beta, the toxins are more dangerous against infantry and light vehicles. Since it can hit an area multiple times and has a large attack radius, the Scud Storm is (in my opinion) the game's best super weapon.
(1) Worker: Unlock America and China, the G.L.A. uses Workers to create buildings. The Worker can also collect supply crates and dig out mines and traps. He is available at either the Command Center or Supply Stash (even if the Command Center is destroyed, you can still build your base).
(2) Rebel: The G.L.A.'s rifleman, the Rebel uses a machine gun and can capture buildings like other riflemen. When upgraded with Camouflage, he will be hidden from enemy sight when not attacking or capturing. The A.P. (Armor-Piercing) Bullets upgrade gives him a stronger attack.
(3) Terrorist: A suicide bomber who runs into enemies and explodes on them. The Terrorist can also jump into civilian cars, turn them into Car Bombs and then drive them into enemies. He is very fast and can give tanks a hard time.
(4) Angry Mob: a large number of civilians armed with rifles and Molotov cocktails, the Angry Mob is one of the G.L.A.'s best units. It is very effective against ground units and buildings and will respawn any killed rioters. When upgraded with AK-47's ("Arm the Mob"), they are much more powerful.
(5) Jarmen Kell: The G.L.A.'s commando who is an elite sniper. Jarmen Kell can snipe drivers out of vehicles ("Driver Kill"), allowing him or his allies to take control of it. He is hidden from view when not shooting.
(6) Hijacker: a G.L.A. soldier who is trained to steal vehicles from enemy players, the Hijacker is hidden from sight when not moving. You need to buy the Hijacker General's Power (Rank 3) and build a Palace to train Hijackers.
(1) Technical: a fast transport that can be built as a truck, jeep or van from the Arms Dealer. The Technical can hold up to five soldiers. It can also upgrade its machine gun to a cannon when it collects salvage crates.
(2) Since the its Command Center does not come with radar (unlike America and China), the G.L.A. must build a Radar Van to unlock the map feature. Radar Vans can also reveal camouflaged enemies around them. The Radar Scan upgrade allows them to uncover the Fog of War.
(3) Scorpion Tank: the smallest and lightest tank in Generals, the Scorpion can be upgraded to launch rockets. Toxin Shells and Anthrax Beta make them effective at killing infantry. Like all G.L.A. vehicles, they can repair themselves with the Junk Repair upgrade.
(4) Toxin Tractor: a soldier's worst nightmare in Generals, a Toxin Tractor quickly kills infantry with its toxic spray gun and can even Contaminate an area around itself. Anthrax Beta makes these bio-weapons even more dangerous.
(5) Quad Cannon: the G.L.A.'s elite anti-air vehicle, the Quad Cannon shreds through aircraft using its four machine guns. It can upgrade with salvage to use a stronger cannon.
(6) Rocket Buggy: a small and fast vehicle that acts as artillery for the Global Liberation Army. The Rocket Buggy attacks with a rocket barrage at long distances and can upgrade with Extra Buggy Ammo for even more rockets. The buggy will sometimes get too close its target before shooting, so keep it as far away as possible.
(7) Bomb Truck: the G.L.A.'s second suicide bomber, the Bomb Truck can be disguised as any other vehicle for surprise attacks. Its High-Explosive Bomb and Bio-Bomb upgrades give it a more powerful explosion and the ability to leak Anthrax, respectively. You need a Palace to build Bomb Trucks.
(8) Marauder Tank: one of my favorite tanks in Generals, the Marauder can upgrade its cannon with salvage. A fully-upgraded Marauder (having two cannons) can rival a Chinese Overlord. Like Scorpions, it uses Toxin Shells and Anthrax Beta to effectively kill infantry. You need to buy the Marauder General's power to build it.
(9) Scud Launcher: one of my favorite artillery units in Generals (besides the Inferno and Nuke Cannons). The Scud Launcher is a very useful G.L.A. vehicle: it can switch between High-Explosive and Anthrax warheads (similar to the Bomb Truck's upgrades). You need a Palace and the Scud Launcher General's power to build it.
(1) Anthrax Beta: an upgrade that turns all toxin clouds blue (as opposed to green). Anthrax Beta makes toxic weapons 25% more deadly against infantry and vehicles.
(2) Junk Repair: this is a useful upgrade that allows all G.L.A. vehicles to automatically heal themselves after taking damage. It is like having a Speaker Tower but better (since you need to buy it only once).
(3) A.P. Bullets and A.P. Rockets: The Armor-Piercing upgrade boosts the attack power of units that fire bullets (e.g., Rebels, Technicals and Quad Cannons). Similarly, the A.P. Rockets upgrade boosts the attack of rocket-armed weapons (like R.P.G. Troopers and Rocket Buggies).
(1) Technical Training: Similar to China's Red Guard Training and Artillery Training powers, buying this power will allow you to build Technicals at the veteran level.
(2) Cash Bounty: You can not really use this power since it activates automatically when you buy it. Whenever you destroy enemy units or buildings, you will earn back a percentage of their values as a bounty. The bounty amount increases with each Cash Bounty level.
(3) Rebel Ambush: Similar to America's Paradrop power, this power summons Rebels at the target area (although they appear instantly) for a sneak attack. The number of Rebels summmoned increases with each Rebel Ambush level.
(4) Emergency Repair: this power repairs any damaged vehicles and comes in three levels. The extent of the repairs increases with each level.
(5) Anthrax Bomb: a toxin-filled bomb dropped by a plane, Anthrax Bomb contaminates a large area. It does more damage against infantry and vehicles with the Anthrax Beta upgrade. You need to be at Rank 5 to use the Anthrax Bomb power.
Command and Conquer Generals and Zero Hour belong to EA Games. This data report belongs to me,


U s Edmonton armory model 1903 serial numbers
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View it. Receiver ring with mum and Japanese ''Type 30'' characters; mum with what looks like an added arsenal 3 circle stamp in the center. Tip of forend stamped ''R''. Delta escort wweek great gun for junior or small-stature shooter.
Three Long Guns -A J. Does include an Uzi style 32 round magazine.
Overall length is 39''. With Oakshore Electronic Ultra Dot Omana massage St.
Johns red dot sight. Included is one factory detachable magazine. A lengthened bolt handle and flip safety have also U s Edmonton armory model 1903 serial numbers added. Wood is good with even coloring and overall dents and bruises.
W'' and Ottawa sentinel online classifieds href="https://scottwalkerforjudge.com/massage-burnaby-95020.html">Massage Burnaby 95020 Barrel and U s Edmonton armory model 1903 serial numbers with a small amount of scattered specks of surface rust. Nice tight action, U s Edmonton armory model 1903 serial numbers bright bore.
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Handguard appears to have Gay beats Thunder Bay sanded and may be a replacement. Original transliterated serial CK Lot : Group swinger party in Canada. Rifle and scope are both in excellent near new overall condition.
Fine Sex therapist Milton Canada and bore. Action is smooth and crisp with a very good bore. Metal shows moderate wear; barrel with some minor surface peppering. With Bucheimer leather holster.
Action and bright shiny bore are both excellent. Modern Not available to Calif.
Maker's marks are clear and sharp; serial is just a little thin in some areas. Class: Other. With sling and CAI manual.
There are no notes for this auction. firearms, accessories & military artifacts
Luneschloss in Solingen. Stock has a small crack on the right side at the magazine and has been sanded and stained with a semi-gloss finish which shows scattered handling marks. Wood with Find a friend West End few Free love chat Brampton surface scratches and pressure dents.
Optics appear slightly dirty but mostly clear.
Leather body with a leather patch repair to the backside; front side near the tip with a spot of cracking and deterioration. Action is smooth and crisp. Barrel length Barrel length 24 inches. Ottawa healing massage center Ottawa
Condition is very good retaining U s Edmonton armory model 1903 serial numbers. Repair to the stock at the rear of the receiver tang, Caliber 6. Handle shows a few shallow scratches; rear brass rivet with a hairline crack at U s Edmonton armory model 1903 serial numbers sides. Magazine absent. Included is one magazine. Bore is mirror bright. With manual and cleaning rod. Matlock scratched into the right side of the receiver. Wood with moderate shallow Dirty Mississauga grannies and other handling marks, U s Edmonton armory model 1903 serial numbers highest concentration being to the top edge of the buttstock.
Black painted wood grip with triple wire wrapping in very good condition.
Early rifles only had 2 lands and 2 grooves.
Condition is as new in original serial ed box, with original hanging tag and Find black singles in Canada book.
Action is smooth, bore is dark with very good rifling. Lot : Ruger M77 Magnum Rifle in.


We see a lot of high voltage stun guns. Is it possible to produce a stun gun of 500KV or more? How do they calculate there voltage? Did anyone investigate the length and amplitude of pulses that a stun gun produces? I know a stun gun is lethal if the RMS current and the length of the pulse are higher of certain values? Does someone have the exact data?


As per a statement released by the Defence Ministry, the Indian Army is looking to acquire 556 Augmented Reality Head Mounted Display (ARHMD) systems.
ARHMD will enhance the force’s capability for Land-Based Air Defence Weapon Systems such as the IGLA shoulder-fired Infrared Homing Air Defence Missile System and the ZU 23mm 2B AD Gun System. It will provide radar and thermal imaging (TI) sight outputs as overlays to the operator.
The technology will specifically be useful during the night and conditions of inclement weather. It will enhance reaction times, data computation for decision support, and integration of the output of TI sight even during daytime engagements.
“Indian Army is in the process of acquiring niche technology by procuring quantity 556 Augmented Reality Head Mounted Display (ARHMD) systems under Make-II category,” the statement said.
A project sanction order (PSO) was issued to six vendors in February to facilitate the development of a prototype.
The firm that comes up with a prototype in accordance with the provisions of the “buy” (Indian-IDDM) category of DAP 2020 will be awarded the contract.
The ministry also stated that a contract for the construction of eight Missile-cum-Ammunition (MCA) barges has been sealed with M/S SECON, Visakhapatnam.
The barges are set to be delivered from July 2022 onwards which will be inducted into the Indian Navy to undertake mission needs such as embarking or disembarking missile, gunnery, and ASW ammunition.
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The Battle of Tanks is a military strategy about the heroes, war and the most powerful tanks of the planet. Stand up for the defense of your native land and head the battle group of the legendary tanks, created on the basis of historical prototypes of the Second World and modern analogues. Design tanks and helicopters according to secret drawings produced in hot battles. Develop a military base, build factories and extract strategic resources. Learn the latest technology in top-secret laboratories and get a crushing advantage over the enemy. Unleash the strategist’s talents in spectacular tank battles and command dozens of players on the front line! Teach officers, seize territory and climb the career ladder through the skulls of enemies to the highest military rank!
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You are waiting for eminent tanks of the Second World and modern era. T-34-2 – the first tank in the collection, which will bring a sweet taste of victories and will open the doors to more powerful fighting vehicles. Online strategy pleases a rich park of technology, including IS-2, Tiger, Object 261, Pershing and Centurion. In total, over 30 types of tanks from different generations are available!
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Tanks, built according to the drawings, are just the basis that is freely upgraded and improves to the taste of the player. Go over combat vehicles on a military base from scratch, changing the equipment from the chassis and to camouflage! To implement engineering plans, rare resources and drawings will be needed, which are given out as trophies after victories in fierce battles.
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In battles, each player controls a detachment of five tanks and a combat helicopter. The power of the pocket army is sufficient for stripping the fortifications or retaliating attacks, but this is not enough to reverse the outcome of the war. Entering the legion of dozens of players, opens the global side of the Battle of Tanks. Shoulder to shoulder with brothers in arms, you will build a giant impregnable fortress, seize resource-rich territories and challenge players from other servers.
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Iran Said to Have Nuclear Fuel for One Weapon, says the New York Times:
The figures detailing Iranâ€™s progress were contained in a routine update on Wednesday from the International Atomic Energy Agency, which has been conducting inspections of the countryâ€™s main nuclear plant at Natanz. The report concluded that as of early this month, Iran had made 630 kilograms, or about 1,390 pounds, of low-enriched uranium.
Several experts said that was enough for a bomb, but they cautioned that the milestone was mostly symbolic, because Iran would have to take additional steps. Not only would it have to breach its international agreements and kick out the inspectors, but it would also have to further purify the fuel and put it into a warhead design â€” a technical advance that Western experts are unsure Iran has yet achieved.
â€œThey clearly have enough material for a bomb,â€ said Richard L. Garwin, a top nuclear physicist who helped invent the hydrogen bomb and has advised Washington for decades. â€œThey know how to do the enrichment. Whether they know how to design a bomb, well, thatâ€™s another matter.â€
Nuclear weapons are 1940s technology. Hell, for a simple gun system, I know how to design a bomb, at least to a first approximation. And do we really think that they couldn’t have a secret engineering shop working on this while they tell the Keystone Kops IAEA that, no, really, these are all the nuclear sites we have, honest? Formally breaching their agreements and expelling the inspectors hardly seems like a speedbump for a regime that’s okay with, oh, invading an embassy, just for starters.
Let’s remember, too, that while I’m sure Iran would love to have their own home-built nuclear-tipped IRBM to destroy Tel Aviv threaten and deter their enemies, a big clunky ISO container bomb would do the job quite nicely.
The question, of course, is what do we do about it? Apparently, the chances of an Israeli strike have gone up, and the United States might not get in the way:
The timing of the talks, between two lame duck leaders with only weeks to go before they leave office, is intriguing. Israel has stated repeatedly that it would be unacceptable for an Iranian regime to acquire nuclear weapons. Although Tehran insists that its uranium enrichment programme is for peaceful purposes, President Ahmadinejad has vowed to wipe Israel off the face of the earth.
Intelligence sources have told The Times that the prospect of Israel taking preemptive military action to knock out Iranâ€™s nuclear facilities appears to have become significantly more likely in recent weeks. Such an operation would require at least tacit US cooperation because it would almost certainly involve Israeli warplanes flying through US-controlled airspace in Iraq.
Jerusalem Post: Israel won’t let Iran go nuclear
Israel will not tolerate a nuclear Iran, Maj.-Gen. (res.) Amos Gilad, the head of the Defense Ministry’s Diplomatic-Security Bureau, has stressed to The Jerusalem Post in an unusually hard-hitting interview.
For now, Israel is backing diplomatic and economic efforts to thwart the Iranians, Gilad added, but it doubts these will work and it is keeping all options open.
Asked about the complexities of any resort to military action, particularly since Iran has built its facilities to withstand a repeat of the IAF’s 1981 destruction of Saddam Hussein’s
nuclear reactor at Osirak,
Gilad replied, tellingly, that domestic critics 27 years ago said the Osirak raid “couldn’t be done. And the fact is, it succeeded.”
President-Elect Obama has said that “Iran’s development of a nuclear weapon I believe is unacceptable. We have to mount an international effort to prevent that from happening.” Is an Israeli strike with tacit US cooperation and a heavy sigh of relief from all the neighboring countries “international” enough?
I can see Obama and company breathing a heavy sigh of relief themselves if Israel does something to stop Iran before the Inaugural. That way, he can cite a fait accompli and avoid having to see if his “forceful diplomacy” passes the world laugh test.


(This is the second in a series of articles published here that are authored by Chrisitan Peheim which delve into the core issues of the case. This article has to do with the ballistics evidence, the prosecution theory, the defense theory, and the conspiracy theories. In order to appreciate this article fully, readers should visit Christian's website
, which contain diagrams and pictures in more detail than I can provide here.)
Was Abu-Jamal's Weapon the Murder Weapon?
by Christian Peheim
Supporters of Abu-Jamal do not like to address this question. Opponents claim that the amount of evidence is very convincing. What does the evidence really show?
The only thing undisputed is the fact that it was not possible to link the deadly bullet to a specific gun because the bullet was distorted and mutilated.
In June 1982, Mumia's attorney, Anthony Jackson was not able to overcome the ballistics evidence. He tried to attack that evidence on many occasions, but he obviously was not successful. Jamal's third attorney,Leonard Weinglass and his team, used the media to attack the evidence, but in court they were not successful. However, outside of court they were able to raise some doubts. In order to find out whether Abu-Jamal’s weapon was the murder weapon we have to examine the evidence presented at the trial and the PCRA hearings.
The gun found beside Mumia Abu-Jamal was a Charter Arms Undercover Revolver made of blue steel with brown wooden grips, 38. calibre, five chambers and a 2 inch long barrel. Due to the short barrel of this undercover model such weapons are called "snub nosed". The barrel had 8 lands and grooves with a right-hand direction of twist. A bullet will be pressed into these lands and grooves to start rotating, which stabilizes its trajectory. The chambers contained one fired casing from the manufacturer Smith & Wesson and four from Federal. All casings had caliber 38 and were lead stamped with the +P designation. The +P designation indicates that the ammunition has been loaded with more gunpowder than standard ammunition.
According to Anthony Paul, the ballistics expert working for the Philadelphia Police Department, the pressure created by +P ammunition is 21,000 pounds compared to 16,000 pounds for standard ammunition. However, due to the shorter barrel the gunpowder did not have time to burn completely.
The gun belonged to Abu-Jamal. He bought it on 27 June 1979 at Pearson’s Sporting Goods and signed the required forms with his name. At the time of the trial the salesman still could remember Abu-Jamal because Jamal was well-dressed. The gun has been found at the crime scene only inches away from him. At the time of his arrest he was wearing an empty shoulder holster for a small gun. Police officers Shoemaker and Forbes have written in their initial reports that they have found the weapon on the sidewalk close to Abu-Jamal. James Forbes took it together with Daniel Faulkner’s gun. Afterwards, police officers Sobolosky, Chin, and McGurk handcuffed Abu-Jamal and carried him to a wagon while Forbes kept the weapons in his left hand. He had the weapons in his hand until after Abu-Jamal has been transported to the hospital.
He can be seen holding the weapons in Pedro Polakoff’s photos. The photos that Jamal supporters are now claiming prove Jamal's innocence. Some conspiracy theories are based on the assertion that someone else had taken Abu-Jamal’s gun out of it's holster. At the time when only Shoemaker and Forbes were at the crime scene, they did not have any opportunity to frisk Abu-Jamal. This would have been possible after reinforcements arrived at the scene.
In order to pull out Abu-Jamal’s gun and pretend that it has been found at the sidewalk these officers would have to have worked together. That means they drafted a plan for a frame-up within the first 5 or 10 very busy minutes. At the same time, this would have to have been carried out under the eyes of curious onlookers. This conspiracy theory is pure nonsense. No one who is serious could consider such a theory. The fact that Mumia had a gun raises questions.
In order to explain it his lawyers said that he had been robbed twice while driving a taxicab and he required the gun for protection. During an interview in 1998 Leonard Weinglass explained it as follows: “... Mumia did have a gun. He had a legal weapon that night. He was a cab driver. He had been robbed. He took out a permit. He had a gun. ...” This explanation is confusing, probably intentionally so.
According to police reports immediately after the murder, the gun was registered to Abu-Jamal, but he had no permission to carry it. Certainly, he did not have the permission to have it with him in the taxicab, or to have it on his person, in a holster, concealed from public view. It is clear that Jamal, by statements that he and his attorneys have made about his possession of the gun that the gun was carried because he had been robbed twice during his time as a Taxi driver.
However, all reports available today show that he started driving a taxicab in 1981, which was 2 years after he bought that gun.
Projectiles And Fragments
One bullet with round head and one hollow point bullet In total, two bullets and a few fragments have been found (not counting the bullet from Faulkner’s weapon). The projectile extracted from Daniel Faulkner’s head was an un-coated lead hollow base bullet caliber 38 (or 357, because according to Anthony Paul both calibers are the same at the beginning.
The manufacturer was the company Federal because at that time hollow base bullets were unique to this company. The bullet was distorted and mutilated and, therefore, it was not possible to have a 100% match of the bullet to a specific firearm.
During direct examination Anthony Paul explained that he could determine the right-hand direction of twist only. He was not even able to determine the total general rifling characteristics of the barrel. However, during cross-examination he was more precise and said that a sufficiently big area of the bullet’s surface was visible to find out that the barrel had eight lands and grooves.
Some people have doubts about the more precise testimony regarding the number of lands and grooves, and Paul never gave a clear definition of “total general rifling characteristics”. Even if the number of lands and groves seems to be questionable to some observers, the caliber and right-hand direction of twist have been determined beyond any doubt.
In addition to the bullet, medical examiner Dr. Hoyer removed an independent piece of lead with the maximum dimensions 10×3×2 millimeters from Daniel Faulkner’s head. That piece of lead has not been sent to the ballistics department. It’s not known what happened to it. During the PCRA hearing Dr. Hoyer could not remember what he did with that piece. On the other hand, Anthony Paul didn’t say anything about difficulties when measuring the caliber.
Obviously, the missing piece of lead did not have any influence on the diameter of the bullet. In front of the entrance door of 1234 Locust a copper jacket was also found. On the surface was a portion of a knurled cannelure and the weight was 14.6 grains (0.94 grams). A copper jacket is a cup that contains a lead projectile. Especially as part of hollow point bullets a copper jacket restricts the expansion of the lead projectile after hitting a target. In front of the entrance door of 1234 Locust a copper jacket has been found . West of the entrance door seven lead fragments with a total weight of 1.18 grams were also found.
In the vicinity of these fragments at a height of 17 inches was a lead stain was on the wall. In the vestibule of 1234 Locust an un-coated lead fragment, irregular in shape was located. All of the bullet fragments and evidence of gunfire are clearly connected to the murder of Daniel Faulkner. Otherwise, foot traffic would have moved the copper jacket and the very light fragments to a lower location like a chink between concrete panels. More importantly, no other recent shooting in that area has been reported.
Direction of Shots
The locations of gunshot traces show the directions of shots. Since the two holes in the area of the entrance of 1234 Locust are the result of missing shots fired at Daniel Faulkner who was somewhere between the police car and Volkswagen, the shooter has to have been on the street. In contrast to these shots, the deadly shot has been fired at close range. The muzzle of the weapon was at a distance of 23 inches from the head of Officer Faulkner. Together with eyewitness testimony, the projectiles, and fragments, there is evidence of at least four shots (without the shot from Faulkner’s gun). Eyewitnesses testified about more than one shot fired at Daniel Faulkner after he fell to the ground. Therefore, at least one projectile got lost, because it’s rather unlikely that the fragments belong to that missing shot. The fragments could have come from one or more projectiles. The fragment found inside of 1234 Locust has been described as “un-coated” but due to its small weight it could have been part of the tip of a coated bullet and, as a result, it could have belonged to the copper bullet jacket.
Based on the documents available, a more precise determination cannot be made. Together with the two almost complete projectiles we have four or more shots. Two of these shots were un-coated hollow base bullets from the manufacturer Federal. At least one projectile was a different type because it contained a copper jacket.
Variations of a Fairy Tale: Caliber 44 And Caliber 44, Light
For many years, Abu-Jamal’s supporters claimed that Daniel Faulkner was killed by a .44 caliber bullet. The basis of this falsehood was a note written by the Medical Examiner Dr. Hoyer on the first page of his report. The note read “Shot 44 cal”. In 1995, the meaning of this note has been clarified. During the PCRA hearing Dr. Hoyer said that this piece of paper has been an intermediate work product and that it should not have been part of the final report.
Additionally, he was not a ballistics expert. During Jamal's 1982 trial, Dr. Hoyer stated the appearance of the entrance wound was in accordance with +P ammunition. It’s difficult to tell whether such a conclusion can be determined with any degree of scientific certainty. Under certain circumstances, even ammunition with a relatively high velocity can create rather small entrance wounds. However, in this case, the injuries described by Dr. Hoyer, (the skull had multiple fractures above the eyes) were so severe, that they very well could have been in accordance with his experience with +P ammunition. These severe injuries could have been the reason for Dr. Hoyer’s error regarding the bullet’s caliber. Afterwards, the Medical Examiner measured the dimensions of the bullet with a ruler. The diameter at the base was 10 millimeter and the length was 12 millimeter. George Fassnacht, the ballistics expert of the defense, testified that this rough measurement is consistent with caliber 40 but not with caliber 44. He made this determination on the witness stand without pocket calculator.
This statement supported the testimony by the ballistics expert Anthony Paul. Paul for sure used better tools and identified the bullet as caliber 38. Not even the piece of lead not forwarded by the Medical Examiner could change that result. When Weinglass examined Fassnacht during the PCRA hearing, he obviously tried to get the answer that the caliber of a bullet can be determined by weighing it. However, that projectile was not complete and therefore the diameter could not have been determined by weighing, but only by measuring directly.
During the hearing in 1995, George Fassnacht was asked by prosecutor Grant whether he would be willing to carry out a reexamination of the ballistics evidence. He refused to do so for ethical reasons. Whether his refusal to do the examination was justified, or makes sense, is not relevant, particularly in light of the response or rather lack of a response, by Jamal, who was present at the hearing, and his team of attorneys.
Even if Fassnacht would not have carried out that examination they easily would have located another expert. In reality, they did not even try to find out how far the prosecution was willing to go insofar as pressuring the ballistics expert to testify. During the following re-direct examination, Weinglass did not even mention the proposal by prosecutor Grant. In my opinion, to pass up a chance like this, deliberately and knowingly, demonstrates that they did not want to get results that they knew would have further their already damaged case.
An innocent man would have jumped up to claim this chance immediately. In reality, it took six more years until another expert named Ronald Singer asked for the firearms evidence to be reexamined.
This should have been the end of the 44-fairy tale, but Leonard Weinglass’ team of lawyers stubbornly continued to treat it as fact. Other supporters of Abu-Jamal to this day, cling to the myth that the bullet that killed Officer Faulkner was killed by a bullet other than a .38 caliber.
For more serious papers and discussion where statements can only be but so absurd, a more ambiguous version of the fairy tale can be found. Weinglass defended the .44 caliber fairy tale with the arguement that a jury should decide the issue in a new trial. This, in spite of the fact that he knows that without a doubt, the bullet was a .38 caliber.
What is arguably more pernicious than Weinglass and his cynical attempts at perpetuating a myth he knows to be false, is is the report "A Life In The Balance", authored by the human rights's group, Amnesty International. While the author claims that the report is based on the trial transcript, some serious mistakes make this assertion seem less than credible.
The most serious mistake concerns the work of the Medical Examiner. After the 44-fairy tale has been created, supporters of Abu-Jamal claimed that the Medical Examiner has been accepted as a ballistics expert by the court. That claim was indented to lend more weight to his wrong estimation. In reality in 1982 the District Attorney asked him whether the entrance wound was consistent with +P ammunition. After an objection by the defense attorney he was qualified as an expert who can judge the results of that type of ammunition. By no means, however, has he been accepted as a ballistics expert. He only had expertise regarding the wounds created by +P ammunition.
However, Amnesty International would take things one step further. The report inaccurately claims that “the Medical Examiner testified that the bullet was consistent with those fired by Abu-Jamal’s gun but that tests were inconclusive as to whether it actually came from his firearm.” In reality, this statement did not come from the medical examiner, Dr. Hoyer ,but was part of the testimony by the ballistics expert Anthony Paul.
Obviously, the author of "A Life In The Balance" only got the (false) information that the Medical Examiner has been accepted as ballistics expert and afterwards he mixed up the testimony by these two persons. If he really had read the trial transcript as he claims within the report, such a mistake surely would not have occurred. The sad thing is that Amnesty International never apologized for it's mendacious and biased report. Today the 44-fairy tale leads a hidden existence. It’s too absurd to be used as evidence for actual innocence during a serious discussion. It’s not even sufficient an argument to demand a new trial. Why the wrong estimation of a medical doctor should be brought before a jury if it cannot have a real influence on their decision?
The value of this ongoing life can be seen in Michael Schiffmann’s pro-Mumia book, "Race Against Death". He writes in a footnote that the actual diameter never has been determined and he mentions the Medical Examiner’s report. Than he writes, based on the 1981 ballistics report of the police, that defense expert George Fassnacht determined that the caliber of the bullet removed from Faulkner’s head was .40 caliber, which is closer to a .38 than to .44. In reality that estimation was not based on the police report but on the report by the Medical Examiner. Additionally, he ignores testimony by ballistics expert Anthony Paul who clearly said that the bullet was a .38 caliber.
If the true caliber really would be unknown, that fact would be too important for a short description within a footnote. However, the statement about the unknown caliber is completely wrong and, therefore, it was necessary to put it in a footnote. It can raise doubts if readers are not familiar with the case, and at the same time it’s possible that critics will overlook that assertion.
In this shady and manipulative form, the fairy tale of the .44 bullet most likely will stay with us for a long time. Authors like Paul Mulshine and Thomas Clough wrote the deadly bullet was a hollow point bullet. Also Schiffmann, who accurately published the findings of the ballistics report and deals extensively with ballistics, writes in the German version of his book the deadly bullet was a hollow point bullet and such bullets increase the size after hitting a target (mushrooming). Hollow point bullets really act in this way but the deadly bullet was a hollow base bullet with different properties.
Tests Not Carried Out
Two tests could have contributed to answer the question whether Abu-Jamal’s gun was the murder weapon. By simply smelling on the barrel it could have been determined whether the gun had been fired recently (within the last hours). The Neutron Activation Test would have shown whether Abu-Jamal did fire a gun within a few hours. Both tests were not been carried out by Police. The smell test issue was introduced in 1995 by the ballistics expert George Fassnacht. Back in 1982, Fassnacht worked than as an advisor for Jamal attorney, Anthony Jackson.
During the trial Anthony Jackson raised the ballistics test repeatedly with the prosecution experts. George Fassnacht, who later submitted a bill in excess of $750 dollars, surely gave him extensive advice on these tests. Additionally, Jackson worked as evidence technician for the Philadelphia Police Department for a number of years. Moreover, he had his own experience on how to deal with the presentation of evidence through his extensive experience as an attorney. Despite these facts in 1982, none of them mentioned the smell test which raises the issue of how common the practice would have been in 1981.
Additionally, it can’t be explained why such a doubtful test which cannot be reproduced should be part of standard investigation procedures. For police officers at the crime scene it made much more sense to concern themselves with irrefutable evidence obtained from ballistics analysis.
Not only that, but if there was a "conspiracy by police" to frame Mumia, why did they not just claim that they did do such a test and that it was positive? Certainly, there would have been no realistic way to say that they were lying about it. Therefore, it arguably wasn't even a mistake by police officers to not bother with smelling the barrel.
The Neutron Activation Test on the other hand, was standard police practice in 1981. Even Arnold Howard said in his less than credible testimony in 1995 that his hands had been tested in the main police building several hours after the murder. Nevertheless, Abu-Jamal’s hands were not tested. Leonard Weinglass claimed in his typical shady fashion that police may have deliberately omitted this test because it would have shown that Jamal had not fired a gun. This arguement, in light of the facts, simply is not credible
In 1995 the District Attorney worked to prove that the Neutron Activation Test would not have made any sense. Statements from the police bear this out. The murder happened around 3:52 in the morning and police arrived on the scene just moments later. Police officers took Abu-Jamal in custody and brought him to a police van. It was not their duty to test his hands on the spot and would have been absurd considering their suspect was himself shot and wounded.
Arguably, the test should have been carried out in the police building. Perhaps, Roy Land from the Mobile Crime Detection Unit could have done the test, but he arrived at the crime scence around 4:15 a.m, well after Abu-Jamal already has been taken from the crime scene.
Originally, Abu-Jamal was on the way to the police building where his hands could have been tested. However, before he arrived there, the police van was been redirected to Jefferson Hospital. Gary Wakshul wrote this in his report of 9 December 1981.
According to Wakshul's report, "As per orders from Inspector Giordano, we were to proceed, with the male, to the Homicide Unit, but enroute, these orders were amended via police radio and we were informed to go to Jefferson Hospital and to have the male treated for any injuries". After Officers got Jamal to the hospital, it was practically impossible to carry out the Neutron Activation Test.
Before he has been treated for his injuries his clothes would have likely been removed as he was somewhat cleaned up. Obviously, during the time Dr. Coletta treated Abu-Jamal’s injuries it was not possible to carry out the test and afterwards the the test would not have made any sense .
Actually, no one tried to conduct that test. Neither Roy Land at the crime scene nor police officers at the Homicide Unit got a chance to do the test. It’s likely that within the first few hours after the murder no one realized that this test has not been carried out. Afterwards it was too late. It’s simply nonsense to call it part of a conspiracy.
First of all, conspiracies require time for preparation and that mistake happened within a very short period of time after the murder. Additionally, each detective who would have tried to obtain evidence against Abu-Jamal would have insisted on this test. Abu-Jamal and his weapon were found beside a dead police officer. By 4:35 a.m. 4 witnesses had given statements to the police which clearly implicated Abu-Jamal and 2 of theses witnesses identified him at the crime scene.
In light of the evidence obtained by police in the early morning hours. the fact that they did not carry out the test does not indicate a conspiracy against Abu-Jamal. All that remains is the fact that these tests have not been carried out and, as a consequence, cannot be utilized.
Which Facts Were Known in 1982?
In order to answer this question I would like to summarize the items of information available to the jury in 1982. These are the same items of information that were known to the public after the PCRA hearings. The entire story about caliber 44 is not information but a fairy tale and the independent piece of lead, which has not been handed over to the ballistics department, does not change anything, as well.
Mumia was on the crime scene when the murder happened. Only 30 to 45 seconds after the last shot Abu-Jamal’s gun has been found at the crime scene. Until this day no witness was able to provide credible testimony that a person left the scene together with the murder weapon. For people believing in the running man myth this assertion may sound biased but the best account of a running man still comes from Dessie Hightower and his testimony, even by admission of Jamal's former legal team is less than credible. On the other hand, even the fairy tale told by Singletary asserts that the weapon stayed at the crime scene.
When the shooting began the murder weapon has been fired from the street towards the building. Scanlan, White, and Magilton observed Mumia Abu-Jamal leaving the parking lot and crossing the street. No witness testified that another person had been at this location when they heard the first shots.
The murder weapon was outside its holster when the murder happened. Only 30 to 45 seconds after the last shot Abu-Jamal’s gun has been found at the sidewalk outside the shoulder holster. There is no reason to believe that someone else took Abu-Jamal’s revolver and placed it on the sidewalk or that Abu-Jamal has drawn his gun after the shooting. An unused weapon should have been in the shoulder holster.
Weird conspiracy theories involving a policemen taking out the gun from Abu-Jamal’s shoulder holster are simply that: weird conspiracy theories and they don’t have any basis.
The murder weapon has been fired at least four times. Abu-Jamal’s weapon contained 5 spent casings. Therefore, the gun had been fired at some point. Theoretically, he could have carried an empty weapon but there are three main reasons why this is very unlikely.
An empty weapon could have a deterrent effect but that’s unlikely and dangerous, not to speak of the danger or carrying a concealed weapon illegally.
It’s even more unlikely for this specific weapon because it was an undercover model hidden in a shoulder holster. A person attacking Abu-Jamal would not have known that he was armed.
Without live ammunition that gun would have been useless.
The gun was not just empty but it contained spent casings. If they have not been spent in the night of the murder, than Abu-Jamal would have placed a used weapon in his shoulder holster without cleaning and without removing the spent casings. This is even more unlikely than placing a completely empty gun in his holster. Something like this does not just happen accidentally. If the weapon has been emptied before the night of the murder, Abu-Jamal would have known that fact.
The gun was found on the sidewalk beside Abu-Jamal. There would have been no reason to pull out an empty gun. Of course, according to Robert Shoemaker Mumia also reached for the empty gun when police arrived, but that was a different situation. It’s much more believable that Abu-Jamal, who had just shot somebody and himself been shot, did not count the shots fired from his weapon and therefore was not aware of the fact that the gun was empty when police arrived on the scene.
The murder weapon was a .38 caliber and the barrel had 8 lands and grooves with a right-hand direction of twist. Abu-Jamal’s weapon was caliber 38 and the barrel had 8 lands and grooves with a right-hand direction of twist.
The murder weapon contained two different types of ammunition. Two or more bullets were from the manufacturer Federal and at least one bullet was a different type (projectile with copper jacket). Abu-Jamal’s weapon contained four casings from Federal and one casing from Smith & Wesson.
The entrance wound in Daniel Faulkner’s head was very severe and was consistent with +P ammunition. The wound was so severe that Dr. Hoyer estimated a bigger caliber. The casings in Abu-Jamal’s weapon were marked as +P ammunition. The PCRA hearing showed one additional result.
In 1995, the defense got a chance to have the ballistics evidence reexamined by a defense expert and they simply ignored that chance. No innocent man would do that. Supporters of Abu-Jamal always insist that it was not possible to compare the bullet to a specific firearm. It’s true that theoretically multiple millions of weapons could have fired that bullet but these millions of weapons weren't found at the crime scene just seconds after the murder containing five spent casings. It is true that the murder weapon cannot be determined with 100% scientifically certainty to be the one carried by Jamal.
However, the evidence available is sufficient to determine the murder weapon beyond a reasonable doubt. Abu-Jamal’s Charter Arms revolver was the murder weapon!
Abu-Jamal’s Sworn Declaration
On 3 May 2001 Mumia Abu-Jamal signed a sworn declaration. Since that day, commentators have criticized the declaration and have pointed out many holes. Even some supporters of Abu-Jamal question it's believablity. Dave Lindorff and Michael Schiffmann, two authors of books in favor of Abu-Jamal, are among those critics. Lindorff explicitly contradicts the declaration while Schiffmann ignores it when he describes how the murder could have happened.
The reality is that Abu-Jamal’s declaration was part of a conspiracy. Former Mumia attorney Eliot Grossman, and his colleagues clearly initiated this conspiracy in order to get the confession of Arnold Beverly admitted into evidence. In spite of the many holes in Jamal's declaration, it does raise some interesting issues regarding the gun that was found at his side and has been the subject of so much controversy.
Mumia does not mention his weapon in his afadavit, not a single word. Did he carry the gun or not? It has been found at the crime scene with 5 spent casings and he wore an empty shoulder holster. If he carried the gun he has to explain at what time he did fire it. Did he really carry an empty gun or did he fire into the air? If he did not carry his gun he has to explain where it was or who carried his gun. In this case it would be interesting to know why he wore an empty shoulder holster. He claims that he was unconscious after he was shot in the chest, but with that claim he cannot explain why he did not give any information regarding his gun in his declaration.
The crucial facts about his gun are based on the situation before the shooting. He still knows the facts no matter whether he really was unconscious or not. Additionally, Abu-Jamal is smart enough to know how important these things are. In reality, the purpose of his declaration was not to explain, but to hide. Abu-Jamal’s refusal to provide useful information had a negative effect on the question whether his gun was the murder weapon. Before that declaration there was no reasonable doubt. Only some very weak doubts without credibility could have been made up. The idea that he carried an empty gun could be a doubt but for sure no reasonable doubt. The idea that another person pulled out the gun from his shoulder holster is even less credible.
However, all these theoretical doubts do not exist any longer. Since he deliberately has refused to provide any explanation regarding his gun, there are no doubts at all, no matter whether they are reasonable or not. Only mathematical certainty cannot be achieved.


Pirates used a variety of weapons and any good pirate was armed to the teeth. Large weapons were usually kept locked away until battle to keep mutinous pirates from taking a ship. Any assortment of weapons could be used depending on what you wanted to do, and who you wanted to kill.
The musketoon is a shorter barrelled version of the musket, and served in the roles of a shotgun or carbine. Musketoons could be of the same caliber as the issue musket, or of a much larger caliber, 1 to 2.5 inches (2.5 to 6.3 cm). The musketoon is most commonly associated with naval use, and pirates in particular. Musketoon barrels were often flared at the muzzle, resembling a cannon or blunderbuss.
Musketoons had a brass or iron barrel, and used a wheellock or flintlock firing mechanism, like the typical musket of the period. They were fired from the shoulder like the musket, but the shorter length (barrels were as short as a foot (30 cm) long) made them easier to handle in restricted conditions, such as with mounted cavalry or naval boarding parties.
Smaller bore musketoons matched the caliber of the muskets in service, and were generally used the same way, with single musket ball or a buck and ball load, while large bore musketoons were loaded with mulitple buckshot or pistol balls (generally smaller in diameter than musket balls) and used as shotguns. It is this type of loading that is most associated with naval use.
The earliest handguns were single-shot, muzzle-loading guns with ignition provided by inserting a smoldering match cord into a touch hole. As such, they were essentially nothing more than miniature cannons, small enough to be handheld.
Improvements followed in subsequent centuries, as various types of locks (ignition devices) were invented. In the matchlock, the separate match cord was affixed to a spring-loaded pivot which could be tripped by a trigger. In the wheellock, a mechanism analogous to that used in today's cigarette lighters replaced the smoldering match cord. In the 17th century, the flintlock, which strikes a flint against steel, appeared. (The flintlock, amazingly, remained state-of-the-art for some two hundred years.) In the 19th century, percussion caps were developed, followed shortly by modern integrated-primer cartridges, and hammers therefore traded their flint for firing pins.
Single-shot pistols are not completely things of the past, as they have continued to be built (for various reasons) throughout the breech-loading era. However, for most applications, the single-shot handgun has been replaced by revolvers and semi-automatic pistols.
Axes were a popular weapon used by pirates to destroy a ship's rigging and to fight off boarders. The axes were short and could chop through rope quickly. Axes helped pirates climb the sides of a ship could also be used in hand-to-hand combat and in opening closed doors and hatches while boarding.
A blunderbuss was a common weapon of choice among pirates when boarding ships. It is a muzzle-loading firearm with a flared, trumpet-like barrel which discharges lead shot upon firing. It is the predecessor to the shotgun. Most of these weapons are mid-sized, being smaller than most shoulder-fired arms, but larger than a pistol. Although fitted with a butt, the dimensions suggest that most were not really intended to be fired from the shoulder and were instead fired from the hip.
The compact dimensions of a blunderbuss would facilitate use in small spaces (e.g. on a ship, or in a house) and would also make storage easier. For those requiring an even smaller weapon, blunderbuss pistols were also produced, though these are now less common.
The funnel-shaped barrel (either round or elliptical) is not designed to enhance the ballistics of the weapon, but serves to facilitate loading ammunition into the muzzle. This makes it much easier to refill a blunderbuss with shot in situations where this would not normally be possible .
While there is no physical reason that a blunderbuss cannot fire projectiles such as gravel or nails instead of lead shot (as is often claimed) it is more effective to use the latter. Blunderbusses were often supplied with gang-moulds by their manufacturers, allowing the user to make his own shot in the field.
By its nature, the blunderbuss is not a very precise weapon nor one which could fire very far. It has seen most of its use as a means of self-defence, as the spread of shot meant that one did not need to be particularly skilled in aiming to wound or kill intruders or attackers. During combat, the blunderbuss was a very unpredictable weapon; it could hit an entire group of enemy soldiers or miss all of them. The blunderbuss thus became a byword for inaccurate marksmanship in any field. As well, the word itself came to mean "a clumsy or stupid person".
A cutlass is a short, thick sabre or slashing sword, with a straight or slightly curved blade sharpened on the cutting edge, and a hilt often featuring a solid cupped or basket-shaped guard.
Best known as the sailor's weapon of choice, the naval side arm, likely because it was also robust enough to hack through heavy ropes, canvas, and wood. It was also short enough to use in relatively close quarters, such as during boarding actions, in the rigging, or below decks. Another advantage to the cutlass was its simplicity of use. The cutlass required less training than the rapier or small sword, and was more effective as a combat weapon than the full-sized sword. The cutlasses portrayed in films about pirates are historically incorrect, often 19th-century weapons that substitute for the backsword and falchion that were actually available to pirates in prior centuries.
Cutlasses are famous for being used by pirates, although there is no reason to believe that Caribbean buccaneers invented them, as has sometimes been claimed. However, the subsequent use of cutlasses by pirates is well documented in contemporary sources, notably by the pirate crews of William Fly, William Kidd, and Stede Bonnet. Exquemelin reports the buccaneer Francois l'Ollonais using a cutlass as early as 1667. Pirates used these weapons for intimidation as much as for combat, often needing no more than to grip their hilts to induce a crew to surrender, or beating captives with the flat of the blade to force their compliance or responsiveness to interrogation.
The last use of a cutlass in a boarding action by the British Royal Navy is recorded as being as late as 1941.
A dagger is a typically double-edged blade
used for stabbing or thrusting. They often
fulfil the role of a secondary defence weapon
in close combat. In most cases, a tang
extends into the handle along the centreline
of the blade.
Much like battle axes, daggers evolved out
of prehistoric tools. They were initially made
of flint, ivory, or even bone and were used as
weapons since the earliest periods of human
civilization. The earliest metal daggers
appear in the Bronze Age, in the 3rd
millennium BC, predating the sword, which
essentially developed from oversized
daggers. Although the standard dagger
would at no time be very effective against axes, spears, or even maces due to its limited reach, it was an important step towards the development of a more useful close-combat weapon, the sword.
However, almost from the very beginning of Egyptian history, daggers were adorned as ceremonial objects with golden hilts and later even more ornate and varied construction. Traditionally, military and naval officers wore dress daggers as symbols of power, and soldiers are still equipped with combat knives.
Historically, knives and daggers were always considered secondary or even tertiary weapons. Babylonians, Greeks, Spartans, Persians, Romans, Vikings, and crusaders all mainly fought with pole weapons, swords, and axes at arm's length if not already utilizing bows, spears, slings, or other long-range weapons. Roman soldiers were issued a pugio.
Beginning with the 17th Century, another form of dagger -- the plug bayonet and later the socket bayonet -- was used to convert muskets and other longarms into spears by mounting them on the barrel.
A musket is a muzzle-loaded, smoothbore long gun, which is intended to be fired from the shoulder. The date of origin of muskets remains unknown, but they are mentioned as early as the late 13th century, and they were primarily designed for use by infantry. Rifled muskets were the most common weapon used up until the late 1870s. Typical musket calibres ranged from .50 to .80 inches (12.7 to 20.3mm). Depending on the type and calibre, it could hit a man's torso at up to 200 yards, though it was only reliably accurate to about seventy yards. A soldier primarily armed with a musket had the designation musket man or musketeer. Muskets took time to reload and many were very inaccurate.
The grenado was an early hand grenade. Grenados used by pirates were small hollow balls made of iron, glass or wood and filled with gunpowder. The fuse that was lit just before being thrown. The explosion might cause great bodily damage and could demoralize a merchant ships crew. Grenados were not totally reliable and could present a serious danger to the user as well.
Pots were filled with chemicals and set on fire to create a cloud of foul smelling odor. The pots were hurled at the deck of ships to cause the crew to cough and gag, thus becoming sick and creating confusion.
A cannon is any large tubular
firearm designed to fire a heavy
projectile over a long distance.
They were first used in China and
Europe, and were the archetypal
form of artillery.
Pirates did not want to sink their
victim's ship so cannons were
usually loaded with ammunition
effective against their victims or
rigging and sail. Ammunition
included nails, gravel and small
cannon or musket balls often
combined. Chain shot was used
for damaging the rigging and sail.
The first cannon in Europe probably appeared in Moorish and Christian Spain. English cannon were first used during the Hundred Years War, when primitive cannon were used at the Battle of Crécy in 1346. The end of the Middle Ages saw the construction of larger and more powerful cannon, and their spread in warfare throughout the world. East Asia saw the construction of some of the world's largest cannon, such as the Indian Jaivana cannon.
The "giant gun" trend was by then disappearing in Europe, in favor of lighter, more manoeuvrable pieces in larger numbers, and the early use of true field artillery. While the medieval Dardanelles Gun had required 200 men to operate it, 18th century English cannon required only a dozen men, including two gunners, while during the Napoleonic Wars five gunners were used.
The lower tier of 17th century English ships of the line were usually equipped with demi-cannon — a naval gun which fired a 32-pound solid shot. A full cannon at this time fired a 42-pound shot, but these were discontinued by the 18th century as they were seen as too unwieldy. By the end of the century, principles long adopted in Europe specified the characteristics of cannon of the British ship design and the types and sizes of acceptable defects. The U.S. Navy tested guns by measurement, proof by powder (two or three firings), and using compressed water for leak detection.
The carronade was adopted by the Royal Navy in 1779, and the lower muzzle velocity of the round shot was intended to create many more of the deadly wooden splinters when hitting the structure of an enemy vessel. It was much shorter and a third to a quarter of the weight of an equivalent long gun: for example, a 32 pounder carronade weighed less than a ton, but a 32 pounder long gun weighed over 3 tons. The guns were thus easier to handle and also required less than half the gunpowder of long guns mounted on naval garrison carriages, allowing fewer men to crew them. Carronades were manufactured in the usual naval gun calibres, but they were not counted in a ship of the line's rated number of guns. As a result, the classification of Royal Navy vessels in this period can mislead, since they would often be carrying more pieces of ordnance than were listed.
The Turkish cannons of the siege of Constantinople, after being on permanent display for four centuries, were used to battle a British fleet in 1807. The artillery hit a British ship with two 700 pound cannonballs, killing 60 sailors. In 1867, Sultan Abdul Aziz gifted Queen Victoria the 17 ton "Dardanelles Gun" - one of the cannons used at the siege of Constantinople.
But in contrast to this antiquated weapons, later western guns during the 19th century became massive, destructive, more accurate, and covered a very long range - such as the American 3 inch wrought-iron muzzle-loading howitzer used during the American Civil War with an effective range of over 1.83km. In the 1810s and 1820s, greater emphasis was placed on the accuracy of long-range gunfire, and less on the weight of a broadside. The carronade, although initially very successful and widely adopted, disappeared from the Royal Navy from the 1850s after the development of steel, jacketed cannon by William George Armstrong and Joseph Whitworth. Nevertheless, carronades were used in the American Civil War in the 1860s.
The superior cannon technology of Westerners in later years would bring them tremendous advantages in warfare. For example, in the Opium War in China during the 19th century, the British battleships bombarded the coastal areas and fortifications safe from the reach of the Chinese cannon. Similarly, the shortest war on the record, the Anglo-Zanzibar War of 1896, was brought to a swift conclusion by shelling from British battleships


Skilled knives can carry the gut link which can Pocket knife always be placed on in the tip of any other device. Going out into generally outdoors without an right gear on top of that plan of actions may be dangerous. The Sheffield pattern blade will be thinner than the Black/Musso daggers even if the false rim is often a longer time with an a reduced amount pronounced clip. All the way through wilderness survival, effective camouflage is a huge good combination out of concealment and deceptiveness.
Without a single, joining together tool or technique, the word "ninja" would be incomprehensible to the number of. Early hunting knives usually had a wooden and also bone handle that would be constructed around the tang to make it easier to hold. This has always Throwing knife been something that this experience and is required need to state on if the problem will be useful to you.
Well, a little about i am. Do stay away from encounters with taipan and tiger snakes, salt-water crocodiles, and also scorpions so the fact you have enough time to be to an a great safer place. Although many jurisdictions around the globe have knife legislation regulating the proportions of an utensil one may possibly own or acquire, certain locales from the United States have legislation alluding to "Bowie knives" particularly. Most of the potential for sea salt water corrosion may a downside for some metal folders.
A new potential for sodium water corrosion will a downside as some metal folders. A multiple Folding knife of Western guidelines and Japanese samuri forges make themsleves today's methods for creating knives. Noted knife expert Bernard Levine has reviewed that the incredibly first known Bowie cutting knife mirrored a huge Mediterranean influence insofar as general whipping were concerned. If you only want to carry just one particular knife, an arrangement blade may usually the best option; it will provide both a serrated and a flat edge.
There may undoubtedly be any a good particular hunting knife of the fact that can perform completely hunting chores, but yet there are one particular few that have proven to be much better in contrast to others. Look at more and more traditional items of obvious value sort of as jewelry, a good solid stamp or silver Hunting knife coin collection, photographs, types supporting copyright potentially patent rights and other legal documents such as wills. A person need to acquire away the internal organs by section and discard because of them in you see, the correct way. Correct after a moment, no way more blinking opinion.
Shopping knives have been around since these Stone Age. One item that you cannot conduct without is the new knife. However, you would probably never know what precisely could happen anytime.
A person's anime series Naruto has taken the world by storm. Because the blade is always open, they normally come with a sheath for safe buying. Exactly where hand-sharpening is involved, this type of is the minimum complicated type of sword to retain.


Joint Australian-US intelligence facility – Pine Gap
Pine Gap is perhaps the most important United States intelligence facility outside that country, playing a vital role in the collection of a very wide range of signals intelligence, providing early warning ballistic missile launches, targetting of nuclear weapons, providing battlefield intelligence data for United States armed forces operating in Afghanistan and elsewhere (including previously in Iraq), critically supporting United States and Japanese missile defence, supporting arms control verification, and contributing targetting data to United States drone attacks. Today it consists of two separate systems on the same site. The larger, original, portion as a command, control, downlink and processing facility for several generations of United States signals intelligence satellites in geo-stationary orbits, 36,000 kms above the earth. Since 2000, it is has also functioned as a remote ground station for the downlinking of data from two generations of United States early warning infra-red satellites also in geo-stationary orbit.
When first established by the United States in 1966 (becoming operational by 1970, and in part by early 1969) the original purpose of Pine Gap was to collect information on the testing of Soviet missiles. During missile tests, information on the performance of various parts of the missile in flight is sent by radio signal to the test base. U.S. satellites in geo-stationary orbit sitting above the earth intercepted this missile telemetry, and downlinked the data to Pine Gap and other ground stations. That data was then processed into usable signals intelligence about the performance and capacities of new Soviet missiles. Pine Gap continues this activity today, monitoring the testing of missiles by a wide variety of countries, including North Korea.
However, in the half century since it was first built, Pine Gap and the systems of which it is a part have undergone extraordinary technical development , greatly increasing the sensitivity and breadth of its of its signals intelligence capacities – most notably in the interception of cell phones and satellite communications. This has provided the technical basis for Pine Gap to provide data enabling the targeting of illegal U.S. drone attacks in countries with which the United States nor Australia are at war, including Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia.
There is a second aspect of Pine Gap’s activities, which was never envisaged by the government that allowed its establishment. Following the closure of the U.S. base at Nurrungar in 1999, Pine Gap has hosted a remote ground station for several generations of U.S. early warning satellites. Powerful infrared telescopes on geostationary satellites detect the thermal signature of ballistic missile launches. Today, this technology originally aimed at providing early warning of possible attack on the United States has been extended to contribute to the rapidly evolving U.S. and Japanese missile defence systems on land and sea aimed at defeating a North Korean missile attack. Pine Gap’s role is to downlink the data indicating a probable launch and compute its probable trajectory. These warning calculations are then transmitted to the less powerful but more fine grained missile defence radars in the western Pacific, which then have a realistic chance of locking onto the missile early in its flight and destroying it. Without the “cueing” provided by Pine Gap, this is difficult, if not impossible at the present time, making PIne Gap an integral part of United States ballistic missile defence.
The most authoritative source is the work on PIne Gap and the technological and organisational systems of which it is a part by Professor Desmond Ball of the Australian National University.
The best single introduction to the Joint Australia-US Joint Defence Facility at Pine Gap, outside Alice Springs, Northern Territory, remains the Report of the Joint Standing Committee on Treaties, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, October 1999 on An Agreement to extend the period of operation of the Joint Defence Facility at Pine Gap, and the testimonies to that committee by Desmond Ball and Paul Dibb. (See bibliography.)
For a substantial review of the current status of Pine Gap, see Richard Tanter, The “Joint Facilities” revisited – Desmond Ball, democratic debate on security, and the human interest, Special Report, Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability, 12 December 2012 (abridged earlier version appeared as American bases in Australia revisited, in Brendan Taylor, Nicholas Farrelly and Sheryn Lee (eds.) Insurgent Intellectual: Essays in honour of Professor Desmond Ball, (ISEAS, December 2012).
- Antenna/radome list and photokey 2014
- Pine Gap – protests
- Possibilities and effects of a nuclear missile attack on Pine Gap
Joint Defence Facility, Pine Gap
Comprehensive review of Australian and other government and non-government sources relating to the Joint Defence Facility, Pine Gap.
- Australian Government sources
- US government sources
- Iraq, Afghanistan and Pine Gap
- Pine Gap protests
Pine Gap dishes/domes list
List of dishes and domes, by Desmond Ball, Bill Robinson, and Richard Tanter, (updated 2012)
Large version of aerial photo of Pine Gap, August 2005, Digital Globe, with extant dishes and domes numbered by Desmond Ball and Bill Robinson.
- ADF bases and locations abroad
- ADF – intelligence
- ADF – Intelligence in ADF overseas deployments
- ADF – Afghanistan – Intelligence
- Australian intelligence organisations
- Australian-US intelligence – Afghanistan and Iraq
- Canadian SIGINT and Afghanistan
- Australian defence facilities
Project coordinator: Richard Tanter
3 February 2014


Home All pics Categories. Nobody cares about the non-realism of the game, that's the god damn point of Video Games. Because they are treated as the "unarmed" weapon skill, fist weapons, when disarmed or dismantled, still deal their damage even though many class-specific weapon-dependent abilities are not available. Wild Combatant's Render Warlords Season 2. Tier 4 Decomposing Aura should be selected when you are playing with something that deals physical damage such as warriors, windwalker monks and hunters as it increases the kill potential on your teams burst. For some reason when you swim and press the forward button while doing so not while stationary you will continuously sheathe and un-sheathe your weapons. But this is actually a much more thoughtful adaptation of the film than you would first expect.
When equipped it gives a chance on hit to grant the wielder 20 defense rating and armor for 10 seconds. Worgen doesn't "swipe" with fist weapons. Models are first grouped by design all look-alike models are displayed consecutively. Some classes can wield Fist weapons but not other types. How is your Mage Tower progress looking? Sartharion in The Obsidian Sanctum. Wow death knight fist weapons Outdoor Monday, December 18,
So thought I'd post so you can look into it. Savage Crate of Battlefield Goods. Mike McCarthy likes new approach to free agency. Kendricks moved on to Oakland to meet with the Raiders after wrapping up his Last edited by ToeCramp:
Improves hit rating by 30 Equip: Overpowered Rune Weapon is the best talent in your final tier. You could control the speed of your ship, store multiple weapons simultaneously, and even sacrifice these weapons for smart bombs. If there are fist weapons that shamans can use then Combat can use them too. This is another one handed sword that can be used by paladins and warriors only.


You want to play in the airsoft sniper position, right?, Well if this is your idea let me tell you that you can not choose any airsoft gun, even if it is highly recommended to your friends or colleagues. You need the best airsoft sniper rifle.
How to choose the best airsoft sniper rifle on the market?
When buying the best airsoft gun, you want accuracy, power and high quality. All of these factors will have a great impact when it comes to using a rifle, Regardless of the purpose for which it will be utilized.
Airsoft sniper rifle is very popular for a variety of different reasons. Let’s take a look at why you want to use an airsoft sniper rifle and what features to consider when selecting one. Then we will show you our reviews of airsoft sniper rifles and tell you which one we think is the best!
What is the best airsoft sniper rifle? Well, first let’s see what the gun types are.
Types of Airsoft sniper rifle.
Like regular airsoft guns, there are three main types of airsoft sniper rifle to choose from. Unlike cannons that are meant to be used in narrower ranges, you will often find the most used barrels are spring action, unlike gas explosion or Automatic Electric Gun (AEG), not to mention those of the CO2 type and High-Pressure Air (HPA).
1. Gas Blowback
Gas exhaust guns are very often manufactured for a good intermission between airsoft AEG spring guns and airsoft rifles. It provides a lot of power but requires more maintenance than a spring gun or AEG airsoft gun including lubrication.
It also tends to be slightly stronger than any of the other types of pistol, which is pleasing to the touch, but in competition, it will become more difficult if you are more concerned with sport than with simulation.
On the other hand, by making use of green gas batteries or other thrusters, gas air rifles, like their pistol counterparts, often feature a blow back action that simulates the recoil of a real steel rifle.
2. Spring Sniper Rifles
Spring airsoft guns are the favorites of many snipers; they are quieter and much cheaper than those of the Gas Blowback airsoft type and very often have a better FPS ratings.
The actions on these rifles are often difficult to work for those who have little knowledge, however, as the spring must be compressed manually.
3. AEG Rifles
Unlike of CO2 airsoft guns, the AEGs are favorites for those who are operating closer distances during the game. They lack the power and accuracy of the other types but compensate with a great increase of fire. Some of them will be able to fully fire on automatic, which means they can cover an area with fire from a safe distance.
They are very useful for small fields, as they may not be able to use a long range pistol while you are in more enclosed rooms. The FPS is lower, but this could work in your favor, in many cases since most fields will not allow you to use powerful airsoft guns in nearby rooms.
Features you should keep in mind when choosing the best airsoft sniper rifle:
Sniper rifles should be at least 400 FPS in the muzzle to be really for this type of task. Anything below and you simply will not get the necessary distance to work as a sniper. Ideally, you want something better than that speed, and keep in mind that as a sniper often used heavier pellets to maintain accuracy over long distances.
You will need some optics to perform your work optimally and efficiently. The best airsoft sniper rifle, including the most expensive, are simply not accurate enough on their own.
Ideally, they will be removable so you can replace with another if you do not like the one that comes from the factory.
If you choose to use aftermarket accessories and have an appropriate lane, almost any reach made to shoot between 150 – 200 yards, will be more than perfect.
You will also want to see the speed of the mouth. This is the rate that the BB fires from the rifle barrel. The higher the number, the greater the range and accuracy you will have.
BBs have a different shape than traditional bullets. You will have to adjust when pointing. A stronger rifle will be easier to aim at. The most powerful type of rifle will usually be gas.
Tightness of the bore
The hole diameter of the vast majority of airsoft sniper rifles is between 6.09 to 6.05. The Airsoft bb guns sniper rifles is 6mm, so this width allows little space for movement and reduces the possibility of jams. For a sniper rifle, a diameter of 6.03 is recommended, as this will give you better accuracy.
A tight hole is even more likely to get stuck than ‘loosey-goosey’ in standard barrels. So, as a sniper, you must clean the barrel often, as dust and debris can become a nuisance.
The length of the barrel.
A long barrel equals a more precise shot, up to a point. If the barrel is too long, the BB will begin to lose momentum and precision, or specifically, the range is significantly affected.
The jump is a rubber knot that is in contact with the BB as it is shot out of the gun. If the increase raises too much of a turn, the BB will fly too high at the moment of leaving the canyon.
If the turn is very low, the BB will not go to the necessary speed and will not be able to reach its objective.
The Hop-Up in the airsoft sniper rifle is the most accurate, plus it will be adjustable so that you will find an almost perfect setup. It also uses high-end rubber, so it will not break the break and stop working properly.
Distance is the most important factor for a sniper because of the further away he hits his target, the better. The element surprise and the ability to remain hidden increases further away from the goal.
The range is one of the main performance factors to keep in mind when looking for the best airsoft sniper rifle.
An important element in choosing a gun, as we have already mentioned, is the Fps. Of course, many factors affect the FPS, such as BB weight, barrel length, and hole diameter.
Most snipers will make improvements to their rifle, so it is appropriate to obtain an easily maneuverable rifle.
Often the improved items in the best airsoft sniper rifle are the cylinder, piston, exhaust, bolt, hop-up, barrel spacers and bucking.
Airsoft Rifle Scope UTG Gen 5 Master Sniper
This full-size pellet gun with bolt action has a speed of 460 feet per second, BB speed charger and non-slip grip.
• 6mm gauge
• Enhanced Security
• Non-slip grip with UTG Sling
• BB speed charger
• Integrated front and top rail
• The scope must be purchased separately
• The rifle must be assembled
Airsoft AGM Metal Bolt L96 AWP Sniper Rifle
This type of bolt-action airsoft rifle has a high fire rating, wide range, and absolute accuracy. With a weight of 8 pounds, this airsoft sniper rifle is reliable but also portable, perfect for running and climbing in outdoor environments.
• Portable and lightweight
• Adjustable Hop-up
• Cheek pad and butt stock
• No scope
• Does not include spare magazine
Black UTG L96 Airsoft Sniper Rifle
The UTG is a compressed air rifle with spring action that can be upgraded, at an affordable price. Updates and parts are inexpensive and easy to get.
An adjustable full metal accessory that is foldable to play in enclosed rooms. It comes equipped with a precision one-piece metal barrel.
• 465 FPS, 0.2 grams BB
• Most of the components are metal
• 3-9 × 40 Scope included.
• It needs updates to get the most out of it, but it still works like a standard gun.
Accurate and Efficient, at an affordable price. It is one of the best airsoft sniper rifles on the market.
JG Bar-10 366a Airsoft Sniper Rifle
The JG Bar 10 a classic in the world of beginner sniper rifles. This activated spring bolt action airsoft rifle is ideal for upgrading and has several awesome features right out of the box.
This weapon has an included scope, and rails. The stock is a polymer, and the barrel and internal are made of metal. This is a less expensive clone weapon for the Tokyo Marui, which has many updates and customization parts available.
A very cheap platform with an exceptionally high-quality reach, great candidate for the improvement that most snipers end up doing to their weapons. The best airsoft sniper rifle to upgrade.
Well L96 AWP Bolt Action Spring Sniper Rifle Airsoft Gun
The WELL L96 is ‘well’ known in the airsoft sniper community. This modern sniper rifle has a well-placed magazine.
I make a great sniper rifle for beginners because it has a fair price and very upgradeable.
This is a spring loaded bolt action rifle. It has a very soft trigger, easy to pull.
- Charger 30 mag round and bb included.
- Adjustable bridge on the side.
- Adjustable cheek welding and stock.
- Includes a top rail.
- 420 FPS.
- Scope and bipod not included.
This is an excellent sniper rifle for beginners that is fast and upgradeable. The best airsoft sniper rifle.
UTG ACCUSHOT SHADOW OPS COMPETITION
AccuShot is a great rifle for those looking to take on the role of a sniper. It may even be better; It may even be better, It may even be better, it comes with a tactical bipod and a couple of magazines, which can be a great help when you’re in the heat of action.
The only thing you should keep in mind is the fact that you will have to find your reach for it, but many snipers will end up preferring aftermarket optics anyway. The picaninny lane means you can use almost any scope you can care about, including those aimed at real rifles if you want to drop the extra money.
With a speed of around 450FPS, you are sure to be able to get a considerable distance with this rifle. The effective range is over 200 feet, so you will not have to worry about getting short in most fields.
The rifle it was based on was intended for cold weather warfare, so it has a couple of features that give it a distinctive look, including a large bolt that was meant to be used by the gloved hands with great ease. This means that your protective equipment should not interfere with the action, even if you choose to use unusually thick gloves.
Magazines are plentiful, easy to load and have spring help when it comes time to change them. This means that it will return to action quickly when the first magazine stays dry, and since it has three, it might even be able to make a full match without having to reload manually.
In general, this rifle is a great value; the only drawback is that you are going to have to find your scope to use it in the field.
H & K HK SL9 AEG
This HK SL9 is an excellent choice if you are planning to participate in shorter distances. With a speed of 430-440fps, it is a serious power and is capable of automatic fire that will allow you to cover an area with fire, maintaining a safe distance.
The gun does not come with anything, without battery, reach, or bipod. This for some might be an inconvenience, but more expert players will certainly see the opportunity to fit everything they love into a sniper rifle.
The internal barrel runs the entire length of the outer barrel, ensuring accuracy as well as having plenty of power behind each shot. In automatic, from the right position, you will cause an absolute terror in the field. Keep in mind the fact that it is a blowback weapon; you can take some of the fun when you realize that it will also generate a decent amount of noise.
Take this one out if you are often playing in shorter fields and you may have found exactly what you are looking for. The pistol itself is lightweight, allowing you to make fire bursts and change positions in the middle to add an extra element of surprise.
As a dedicated sniper rifle in unusually large areas might be insufficient, but it is an excellent choice for those close to skirmishes where their maximum range will be about one hundred fifty feet.
Red Fire M700 Gas Powered Action Sniper Airsoft Rifle
This all metal gas sniper rifle has a wooden stock in contrast to other rifles made of plastic. It is based on the M700 hunting rifle of the 60s. Because it is a gas gun, it has a semi-automatic fire.
- 300 FPS.
- 10 round mag.
- The metal barrel in one piece.
- The scope is not included, they are not gas cartridges.
- This is a gas gun, so you need gas cartridges.
The wood rifle is sure to stand out in a crowd. This rifle is rated among the best airsoft sniper rifle on the market.
This concludes our reviews of the best airsoft sniper rifle. We hope you can “reach” the best sniper rifle for your airsoft game.


Spanish 1907 Puerto Seguro cavalry saber.
The plain hilt is indicative of being rearsenaled under Franco.
The slight bend to the right is indicative of being used to stab someone, from horseback.
The etching is consistent with blood.
This sword may very well have been used to run commies through in the Spanish Civil War.
Current bid is $250.
Kids Have New Swords
Mar 29, 201101:03AM
Both of them. So the above sword (dagger) each of them used when small is now available to the deserving. Email me if interested.