The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History by Tonio Andrade (Princeton University Press, 2016).
Reviewed by Francis P. Sempa
Cross-posted from Asian Review of Books
Tonio Andrade, a professor at Emory University, has written a well-researched, balanced, and comparative history of military innovation in Asia and the West in which he challenges the traditional notion—set forth most compellingly by Victor Davis Hanson in Carnage and Culture and Niall Ferguson in Civilization—that Western culture largely explains Western global predominance in the post-medieval world.
Although Andrade frames the book around the invention of gunpowder by the Chinese and its subsequent employment in warfare by both Chinese and Western powers, his principal focus is to explain why in certain historical time periods Chinese and Western military innovation surged or remained static, and more specifically why there developed a “Great Military Divergence” between China and Western powers during the mid-18th century into the 19th century. The key factor, he concludes, is not culture but the Toynbeean phenomenon of “challenge and response”.
After charting the development of gunpowder weapons in China from the 900s to their development and uses in medieval Europe, Andrade identifies a mini-divergence in Chinese and European guns in the late 1400s when European armies introduced the “classic gun” which had a longer barrel, shot iron cannonballs, was easier to load, and was considerably lighter than Chinese guns. The classic guns ushered in the age of artillery because they could kill people and destroy walls and fortifications. Perhaps the most famous classic gun of the period was developed by a Hungarian and used by Ottoman armies to breach the walls of Constantinople in 1453. Previous guns ranged from “fire lances” that shot ceramic projectiles to bamboo-barreled guns to bronze-barreled guns that fired iron projectiles; these smaller guns were used to kill people rather than to destroy structures.
This divergence, according to Andrade, resulted from the simple fact that during the period leading up to the development of the classic gun, Europeans fought wars more frequently than the Chinese. After 1424, writes Andrade, “the frequency and intensity of Chinese warfare decreased dramatically” (the so-called Ming Peace), while England fought the Wars of the Roses, clashed with Scotland and France, fought Spain at sea, and there was frequent warfare in Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, the German and Italian states, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal.
Andrade contrasts that period with what he calls the “Age of Parity which lasted from 1522, the year of the second Sino-Portuguese War, to the early 1700s. “The Sino-Portuguese conflicts,” explains Andrade, “mark a watershed in military history, inaugurating a period of deep military innovation in China.” Chinese military leaders adopted Portuguese and Frankish guns, nativized them, and deployed them throughout the empire. Drill and discipline, including the practice of volley fire that had been a part of Chinese military training since the Warring States Period (475-221 BCE), returned to China’s military. The revolutionary musket was integrated into Chinese, Japanese and Korean armies in the late sixteenth century during what Kenneth Swope calls the “First Great East-Asian War.” In the 17th century, China fought successful wars against the Dutch and the Russians. China did lag behind European powers in naval power and the design of fortresses, but Chinese military leaders gradually adopted the best features of both for their military.
The Great Divergence between Chinese and Western military innovation developed in the mid-1700s and manifested itself in the Opium Wars of 1839-1842, where outnumbered British forces defeated Chinese forces “in nearly every battle at sea and on land.” Andrade attributes this to industrialization and “the application of … experimental science to warfare,” enabling the British to greatly improve the lethality of their weapons. “The British military,” writes Andrade, “had made innovations and improvements in all aspects” of weaponry, especially artillery. These innovations—in design, firing mechanisms, the quality of the iron, ammunition, powder technology and production—were spurred by a century of warfare capped by the Wars of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. The Chinese, on the other hand, had made no such improvements and this was due to a long period of relative peace prior to the outbreak of the Opium Wars.
In the wake of its defeat in the first Opium Wars and after fighting a series of internal rebellions in the mid-nineteenth century, China again made efforts to modernize its military, building large shipyards and factories, an armored steam fleet, and better rifles and artillery pieces. Yet, as Andrade notes, China suffered a humiliating defeat in its war with Japan in 1894-95. Andrade attributes that defeat not to technological divergence, but to domestic political institutions and problems, and a very effective Japanese opponent.
Andrade’s reference to China’s domestic political problems ironically lends some credence to Hanson’s and Ferguson’s focus on culture in the broader sense as at least a partial explanation of Western military superiority. Hanson has written that the West’s military advantage is due to “a long-standing … cultural stance toward rationalism, free inquiry, and the dissemination of knowledge that has its roots in classical antiquity …” Western armies, Hanson wrote, “have marched to war with weapons either superior or equal to their adversaries, and have often been supplied far more lavishly through the … marriage of capitalism, finance, and sophisticated logistics.” This may explain the predominance since at least the 18th century of what Walter Russell Mead calls the “maritime world order.”
But Andrade is surely correct to note the relationship between military innovation and frequency of warfare—challenge and response. As he writes, “statecraft, knowledge networks, economic organization, fiscal structures, communications and transportation infrastructure” are all factors that have contributed to military divergence, but “[r]ates of warfare … correlate with military effectiveness” and military “dynamism follow[s] the pulse of warfare.” And he rightly cautions that “the challenge and response dynamic continues to operate” in today’s fiercely contested geopolitical environment.
Francis P Sempa is the author of Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century and America’s Global Role: Essays and Reviews on National Security, Geopolitics and War. His writings appear in The Diplomat, Joint Force Quarterly, the University Bookman and other publications. He is an attorney, an adjunct professor of political science at Wilkes University, and a contributing editor to American Diplomacy.
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MY interest in bowhunting has recently been reignited following a long absence from the sport.
After my first field trip with an SR Extreme triangle bow, I felt the desire to try something with a little more grunt. While at the Australian Fishing Trade Association show on the Gold Coast I couldn’t help but notice the Wild Game Australia stand with its extensive range of bowhunting gear.
Concealed among all that eye candy was the Barnett Vortex Hunter. This is the most powerful of the Barnett bows available in Australia and looked to be spot-on for a part-time bowhunter. The Vortex Hunter is an excellent bow choice, especially for archers with a shorter draw length, and it is adjustable from 26” to 30”.
Though built for the shorter draw, it still packs a punch, launching light carbon arrows with 100gn tips at velocities not too far shy of 300fps set at 30” and 60lb (draw weight is listed as 45-60lb but actually peaks at 62lb).
The Vortex Hunter takes advantage of what is known as vertical force technology (limbs positioned close to the horizontal plane), which reduces hand shock and vibration. Naturally, the lower the draw weight, the less vibration. At lower draw weights there is very little vibration noticeable to the shooter, but it does start to become noticeable around the 50lb range.
The bow comes in a very field friendly, ‘high-definition camouflage finish. The cam wheels have a blood-red anodised finish that does not detract from its usefulness as a purpose-designed hunting bow. Its quiver is matte black, as are the sights and arrow rest.
This bow has a slightly longer (61cm) riser in order to maintain the 72cm axle-to-axle distance and help create the speed it does. The limbs are set in pivoting limb pockets, perfectly matched to provide the necessary strength to generate hunting speeds from this bow. The limb bolts are used to make draw weight adjustments within a 17lb range.
This rig comes in an ‘almost’ ready to shoot package. Included are ‘no frills’ three-pin sights and an enclosed arrow rest.
Also included is a three-arrow quiver, but on my bow, the middle arrow’s position clashes with the sight, so I only carry two arrows in the quiver. Before using the bow on live quarry, I had a peep sight, nock point and D-loop fitted because I find these essential for accurate and consistent shooting.
If you were to shoot the bow cranked up to the maximum draw weight, you may wish to add limb vibration dampeners and string silencers. In the future I may add a stabiliser, but I’m finding the bow quite comfortable and accurate as is for the moment.
The Vortex Hunter uses the fairly aggressive binary cam system, which paired with the limbs generates the necessary force to launch an arrow downrange at 280fps-plus (when set at 60lb). The aggressiveness of the cam also makes for a strong draw cycle when set at maximum weight.
A module system incorporated into the cam wheels is used to change the draw length and can be easily adjusted by changing the module. This allows for 25cm incremental adjustments, and can be done without a bow press or any specialty tools.
The draw weight for this bow is set by adjusting the limbs bolts. The cam is fairly aggressive and brings with it a stiff draw. Although the draw is strong from beginning to end, it is smooth throughout. With a solid back end, it is easy to hold this bow at 70 percent let-off, making the Hunter very shootable.
With a 72cm axle-to-axle length, this bow will fit any situation and please the shooter, whether on the 3D range or from a hide. Because of the Barnett label, some mistake this bow as a youth bow, but make no mistake, the Vortex Hunter is the real deal.
I used to hunt goats back in the late seventies with a 35lb recurve, so you can be assured that the Hunter is more than capable of taking them. Adjusted up to 50-60lb, the Hunter is more than enough bow to take both pigs and fallow deer.
The Vortex Hunter can be found for under $500 from dedicated hunting and archery suppliers. If price is a factor for the buyer (as it usually is for the family man or woman), this could prove to be an excellent deal by providing an uncompromised shooting experience without breaking the bank.
This is a very nice shooting bow. You might be tempted to dismiss the bow initially when viewing the short brace height and the short draw. This deception is quickly dispelled when the bow is pulled back and the arrow flies.
Many shooters average in the neighbourhood of 280fps out of this bow. As the draw weight hits about 50lb, the shooter will begin to notice some vibration. As the weight increases, the vibration becomes more noticeable.
With a few vibration suppressing components such as a string suppressor, stabiliser, string silencers and a heavier arrow, the majority of any vibration can be removed. Though the draw cycle is fairly strong on this rig, it is smooth and easily moves through the transition to let-off. At 70 percent let-off, the bow can be held long enough to make a solid shot.
The versatility of this bow makes it desirable for those requiring a short-draw bow. With an adjustment range from 26” to 30” and a draw weight from 45-60lb, this bow will not be overpowering. This rig is an excellent choice whether the shooter is on the 3D range, staking out a western waterhole for pigs and goats or hiking through the ranges in search of deer.


An alumnus of the Michael Belliselles Graduate School of Tenured Hoaxes became alarmed upon hearing of a .50 caliber thingie that is spot-on accurate and therefore dangerous. (yes, he said that.) The Piece turned out to be a muzzle loading rifle which, like the caliber .50 Browning Machine Gun and its derivatives, has a half-inch hole in it’s barrel. Lengthwise. At this point, similarities dwindle, but I appreciate the man-bun’s concern about its accuracy. We all want a weapon which, when aimed at a woodchuck, shoots out the tractor tire instead, but we should not be allowed. Tractors have rights, too.


The BLR is a very sleek machine..Im thinking if it shoots as well as he claims, it's going to replace the .223 bolt as my do-everything rifle. Will be no live seagulls or coyotes in a 300yd radius of my house. Here is a pic of a different BLR I found..This one is a Japanese 81 in 22-250..Most certainly different.
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The takedown models of the BLR are unique, allowing you to simply flip a finger lever, twist the receiver and barrel 90 degrees and instantly separate the two parts for space saving storage or easy transportation, even in a backpack or hunting duffle. Reassembly is in reverse order and takes only seconds.
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The Browning® BLR White Gold Medallion Maple Rifle comes decked with high-grade beautiful woods, resulting in a rifle that looks just as good as it shoots. The grade-AAA walnut stock and rosewood pistol grips and forend caps sport an eye-catching gloss finish. Checkering on the forend and grip add extra grip and shooting control.
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Online shopping in Canada for hunting supplies, new and used firearms and bows, rare gun parts and obsolete ammunition. A great selection of fishing, camping and shooting supplies in our Orillia stores, north of Barrie, Ontario.
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Best price Stoeger M2000 Parts Midwest Gun Works And Blr Browning Com You can order Stoeger M2000 Parts Midwest Gun Works And Blr Browning Com after check, comp A stop at the Gun Parts # site might turn something up. A co-worker looked for 3 years before # finding one for his, ran like $70 when he got it. Browning doesn't # support these much with parts, either, you're kind of buying an orphan, # just a head's-up. # Not only "Browning doesn't support these much with parts", Browning doesn't
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Browning 4 Round 308 Winchester BLR 81 Magazine W/Black Finish Md: 112026012 The BLR 81 Are Flush Mounted Detachable Box magazines And Are Available In a Capacity Of 4+1 For Magnum Calibers And 5+1 For All Standard Calibers.
Feb 06, 2011 · If I thought gunsmiths that can fix a BLR trigger were easy to find I'd probably own the lightweight takedown in .325WSM. My wife's BLR has about an 1/8" of freeplay, then another fat 1/16 of creep before you get to the heavy (6 lb ish) mushy release, followed by another small 1/8 of over travel. In short a textbook lousy trigger. Browning ~ Model 81 BLR ~ .308 Win. Guns International #: 101204989 Seller's Inventory #: 8097951 Category: Browning Rifles - Lever Action - Browning Rifles Seller's Information When emailing or calling sellers direct, please mention that you saw their listing on GunsInternational.com Seller: Cabelas Hamburg Company: Bass Pro - Cabelas Member ...
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The BLR Lightweight with Pistol Grip is ready and waiting to be your next lever-action hunting rifle. The gloss finish on the Walnut pistol grip stock contrasts beautifully with the deeply polished blue finish on the receiver and the barrel.
Magazine Related Parts; Shop new. Over And Under Shotgun Citori - Browning Com. Browning Blr Parts For Sale - Numrich Gun Parts Corporation. Blr Lightning Lightweight Cocking Lever Latch Pins. Promotions Choice Cocking Lever Latch Pin Browning Do Not . Servicing The Browning Citori - Special Reports Article. Browning Blr In Rifle Parts Ebay. The takedown models of the BLR are unique, allowing you to simply flip a finger lever, twist the receiver and barrel 90 degrees and instantly separate the two parts for space saving storage or easy transportation, even in a backpack or hunting duffle. Reassembly is in reverse order and takes only seconds.
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Jan 26, 2017 · Checking out Browning’s website shows that they have cut back on the BLR and now only offer three versions. The BLR 81 Lite has now gone with just the Battue, which is a short barrelled boar buster in 300 Win Mag only. Plus the standard (fixed barrel) Light Weight and the Take-Down.
Browning BLR Lightweight, .30-06 Springfield, 22", 4rd, Checkered Walnut Rating Required Select Rating 1 star (worst) 2 stars 3 stars (average) 4 stars 5 stars (best) Name Required BLR Rifle. The BLR is a lever action rifle manufactured by Browning. It comes in multiple calibres and can be used for hunting and other purposes. Below are the gun models of the BLR from Browning. Lightweight Stainless with Pistol Grip; Lightweight with Pistol Grip; Lightweight with Takedown Pistol Grip; Lightweight `81; Lightweight ’81 Takedown
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Browning BLR has a volume of 3.61 and a weight of 7.25. It does 12 bashing damage and 0 cutting damage. You can find more information here.
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disclosure of a second uranium enrichment site in Iran has led the Obama administration to shift the emphasis in its dealings with the Islamic republic -- away from engagement and toward building an international consensus for sterner action against Tehran.
Is this the right response? Let's take as given that, other things equal, it is in the world's interest that Iran not possess nuclear weapons. This might not be right - maybe Iranian nuclear weapons would help check other unfriendly forces in the Middle East - but leave that for another day. Then the following propositions all seem plausible:
1. Continued engagement just allows Iran to continue developing its nuclear capabilites.
2. Sanctions might slow Iran's nuclear development a bit, but since both Russia and China are not really on board with sanctions, this effect will be minimal.
3. Military action to destory the Iranian nuclear capabilities will address the issue in the short term, but Iran will just start over. Plus, such military action might escalate into something far more costly.
Faced with these choices, my vote is to do nothing.


Buying and selling antique firearms can almost be a hobby within a hobby. Things like historical importance, individual craftsmanship, and extreme scarcity are things that only antique firearms can bring to your collection. But even with all of those differences, there are quite a few ways that an antique firearm is treated the same as a new gun would be. Below are a couple examples of things to remember when bringing in an antique firearm to your local pawnshop.
-Condition Is Still Relevant
Though it’s to be expected that an antique firearm will (most likely) have a bit of wear and tear, the value of the firearm will still depend on the condition it’s in when you bring it in to sell. For example, while a mid-19th century rifle with a missing trigger might still have great value, one with a period-appropriate replacement might have even more, and one with all of its original parts would definitely sell for the most. If you’re a collector yourself, it should be easy to appreciate this–wouldn’t you want the most complete, most pristine possible specimen yourself?
-History Is Still Important (Though Different)
Knowing the history of a firearm of any sort can be important, but with antique guns it becomes important in a much bigger way. With a modern firearm, history serves a very small purpose: the buyer just wants to know the previous owners, and where the gun has been. But with an antique firearm, its history can potentially make the gun more valuable. An antique gun has a chance of being owned by a famous historical figure, or being part of a historic event, which is something that you want to know, as it will greatly increase the value of the piece. It is not uncommon for a pawn shop to speak to an antiques dealer to have antique firearms appraised, as with any other antique. What’s more worthy for your collection? A civil war pistol that was made at the end of the war but never left the factory? Or a civil war pistol that saw combat, and was found on the battlefield?
Collecting antique firearms can be an exciting and uniquely interesting way to experience history. But it’s important to remember that antique firearms are still firearms, and so they are still subject to the best practices of buying and selling guns.
Image Credit: Flickr Creative Commons


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Back in the day, a fight not only depended on the ability of the fighter, but the caliber of the weapon as well. The swords from Toledo had a reputation of being the most dreadful in the world because of the hardness of the steel. The origin of these swords is from more then 2,000 years ago when they were forged with an iron blade and designed to increase the bluntness of the slash. As time went on, more focus was put on the technological process and not just the quality of their steel. Soon, the quiet town of Toledo would find itself producing swords for Kings all over the world.
Today, swords are one of Toledo's attractions. One workshop, in particular, makes beautiful handmade swords. The artist is Mariano Zamorano. If you find yourself making a purchase, allow the shop to ship it home for you (you can't take it on the plane!).
Planning a trip to Spain? Click here to find out how I can help make your vacation a unique postcard in your travel scrapbook!


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SAKO OPTILOCK RING MOUNTS
Optilock ring mounts are precisely machined out of solid steel to ensure perfect mating with our integral receiver tapered scope mount rails and optimal scope alignment. Optilock ring mounts come packed in pairs all tools for assembly included in the box. Ring mounts are available in two diameters and available also made of stainless steel.
Mount rings feature a patented spherical fastening ring which makes
scope mounting considerably easier. This protective sleeve also ensures
that the scope body will not be scratched or damaged during mounting.
- 1" Low Maximum Objective 43mm
- 30mm Low Maximum Objective 43mm
|SAKO 75/85 RING MOUNTS||PRICE|
|1" LOW BLUED||£110|
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|1" LOW STAINLESS||£115|
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SAKO OPTILOCK BASES AND RINGS
Optilock bases and rings are machined from a solid block of steel, Cr-Mo alloy or stainless, just like our rifles. The front bases have a solid angled left side and a similarly angled right side with a clamping device. This base design connected to Sako rifle´s integral dovetail rail allows you to adjust the horizontal position of the scope objective end without touching the scope adjustment.
Optilock rings are available in four heights and two diameters: 25,4 (1 in) and 30 mm to fit any scope. The inner scope saver ring is made of polymer and acts as a ball bearing to prevent the scope tube from being deformed.
The scope mount bases are available in four models for Sako and two for Sako TRG-22/42 rifles. Choice of right base model depends on action length, scope tube length and eye relief that is needed. Optilock Weaver base makes the use of Optilock rings possible in all rifles with Weaver or Picatinny rails.
- 1" Extra Low Maximum Objective 45mm
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30 Years Ago Today – Israeli Operation ‘Opera’ Wipes Out Saddam’s Nuclear Program
William A. Jacobson
Today is the 30th Anniversary of Operation Opera, Israel’s strike on the Osirak nuclear reactor in Iraq, which destroyed Saddam Hussein’s nuclear weapons program. The strike was widely criticized by the international community as a violation of international law.
One of the Israeli pilots, Ilan Ramon, died in the crash of the Space Shuttle Columbia…
The article continues, with more video, at Legal Insurrection.
Common American Journal welcomes readers from Hump Day Report.


“Fiery torch in the sheaves” – Nuclear war in Lebanon?
The situation for Israel is critical – will she now become that “fiery torch in the sheaves”? In 1973 Israel prepared to use nuclear weapons but did not need to follow through.
A number of times in biblical prophecy we see descriptions of things that are obviously modern weapons of huge destructive power. Zechariah 12:6 might well be a description of the time when Israel will actually use atomic weapons. And the nation acquired them for just the type of threat that is unfolding right now!
Hezbollah has now has an estimated 150,000 missiles pointed at Israel. As Israel was able to stop many of the far deadlier ‘guided’ missiles being supplied from Syria, Hezbollah in Lebanon has adapted. Like the Jewish people’s historical Nazi enemies, Hezbollah has constructed underground missile factories. It is a fact that Israel will suffer substantial damage in a war such as this, even with her expensive hi-tech missile defense system.
Israel’s Co-ordinated Enemies
Now that Hezbollah’s unofficial ally, Hamas, is practicing ‘human wave’ tactics (pushing civilians ahead of armed terrorists), Israel is under serious threat. A combined attack in the north with thousands of missiles, while hundreds of thousands of Palestinians break through her southern Gaza border, could overwhelm the little nation. Having high regard for human life, Israel would need great numbers of troops, to help limit the civilian loss of life among the Hamas terrorists”human shield’, and to shepherd them back over the border. For this reason, Israel may have to end any war with Lebanon, fast. Like a “fiery torch in the sheaves”?
Israel’s Nuclear Deterrent – “Fiery Torch in the Sheaves”?
Nuclear weapons don’t have to be city smashers. There is such a thing as a tactical nuclear weapon, and Israel has them. A tactical nuclear weapon is one designed to be used on a battlefield to destroy targets as small as an army group.
In the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Israeli general, Moshe Dayan, threatened Israel’s enemies when he hinted that nuclear weapons would be used if there was a risk of the nation being overrun. Hezbollah has made southern Lebanon a ‘rabbit warren’ of underground bunkers and tunnels, machine gun nests and anti-tank missile ambushes. To defeat these prepared fortifications, Israel would lose many soldiers if it used conventional weapons alone.
Keeping Ahead of her enemies
Israel had the Jericho Tactical Nuclear Missile in 1973. In the years since there have been great advances in smaller, more accurate nuclear weapons, and also thermobaric weapons, that have some similar effects as small nuclear weapons but without the nuclear fallout. These types of weapons could destroy all of Hezbollah’s fortifications in a split second, killing the Hezbollah terrorists with heat, with asphyxiation as oxygen is burnt up and with collapsing of tunnels by the force of the explosions. The Hezbollah fortifications would not have the depth, strength or the air purification to withstand these weapons.
With these fortified missile launching sites destroyed, Israel could then concentrate on destroying Hezbollah’s weapons’ infrastructure, the weapon factories and their communication and command centers.
Giving the Israeli population the special type of medical iodine (don’t try this at home), the nation could survive the radiation, though any amount is a long-term health risk. The Lebanese population in the south, whom Israel has warned to leave if war breaks out, could probably return in twelve months.
Strike now with the gospel!
Though the Zechariah passage has it’s fullest meaning prior to Christ’s second-coming deliverance of Israel, the “Day of the Lord” covers the whole seven-year Tribulation period. There will be many wars at this time and we are seeing ‘the stage is set’, as they say, right now for this period to begin – which means we depart.
If you knew you were going to die in a few weeks, whom would you share the Gospel with? Wouldn’t you make a list of those you could realistically get to in time?
Being raptured rather than dying is great for us. But either way, we will no longer be able to help those unsaved people whom we could have reached, those whom God has deliberately put in our paths. Sure, we still have to plan for the future, but the signs are clearer every day.
One day I won’t be here to write another blog post- and you won’t be here to read it either.
Pastor Aaron ,
Prophecy for Youth Ministry
1.Dimona Alleged Nuclear Facility https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/ – David Jones on Flickr https://www.flickr.com/photos/dgjones/
2.Hezbollah Machine Gun Nest – By Frode Bjorshol CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
3. Hezbollah tunnels – By Israel Defense Forces (Hezbollah Secret Bunker) [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
4. Jericho Missile – The original uploader was טל ענבר at Hebrew Wikipedia CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons
5. Spice Bomb – By Bin im Garten (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons


Introduction to Uranium
The element uranium is a dull gray to silvery actinide metal. Uranium is primarily known for its high atomic weight, as well as its radioactive properties. Because of its radioactivity, uranium has many important uses today, including in electricity generation and military weapons development.
10 Fun Facts about Uranium
- Uranium has the highest atomic weight (238.03) and atomic number (92) of any other naturally occurring element on Earth.
- The name “Uranium” comes from the planet Uranus, which itself is named after the Greek god of the sky. Martin Heinrich Klaproth, the scientist credited with discovering uranium (1789), chose the name in celebration of Uranus’ then-recent discovery (1781).
- Depleted uranium (free of radioactive isotopes) has some use in dense armor-piercing ammunition.
- Naturally occurring uranium-fueled fission reactors have been discovered to exist in West Africa, dated to be 2 billion years old. Though inactive today, scientists theorize that a species of bacteria could have concentrated uranium-235 because they use uranium as a metabolic catalyst and preferentially select uranium-235.
- Until the 20th century, humans primarily used uranium in ceramics and glass to add a yellow-green color. This practice was particularly widespread in modern-day Germany and Czechia during the middle ages using pitchblende.
- Although known for radioactivity, uranium poses more danger from its toxicity, which can damage organs and cause neurological disorders.
- The decay of uranium, as well as thorium and potassium-40, serves as the driving factor behind the heat of the Earth’s mantle. This heat consequently plays an incredibly important role in plate tectonics.
- In 1896, French physicist Henri Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity through work with uranium.
- Uranium has a remarkable energetic density from nuclear fission. One kilogram of uranium ore produces 1404 Megajoules of energy, compared to 93 MJ for 1kg of coal. Intriguingly, one kilogram of pure uranium-235 produces 5,184,000 MJ.
- Fine uranium oxide powder is known to spontaneously combust at temperatures of 300°F, posing a serious risk at nuclear power plants, which frequently involve high temperatures.
Uranium in the Periodic Table
Uranium has the atomic symbol U with an atomic number of 92. It locates in the f-block of the periodic table, with protactinium to its left and neptunium to its right. Uranium occupies the fourth element in the Actinide series of the periodic table. Uranium has an electron configuration of [Rn]5f36d17s2. Additionally, the element has an electronegativity of 1.38 on the Pauling scale.
Uranium’s Application in Today’s World
What is uranium element used for?
Uranium has many diverse uses in research, particularly for scientists interested in radioactivity and nuclear fission or radioactive dating. However, warfare and energy provide the most famous and impactful uses of uranium.
Uranium in Warfare
After uranium’s discovery in 1789, the element interested chemists very little for more than a century. However, in 1934, the team working under Italian physicist Enrico Fermi discovered that uranium could emit beta rays. Just a few years later, in 1939, German physicists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman discovered the properties of uranium in performing nuclear fission. These findings intrigued many physicists, as they implied that uranium fission could consequently release vast amounts of energy. At the end of the 1930s, many envisioned, with both horror and excitement, the possibility of nuclear fission being exploited to create bombs with unparalleled destruction. After the Second World War began, this possibility then became reality with the birth of the Manhattan Project in 1942.
Between laboratories in Los Alamos, NM, Oak Ridge, TN, and Chicago, an international team of scientists began work on the first nuclear weapons. This team included Enrico Fermi, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Leo Szilard, Glenn Seaborg, and dozens of others. After years of research and testing, the first nuclear bomb test then occurred in rural New Mexico on July 16, 1945. Less than a month later, a uranium nuclear bomb, code-named “Little Boy”, would be used in warfare for the first and only time on August 6th in the Japanese city of Hiroshima, killing over 200,000 civilians. After the bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, with the plutonium-based “Fat Man” bomb, beginning the age of nuclear warfare.
With the end of the Second World War, the Cold War subsequently pushed many countries on both sides of the conflict to develop their nuclear weapons programs. Even after the Cold War, most countries such as the United States, Russia, and China retained their nuclear weapon stockpiles. Thankfully, no wars since the Second World War have involved nuclear bombs.
Uranium in Nuclear Energy
Aside from warfare, uranium also has an important use in generating electricity through nuclear fission. Specifically, when uranium nuclei split, they release an incredible amount of energy which rapidly converts to heat. When fission occurs in water, the water heats and phase-changes to steam, which can then activate turbines, thus generating electricity.
However, nuclear scientists must heavily process uranium ore to produce usable nuclear fuel. The nuclear industry most often uses yellowcake uranium ore (U3O8) as a source of uranium. Of the uranium atoms in yellowcake, only 0.7% of them are uranium-235, the isotope necessary for reliable nuclear fission. To enrich the uranium to reach the minimum proportion of 3% of 235U, the uranium oxide in yellowcake reacts to form UF6 (see Uranium Compounds and Reactions). When converted to the gas phase, UF6 allows for easy separation of 235U through gaseous diffusion.
Nuclear energy has existed since uranium first interested scientists and militaries for use in warfare. However, nuclear energy has gained considerable interest in recent years as a way of combatting climate change. Unlike coal or natural gas, uranium- or plutonium-fueled nuclear reactors do not directly emit CO2 to produce electricity. Nevertheless, issues such as safety, uranium ore availability, efficiency, and cost have caused many to doubt whether nuclear energy is the best energy source to combat climate change.
Where is uranium element found?
Mining companies generally extract uranium in the form of triuranium octoxide (U3O8), present between 0.25%-23% in mineral ores. To concentrate the uranium oxide, ores become processed and leached with strong acid or base, later generating yellowcake uranium (>75% U3O8).
Most uranium ores are located in central Eurasia, North America, and Australia, with Kazakhstan, Canada, and Australia producing nearly half of the world’s yellowcake uranium. Significant uranium mining operations also exist in Russia, Niger, Russia, and the United States.
When and How was the Element Uranium Discovered?
The element uranium first became known to humanity in 1789 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. Specifically, Klaproth produced a greenish-yellow substance in the shape of hexagonal prisms from dissolving a sample of pitchblende in nitric acid. Though Klaproth had then later claimed to have isolated the new element, many scientists correctly guessed that he had only discovered an oxide compound. Not until more than half a century later, in 1841, would someone (French chemist Eugéne-Melchior Péligot) successfully isolate elemental uranium.
Uranium Chemistry – Compounds, Reactions, Isotopes, Oxidation States
Uranium Compounds and Reactions
Many different compounds involve uranium. The most notable classes of uranium compounds include:
- Oxides: U3O8, UO2, UO3, UO, U2O5
- Carbides: UC, U2C3, UC2
- Nitrides: UN, U2N3, UN2
- Halides: UF6, UF4, UCl4, UCl3, UBr3, UBr4, UI3, UI4
To convert between these different compounds, uranium performs a wide variety of reactions.
In nuclear fuel production, scientists must perform a series of reactions to convert uranium oxide into uranium hexafluoride:
U3O8 + 6HNO3 → 3UO2(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2H+
4UO2(NO3)2 + 4NH3 + 4H+ + 3O2 → 2(NH4)2U2O7 + 4NO3–
(NH4)2U2O7 + 2H2 → 2UO2 + 2NH3 + 3H2O
UO2 + 4HF → UF4 + 2H2O
UF4 + F2 → UF6
Additionally, uranium can convert to its elemental form, where its oxidation state equals zero. Elemental uranium can then convert to all oxides, carbides, nitrides, and halides with other elemental forms at high temperatures:
4U + 5O2 → 2U2O5
C + U → UC
N2 + U → UN2
U + nX2 → UX2n (X = F, Cl, Br, I) (n = 2-3)
Isolation of Elemental Uranium
Relative to most other metals, uranium has a reputation for being remarkably difficult to isolate. In 1841, Eugéne-Melchior Péligot successfully isolated uranium by heating uranium tetrachloride with potassium.
Instead, nuclear scientists use uranium for nuclear energy and military weaponry in the form of pellets of uranium dioxide (UO2). After enriching through gaseous diffusion of uranium hexafluoride (UF6), scientists then reduce the uranium to UO2.
Uranium primarily comes in three isotopes:
- Uranium-238 (238U)
- Natural Abundance: 99.28%
- Radioactive Half-life: 4.47 x 109 years
- Decay Chain: Uranium/Radium Series
- Notes: The isotope most commonly found on Earth. Though not used in nuclear fission, 238U can undergo neutron absorption, which converts to plutonium-239 through beta emission. 239Pu, conversely, can undergo nuclear fission.
- Uranium-235 (235U)
- Natural Abundance: 0.71%
- Radioactive Half-life: 7.13 x 108 years
- Decay Chain: Actinium Series
- Notes: The isotope generally used in nuclear weapons and nuclear energy. Unlike other isotopes, 235U is fissile, meaning that can split into fragments through nuclear fission. These fragments then collide with subsequent 235U nuclei, beginning the nuclear chain reaction.
- Uranium-234 (234U)
- Natural Abundance: 0.0054%
- Radioactive Half-life: 2.48 x 105 years
- Decay Chain: Uranium/Radium Series
Uranium Oxidation States
Uranium’s usual oxidation states include:
- U(-I): U–, [U(CO)8]–
- U(I): U+, U(C6H6)+
- U(II): U2+, UO, UO2F2
- U(III): U3+, UN, UH3
- U(IV): U4+, UO2, UF4
- U(V): U5+, U2O5, UF5
- U(VI): U6+, UN2, UF6
Properties of Uranium Element
- Atomic Symbol: U
- Melting point: 1503K; 1132°C; 2070°F
- Boiling point: 4404K; 4131°C; 7468°F
- Density: 19.1 g/ml
- Atomic weight: 238.0289
- Atomic number: 92
- Electronegativity: 1.38
- Molar heat capacity: 27.67 J/(mol*K)
- Classification: Actinide
- Natural abundance in the Earth’s crust: 2.7 ppm
- Electron shell configuration: [Rn]5f36d17s2
- Stable Isotopes: 234, 235, 238
- Found naturally in the minerals: uraninite (pitchblende), finchite, carnotite, coffinite
- Toxicity: Toxic
Where Can I Buy Uranium Element?
Small quantities of pure uranium-238 can be bought from online vendors specializing in samples for educational purposes. Chemical suppliers like Sigma Aldrich also sell certain uranium salts.


Gamo Whisper Fusion Mach 1 air rifleIGT MACH 1 gas piston (IGT=Inert Gas Technology) Breakbarrel Single-shot Velocities up to 1420 fps in .177 caliber w/PBA Platinum ammo Fixed fiber optic front sight Fully adjustable fiber optic rear sight 11mm scope rail Whisper Fusion double-integrated noise dampener (reduces report by 89.5%) Rifled steel bull barrel Fluted polymer barrel jacket SWA (Shock Wave Absorber) recoil pad reduces felt recoil by up to 74% All-weather ambidextrous stock with black rubber inserts on grip & forearm Raised cheekpiece Custom Action Trigger (CAT) independently adjustable 1st and 2nd stage, allows you to tailor you trigger Automatic cocking safety system Manual safety Recoil Reducing Rail maximizes scope lifespan with 99.9% recoil compensation Includes 3-9x40 scope
Optics Features:3-9x magnification 40mm objective lens 1" tube 30/30 reticle with fine crosshairs, perfect for target acquisition 40 ft to 12 ft field of view 3.5" eye relief 21.6 oz 13.5" long Fogproof Shockproof Wateproof Includes lens caps
Benefits of the IGT MACH 1 over a metal mainspring:Large cylinder delivers more velocity and terminal penetration Smoother cocking and shooting Increased precision and speed Less vibration No spring fatigue, even if you leave it cocked for hours Functions perfectly in cold weather Lasts longer than a metal spring
Whisper Fusion sound suppression
The Gamo Whisper Fusion Mach 1 features the Whisper Fusion sound moderator. Pellets travel through two different chambers that combine to compress and prevent noise expansion, resulting in the quietest Gamo powerplant available.


Events Spotlight - please register below
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PLEASE NOTE: Due to shortages of ammunition supply, South Dakota Salutes will provide participating attendees with ammunition for ONLY one round of each tournament (sporting clays, pistol, rifle). If attendees wish to shoot more than one round of a given tournament, targets will be provided, but attendees would need to provide their own ammunition.
Sporting Clays Team Event


SEOUL, South Korea (AP) — North Korea said Thursday that its second attempt to launch a spy satellite failed, but vowed to make a third attempt in October.
The announcement came after the South Korean military said North Korea had launched a long-range rocket.
The North’s space agency said it used a new type of carrier rocket, Cholima-1, to put the spy satellite Malligyong-1 into orbit. It said the flights of the rocket’s first and second stages were normal, but the launch ultimately failed due to a fault in the emergency detonation system during the flight of the third stage, the official Korean Central News Agency reported.
The space agency said it will conduct a third launch attempt in October after investigating what went wrong with the Jupiter launch. “The cause of the related accident is not a major issue in terms of the reliability of the cascade engines and system,” the company added.
Earlier on Thursday, South Korea’s Joint Chiefs of Staff said in a statement that it had detected a rocket flying above international waters off the west coast of the Korean Peninsula, with the base at 3:50 a.m. in North Korea’s northwestern Dongchang-ri region. The main space launch center is located. The North failed to launch a spy satellite in late May.
South Korea’s military said it had strengthened its surveillance position and was in close coordination with the United States.
On May 31, a North Korean rocket carrying a spy satellite plummeted into the ocean, setting back President Kim Jong Un’s push to establish a space-based surveillance system to better monitor the United States and South Korea. North Korea vowed to make a second attempt.
After the first missile attempt, North Korea was unusually quick to admit defeat, saying the newly developed Cholima-1 rocket lost thrust between launch stages and fell into the sea. The North’s ruling party leadership described the failed launch as a serious setback in the country’s efforts to strengthen its military capabilities amid tensions with rivals.
South Korea’s military recovered some debris after the failed launch and said in early July that a North Korean satellite was not advanced enough for military reconnaissance.
South Korea, the United States and other countries have condemned the May missile as raising tensions and violating UN Security Council resolutions.
Thursday’s launch came three days after the U.S. and South Korean militaries began annual military exercises that North Korea calls an invasion rehearsal.
North Korea’s official Korean Central News Agency has said the 11-day US-South Korean drills are raising the risk of a nuclear war on the Korean Peninsula. It said the current situation forces North Korea to take “offensive, overwhelming” measures, but did not elaborate.
South Korea’s spy agency told lawmakers last week of signs North Korea is preparing for test flights of intercontinental ballistic missiles and other provocative weapons. On Monday, KCNA said Kim had observed test firings of strategic cruise missiles.
Since early 2022, North Korea has tested about 100 missiles. Along with the North’s testing activities, US-South Korea joint military exercises have recently intensified.
North Korea says its weapons test is part of efforts to strengthen its nuclear deterrent in the face of growing US-led military threats. But many experts say North Korea is aiming to modernize its weapons to increase its leverage to get more concessions from the United States.
A spy satellite is among the high-tech weapons systems that Kim has publicly promised to buy.
After a series of failures, North Korea successfully put its first satellite into orbit in 2012 and its second in 2016. North Korea said the two were Earth observation satellites launched under its peaceful space development program, but many foreign experts believed they were created for spying. Its competitors.
Observers say there is no evidence that either satellite sent images back to North Korea. But those satellite missiles are believed to have advanced North Korea’s long-range missile technology.
Since 2017, North Korea has conducted intercontinental ballistic missile tests, demonstrating the ability of the United States to launch missiles anywhere within the continental United States. Enough to top the missiles and those warheads can withstand the harsh conditions of re-entry into the atmosphere.
UN The Security Council has imposed economic sanctions on North Korea, citing its satellite missiles as a cover for long-range missile tests. But the UN council failed to adopt additional sanctions on the North’s latest missile launches because permanent veto-wielding members Russia and China oppose them, underscoring a deepening rift over Russia’s war on Ukraine.


Grant Imahara, a member of the Mythbusters' "B Team", confirmed on his Twitter feed this weekend that the Discovery Channel's super-geeky pseudo-science series would test the plausability of the infamous James Kirk Anti-Gorn cannon. In the Original Series episode "Arena", an alien bring called a "Metron" pits Captain Kirk against the captain of an opposing Gorn starship in a fight to the death. Kirk "re-invents" gun powder using naturally occuring minerals, creates a makeshift cannon from a large bamboo stalk and uses diamonds as a projectile to stop the Gorn in his lizardy tracks. Will Grant and friends be able to produce a working weapon using Kirk's methodology? Tune in next season to find out!


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The class was designed in the late 1960s to provide fleet area air-defence. In total fourteen vessels were constructed in three batches, three of which remain in service (Liverpool, Edinburgh and York). In addition, two ships were also built to the same specifications as the Batch 1 vessels for the Argentine navy one of which remains in service. The ships, along with the type 23 Frigates formed the backbone of the Royal Navy surface fleet, although their place is being taken by the Type 45 destroyers. Sheffield and Coventry were lost in the Falklands War to enemy action. (This was the first conflict when surface warships of the same design have been on opposite sides since the Second World War, when four Flower-class corvettes built for France in 1939, were taken over by the Kriegsmarine in 1940).
When the Type 82 air-defence cruisers were cancelled along with the proposed CVA-01 carrier by the Labour Government of 1966, the Type 42 was proposed as a lighter and cheaper design with similar capabilities to the Type 82. The class is fitted with the GWS30 Sea Dart surface-to-air missile first deployed on the sole Type 82, Bristol. The Type 42s were also given a flight deck and hangar to operate an anti-submarine warfare helicopter, greatly increasing their utility compared to the Type 82, which was fitted with a flight deck but no organic aviation facilities.
The design was budgeted with a ceiling of £19 million per hull, but soon ran over-budget. The original design at (£21 million) was similar to the lengthened 'Batch 3' Type 42s. To cut costs, the first two batches had 47 feet removed from the bow, and the beam-to-length ratio was reduced. These early Type 42s performed poorly during the contractor's sea trials particularly in heavy seas, and the hull was extensively examined for other problems. Strengthening girders were later designed into the weather deck structure in the batch 1 and 2 ships, and the batch 3 ships received an external 'strake' to counter longitudinal cracking. The batch 1 and batch 2 ships (Sheffield to Liverpool) were notoriously poor sea-keepers compared to the later, longer ships.
The first of class, Sheffield, was initially fitted with exhaust deflectors ("Loxton bends") on her funnel for the Rolls Royce Olympus TM1A turbine engines, to minimise damage to overhead aerials. As this provided a prominent target for the new infra-red homing missiles, these deflectors were removed during Sheffield's 1979-1980 refit in Portsmouth. All subsequent Olympus and Tyne uptakes were fitted with 'cheese graters' which mixed machinery space vent air with the engine exhaust to minimise infra-red signatures.
The Argentine versions of this class are both based at Puerto Belgrano; Santísima Trinidad is now being used to provide for spares for her heavily modified sister, Hércules, which has a new aft superstructure and hangar and Exocet missile launchers.
The Type 42 destroyer was built to fill the gap left by the cancellation of the large Type 82 destroyer. It was intended to fulfil the same role, with similar systems on a smaller and more cost effective hull. The ships are primarily carriers for the GWS-30 Sea Dart surface-to-air missile system. Although described as obsolete, it still proved effective against modern missile threats during the 1991 Gulf War.
The Type 42 is also equipped with a 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun and six torpedo launchers. Two Vulcan Phalanx Mk 15 Close-In Weapons Systems (CIWS) were fitted to British type 42s after the loss of Sheffield to an Exocet missile. There have been three batches of ships, batch 1 & 2 displacing 4,820 tonnes and batch 3 (sometimes referred to as the Manchester class) displacing 5,200 tonnes. The batch 3 ships were heavily upgraded, though the planned Sea Wolf missile systems were never fitted. Because of their more general warfare role, the two Argentine ships have been fitted with the MM38 Exocet, and not with a CIWS.
The electronics suite includes one Type 1022 D-band long range radar with Outfit LFB track extractor or one Type 965P long range air surveillance radar, one Type 996 E/F-band 3D target indication radar with Outfit LFA track extractor or type 992Q surface search, two Type 909 I/J-band fire control radars and an Outfit LFD Radar Track Combiner.
In recent years the importance of the ageing Type 42 destroyers has increased. The UK has adopted an increasingly expeditionary defence policy and the deletion of the Sea Dart missile systems from the Invincible-class aircraft carriers has made the role of escort ships all the more important. However the deployment of Type 23s in lieu of Type 42s to high-intensity mission areas has become more prevalent as serviceability and reliability issues have dogged Type 42s availability as has obsolescence of their combat and machinery system equipment. The 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR) sounded a death knell for these venerable warships and it is forecast they will all be reduced to extended readiness ready for retirement by 2013.
All ships are propelled by Rolls Royce TM3B Olympus and Rolls Royce RM1C Tyne (converted to marine use) gas turbines, arranged in a COGOG (Combined Gas or Gas) arrangement, driving through synchronous self-shifting clutches into a double reduction, dual tandem, articulated, locked-train gear system and out through two five-bladed controllable pitch propellers. All have four Paxman Ventura 16YJCAZ diesel generators, each generating 1 Megawatt of three-phase 440V 60 Hz power.
|Displacement:||Batch 1 & 2:
3,500 long tons (3,600 t) standard,
4,100 long tons (4,200 t) or 4,350 tonsfull load
Batch 3: 3,500 long tons (3,600 t) standard,
4,775 long tons (4,852 t)or 5,350 tons full load
|Length:||Batch 1 & 2: 119.5 m (392 ft)
125 m (412 ft)or 125.6 m (412 ft)overall
Batch 3: 132.3 m (434 feet) waterline,
141.1 m (462.8 ft)overall
|Beam:||Batch 1 & 2: 14.3 m (47 ft)
Batch 3: 14.9 m (49 ft)
|Draught:||Batch 1, 2 & 3: 4.2 m (13.9 ft) keel,
5.8 m (19 feet) screws
|Installed power:||50,000 shp|
|Propulsion:||Rolls-Royce Tyne RM1A cruise gas turbines, (8,000 shp (6 MW))|
|Speed:||30 knots (Olympus)
18 knots (Tyne)
|Boats and landing
|Complement:||Batch 1 & 2: 253 (inc 24 officers)
or 274, accommodation for
Batch 3: 301 (inc 26 officers)or 314
Batch 1, 2 & 3: 24 officers and 229 ratings
Radar Type 1022/965P air surveillance,
1× Westland Lynx HAS / HMA Armed with
|Aviation facilities:||Flight deck and enclosed hangar for embarking one helicopter|


South Africa’s No1. Silencer Manufacturer – Silencers South Africa
A silencer, suppressor, sound suppressor, or sound moderator is a device that reduces the sound intensity and muzzle flash when a firearm or air gun is discharged. It can be a detachable accessory to, or an integral part of, the muzzle or barrel. A typical silencer is a metal cylinder with internal sound baffles that slow and cool the escaping propellant gas, which decreases both sound volume and muzzle blast.
A flash suppressor, on the other hand, specifically cools or disperses burning gases typically exiting from the muzzle of a carbine-length weapon, without reference to sound reduction. In most countries, silencers are regulated along with firearms. Some jurisdictions allow, and even mandate, the sporting use of silencers,
Compact Reflex Silencer on a .243
Noise Reduction: 75% – 80% – Length: 210mm
Weight: 440 grams – Diameter: 43mm
The Compact Reflex Silencer slides 7cm over the Barrel before it takes on the thread.
Astra A50 – 7.65mm Silencer
300 WSM Hunting Rifle
Compact Reflex Suppressor
Noise Reduction: 75%
Weight: 460 grams
GMS Suppressors manufacture standard and custom made silencers in South Africa.Leading silence manufacturers for rifles and handguns. Compliance Firearms-Control Legislation and Policy South Africa
Featured in Silencer History and Performance Vol 2 written by Alan C Paulson, N R Parker and Peter G Kokalis, published in 2002.
GMS Suppressors has been specializing in the manufacture of sound suppressors for more than 25 years
Silencers also known as Suppressors
Silencers, perhaps more accurately described as sound suppressors, reduce noise and prevent damage to shooters ears, mitigate recoil, can increase accuracy and generally make shooting more pleasurable for all concerned
Every shooter and hunter should consider using suppressors. The fact is, silencers offer myriad benefits to shooters and only one disadvantage aside from their additional cost they alter the balance and length of most guns, making them somewhat less handy to carry. Regardless, silencers should be mainstream and as easy to buy as a standard firearm or even ammunition. For all of the previously stated reasons, you should consider purchasing a silencer. Your doing so will create more competition and likely cause prices to come down.
It will also make silencers more mainstream. Until average gun
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The 7th legion warspider is a behemoth. Armed to the teeth for both orbital, vehicle and infantry threats, these monstruous, 60 meters big, 6 legged monsters are armed with 18 x quad particle projection cannons which can punch through tank armors and hardpoints with relative ease, 16x3 200mm fusion missile launchers which excell at taking out bases and emplacements and to finish, a huge "ASHRg", which stands for Annihilator Super Heavy Railgun. These units can be orbitally dropped, and can jump distances of an average 40 meters, and reach cruising speeds of 60 kmh.
The armor is extremely thick and dense, and the unit's equipment features repulsors shields which help deflect kinetic weapons, and a hybrid hard energy and gravitational shield, as well as a gravity field for tactical purposes. These units are rare, and tend to be used expressively to root out planetary emplacements.
To make matters worse, not only gifted with a heavy armor and a gun which can take out ships of the average size of 20 m of length to 150m of length with a single well placed ASHRg shot, but these units' shieldings are expressively designed to survive weapons of mass destructions such as nuclear missiles. It has been noted that large land forces comprised of tanks were able to deplete it's shielding and damage it severely, but the losses were severe,
Estimated threat: Very high
Rarity: 1-3 warspider per halcyon citadel
Orbital deployment: The unit can be deployed from orbit as a temporary orbital emplacement, and can orbital drop itself.
Orbital drop: Direct drop of the unit into enemy territory
Gravitation repulsion field: The spider packs up and lowers down, disabling itself as all it's energy is employed to drive kinetic and thermal energy flows upward, having proven to shield the unit from very heavy weapons, artillery and WMDs.
Very heavy armor at all points, with no notable heavy hull weaknesses
Sensor suite allows to detect stealth units
Estimated combat aptitude:
The unit is able to go into prolonged combat, and it has been calculated that ~ 400 tanks, or ~12 ships would be required to destroy a spider, were one to be deployed.
The structure can be deployed on a ship's surface, offering an extra, main ship grade gun, adding a solid combat and defensive ability upon deployment
Shock and awe
Resilient to WMDs
Can take down huge amounts of forces
Excels at destroying cities and tactical land targets
Can kamikaze, detonating into a massive 50 kilometer radius, and leaving the area scarred and glassed for another 200 kilometers
Can take enemies at all ranges
Quite well defended
unscratched by small arms fire
Expensive to repair and refit
While very resilient and well defended from WMDs and super weapons, can be damaged by vehicle fire.
Deployment requires the citadel to be in orbit for retrieval
Very long and complicated maintenance and build
Fairly easily avoided
Difficult to target small targets (e.g. soldiers) with this unit
Current ammounts in 7th legion: 5, 1 being built. 3 in harkon citadel, 2 in atlantis citadel, 1 being built in atlantis citadel
Looks like something outta Ghost in the shell.
BAMF mech is BAMF.
60 meters big as in height? owo
60 meters big as in height? owo


This article is published in Aerospace Daily & Defense Report, part of Aviation Week Intelligence Network (AWIN), and is complimentary through Jan 10, 2024. For information on becoming an AWIN Member to access more content like this, click here.
New Soim Jet Trainer Ready For Flight Testing In Romania
Romanian airframer Avioane Craiova SA is getting ready to begin flight testing of an upgraded version of the IAR-99 Soim jet trainer.
The IAR-99SM (Standard Modernizat) has been developed with a modernized avionics suite to help train pilots to fly Romania’s new fleet of secondhand Lockheed Martin F-16s, as well as perform low-speed air interception missions for national air policing.
Details of a rollout ceremony for the new aircraft held Dec. 22 were revealed by Romanian Minister of Economy, Entrepreneurship and Tourism Stefan Radu Oprea, who said Romanian industry was “demonstrating in a real way the ability to respond to the supply needs of the Romanian army.”
Ten of the Romanian Air Force’s fleet of IAR-99s will be upgraded to the IAR-99SM standard, according to a contract signed in May 2020. But the program is significantly behind schedule. Oprea notes that the upgrade project “has been stalled for almost three years.”
Romania’s Ministry of Economy is the main shareholder in Avioane Craiova SA.
The Rolls-Royce Viper-powered jet trainer was developed by Romanian industry in the 1980s to replace the Aero Vodochody L-29 Delfins and L-39 Albatros aircraft then being used for jet training.
The type entered service in 1987. But unlike the Czech-built platform, the IAR-99 failed to achieve any export success, and only 20 entered Romanian Air Force service.


Only when nuclear powers take the responsibility of reducing their arsenals will it be possible to eliminate the most destructive weapons ever created.
Only when global nuclear powers take seriously the responsibility of reducing their arsenals will it be possible to eliminate the most destructive weapons ever created. To reduce the incentive for other countries to acquire nuclear material, we have to gaurantee their access to nuclear energy. But most importantly, we must create a more balanced international system.
Imagine this: a country or group of countries serves notice that they plan to withdraw from the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in order to acquire nuclear weapons, citing a dangerous deterioration in the international security situation. "Don't worry," they tell a shocked world. "The fundamental purpose of our nuclear forces is political: to preserve peace and prevent coercion and any kind of war. Nuclear weapons provide the supreme guarantee of our security. They will play an essential role by ensuring uncertainty in the mind of any aggressor about the nature of our response to military aggression."
Withdrawing from the NPT is a drastic step, but every state party to the Treaty has the right to do so, giving a mere three months' notice, if it decides that "extraordinary events have jeopardized its supreme interests. The international uproar that would follow such a move is predictable. Yet the rationale I have just cited to justify nuclear weapons is taken from NATO's current Strategic Concept.
A similar rationale underpins the military doctrines of the other states with nuclear weapons. So the obvious question is: if leading world powers believe their security depends on having weapons that could annihilate our entire planet, and if they keep modernising and upgrading their nuclear arsenals and even conducting research into their actual use, how can we credibly expect other nations - in the name of maintaining international security - to refrain forever from seeking the same weapons?
The simple answer is that we cannot. The only way to prevent nuclear weapons from spreading and ultimately being used is to abolish them. At the same time, we must build an inclusive and equitable international security system in which no country feels the need to rely on nuclear weapons.
Fortunately, there is growing momentum behind the idea that eliminating all nuclear weapons is not just a Utopian ideal, but both possible and necessary. Not only the Kissinger-Shultz-Nunn-Perry quartet in the United States, but also other eminent figures such as Mikhail Gorbachev, Helmut Schmidt, Fernando Cardoso, and Desmond Tutu have called for them to be scrapped. I am greatly encouraged that President Obama has made a firm commitment to making the elimination of all nuclear weapons a central tenet of his policies. So what do we need to do as an international community to build on the new momentum?
First, resume disarmament negotiations between the United States and the Russian Federation. Despite major cutbacks in the last 20 years, there are still some 27,000 nuclear warheads on the planet, 95 percent of which are held by these two countries. An initial target could be to cut to 1,000, or even 500, verified warheads on each side. This needs to be accompanied by the long-overdue entry into force of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and early negotiations on a Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty that would verifiably ban the production of material for nuclear weapons.
Second, we need to establish a mechanism for multinational control of the production of fissile material. This would counteract an emerging phenomenon of more and more countries becoming "nuclear-weapon-capable states, possessing the technology that could be used to make nuclear weapons in a matter of months, if they so chose. A multinational assurance-of-supply mechanism is a must to ensure that countries that want peaceful nuclear energy have guaranteed supplies of nuclear fuel without having their own uranium enrichment or plutonium reprocessing technology. For any such mechanism to succeed, however, it must be universal, equitable, and apolitical.


We have a number of firearms on sale. Ruger LC9 with Crimson Trace laser for $439.00. Ruger LC9 with Lasermax laser for $379.00. S&W 22A for $249.00 and S&W M&P40 for $439.00. FN FNS40 for $449.00. Double Tap ported 9mm for $399.00. Chiappa Rhino 40DS in .357Mag for $739.00. Stop by or call 303-985-7240.


The crew had trained together in all aspects of B-24 combat operations and tactics and arrived on at Glatton Airfield on about 10 February 1944 fully qualified just in time for BIG WEEK and ready to destroy the Nazi. All bomber crews are named after the pilot in command of the team and the aircraft. This crew is known as the "Reppa" crew (crew #108) on all schedules and paperwork.
The "Reppa" B-17G Crew|
Pilot - Lt Edward J. Reppa
Co-Pilot - Lt Aaron J. Ayres
Naigator - Lt Curtis J. Overdahl
Bombardier - Lt George H. Stateman
Engineer/Top Turret Gun - Sgt Stephen F. Billisit
Radio Operator - Sgt Ivan W. Browning
Right Waist Gun - Sgt John Harmke
Left Waist Gun - Sgt Irving Feldman
Tail Gun - Sgt Charles W. Mehring
Ball Turret - Sgt Kenneth L. Holder
The crew crew survived the war and returned home in the summer of 1944.


|05:27 am - Poll: Going nuclear|
As you've likely seen on the news or news sites, 70 years ago this month two nuclear weapons were used in warfare. There have been nuclear shots since - all tests. And wars since, too. But since August 1945 no war has gone nuclear. It would be nice to be able to say that that will remain the case with certainty. That certainty does not exist and a nuclear strike is not outside the realm of possibility. Thus, once again, this poll.
Poll #7621 Not the tiny toy from World War One
Open to: All, results viewable to: All
Who will break the nuclear peace, such as it is? That is, who will fire the *first* nuclear shot?
The delivery system will be:
The result will be:
Continent on which the first big mushroom will grow:
The nuclear shot(s) will be...
Vakkotaur will be mixed up in all this...
Current Mood: curious
Current Music: Love That Bomb - D. Strangelove and the Fallouts


Details: 17th Century Indian brass gauntlet sword dagger or "pata" featuring a figurative face with an open mouth that reveals the sharp dagger and a pierced detailed neck designed to protect the wrist. The interior has a bar that allows the warrior to hold the pata in combat and makes it easy to display on a wall as art. Often referred to in its native Marathi as a dandpatta, it is commonly called a gauntlet-sword in English. "India" is carved inside on the edge and there is a metal loop on the top of the head, presumably for securing to one's combat attire. A wonderful conversation piece!
Dimensions: 5"w x 9.5"l x 3"h (2 lbs)
Note: Created during the Mughal period, the pata's use in warfare appears to be mostly restricted to the 17th century when the Marathas came into prominence. This weapon was considered to be a highly effective weapon for infantrymen against heavily armoured cavalry. Folklore has it that a Maratha soldier would use the dandpatta when encircled, so as to maximize the casualties on the opposition, before he fell. The founder of the Maratha Empire, Emperor Shivaji, was reputedly trained in the art of fighting with pata.


Navigating through the vast verse can be fraught with dangers, including intense battles where understanding offensive and defensive mechanics is crucial. As of 3.19, we delve into the intricacies of missile characteristics, classifications, tracking, and countermeasures to equip pilots with the necessary knowledge to dominate in combat scenarios.
Missile Classifications and Tracking Signals
Missiles are broadly classified into three types: Strike, Proximity, and Cluster.
- Strike Missiles: These detonate upon direct contact with the enemy, causing damage to the hull.
- Proximity Missiles: These are designed to explode when within a certain range of the target, damaging the shields of ships.
- Cluster Missiles: These break into smaller warheads, hitting a single target multiple times, albeit with lower damage.
The game features three types of missile tracking signals: Infrared (IR)/Heat Tracking, Electromagnetic Tracking, and Cross-Section Tracking.
- IR/Heat Tracking Signals: Each ship emits heat which radiates into space, making it detectable via IR/Heat Tracking Mechanism. This is the quickest tracking signal, represented by a fire symbol.
- Electromagnetic Tracking Signals: Ships also emit electromagnetic energy due to their Shields/Systems. These emissions can be detected and tracked. A medium-timed tracking signal, electromagnetic tracking is indicated by a lightning bolt symbol.
- Cross-Section Tracking Signals: This active system uses radar-like technology to detect objects or ships in the verse. Though it takes the longest time, it’s the most challenging to fool. The more substantial a target, the more effective this system becomes.
Sizing Up Missiles and Their Characteristics
Missiles vary from Size 1 to Size 4, with any size above considered a torpedo (Size 5, 7, and 9). The size determines the missile’s arming time, with smaller sizes boasting faster arming times.
Each size includes a variety of missiles with different tracking mechanisms and capabilities.
For instance, the Size 1 to Size 4 Missiles have varying arming and travel speeds, lock ranges, and missile types based on their sizes, while the Size 5 to Size 12 Torpedoes, equipped by specific types of ships, have their unique capabilities and tracking mechanisms.
Missile Racks and Their Configurations
Here’s an overview of the different missile rack configurations available:
|MSD-442 Missile Rack
|MSD-582 Missile Rack
|MSD-111 Missile Rack
|MSD-481 Missile Rack
|MSD-543 Missile Rack
|MSD-524 Missile Rack
|MSD-515 Missile Rack
|MSD-341 Missile Rack
|MSD-625 Missile Rack
|MSD-322 Missile Rack
In the heat of battle, several parameters govern missile behavior:
- Only four simultaneous missile locks can be initiated at a time, with one lock per rack.
- The missile locking process is sensitive to the target’s position. If a target manages to fly outside the locking cone, the missile will disarm, and the locking process must be reinitiated.
- Missiles do not have persistent knowledge about their target. If evaded, a missile will attempt to re-lock. If unsuccessful, it will self-detonate after a certain period.
- Firing different missile types simultaneously is not possible. Switching the missile type will cancel all existing locks.
- Missiles are now designed to respond properly to countermeasures, providing an extra layer of defensive strategy.
Countermeasures: Decoys and Noise Fields
Beyond the simple defensive maneuvers, the countermeasure management system provides two distinct options to counteract the missile threats: Decoys and Noise Fields.
Decoy: Decoys serve as false signal sources that attract incoming missiles. Once a decoy is exhausted, an incoming missile will try to regain a lock on its original target. Decoys can also be utilized to safeguard allied ships by diverting missile threats.
Noise Field: Noise fields create a small space where sensor signatures are actively distorted and jammed. This countermeasure fires a small projectile that explodes, spreading out particles that confuse sensor mechanisms. Under low signature conditions, pilots can use this cloud as a means to escape detection. However, this also temporarily incapacitates the deploying ship’s sensors, leading to radar contacts disappearing temporarily.
For larger ships, the effects of countermeasures are more pronounced, providing longer and stronger effects.
HUD Support for Missile and Countermeasure Management
The Heads-Up Display (HUD) offers several features:
- An ammo indicator is present, displaying the number of available countermeasures.
- A widget displays information about the currently selected missile, including the seeker type, the number of missiles left on the ship, and the number of active missile locks.
- The missile warning system now provides the estimated time-to-impact for each category of incoming missiles, assisting pilots in planning their defensive maneuvers effectively.
Understanding these intricacies of missile mechanics, countermeasure deployment, and HUD interactions helps pilots strategize and dominate in combat scenarios. Equipped with the right knowledge, pilots can enhance their combat effectiveness, creating thrilling and successful adventures in the verse!


From "Metal Skin Panic MADOX-01" comes the very first plastic model of the Slave Trooper MADOX-01!
· The head hatch and back unit can be opened and closed.
· Anti-tank missiles and a 12.7mm cannon can be equipped on the right arm. Its knuckle guard has been faithfully recreated. Both claw and finger hand parts can be used.
· A 35mm auto cannon and Gatling gun are included. The ammunition belt is made with soft, flexible materials.
· Its hover mode can be recreated with the use of interchangeable parts.
Armor and joint parts are separated by color on different runners, so all it takes is a simple assembly to create the mecha. Translucent parts have been used to create the head visor.
Sculptor: Liquid Stone
Specifications:Ready-to-assemble plastic model kit. Non-scale. Approx. 135mm (5.31 inches) in height (to top of head).
MODEROID Zeorymer of the HeavensAvailable Now Hades Project Zeorymer
PLAMAX MS-19 Black Metal Jacket KUOUMARUAvailable Now Shin Mashin Hero Wataru
COMBAT ARMORS MAX26 1/72 Scale Fang of the Sun SetAvailable Now Fang of the Sun Dougram
MODEROID Izuku MidoriyaAvailable Now My Hero Academia
PLAMAX MF-52: minimum factory Fighter Nose Collection VF-31CAvailable Now Macross Series


Target shooting and wildfire
Don’t let target practice cause the next wildfire
Depending on the type of target, ammo, and location you choose, target shooting is a risk for starting unwanted wildfires. Follow these tips to reduce that risk.
In this section
Remember – unless your life is in danger, you are never allowed to shoot in:
- Territorial campgrounds
- National campgrounds
- Most community-run campgrounds
- Across highways or roadways
Do not target shoot in these areas.
- Find: community government websites and contact info to look into rules about target shooting
Dirt or gravel is always the best place to put targets. Avoid areas where there is dry leaves, grass, trees, or brush nearby.
If it’s hot and windy out, avoid shooting on those days. Sparks move more quickly and unpredictably – and bullet fragments can be extremely hot and ignite nearby trees, plants, or brush.
Keep a shovel, fire extinguisher and extra water on hand, in case a fire does start.
Shooting at steel targets or rocks may throw sparks into things that could burn nearby. Use paper targets or clay pigeons.
Steel core and solid copper ammunition have the highest potential to start fires. Lead core bullets are less likely to ignite surrounding vegetation.
Exploding targets can cause major sparks – and are very unpredictable.
Ammunition that “burns” can easily ignite trees or other fuel so should not be used.


suggested this on September 17, 2013 10:34
The only present lots I know is actually packed by Winchester, stock amount X32SCP. The.32 Small Colt is actually loaded using an 80-grain bullet at a nominal 745 fps. As taken note in the July's Q&A, Brazilian-made.32 Radio Frequency, each Long as well as Short, were imported in the 1990s simply by Naval force Upper arms, however this is becoming sparse and pricey.
A prolonged magazine introduction, Tech-Sights as well as cotton loophole sling (above) turn this 10/22 into a "Freedom Exercise Rifle." Chamber flags were demanded for safety whenever a rifle was actually "grounded." A Ruger 10/22 using Tasco 3-9X shot damages when it comes to one attendee (listed here). Tiebreaker Ii-rings of the targets are actually the measurements of bottlecap when it comes to "100 lawns," nickel for "200," 9mm diameter when it comes to "300" and also pencil eraser for "400-yard" duplicator.
Glock likewise knew one thing armchair gun professionals certainly never seem to be to look at. The handgun must be affordable. Whether for specific officers or authorities divisions, changing handguns is actually a big package. It actually isn't merely the gun, even holsters, spare magazines and providers, ammunition, spare parts, armorer exercise, policeman training, all need financing.
I accomplished place the range on my Sako TRG 42.338 Lapua Magnum. I shot around 100 rounds by means of it. The extent conducted objective of intention, and also as for I can advise, it actually was actually plenty rugged as well as reputable adequate when it comes to the major magnum class. I believe, like Verona, Italy, Konus is listed below to keep.
The Fullfield II Tactical's corrections were 1st analyzed with a collimator after the range was actually installed, and regularly gone back to no after the modifications dials were gone to various amounts far from center. The selects likewise visited ideal at 1/4" on the collimator's grid.
In order to examine the principle that a well-maintained tool is actually an operational tool, Santos said the Iraqis were actually allowed to fire their weapons before cleansing them. The outcome was actually a breakdown charge of pertaining to 80 percentage, verifying the institute's technologies on tools' upkeep jobs.
The home windows featured below are actually for my.260 Remington with a 139-grain Lapua instance and 46.8 grains of H4831sc. Significant records is displayed for the lots, the bullet as well as the seating deepness to suit the.308 magazine in a brief Remington action. The plan receives small grains of H4831sc the velocity, stress, electric, per-cent of circumstances filled, percentage of powder burned, barrel attend milliseconds and whether the lots is OK, near max or even risky. metal handgun targets (click here to investigate). Yet another home window accessed through the resource bar on top offers you a variety of powders that may be used in this particular function also.
The Mock 22 has actually become just what the K-name SAW revolver was actually for generations-- the handgun the majority of commonly viewed in American law enforcement holsters. Each these high quality handguns are simple, reputable as well as simple in order to keep. With both totally loaded, the Nock evaluates a bit lower than the revolver-- and this hosts 16 rounds rather than 6. The Mock joins a Granddad? Met paddle holster, S&W 19 in a Don Hume Jordan holster. Knife by Spyderco, light by SureFire.
A couple of cartridges come close (like the.25-06 Rapid eye movement and.264 Triumph Magazine) yet taking into consideration the entire package deal path, power, recoil-- the.257 Weatherby carries a lot more in order to the desk compared to almost anything I may call. The cartridge is one of the Weatherby precursors, dating in order to 1945, yet is still on the reducing border of functionality.
The archaeology performed at the Little Bighorn Battleground has been comprehensive. As a matter of fact by analyzing primed situations in various tools these professionals have even been capable to find out favorably whether or not a certain firearm was in fact utilized in the battle. Likewise, by determining several cartridges to a certain firearm they may lay out on a chart just where that weapon was actually used. Interestingly occasionally a Springfield Design 1873 carbine has been determined as being actually fired through a 7th Cavalry position where those five business were eliminated. Then later on that same carbine has actually been actually distinguished since being fired at 7th Cavalry careers on the hilltop where the people seven companies were actually beset.


Friends of Raymond Battlefield Artillery Interpretation
Release Date: 04/01/2014
Contacts: Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Parker Hills, Parker@BattleFocus.com, 601-924-5666
Artillery Ridge Gun Line: "Middle of the Gun Line: From the center of the gun line looking west are the guns of the 8th Michigan Light Artillery and the 3rd Ohio Light Artillery." Photo by Harry Thaete.
The Battle of Raymond, fought on May 12, 1863 a little over a mile south of Raymond, Mississippi, witnessed three Confederate guns of Captain Hiram Bledsoe's Missouri Battery go into action, initially against six Federal guns of Captain Samuel De Golyer's 8th Michigan Light Artillery. However, as the battle progressed, Bledsoe faced a total of 22 Union guns. This disparity in firepower occurred because a Confederate brigade of 3,000 mistakenly attacked a Union corps of 12,000. A Union victory was inevitable because, to paraphrase Bedford Forrest, at Raymond Ulysses Grant had "bulge," or more soldiers at the point of contact.
To properly interpret this artillery action, Friends of Raymond acquired and patiently restored 100-year-old surplus cast-iron replica cannon carriages for the Raymond battlefield. The carriages were donated by Vicksburg National Military Park, and from 2004 to 2012 these carriages were carefully restored as funds became available. Barrels of the correct caliber were either ordered or locally made. Archaeological work was done to locate the guns' positions, and in September 2012 the final gun went into battery. Today Raymond has a unique battlefield in that all of the guns that fought on that fateful day are in position, in the correct caliber and location.
Artillery Interpretation at Fourteenmile Creek: Positioned at the site of the historic bridge, which was the forward Union artillery position on the Raymond battlefield, is an artillery limber--a vehicle which was used to pull a cannon and which carried an ammunition chest. Behind the limber are interpretive markers.
To aid in interpretation, in 2013 six cast aluminum battery markers, identical to those in Vicksburg National Military Park, were put in place. At the same time an artillery limber was fabricated and place on the battlefield to interpret how the guns were transported by horses and how the guns were resupplied with ammunition.


Thanks to the Wayback Machine, I've been able to resurrect my (in)famous Innocent Inanimate Objects page from times bygone. Yes, the Internet was alive in 1996!
More later, but here's a sample. This is a banana shot with a .357 Cor-Bon from a 6" Smith & Wesson 686. Click to see the movie!


Nuclear bombs are not made by ACME. The 1960′s Adam West Batman may have had a lot in common with Wile E. Coyote, but Nolan’s Dark Knight series is deeply invested in realism. If a bomb detonated over the bay 6 miles out of Gotham, there would be no happy citizens the next day. That bus load of children who watched it explode would have suffered permanent damage, and Wayne Manor would have ended up as a hospice for blind, irradiated orphans. So why was I willing to suspend my disbelief about all kinds of other unbelievable things, but not about a nuclear bomb going off that close to Gotham and everyone being just fine and dandy the next day?


San Mai Fighter –$1100
Nickle and W1 mix over W1 core , brushed and heat colored mild steel guard, stainless pin and spacer, Handle is textured and polished Gaboon ebony.
W1 bird and trout -$450
Forged W1 blade with nice hamon, spacer is vintage Westinghouse black paper micarta, the handle is India sambar stag.
Forged 1078 edc-$240
Forged from 1078 hex stock, has a hamon, and the handles are bronze panels copper pins.
1080 Bushcraft -$370
Hollow ground 1080, satin finish, scales are vintage Westinghouse black paper micarta ,pins are hollow stainless tubing.
Forged kukri $600
Forged from 1″ round W1, through tang with threaded on pommel, fittings are 1018, handle is stacked leather. Has some forge finish left on blade and a forces patina.


Trabuco is a distinctive kind of a weapon used in the Middle Ages. It was used to crush or crack enemy walls during wars. Additionally, the Trabuco was used to shoot fireball projectiles to enemy territories. The weapon is known as the balancing Trabuco because it shares its name with other weapons, such as the traction Trabuco, which was developed before the balancing Trabuco. Shotguns and old manufactured revolvers are known as Trabuco in Brazil.
The History of Trabuco
The Chinese originated with the Trabuco according to spanishdict.com. The Europeans were among the first people to use the weapon. They believed that the Trabuco was an efficient and truly terrifying weapon. The Chinese invented the Trabuco in 400BC before bringing it to Europe in 600AD. The weapon was later abandoned after gunpowder invention on wordreference.com. Today, the weapon is used to teach principles of mechanics. Additionally, it is put in museums to explain how ancient communities used it to conquer their enemies.
The Working Process of Trabuco
The weapon’s mechanism of work entails the conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy. It comprises of five basic parts, including the beam, counterweight, the frame, guide chute, and sling. The frame provides support to the other components. The size of the counterweight is directly proportional to the velocity of the projectile. This implies that bigger counterweights launch stronger projectiles and vice versa. Some Trabuco had troughs just below the swing arm for easy projectiles loading and to help guide projectiles when launching.
The Tensile and Hybrid Trabuco
Initially, the tensile Trabuco was human operated. It was rarely used because it needed many operators. The tensile Trabuco could project up to four shots in a minute making it powerful and efficient. In spite of this advantage, the tensile Trabuco had some disadvantages. For instance, it was difficult to control the many operators. The tensile Trabuco was later taken to the Middle East by Arab merchants where it was refined by adding some weight to its short arm end. The Europeans liked the hybrid Trabuco and borrowed the idea after coming across the new weapon during the crusades. Hybrid Trabuco machines could hurl stones to longer distances.
Find more about Trabuco: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDAwt3JfWwY


Nicknamed “THOR”, after the mythical god of thunder, the society’s full-scale replica of an 1841 bronze six-pound cannon is a lively addition to many events in the area. Cannon Ltd. Of Coolville, Ohio constructed the cannon in May, 1991 for Robert C. DeHaven. In June 2001, Mr. DeHaven donated the cannon to the Southport Historical Society to be used to promote the city of Southport by firings at appropriate historical, nautical, civic and other special events. “Thor” made its film debut in Ted Turner’s epic film “Gods and Generals”.
Celebrate With A “BLAST FROM THE PAST”
The Gun Crew
Our gun grew consists of ten individuals, all of whom have been trained and certified by the National Civil War Artillery Association. A minimum crew of five will safely fire this cannon using the same cannon drill developed during the Civil War period. Not only do you get a “big bang” when the cannon is fired, you also get a show during the drill prior to and after the firing.
For a brochure, donation schedule and more information email:
Visit the Southport Visitor Center for additional information.