Written in EnglishRead online
Includes bibliographical references and index.
|Statement||edited with an introduction by Ann Fagan Ginger.|
|Contributions||Ginger, Ann Fagan.|
|LC Classifications||KZ5665 .N83 1998|
|The Physical Object|
|ISBN 10||0945257872, 0945257864|
|LC Control Number||98013353|
Download Nuclear weapons are illegal
Nuclear Weapons Are Illegal - The Historic Opinion of the World Court and How It Will Be Enforced (The Complete Decision, Including the Separate Opinions and Dissents) Paperback – January 1, by Ann Fagan Ginger (Editor)Manufacturer: The Apex Press. The book alternates between the tragedy at site and a more or less chronological history of US nuclear weapons safety and command and control.
The author has clearly done a huge amount of research both into the specifics of what happened at site and the US nuclear weapons program, including extensive interviews with key individuals Cited by: 'At a time when the actual use of nuclear weapons is being contemplated as 'mini-nukes' or 'bunker-busters', Nina Tannenwald's book is a timely reminder of humanity's visceral recoiling from the use of the world's most destructive weapon.'Cited by: Six deceptive arguments against a nuclear weapons ban.
Ryan Bort was the author of the article, and he appeared to concisely lay out the reasons why nuclear weapons are illegal but concluded “it doesn’t matter.” Here are the pertinent excerpts from his article published on October 6,entitled “ARE NUCLEAR WEAPONS ILLEGAL.
YES, BUT IT DOESN’T MATTER.”. Though the international community has ruled multiple times over multiple decades for multiple reasons that the use of nuclear weapons is illegal, there is Author: Ryan Bort. This is a list of books about nuclear are non-fiction books which relate to uranium mining, nuclear weapons and/or nuclear power.
American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer (); The Angry Genie: One Man's Walk Through the Nuclear Age (); The Atom Besieged: Extraparliamentary Dissent in France and Germany.
Overview of the case By a letter dated 19 Decemberfiled in the Registry on 6 Januarythe Secretary-General of the United Nations officially communicated to the Registry a decision taken by the General Assembly, by its resolution 49/75 K adopted on 15 Decemberto submit to the Court, for advisory opinion, the following question: “Is the threat or use of nuclear weapons.
In Germany, nuclear weapons are considered weapons of war, which are heavily particular, under § 17 KrWaffKontrG, it is prohibited to develop or produce nuclear weapons or trade in them or acquire them from or leave them to another person or import or export them or transport them through the territory of the Federal Republic or in any other way take them into Nuclear weapons are illegal book.
Nuclear Weapons under International Law is a comprehensive treatment of nuclear weapons under key international law regimes. It critically reviews international law governing nuclear weapons with regard to the inter-state use of force, international humanitarian law, human rights law, disarmament law, and environmental law, and discusses where relevant the International.
The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), or the Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, is the first legally binding international agreement to comprehensively prohibit nuclear weapons, with the goal of leading towards their total was passed on 7 July In order to come into effect, signature and ratification by at least 50 countries is : Arms control, nuclear disarmament.
The Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon ("RDS-1") in This crash project was developed partially with information obtained via espionage during and after World War II.
The Soviet Union was the second nation to have developed and tested a nuclear direct motivation for Soviet weapons development was to achieve a balance of power during the. Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Theodore B. Taylor Chairman, NOVA, Damascus, Maryland.
Taylor, a former nuclear weapons designer, received the US Atomic Energy Commission’s Lawrence Memorial Award and was Deputy Director of the Defense Nuclear Agency.
He is a Fellow of the American Physical Size: 33KB. regulating nuclear weapons internationally, and assesses the scope and parameters of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), nuclear-weapon-free zones (NWFZ) and international humani-tarian law (IHL). It considers whether a nuclear weapons prohibition could enhance the current nuclear weapons control regime.
threaten to use nuclea r weapons against non- nuclear weapons states t hat are part y to the NP T and in compliance with t heir nuclear nonproliferation obligatio ns.” 50 According to th is Author: Sung Chull Kim. The US military practice of placing nuclear weapons in five other countries (no other nuclear power does this) is a legal and political embarrassment for Author: John Laforge.
Since the first and only use of nuclear weapons inthe international community has wrestled with the issue of how the law of war applies to such weapons.
For decades the discourse about nuclear weapons was focused on their military and security aspects and concerns about their proliferation. Increasingly, however, the debate is expanding.
International Court of Justice. In the International Court of Justice (ICJ) gave an advisory opinion on the legality of nuclear weapons. The Court concluded that: the threat or use of nuclear weapons would generally be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, and in particular the principles and rules of humanitarian law (paragraph 2E).
ISBN: OCLC Number: Description: xii, pages: illustrations ; 23 cm: Contents: A court opinion to help change the course of history / by Ann Fagan Ginger --Legality of the threat or use of nuclear wepons --Delcarations, Separate and dissenting --The opinion on illegality of nuclear weaponsis being.
Ultimately, the threat of more nuclear weapons, of increased arms races and insecurity are all diversions of precious resources that lots of countries can ill-afford. Close calls on nuclear annihilation, such as the two examples at the beginning of this article, may become harder to avoid.
5 articles on “Nuclear Weapons” and 1 related issue. “Nuclear weapons are not illegal just because they violate these laws of war, as exhaustively proven in this volume. They are illegal because they cause widespread and indiscriminate destruction without promoting the purpose of war: resolving conflict They are not weapons but only wanton machines of symmetric destruction.”.
The International Law Obligation to Pursue and Achieve Disarmament. John Burroughs – director of the UN office of the International Association of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms – explains why it is illegal to use nuclear weapons and why the modernization of nuclear forces conflicts with the universal obligation to disarm.
No need. In reality nuclear weapons are made by private citizens for the military and turned over to them. Including the fissile material make them more than an overgrown stump clearing tool. We don’t need a law banning private ownership of nuclea. Nuclear Weapons Databook Volume I11 U.S.
Nuclear Warhead Facility Profiles Thomas B. Cochran, William M. Arkin, Robert S. Morris, and Milton M. Hoenig A book by the Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. BALUNGER PUBLISHING COMPANY Cambridge, Massachusetts A Subsidiary of Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. A nuclear weapon, also known as a nuclear bomb or a nuke, is a weapon that suddenly releases the energy in the nucleus of certain types of triggered, these devices release a huge amount of energy in the form of a nuclear explosion.
Nuclear explosions can destroy a city and kill most of its people. For a more detailed treatment of the legal issues addressed in this article, see Gro Nystuen, Stuart Casey-Maslen, and Annie Golden Bersagel, eds., Nuclear Weapons Under International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ).
The atomic bomb, and nuclear bombs, are powerful weapons that use nuclear reactions as their source of explosive energy. Scientists first developed nuclear weapons. The legal status of nuclear weapons could include an analysis from the perspective of the human rights law as well.
There are certain views that the use of nuclear weapons is illegal since it is not in accordance with Article 6 of the International.
Nuclear weapons states included the five countries that were known to possess nuclear weapons at the time—the United States, the U.S.S.R., Great Britain, France and China. Do you believe that the use of nuclear weapons today pose an existential risk, unlike every other kind of risk our species has ever before encountered.
Other Books by the Author David M. Blades and Joseph M. Siracusa, A History of U. Nuclear Testing and Its Influence on Nuclear Thought, (Rowman & Littlefield, ). Also discusses future warheads being planned and developed. Contains over illustrations and tables.
This Nuclear Weapons Databook is for those who want to understand the nuclear arms race and are not frightened by numbers. This first volume is the most authoritative and complete reference work available on U.S.
forces and capabilities. First, an analysis of international law and specifically, the law of war, shows that nuclear weapons are not, as Fried contends, illegal per se.
The law of war addresses itself to the use of weapons during war, rarely prohibiting, under all conditions, the use of specific types of weapons. About 3, results for Nuclear weapons. China Conducts Illegal Nuclear Weapons Tests China Conducts Illegal Nuclear Weapons Tests Dongfeng nuclear missiles in a military parade celebrating the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China in Beijing on Oct.
1, Perhaps his best-known book, co-authored with Philip J. Dolan, was The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, which came out in three editions between and (originally titled The Effects of Atomic Weapons).
The international community banned the use of chemical and biological weapons after World War 1 and reinforced the ban in and by prohibiting their development, stockpiling and transfer. Advances in science and technology raise concerns that restraints on their use may be ignored or more.
A ban treaty will close a legal gap with regard to nuclear weapons by making it unequivocal that no state has a legitimate claim to possess, build, test, deploy, use, or.
Judge Weeramantry's Opinion is based on the proposition that the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons is illegal in any circumstances whatsoever. It violates the fundamental principles of. The ICJ concluded that the threat or use of nuclear weapons is generally illegal. Indeed, it found no circumstance in which the threat or use of nuclear weapons would not violate humanitarian law.
Even in extreme circumstances, the threat or use of nuclear weapons must comply with international humanitarian law (paragraph D). Delegitimizing nuclear weapons: the United States should take the lead in making the use of nuclear weapons unacceptable under any but the most extenuating circumstances.
Issues in science and technology, v. 22, Spring. This title examines one of the world's critical issues, nuclear weapons. Readers will learn the historical background of this issue leading up to its current and future impact on society.
Development of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, the Manhattan Project, fission and fusion bombs and their delivery systems, nuclear weapons testing, as well as nuclear power and nuclear. Nuclear powers might ignore a law declaring nuclear weapons illegal, but the citizens of those states might sit up and take notice.
(Photo: Wikimedia Commons) Recently, as you may be aware, many in the nuclear disarmament field today are zeroing in on the humanitarian consequences of nuclear war.
Book Reviews. Capsule Reviews North Korea’s Illegal Weapons Trade The Proliferation Threat From Pyongyang. International attention in recent years has understandably centered on Pyongyang’s advances in nuclear weapons technology and the question of whether North Korea can be convinced to denuclearize.
This focus, however, has Author: Bruce E. Bechtol.


27 August, 2021
Toys for all ages
IT’S THE stuff that’s made for the ‘Boy’s Own’ Annual, 130 restored tanks and armoured carriers along with some very serious artillery hardware. The doors will be flung open this weekend at the Australian Armour and Artillery Museum for the 7th annual AusArmourfest, a great family fun weekend where you can live your wildest dreams and go for a spin in a fully restored tank or armoured vehicle.
The showpiece for the weekend is a restored World War Two German Tiger Tank. Restoration teams from the Australian Armour and Artillery Museum at Smithfield have laboured for the past six years sourcing parts from Russia and Europe to restore this battle monster back to almost original condition.
This latest restoration brings the total number worldwide of restored German Tiger Tanks to 9 from approximately 1350 built during the war.
This 50-tonne beast was one of the most feared German tanks of the war, due to its almost impenetrable armour and 56-calibre gun with deadly accuracy and precision. This tank was used on the Russian Front as well as the North African Campaign.
Kurtis Lowden from the Armour and Artillery Museum believes the museum attracts visitors not just because of the heavy military equipment.
“We get so many people, middle-aged and older come through each week. For some it’s a chance for them to connect the dots. Something their grandfather or dad had said, or they have served. To see up close and understand what dad or grandad was talking about attracts many of our visitors.
“We also have many vets come and visit. Sometimes they recognise a tank or armoured carrier they had actually travelled in, our used in conflicts. For them it’s part of their service record and allow their families to understand more about their service,” Lowden said.
The museum boasts one of the largest collections of military vehicles and artillery cannons in the world, attracting thousands of visitors from interstate and before COVID visitors from overseas were a regular sight at the museum.
This weekend’s AusArmourfest is a great opportunity for locals to explore this massive collection. Running all weekend, food vans, rides in military vehicles as well as interpretive talks allowing locals a rare insight into this amazing collection of 20th and 21st century military machinery.
For the kids and young at heart the opportunity to get up close and personal with these brutes is a temptation that most cannot resist.
For details regarding the 7th annual AusArmourfest visit their website, www.ausarmour.com


During a business trip to Afghanistan to demonstrate Stark Industries’ new weapon, Tony Stark is kidnapped by the terrorist group Ten Rings, who orders him to build a missile for them. Instead, he and fellow captive Yinsen secretly build the Mark I power armor in the months following his capture. During this time, Yinsen also acted as Stark’s mentor, showing him humility and telling him of the horrors his company has caused, making Stark reconsider his life. Stark impressed himself after finishing the armor, calling it “the future”. Armed with a flamethrower, Stark uses the armor to defeat several terrorists and destroy their weapons stockpile, but Yinsen is killed during the escape. Stark then escapes from the Ten Rings caves, but his suit is destroyed when he crashlands in the desert. Upon being picked up by the Air Force and returning to the United States, Stark declares that his company will no longer manufacture weapons, a move disapproved by his business partner Obadiah Stane.
With the help of his personal A.I. J.A.R.V.I.S., Stark develops an updated and more powerful version of his armor, adding Stark Industries new repulsor technology and flight capability. While testing his new suit at Stark Industries, Tony is informed by his assistant Pepper Potts that armed men are attacking the facilities. Stark then decides to use his suit to deal with the attackers, and notices that they are Maggia soldiers. After the attack, Stark discovers that Maggia is providing weapons for the Ten Rings, and he returns to Afghanistan to battle them. Using his new Mark III “Iron Man” armor, Stark destroys Maggia’s weapons stockpiles and an armored vehicle called the Dreadnaught. On the way back home he is confronted by the United States Air Force. A pair of F-22 Raptors are sent after Stark—one is damaged during the chase, but Stark manages to save the pilot. He then establishes contact with his friend Lieutenant Colonel James Rhodes, who learns of Stark’s identity and cancels the jet attack.


.44 Rem Mag 200 SCHP (Solid Copper Hollow Point) This is premium ammunition for hunting. The bullet is made of all copper (no lead in the bullet). The bullet does not come apart after impact and retains all of its energy after impact also.
|Bullet Weight||200 Grain|
|Bullet Type||Jacketed Hollow-Point (JHP)|
|Use Type||Deer Hunting|
|Ammo Caliber||44 Magnum|
|Cost Per Round||$1.23 per round|


Estonia’s military says it is searching for the remains of a missile that a Spanish fighter jet accidentally fired while drilling in the airspace of the Baltic country and NATO ally.
Estonia’s military said that the weapon the from the Spanish Air Force – part of NATO’s Baltic air-policing mission – erroneously launched an AMRAAM-type air-to-air missile in a practice area in southern Estonia Tuesday afternoon.
The missile carried explosives of up to 10 kilograms (22 pounds) and was last located around 40 kilometers (24 miles) north of Estonia’s second city of Tartu
It has a built-in self-destruct for such accidents but may have landed on the ground.
Estonian Prime Minister Juri Ratas said on Facebook that there were “thank God no human casualties,” calling the incident “extremely regrettable.”
“I am sure that the Estonian defense forces will, in cooperation with our allies, identify all the circumstances of the case and make every effort to make sure that nothing like this happens again,” he added.
Spain’s defense ministry said Tuesday it has opened an investigation into the incident which during a routine training mission.
“A Spanish Eurofighter based in Lithuania accidentally fired a missile without causing any harm,” the ministry said in a statement.
“The air-to-air missile has not hit any aircraft. The defense ministry has opened an investigation to clarify the exact cause of the incident,” it added.
The Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have no fighter jets of their own, making them reliant on other NATO partners for air security. Estonia Airforce Chief said this was the first time such an incident had been reported.
Two Spanish Eurofighter jets and two French Mirage 2000 jets were taking part in the training exercise, the ministry said.
Reports from (DPA and AFP)


Copyright © Kaplun Manufacturing .
Complete GLOCK® Slides Now Available!
The Kaplun Glock® slides are the ideal upgrade for your G19 sidearm. Enhance your stock pistol, or add it to an 80% build for increased accuracy and reliability. These slides are manufactured from 416 billet stainless steel and heat treated to 54-56 rockwell to have tighter tolerances than a factory slide, providing increased accuracy and reliability you can count on.
Complete slides are ready to function out of the box. Available for G19 Gen1-3, they feature optional RMR Cut with a custom Plate (sights not included).
Our designs are custom engineered to provide reduced weight, better balance, and improved grip and friction when in mud, water and other adverse conditions.
Kaplun Manufacturing has expert expierence in all aspects of gunsmithing. Pistols, Revolvers, Rifles, Shotguns, Competition Firearms, Trap & Skeet, Sporting arms, Hunting, Self Defense, Target & Antiques. Facility is licensed In manufacturing and Class 3 weapons.


Kel-Tec KSG. I modeled the gun in two parts with two separate maps. The base KSG gun, Then the accessories. The accessories consist of the shotgun shells and sleeve on the stock, the sling, and the fore grip. I modeled everything in Maya, baked maps in Xnormal and Maya, textured in Quixel, and rendered in Marmoset Toolbag.


Stun Master Li'l Guy Rechargeable Stun Gun With Flashlight
Stun Master Li'l Guy 7,500,000 volts Stun Gun with flashlight and FREE Nylon Holster. This stun gun is small and compact and is easy to conceal in your hand.
Don't let the name Stun Master Li'l Guy fool you. It has a beast inside just waiting to be released. Just press the shock button and the Lil Guy thrashes 7,500,000 volts out of the metal probes.
The safety switch is off when in the down position, middle position is the super bright LED flashlight, and in the up position the shock is turned on once the trigger is pressed.
If you are concerned about the legality of stun guns in your area, you may check here first.
The price below is suggested retail. If you want to resell the Li'l Guy stun guns,
Check out our other stun gun: Stun Master stun gun, Cell Phone stun gun, Stun Batons, Stun Alarm flashlights, Hot Shot, The Runt
HOME | Products Page | Start Up Packages | Contact Us | Order Catalogs | Order Websites


As a big nation of 240 million people, it is normal that Indonesia should have big and powerful army forces. Historically, the development of military manpower in term of quality has been successfully achieved as indicated by the success of Armed Forces to safeguard the nation against the threats of internal security upheaval. Notwithstanding, due to economic consideration the development of weaponry had been given low budget allocation.
However, according to Global Firepower (GFP) based on the criteria they set up in 2016, Indonesia is ranked as 12th among all nations in the world. The analysis could be too good to be true especially when we consider the past government policy which gave low priority on armament development.
It is only during the last decades that the government with the support of parliament starts to increase the defense budget. The imports of sophisticated war equipment were still mandatory while the political will to increase the capacity of the domestic capability to produce them was put forward.
Apart from their customary products, today some strategic State-owned Enterprises are determined to produce high-tech weaponry products:
1. PT. Pindad, the Army Industrial State-owned Enterprise produces 19.5 kilos weight infantry fighting rifle (IFR). The fame of IFR goes world-wide after its bullet can tear up the steel tank body in military training. Having 1,055 mm barrel length of the overall length of 1,755 mm and with bullet caliber of 12.7 x 99 mm, it can be loaded with 10 bullets firing muzzle velocity of 900 m/s with a maximum effective range of 2,000 m.
IFR can make use of three different bullets, namely MU3 M for shooting practice or training, MU3 SAM for tearing the body of steel tank and MU 3 BLAM for blowing up and shattering the target. There is an only limited production of IFR, most of which today goes to Special Armed Forces and salable at the price of Rp 200 million (USD 15,300) each. According to Pindad director, the profit is limited but the main important things qualified product at world level.
As compared with other countries, IFR has good quality related to distance range, accuracy, and silencer which can reduce the sound down by 30 decibels, and is completed with night vision equipment and telescope to enlarge the target up to 25 times.
2. Pindad has also other important products such as panzer and tank. It produces two kinds of panzers as Armored Personnel Carrier (APC), namely Badak and Anoa which are capable to carry 3 crew plus 10 passengers. The latter has four variants namely Lurking, Chained Wheel, Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) and Cannon Anoa. Its body dimensions are 6 m length, 2.5 m width, 2.5 m – 2.9 m height and 11-14 tons weight (for combat), resistant to shooting ammunition of 12.7 mm. The Anoa is equipped with the main armament of 12.7 mm MG, CIS 40 AGL, and secondary armament of 66 mm smoke grenade launcher. It is powered by 340 hp six Renault diesel-engines-cylinders capable to speed up of around 90 km/h and operate within the range of 600 km-distance. The Anoa uses double wishbone independent suspension to maintain its stability while firing its 90 mm cannon. Albeit so many orders mostly come from Asian countries, Pindad will not be able to meet many orders unless it can get capital of no less than Rp 5 trillion.
Other than producing panzers, Pindad also modifies the old France made AMX-13 tank produced in 1980-an. With the length of 6.36 m, 2.5 m width and 2.35 m height weighing 14 ton, the modified AMX-13 has 105 mm caliber cannon in place of the old 75 mm one. With the turret of 105 mm it equals to Abram-class, the top American tank.
3. The government, through the state-owned company PT PAL, determines to improve national fleet development and Navy warships.
To fulfill the order of Ministry of Defense scheduled to be submitted in 2017, PT PAL is in the process of constructing a destroyer of frigate class which dimensions are 105.11 m length, 14.2 m width, speed of 28 knots, displacement of 2365 tonnes.
PT PAL is also constructing a Strategic Sealift Vessel (SSV) under the order of Philippine Defense Ministry scheduled to be submitted in May 2016. SSV is a development of Landing Platform Dock (LPD) Class having the length of 123 m, 21.8 m width, capable to carry personnel up to 621 maximum. SSV has a maximum speed of 16 knots p/h, displacement of 7200 tones, with the sailing range up to 9360 nautical miles.
So far PT PAL has also produced KCR-60 or Missile Speed Boat at Surabaya dockyard having specifications of length 60 m, width 8.10 m, displacement of 460 tonnes and a maximum speed of 28 knots (52 km/h), with 43 crews. Its main weapons are 4 X C-705 SSM, 1 X 57 mm Bofors and 2 X 20 mm Denel Vektor G 12. Its expected output is 35 until 2024.
In addition, PT PAL produces 3 units trading vessels of 50,000 DWT and 2 units trading vessel of 20,000 DWT annually. PT PAL engineers have mastered the bulker ship technology of 50,000 DWT, container ship of 1,600 TEUS, and tankers of 30,000 DWT. Today PT PAL is in process of mastering the technology of industrial supporting components for electric energy power such as a boiler.
4. PT Dirgantara Indonesian (PTDI), the Airplane State-owned Enterprise is known as the producer of CN235 and CN250. Recently PTDI is preparing to build N219, a new generation plane capable to carry 19 passengers and cargo with maximum weight up to 2,500 kilos. Putting into consideration that 70% of Indonesian airfields are just 800 m long, its capability to take off and land at a short 600 meters airfield, make it suitable for the most Indonesia airfield condition.
Having low operational cost at the speed of 395 km per hour and the price of around USD 4-5 million it is very competitive as compared with Twin Otter and Cessna Caravan around USD 6-7 million per unit, which makes a total of 100 orders from domestic and some potential buyers from foreign countries. PTDI is planning to produce the next generation of its kind namely N245 and N270, each with a bigger body, increasing speed, and more passengers to carry.
Now the government also pays attention to increase the strength of Air Force weapon for which Indonesian Ministry of Defense has cost sharing agreement (CSA) with Korean Aerospace Industries (KAI) in January to co-produce fighting jets. The Ministry has allocated the fund up Rp 18 trillion for the construction 5 prototypes of the plane. Four planes to be assembled and built up in Korea while another one in Indonesia. The four planes produced in South Korea are assembled by both Korean and Indonesian engineers who are posted to work there in order to gain a transfer of technology. All five planes will roll on out of the hangar and undergo flight test in 2020.
Working hand-in-hand cooperatively PT Pindad, PT PAL, PTDI (formerly IPTN) and National Electronic Institution (LEN) will build and develop unmanned planes, drones, submarines, invisible boats and stealth planes in the future depending on the availability of technology, capital, and constant orders.
Indonesia companies have been able to produce the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with long-range self-controlled pilot aimed to be used in military reconnaissance and missile delivery. In order to make good reconnaissance, UAV must be able to fly at 200 m minimum height, 60 km/h flight speed and 60 minutes flight duration


Buy new and used guns or search for gun dealers and shops. Advert Login Register. Menu. Blog Dealer Search Wanted Guns Gun Register Help & Contact FAQ's Pricing Seller Centre ... SMK .25 CP1 CO2 Air Pistol (R/H) - S/H.
Tanfoglio Witness 1911 Blowback BB Pistol. These are one of our customers favorites and for a few great reasons. Customers love our wide selection of CO2 pistols because of how much fun they are to shoot. Most of these pistols are semi-automatic and fire BBs, pellets or both. With one 12-gram CO2 cartridge, you can usually get about 40-60 shots. 1. Hatsan 900x air rifle package, includes scope and gun bag, order online now, £144.99 2. Gamo Whisper X Swarm multi-shot air rifle , order online now, £220 3. Gamo Maxxim Elite Swarm Tactical IGT gas ram, order online now, £270 4. HW110 ST-K - Weihrauch HW110K pcp air rifle > - order online now £749.99 5.
Webley & Scott. Webley Hurricane (United Kingdom) Webley Nemesis (United Kingdom) Webley Raider (UK - PCP Air Rifle .22/.177 - available in 1, 2 or 10 shot versions) Webley Stinger (United Kingdom - BB Gun - .177 BB) Webley Tempest (United Kingdom) Webley Vulcan (United Kingdom) Weihrauch (Germany) HW 25. Walther Century Varmint Air Rifle .22 625 f/s (No. $575.00. See More Details.
SMK CP 1 Visit the new Beoparts webshop – click here! Spare Parts for Air Rifles Spare part for SPA PR900 and CR600 5,5mm . 5 x Artemis PR900 & PR900W Breech Bolt Probe O-Ring Seals £ 4.73.PR900W.WF600 Elevation Sight Spare Wheel. £210 SMK PR900w .177 multi- shot PCP rifle new boxed SM1101004 Supplied with 9 shot magazine, single shot tray, new boxed £210 IN.
Get the best deals on Air Pistols when you shop the largest online selection at eBay.com. Free shipping on many items | Browse your favorite brands | affordable prices. ... (25) 25 product ratings - Gamo GP-20 Combat CO2 BB Air Gun Pistol 20rd Magazine - 0.177 cal -.
Ekol Co2 pistol [ Chrome finish ] As new boxed Never used Purchased on a whim , now no longer needed. £75 Post + £7. £129 US$158/€150. SMK .22 CP1 CO2 Air Pistol (R/H) - New.
harry lyme actor
SMK Artemis LP400 .177 Air Pistol £ 119.95 The Artemis LP 400 single shot pneumatic air pistol is the latest single shot single stroke pneumatic pistol from Artemis. This full metal 1911 look a like pistol is ideal for plinking and for those shooters who want an accurate pistol that looks similar to a 1911.
social security disability stimulus 2022
evony alliance warehouse
breath of the wild fanfiction
Umarex 850 M2 .22 cal CO2 multi-shot Air Rifle Airgun. The .22 caliber CO2 powered UX 850 M2 is the perfect combination of accuracy, performance, and convenience. Load up plenty of 8-shot rotary magazines for all the tack-driving shots you can stand. $297.49 $349.99. Sort by.
Description SMK Victory CP1M Co2 Target Air Pistol Features include: • Multishot Shot in both .177 .22 & .25 • Fixed Precision Rifled barrel for greater accuracy • Overall Length 39cm / 15″ • Metal Trigger Blade • Grooved for Telescopic Sight with open Sights • Power 5.5 ft lb • Hardwood Stock • Weight 0.88 kg / 1.94 lbs.
Related: feinwerkbau air pistol competition air pistol target air pistol daisy 777 rws air pistol match air rifle beeman air pistol beeman p17. Include description. Category. All. Sporting Goods; ... $25.77. Buy It Now +$6.95 shipping. Sponsored. Air Venturi AV-46M Match Air Pistol .177 Opens in a new window or tab. Brand New. $847.95. Buy It.
Snowpeak M25 PCP Airgun 5.5mm .177 or .22. Not for the faint-hearted! This is the large, heavy and very powerful M25 PCP air gun from Snowpeak. This air rifle has a full metal bolt action near the grip for easy use. It has a two-stage adjustable trigger that gives more choices for all shooters. The appearance of this airgun is very tactical and.
Quality Shooting, Airguns, Air Pistols, Air Rifles, High Power Air Rifles, Airgun Accessories, Pellets & BBs, and Airsoft at competitive prices.
Artemis Snowpeak PP800 Gen 1 air pistol. £ 200.00. The Artemis PP800 PCP pistol is available in 4.5 mm and 5.5 mm calibers and has a magazine capacity of 9 pellets in 4.5 mm and 7 pellets in 5.5 mm. With the included single shot adapter, the Artemis PP800 can also be. Sportsmarketing Mgas - Spare & Replacement Mags for Smk and Artemis Air Weapons. Currency £ GBP € Euro.
SMK S25 Break Barrel Air Pistol...Full Power.. (FACE TO FACE DELIVERY ONLY @ £14.99). Our Price: £ 89.95 Earn 89 Points with this purchase SMK S25 Break Barrel Air Pistol...Full Power. High power all-rounder! Features Safety catch Contoured for comfort Ambidextrous synthetic grip 9-11mm scope rail Semi-recoilless "floating" action.
1. Hatsan 900x air rifle package, includes scope and gun bag, order online now, £144.99 2. Gamo Whisper X Swarm multi-shot air rifle , order online now, £220 3. Gamo Maxxim Elite Swarm Tactical IGT gas ram, order online now, £270 4. HW110 ST-K - Weihrauch HW110K pcp air rifle > - order online now £749.99 5.
iHunter Extinction Air Gun Pellets .30/7.62mm-Qty 100 £11.99 Fast & Free Delivery. iHunter Atlas Air Gun Pellets .25/6.35mm -Qty 150 £8.99 Fast & Free Delivery. Kvintor Gamma Premium Air Gun Pellets .177/4.50mm- Qty 250 £9.99 Fast & Free Delivery. 500 X SMK Spitfire .177 / 4.5mm Domed Airgun Pellets £6.99 Free Delivery.
club 4 title boxing price


Australia’s nuclear industry has a shameful history of ‘radioactive racism’ that dates from the British bomb tests in the 1950s, writes Jim Green. The same attitudes have been evident in recent debates over uranium mines and nuclear waste, but Aboriginal peoples are fighting back! The British government conducted 12 nuclear bomb tests in Australia in the 1950s, most of them at Maralinga in South Australia.
Permission was not sought from affected Aboriginal groups such as the Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Tjarutja and Kokatha.
Thousands of people were adversely affected and the impact on Aboriginal people was particularly profound.
Many Aboriginal people suffered from radiological poisoning. There are tragic accounts of families sleeping in the bomb craters. So-called ‘Native Patrol Officers’ patrolled thousands of square kilometres to try to ensure that Aboriginal people were removed before nuclear tests took place - with little success.


Timber Wolf (Mad Cat) The Mad Cat is one of the most recognizable symbols in BattleTech, including being featured on the cover of the BattleTech Compendium and Technical Readout: 3050, as well as the 20th Anniversary Logo for Classic BattleTech, but also the MechWarrior series icon. This emblematic 'Mech remains, at last, as the symbol of the Clan Invasion of 3050. Description Looking vaguely like a cross between the Marauder and Catapult (hence the Inner Sphere code name Mad Cat- MAD is the callsign for the Marauder, and Phelan Kell's Wolfhound's targeting computer marked the catapult as CAT), the Timber Wolf, is a fast heavy OmniMech and vastly more powerful than either of the 'Mechs it resembles. Eponymous with the Clans' military might, the Timber Wolf was the first Clan OmniMech encountered by Inner Sphere forces on The Rock in 3049 by Phelan Kell. The Timber Wolf uses its speed and firepower to engage an enemy at the range of its choosing. When first encountered by Inner Sphere forces the idea that a heavy 'Mech could move so swiftly while being as heavily armed and armored as the Timber Wolf was inconceivable. With its twelve tons of Ferro-Fibrous armor and arsenal that rivaled that of most assault 'Mechs of the era, it was completely alien to Inner Sphere military planners, commanders, and even the Precentor Martial of ComStar. Since then, the secrets of the technology that makes the Timber Wolf capable have been learned by the Inner Sphere, though they are unable ...


By: Kala Good—
WASHINGTON (NNS) — The Navy christened its newest Virginia-class fast attack submarine, the future USS Indiana (SSN 789), during an 11 a.m. EDT ceremony Saturday, April 29, at Huntington Ingalls Shipyard in Newport News, Virginia.
Vice President Mike Pence, who previously served as the 50th governor of Indiana, delivered the ceremony’s principal address. Diane Donald, wife of retired Adm. Kirkland H. Donald, director of Naval Nuclear Propulsion from 2004 to 2012, is serving as the ship’s sponsor.
“The christening of the future USS Indiana brings this technological marvel one step closer to joining the world’s preeminent submarine force,” said the Honorable Sean Stackley, acting secretary of the Navy. “Thanks to the hard work, dedication and unparalleled skill of our nation’s shipbuilders, who continue to produce the finest submarines in the world, our Navy will continue to dominate the undersea domain long into the future.”
Indiana (SSN 789) is the 16th Virginia-class fast attack submarine and the sixth Virginia-class Block III submarine. This next-generation attack submarine provides the Navy with the capabilities required to maintain the nation’s undersea superiority well into the 21st century.
The submarine, which began construction in 2012, will be the third U.S. Navy ship to be christened with the name Indiana. The first Indiana (BB-1), the lead ship of her class of battleship, served in the North Atlantic and later participated in the blockade of Santiago de Cuba during the Spanish-American War. The second Indiana (BB-58) was a South Dakota-class battleship that earned nine battle stars for her service in the Pacific Theater in World War II. BB-58 fought in the Battle of the Philippine Sea and participated in the invasions of Tarawa, Kwajalein and Okinawa, and bombarded Saipan, the Palau Islands, the Philippines and Iwo Jima.
Indiana will have the capability to attack targets ashore with highly accurate Tomahawk cruise missiles and conduct covert long-term surveillance of land areas, littoral waters or other sea-based forces. Other missions include anti-submarine and anti-ship warfare; mine delivery and minefield mapping; and special forces delivery and support.
Virginia-class submarines, built under a unique teaming arrangement between General Dynamics Electric Boat and Huntington Ingalls Industries-Newport News, are 7,800 tons and 377 feet in length, have a beam of 34 feet, and can operate at more than 25 knots submerged. They are built with a reactor plant that will not require refueling during the planned life of the ship-reducing lifecycle costs while increasing underway time.
Watch the ceremony via the video above and listen to Vice President Mike Pence’s address.
Thank you very much for your support of the men and women in U.S. Navy, deployed around the clock and ready to protect and defend America on the world’s oceans.
Kayla Good is with the US Navy Office of Community Outreach


Aerojet Rocketdyne Coleman Aerospace
Recent Press Releases
- On February 24, 2017, Aerojet Rocketdyne Coleman Aerospace unveiled its new Space Coast Integration & Test Facility at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station - press release.
- On February 22, 2017, Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings, Inc. announced its intention to acquire Coleman Aerospace. Please read our press release.
AR Coleman Aerospace's Missile Defense Mission
Aerojet Rocketdyne (AR) Coleman Aerospace is an innovative systems engineering and integration provider. Both a prime contractor and subcontractor, AR Coleman designs and produces sophisticated ballistic missiles as replicas of Scuds and other global missile defense threats. AR Coleman provides a variety of suborbital launch vehicles, payloads, and launch services. Since the award of the Theater Missile Defense (TMD) Targets contract in 1992, AR Coleman has conducted over 25 target missile missions.
Several of AR Coleman's ground launch missions demonstrated new capabilities and/or launch sites. These include atmospheric reentry targets and radar experiments. Our success has fostered company growth and expansion into air launched targets.
AR Coleman's air launch capability allows the launch of missiles or rockets from cargo aircraft, anywhere in the world, at any azimuth/orbit inclination.
AR Coleman Aerospace's engineering department specializes in disciplines such as Systems, Aerodynamics/Aerothermal, Electrical, Mechanical, and Software. The engineering department conducts studies and analyses, develops concept definition and design as well as detailed design, analysis, and documentation. Our engineering staff is also responsible for creating and testing systems and subsystems. AR Coleman has experience in launch services and technical field support.
AR Coleman's manufacturing processes include automated circuit card assembly, precision inspection capability, airframe structures, cables/harnesses, chassis, pneumatics, RF cabling, and foam molding.
AR Coleman provides Aerojet Rocketdyne with the potential to enter the small-to-medium space launch market as a prime contractor by leveraging AR Coleman’s vehicle integration expertise and Aerojet Rocketdyne’s propulsion capabilities. Subsystems are reentry vehicles, guidance, navigation and control systems, telemetry systems, aerospace structures, aerodynamic deceleration systems, and support equipment.
In addition to the sophisticated ballistic missile industry, AR Coleman Aerospace also specializes in Advanced Programs.
AR Coleman Aerospace applies its diverse engineering talents with two decades of suborbital launch system experience to design of systems, equipment, and processes for space launch, missile defense, commercial transportation, homeland security, and environmental protection and remediation.
Quick links to other pages for Aerojet Rocketdyne Coleman Aerospace:


West Victor Valley Shooting Club prides itself on its' long record of accident-free events and each member should be proud of their contribution to this record. |
This page serves as a guide to current members as well as potential members regarding the firing line protocol utilized at the range. Familiarization with these contents will help reduce any "newbie" anxiety and also act as a reminder for those who are not fortunate enough to visit the range on a regular basis.
We use a set of common sense commands on the firing line of the range. Here are the basic commands used at the majority of ranges and their meaning.
Note: If you have a problem on the firing line at any time, keep the weapon pointed downrange and raise your hand! Someone will help you.


Welcome to Havant Rifle & Pistol Club
Target shooting is the second most popular participant sport in the country.
Havant Rifle and Pistol Club has a long and distinguished record of target shooting at local, county, national and Olympic levels.
Normally membership is open to all, regardless of age, gender or ability. Since the start of 2018 there has been a high intake of new members that have brought the use of the ranges to capacity. As a result we have had to temporarily stop amitting new members. This will be reviewed in September.
With over three hundred and fifty members, Havant Rifle and Pistol Club caters for precision .22 rifle [prone, standing & kneeling], benchrerst [air & .22], light sporting rifle, air rifle (sporting and target), air pistol, muzzle-loading and gallery rifle shooting disciplines.
As a competitive target shooting club, members are expected to take part in competitions, these can be at club, local, county or national levels.
Visitors are welcome at 10:00 on Sundays to view the facility and watch the various forms of shooting. Please send your details to the club Secretary via the contact form to arrange a visit.
For full details on the steps to become a member see Become a members page


Class - Sword Master
Date: Apr 28 2010 02:40:31 Views: Comment: loading...
|Warrior (skill)||Sword Master (skill)|
|Archer (skill)||Bow Master (skill)|
|Cleric (skill)||Paladin (skill)|
|Sorceress (skill)||Elemental Lord (skill)|
|Force User (skill)|
Sword Masters are proficient in swordsmanship with high attack and movement speed, capable of casting continuous combo skills.
- Have the highest attack speed and best continuity of combo skills among all warrior classes.
- Their sword skills have a very long attack range
- Achieve balance in various aspects without any prominent shortcomings.


February 12, 2024
In the vast world of Enshrouded, it is essential to have strong gear to successfully face intimidating foes. To become as powerful as possible and tackle any challenge, here are the top-ranked weapons you can use:
The Sun Hammer is the absolute best weapon in Enshrouded. This massive tanky hammer deals immense damage and has an incredible parry power. It is unmatched in terms of sheer damage possibilities.
The Aerostriker is a phenomenal weapon for up-close combat-focused players. It deals high damage and has strong parry power. It can be found as loot in the Nomad Highlands and Kindlewastes areas.
The Great Mace is an impressive weapon that deals high damage and has substantial parry power. It is one of the best weapons in Enshrouded and is suitable for DPS-style players.
The Ignited Hammer is a massive and powerful weapon that deals significant damage. It is a well-rounded choice for up-close damage dealers.
The Tainted Axe can be obtained by defeating the Fell Thunderbrute. It is a strong option for strength-based classes.
The Extinguished Sword is a powerful option for those who prefer a sword. It deals high damage and has a unique appearance.
The Crackling Wand is a compelling choice for wand combat. It allows for safe attacks from a distance and focuses on Fire damage.
The Enshrouded Axe is a big, mean, metal-looking weapon that deals substantial damage. It is ideal for those who prefer up-close combat.
The Elder’s Staff can be found in the Kindlewastes and Nomad Highlands areas. It requires consistent crafting of Staff Charges but offers high damage.
The Blackened Staff is a straightforward staff that deals significant damage. It requires consistent crafting of Staff Charges to harness its power.
Remember that the power of these weapons scales depending on the area in which you find them. It is important to progress in the game to obtain the best weapons. Enjoy your journey in Enshrouded!
Kwabena is a dynamic digital aficionado, adept at fine-tuning and localizing online casino guides tailored for Ghana's vibrant gaming community. With a perfect blend of cultural understanding and tech-savviness, he is reshaping how Ghanaians navigate the online casino landscape.


The Ordnance Depot is a reference database for identifying, understanding, and interpreting ordnance that you might find underwater. The Depot is curated by Bill Utley, a specialist in ordnance and archaeology.
SPEAKING INTELLIGENTLY IS HALF THE BATTLE
Everyone knows that, among thousands of other facts, the bad guys are notoriously poor shots; that you have to circle the wagons to protect against Indian attack; that feuds were settled in the old West by two men and the fast draw; that Vikings wore horned helmets; that Strategic Bombing shortened WWII, and that Columbus discovered the Americas. These are all part of our historical knowledge – and they are all wrong. Like most things in the past few hundred years, common usage, myth, “Hollywood,” and poor scholarship all combine to recreate history. Regrettably, the same thing applies to Ordnance.
It would surprise most people to learn that no one has been killed or injured in battle by shrapnel since the middle of WWII. It would also surprise most people to learn that unlike what is pictured in the movies and television, you can’t outrun a blast pressure wave from an explosion. Most people wrongly think that if a grenade, shell or bomb fails to explode, it is basically harmless. And most think that the older a piece of ordnance, the more likelihood that it is no longer viable - a wrong and deadly assumption. Hundreds of people worldwide are killed or injured every year from “old” ordnance through ignorance, stupidity, carelessness, and misinformation. And historians, archaeologists, scriptwriters, and reporters continue to use all the wrong terminology when writing about ordnance.
The purpose of this first section of The Ordnance Depot is to start everyone speaking and writing the same, correct language. This of course is historically important – after all we don’t call “points” “arrowheads,” “sherds” “pottery chips," or “treenails” “wooden spikes.” But it is also important when speaking with ordnance professionals – something most archaeologists will have to do at some time in the field - to be able to accurately describe the items in question, and to understand their potential.
What follows then is a “dictionary” if you will, of ordnance and ordnance-related terms. It is not meant to be all-inclusive – that would take volumes. But it will include most of the common terms archaeologists can be expected to encounter, and later additions will be made. Future sections will address specifics of guns, ammunition, and ordnance-related equipment.
Black Powder: The modern formulation for black powder (post 1850s) is: 75% potassium nitrate (salt-peter) , 15% charcoal, 10% sulphur, although formulation percentages and ingredients can vary slightly with the manufacturer. Black powder is both a low explosive and a propellant. Black powder does not degrade with age if it is kept in a sealed, dry environment – such as the inside of a shell (see “Shell” below). Black powder is hydroscopic – it readily absorbs moisture. When wet, it is benign. When dry, it can be set off by heat, shock, or friction. The origin of the phrase “fog of war” comes directly from the smoke created by black powder. When tens of thousands of men fired muskets and cannon, the effect was to completely blanket the battlefield in a heavy “fog” of smoke, obscuring everything. Prior to the 19th century, black powder ingredients and percentage mixtures could vary wildly. Archaeologically, it would always be a good idea to investigate the makeup of any recovered black powders.
It is commonly stated as fact that the Chinese invented black powder. However, there is no direct evidence of this. The Chinese certainly invented some types of pyrotechnic powders, but there is nothing to indicate that any of these were black powder. Some historians try to make a case for Francis Bacon as the inventor, or an unknown Arab source. Absent any conclusive evidence, it would be historically inaccurate to pinpoint a specific source.
When unconfined, black powder does not explode but burns rapidly, producing gasses. It is these gases, when confined, that cause the container to rupture in an explosion.
Bolt: When barrel rifling was introduced, solid, round ammunition was no longer practical. Ordnance now took on a more aerodynamic bullet shape. The word “bolt” replaced the term “shot” for solid ammunition for rifled guns.
Bomb: Old military terminology. The word “bomb” originally referred to a “mortar bomb”, the round explosive shell fired from a mortar.
Bomb: Modern military terminology. By the beginning of the Great War (WWI), the term bomb meant the new aerial bombs, hand thrown, grenade-type or improvised explosive devices used in trench warfare. After WWI, “bomb” in military terms came to mean aerial bombs.
Bomb: Civilian usage. The word “bomb” has taken on a generic civilian meaning, largely referring to any explosive device that is improvised as opposed to manufactured in a factory. Bomb technicians and military explosive ordnance disposal experts refer to this type of “bomb” as an Improvised Explosive Device (IED). While news organizations seem to have discovered the term IED in the past few years, the term has been in use in the professional community for over 40 years.
Bomb: Modern military usage. The term generally refers to aerial-dropped ordnance, guided or unguided.
Brass Monkey: A square brass raised platform used to stack ammunition in a pyramid form. “It was cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey” is only dirty in the mind of the uninitiated. It means that it was cold enough to shrink the brass causing the rounds to tumble off.
Broad Arrow: While not a piece of ordnance, it is included here because it is generally mistaken as a British ordnance mark. It is, in fact, a British government ownership mark, not exclusive to ordnance. The misunderstanding originates because it usually appears on most British 18th and 19th century cannon. The author has seen the mark on rain spouts in a fort in Jersey for example (UK, not US!). Even on cannon however, it does not necessarily denote the origin of the piece – captured pieces were incised with the mark.
Canister: Also called “Tin Case Shot”, canister was an anti-personnel round used in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was essentially a large shotgun shell consisting of a tin-galvanized iron cylinder brass-tacked to a wooden base, and filled with either iron or lead balls. Because of the thin case container, intact canister rounds are extremely rare. Canister contains no internal explosive and was designed to break apart at the muzzle from the force of the firing, spreading out the contents. Canister was used against personnel in the open, at ranges under 400 yards.
Cannon: This is the generic term for any large, smooth bore, muzzle-loading gun, used before the introduction of breach-loading rifled guns. Guns and types will be discussed more specifically in a later article. See also Gun.
Cannonball: The colloquial term used by laymen to describe all types of round, smooth ordnance. While not specifically incorrect as a generic term, it is not type specific, and should not really be used by archaeologists or historians except in the most general of situations.
Carronade: First manufactured by the Carron Ironworks Company in Scotland, the carronade made its first appearance in the Royal Navy in 1779, and was soon copied in many countries. It was a short barreled, short range weapon that was able to use less powder to fire larger shot with more striking power. Its relative small size reduced the weight making it easier to handle and making it possible to put more on board a ship. Early carronades had a central pivot on the bottom of the gun rather than side trunnions. The central pivot meant that they had to be mounted on a sliding carriage rather than traditional wheeled gun carriages. Later carronades had trunnions and are often called “gunnades”, which appears to be more modern than contemporary terminology. Carronades fired shot, grape, and canister, and calibers for carronades ranged from 6 to 68 lbs. Like guns, carronades were categorized by the weight of their shot. Carronades were shipboard weapons, but they can be found in fortifications. They were not used in land warfare outside fortifications.
Case Shot: see Shrapnel Shell.
Cordite: A British-developed derivative of smokeless powder experimentation, cordite is a gelatinized mixture of nitrocellulose (guncotton), nitroglycerine, and vaseline that produces a paste when dissolved in acetone. The paste was squeezed through dies, forming a solid, stringy material. The formulation varied over decades. Cordite was a very common propellant, especially in WWI. Cordite burns but will not explode if unconfined. Also, from the author’s own experience, it will not degrade even in decades-long exposure to salt water.
DUD: Term used by the public to denote unexploded ammunition that has taken on the wrongful connotation meaning “Safe.” It is not a term generally used by ordnance professionals. It can also be used for anyone who disregards explosive safety.
EOD: Explosive Ordnance Disposal. The personnel in EOD are military, and their primary function outside of a war zone is to deal with the handling, identification, and disposal of military ordnance, regardless of the age of the ordnance. In the United States, Canada, France, Belgium, Hungary, Japan, and Britain, EOD personnel handle all found military ordnance. Other countries may have military or civilian bomb technicians, or a combination of both, handle military ordnance. In Germany and South Africa for example, most historic ammunition is rendered safe by civilian bomb technicians.
Fragments: The pieces of outer casing of a shell or shrapnel round, the casing and interior parts of a hand grenade, or the casing of any other type of military round that explodes.
Friction Primer: First making its appearance in the 1840s, the friction primer was to artillery what the percussion cap was to small arms. Consisting of a long tube filled with black powder and capped with wax at the open end, the top “T” contained a friction sensitive mixture, and a twisted wire with a loop, serrated at one end. The tube was inserted into the vent hole, piercing the powder bag. The gunner then attached his lanyard to the small loop, and when pulled, the friction end of the wire sparked the friction sensitive compound, igniting the black powder in the tube and sending a flame into the main powder charge. The resultant discharge kicked out the used tube. It would be common around mid to late 19th century artillery positions to find the small wire loop which separated when the lanyard was pulled.
Fuze: Prior the 20th Century. CAUTION! All percussion and concussion fuzes can still fire upon impact if dropped! 18th and 19th century fuzes are usually either brass or wood.
Timed fuze: Incorporates a finely-milled black powder train that the gunner can “cut” to set a precise time to explode. The fuze is ignited by the flash of the gun firing.
Percussion fuze: For rifled ordnance – designed to explode when the nose of the round strikes a static object. These fuzes incorporated a percussion cap (the same as used on rifles and pistols) that fired into a power train upon impact and detonated the main charge.
Concussion: For spherical shells – designed to explode when striking a hard object. It does not have to land on the fuze. Concussion fuzes incorporate a chemical liquid compound such as sulphuric acid in a glass tube that is designed to ignite a second compound upon contact, or a glass vial with liquid fulminate that will explode when impacted by lead balls incorporated into the fuze. CONCUSSION FUZES ARE PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS IF ENCOUNTERED UNFIRED OR MISFIRED!
Combination: Two independent functions in the same fuze– timed and percussion – whichever initiated first after firing.
Fuze: 20th and 21st Centuries. As artillery became more sophisticated, so too did the ammunition and fuzes. While black powder-train fuzes were still used through WWI, impact-type fuzes became more common. World War II and later saw the revolutionary new proximity, radar, very sophisticated timed and anti-handling fuzes, and super-quick fuzes, among many other innovations. Fuzing types in the 21st century are prolific and especially deadly.
Grape: Also called grapeshot, like canister, it was an anti-personnel round. Composed of iron balls (some early grape had lead balls) that were stacked generally in three tiers, with wooden spacers and an iron rod through the center to join the tiers, the whole wrapped in heavy cloth. Grapeshot generally contained larger balls than canister (9 balls vs 27 balls for a 12-pdr Napoleon, for example). While still in use on land in the 1860s, it was becoming obsolete. Naval grapeshot was called “quilted grape” due to its resemblance to a quilted sack of grapes. There is no distinct dividing line between the size of canister balls and grape balls. While something like a one-inch ball might intuitively look like grape, it could be canister for larger ordnance.
Gun (Smoothbore): Designed to fire on a flat trajectory, guns of the 17th, 18th, and 19th century were smoothbore weapons. They fired shot, grape, and canister, but because of their higher powder charge they did not fire shell, which had relatively thin walls that might burst in the tube upon firing. The gun was the primary form of artillery on land and sea for three centuries. The gun is, by far, the most common type of artillery encountered on board a warship, in a shore fortification, or on the battlefield. Guns are usually referred to by the weight of shot – for example 12, 18, 14, or 32-pounders. In spite of the advancement in accuracy and range imparted by rifling, smooth bore artillery was used into the latter part of the 19th century. In the American Civil War, half of the artillery used on both sides was smoothbore bronze “Napoleons,” favored because of their proven reliability.
Gun (Rifled): The rifling of ordnance – adding lands and groves to the barrel – changed the shape of the battlefield. It allowed for the accurate firing of ordnance over longer ranges, and necessitated the reshaping of ordnance from round to pointed cylindrical. Rifling imparted spin to the round, making it more aerodynamic, thus adding accuracy and range. It also allowed the use of shells in all varieties of artillery. Early shells for rifled ordnance often had unreliable fuzing, and also smaller explosive chambers than their round counterparts for smooth bore guns. In US Civil War battles, for example, gunners often removed the fuzes and fired the rounds as bolts, meaning that they could easily be encountered in an archaeological setting since they did not explode.
Gunpowder: See Black Powder. This was the common term for black powder for almost 500 years – there was no other explosive or propellant used militarily, hence no need to differentiate.
High Explosive: These are explosives that detonate at speeds greater than the speed of sound – from 3 to 9 kilometers per second. While all explosives burn in the strictest sense, the speed of the burn for high explosives is faster than human senses can detect. High explosives require a shock wave propagating through the explosive at a rate greater than the speed of sound to cause detonation. While there are some shock-sensitive high explosives, all require the use of a blasting cap or a booster explosive to initiate. Unlike low explosives, high explosives will detonate if unconfined, and cannot be set off by a flame or spark source. All modern military explosives and fillers for shell, mines, bombs and grenades are high explosives.
Howitzer: Pre-20th century. A howitzer was a medium length, smooth bore artillery piece that used a small charge to fire rounds at a lower velocity and higher trajectory than a gun, but a lower trajectory than a mortar. It was designed to fire at troops sheltered behind fortifications or terrain. It had a shorter range than the gun, and used less powder. The shell was the initial primary round of the howitzer, but the later development of the shrapnel shell (case shot) which could be primed for an air burst, made it a preferred howitzer round. In an emergency, howitzers could also fire canister. It did not fire grape since howitzers were usually made of brass, and the iron balls in grape would destroy the inside of the barrel. Howitzers did not fire shot. They were almost exclusively land weapons, although because of their lesser weight, small land howitzers were often carried by larger 18th and 19th century warships for use in small boat actions. They are generally named by the diameter of their bore – for example 8 or 10-inch, but occasionally named for the weight of the shot they could, but didn’t fire (confusing, I know – ask your ancestors!). Howitzers usually are flat at the muzzle, without the swell of gun muzzles.
Inert: In terms of ammunition, it means that the ammunition is no longer capable of functioning as designed, and contains no viable explosive filler or live fuze.
Low Explosive: These are explosives that “deflagrate” – i.e. burn – at less than the speed of sound. Any explosive that propagates at less than 400 meters per second is considered a low explosive. They do not detonate. Unconfined, low explosives burn. Confined, the rapid accumulation of gases from burning causes a very rapid expansion of gas overcoming the container and causing it to burst. Low explosives are initiated by a flame or spark source. Black powder, smokeless powder, and pyrotechnic powders are examples of low explosives.
Mine: Originally called “torpedoes”, mines were and are designed as anti-personnel, anti-ship, area-denial, and later anti-tank weapons. Made to sit underwater or buried on land, mines can contain from several hundred pounds (sea mines) to a few pounds (land mines) of explosive. Up to World War II, mines usually had a metal outer shell. During WWII mines were also manufactured from glass and wood (designed to defeat mine detectors). Land mines generally have some type of impact, trip-wire, or rod-tilt fuzing. Post WWII land mines generally have some type of plastic or ceramic body.
Early sea mines generally had galvanic or impact fuzing, but as mines progressed in the 20th century, the fuzing also included increasingly sophisticated magnetic and acoustic fuzing systems. In WWII, the Germans used air-dropped sea mines as a land-weapon with a timed fuze. Fuzing on modern sea mines is so sensitive that naval EOD personnel have to have the metal filings removed from their teeth.
In the past several decades, modern armies have increasingly turned to air-delivered anti-personnel and anti-tank mines with EXTREMLY sensitive fuzing. All modern mines are EXTREMELY DANGEROUS. By one estimate, between 1945 and 1995, over 500 ships were sunk by leftover WWI and WWII mines. There are hundreds of thousands of WWI and WWII sea mines unaccounted for world-wide - a cautionary tale for underwater archaeology. There are still areas of Europe and North Africa that are no-go areas due to WWII mines, not to mention late 20th century battlefields around the world. There are millions of unrecovered mines left over worldwide from the wars of the 20th and 21st centuries.
Mortar: Pre-20th century. A mortar is a short-barreled weapon firing on a high trajectory. Mortars were commonly used against fortifications to lob shells over high walls and earthworks. They were only capable of firing shells or carcasses (a type of incendiary). Unlike guns and howitzers, mortar trunnions are rear-mounted. More of a land weapon, large mortars were cumbersome and in naval use were mounted in special “bomb” vessels for use in shore bombardment. They were made of both iron and bronze. Mortars were categorized by the diameter of their bore –10-inch for example. Americans should be familiar with mortars from the National Anthem – the “bombs bursting in air”, in this case, shells fired from mortars mounted on British warships.
Mortar: Modern. The mortar has survived modernized but essentially unchanged into the 20th and 21st century. While heavy mortars can be vehicle-mounted, most are man-portable and used as an infantry support weapon. It is the only weapon still in the modern military inventory that is still muzzle-loaded. It is also one of the few that is still smooth bore, using fins to stabilize flight. (The other smoothbore weapon is some tank guns, which fire fin-stabilized, discarding sabot (FSDS) ammunition.
Musket: A musket is a military, smooth bore, long gun. The terms “musket” and “rifle” are not interchangeable.
Pederero: Also spelled “Petereros”, “Patterera”, and several other variations - there is no consensus spelling for “Pederero.” In any event, it was a gun ahead of its time, being a breach-loader. Because technology had not caught up with the science of artillery and metal working, Pederero were limited in caliber, and dangerous to the artillerymen as well as the enemy. The breach consisted of a removable block that could be pre-loaded, and inserted into the open breach. Thus one load could be in the gun while another was being loaded. It would have been employed as a swivel gun.
Percussion Cap: The percussion cap was introduced for long guns and pistols the early 1820s effectively bringing firearms into the modern era, replacing the flint lock mechanism that had been in use for 200 years. The use of the percussion cap greatly increased the rate of fire, and was an all-weather firing system not encumbered by rain or high humidity. The primary ingredient for a percussion cap is fulminate of mercury. When the cap is struck by the gun hammer, it imparts a flame into the black powder in the chamber. By the 1850, percussion caps were beginning to be used in some artillery fuzing systems for percussion fuzes. Unfired 19th century artillery fuzing using percussion caps is still very much alive.
Archaeological Context Caution: Percussion caps are still used today by re-enactors and they can contaminate a site. It is difficult to tell a modern percussion cap from a historical one.
Rifling: Rifling, the lands (raised) and groves (indented) cut into the interior of a barrel, first came about in Germany in the 16th century. Rifling imparts spin to a projectile, increasing both range and accuracy, and were used as hunting rifles in Germany and Austria. The rifle also saw its appearance in 18th century America as the Kentucky/Pennsylvania hunting rifle. While it did see limited use in the American Revolution, as did the British Baker Rifle, its use is more mythology than fact. Until the 19th Century, few rifles could mount bayonets, making them useless for close quarter fighting, and were very slow to load. Used properly, units with rifles could be a battlefield equalizer. The British Light Division (The Rifles) was probably the premier unit in the Peninsular War in the early 19th century. However, a good unit armed with muskets could get three rounds off for every one rifle round, so it wasn’t until the middle of the 19th century that rifling for long guns and artillery gained popularity. It was only a natural extension once rifling of pistols and long guns became the norm in the second quarter of the 19th century, that artillery would also see a transition. This in turn required new ammunition forms for both hand weapons and artillery since it was impossible to get the hard iron of shot to conform to the rifling.
Rifled Muzzle Loader (RML): During the transition period in the 1850s and 1860s, before the widespread acceptance of breach loading, old muzzle-loading smooth bore artillery saw some pieces re-bored for rifling. New pieces were cast and bored for rifling, but were still muzzle-loaders for the most part. Since they still had to be loaded from the muzzle, they came to be called Rifled Muzzle-Loaders (RML).
Sabot: Generally, a carrier attached to ammunition that is smaller than the barrel diameter. In the early days of rifling, a sabot prevented the escape of gases ahead of the missile thereby imparting both thrust and stabilizing spin. Upon firing, the sabot was forced into the barrel rifling, imparting spin to the round, thus stabilizing it and increasing range and accuracy. Sabots in the 19th century were made of lead or papier mache, or other materials softer than the barrel, to prevent firing damage and allow the material to form into the rifling lands and grooves. Sabots are still used today in some forms of smooth bore tank gun ammunition. Shell and case shot for smooth bore artillery also had an attached wooden sabot which ensured that the round had the fuze facing away from the powder charge. The sabot separated from the round as it left the barrel.
Shell: A hollow piece of ordnance loaded with black powder with a black powder timed-fuze system or later a combination fuze. When a shell explodes, the outer casing breaks into fragments, - NOT shrapnel - and these are the destructive mechanism. The term “explosive shell” is redundant. Shells were fired solely at higher angles in howitzers and mortars until the mid-19th century. In modern (post 1850s ordnance), shells are any form of cannon ammunition that is designed to explode. Black powder shells for both smooth bore and rifled artillery fragmented upon exploding into large pieces, so while deadly, were not particularly efficient. Modern shells are not filled with black powder but with a variety of more modern explosives that create small and sharper case fragments.
Spherical Case Shot: See Shrapnel Shell.
Shot: The correct term for solid ammunition used in smooth bore ordnance. Shot is a solid, round projectile, commonly called a “cannonball” that imparts its destructive power through kinetic energy. Early shot was dressed stone or lead, but stone proved too brittle to withstand the shock of firing, and lead proved too soft. Early attempts also included a marriage of lead and iron. Both stone and lead were soon replaced by cast iron round shot. It does not explode but it can break on occasion if it hits solid resistance such as stone.
Shrapnel Shell: The shrapnel shell was invented in 1784 by Lieutenant Henry Shrapnel of the British Army, and originally called Spherical Case Shot. It saw its first general use in the Napoleonic Wars, where it was the secret weapon of its day. Before that time, explosive ordnance was limited to the shell. Shrapnel shells are essentially a conversion of shells with a different bursting charge and the addition of interior fragmentation in the form of round iron or lead balls, or in the latter half of the 19th century, lead ammunition from rifled firearms. The term “shrapnel” refers exclusively to these inclusions. The breakup of the outer casing of shrapnel rounds created “fragments.” Shrapnel rounds were in common use up through the early years of World War II, and the author has seen Japanese shrapnel rounds on a 1944 WWII Pacific battlefield.
To make matters confusing, the American’s never used the “Shrapnel Shell” terminology, and called their 19th century equivalent “Case Shot.”
Smokeless Powder: A general name for several varieties of powder. The first smokeless powder was invented in 1846, a nitrocellulose mixture called “guncotton.” It was highly unstable so it was not until 1884 that stabilization made it a practical explosive. In 1888, Alfred Nobel gelatinized the mixture, making it a practical propellant – a mixture of 45% nitroglycerine, 45% guncotton, 10% camphor, calling it “Ballistite.” Thereafter, various governments tinkered with the formula, creating various smokeless powder mixtures. While not truly smokeless, these powders have considerably more power than black powder, were less susceptible to damp, and created considerably less battlefield smoke. First used in long guns and handguns, it eliminated the “fog of war” since it burned cleaner and more efficiently than black powder. It also extended ranges for all weapons. There are various formulations for smokeless powder. See also Cordite.
Render Safe Procedure (RSP): The term used by bomb technicians for the process of making an explosive item safe.
Swivel Gun: A small caliber gun, usually around a one to three pound caliber range, mounted on a base that was itself usually attached to something like a ship’s rail. The gun was strictly a very close range anti-personnel weapon, firing a small shot, or odds and ends of metal. Swivel gun ammunition can easily be mistaken for individual pieces of grape.
Tin Case Shot: See Canister.
Torpedo: Old terminology. Before the advent of the submarine, the term torpedo meant what we call today a mine. This could be something underwater, or planted in the ground. Farragut’s alleged cry of “Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead” at Mobile Bay in Alabama during the American Civil War meant that he was ignoring the presence of Confederate torpedoes (mines). Early mines were either fired galvanically with a battery on shore and a wire run to the mine, or by a percussion fuze.
Torpedo: Modern terminology. With the advent of submarine warfare, there was a need for a stand- off weapon to allow an attack from a distance. This in turn led to the development of the modern torpedo, fired underwater from submarines, from surface launchers on torpedo boats and destroyers, dropped from planes beginning in WWII, and even in some instances, from shore batteries. Torpedo warheads contain hundreds of pounds of explosives.
Training or Training-Practice Rounds: This is ordnance whose main explosive chamber is empty, solid, or contains inert material. However, some training rounds can contain either a tracer material to observe flight, or a small bursting charge to observe impact. While the bursting charge is not designed to shatter the container, it can cause injury if mishandled. Caution should be exercised when a suspected training round is encountered until declared safe by an expert.
UXB: Unexploded Bomb - term used by bomb technicians to denote Unexploded Bombs (aerial).
UXO: Unexploded Ordnance - term used by bomb technicians to denote Unexploded Ordnance.
Windage: The gap between the sides of the round and the interior sides of the barrel. All muzzle-loading weapons – pistol, long gun, and artillery – smooth bore and rifled – required that the rounds being loaded were smaller than the interior diameter of the barrel. This was due to the fouling qualities of black powder, which does not completely burn away when ignited and deposits a residue on the inside of the barrel. This in turn gradually decreases the diameter of the barrel, making subsequent loadings more difficult. Even muzzle-loading nineteenth century rifled barrels required windage. The rifling was engaged on rifled artillery by means of a sabot of some type that expanded upon firing and engaged the rifling. The calibers of the weapons (the interior diameter of the bore) and the actual caliber of the round for the weapon will be different, the round itself being smaller. For example, the caliber for 18th century British muskets was .75, but the ball itself was around .69 to .72. Because of the windage gap, upon firing, rounds tended to bounce their way down the barrel, exiting in the direction of the last bounce. Shot at with a musket, it was an unlucky man indeed who was hit at over 70 yards. Accuracy with smooth-bore artillery, while not precise, was better than with a musket since the tolerances of the rounds were smaller, and the bore was generally cleaned out after ever shot.


J130 The art of dying
Wrong front (Albania) wrong year but a nice photo of Alpini
It's 1942 and we have the rare ASL sight of decent(ish) Italians launching at attack against Soviet defenders. With tanks… With radios…
Bit of a shock really. This scenario places its expected modes of operation very clearly in play. We have a small group of not so good Russian defenders (who at least have plenty of shiny anti tank weaponry and two decent guns). These are being forced to defend a limited deploy zone in a village. The Italians start close with surprisingly motivated troops from the elite Alpini Vestone Regiment who actually have some demolition charges and a flamethrower and no less than 5 L6/40 light tanks. They have to take the village with the threat of a larger, more skilled, Russian reinforcement group who have two crap tanks of their own (T60 M40s) but have to cover a huge swathe of open ground to help the village defenders. The Russians also are packing no less than two Commissars.
The Russians have both Guns HIP so I will have to guess though there aren't many viable choices so that's not a problem. My plan for my valiant Italians ignores the magnificent Russian anti tank weapons anyway. I plan on sending my best troops (along with the demolition charges) along with four of the tanks to take up flanking positions on the open ground on board 19. Meanwhile one tank (over watching), one of the decent officers , the7-0 with the flamethrower and the mass of troops will be tasked with taking the village. If I can keep the reinforcements away then I hope the masses of infantry will be enough to take the village. I suspect problems will arise in the battle of the crap tanks. Both sides have one man turrets, the Russians are radio less but have better armour and guns.
My Italians pushed valiantly forward into a sea of sub 5 defensive rolls from the Russians. If the flamethrower hadn't erased a defensive squad and a couple of timely pins allowed my to get into combat I would have been disheartened. As it was I got into combat then essentially had one attack resulting in 'carry on no one dead' and on the other I was casualty reduced by a single pinned defender attacking a squad at 1 to 2 odds. Lovely. As far as my cunning plan to sweep the approaches with fire that, at least, seemed to be working well until I realised just as the Russians setup their reinforcements that I had fallen into the trap of deciding what my opponent would do and not what he could do if he responded to me instead. Naturally my oppo, not being an idiot, decided moving across a vast prairie of open ground defended by many machine guns would be stupid and instead why not attack the Italian flankers from their own flank. After all there is plenty of cover and all their guns are all pointing the wrong way. Plus we can wipe an officer with medium machine gun relatively easily as he has nowhere to rout to if he breaks. Bugger.
guessing incorrectly as to your opponents options is a bad idea
The Russians swept into the Italians rear and I kicked two of the tanks into motion with one remaining to 'fight', this tank promptly broke its main armament which made me sad. It got a bit weird then as the Russians failed to destroy it in return. I swept my two moving tanks behind the Russians (who swung to face ignoring the MA less other tank) and then both sides merrily peppered each other with shots that hit but failed to destroy. This seemed to go on for ever (much like the two melees above) but in the second half of turn three the Russians destroyed one of the L6's before the broken MA tank repaired and in two consecutive shots brewed up both Russian vehicles from behind before being destroyed itself in close combat the same turn by a brave solitary Russian 1st line squad!.
Eek. The same time I tried in the village itself to overrun the commissar with an ATR only to be suddenly hit by both Russian big guns appearing. There are much more powerful than the Soviet tanks but both missed. I took one out in infantry close combat and the other destroyed one of my tanks with the last losing its MA just when it needed it most.
The village is now almost clear (a helpful sniper clearing the church tower really helped) with just that big gun being the fly in the ointment.
It's a strange set up now with most vehicles gone and a strongish force of Russian reinforcements needing to fight through an approximately equal force of Italians in the woods to even get to the village.
Things are starting to swing back and forth like some horrible see-saw. In the centre The Italians tried to overrun the last gun with their Main Armament less tank and it was unsurprisingly destroyed - that though allowed a squad with a demolition charge next door which managed to break the crew with advance fire and then advance into combat with the commissar (naturally neither side could kill the other).
A Russian squads with leader managed to approach the graveyard and wipe out my best remaining Italian officer in combat along with a squad which freed a full squad of prisoners (bog it). But to do this they moved into long range of the flamethrower which broke one and pinned the other. I don't have a lot to prevent them moving forward so I am praying that the Flamethrower get's another good shot as otherwise I just have two 3-4-6 squads with prisoners to protect the village..
In the middle at the key wood splitting the Soviet reinforcements from the target village my mainly infantry defenders managed to wipe out most of the attackers only to get broken in return by a single elite remaining Soviet infantry counter in a mass three stack breaking. But it's not all bad as down at the bottom the Russian squad who had successfully destroyed a tank tried to repeat the feat with my last remaining vehicle only to fail the TC allowing it to start up and chug over to help my now empty defences in the centre.
The Russians now have three decent squads (and two crapper broken ones) and are facing a very lack lustre defence but time pressures are also increasing..
Lack lustre defence maybe but I managed to wipe a squad with the FT another for failure to rout along with the 7-0 officer in combat basically clearing the left section of the wood. Soviet attempts to rush the tank killing squad at the bottom of the map failed due to the amount of open ground with another KIA. This left the Russians with a single unbroken Elite squad with a light machine gun. This forced its way into the bottom of the village on the right but I could bow concentrate. My last tank rolled around and VBM'd it (surviving the Street Fighting attack). I then tried to drop a DC in the hex (failed) then used the Flamethrower at point blank (did nothing and ran out of fuel!).
Beyond the enormous fissure in the ground that fanatic Russian squad was the very definition of fanatical...Engagement was lost at that point though.
So here was the situation. All I needed to do was to stop that squad running round (though any success would be unlikely if I had left it alone). I prefer to proactive so instead moved two full squads and an officer into combat. There would be no ambush as there was a tank in the hex and it would be sequential close combat but to help his scenario aims the squad needed to destroy all my attackers, otherwise he would be in melee until his last half turn and even if he won could not then take enough buildings to prevent victory. His 1-4 attack needing 3 failed and my 2-1 needing 7 did as well (…) but this didn't matter as there was nothing else to be done.
Just for completeness sake we rolled the last combat and this time he failed but I succeeded and my Italians had won.
I liked the scenario, it is well worth a play. The Italians are brittle even when given gear and a more reasonable officer total but that is also part of their charm to play. If the Russians had rolled better when the Artillery arrived or with their own tanks (who had plenty of opportunities to kill mine) then this scenario could have gone very differently though.


The final nation that we have to look at for Osprey’s Konflikt ’47 Lists is the Soviet Union. The soviets bring to the table many toys like the Germans, but their units tend to be bigger and more powerful than their German counterparts.
Right off the top, I would like show off the heavy hitter. This is the Mammoth Heavy Walker. It is like a T-35 but mounted on the chassis of a Thor walker. Just Awesome!!!
|The Mammoth Heavy Walker. If I ever get a Soviet Army, I want this!!! Simply Awesome!
This unit is a Super Heavy Walker and houses one turret-mounted Light Howitzer, one front casement-mounted Heavy Howitzer, two turret-mounted Light Autocannons and one pintle-mounted HMG. This unit is just bristling with fire-power. Move it onto the table, park it and it will be a nightmare for any foe. To make it more durable, there is an option to give it the Tough rule by adding a dozer blade. Compare that to the German Thor Heavy Panzermech which sports one turret mounted Heavy Howitzer, one forward facing Autocannon and a pintle-mounted MMG. The Mammoth is like the Thor, but with even more powerful! If I ever get a Soviet Army, I think this guy would be an auto-include for me.
This next Mech unit is one that does not follow the theme of being bigger and better than its German counter part, but it is cheaper – allowing a Soviet Player to take more larger models in its place. That unit is the Cossack Light Walker. The artwork in the book for this guy looks interesting. Not necessarily an auto-include unit for me, but it is a nice cheap Agile Recce Walker. It is armed with a forward-mounted Light Autocannon and a co-axial MMG. It does come with the option to change out the Autocannon for a Light AT gun but then the model loses its Agile characteristic. The German Spinne Light Panzermech is similar to the Cossack but comes with a turret-mounted Light AT gun with a co-axial Light Autocannon. Its weapons have the Flak rule and it is also an open-topped Agile Recce Walker. There is an option to add a flamethrower to the Spinne, but then it loses the Flak and open-topped rules. Unless the flamethrower is taken, one advantage the Cossack has over the Spinne is that the Spinne is considered an open-topped vehicle (a rule my foes take advantage of by pinning vehicles with small arms fire).
The second coolest looking Soviet unit (in my opinion) has been getting a lot of attention on the internet of late. It is the Soviet Heavy Infantry Squad. These guys are cool and a unit is made up of 5 to 10 men. These guys are Resilient and Slow, but are all armed with an Assault Weapon and a Dual Weapon Pack. Up to 4 of them can replace their Assault Weapon with a second Dual Weapon Pack. These Dual Weapon Packs pack a huge punch! When firing, the player may select one of two modes. One is as an AT Rifle with +2 PEN and the other is as a SMG (3 shots and Assault). This makes the Russian’s variant of the Heavy Infantry the most powerful in close combat. Their weapons are very short ranged compared to the others, but having up to 10 +2 PEN shots coming at you or 3 to 6 SMG rounds per model spraying over your models, makes this is a very scary unit. Oh, and the entire group counts as Tank Hunters too. Meanwhile, the German Wehrmacht Heavy Infantry Squad is fully armed with Assault Rifles with options to bring two soldiers with LMGs and two others with Panzerfausts. Panzerfausts can be wicked, but having 10 rounds of +2 PEN coming in at your Resilient units versus two short ranged, one use weapons, enemies will think twice about getting close to these Russians.
|Soviet Heavy Infantry. These guys look really cool. I think it is a toss up on whether they, or the German version of the heavy armour look the best. I like them both. Image from Warlord Games.
Now let’s get into the genetically modified units…
The Soviets’ answer to Schreckwulfen (Werewolves) is the Ursus (Were-Bears). These units are bigger, stronger and tougher than their German counterparts. The Ursus are both Resilient and Tough, which gives them 6+ to be damaged by ranged attacks and a 5+ saving throw – giving the Ursus more staying power than the Schreckwulfen. Like the wolves, both the were-bears and werewolves invoke fear and have Tooth and Claw (3 attacks in close quarters combat). The Ursus are stronger than the wolves and inflict more damage to vehicles in melee combat. Unlike the wolves (who are fast), the Ursus move at the same speed as regular infantry.
Siberian Terror Squads can be thought of as Ghouls who are immune to cold and fire (meaning they take no pins or damage from flame throwers). These guys are armed with knives and may be upgraded to carry SMGs and Panzerfausts. They are Fast Fanatics. Their closest thematic counterpart in the German army would be the Totenkorps (Zombies). The Zombies of the German army are considered Tough Fanatics that Ignore Pins and have the Tough Rule. Unlike the Siberian Terror Squads, Totenkorps are slow.
The final Russian Infantry unit that I am looking at today is the Daughters of the Motherland. These DNA enhanced soldiers are all armed with Assault Rifles with options to take LMGs, Panzerfausts, anti-tank grenades and Body Armour. If Body Armour is taken, they become Tough. They also come with the Fast and Fanatical Rules. A unit of these soldiers is made up of 5 to 10 members. The closest thing in the German’s list is the Nachtjager Assault Squad. the Nachtjager are also DNA enhanced, but to a much more terrifying level. While the flying Nachtjager are Tough, Strong and fight with Tooth and Claw, they cost more points and do not have access to ranged weapons. The Nachtjager unit also caps out at 4 soldiers.
And now for the tanks…
In the interest of completeness, I also have to touch on the weird tank options that the Soviets can access. The Soviets have weapon technology based on ultra-low frwquency sound waves. The Zvukovoy Proyektor is extremely deadly to infantry and the crews of armoured vehicles. The shock-wave causes everything in its line of fire to take 1d3 pins. Any infantry or artillery units also suffer a variable number of hits with a pen bonus. Vehicles hit suffer ‘crew stunned’ in addition to the 1d3 pins. An interesting effect. The Germans use Gravity Pulse technology as their special tank weapon in Konflikt ’47. The Gravity Pulse acts as a counter to heavy armour and disallows the unit hit from running in the following turn. The German special weapon is good against tanks while the Soviet weapon is great against infantry. The Zvukovoy Proyektor can be mounted on a T-34 or a KV-1. Personally, I would go for a Walker in Konflikt ’47 before a Tank simply because the Walkers give the look and feel that I want in my Weird War games.
I hope that you enjoyed reading this article. I am really looking forward to December to see what Warlord packs into the Soviet and British Starter Boxes.
I think that the Soviets offer some interesting army possibilities for Konflikt ’47 and if I were to do my own build I would likely do a list including the Mammoth, Heavy Infantry and as much regular and untrained infantry as I can fit into the list. This would give me a couple of very powerful units in a hordes based army. How do you plan to build your soviet forces?


The City Inevitable
Six Swords of Darkness
Six artifact weapons said to be forged in the first six worlds. Each weapon was used at one point to slay a god of death, and the resulting admixture of innate strength and divine retribution allows these weapons to serve as a symbol of the ephemeral qualities of the laws of death. It is said that the first vampires were born when they ultimately became so attuned to these armaments that their souls were themselves altered to reflect those of the accursed weapons, allowing them to exist in true undeath.
Even though the set of weapons is called the Six Swords, only four of the weapons are actually swords. One is a dagger, and one is glaive. Each weapon has its own name, but it is said that saying these names allowed incites death, so their specific appellations are by no means common knowledge.
Currently, the Queen of the House of Forgotten Names, Soleyu, has legal possession of the Six Swords. Each sword is stored in its own demesne contracted to Soleyu by Namman.
It appears that Calastre Marquese obtained one of these weapons at some point, although no one is certain how he managed to do this. Upon his defeat, it was claimed by Nasir al-Din and stored in a vault by the Murder. Later, as a means of making reparations with the House, Kokai Tadaharu and his friends orchestrated a fake heist to obtain the sword and return it to Soleyu so that Kokai could shake the scorn and sabotage efforts of the Marquese family.