Cuirassé canons éléctromagnetique et drônes
This is a design study for a modern battleship with electromagnetic main armament and lots of drones, as requested by the Bilge Pumps podcast episode 22. It is a French-Australian collaboration, which is not as unusual as you might think since the Australian Defence Force already uses quite a lot of European naval gear. This particular project should be just as successful as the Attack class submarines.
For people who only speak English and are unsure how to pronounce this French name, "Jon Bar" is close enough.
I'm not any kind of naval professional - which will become evident very quickly - but it was an interesting challenge. I had fun, practised some skills, and learnt a lot. I expect to learn even more as people tell me what I've got wrong.
This is a design study. The purpose is to answer the question can we build this, not should we build this. So please don't bother telling me that battleships are obsolete, you'll just be wasting my time and yours.
It is also a design study, not the design study. A real project would do several different ones for comparison.
Computer drawings look clean, precise, complete. People think that the design is done and are reluctant to criticise. Pencil drawings, still with guide lines and rough spots, look like a work in a progress. People are more comfortable asking for changes.
That doesn't mean these are scribbles or quick sketches. All the drawings are as accurate as I can make them, with measurements from scale plans and manufacturer web sites.
A blank page can be terrifying. If you have the freedom to design whatever you want, where do you start? Many designers and artists believe that constraints encourage creativity, not hinder it.
For a ship, picking an existing hull design immediately sets the size and speed, the power required for the engines to reach that speed, and the internal volume and deck area available for the systems and crew. The designer still has freedom, but now within certain limits. And it's a design study, not a commitment, so even if you pick the wrong hull you can still learn from it.
A good criticism of starting with the hull is that it encourages the designer to "fill the box", fitting systems not because they are necessary but because there is space available. I agree! Another way to design would be to start with the weapons and sensors and speed you want, and then wrap a hull around them. Please try it and let me know what you come up with.
This ship is based on the design for the second French battleship of the Richelieu class, started in 1936 but not completed until 1950. She is named Jean Bart, not Richelieu, because in this timeline the French navy has much more money and so Richelieu is the second of the Charles de Gaulle nuclear powered aircraft carriers.
At around 50,000 tonnes full load Jean Bart is medium sized for post 1930 modern battleships. If I had the time and energy I would do two more, one based on the IJN Yamato with everything turned up to eleven, and one USS Alaska for a smaller design but still considerably larger than any cruiser. (Reactivating the Iowas has already been done so many times, and personally I don't like the shape of the bow.)
The original Jean Bart was given extra bulges when reconstructed after WW2. At the time this made her slightly too wide for the Panama Canal, but since June 2016 the new beam limit for the canal is just over 50 metres so it won't be a problem.
My reference for railgun/coilgun operation and performance, both real and in science fiction, is the excellent Atomic Rockets website. The actual Gauss guns used on Jean Bart will be designed by the French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis which has been doing research on electromagnetic (and laser) weapons for a couple of decades and revealed their Pegasus railgun demonstrator in 2017. This was part of a technical and operational study into electromagnetic artillery for naval platforms commissioned by the French Ministry of Defence DGA/SCA in July 2015.
There are two primary types of electromagnetic gun or cannon, railguns and coilguns.
In a railgun the projectile is in physical contact with the fixed rails as it is fired, so railguns suffer from "barrel wear" and like the old battleship guns would need replacing after not many shots.
Coilguns have no contact between projectile and the barrel, so don't suffer from this problem. This is ideal for the Jean Bart which expects to fire thousands of shots.
However, railguns are easier to build. All the current prototypes that I know of are railguns, not coilguns. So the Jean Bart might have to be built with railguns and a fast rail replacement system that can be used at sea.
As an example of the current day problems with coilguns, a back of the envelope calculation using the Atomic Rockets formula for the performance of the proposed 64MJ coilgun with (cheap) permanent magnet projectiles and a Tesla 2 magnetic field gives a required barrel length of 1384 metres. Acceptable for a space battleship, but here on Earth we're going to need some kind of clever solution.
Science fiction writers invented the name Gauss gun decades ago to describe futuristic electromagnetic guns without having to specify exactly what kind they were. Instead of writing "railgun or coilgun" everywhere, I'm doing the same.
Performance details of the Jean Bart Gauss guns further down.
The Jean Bart needs a lot of electricity for the main armament of electromagnetic Gauss guns, for the radars, to charge the drones, ... so the ship's drive is now turbo electric rather than steam.
Power is supplied by three General Electric LM6000PG marine gas turbine generator units. The French navy already uses the smaller GE LM2500, so has experience with operation and maintenance.
Each turbine is rated for 70,000 ship horse power or 52 megawatts. Two turbines provide slightly more power than the original steam drive, so the Jean Bart should achieve the full design speed for the Richelieu class of 32 knots. One turbine provides ship power. In combat 32MW of the output would be allocated to the main armament, allowing one Gauss gun shot every 5 seconds.
The turbines also charge the battery pack.
Instead of a second set of gas turbines, the forward boiler room is now stuffed with Tesla Power Packs.
Each pack is, rounded up, 1.5m x 1.1m x 2.2m high.
These are grouped into blocks containing 4 x 4 packs in each of three vertical layers, with 1m separation between layers for cooling. Each block needs an output inverter, replacing one pack so the total is 47. At 232 KWatt hours per pack, each block stores 10.9 MWatt hours.
The power pack room is 18m wide, 16m long, and 9m high so has space to hold six blocks, with 2m to 3m open space for access between each block.
The total power capacity of the battery pack is 64 Megawatt hours, enough to run the engines at half power for an hour and still provide 12 MW of electricity for other ship functions. Which could include firing a single Gauss gun round every 14 seconds.
All these Tesla packs and inverters weigh about 630 tonnes. The original machinery for the Richelieu class was 2865 tonnes. I don't know how to do a proper stability study, but removing the 152mm turrets alone saves 684 tonnes and the battery pack room is right in the centre of the ship. My guess is that it won't be a problem.
I thought about nuclear power, using the French K15 naval reactor that powers their submarines and carrier Charles de Gaulle. But I think there would be two serious problems.
First is that the French naval reactor needs refuelling more often than British or US reactors. On the Jean Bart, this would mean cutting through the armoured deck.
Second, from a video by Battleship New Jersey discussing the possibility of a nuclear powered Iowa, is that a battleship is meant to go in harms way and is at much more risk of being hit. A gas turbine can burn, but fires go out. A damaged nuclear reactor stays lethal until you take it home for specialist repair.
All the core systems are protected by belt and deck armour.
Armour is not to make a ship invulnerable, armour is to make it difficult and expensive for the enemy to inflict damage. The Jean Bart has 330mm main belt armour and 170mm deck armour, which should protect against RPGs and other infantry carried weapons, the light missiles carried by helicopters and drones, 4" or 5" naval guns, and AA missiles fired in surface to surface mode. The armour cannot defend against larger missiles, but if the point defence guns can destroy the missile fuse or make it tumble, the armour will limit the damage inflicted.
The internal layout is almost identical to the WW2 design but some compartments have been repurposed. From bow to stern:
Electromagnetic gun turret 1 with barbette and magazine. These guns don't have explosive powder charges, but they do have some very high powered capacitors which likewise need protection - or maybe the rest of the ship needs to be protected from them.
Cooling machinery for the turrets, formerly small arms magazine and diesel fuel store. Gauss guns generate a lot of heat, mostly from inefficiencies in converting electrical energy to magnetic field.
Electromagnetic gun turret 2.
The forward data centre (the Jean Bart has two, duplicated) holds the primary computer systems. It replaces the original 100mm magazine, because magazines already have restricted access and good temperature control.
Battery pack. The forward boiler room now contains 288 Tesla battery packs and inverters.
The forward engine room contains electric motors, not steam turbines, that drive the outer propeller shafts. I have assumed these are slightly more compact so shortened the engine rooms. The gas turbine room is longer, so overall length of the machinery space is the same.
The gas turbine room replaces boiler room 2 and contains the three GE LM6000PG turbine/generators.
The funnel is slightly enlarged, and the angled funnel cap is now detachable, because gas turbine replacement is through the funnel. Since there are three turbine units, replacing a wing turbine means first pulling out the central one to make room. Although this does slow down replacement, a single funnel has much better aesthetics.
Aft engine room, again electric, for the inner shafts.
Aft data centre, again computers inside what used to be a 152mm magazine.
The wine or beer store uses up the space allocated for the original turbo generator room. Ever since the old WW1 dreadnought Jean Bart was torpedoed in 1914, French designers have placed this behind armour. The Australian navy is in full agreement on the need for protection of mission critical supplies.
The forward half of the Jean Bart is a lot less cluttered than the aft.
The towers on the current day French Acquitaine and Forbin, like the British Daring, are truncated pyramids and very boring. If it's necessary to reduce the radar signature, how about going back to the tripod mast? All curves like a B-2 bomber. Or, given all the electronic gadgets that need to be carried high up on a modern warship, revive the Japanese 1930s "pagoda" style?
For the Jean Bart I based the tower on the design of the DCNS Belharra class frigate. It is much more visually interesting with lots of facets, reminiscent of an F-117 stealth airplane. Since the Jean Bart is much bigger and taller, it's actually two differently sized copies of the Belharra tower, the smaller stacked on top of the larger.
On either side of the tower are the forward pair of Bofors twin 57mm guns and target trackers / fire controls.
At the top of the tower is the EMPAR C-band radar as used on the French Forbin and Italian Carlos Bergamini air defence destroyers. On the Jean Bart it is the primary radar for the Gauss gun main armament and target identification for the Bofors 57mm point defence.
Below on the tower would be electronic warfare sensors and jammers, long range and satellite communications dishes and antennas, etc, etc, which I could not be bothered drawing. The Jean Bart is big enough for the more important systems to have backup systems on the mast.
On the forward face of the tower is the sixth Bofors 57mm target tracker and fire control.
The foremost Bofors twin 57mm is ahead of the main turrets. I wouldn't recommend standing near the muzzle of a railgun or coilgun when it fires, but they don't generate the massive blast pressure of conventional guns and these 57mm turrets are automatic with no crew.
The Jean Bart carries six Bofors twin 57mm turrets. As with the previous Jean Bart, the gun is the standard Bofors naval Mk3 but the mounting is a custom design by the French navy. The hoists for the Bofors can extend as far as necessary according to the manufacturer, so the ammunition magazines will be below the main deck.
There is one radar/IRST target tracker and fire control associated with each 57mm Bofors turret. Being a modern networked ship, any turret can be controlled by any tracker or radar as required. The fire control infra-red (IRST) component is the wonderfully named vampir.
An alternative point defence gun would be the Thales RapidFire 40mm, but the heavier calibre makes the Bofors better against light surface targets.
Being a battleship, there is plenty of room at the bow and stern for, as Commander Salamander suggested on Bilgepumps, spot-welding light automatic cannon to the deck as required.
The Jean Bart carries four 64MJ Gauss guns in twin turrets. Most concept art for future ships shows single gun turrets, but the Richelieu class has large turrets already internally divided into two duplicated halves. Two guns would also provide redundancy if one railgun needs replacement.
Two turrets are better for all round (OK, 300 degree for a Richelieu) fire. Modern electric motors and higher power should provide faster rotation and elevation, but it would still be useful to have a turret pointing to each side of the ship at once.
The gun calibre is 170mm to fit the CAMM missile dart, and square not round. The barrels are much thicker than conventional guns, and have an octagonal cross section to match the ISL Pegasus railgun demonstrator. Since the barrels are not solid metal, they are protected by armoured covers similar to those used on deck mounted missile launchers.
The Gauss guns are the main armament against surface targets, whether at sea or on land. The solid shot ammunition (details below) has a maximum range of just over 400 kilometres.
The Gauss guns are also the secondary armament against surface targets, replacing the original 152mm and 100mm guns. The hypersonic solid shot are cheap and the Jean Bart carries over three thousand so they can be used against low value targets.
And finally the Gauss guns are also the long range defence against aircraft and missiles, firing guided rounds. These have similar performance to current day SAMs (because they are SAMs without the booster), and again the Jean Bart can comfortably carry over a thousand.
The working chamber below the turret is now for programming Gauss gun rounds, especially the guided AA, before they are loaded and launched.
The magazines below deck are, like the original, divided into two sections. The rear formerly used for charges is now storage for the capacitors. A Gauss gun needs to discharge an enormous amount of energy very very quickly, so it isn't enough just to have a power cable from the gas turbines.
The front of the magazine still holds the shells. The Richelieu class were designed to carry 832 main gun rounds, but the original Jean Bart carried less than that. I'm using 800 for easier maths. The Jean Bart can carry eight solid Gauss gun rounds for every original 380mm shell, or four guided AA rounds. A fifty-fifty split on the original 800 gives the Jean Bart 3200 solid shot and 1600 guided, 800/400 per barrel.
The Gauss guns are 64MJ, Mega Joules, which is the kinetic energy of the projectiles as they leave the barrel. KE is a useful measurement as it tells you how much energy you have to put into your gun when firing, and how hard the projectile will hit. It isn't perfect, because projectile shape and any explosive charge also matter, but it's a good starting point.
Kinetic energy is mass divided by two, times velocity squared. With a rearrangment you can plug in the power of the Gauss gun and the mass of the projectile and calculate the velocity. Note that increasing the velocity gives more KE than increasing the mass, why bullets are more deadly than arrows despite being usually lighter.
64MJ matches the intended final design of the US Naval Warfare Center EMRG railgun prototype. 64MJ is 64 Megawatts of electrical power for one second, but the Gauss guns need more than that. The conversion efficiency of electromagnetic guns is currently not great, so I've assumed 40%, just under the estimated US EMRG efficiency. The actual power used in each shot is 160MJ, and the excess mostly becomes heat so railguns and coilguns run very hot.
How does 64MJ compare to existing naval guns? It's actually not that high.
The 100mm guns on the original Jean Bart fired 13.3kg shells at 855 metres/sec muzzle velocity, giving 4.75MJ. The 152mm secondary guns, 55kg shells at 870 m/sec, are 20.8MJ, about one third of the Gauss guns. The Richelieu class 380mm main armament are much higher, 884kg shells at 830 m/sec for 305MJ. (The Iowa 16" with super heavy shell is around 355 MJ.)
The advantages of Gauss guns are higher velocity, not needing explosive charges, and being able to carry much more ammunition.
All the guns listed here fire shells at around Mach 2.5, the speed of sound at sea level being 343 m/sec. A 64MJ Gauss gun could fire 100mm shells at 3100 m/sec, or Mach 9; and the 155mm shells at over Mach 4. Higher velocity means less opportunity for the target to dodge, and less variance in flight path due to atmospheric pressure and wind. Smaller shells at higher velocity hit just as hard, and you can carry more of them.
The Gauss guns don't need explosive charges, instead using the ship's electrical supply. This is a lot safer: firing a gun is setting off a large explosion on your own ship in the hope of causing a smaller explosion at the target. With Gauss guns you don't need to worry about magazines exploding. And again no charges means you have more room to store even more ammunition.
Jean Bart will carry two types of Gauss gun round, solid shot and guided.
The solid unguided rounds are 16kg tungsten arrows, 900mm long and 34mm diameter. For technical reasons the barrel of a coilgun needs a larger diameter, (even without the guided rounds discussed below) so I add a 2kg discarding sabot. They are fired at 2660 m/sec, Mach 7.7, with a maximum range of about 400km.
In space you can load up your Gauss guns with old beer cans or spanners in an emergency, but here on Earth aerodynamics matter. The rounds need to be streamlined, and like shells need to be dense or they will slow down too rapidly. High velocity means surface heating from drag, and the intense magnetic field heats up the projectiles even more.Tungsten is a good choice because it has almost the same density as depleted uranium, is fairly safe and robust to handle, and has a high melting point.
The atmosphere also imposes an upper limit on velocity. In the TV show The Expanse season 4 the Rocinante has a 50MJ railgun which launches 1kg tungsten rounds at 9980 m/sec, or Mach 49. (But in space the speed of sound is zero, so, uh, nevermind.) On Earth these would burn up before leaving the barrel.
Precision machining will make the tungsten arrows expensive, but comparable to shells, not missiles. At 900mm x 170mm (with sabot) the rounds are half the length and half the diameter of a Richelieu 380mm shell, so one-eighth the volume.
As the Atomic Rockets website points out, Gauss gun rounds will punch through armour but it is difficult to predict how much damage they will do. There is a lot of kinetic energy, but no bursting charge. On impact will the rounds disintegrate into high velocity shards, or even plasma? The best guess is something like modern tank APDS rounds, very destructive but within a small volume.
A better alternative against ship sized targets could be flechette rounds, sixteen 1kg arrows fired shotgun style. The smaller rounds would have a lot less range - perhaps "only" a hundred kilometres. (Sorry, I haven't done a proper calculation.)
I don't think Gauss guns firing solid or explosive rounds will be useful for point defence against aircraft and missiles, at least until the guns are a lot more compact. Ultra high velocity rounds are difficult or impossible to dodge, but only if the gun is precisely aimed and the target is relatively close.
Ships are not stable platforms. Against surface targets the Gauss gun can wait a few seconds before firing for the right pitch and roll, but that would be too slow against missiles. We can build axially stabilised light AA guns, but all current Gauss guns have barrels as long or longer than the old battleship guns, even if they don't weigh quite as much. They won't move quickly.
For long range fire against aircraft and missiles the Jean Bart need guided rounds. These are SAM missiles, but without a rocket booster because the Gauss gun launches them at supersonic speed. As with shells, this allows many more to be carried for the same volume, and launching one doesn't spray the ship with superheated toxic rocket exhaust.
The Jean Bart fires the terminal dart stage of the Common Anti-air Modular Missile (Sea Ceptor). At 1.95m long and 32kg mass these are launched at 2000 m/sec, Mach 5.8; twice the advertised maximum velocity of the current CAMM ER. The missile itself has a diameter of 166mm, hence the 170mm Gauss gun calibre.
I don't have figures for the various components of the CAMM missile, only the overall size and mass, so 1.9m and 32kg are estimates assuming similar proportions as the larger ASTER-15 SAM, which has a 2.6m 110kg terminal dart within an overall 4.2m and 310kg missile. A more conservative estimated mass of 48kg for the CAMM would give launch velocity 1630 m/sec, Mach 4.5.
The CAMM darts are the same length as a Richelieu 380mm battleship shell and half the diameter, so four can be carried for each original shell.
The guided rounds won't have the fantastic range of solid shot, because SAMs are not that good as unpowered projectiles. They need a much larger diameter to fit a seeker head, whether radar or IR, which means more drag. And they are not as dense as solid tungsten or even regular shells, so lose speed more rapidly once the rocket booster has burnt out. And at sea level the air is denser, so missiles perform worse than they do for high altitude jets.
As a non-specialist I had trouble finding more information about missile flight performance that I could understand. I'm basing this on the AIM-120-C5 Performance Assessment which I found through the Restless Technophile website. (Since we're in the 21st C, the authors hunted through non-classified sources and did extensive computer modelling, because they wanted to make a computer video game more realistic. I also found some great technical detail about the Mistral missiles on a forum thread by gamers complaining that the designers of War Thunder had nerfed the Tiger attack helicopter.) The AIM-120 is big, but my back of the envelope calculations give similar density to other missiles so I assume the CAMM won't be too different.
At 500 m altitude the AIM-120C loses just over 40 m/sec of velocity every second when flying straight at high Mach numbers. Making a 5 - 10 G turn, the kind a modern fighter jet can do, increases the loss to 60 or so m/sec, and a maximum 30 G turn, which might be needed for an anti-missile missile, loses 100 m/sec.
How would this affect our Gauss gun rounds? I assume that once the velocity drops below 1000 m/sec (Mach 3) the missile can't cope with an evading high velocity target. In mostly straight flight, losing 50 m/sec per second, the CAMM dart has a flight time of 20 seconds and a range of 30km. In the absolute worst case of pulling 30 G turns from the moment of launch, this drops to 10 second flight time and 15km range.
This is actually good! Mach 3 at 30km is better than the original CAMM missile, even the extended range version, and comparable to the much bigger ASTER-15. It just isn't as amazing as the range and velocity of Gauss gun solid shot.
It is tempting to add a sustainer motor to the guided rounds to give a longer flight time. A ramjet like that on the Meteor air to air missile would be possible, and easier and simpler to design because the Gauss gun launches the dart immediately into supersonic speed. The disadvantage of adding motors to the guided rounds is that they're big and bulky (and not heavy enough to improve the density) so the launch velocity goes down and volume required goes up. The more the missiles rely on their own powered flight, the less efficiency there is in using a large, energy intensive, single point of failure Gauss gun for the boost phase.
The rear hull has the high box shape of most hybrid aviation ships. It's more volume than mass, so after removing the original 152mm turrets which were nearly 700 tonnes I would worry more about the rear not being heavy enough to balance the turrets at the front.
The superstructure above the main deck is now angled inwards. This is mostly because that is the fashion for current warships, not an attempt to make a 50,000 tonne stealth battleship. It presumably does help a little to reduce the radar signature.
Immediately in front of the funnel / mast are the air intakes for the gas turbines.
Midships between the funnel / mast and forward tower is used for antisubmarine defences. There is much debate over whether battleships would survive missile attack or not, but submarines are also a serious threat. On each side the Jean Bart carries two EuroSLAT torpedo countermeasure launchers and two MU90 anti-submarine torpedo launchers.
(The Jean Bart is not designed for hunting submarines and should never do so. As a battleship she is big enough to carry ASW weapons in case of emergencies. Better to have and not need than to need and not have.)
Since the ASW stuff is within the superstructure, the space on the midships deck is used for more 57mm Bofors guns and fire controls, and launchers for antimissile chaff and decoys.
The mast supports a Herakles S-band radar, as used on the French Acquitaine class frigates. On Jean Bart this radar is for controlling air operations, but could also be used for long range target tracking and fire control if the main tower EMPAR radar is out of action. (The two radars operate on different bands, so should not interfere with each other.)
The mast also has the usual crop of antennas and dishes for short range drone radio links, long range links, satellite communications, ... One nice thing about a battleship is that it can handle more topweight due to sheer size.
Behind the funnel is the drone hangar. Internally it is divided by a longitudinal bulkhead for damage limitation, and each half is in turn two decks high.
There are eight 4m x 2m launch and recovery bays on each side. I thought about launching drones vertically, but that would be more exposed to rain or snow and the drones would be flying closer to the funnel exhaust stream.
The drones themselves are quadcopters with aprox 3m wingspan unfolded. Since they are small and light, the Jean Bart carries as many as can be loaded. Computer systems like powers of two, so I'll say one hundred and twenty eight.
Most of the drone hangar will resemble a model aircraft workshop, but the inner area is devoted to sixteen drone controllers per deck. It would be cool to have the remote piloting stations from the movie version of Enders Game, but in reality this will look like a computer gaming cafe, rows of desks with dual monitors and joysticks and headsets. (We can at least have some VR headmounts.)
On the roof of the drone hangar is the aft Bofors 57mm turret and a fire control.
At the rear is the hangar for two NFH-90 Caimain marine helicopters. Usually one would be configured for ASW, one as a drone herder for controlling a swarm away from the ship. The hangar is large enough for Eurocopter Tigre attack helicopters if needed.
The design philosophy for the Jean Bart drones is quantity over quality.
These are not advanced UCAVs such as the nEUROn demonstrator. A ship that isn't an aircraft carrier could carry only a few of such large high performance, drones; not enough to be really useful. Nor do they need to be autonomous UCAVs with onboard AI systems making all the decisions. (Although given the advances in computer technology, that will most likely be economical in the future.)
Instead Jean Bart carries over a hundred quadcopters, with 32 under control at a time. The quadcopters are based on the Griff Aviation 135, which is able to carry a 25kg payload for at least 30 minutes, or 50kg for less time. The major disadvantage of most small drones is a short radius of operation, here just 15km (30km for a one-way mission). The Jean Bart will carry slightly enlarged models with the extra capacity used for endurance, not payload.
Payloads can be swapped between various high resolution cameras and LIDAR for reconnaissance and target identification, ground mapping radar for surveillance over land during littoral operations, and light missiles. Drones will operate in squadrons for combined effect.
The drones can also provide a Combat Air Patrol flock.
Yes, the drones are completely outmatched by jet fighters, but the jets will run out of million dollar AMRAAMs or Meteors before Jean Bart runs out of drones at one tenth the price. And if the jets try to close, the drones are large enough to carry a Mistral air to air missile. Any jet pilot even dinged by a drone, let alone shot down, would have to resign from the service in shame.
My early drafts had Sylver A-70 8 cell VLS modules distributed midships, but I deleted them as unnecessary. This ship has a lot of Bofors short range guns, and the main Gauss gun turrets can carry 1600 missiles, a stupendous number by current day standards.
There are two possible benefits to fitting VLS modules.
One would be the ability to launch large missiles, such as the SCALP Naval long range cruise missile. But if you want to fire missiles at a target more than four hundred kilometres away, you don't need a battleship. If it's within 400km, you can hit it with the solid shot.
Another would be defence against a saturation missile attack in overwhelming numbers. Jean Bart can only fire four guided rounds at a time, backed by the six twin Bofors 57mm turrets. If that isn't enough in some scenarios, Sylver A-35 VLS modules with quad packed Sea Ceptor missiles would be insurance.
Feedback to laranzu @ ozemail . com . au
Changes 27 Jan: added the perspective sketch at the start, some minor edits for clarity.
If you've read this far and want something less serious, here is the introduction to a future Bilge Pumps where our hosts have been automated out of a job. To be followed by shouts of "Boarders away!" and various smashing and tinkling sounds as the human crew recapture the podcast.
Back to my home page.
All text and drawings on this web page created by Hugh Fisher. The spelling of my name makes no sense to most of the world's population, so I don't mind being called Hugo Fisher.
Copyright under Creative Commons Attribution By license. Commercial use allowed (although if you can make money from this I'll be amazed), you can make changes, but must mention me.


Many questions arise regarding the effectiveness of airsoft guns and if they really can kill. However, these guns are not like real firearms and that makes them different from other rifles.
Airsoft guns are not designed to do physical harm to another person; they are just used to run them over with. There are also airsoft rifles that can hit an adult human target at longer distances. There are also many types of airsoft pistols which also have pistols designed to be used for shooting people.
When an airsoft gun is shot at a certain speed, it can also bounce off and come back and hit a person who it was aimed at. This is not the same as when a bullet is shot at a target from a gun. Even though airsoft weapons are not as powerful as those used in firing rifles, they are designed to inflict maximum damage on the target.
If an airsoft weapon can kill another person, then all airsoft guns can kill, because no one can tell if another person is being shot with an airsoft gun, or if they are being shot with a rifle. Even if a person who shoots at an airsoft gun does not actually hit the target, it can still kill someone. The reason for this is that airsoft ammunition can be very hard to see, so it may be difficult to distinguish whether or not a person is hit with an airsoft bullet.
Experts have stated that there is no need to try to figure out if airsoft guns can kill someone. A person can be hit by an airsoft gun that has no effect on the person who fires it, but a person can be hit by an airsoft gun that has an impact on the person who is being shot. Therefore, when someone uses an airsoft gun to shoot someone it is still like hitting another person in the head with a rifle.
Airsoft guns do have the ability to cause brain injury and death, although this has never been proven to occur. There have been cases where an airsoft bullet has penetrated the skull and traveled through the brain. However, in most cases, these injuries occurred from the airport bullet hitting a soft part of the skull. It is also true that airsoft guns are made with aluminum to help them fly more easily and accurately. While this may seem harmless, when bullets are designed to do serious damage to the human body it is not a good idea to be using an airsoft rifle with aluminum on the barrel.
If an airsoft bullet hits a person’s brain it can cause permanent brain damage. Therefore, if an airsoft gun is being used by a person with a history of mental problems or if the person does not have the proper training then it is probably not a good idea to use this type of rifle. Even if they are used by a person who has never had a problem with the law, it is still important to look into this type of weapon.
In some cases, the airsoft gun is being used by a person who is a drug addict or someone who is mentally ill. If you are faced with someone using an airsoft gun for these reasons, then you will have to take your time to get information about the type of gun they are using and if they have any legal problems that could include violent criminal history. When deciding if airsoft guns can kill, it is also important to know if there are other weapons involved in the shooting. If the person is using a semi-automatic pistol that has more than one round in the chamber, then they will have to be considered a threat to society. Many people believe that only bullets in the chamber should be considered dangerous. Read more about the best airsoft guns.
An airsoft gun can kill if it is being used by a person who is thought to be suicidal. This means that the person who has the airsoft gun pointed at them and is trying to end their life will still be considered a threat and will be considered a deadly weapon. in that case.
Since airsoft guns are not designed to hurt or kill, the answer to the question “can airsoft guns kill?” is “no.”


Ann mariell verdens minste penisWilson, Royce (August 2007). The Howell Automatic Rifle was used by the British Home Guard as an anti-aircraft weapon. 4 Mk I 1931present (2,500 trials examples produced in the 1930s, then mass production from mid-1941 onwards) Rifle.
Direkte akkurat nå: live knulling. National Rifle Association (August. Commercial gunsmiths in Australia and Britain converted both MkIII and No4 rifles.410 shotguns. Note, minimum burst pressure ratings were established under laboratory conditions using a Static Burst Unit (SBU). 4 Mk 2 standard. List of manufacturers edit The manufacturer's names found on the MLE, clle, and smle Mk IMk erotisk sex thai massasje strømstad III* rifles and variants are: Note 1: "SSA" and "NRF" markings are sometimes encountered on First World War-dated smle Mk III* rifles. 12: Special Service LeeEnfields (Commando Auto Models). 4, Marks I I Marks 1/2, 1/3. The action features helical locking surfaces (the technical term is interrupted threading). They were then known by the designation Telescope Straight, Sighting L1A1. Wash hands hotte damer jenter som søker sex after handling. Bruk litt på å ha det morro. 18:.62mm L42A1 Sniper, L39A1, 2A LeeEnfield Conversions.
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Stationer's Office (hmso periodical Enright, John (February 1998). Labrador, QLD: Arms Militaria Press. Last inn siden på nytt så ser du de siste som er ankommet, listen oppfriskes en gang i minuttet. The two Charlton designs differed markedly in external appearance (amongst other things, the New Zealand Charlton had a forward pistol grip and bipod, whilst the Australian one did not but shared the same operating mechanism. Italy Jamaica : still used by the Jamaica Constabulary Force, Correctional Services and Jamaica Combined Cadet Force Japan : Captured from British Army during World War.
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A couple years ago, a Chinese company called Hooben released a kit for a 1/16 RC Russian T55 tank. It's a "modern" tank, which is more rare in the RC world since WWII tanks seem to be preferred by the manufacturers. I've always loved the design of the T55, a tank that was the most produced tank of all time, is still in service in many countries around the world. Needless to say I wanted one, but because of the price, I didn't think much of it... until recently, when someone on one of the RC tank forums brought it up again.. next thing you know, my brain is failing me and i'm spending some major cash to get one. Not as much as a Tamiya kit, but probably still more than I should have.. oh well, you only live once eh?
So I'm not going to start building it for a while. I still have my Panzer to finish (there has been progress, just not enough for a new post), and I want to finish the other projects i've started, but I did take it out and look at it. Here are a couple pics of it with my 1/35 T55 that I built a few years ago for scale reference. It's going to be so cool!


The CSRX-300 looks to be an anti-material sniper rifle that can pierce multiple soft walls – at least two, as shown in the trailer. It’s also got an under-barrel explosive lance which can similarly pierce soft walls, but the projectile will stop once it hits something hard, and then explode on a short delay. You can also see the operator icon, which looks a bit like an eagle’s face.
The other gadget is the Mag-NET System, which appears to magnetically stop bullets. In the trailer, we see the Mag-NET placed above a window. A gun fires from the opposite side, the bullet travels partway through to the target before it’s snatched back up by the magnet. This operator icon looks like a person meditating.


When I ask my students which country is the only one to have used nuclear weapons against an enemy, they offer all kinds of answers. Except the correct one.
United States makes huge efforts to limit the number of countries that possess nuclear weapons. What I never managed to understand is how the only country that used these weapons to wreak such enormous destruction can justify positioning itself as a valid judge of who has the right to own them.
This is not a rhetorical question. There must be some doctrine, some philosophy, some logical reasoning that makes this possible. Does anybody know what it is?
I'm not looking for a response of the "The US is a superpower that never renders accounts to anybody" kind. That's all obvious. However, people always come up with discourses to justify their greatest atrocities. On a purely logical level, it is obvious that the US is the only country that has no right to judge anybody for possessing and even using the nuclear weapons. So how does the official rhetoric explain away this contradiction?


A professor at WSU has put together Nuke Pop, an exploration of nuclear war themes in popular culture, from comic books to candy wrappers. Very interesting material.
While browsing through his site, I found another fascinating item — Nuclear Holocausts: Atomic War in Fiction, a lengthy exploration of fiction about nuclear apocalypse. It includes a massive bibliography, too. I recommend it for any fans of apocalyptic/post-apocalyptic fiction.


|Level:||Evil 1 Clr 2 Adept 2|
|Components:||V, S, M|
|Casting time:||1 standard action|
A spell commonly employed by Servitors. This is cast on a weapon, or group of 25 projectiles, which is the material focus of the spell.
The enchanted weapon is treated as having a +1 enhancement bonus for the purpose of bypassing the DR of good creatures. The weapon also gains the evil alignment, allowing it to bypass the damage reduction of certain creatures.
In addition, critical hits threatened against good foes automatically confirm. This effect does not apply to any weapon that has a magical effect related to critical hits, such as keen and vorpal, but does apply to critical increasing feats, such as improved critical.


Isaac Davis, a native of Royalston, Vt., and brought up at Princeton, Mass., came here March 11, 1839. He is a blacksmith by trade, and, in 1877, invented the compound force cartridge, which he patented the same year. It is intended for shooting long distances, and the principal has been acted upon for heavy ordinances for piercing iron-clad vessels. By dividing the charge of powder great accumulative force is gained.
Enter a grandparent's name to get started.


An hour earlier, in New York, the Organization used a bazooka to shoot down an airliner which had just taken off for Tel Aviv with a load of vacationing dignitaries, mostly Jews. There were no survivors.
(Note to the reader: A “bazooka” was a portable launcher for small rockets, used primarily as an infantry weapon against armored vehicles during World War II, 60-54 BNE, and already obsolete by 8 BNE. Tel Aviv was the largest city in Palestine during the period of Jewish occupation of that unfortunate country in the Old Era. The ruins of the city are still too radioactive for human habitation.)
Listen to the Audiobook: here


“I am become death, the destroyer of worlds.”
J. Robert Oppenheimer, reflecting on the power of the nuclear weapons he helped to develop, quoted this line from the the Hindu text, the Bhagavad Gita. He knew the terrifying reality that would come to pass, where humans had the power to annihilate far-away lands at the push of a button. The previous century had yielded some gruesome and inhumane atrocities committed by humans against each other, but there was never the capability to vaporize entire regions. The twin attacks on the Japanese cities of Nagasaki and Hiroshima were the first uses of this nuclear technology, and it was not long before the nuclear arms race began. The USSR developed their first atomic weapon in the 1950’s, followed closely by the U.K., France, South Africa, Pakistan, India, and North Korea. (Israel?) Foreign policy now had to be amended to include the use of nuclear weapons. The U.S. has steadily refused to adopt a ‘No First Use’ policy on nukes. They have opposed every significant resolution to ban nuclear weapons, believing that there are situations where the weapons need to be considered. According to the latest Nuclear Posture Review released by the Pentagon in 2018, the U.S. reserves the right to deploy nuclear weapons in cases of “attacks on U.S., allied, or partner civilian population or infrastructure.” The proliferation of tens of thousands of nuclear warheads during the next 50 years would happen under the shadow of the Cold War. The risk for miscalculation was high, the consequence was human extinction.
Russian President Mikhail Gorbachev and Reagan sign the INF into effect in 1988
On June 1st, 1988, the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty was ratified by the American and Russian governments. This watershed moment saw the most effective and far-reaching restrictions on nuclear warheads and the missiles that carry them. These two powers had stockpiled around 60,000 warheads between them at the time of signing, the result of the most intense weapons build up in history. At one point there had been over 70,000 individual warheads across the planet. Given the scalding tensions of the Cold War, having such a high number of these weapons sitting about seemed like an inevitable formula for the unthinkable. With the many close calls and near-misses the world has seen with nuclear war, there was great anxiety driving the two governments towards making some progress on containing the threat. Neither nation stands to gain from a conflict in which billions die and civilization itself may end as a result. Behind the threats and muscle flexing, Reagan and Gorbachev were looking for ways to back out of the confrontation without giving up too much leverage in negotiation. Peace was to be maintained through the illusion of strength, the kind of strength that could break a nation and leave its lands uninhabitable for centuries.
In February 2019, several years into the revival of the Cold War, the United States announced that they would be withdrawing from the boundaries of the INF treaty. The very next day, the Russian Federation also withdrew and immediately announced the beginning of research and development of new Intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) systems. The consequences of this collapse in arms control will be felt for decades to come, as the only restrictions on nuclear warheads between the two largest arsenals have expired. The United States and Russia now join China in the race for the best missiles money can buy as each national government is steadily increasing their budgets for weapons development and research.
The hypothetical situation in which nuclear attacks are being used is the endgame of any war planning, not just another card to be drawn.
Ballistic missiles today are very advanced and well-developed, but they are no different in how they work than the first cruise missiles fired by the Germans across the English channel 70 years ago. The way that ballistic missiles work is based on calculations and thrust. The missile itself is just a vehicle for carrying the warhead to its destination and relies on having enough fuel to power itself into the upper atmosphere. The guidance system on a missile is GPS-based, or inertial, which means it relies on gyroscopes and motion sensors. It is programmed to follow a ballistic trajectory to position itself in the orbit above the target. At this point, the missile has separated through several stages and it is just the warheads remaining which follow the trajectory down to their target. Once the missile has left the low Earth orbit, only the smallest parts of it remain, making it nigh-impossible to shoot down an ICBM in flight. To intercept a nuclear warhead is to ram another projectile into it while travelling at thousands of miles per hour, which is often compared to hitting a bullet with a bullet. The American Missile Defence Agency is tasked with tracking and intercepting any hostile missiles. So far, it has had very limited success, with the exception of one major public relations victory in the midst of the Korean nuclear talks in Singapore.
Hypersonic missiles capable of avoiding defenses and countermeasures now threaten Pacific U.S. territories and aircraft carriers—twin symbols of American power. Hyper Glide Vehicles (VGHs) offer new maneuvering capabilities that long, heavy, pre-programmed ICBMs do not have. This gives them immense value as they offer the potential to strike targets from far away without being intercepted. In a confrontation where all sides have super fast and long-range weapons, they do not even need the ability to see what they are shooting at. This INF treaty, along with other arms control agreements, has long served as a counterweight to the belligerent threats the nuclear warheads posed by their own existence. Throughout the 30 years that have passed since the ratification of the INF, nearly 2,700 nuclear warheads have been disposed of along with an entire class of missiles, with ranges of 500-5,000 km. European cities no longer lived under the shadow of annihilation. The most difficult concept to grasp regarding nuclear weapons is the sheer magnitude and scope of the deadly radioactive blast. Depending on the kilotons of the warhead, this could be a tactical area several miles long or a swath of land the size of Texas. These weapons are historically rarely used because their function is so specific and their deployment is seen as a last resort. The hypothetical situation in which nuclear attacks are being used is the endgame of any war planning, not just another card to be drawn.
The art of threatening nuclear war involves making the other side believe that you are completely willing to follow through on your threat. If there is a sense of vulnerability or a perceived lack of resolve, the other side could feel empowered to hit first. The biggest nuclear near misses came as a result of confusing information from all sides. In Cuba the U.S. didn’t know if the USSR would declare war as a result of stopping Soviet ships, and in the 1980’s Reagan pushed the Russian’s boundaries by launching nuclear drills in radio silence. Donald Trump’s current actions towards North Korea and Russia have involved making them believe his next moves are unpredictable; similar to the supposed madman theory also followed by Nixon in the 70’s. Trump’s administration inherited the largest modernization of the American nuclear triad at over $1 trillion, begun under Obama. This program will increase the power and efficiency of our national nuclear program, as well as make serious investments in the development of systems to shoot down ballistic missiles. This program came on the heels of the U.S withdrawal from the ABM treaty in 2002, a recurring theme recently.
The reason that the arms control regime is so effective (there have been zero hostile nuclear explosions in 70+ years) is because of the concept of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). Through this, the primary attackers will be the last ones to die, as their opponents will surely launch their own attacks before their demise. Technological advancements have always been the surest killer of treaties, as rigid definitions of the time cannot keep up with the ever-changing tide of new weapons which bend conventions and defy limitations. When the INF was first signed, for example, each strategic bomber that a nation possessed was considered to account for one nuclear warhead. The reality is that a single bomber can carry at least a dozen nuclear missiles, each of which can contain multiple warheads capable of hitting targets hundreds of miles apart. The number of warheads reported worldwide is likely nowhere near the actual number, considering that nukes are one of the most highly regarded national secrets of any country.
The most important development in the ongoing arms crisis was when Russia made the decision to place what is called the Iskander ballistic missile system in their enclave of Kaliningrad (annexed from Germany following the second World War). The issue with this is the geostrategic location of the enclave, directly in the center of Europe, with direct access to the Baltic sea for reinforcement from the mainland. The missile system is said to have a range of over 5,000 kilometers. This would give it the ability to rain fire down on any city in Europe in less than ten minutes from launch, which gives local governments no time to react or prepare. This is similar to the situation preceding the Cuban Missile Crisis, where the United States had placed Pershing-II missiles in Turkey which were within a similar range to Moscow and St. Petersburg.
The United States launched a diplomatic protest saying that this deployment of the Iskander violated the INF Treaty and that they would withdraw in response. Russia, in turn, accused the U.S of provoking an arms race and announced a build-up in weapons research efforts. Russian officials muddied the waters and put out conflicting information on the true range of the weapon system. They even put a launcher on display for journalists to look at, of course, not doing a trial exercise to show its capability to calm fears. The issue with this dilution of the truth is that when there is a breakdown in trust, there is no solid foundation to a treaty. The INF died simply because the U.S. no longer trusted Russia to not use the Iskander against European capitals. From Russia’s perspective, the Americans are the ones who violated the treaty by moving tomahawk cruise missiles and attack drones to European bases.
A major factor in the current heat-up of the arms race is China, which has been pouring money into missile research over the years. China is not limited by any missile treaty like the INF between the U.S. and Russia and the result is a massive arsenal of weapons of all ranges. China, with this leverage, has been known to flex their weapons and threaten American assets in the Pacific. Guam, for example, is an American territory situated near the Japanese islands and well within the range of Chinese missiles. There are thousands of servicemen and women deployed in Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, and Australia who find themselves at risk. This is relevant to the arms race because American domination of the Pacific is being directly challenged by North Korea and by proxy China. Overlapping territorial claims to the South China Sea, Korean ICBM tests, and Russian bomber flights have contributed to a dangerous environment. There are now missile alert tests in Hawaii — something that hasn’t happened for decades. In a callback to the Cold War, we now see Russian government propaganda threaten the U.S mainland. The U.S. has the motive to withdraw from the INF in order to catch up on building tactical missiles, including hypersonic ones the Chinese government has been advertising for years. As of now, the American military in the area find their movements restricted by the threat of these weapons that they cannot match. This is certainly a disadvantage in a potential fight and the U.S. government has been looking for an excuse to start producing their own versions of these weapons. Similar claims have been made about Russia’s true motive for abandoning the treaty, as they are another rival of China’s.
The whole world seems to be bracing for an imminent catastrophe. The only question is, are we safer as a result of confronting China and Russia if we have more weapons of mass destruction hovering around our heads?


Carrying out SARMs bodybuilding a hunt on the net will definitely give you a large range of details pertaining to this. Several of the material is actually just relevant for a particular website. For instance, there are actually sites that offers information about asbestos visibility, which is actually quite applicable to the work internet site.
Just like everything else, a bunch of factors have to be learned through trial and error. It would be well to receive support from professionals if you are not competent sufficient.
When you are actually operating along with products that may create injury to your lifestyle, there are actually different elements that will definitely help you. Only be sure that you adhere to all the regulations. Through following all the regulations, you will certainly be actually lowering the odds of being injured or hurt or possessing a crash.
While dealing with these materials, you must never go overboard. You need to constantly keep in mind that every single danger possess its personal set of policies and also operations. You may never ever dismiss these.
If you were certainly not covered under security instruction, it would be most ideal for you to take training coming from a specialist. You can easily additionally refer to the on the internet courses that are used due to the institutions.
Security operations are actually for the protection of the workers. They have to handle the hazards that can easily endanger the lives of the people, as well as the components that can easily kill them.
Stacking SARMS serve tools that the shooter can easily utilize to swiftly accomplish their job. The stacking systems will enable all of them to utilize a rifle with a quick feed publication.
There are actually some types of weapons that carry out certainly not require a publication. They can be used one handed. In order to get a publication, you need to clear away the screw and then placed the journal back on. This are going to permit you to possess the capacity of having a publication.
One recent development that has resided in the business for some time is the publication stemless glass. It is a mechanism that will certainly help to always keep the publication coming from coming out of the item if it is drawn from the gun.
A magazine tumbler works with the very same principle as a stack and also stash tool. Instead of utilizing a magazine like you would certainly with a piled magazine, you will use the tumbler to always keep the magazine from befalling of the weapon. You will definitely place the stemless glass in to the magazine.
The tumbler will certainly glide over the best edge of the journal. It will definitely team up with the locking tab of the journal and secure it up from gliding. This will maintain the journal in location so it carries out certainly not fall out of the tool.
This is actually a simple tool to use in a specific situation. It will certainly make it easier for a shooter to have an added journal or a flash hider.
A comparable mechanism is going to partner with a long weapon too. The loading pin will definitely slide onto the remaining side of the journal. As soon as the publication is loaded it will attach to the rotating activity of the rifle.
You will certainly need to have to fill the publication before you may fire it. You can fill it on through lifting it into the rifle, or even you can easily pull the loading pin away from the journal to pack it.
The fundamental tumbler is actually a simple mechanism. It is also effortless to make use of, as well as if it works for lengthy guns then it must operate for a quick weapon. You may place the barrel in a chamber just before you fire it to see to it the publication is loaded, consequently you can easily establish the filling pins to be sure they will certainly partner with the publication.
Piling SARMS are designed to make it possible for the shooter to reload quicker. There are actually a number of manner ins which these items will allow you to accomplish this.
As an example, a shotgun may be used along with the tapping action of the tool to fill the magazine right into the weapon. You can possess the stacking mechanism in place to maintain the journal inside the weapon when you are actually carried out capturing. You can easily also use a magazine to pack into the gun.
Stacking SARMS serve in many scenarios. If you are actually not aware of just how to use the stacking device, at that point you ought to check out getting a tool that will assist you with this task.
In order to acquire a journal, you need to get rid of the bolt and at that point put the journal back on. A magazine stemless glass functions on the exact same guideline as a stack as well as save tool. Rather of utilizing a magazine like you will with a piled magazine, you will definitely make use of the tumbler to maintain the magazine coming from dropping out of the tool. You can easily put the gun barrel in a chamber just before you shoot it to bring in sure the publication is packed, and also so you can set the loading pins to bring in certain they will definitely function along with the journal.
You can easily possess the stacking device in area to keep the magazine inside the weapon when you are actually done firing.


How a small AI company found a way to scale its work for DOD
"Despite all the prototype contracts and research grants the Department of Defense feeds to eager startups, that work rarely scales to the type of multimillion-dollar deals the government gives to
A Navy SEAL, a Quadcopter, and a Quest to Save Lives in Combat
"On the battlefield, any doorway can be a death trap.
Textron Systems, Shield AI team up on unmanned project
Textron Systems and Shield AI announced a collaboration effort to integrate Shield AI's software onto Textron’s unmanned systems, with an early focus on U.S. Army modernization priorities.
Textron Systems and Shield AI to Collaborate on Military Multi-Domain Autonomy Technologies
OCTOBER 13, 2020 — HUNT VALLEY, MD AND SAN DIEGO, CA – Textron Systems Corporation, a Textron Inc.
Shield AI Awarded Defense Department Contract for AI Software
Company awarded $7.2M Phase II Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract to enable development of AI capabilities for US Army Aviation Units
Pentagon Wants a Process to Field Unmanned Systems, AI Faster
Shield AI hosted United States Department of Defense Secretary Mark Esper, accompanied by deputy under secretary of defense acquisition and sustainment Alan Shaffer and several of his staff, to dis


This article addresses a debate I heard between a Cruiser Fleet and a Heavy Cruiser Fleet. As one may gather from my Small Fleet Doctrine, I prefer Cruiser Fleets as the core of any combat fleet.
Both fleets use Fighters. Cruiser Fleets build a mix of Cruisers and Carriers. Heavy Cruiser Fleets build a mix of Heavy Cruisers and Fleet Carriers. Casual familiarity with each combination shows the speeds match. Both fleet sets value Laser and Plasma as the core Power technologies.
Efficiencies of the Fleets
Cruisers are marginally more efficient than Heavy Cruisers.


There is news that the US military strategic nuclear submarine sternar system is 300 to 400 kilometers. This distance should be an exaggeration propaganda for the US Navy to determine the opponent.
The sonar installed by the submarine has specific conditions for the discovery distance of the target, not a value. For example, the same or the noise exhibited in different speeds and different sea areas, the submarine is different in different speeds, different seas, different depths, so the submarine sound is far from the probe of the ship. close. In general, the sound of the sound is significantly greater than the detection distance of the high noise ship, and the detection distance of the passive sonar is greater than the active sound.
▲ The US Navy’s "Lafayette" strategic nuclear submarine in the 1970s, the US Navy has three generations in the last century, the first generation of "Washington", the second generation, "Izu Allen "Level, the third generation" Lafayette "level, they all have an AN / BQS-4 active detection sound, AN / BQR-2B passive detection, and An / BQR for remote alert and search tracking 7 passive sound.
▲ The "Lafayette" strategic nuclear submarine’s BQR-7 scented scenario is detected, and the distance from BQR-7 is farthest.
It consists of 156 hydrobial primitives that are arranged in 3 columns, and in the boat first, it is half a circle, and is extended to the two bolden views, and the largest detection of underwater is 100 nautical miles, approximately 185 kilometers. This is already an ideal state of the detection distance, which is the maximum detection distance of the enemy’s high-speed ship when the submarine is navigated at low speed.
Therefore, the detection distance of 300 to 400 kilometers is not reached.
Even now, the current quiet submarine, with the most advanced passive drag line array in low-speed sailing, and it is difficult to achieve such an amazing detection distance for the ship. The detection distance of 300 ~ 400 kilometers may be just the data in accidents. It is a US navy to exaggerate propaganda. The purpose is to give the other party’s psychological deterrence. ▲ BQR-7 Sounds of the Control State ▲ BQS-4 Sound Division In addition, the submarine sound is very low in the long-distance detection, and can only be used to be alert. Active detection such as AN / BQS-4, high precision, but the maximum detection distance is less than 20 kilometers.
The maximum detection distance of the AN / BQR-2B passive detection sonar is tens of kilometers.
Therefore, the submarine sound is from 130 to 160 kilometers to distinguish the ship type is also unable to achieve, and it is also a propaganda. ▲ BQR-2 Sound of the Constitudes Modern Equipment Most Popular Semi-Senior Milky Mid-Senior Military Helicurer’s combat radius, usually 150 ~ 200 kilometers, so the 150 kilometers of the card-25PL carrier helicopter has the radius of combat, not Difference. The Soviet Navy did not think that the aircraft of the card-25PL was not enough, but the overall performance of the card-25PL was relatively poor, so we went to develop a new card-27 carrier anti-submarine helicopter.
In fact, we look at the radii of the subsequent card-27, there is no great increase in card-25PL.
▲ card -25pl Ship-up anti-sublimation ▲ card-27 Ship-up anti-submarine helicopter stone macro: "Shipborne Weapons" Executive Editor For the Shenzhen Satellite TV Special Commentator, Southern Defense Zhicu Consultant, the Tribute Research Center of the International Industrial and Commercial School of Yunnan University of Finance and Economics.
There is a "Japanese military situation", "Korean military report".
Production: Science China Monitor: Guangming ‘s Technical University Department of "Weapon" magazine "


In most cases of self-defense, lethal force will not be necessary or legal. Typically, arguments escalate, emotions run high, and individuals attack because they feel threatened or disrespected. In these situations, where an imminent threat to life is neither intended nor perceived, it would serve to have self-defense weapons that are practical, easy to use, and non-lethal. The following 10 items are, in my opinion, the best non-lethal self-defense weapons available.
If I have the option, I always prefer a self-defense weapon that could be used at a distance, that can incapacitate an attacker, that is quick to deploy, simple to use, easy to carry, and of course legal. While Tasers are not legal to carry in every city or state, they are legal in many locations and offer all of the above features. Which is why I recommend a Taser first and foremost to anyone looking for a non-lethal self-defense weapon in a state where Tasers are legal to carry.
Second to Tasers, I recommend pepper spray. That’s because the best pepper spray is also simple to use, can be used at a distance, easy to carry, and is legal in all 50 states. The only detriment is that it relies mostly on pain, as it does not incapacitate individuals by attacking any sort of physiological structure like the Taser does. That being said, pepper spray can inflame the area around the eyes when used appropriately and therefore make it much harder for the attacker to see and carry out an attack.
Stun guns are also highly effective as non-lethal self-defense weapons. They are easy to carry, quick to deploy, and can deliver a powerful and painful shock. It’s also very easy to understand how to use a stun gun for self-defense. When comparing Tasers or pepper spray vs stun gun, stun guns, unfortunately, cannot be used at a distance and they are not generally able to completely incapacitate an attacker; however, they are worth carrying in the absence of a Taser or pepper spray. Plus, stun guns are typically very affordable.
Keychain Knuckle Weapon
I love these little keychains knuckle weapons. They pack a lot of power in a small, easy to carry, and affordable package. Using one’s natural ability to strike with the hands, these keychain knuckle self-defense items make your hands twice as powerful and effective in protecting yourself.
A baton is quite a versatile tool, as it can be used for a variety of reasons including self-defense. Batons mimic the most basic of self-defense weapons — the stick — which makes it extremely easy for any individual to wield. That being said, I highly recommend training in baton self defense techniques if you choose to carry one for defensive purposes. That’s because when used for physical protection, a baton can be taken away from an inexperienced user and subsequently used against them. Also, some states and cities do not allow civilians to carry batons, so be sure to check local regulations before purchasing this self-defense weapon.
A strong, metal flashlight can also be used as a great self-defense weapon. Similar to the baton, when used to strike the collar bone, arms, or legs of an attacker, a flashlight is certainly a non-lethal form of self-defense. When striking the face or head, on the other hand, using a metal clubbing tool such as a flashlight might be considered lethal force, depending on the nature of the attack. Of course, flashlights are legal to carry everywhere and are generally a great device; but make sure you know the law and understand when it is legal to strike the face versus the body with a flashlight or any clubbing weapon.
Tactical pens are easy to carry, legal to carry, and can be deployed quickly and effectively for self-defense. Not much training is needed to effectively use these strong, compact weapons for personal protection. Simply grip the tactical pen with a tight fist and strike the opponent in


Whether you’re a newbie shooter trying to enter air gun as a leisure activity, a suit competitor, or a small game seeker, choosing the ideal air rifle is one of the most vital consider your satisfaction of the sport. There are many different air guns on the marketplace today from business like Crosman, Gamo, and also Ruger, and they range in price anywhere from $80 to upwards of $400. Recognizing what to seek will aid ensure you save your money and initiative, as well as get a rifle that will provide years of enjoyable and function.
Plinking, Hunting, or Competing?
Ask yourself first, “What am I going to use this rifle for?”. If you are new to air guns as well as really want something you could shoot in your backyard to obtain a preference for the sport, you must probably focus on factors like cost (of the gun and also of ammo), noise degree (to ensure you won’t annoy your neighbors), and also range (a much lower zoom range is great unless you have a huge yard). Strategy to invest around $100 to $150 on your air rifle to get one that is high quality sufficient to last, however will not cost a fortune. As for quality, the.177 is much less expensive to shoot than a. 22, and also less likely to punch through your backstop. Nitrogen piston rifles have the tendency to be significantly quieter than their spring-powered brethren, yet checked out testimonials initially to discover if a particular rifle has a reputation for being ninja quiet or nailgun loud.
Seekers, on the other hand, ought to search for something light in weight, powerful, as well as accurate. Depending on what sort of game you’re after, a. 22 caliber air gun may be more appropriate than a. 177 caliber. Try to find a rifle with a high rate for your given caliber, e.g. 950 feet-per-second for a. 22. A range with even more magnification will certainly serve you well when you’re focuseding on small game from a range, so either locate a scope/rifle combo with a 3-9x extent or buy one individually. Transportability is very crucial if you’ll be treking out on your searching journeys, so a lighter rifle that can use a sling would certainly be excellent. Strategy to invest at the very least $150 to $200 on a quality air rifle with sufficient power to make a tidy, gentle kill on varmints.
For the competitive shooter, precision is vital. Several aspects impact your precision, such as barrel, trigger, recoil, and sights. If you’ll be doing benchrest shooting, a much heavier gun won’t be a hassle, and the included weight assists with recoil administration. A light bulb as well as crisp trigger is a must, but remember you can commonly purchase an aftermarket trigger if the one your gun includes isn’t really around your standard. Shooting pellets at sub-sonic speeds (a lot less compared to around 1,000 feet-per-second) will keep your chances precise. A top quality range that will certainly hold absolutely no is a must, and also a strong stock with cheek risers will certainly assist you get the excellent sight picture as well as placement.
Choosing Your Air Gun
Since you know just what to seek, it’s time to pick the air rifle that matches the bill. Do your research online initially, as well as check each rifles specifications and costs, even if you’re preparing to buy in an establishment. Top brands to keep an eye out for include Gamo, Crosman, and Benjamin. Make certain to read testimonials to figure out if a given weapon actually meets the specifications, or if it only looks great on paper.
Configuration and Shooting
When you’ve got your rifle house, all that’s left is to install the scope, arrangement your target as well as backstop, and also destroy the gun in by sending a couple of hundred pellets downrange! Enjoy your brand-new leisure activity, and remainder easy knowing you bought an air rifle that is the ideal fit for you.
Richard Dawson is a writer as well as customer for ShopAirguns.com, which supplies thorough reviews as well as details concerning air rifles and airgun accessories.


20mm Drill Round Paper Weight
0mm dummy M51A1 rounds. These rounds were used in cannons and auto-cannons as dummy rounds to simulate the size and weight of real ammunition. Makes a great paperweight, collectible or conversation piece!
• Very unique paper weight.
• Great gift idea for the collector of military items.
• 6-5/8″ x 1-1/8″


Choate +5 Magazine Extension…, Very attractive Remington Sporting Clays semi auto. As new condition, less than 250 cartridges fired. …, A rare chance to purchase a Remington 1100 Skeet 28 Bore semi-automatic shotgun. Barrel Length: 28" Finish: Blue . The Remington® VERSA MAX® Semi-Auto Shotgun uses the VersaPort™ gas operation system that vents gas from the shotgun's chamber to operate the action. Designed for the modern American sportsman, the Remington® Versa Max™ Sportsman Shotgun sets the benchmark for performance. . Our selection of semi-auto shotguns also includes fine firearms from Beretta, Browning, Marlin, and Walther. The stock and forearms are checkered walnut, though the varnish is coming off the buttstock and may need to be refinished in the future. There are at least three Remington Sportsman 58 semi-auto shotguns for sale around here ranging from $200 to $350 Canadian (about $154 to $270 U.S.) Does anyone have an recomendations about this shotgun? Remington 12 GA Shotgun - Sportsman 48, 12 gauge, 2 3/4 inch, 30 inch, full, vent rib barrel, made 1957, 15 inch length of pull with recoil pad ad... (Full Details) Price: $495.00 Manufacturer: Remington . Item currently sold out . After-market mag tube (11 + capacity ) For those who wish to use The Sportsman in other roles such as home defense, Iâd advise against it. This gun is in excellent condition. 12 ga. This example was purchased for $179 before taxes and transfer fee. bore is decent. 12 ga. Remington Sportsman 58 Semi-Auto Shotgun 12 Gauge Modified #48669V, 28" Barrel. In 1911, the shotgun was renamed to the "Remington Model 11" and some 850,000 units went on to be sold until 1947. While his M1911 and Hi-Power are his most prolific and enduring designs, he also designed an American classic; the recoil operated, automatic shotgun named the Auto 5. The barrel is blued, has no rib features a brass bead and is 28 inches long. To ensure the best reliability and most comfortable shooting experience, make sure to adjust the system according to your desired load. By Phil Bourjaily. Remington Arms Co, Inc. Remington Sportsman 16 Gauge Semi-Auto Shotgun - 8742088 Buyer Tip: Seller assumes all responsibility for listing this item. Even with typical birdshot, the recoil system set for light loads and a muzzle brake, can rattle your cage. The 5 Greatest Gunfights of the Old West. Svelte, trim and elegant, the Auto-5 remained in continuous production until 1998, two years shy of a century. Remington 12 GA Shotgun - Sportsman 48, 12 gauge, 2 3/4 inch, 30 inch, full, vent rib barrel, made 1957, 15 inch length of pull with recoil pad ad... (Full Details) Price: $495.00 Trusted by hunters, shooters and law-enforcement professionals alike, the Remington pump action shotgun commands superior dependability and the smoothest performance of any shotgun on the market. Remington decided to make everyoneâs lives easier, and offer a permanently plugged version straight from the factory. It has a ventilated rib with a white bead sight. The…. A great model for vermin, pigeon and wildfowl shooting due to the gun's longer chamber capacity. Production of The Sportsman variant ended some 18 years later in 1948, when Remington stopped production of the Model 11 family, replacing it with the 11-48. Remington 1100 TAC 4 Semi-Auto Shotgun -Remington tactical shotguns are rugged, ultra-dependable and continually evolve as they’re called to serve in new, increasingly demanding environments. And you know what? After placing a round inside the receiver, pressing the bolt-release closes the bolt and loads the chamber. Loomis and other Remington designers Action Type: Recoil operated – Hammerless – Side ejection – Take Down This shotgun comes with (2) barrels: (1) 26” with Imp Cyl choke and (1) 28” with Mod choke. With the addition of the lightweight, 3"-capable V3 to our lineup, every possible hunting or sporting application is now â¦ Comes with 1 choke December 15, 2017. It has a ventilated rib with a white bead sight. Remington The Sportsman semi auto. functions properly. I am wanting to order a barrel for this remington sportman 16 gauge auto. I looked on the remington website and the gun I have is the Sportsman and was last made in 1947. Price Drop!!! With Multi chokes is this 11-87 Sportsman your next shotgun? As I said before; John Browning was an absolute genius. Multi Choke Remington 12 gauge 1100 Trap-T Semi-Auto Shotgun (R/H) - S/H 30" barrel with 7mm ventilated matt top ported rib, multichoke gun with Imp Cyl, Skeet and Lite Mod included, gold-washed trigger, stainless receiver with floral and acanthus scroll engraving…, The Remington Model 1100 has been a field-proved favorite ever since. Cheap semi auto- perfect fro rough shooting/pigeons over decoys. John Moses Browning was a genius of the highest order. As if angels descended from Heaven, and blessed the shotgun while horns heralded its arrival, though maybe thatâs just me. Remingtons pre millenium were turned out to a high quality. SEMI AUTO BOLT ACTION LEVER ACTION PUMP ACTION OVER UNDER ... automatic shotgun named the Auto 5. Purchase with confidence from a family run business with 30 years experience . In 1911, the shotgun was renamed to the "Remington Model 11" and some 850,000 units went on to be sold until 1947. (Photo: Kristin Alberts). Remington 11-87 SMAG 12GA 28 Inch Semi-Automatic Shotgun with Black Matte Synthetic Stock 1956 - 1963 production. Description: 1956 - 1963 production. see photos. This one has a 26"vent-rib 12 ga. barrel with modified choke. no credit card fees! Arguably the greatest firearms designer in history, Browning was one of the greatest engineering minds to have ever walked the Earth. 4.7 out of 5 star rating (3 reviews) 2 Models to Choose From. The predecessor to the 1100, this is a unique auto-loading shotgun produced in the late 1950's and early 1960's. It is a very simple system with few moving parts and no O-rings, gaskets, or seals to maintain. Barrel Length: 28" Finish: Blue . A VERY NICE REMINGTON 20G COMPLETE WITH 4 CHOKES SKEET. This right handed Shotgun has 25" barrels, 13 ¾" stock. A good looking, reliable shotgun for practical shooting or pest control. Iâve always heard great things about old Colt revolvers, and letâs just say this gun made me think twice about my stance on revolvers. REMINGTON 1100 LEFT HAND 12G SEMI-AUTOMATIC 9+1 SHOTGUN. Model 11-48: This model was the first of the "New Generation" semi-auto shotgun produced after the war & is considered a recoil operated firearm. The Remington® VERSA MAX® Semi-Auto Shotgun uses the VersaPortâ¢ gas operation system that vents gas from the shotgun's chamber to operate the action. The Sportsman name was subsequently applied to a variant of the 11-48. It has 2 3/4" chamber, a 28" vent rib barrel, the bore has some heavy fouling and rough spots and has a fixed mod choke. A molded in sling swivel stud on the butt-stock and a stud on the magazine cap allow the quick attachment of a sling. Overall, The Sportsman is quite the handsome shotgun, and looks just as nice as modern offerings. Buy Remington Sportsman 20GA 26": GunBroker is the largest seller of Semi Auto Shotguns Shotguns Guns & Firearms All: 879981149 . ... remington versa max semi auto shotgun mosg camo 12ga x 3 1/2" c$1,595.00. Grips/Stock: Wood . Around a total of 850,000 Model 11 were made, so itâs quite common and can often be had for a steal. was Â£995 now Â£895!! Grips/Stock: Wood . When first offered in 1930, The Sportsman is only available in 20 gauge; its big selling point Â was the lower price and two round capacity for migratory fowl hunting. While holding down the bolt-release button, shooters can load two additional shells into the magazine tube. The Remington Model 12 Sportsman came in semi-auto or pump configurations, and were made from 1984-1986 (vintage?). Model 58 : The model 58 was the first gas operated Remington shotgun. Even those who claim they arenât affected by heavy recoil will bow down and pay tribute to the Model 11âs thunderous roar. lots of rust on barrel and receiver. This gun is in excellent condition. An awesome 11-87 with a custom Cerakote finish. Though itâs pretty cool feeling the mass of different parts in motion as the action cycles. TIDY REM 11-87 SPORTER SEMI AUTO MULTI CHOKE, For nearly 60 years the Remington 1100 has been the benchmark for superb handling self loading shotguns. Remington 11-87 Sportsman Field 20GA 26inch Semi-Automatic Shotgun with Walnut Stock Satin Remington 48 Sportsman Semi Shotgun 20ga Guns International #: 101551615 Seller's Inventory #: 72317 Category: Remington Shotguns - Semi-Auto - Shotguns - American Semi-Auto Seller's Information When emailing or calling sellers direct, please mention that you saw their listing on GunsInternational.com Seller: Alligood's Member Since: 9/13/10 The Stock has a couple of minor marks, but is generally in good condition. Screenwriter and NRA Board member John Milius once said that every gun owner would ditch the shotguns they owned, if they had the chance to fire a Browning design. It's model number was derived from the older model 11 that the recoil system was copied from & the newer stamped out internal parts that have become so popular since, developed in 1948, but not introduced until 1949. When firing one of these for the first time, set the recoil system for heavy loads initially and see if itâll cycle your chosen round to avoid being kicked around too hard. Known by several names, the variant evaluated is a three-shot version of the Remington Model 11, known as The Sportsman. Gun Review: Going the Distance with the Kimber Rapide Black Ice 10mm. Remington Arms Co, Inc. Remington Sportsman 16 Gauge Semi-Auto Shotgun - 8742088 Buyer Tip: Seller assumes all responsibility for listing this item. REMINGTON SPORTSMAN 58 SEMI AUTO SHOTGUN 12 GA View Catalog Sold: $230 Estimate: $100 - $200 November 18, 2020 Tallahassee, FL, US Request more information Additional Details. Built on our time-tested and extremely reliable legendary quality with a level of flexibility that only comes with experience in the field. ... Remington: Who’s Buying the Pieces. Some Poly-Chokes look practically medieval (Photo Credit: GunAuctions.com). Steel Proofed Barrel The Remington Model 11 shares more than a passing resemblance to the Browning A5 (Photo: Francis Borek). 1x sporting 25.5'' cylinder choke barrel, Remington Model 11-48 Specs: Weight 6.61 lbs - 7.73 lbs . This gun is in good condition…, DEMO GUN 0% interest with our new credit offer. Our lovely and scarce little Remington Sporting Clays is just such a gun. Shotgun for auction. Blued steel with etched hunting scene to each side of receiver, 28 inch barrel with good clear bore, Guns & Firearms. Notes: This is a Remington Sportsman 48 semi Auto 12 gauge shotgun. Action: Semi Auto . EVERYTHING SHIPS FREE FREE SHIPPING FOR CLUB MEMBERS, ALL ORDERS $49+ The Remington Model 58, also known as the Sportsman 58, is a semi-automatic shotgun manufactured by Remington Arms in the mid-20th century. Even the newer Browning A5 features the famed humpback, though it uses an inertia driven action rather than the originalâs fierce, recoil operated action. Range Life. Semi-Auto Shotguns, Including Benelli & Remington Semi-Auto Shotgun Models We carry Benelli semi-auto shotguns and Remington semi-auto shotgun models in our inventory of highly collectable firearms. You must now have good reason to visit and ideally we need…, Very tidy 20 bore semi Released as the replacement for the Remington Model 11, it was manufactured from 1949 to 1968 and was produced in 12, 16, 20 and 28 gauge and .410 variations. For the tactical crowd who enjoys all sorts of strange looking muzzle devices, this could appeal to you. I think not. remington versamax sportsman semi auto 12ga 3.5" 14" barrel rifle sights camo c$1,376.95. Manufacturer: Remington . Bore: Nice . Loomis and other Remington designers Action Type: Recoil operated â Hammerless â Side ejection â Take Down System set for light loads and a backup for waterfowl after the 20-gauge began... The Earth not yet been introduced operation system that vents gas from the bottom in motion as the first! 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AR15 .22LR 16" COMPLETE UPPER 10" KEYMOD RAIL W/ BCG & CH
BCA .22LR 16" M4 Profile Complete Upper 10" Keymod Rail w/ BCG & CH:
Comes with an CMMG 16" dedicated black nitride barrel 1:16 twist w/ .750 gas journal. Featuring a GunTech USA 10" Keymod rail and assembled with an forged complete upper receiver The CMMG .22LR barrel and bolt is a blow back design so you do not have a gas system everything operates on strictly power from the discharge of the round for proper cycling. This upper needs a dedicated bolt carrier as well to properly function. The carrier is from CMMG as well made of stainless steel for durability and corrosion resistance. So the barrel and bolt carrier match up perfect together. We have added a standard charge handle. Battle Creek Armory assembled this upper but did not test fire it because there is no gas system. In other words without a gas system it is not necessary to make sure upper will function properly. All these main parts are straight from CMMG so they all work together correctly with your standard AR15 lower receiver. You will need a dedicated magazine which we sell separate.Upper does come with mag. The upper comes with BCG & CH. If you need a 25rd magazine feel free to add them to your cart before you check out.
Our Price: $479.99
Sale Price: $419.99