The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. For 13 yearss in the month of October 1962, the universe stayed on changeless qui vive as President John F Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev tried to make a via media and avoid atomic war which would hold perchance caused the devastation of our planet[ 1 ]. In this essay the factors that brought about the Cuban missile crisis between the two most powerful provinces will be investigated and the extent to which this crisis was a triumph for the USA and a failure for the USSR will be discussed.
Background to the Crisis:
The beginning of the crisis started back in May 1962 when Khrushchev was believing about the missile state of affairs while he was sing Bulgaria. He was cognizant that in their adjacent state, Turkey, there were American military bases with atomic payloads ( known as the Jupiter ‘s ) that were capable of pass overing out in a affair of proceedingss the most of import metropoliss in the Soviet Union, such as Moscow, Kiev and Minsk[ 2 ]. He knew the menace his state was in and started sing the thought of giving the Americans the same menace by puting atomic missiles bases near their challenger. In a meeting with his advisors he asked “ Why non throw a porcupine at Uncle Sam ‘s bloomerss? ”[ 3 ], and it was so when his attending turned to Cuba ; a state with a new immature leader with leftist advisors by his side ( Che Gevara and Raul Castro ) .
Cuba provided a perfect site for Khrushchev ‘s “ Bold Idea. ”[ 4 ]The installings of Soviet missiles in Cuba would non merely endanger the USA, but besides protect the island from any onslaught ( as they had seen with the Bay of Pigs a twelvemonth before ) . So, by August 1962 after a long talk with his co-workers in the Presidium[ 5 ]in Moscow, the Soviet Union agreed with Castro to secretly ship constituents for the building of atomic missile sites in Cuba. Although many in the Presidium wanted to do it public, Khrushchev wanted the importing of the missiles to be top secret because he believed that by the clip the Americans spotted them, it would be excessively late for the USA to make anything about it, and in the instance the Americans attacked and destroyed some of the installings, at least a few missiles could still be fired at the USA. And with the new immature American President, John F. Kennedy, Khrushchev believed that if his “ Yankee ” challenger discovered the missiles one time they were operational, he would non seek to destruct them as “ the Soviets would react by establishing one of them. ”[ 6 ]
After the program was approved, Khrushchev mentioned “ the American Rockets in Turkey are aimed at us and frighten us. Our missiles will besides be aimed at the United States, even if we do n’t hold every bit many of them.[ 7 ]Butaˆ¦.they will be even more afraid ” .[ 8 ]
Reason ‘s for the arrangement of the Missiles:
The grounds why Khrushchev decided to site the missiles are non certain, nevertheless there are several possibilities. First, it would cut down the “ missile Gap ” between them and the USA. Khrushchev had ever known that the USA had more and more powerful missiles than the Soviet Union ; for illustration, the Americans had four times as many ICBMs[ 9 ]( Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles ) than the USSR and five times as many Intercontinental bombers. This “ fright of insecurity ” lead Khrushchev to believe that puting intermediate and average scope atomic missiles on Cuba, which is merely 90 stat mis off from the American East seashore, would significantly increase the USSR ‘s ability to endanger the USA.
Another ground why the Soviet Union placed the Nuclear arms in Cuba was likely to coerce a trade with the American authorities either over Berlin or the Jupiter missiles in Turkey.[ 10 ]Khrushchev believed that with their menace in Cuba, USA would retreat from West Berlin or take their missiles from Turkey in return for the remotion of the Soviet missiles in the Caribbean.[ 11 ]
The protection of Cuba was another of import factor. Ever since La Coubre incident ( 1960 )[ 12 ]and the failed Bay of Pigs invasion ( 1961 ) ,[ 13 ]the Soviets believed that the Americans were be aftering to subvert the new Extremist Leader at any chance they had. They were right, as Sam Halpern from the CIA admitted that their occupation was, after the failed invasion of Cuba,[ 14 ]“ to get down new programs to acquire rid of Castro and the Castro government. ”[ 15 ]Castro ‘s fright of an American invasion made him turn to the Soviets for aid[ 16 ]and his please inspired Khrushchev to do the dare offer of the installing of missile[ 17 ]sites, which by the terminal of the crisis the Soviets managed to derive a warrant from USA on ne’er to occupy ( at least militarily ) Cuba. However, despite this promise, plans to assassinate Castro by the CIA ( in Operation Mongoose )[ 18 ]remained, making at least eight blackwash efforts since 1962.[ 19 ]
Although in his autobiography, Khrushchev claims specifically that he merely wanted to protect Cuba from another American invasion, several people like Robert Kennedy[ 20 ]and Fidel Castro[ 21 ]disagree with him as they believe that his purposes in Cuba were merely for the benefit of the Soviet Union and their Red image. The Soviet leader mentioned that his state wanted Cuba to stay as a Communist province and puting the missiles would assist continue Castro in power. However, Bobby Kennedy believed that if Khrushchev truly wanted merely to protect Cuba from any menace of invasion, so the constitution of Soviet Troops would hold been plenty to protect it,[ 22 ]“ non atomic payloads. ”[ 23 ]
Although Castro disliked the thought of atomic missiles[ 24 ], he approved of Khrushchev ‘s program with the thought that it will reenforce the place of the full communist universe. By the summer of 1962, the Soviet Union worked rapidly and in secret to construct its missile installings in Cuba.
The 13 twenty-four hours Crisis
The whole crisis started back on October 16, 1962, when a U-2 ( American spy plane ) took exposure over Cuba. The snapshots revealed Soviet intermediate-range SS-4 and SS-5 atomic missiles. If these were launched from Cuba they could easy hit the chief metropoliss of the America, such as New York or Washington, which were both at a scope of 1,100 stat mis. ( See Appendix 1 )
In response to this secret menace, Kennedy established a particular executive commission, known as ExComm, to assist him reflect his options, which included at first an air foray on the missile installations, an invasion of Cuba, a atomic work stoppage or a encirclement of the island ( which is the option Kennedy chose ) .
By October the 22, Kennedy went on telecasting to state his civilians that he was telling a naval encirclement on Cuba and quarantine on all Soviet ships trying to dock in the island ports. His purpose with this encirclement and quarantine was to forestall extra military hardware from making Cuba while his commission analyzed the possible classs of action to extinguish the National menace.
On the 26 of October the crisis reached its flood tide point when an American U-2 undercover agent plane winging over Cuba was shot down by a S-75 ( Soviet Anti Aircraft gun ) . With the force per unit areas from the military and tensenesss between both states,[ 25 ]Kennedy ordered all American forces to be placed on DefCon Two.[ 26 ]
During the dialogues two points of possible understanding emerged. First, Khrushchev wrote to Kennedy that he would take the missiles in return for “ Kennedy ‘s pledge ” that America would non occupy Cuba ( which Kennedy agreed ) . Second, in secret dialogues, Robert Kennedy told Anatoly Dobrynin,[ 27 ]that in return for their remotion of the missiles in Cuba, the Americans would non merely vouch peace to Cuba, but besides take the intermediate-range Jupiter missiles targeted at the Soviets in Turkey, but merely provided if their remotion was kept secret from the populace.
By October the 28th, both states accepted this understanding the Cuban Missile crisis was resolved.
Consequences of Crisis:
The Crisis ended with the Americans pull offing to take the Soviet missile ‘s from Cuba while the USSR gained the promise of a non-American invasion of all time to go on in Cuba and the remotion of the Jupiter missile menace in Turkey. Both states besides benefited with a “ Hotline ” telephone,[ 28 ]as communicating during the Crisis had been slow which made dialogues hard and set both states in changeless qui vive.[ 29 ]This would assist debar similar crisis in the hereafter, such as an inadvertent atomic eruption caused by misfunctioning of electronic equipment.[ 30 ]
The Consequences of the Crisis for the Soviet union:
Many Russians claimed the result of the missile crisis in Cuba was a triumph, as they helped maintain Cuba a communist state until the present twenty-four hours and as they managed to take the threatening Thor and Jupiter missiles from Turkey by November 1962.FN Others nevertheless ( such as the Stalinists ) ,[ 31 ]did non see it that manner, as the trade over the missiles in Turkey was kept secret ( arousing a weak image to Communism ) and as their purpose to set up missile bases near the USA had failed. The job with covering if the USSR lost more in the crisis than the USA is due to the issue of why they even started the crisis in the first topographic point, which every bit mentioned earlier is non for certain. Did they want this crisis to develop in the first topographic point, and if so, what did they want to take out of it? Their chief purpose in the crisis is unknown. Khrushchev himself states in his autobiography that they started the whole crisis to protect Cuba, but this could be biased as he wanted history to look up at him favourably and we must besides retrieve that while discoursing the thought if puting the missiles, Khrushchev mentioned “ why non throw a porcupine at Uncle Sam ‘s bloomerss? ”[ 32 ], which seems more like a hostile action than a defensive 1. On the other manus, Stalinist and other political oppositions of Khrushchev, such as Leonid Brezhnev[ 33 ]believe that the Soviet purpose in the crisis was to give the Americans a atomic menace,[ 34 ]merely as the USA had done to the USSR in Turkey ( and Italy )[ 35 ]and merely as Khrushchev had ab initio proclaimed[ 36 ]. However, we must retrieve that this may besides be biased as they were Khrushchev political challengers and attacked him at every chance they had.
Since the beginning, Khrushchev knew that Cuba was in danger, as the Americans had been be aftering to subvert Castro from power since the failed Bay of Pigs and the funny La Coubre incident. The Americans feared Communist influence in the Americas and Khrushchev believe that losing Cuba would “ a awful blow, soberly decreasing Soviet influence throughout the Third World, particularly in Latin America. ”[ 37 ]He feared Cuba to be another piece for the American Domino theory[ 38 ]and he hence had to somehow protect Castro.
After the crisis, Khrushchev claims that he achieved what he set out to make, which was to procure Castro ‘s Cuba from the menace of invasion, “ though non quite the mode he intended. ”[ 39 ]And as a consequence of his success, he besides managed to take the missile menace out of Turkey[ 40 ]and an understanding with President Kennedy.[ 41 ]
Although many Stalinist claim Khrushchev actions against Kennedy as a licking ( as they had no other atomic menace to the USA ) , until the terminal of 1962, there were four Soviet Diesel onslaught pigboats which carried a gunman primed with a Nuclear Warhead. These were operating in US territorial Waterss without the cognition of the Americans.[ 42 ]Besides, as mentioned earlier, many historiographers claim the Soviets had, at the clip of the crisis, long-range missiles which could already make the USA from Russia.[ 43 ]Therefore, the missiles in Cuba did non truly present a new menace for the USA, hence Kennedy had traded their missiles in Turkey for a menace which either manner they would go on holding with or without the missiles in Cuba.
Many Russians believed that although they achieved the remotion of the American missiles and the freedom of Cuba, the Cuban Missile crisis ended as a failure, as their chief purpose was to set up a “ Soviet first-strike capacity against American Targets ” . They say that even the remotion of the American Thors[ 44 ]and Jupiters from Turkey meant nil, as the Americans had ballistic missiles which could be launched from pigboats from the eastern Mediterranean and hit the cardinal points in the USSR[ 45 ].
After the whole crisis, Communist China ( under Mao ) broke off dealingss with the USSR as they saw the Soviet place in the crisis as a weak state. Their dealingss with Cuba besides weakened, as the Cubans saw the concluding understanding of the two world powers “ a scandalous understanding ”[ 46 ]and a “ treachery ”[ 47 ]. This is because, even though the Cuba received a non invasion warrant, the concluding determinations on how to decide the crisis had been made by Kennedy and Khrushchev merely, and certain issues of involvement to Cuba, such as the Guantanamo concern, were non addressed. This made Castro believe that the Soviets were merely in Cuba for their ain intents, non Cubas, and hence caused deteriorated Cuban-Soviet dealingss for the old ages to come. After the crisis, the Soviets had no purpose of arousing another struggle with the USA in Central America, the USSR restrained Castro from transporting out his purpose of advancing revolution in Central America.[ 48 ]This “ unethical action to Socialism ”[ 49 ]and the remotion of the missiles made the Cubans see a moral licking of the USSR and led Castro to halt having the Soviet embassador. With that said, Soviet portions in Cuba went down alternatively of turning.[ 50 ]
Still, if the Soviets wanted merely to protect Socialist Cuba from the USA, so the demand of atomic payloads would n’t hold been necessary. As Castro had proposed to Khrushchev, a announcement, an confederation or the stationing of Soviet military personnels on the island would hold been plenty to protect the island[ 51 ]. Besides, if atomic arms were to be used, tactical arms would hold been easier to put in and harder for the Americans to observe[ 52 ]. In an interview with Herbert Matthews[ 53 ]in 1967, Castro states that “ Khrushchev was moving entirely in Russian involvement and non in Cuban involvement ” . The “ Yankee ” war against Castro ‘s government was hence non the cause of the Soviet effort to turn the island into a atomic missile base, or at least non the chief 1.[ 54 ]Robert Kennedy references that Khrushchev was “ in a province of acute defeat ” and had been urgently needed a alteration. With his government, the USSR had been blocked in Berlin, left severely by the excessive American missile construct up and stalled in the Third World.[ 55 ]They were besides sing national jobs with their agribusiness, industrial growing ( decelerating down ) and force per unit areas from Stalinist and military Generals ( who demanded a larger military budget ) .
Therefore, Robert Kennedy believed that Khrushchev purposes was to derive a Soviet first-strike capacity against American marks, and with the missiles in Cuba, Khrushchev would non merely derive the “ balance of power ” , but besides humiliate the Americans, while delivering Cuba ( which would be a good image for the remainder of Latin America ) and work against the force per unit areas he had in the Kremlin ( from Stalinist and generals ) . So if this was his existent purpose, which seems logical to Robert Kennedy as “ Khrushchev could derive prodigious wagess and merely medium hazards ” ,[ 56 ]so the Cuban missile Crisis was in fact a failure for the USSR as their first work stoppage capacity missiles where taken back to their state. However, we must retrieve that this position comes from Robert Kennedy and could be biased to do the Americans look winning.
The Consequences of the Crisis for the USA:
After the crisis the whole universe had the feeling that Khrushchev had lost because he had given in to the force per unit area of a strong president, after all Kennedy had managed to take the menace out of his state ‘s “ backyard ” . ( See Appendix 2 ) . As Khrushchev mentioned, the Soviet missiles in Cuba made the Americans more vulnerable than of all time before in history.[ 57 ]The Russians were so close they could strike without warning and take out all the major metropoliss ( in a scope of over 2,000 stat mis ) .[ 58 ]( See Appendix 1 )
However, today, many historiographers question whether the Cuban Missile Crisis was a triumph for the USA. Many positions say that although ;
“ Kennedy ‘s handling of the state of affairs was extremely praised in the sixties, he is to be criticized for leting the crisis to develop in the first topographic point, reasoning that since Soviet long-range missiles could already make the USA from Russia itself,[ 59 ]and the missiles in Cuba did non precisely present a new menace which could hold resulted in a Nuclear War ” .
However, whether the Soviet Union had missiles which could make the USA from their state does non be the menace the Americans had with the missiles in Cuba. First of wholly, the farther off the missiles are launched, the higher the possibilities where that it would n’t hit the mark or that the American ‘s could destruct it before it reached them. Cuba was merely 90 stat mis off from the Florida seashore, and it could hit about every metropolis with preciseness ( for illustration Washington which was at a scope of 1,100 stat mis from Cuba ) , and about 40 % of the American bases of Strategic Air Command. Futhermore, the “ long scope missiles ” were in Khrushchev words, “ limited in their capableness ”[ 60 ]even though
“ Khrushchev had boasted to the universe of Russia strength, but in world he knew merely how limited his long scope missiles force truly was ”[ 61 ].
Therefore there is no inquiry that the USA was in fact covering with a serious crisis and so the consequences demonstrate, at least in the short term, a clear triumph for the American side. It foremost prevented the menace of perchance the devastation of their state and armed forces[ 62 ]and it did n’t allow the USSR catch the USA in the weaponries race and hence did n’t contract the differences between the forces of both states.
Besides, it was of import for the USA to maintain its warrant of security to its NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization ) Alliess by taking the Soviet missile site out of Cuba because as Robert McNamara[ 63 ]references “ If the US were non to react to Soviet misrepresentation, how would this act upon the attitude of our NATO Alliess? How would they see the US warrant of their security? And how would it act upon the hereafter behaviour of the Soviet Union. If they got by with misrepresentation one time could they make it once more? ” It was as many would advert “ a trial of strength ” , ( See Appendix 3 ) and Kennedy clearly demonstrated that he was n’t the weak president Khrushchev thought he could pull strings.
If Kennedy did nil about the crisis ( if he backed down ) so would the Soviet Union do something similar in the hereafter? Would Khrushchev take advantage of Kennedy and endanger him to make understandings over Berlin or any American missile sites in Europe ( like for illustration the missiles in Italy ) ? If Kennedy did n’t defy the force per unit areas of Khrushchev and allow the missiles become functional in Cuba, so the Soviet Union would hold threaten the USA with their missiles in Cuba.
The USA nevertheless proved to be weak in some facets. Although some beginnings province that the Americans had programs already to disenable the Jupiter missiles in Turkey,[ 64 ]the USA had traded their missiles in Turkey for the missiles in Cuba. Robert Kennedy claims that it was a “ just trade ” , as both states were demilitarizing their missiles from their challengers “ backyard ” . However, if this was the Soviet purpose from the beginning, so Khrushchev program had really worked by pull stringsing Kennedy to do the understanding and would hence make it once more in the hereafter. However, Khrushchev was dismissed shortly after the crisis had ended and there was ne’er any cogent evidence that this was their chief purpose in the crisis.
The Americans were besides be aftering to take out Castro from power ( Operation Mongoose ) , as Cuba was going more Communist and was every bit much as the USA feared, going a magnet of revolution and socialism that would “ pull other Latin American states to this signifier of authorities. ”[ 65 ]
Although, as McNamara and Adlai Stevenson[ 66 ]had argued in the first hebdomad of the crisis and John Kennedy had agreed that a trade with their Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be sensible, it is of import to state that for the USA determination to give the defence of a NATO ally ( Turkey since 1952 )[ 67 ]would intelligibly diss the Turks who might free assurance in NATO and upset other NATO members.
The military Generals ( or the hawks in Excomm ) , saw the consequences of the crisis as “ the biggest licking in history ” . Since the beginning of the crisis, they had believed that the invasion of Cuba would hold been the best option. However, the invasion of Cuba would hold, apart from giving the Americans a negative image to the universe, led to the immediate revenge of the Soviets, perchance doing the atomic war both states feared.[ 68 ]
The inquiry lies wholly on the ground why the Soviets placed the missiles in Cuba in the first topographic point. Be it to protect Cuba from the United States? Or was it to cut down the spread between the weaponries race and balance of power therefore endangering the USA with Soviet First Strike missile places? Or was it both? Depending on the purpose the Soviets had, which is at least non for certain as there are many positions, including the clear contradiction of Khrushchev himself about the purposes, so we can detect if the crisis had been a triumph for the USA and a failure for the USSR. However, one thing is for certain, both states and the whole universe won, as both were able to avoid a atomic war which could hold brought an terminal to mankind.
In the short term, we could most surely say that the USA won over this Caribbean Crisis, because they had accomplished what they had set out to make and hold besides obtained an image of strength. Kennedy had achieved entire triumph in the psychological, propaganda and media factors while the USSR entire licking ; They were seen as the attackers, had given in to America ( bad image for advancing communism ) and had redraw their missile sites back to their state, which non merely caused national jobs, but besides affected their International Relations with other states ( particularly China ) . The Russians were seen as withdrawing from fortunes that they had started. In a manner, they had received the penalty they wanted the USA to hold.
However, in the Long Term the consequences could hold looked merely the opposite. As mentioned before, many historiographers believe that Kennedy ‘s warrant of security to Cuba and their remotion of the Thor and Jupiter Missiles from Turkey was more of import ( and more of a forfeit ) than for the Soviets to take their missile sites in Cuba because “ Soviet long-range missiles could already make the USA from Russia itself, so the missiles in Cuba did non truly present a new national security menace. ”[ 69 ]On the other manus they praise Khrushchev for giving in the crisis and forestalling the atomic war Kennedy was ready to hold.
In any instance, the USA was able to extinguish this new national security menace, no affair what the purposes of the missiles truly were, and most significantly, they managed to take them off Cuba before they became operational. If they had come operational, no 1 knows what could hold happened. Large tensenesss and bad communications could hold caused one side to “ hit ” first ( for illustration, the invasion of Cuba ) and the revenge by the other, stoping with a complete war.


US Nuclear Deterrence Policy and Its Problems
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It is all the more concerning that Russia has developed hybrid tactics that might prove more difficult to deter than traditional warfare. Furthermore, Russia has been exercising and using the whole spectrum of non-military and military tools, ranging from cyber attacks, proxies, special forces, and conventional capabilities to implicit or explicit nuclear threats including at an early stage in a crisis. In practice, Russia has developed an integrated defence posture, combining nuclear and conventional capabilities in its doctrine, training and exercises.
Beyond Russian nuclear policy, it is important for the Alliance to take into account ongoing missile and nuclear proliferation risks in the Middle East, nuclear arms race phenomena in Asia, which could all alter the Alliance security. All these development suggest that the 21st century might prove more nuclear than expected.
Furthermore, the policies of newcomers as well as those of some of the established nuclear weapon states demonstrate that the risk of use cannot be ruled out and that it is essential to preserve the logic of deterrence. Beyond the Readiness Action Plan, it remains however extremely important to deliver the appropriate messages on the full spectrum of NATO capabilities, as deterrence can no longer be taken for granted, to address challenges both from the East and elsewhere.
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For the Alliance, nuclear weapons play a unique and specific role in its deterrence posture. Their role is to prevent major war, not to wage wars. Even if Russia tends to lower the nuclear threshold and seems to envisage the possibility of an early use of nuclear weapons in a crisis or a conflict, the Alliance does not have to match this policy and to follow this dangerous path. Quite the contrary, NATO and nuclear allies can emphasise that they are responsible nuclear players that envisage nuclear weapons as weapons of ultimate resort under extreme circumstances.
NATO nevertheless ought to signal to Russia, or any other potential nuclear adversary, that the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons involving the Alliance would immediately transform the nature of the crisis. It would change the nature of any conflict fundamentally.
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Body Armor 101 Info
Body Armor 101
Types of Armor:
Hard armor is a term used to describe a body armor plate which has been fabricated in such a way as to form a rigid or hard plate. The result, regardless of materials used, directly correlates to a significant increase in the ballistic resistance of the materials used. This effect can be further improved through the use of enhanced materials. Hard armor is heavier and more cumbersome than soft armor, however it is required in situations where impact from rifle rounds is a possibility, whereas soft armor is incapable of defeating such projectiles.
Soft armor relates to those applications which are comprised of numerous layers of loosely fit ballistic sheets which have not been formed into a hard plate. The use of soft armor is common in law enforcement and other professions where concealment and comfort are preferred, especially when worn through an entire shift on a daily basis. Although more flexible than hard armor, soft armor is limited in scope as a result of the lower levels of protection provided.
Materials Used In The Creation Process:
Steel was the first commercially available material used to defeat the penetration of projectiles, starting as early as WWI. However, due to the fact that steel plates can create excessive spall, which can result in secondary fragmentation injuries, it has been completely eliminated from personal protection systems in military and police applications. Some manufacturers still provide steel plate products, selling exclusively to civilians, however we DO NOT sell steel plates due to safety concerns. Even with the use of “spall resistant” coatings, which are nothing more than liquid truck bed liner, spall and ricochet should be a major concern to anyone currently utilizing and relying upon steel plates.
Aramid fiber is produced by spinning a solid fiber from a liquid chemical blend. This causes the polymer chains to orientate in the direction of the fiber, increasing strength. Perhaps the most widely known aramid, Kevlar, was developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont in 1965. This high-strength material was first commercially used in the early 1970’s as a replacement for steel in racing tires and later evolved into a primary component of various ballistic applications. Typically it is spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such or as an ingredient in composite material components. In modern ballistic applications Kevlar can be seen in both hard and soft armor. Although limited to stopping low velocity projectiles, Kevlar can also be used to enhance less resistant armor plates, or as spall protection in applications for buildings and vehicles.
Polyethylene fibers have replaced Kevlar in many modern hard armor applications, due to greatly improved ballistic resistance and a significant reduction in weight. This is a result of the dense molecular chains formed when processing UHMWPE fibers, and the fact that dense impregnated resins are no longer required. Polyethylene armor systems are manufactured by bonding unidirectional UHMWPE (Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene) fibers over an HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) sheet. The sheets are then cut to a shape and placed in a mold where it is then compressed under high heat and pressure resulting in a cohesive, lightweight hard armor plate. When struck by a projectile the plate delaminates at the point of impact, distributing the force over a wide area while trapping the round within the plate itself, thereby eliminating spall entirely.
Polyethylene can be used independent of other materials to form Level III plates capable of defeating .223/7.62 rounds, however it cannot stop armor piercing ammunition without the addition of ceramic breaker plates.
Nonmetallic materials combined with fiber to form composites, ceramics are now widely used in combination with Polyethylene based materials in order to provide Level IV protection, capable of defeating armor piercing ammunition. The ceramic overlay is used on the exterior of the Polyethylene plate and acts as what is referred to as a “breaker plate”. The hardness of the ceramic layer causes the projectile to fragment on impact. The Polyethylene material then acts as what is referred to as a “backer plate”, trapping the fragments within the material to eliminate spall while fragmenting and defeating the projectile.
Carbon Nanotubes have the potential to provide a quantum leap in ballistic materials as a result of the dense molecular chains of these materials and the geometric shape of the tubes themselves. STAR Labs, LLC, the R&D arm of Hoplite Armor, has been working in conjunction with Dr. Brian Grady, Professor of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at the University of Oklahoma, in order to develop advanced materials based on the use of Carbon Nanotubes. While these materials hold vast potential, they are, as of yet, not commercially viable for ballistic applications due to excessive cost. As this technology improves and becomes more commonplace, materials costs will be reduced and Carbon Nanotubes will quickly emerge as the primary option for ballistic applications.
The NIJ, or National Institute of Justice, has set parameters by which body armor is classified according to its level of ballistic resistance. It is a direct result of the materials used and the process by which armor systems are fabricated. The chart below outlines the various levels of protection assigned by the NIJ for each particular caliber. Use the chart below to help determine which grade of armor is best suited for your purposes.
The manual accompanying the products must be read completely and followed by all persons who will have the responsibility for wearing, servicing, or inspecting body armor. FAILURE TO CLOSELY FOLLOW THE USE AND CARE INSTRUCTIONS CONTAINED IN THE USE AND CARE MANUAL ACCOMPANYING THIS PRODUCT COULD RESULT IN LOSS OF LIMB, SERIOUS INJURY, OR EVEN DEATH.
Source: Hopelite Armor (2016). http://hoplitearmor.com/body-armor-101/Top of Form


M-2 Labor Power Armor
The M2 Labor Power Armor is a recent version of an old design. Used for transportation of heavy loads of equipment over unpredictable terrain types, this suit is capable of carrying over 1000 lbs. The pilot is only moderately protected from weaponry as it is not designed as an infantry combat suit. It is equipped with a neural jack and a personal computer dock, both connecting inside the armored area of the back, allowing the device to be piloted with direct neural inputs while still maintaining a cyborg’s connection with the tactical network.


50 Caliber Machine Gun is a heavy machine gun designed towards the end of World War I by John Browning.
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Innovative Technologies In Armored Cars Through the Ages
The ultimate road protection vehicle is undoubtedly the armored car. The question then becomes, how much do you know about the armored cars in terms of technological invention? Armored cars have evolved over the years to be used not only by the military but also by civilians. Car companies like Mercedes Benz have over the years incorporated bullet proof armor in their car models to cater to the niche markets that need them.
As the world becomes riskier for the high profile client or business man or lawyer, it has become increasing important to ensure that the innovative technologies build on the car’s defensive and offensive maneuvers. To understand the future, a flip through the pages of history may help you determine the current status of armored and bullet proof cars and the future.
The first armored car can be traced back to the 1800’s. However before that the precursors to the armored vehicles were Wagons covered in steel plate. However when gunpowder was discovered, it was rendered obsolete. It was in 1898 when British inventor called F.R. Simms designed and built a De Dion-Bouton Quadricycle. It had an Iron shield in front of the quad and it protected the Driver.
Fast forwards a few years later and the first Armored called the Simm’s Motor war car was built. Finished in 1902 it was used in the Boer wars that took place in South Africa. The car had a 6mm thick armor and it was motorized by a 16-hp Daimler engine enabling it have a full speed of about 9 miles an hour.
During the First World War the first effective use of an armored car was used by the Belgian army. It had cockerel armor plating and a machine gun on armored cars. During the Second World War, it has been documented that the British Royal air service was equipped Rolls-Royce armored cars.
Just like the internet the armor innovations of the army spilled over into the civilian market and car companies started to make bulletproof cars
and could withstand the impact of bullets. What makes a civilian car armored, typically an SUV or a limousine is that the windows are bullet proof and layers of armor plate are inserted into the body panels.
Most civilian cars are either factory produced or retrofitted versions of cars produced in series. These bulletproof cars can have noticeable armor protection like the Knight V or they can be indistinguishable from an armored model
Through an increase in innovations, an industrial standard of armored car protection has been set up from B1-B7. Where B1 represent the least secure and rarely used armor, B2 is also in the same class as B1 however it can withstand 9mm round or less. The B3 can endure .357 magnum rounds or lesser threats. The B4 can endure a threat of .44 magnum rounds and or lesser. The B5 can endure a .357 magnum round at three meters. The B6 and B7 are capable of enduring 62 x 39 rounds from a Kalashnikov rifle.
As international threats from terrorists, war lords and other scrupulous individuals are in the increase, it is imperative that companies dealing in armored cars continue to look at innovative ways to improve the security of their clientele. Extensive research can be carried out in the composite materials used in body armor and how that can be used to make the car not only defensive but also offensive. Since armored cars are heavy due to the material used, the presumption would be that companies are looking at ways to make armored vehicles light and efficient
As an industry there are countless possibilities to explore. With the ever growing need for armored cars, and the increase of technological advancement; it is going to be necessary that the two combine to produce machines that can stand the test of time.


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Outdoor Recreation Equipment for Sale in Waterbury, CT91
selling my Glock 23 gray frame with black slide. Comes with original Tupperware and 3 magazines total. Asking $450.00. Please email with any questions. Thank you!
The Benelli R1 with ComforTech is currently available in .30-06, .300 Win. Mag and the latest addition, the .338 Winchester Magnum. No rifle in the world that allows you to get back on target faster than the R1 with ComforTech just the ticket for hunting game anywhere in the world. Pairing R1's ComforTech recoil dampening stock with Benelli's ultra-reliable A.R.G.O. piston-driven system really ...
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For sale/trade I have a Glock 42 in great condition, approx 100rnds fired. Looking to sell or trade so i can buy something a little smaller for deep concealment. The Glock 42 comes with Trijicon HD night sights installed, tupperware, (2) 6rnd magazines and pocket holster. I would be interested in trading for a S&W Bodyguard w/ crimson trace laser, a S&W 442 or an LW Seecamp in .380acp. Cash pri...
selling my Savage Axis .308 rifle with scope. Asking $350 OBO. Message me if interested or with any questions. Thank you!
I AM SELLING A BRAND NEW AR 15 UPPER FULL, WITH ALL LOWER PARTS AND BUTTSTOCK, NO LOWER RECEIVER. THAT PIECE YOU CAN BUY FOR 40 DOLLARS EASY. I WANT 650 DOLLARS FOR THIS AR 15. BASICALLY WITH THIS SET, YOU CAN FULLY ASSEMBLE IT AFTER YOU BUY THE LOWER RECEIVER. THE LOWER RECEIVER IS A SMALL PIECE OF THE AR15 THAT CAN BE BOUGHT AT THE STORE. DONT HAVE TO BUY FROM GOUGERS THAT SELL USED AND BROKE...
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glock 19 gen 3 comes with 2 mags, night sights laser max green laser guide rod, stock guide rod ,lone wolf barrel ,glock light , fulcum trigger in great shape . ct permit holders only local sales
Glock 26 gen 3 i had it for about 2 years now no issues at all . Comes with three mags Glock speed loader and box of ammo. Im asking 400 for everything. OBO please don t low ball me it s a realible firearm please text me 203-540-7664 it s much easier to reach me this way . Thank you
One box shot through it. Factory sights 2 mags tubberware and all the extras from glock can include ammo for extra cash.
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For sale is my CT Compliant Dark Storm Industries DS-15 MOE Rifle. I have a lot of work into this build and don't really want to let it go, but anything is for sale for the right price. This is a FIXED MAG AR-15, so you can load it with stipper clips or load right through the ejection port with the included Mean Loaders (quicker than a mag swap). Because the magazine is fixed, it allows every f...
For sale is a nice Pedersoli Classic Side-by-Side 12-Gauge Black-Powder Shotgun. No rust and bores are nice and smooth. There is a scratch across the top of the breech (see photgraph) and there is normal wear on the wood and bluing. Overall length (in.): 44.25 Weight (pounds): 7 Length of pull: 14.25 Trigger pull weight (pounds): 7 Barrel dimensions (inches): 44.25 long Hooked breech: Yes Sight...
glock 42 this pistol is in new condition has a laser max red laser guide rod in it , houge grip and 1 -6 round mag 1-7 round mag iswb holster and a oswb holster great cc pistol will sell without laser if u want the glock guide rod . ct permit holders only local sales only
for sale great condition. Polished stainless steel 357 magnum. New hogue wood grips. Great in hand. Clean. Has some light normal wear but a fine weapon. I kept polishing it to a mirror shine. Smooth trigger. No shipping must meet at local FFL. $20 transfer delta. J frame. No box Price is Firm. Possible trade depends. Text me 203-514-2143
Penn No 49 Reel Vintage Montague saltwater Trolling Rod 6.6 Glass $55.00Vintage Mitchell Garcia 301 Saltwater Spinning Reel $35.00 Both for $75.00Both for $95.00 Call
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NBC gloves as the name suggests are designed to protect a person during a nuclear biological and chemical attack.
There is hardly any material known to help mankind survive a nuclear attack. However to survive in this environment for short duration could be of critical consideration. Thus, head to toe coverings have been designed to survive, if only for a few hours.
The gloves are basically made of impermeable compounded butyl rubber .The tricky part is that one who wears it must be protected completely for the duration of the time he is to work in the environment and secondly it has to allow him to work. So a critical balance of properties has to be maintained.
ASRI has conducted a detailed research on the compound and its processing parameters for making both injection and compression moulded NBC gloves.
ASRI has the knowledge for the type of moulds and machinery required for it. Successful trial runs have been made and now it is capable of handling the production of these very critical NBC gloves.


“For Stick’s Sake”
with Guru Mike Casto
January 13, 2018 at 3-5pm
1524 E. Pierson St, Phoenix, Arizona 85014
Sometimes, FMA practitioners get so caught up in blade training, they lose sight of the power of a stick as a stick. They pick up a stick and automatically use it as a blade or, if someone attacks them with a stick, they automatically treat it as a bladed attack.
Sticks aren’t a “better” weapon than a blade, they’re also not a “worse” weapon. In this workshop, we’ll focus on familiarization with the stick as a stick or, in more generic terms, using impact weapons as impact weapons. While they are inherently less lethal than blades, sticks provide a lot of usage options that either aren’t feasible or represent a huge risk to attempt with a blade.
AFA Members: $30 (preregister by January 6) or $35 at the door***
Non-members: $35 (preregister by January 6) or $40 at the door***
For more information visit FACEBOOK PAGE


Welcome on thegunnery.com!
Why this site ?
Sharing interests, trade, sale and a little show-off!
My own original Remington Rolling Block Creedmoor rifle in 44-90 RS, after years of searching I found and purchased this one in Louisville Kentucky USA
and my original Sharps 1878 Borchardt Long Range in 45-2.4 Sharps straight
below.( This one I'm using now for shooting.)


In this count-down we look into the world’s most lethal handguns. There are a growing number of gun manufacturers in the world;
And while one brand may be better than another, I hope you will understand why I didn’t focus on the specific brands or models. Instead, I’ve assembled this list of the world’s most powerful pistols based on their caliber, stopping power and shooting velocity.
Throughout the article you will see me mention “gr” or “grain,” this refers to the weight of the bullet. The general rule is: A lighter grain bullet travels faster than a heavier grain bullet, while the heaver grain bullet penetrates deeper. So without further ado, lets get started.
10. Beretta 96A1
One of the latest and greatest from Beretta, the 96A1 and 92A1 were introduced back in 2010. They feature a .40 S&W which is a little more powerful than your standard 9 mm handguns. 135 gr .40 S&W rounds can hit 1,190 feet per second and pack a heavy punch.
9. Colt 1911 (.45 ACP)
The m1911 is the master creation of John Browning. It’s popularity made it a standard issue handgun for the US armed forces for over 70 years. Since then it has become a top choice for competitive shooting, home protection and all around fun. The Colt 1911 pistol is chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge (Automatic Colt Pistol). It holds a standard 7-round magazine and shoots at a velocity of 1,225 feet per second (185 gr).
8. Glock 20 – 10mm Auto
A slight step above the .40 S&W, the Glock 20 sports a 10 mm round that is said to be “the cartridge the FBI couldn’t handle.” That’s not to say that this gun is overly powerful. Simply that the FBI prefers something with a little less kick, something that get’s the job done without breaking their wrists. The 10 mm Auto has a greater stopping power than the .40 S&W and hits a velocity around 1,600 ft/s with a 135 gr load.
7. Smith & Wesson Model 686
The S&W Model 686 comes in 6 or 8 inch barrels and rocks a 6 or 7 round cylinder. It’s a revolver handgun which means the bullets aren’t fed through the clip like the Beretta 96A1. It’s a massive .357 Magnum that was built off the famous .38 special, thus giving it the ability to chamber and fire the .38 special rounds. 125 gr loaded bullets can blast out at 1,600 ft/s. These are very effective for self-defense and even medium to large game.
6. Ruger Blackhawk .41 Magnum
This pistol revolver is not quite as popular as the .357 or the .44 mag. However, the .41 Magnum fills the gap between the two. A round that sports 170 – 240 gr rounds can reach 1,871 feet per second. The .41 Magnum was intended for law enforcement and medium to large game hunting. For law enforcement, this weapon would finish the job and without being complete overkill (eg 44 mag or anything larger).
5. Smith & Wesson Model 629 .44 Magnum
The S&W .44 Mag is an incredible handgun with many purposes. It is capable of dropping any game in North America. Elk, Deer and even targets as large as cape buffalo and elephants have been dropped with success. Because the .44 mag cartridge sports an amazing 200 – 340 gr load, it slightly suffers in velocity in comparison to some of the smaller round. Shooting the correct loads can hit over 1,500 ft/s in velocity while packing deep penetration.
4. Ruger Super Redhawk .454 Casull
The .454 Casull is one of the cartridges seen in Ruger’s Super Redhawk pistols. This round is used in revolvers (as seen in the picture above). In addition to packing deep penetration, this monster bullet can hit speeds up to 1,900 ft/s with a 240 grain load.
3. Smith & Wesson 460 XVR
The 460 XVR handgun is a revolver using a .460 S&W Magnum cartridge, a more powerful version of the .454 casull and colt .45. In addition to shooting this larger round, some revolvers are capable of shooting the .454. Like the other big handguns on this list, the 460 XVR is a lethal pistol capable of shooting 2,300 ft/s with 200 gr rounds.
2. Desert Eagle .50 AE
Probably one of the more popular guns on this list is the Desert Eagle. It’s a deadly 50 Caliber handgun that packs a serious punch. It’s the biggest magazine-fed handgun in production. Because of it’s rather classy appearance, some owners like to accessorize and customize their iconic handgun to suit their personality. It is often shot with 300 – 325 grain bullets that reach up to 1,550 ft/s.
1. Smith & Wesson 500 Magnum
Much like the Desert Eagle, the S&W 500 Mag is a 50 caliber handgun. Due to its longer casing, it has a bit more stopping power and velocity. A 300 gr factory cartridge can touch speeds up to 2,075 fp/s. Being a longer barreled revolver, this massive handgun is very accurate and lethal. While all the weapons on this list are deadly, the S&W 500 Magnum earns my pick for the most lethal handgun.
Βολίδες/Διαμετρήματα, Αναχαιτιστική Ισχύς και Μηχανισμός κατάρρευσης βληθέντος ανθρώπινου στόχου
Τα 10 καλύτερα τυφέκια Ελεύθερης Σκόπευσης - Top 10 Deadliest Sniper Rifles
Τα 10 καλύτερα υπο-πολυβόλα (The Top 10 of sub machine guns - VIDEO)
Τα 10 καλύτερα πιστόλια 9 χλ (με τις αντίστοιχες - απίστευτες - τιμές ΗΠΑ που σου θυμίζουν πόσο μ@&@κ@ σε έχουν μερικοί) - Top 10 Best 9mm Pistols (VIDEO - ΦΩΤΟ)
Τα 10 καλύτερα αυτόματα τυφέκια Μάχης (Top 10 Best Assault Rifles - φωτο - video)
7 λόγοι για τους οποίους οι Αστυνομικοί των ΗΠΑ επιλέγουν το διαμέτρημα των 9mm πολύ περισσότερο απ' ότι το .40


Fully Transferable. Israeli Military Institute IMI, Micro
Comes with triton nine suppressor also comes with 20 32 round magazines , red dot laser.
Original fully auto from Israel weapons industries.
Gun is in EXCELLENT CONDITION.
Thu, Nov 29, 2018 12:00PM
Mon, Dec 10, 2018 7:00PM


After the invention of the aircraft, these are mainly used for the purpose of war. A large number of aircraft used during the Second World War. The atomic bomb on the cities of Japan was also through by the USA aircraft. Continue up gradation in the aviation technology made it possible to construct advance aircraft for war. These aircraft are capable in flying several times greater than the velocity of sound. In present day scenario aircraft are the best and fastest way to reach from one place to another. Continue up gradation in the civil aviation made it possible to travel with ease.


Magazines play an integral role in the functioning (or non-functioning) of all firearms, even moreso with a 9mm AR. The 9mm AR was originally designed around a modified Uzi magazine that had an added tab on the back of the follower and a channel in the back of the magazine to accommodate it and facilitate last round bolt hold open (LRBHO), and a relocated mag catch slot.
The gold standard for 9mm AR magazines has been, and still is, the 20 or 32 round Metalform magazine. Prior to 2008 or so, these magazines were pretty much only available as Colt branded product from Colt LE dealers or through the used marketplace. They were/are available in several configurations and can also be found in "pre-ban" status for those of us in states that still have magazine bans in place. These magazines were originally available in a parkerized finish with a metal follower and later were offered in a blued finish with polymer follower. In 2009, Metalform began selling the magazines directly and in early 2010, they discontinued the polymer follower. These mags have sold for upwards of $100 each in the past and Colt marked "pre-ban" mags still command prices of upwards of $50-60 today. Non-Colt branded versions from Metalform however, have been sold at $19.99 and $29.99 from CDNN Investments for 20 and 32 rounders respectively.
Colt/Metalform Magazines - 20 round on left and 32 round on right
Due to the prices of the Colt branded Metalform magazines in the past, a popular alternative was to modify existing Uzi magazines so they could be used in 9mm ARs. The best Uzi mags are from IMI or MecGar and they are usually available for $10-15 per mag depending on quantity and condition. The modification process involves cutting a new mag catch slot and opening up the back of the magazine between the feedlips as shown in the schematics below.
This modification still allows the mags to be used in an Uzi, but would require two presses of the mag catch/release button when inserting or removing mags in order to clear the added AR mag catch. Some users find this to be too much of a hassle and instead prefer the VMHytech mag block, which is the only solution that allows one to use unmodified Uzi mags in a Colt style 9mm AR, but does not allow LRBHO.
Not long after the Federal Assault Weapon Ban expired in 2004, ProMag offered a polymer magazine for Colt style 9mm ARs. These magazines were not very reliably originally and simply didn't work for many people. They have been redesigned over the years and they seem to be a decent mag, but they are prone to swelling when fully loaded which can make them difficult to insert into the gun and prevent them from dropping freely. Some have also had the magazines split, usually along the back seam, rendering the mag pretty much useless. At the price point they are at, they are not really a bargain and one might be wise to consider a more durable metal magazine.
Around 2008, CProducts introduced a stainless steel magazine in 32 and 20 round configurations. There seemed to be some issues and confusion when they were launching them as they were trying to create multiple versions of their magazine for the various mag blocks that were on the market - one for Colt, one for RRA, and one for Hahn and other blocks with various markings - X, XX, ??. This eventually led to some issues between CP and Rock River Arms supposedly because CP's mag required RRA 9mm AR owners to move their block so the CP mags would work. CP wanted RRA to change their product to work with their new mag and apparently RRA wasn't interested in doing that and simply continued to ship their guns with their modified Uzi mags that they knew worked 100%.
Since their introduction, CP touted their mag as being the best, yet it had issues with various mag blocks and continues to have issues today, even though it has gone through numerous changes and updates to improve functionality and reliability. Although CP touted for a time that they were Colt's new mag supplier, displacing Metalform, it would appear as though that was short lived and Metalform was used as a dual source, and CP is no longer a supplier of 9mm mags to Colt as of mid-2010. So, what does that mean? In reality, nothing much. There are many people that uses this mags and report great success with them, and there is nearly an equal number of folks that report terrible issues. The best bet if you want to try CP mags is to make sure you are getting the latest and greatest iteration and to try them in your gun before stocking up on them. Original versions had a gray marlube finish, almost paint-like finish that wore very easily and may have an X or XX on the body. Later versions switched to a black teflon like finish and the newest versions have the black teflon like finish, orange follower and stamping indents near the feedlips that are similar to those found on Metalform mags.
older style (2008-2009) CP mag on left and newer style (2010) CP mag on right
The Beta C-Mag is a 100 round dual drum magazine that was made to work in Colt style 9mm ARs. Some people question the reliability and longevity of these mags as they are mostly polymer and very heavy when fully loaded, but they tend to work fairly well and if maintained properly should provide years of trouble free use. They are one of, if not, the most expensive magazines on the market at around $300 each, but to each his own.
There are numerous other magazines from the likes of National Mag and others that are problematic and just not worth the effort. It is advisable to stay away from these sub-standard magazines to save yourself the headaches they will surely cause you.
Last updated: 08/16/2010


The KF-21 Boramae is ready to fly in July 2022. This fighter jet project is a cooperation project between South Korea and Indonesia.
The KF-21 Boramae is ready to fly in July 2022. This airspace is a collaboration between South Korea and Indonesia. Both countries develop this airspace under the Defense Acquisition Program
Administration Program. Learn more about this fighter jet below.
About the KF-21 Boramae
KF-21 Boramae is a 4.5 fighter jet generation. The specification is similar to the EX-Strike Eagle owned by the U.S., Chengdu J-10C by China, and Sukhoi Su-35 by Russia. So far, this airspace has
completed its 50 percent of test and 95 percent of its land test. Indonesia sent up to 114 engineers to South Korea to build this airspace. Besides sending its professional human resource, Indonesia also funds this mega project with around 20 percent or about 1.7 trillion Won.
KF-21 Boramae Dimension and Exterior
At a glance, the KF-21 is similar to the F-22 Raptor, along with a dark gray and KF-21 logo on the wing. It is a 55-feet or 16.7 meters airspace with up to 10.6 meters width of wings. It means that the size of the wing is a bit longer than the F-35A Joint Strike Fighter. On the other hand, the wing size is smaller compared to F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and F-22 Raptor. The weight of this airspace when takeoff is up to 17.000 pounds or 7.700kg. The maximum weight of this airspace is up to 56.400 pounds or 25.000kg.
KF-21 Boramae Features
Like a fighter jet, this airspace has up to 10 external hardpoints. This feature supports this airspace to bring guns, pod sensors, and gasoline. The developer designs KF-21 with BAE’s Meteor air-to-air missile and Saab or MBDA Taurus missile. Plus, it has an M61 20-millimeter Gatling gun by General Electric. There is also a sophisticated electric system and a radar to detect air attacks and infrared detection. The team even installed an advanced detection system that can detect opponents stealthily from a close distance. This fighter jet also has an electric optic system to detect opponents on land.
KF-21 Boramae Engine
The team supports this fighter jet with a General Electric F414. It means that KF-21 Boramae uses the same engine as F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. This engine gives up to 19.000kg of thrust. With the engine and features, KF-21 can reach up to 22.000km/hours or approximately Mach 2. Based on the schedule, the gun integration process will be complete in 2026. The flying tests will be
complete in 2028 and ready to fight in 2032. South Korea will produce 40 units of KF-21 in 2028 and 120 units in 2032.


Zond 12e GPR Dual Channel Control Unit from Radar Systems is a powerful combination of Ground Penetrating Radar and computer software. The Zond is capable of reaching targets with depths of up to 30 meters!*
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Washington, dc, august 5, 2005-sixty years ago this month, the united states dropped atomic bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki, the soviet union declared war on japan, and the japanese government surrendered to the united states and its allies the nuclear age had truly begun with the first military use of atomic weapons. This war well known as world war ii had caused major devastation for people of countries on both sides of the war any action at that time taken to end the war swiftly was definitely justified to some degree usa dropped atom bomb on japan to achieve just that objective, which it did achieve in reality also.
Instead of allowing other options to end the war, the united states rushed to use two atomic bombs at almost exactly the time that an 8 august soviet attack had originally been scheduled: hiroshima on 6 august and nagasaki on 9 august. The atomic bomb and the end of world war ii: a collection of primary sources a nuclear weapon of the little boy type, the uranium gun-type detonated over hiroshima it is 28 inches in diameter and 120 inches long.
If world war i was the war to end all wars justifications for the use of atomic bombs in world war ii is to argue that while we might have been misguided in our decision to utilize the newly devised atomic weaponry against japan, ou second world war atomic bombs usage justifications number of lives lost as a result of the atomic bombs. On august 6, 1945, during world war ii (1939-45), an american b-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the japanese city of hiroshima the explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. Letter from hiroshima about the end of world war ii with japan and the use of the atomic bomb once, like everyone else, i thought that the atomic bombs had caused the surrender now i know that.
What was harry truman's justification for the use of atomic bombs to end world war ii question 10 options: a the us wanted japan to suffer for attacking pearl harbor. Truman’s decision to use the atomic bomb on hiroshima and nagasaki resulted from the interplay of his temperament and several other factors, with opponents arguing that even if it did hasten the end of the war, its use was unjustified because of its horrific human consequences world war ii, conflict that involved virtually every part.
New scientist reported in 2005: the us decision to drop atomic bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki in 1945 was meant to kick-start the cold war rather than end the second world war, according to two nuclear historians who say they have new evidence backing the controversial theory causing a fission reaction in several kilograms of uranium and plutonium and killing over 200,000 people was done more to impress the soviet union than to cow japan.
World war ii, the deadliest conflict in human history, with between 50 and 85 million fatalities, was finally over what did harry s truman have to say about his decision to use the atomic bomb at the time, the president seemed conflicted over his decision. But this decline in american support for the use of atomic bombs against japanese cities did not mean americans thought they had to apologize for having done so in that same gallup survey, 73% said the us should not formally apologize to japan for the atom bomb attacks on hiroshima and nagasaki. To what extent did subsequent justification for the atomic bomb exaggerate or misuse wartime estimates for us casualties stemming from an invasion of japan nor will it attempt to substitute for the extraordinarily rich literature on the atomic bombs and the end of world war ii this collection does not attempt to document the origins and.


5 Qualities the Best People in the 메이저사이트 Industry Tend to Have
Metal Hunting Blades and Other choices Accessible to Hunters and Fishermen Looking knives, tactical knives and pocket knives are the sort of applications that each hunter desires at some time or Yet another. When it will come time to organize your recreation for transportation from the mountain or 안전놀이터 to deal with some camping Principles like cutting or chopping, it can be crucial to have a durable, dependable searching knife which you could count on to last for various hunting seasons. When the tactical knife or pocket knife is perpetually boring or flimsy it's very unlikely that you will love your time and efforts hunting and will in actual fact lead to an absence-luster searching period. Which is why it is crucial to make certain to generally have the proper blade on you always, also to pick the proper blade. Lots of people have no idea that there is multiple blade form, when truly there are 3 most important blades that a person can Choose between, according to their individual needs. Drop Level Blade Looking Knives The fall position blade is the preferred form of tactical knife blade that you can buy nowadays. The fall stage has a pointy curve to your blade and it is solid of the thick, durable steel blade that could stand up to just about anything. The sting on the drop point blade makes it Probably the most utilitarian in the 3 knives pointed out in this article. It can be employed to jab or level and also slice, and it is very helpful for proficiently skinning activity right after it's been killed.


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Ballistics Testing | Types of Tests | Certifications and ...Published: Feb 26, 2018Ballistics is defined as the study and science of projectiles and firearms. Ballistics testing is a standards-based process where products are tested to determine if they meet protection, safety and performance criteria. Most ballistics testing helps commercial research and development programs as well as law enforcement and military applications.
Before the mass manufacturing of guns began, barrels and bullet molds were handmade by gunsmiths. Thus, the exclusivity of each firearm was unavoidable. This meant that the bullets fired always bore some exclusive impressions which were unique to a specific firearm. Thus began the first instances of the careful examination of a bullet in order to trace it back to the gun used to fire it. And this laid the foundation of what is now called See more on ifflab.orgSpecifics of Ballistic Testing| National Technical SystemsBallistics Testing. Ballistics testing is a critical component of the QA processes associated with MIL-STD-810 and other regulatory guidelines. At NTS, we have more than 50 years of experience helping defense contractors meet these challenges while Related searches for ballistic testingballistic testing labsprocess of ballistics testinghow accurate is ballistic testingfbi terminal ballistic testing databallistics testing criminalballistic testing servicesfbi ballistics testingballistics testing methodsSome results are removed in response to a notice of local law requirement. For more information, please see here.
Jan 20, 2021 · Pakistan said Wednesday that it had successfully test-fired a medium-range ballistic missile into the Arabian Sea, aimed at revalidating the weapons operational and technical parameters.MIL-STD 810 Ballistic Shock Testing | Keystone ComplianceBallistic Shock Testing experimentally estimates the material's fragility level relative to ballistic shock. Keystone Compliance is a ballistic shock lab with significant experience in MIL-810 ballistic shock testing. Our test engineers have an in-depth knowledge of military ballistic testing standards. This includes MIL-810G ballistic shock and MIL-810H ballistic shock.Handgun Self-Defense Ammunition - Ballistic Testing DataThe science of wound ballistics can be a daunting topic, especially if youre not inclined to use your leisure time to study physics and anatomy. At the end of the day, its really just the study of how and why bullets inflict damage. That sounds fairly straightforward, but even experts who study this for a living cant seem to all agree when it comes to the effectiveness of handgun ammo.The reason for this lack of consensus is simple: handguns suck. At least, relative to the other kinds of o ballistic testingSee more on luckygunner ballistic testing
DuPont has state-of-the-art ballistic testing facilities in Richmond, Virginia, and Geneva, Switzerland, which are used to support personal body armor, helmet,and vehicle armor and tactical plate developments worldwide. We maintain an extensive testing database that goes back many years and builds on a 40-year history in ballistic protection.Definitions and Terminology Related to the field of ballistic testingA Ballistic Test Lab or Laboratory offers independent Ballistic Testing Services to both product developers and product manufactures. Typically, a product manufacture will design a new bullet resistant product and then send it off to an independent ballistic test lab for verification that their product meets the intended Ballistic Standard.Close Focus Research - Ballistic Testing Services | Close ballistic testingClose Focus Research (CFR) is an American Service company with over 30 plus years of experience in the field of Ballistic Science and Testing. We specialize in all forms of ballistic testing including Product Qualification, Design Evaluation, Engineering Analysis, and Media Development. You can check out our experience on the following page.
Welcome to Brass Fetcher Ballistic Testing. We are an independent third-party ballistic testing company providing standardized terminal and exterior ballistic testing services to ammunition and firearm manufacturers, law enforcement agencies and law-abiding gun owners.Body Armor Compliance Testing | National Institute of JusticeNIJ administers a program to test commercially available armor for compliance with the standards to determine whether the vests will perform as expected. In addition to being tested for NIJ compliance, body armor models must meet workmanship and labeling requirements. NIJ also has a follow-up inspection and testing requirement to ensure that the body armor worn by officers is safe and reliable. Each body armor manufacturer with a model that meets the standard is subject to six follow-up inspectiSee more on nij.ojp.govBallistics and Ammunition Testing to Standards for OEM and ballistic testingTesting performed in ballistics gelatin including shots in bare gelatin, heavy clothing (FBI specification), steel, wallboard, plywood, and laminated automobile safety glass Material analysis performed in our metallurgical laboratory Real-time evaluations and problem-solving performed by our engineering and chemical specialists
Ballistic Testing. Wiltshire Ballistic Services can conduct ballistic testing on all bullet-resistant materials including armour plate, shields, body armour, glass, bomb disposal suits, bank counters, doors, vehicle components and much more using up to 14.5mm ammunition and 20mm fragment simulating projectiles. Testing at Wiltshire Ballistic Services is cost-effective and very flexible in that the customers are Ballistics Testing | Types of Tests | Certifications and ballistic testingPublished: Feb 26, 2018Ballistics is defined as the study and science of projectiles and firearms. Ballistics testing is a standards-based process where products are tested to determine if they meet protection, safety and performance criteria. Most ballistics testing helps commercial research and development programs as well as law enforcement and military applications.Ballistics Testing to NIJ Standards - Fully Equipped ballistic testingDTB has a fully equipped ballistics test lab that meets the requirements of NIJ Standard-0101.06. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ), in accordance with NIJ Standard-0101.06, calls for environmental testing in order to subject body armor to simulated conditions of heat, moisture, and mechanical damage.
Ballistics Testing There is no college course available, nor book to read, to master the science of internal ballistics. It must be learned through experiencewhich can only be gathered within a closely guarded industry. Ken Johnson Shooters Worlds Managing Ballistics Impact Testing, STANAG, CIP, AWSS & MASS ballistic testingBallistic / Impact Testing Sydor Technologies provides complete ballistic testing and instrumentation systems designed to meet current international certifications such as STANAG, NATO, ISO, CIP, SAAMI, NIJ, ABCA, and CAST. With a global presence, we provide integrated solutions to over 35 countries.Ballistics & Explosives | Southwest Research InstituteWe provide expertise in analysis, design, and testing in the areas of ballistics, explosion loading, structural response, and scale modeling. We have developed models for penetration mechanics, shot-line analyses, shaped-charge analyses, exterior and interior ballistics, specialized sabot design, explosion hazards and debris, and analysis and design of blast-loaded structures.
Oct 24, 2017 · Starting from these considerations, the main goal of the study Ballistic testing of armor panels based on aramid fibers is the concern of balancing innovations of destructive systems (projectiles, fragments, bullets, etc.) with those that are designated to protect personnel and equipment, using materials like fabrics, woven or ballistic testingBallistic Testing Services - DGADGA are one of the leading accredited ballistic test houses in the UK. We undertake UKAS accredited trials on bullet resistant materials and building components (BS EN 1063, BS EN 1522 & BS EN 1523), testing of body armour systems and fragment simulating projectiles (FSP) within our indoor test range.Ballistic Testing - OBLOBLBallistic Testing At OBL we pride ourselves on providing unmatched customer service and ultra fast turn around times in both of our hard armor ranges. Our fully enclosed large caliber range is capable of firing all projectiles from .22 caliber to 25mm and our traditional open range can handle up to .30 caliber AP projectiles at any distance up ballistic testing
The NIJ has produced standards for both ballistic and stab applications. These standards not only give gradings for the various threat levels that armour is designed to defeat, but they also set out the test regimes that are to be used. The NIJ Standards for ballistic armour and stab testing is shown below.Ballistic Testing - Ballistics Lab Product Qualification ballistic testingBallistic Testing Services We offer an array of Ballistic Testing and Product Development Services that include: Ballistic Resistant Product Qualification Testing to Ballistic Standards. ASTM-F1233; Australian AS-243; British BS-5051; Brunswick SAFE-MCF-10012; Canadian RCM; European EN 1063; European EN 1522 / 1523; FRA Federal Railroad Administration FRA-49-CFRBallistic Testing Kelly SpaceBallistic testing for bullet impact and fragmentation requires a laboratory to be responsive to customer requirements and needs and ensure the highest level of accuracy and quality. At KST, we provide our customers with the highest level of quality assurance and optional data acquisition for each of their testing samples they test.
Certified, On-Site Ballistic Testing. The XPER ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accredited ballistic range provides a wide variety of ballistic test capabilities. The facility uses the latest testing and control equipment and is staffed with a team of test eXPERts with eXPERience in ballistic armor, both transparent and opaque.BALLISTICS TEST REPORTTest Set-up: The sample was rigidly mounted for ballistics resistance testing. The muzzle of the test firearms were set at 15 feet from the sample at zero degree obliquity. Oehler Model 57 infrared ballistic screens were set at 5 feet and at 10 feet from the muzzle of the firearm. Per UL-BALLISTIC TESTS - CATI ARMOR, LLCBALLISTIC TESTS World's most ergonomic Steel Core Body Armor. Leading the way in what matters most for your armor: Capability and Comfort! Since 2013 CATI Armor has
Dec 27, 2018 · Websites, such as the one I run (Brass Fetcher Ballistic Testing), take it a step further, providing third-party terminal ballistic evaluations of manufacturers ammunition products directly to the public. But you need to know what youre looking at, so well go over some terms and give you a good idea how to interpret the data yourself..380 Auto ballistic testRange HotOur SOP for ballistic testing is using the most popular barrel length but since the .380 Auto is chambered in so many different handguns we decided to use two different barrel lengths. We used a Bersa Thunder .380 with a barrel length of 3.54 and a Diamondback 380 with a barrel length of 2.8..38 Special and .357 Magnum Self-Defense Ammo Ballistics We followed all of the same protocols for our .38/.357 tests that we used in our semi-auto tests. All shots were fired from a distance of 10 feet from the gel blocks. The front of each block was covered with a four-layer heavy fabric barrier (denim, fleece, and two layers of cotton) to simulate clothing. To accommodate loads that penetrated beyond the full 16 inches of the gel blocks length, we positioned a second block behind the first one, giving us a total of 32 inches to capture the fire ballistic testingSee more on luckygunner ballistic testing


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Normally like to run with a hand cannon as a primary but aiming to get luna's howl. Anyone know any good shotguns I could use in my first slot? All about Destiny 2: The epic, online-only looter-shooter MMO from Bungie, which launched in September of 2017. The type of weapon in each slot is determined by the weapon’s archetype, just like launch Destiny 2, but some weapons have been moved and there are some exceptions. Auto Rifles, Pulse Rifles, Scout Rifles, Hand Cannons, Sidearms, Submachine Guns, Shotguns, and Sniper Rifles that deal Kinetic damage go in the first slot. Destiny 2 Top 5 PvE Primary Guns in the Garden of Salvation Raid in Season of the Undying on a Destiny 2 Shadowkeep DLC Top 5. In this video, I talk about th.
The Destiny 2 shotgun is a weapon that appears in-game. Shotguns deal damage over an area because their bullets scatter and spray. Shotguns, unlike the grenade launcher are effective within close range as this will ensure that the enemy hit by your weapon will be hit by all of the pellets contained in your shotgun. They do suffer from long range shots as the pellets would less likely hit the enemies considering its poor accuracy.
For the Destiny 2 shotgun, it has several classifications. This includes the Common, Uncommon, Legendary, and Exotic kinds of the Destiny 2 shotgun.
Destiny 2 Shotgun List
*These weapons are sorted by rarity. If new shotguns appear, we’ll be updating this as well.
Exotic shotguns appear more in the Beta than they do in-game. They have an extremely low drop rate, making them coveted by most players. Players can also choose an Exotic Weapon upon completing a particular portion of the game.
Primary Slot Shotguns Destiny 2020
Toronto illegal gambling. Legendary shotguns drop in-game. Similarly to the Exotic, they have a low drop rate. However, they do not need a certain condition to be met unless it’s a quest item. Should the player be unable to procure an exotic shotgun, a legendary shotgun can serve as a good substitute.
The rares are one of the easiest to get. They’re quite a good find especially while you’re midway through a mission and you’re looking for a weapon to swap out of. These weapons drop a little more often than the Legendary and often appear in Decoherent Engrams. If players find themselves on an uncommon weapon or common weapon then, they should immediately switch it to a rare if they can. This is probably one of the best compromises since it has a higher drop rate.
The Uncommon Weapons are also easy to find. If you have a Common Weapon and you find an Uncommon then, best you replace it. In the long run, the Uncommon will definitely deal more damage. However, you’ll find yourself at a wit’s end if you’re fighting a boss like Irausk or Thumos. With both of them being increasingly chunky, you’re going to need a better weapon.
Common Weapons are usually best for starting out the game as it is easily available and obtainable. Once you get a higher tiered weapon, just switch weapons since commons have the lowest stats and have the least damage.
Other Weapon Guides
|Scout Rifle||Rocket Launchers||Auto Rifles|
Destiny 2 Shotgun Barrels
Primary Shotguns Destiny 2
|Fusion Rifles||Grenade Launchers||Rocket Launchers|


Young pirate, the time has come for you to get this One Piece Luffy Jet Pistol Action Figure.
You should know that Gear Second is a form that first appears in Luffy’s fight against Blueno in episode 272. It involves increasing his blood pressure by pumping blood through his legs to speed up the supply of nutrients and oxygen to his muscles, making him stronger and faster. Gomu Gomu no Jet Pistol is an attack that allows Luffy to send a “Gomu Gomu no Pistol” so fast that the movement of his fist is invisible.
It may appear that he is shooting at his opponent, except that the impact would not be that caused by a gun, but rather by a small hand-held cannon that is powerful enough to send the poor bastard waltzing a few feet away. The speed makes this shot more powerful, but also more difficult to avoid. It was first used against Blueno. By the way, the SHIPPING FREE


The longer other countries, such as Iran and North Korea, are not allowed to have nuclear energy, the longer they are dependent on oil!
As The Guardian said “The establishment assumes that Iran can never possess nuclear weapons, yet the United States lives with nuclear-armed adversaries like Russia and China and aligns with the nuclear-armed military dictatorship in Pakistan.”
The Climate Crisis almost demands that we enable the building of more nuclear power plants. We have learned from our mistakes how to build them safely now. We should offer to build nuclear facilities for any country that wants them! Especially Iran and North Korea.
But Big Oil, with their fossil fuels lobby, holds tremendous economic power and influence on politics, particularly in the United States. They continue to scare the public over anything nuclear.
We need to fear Climate Crisis more than War. Iran having the ability to build a nuclear warhead is not nearly as dangerous as Trump having control of the US arsenals.


Iran yesterday confirmed that Russia had agreed to deliver the S-300 air defence system, a move that is likely to irk the Bush administration and gives further proof of Russia and Iran’s deepening strategic partnership.
Iran’s defence minister, Mostafa Mohammad Najjar, told Iranian TV that the deal had been agreed under a previous “contract”. He did not say when the system would be shipped to Iran.
Russian defence experts yesterday acknowledged that the missile system, originally designed in the 1970s, would significantly enhance Iran’s ability to shoot down enemy aircraft.
The S-300 had a range far superior to that of the US Patriot system, experts said. It could also shoot down cruise and ballistic missiles, they added.
“It’s a formidable system. It really gives a new dimension to Iran’s anti-aircraft defences,” said one Russian defence expert, who declined to be named.
“It’s purely a defensive system. But it’s very effective. It’s much better than the US system. It has good radar. It can shoot down low-flying cruise missiles, though with some difficulty.”
The sale follows Russian president Vladimir Putin’s visit to Iran in October to attend a meeting of Caspian Sea nations, the first trip by a Russian head of state to Tehran since Stalin attended a 1943 summit with Churchill and Roosevelt.
Russian supplies Iran with air defence system ‘better than American version’Published December 28, 2007 Arms Trade , Iran , Politics , Russia Leave a Comment


In the First World War, pilots began to seek out volunteers from the ground staff to fly in the open rear cockpits of their aircraft to help protect them from attack from enemy aircraft when 'scouting' over enemy lines. They often were 'wireless operators' and their armament was a development of the army's Lewis gun.
As, in the 1920's and 1930's, larger aircraft came into service with the RAF, so air gunnery developed; and wireless operators were also trained as air gunners. Wearing the winged-bullet badge on their sleeves, in addition to the 'sparks' badge of the wireless operator they became known as 'WOP/AGs'. They still flew in open cockpits, usually in the nose of the aircraft, using a single Lewis or Vickers machine gun, mounted on what was called a 'scarff ring', which enabled the gun to be moved to follow an attacking aircraft.
Before WW2, enclosed turrets were being developed by Boulton Paul, Frazer Nash and Bristol Aircraft. Hydraulic or electrical power provided from the aircraft's engines, enabled them to be rotated. The first of these power-operated turrets, fitted with a single .303 Lewis gun, was installed in a Boulton Paul 'Overstrand' medium bomber, which was used by 101 Squadron between 1935 and 1938.
Early in the war, 'mid-upper' turrets were fitted to aircraft such as the Avro Anson, Bristol Blenheim and Boulton Paul Defiant. The wireless was so placed that the Wireless Operator could also be a gunner.
In December 1939, by instruction of AMO A552, the winged-bullet badge was replaced by a brevet denoting an aircrew member, bearing the letters 'AG' and all qualified air gunners were promoted to the rank of sergeant.
Soon, the twin engined Whitley, Wellington and Hampden were fitted not only with a mid-upper turret, but also a rear turret and often a front turret. In these, the American 'Browning' .303 machine gun was installed in either banks of two or four guns.
It was appreciated that Air gunnery was a complicated art, as the gunner had to learn about 'bullet trail', 'drift', 'range finding' and 'harmonisation', in order to maximise his fire power. He also had to know how to correct 'stoppages' on the guns when in flight and to understand, fully, how his turret functioned.
In 1942 as the fleet of four-engined bombers grew, the demand for air gunners increased and the task was separated from that of the wireless operator, to enable them to be trained more quickly. They were known as 'straight' AGs. However, it appears that Wireless Operators continued to be trained as gunners until c.a mid 1943. Throughout the war all Wireless Operators in the RCAF were trained as gunners and wore the WAG brevet.
The job of the air gunner was to defend his aircraft from enemy fighter attack. This meant that an air gunner had to have excellent night vision and be content to sit in his turret for up to eight hours at a time in freezing temperatures, whilst remaining alert and ready to warn his pilot about evasive action. A lonely life!


If you’re looking for comprehensive information covering a large range of commercial, military and improvised ammunition, you’re in the right place!
The following publications explicitly detail such tasks as how to make homemade ammo, correct ammunition storage and handling, as well as many other ammunition related topics and skills.
The design of ammunition is determined by its purpose:
- Anti-personnel shells contain shrapnel and are designed to explode in mid-air, so its fragments will spread over a large area.
- Armor-piercing ammunition tends to be hard, sharp, and narrow, often with lubrication.
- Incendiary projectiles include a material such as white phosphorus which burns fiercely.
- Tracer ammunition emits light as it travels, allowing the gunner to see the path of bullets in flight while using a machine gun.
This section contains a huge range of information and diagrams concerning homemade ammunition and commercial ammunition for a number of weapons.
From blowgun darts to exploding shotgun ammunition to homemade tracer ammo, you will learn how a range of types of ammo for a number of applications are made. You will find diagrams of different types of bullets. Learn how ammunition is safely handled and transported from our official military manuals. Learn how to make homemade ammo and special improvised ammunition for a range of commercial and improvised weapons.
We have full plans and blueprints for homemade ammunition for shotguns, rifles, blowguns, zip guns and more.
Small-Caliber Ammunition Identification Guide, is the ultimate reference manual that will teach you all that there is to know about ammunition such as, various cartridge types, construction, and terminology. Along with detailed identification data such as, identifying military cartridges, country of manufacture, and functional bullet types. This guide will have you an ammunition's expert in no time.
Large Ammunition Data Sheets, is an easy to follow reference material that will guide you through the planning, training, familiarization and identification of artillery ammunition, including guns, howitzers, recoil-less rifles, mortars, 50mm grenade launchers, and artillery fuzes. Each of the mentioned items are supported with illustrations and descriptions together with characteristics and related data.
Conventional Ammunition Operations, details info on how artillery units manage facilities, planning, transition, storage and supply of ammunition for a war or contingency. These guidelines will be useful for anyone who wants to know more about ammunition support operations at the direct and general support levels during peacetime, mobilization, and war or contingency tactical operation (WCTO).
Expedient Homemade Shotgun Ammo, is a beginner’s guide on making shotgun ammo from scratch. Learn how 12g shells can be quickly assembled by means of just a few basic tools and apparatus without difficulty. If you think that making home-produced shotgun ammo is a hard job then this guide will prove you wrong.
This handbook provides all-inclusive information regarding Artillery, Ballistics and Ammunition. Internal, external and terminal ballistics are discussed in detail along with ballistic meteorology, accuracy & consistency of artillery fire, fire control data. Detailed info can be found on high explosives, cartridge systems, anti–tank projectiles, fuses, ammunition marking/sorting in this well illustrated handbook.
Complete Guide To Handloading, provides crisp and thorough information that can be used to enhance every handloaders knowledge. Details discussed here include, but is not limited to, various handloading problems, case inspection, case preparation, casting bullets, commercial loading tools, cleaning, ammunition, testing bullets and making muzzle loads perform. Here you will comprehensively get to know all steps and methods relating to handloading.
Ammunition Handbook precisely describes strategies, techniques, and processes that are followed by military to handle munitions. Info on tactical unit operations, planning combat, standard army ammunition systems, safety measures while supplying/storing munitions, system of dealing with captured enemy ammunition and a lot more information is covered here.


UAE-based F-22s A Signal to Iran - Aviation Week - Printable Version
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UAE-based F-22s A Signal to Iran - Aviation Week - PaperMan - 04-26-2012 09:47 PM
UAE-based F-22s A Signal to Iran - Aviation Week
As tensions between Tehran, Washington and Tel Aviv continue to mount over the former’s pursuit of nuclear weapons technologies, the U.S. has quietly begun a deployment of its premier stealthy fighter, the twin-engine F-22, to the United Arab Emirates.
Multiple Lockheed Martin aircraft will operate out of Al Dhafra Air Base there, industry sources say. This is the same base from which U.S. U-2s and Global Hawk UAVs have been launched since shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
“The United States Air Force has deployed F-22s to Southwest Asia,” according to a statement from service spokesman Capt. Phil Ventura. “Such deployments strengthen military-to-military relationships, promote sovereign and regional security, improve combined tactical air operations and enhance interoperability of forces, equipment and procedures.” Ventura declined to specify what the aircraft’s mission is for this deployment.
Because of the F-22’s supercruise — or high, efficient rate of speed — stealth, thrust-vectoring and inherent intelligence-collection capabilities, it is considered the most sophisticated fighter in the world. Deploying it to any region causes residents there to take note, says one industry executive. The timing of the Persian Gulf deployment could be a signal from the U.S. to Iran to take seriously objections to the latter’s nuclear weapons ambitions.
“The F-22 is unlike any other fighter in the world and our friends and potential adversaries know it,” the executive says. “When we deployed the F-22s to Guam and Japan, everybody in Asia and the Pacific paid attention.”
The F-22 Raptor has conducted numerous deployments to the Pacific region, and in December