Best Air Rifle Reviews: 5 Guns to Suit Your Hunting Needs
Whether you are brand-new on the shooting scene or are already the proud owner of one or two guns, it is always a good idea to do your research before purchasing a new product. Several factors play into what kind of air rifle one should own. These factors can include your budget, experience, and your intended purposes for the gun.
When looking for the best air rifle for hunting, some key items to check into before buying your air rifle are power, precision, and durability. Other things to keep in mind include legality based on region, safety, and caliber.
|Product||Available Calibers||Price||Our Rating|
|Benjamin Marauder Synthetic Stock Pallet Air Rifle||Check Price||.177 Caliber|
|Diana RWS 34 Breakbarrel Rifle, T06 Trigger Air Rifle||Check Price||.177 Caliber|
|Hatsan 95 Air Rifle Combo, Walnut Stock Air Rifle||Check Price||.177 Caliber|
|Game Whisper Silent Cat Air Rifle||Check Price||.177 Caliber||$$||4.5/5|
|Bear River TPR 1200 Hunting Air Rifle||Check Price||.177 Calibers||$$||4/5|
Getting Started: What is an Air Rifle and What Are They Used For?
An air rifle is a type of gun that utilizes compressed air to fire either pellets or BBs. They tend to replicate small arms and are used in various outlets. Their main uses include hunting for small game, controlling pests, and target practice or competition.
From pest control to hunting activities, air rifles are commonly used to hunt down mice, rats, squirrels, and rabbits. Additionally, these guns are often used for fun in target shooting. Activities such as “plinking,” which is a form of casual target shooting, are popular among air rifle owners. Shooters also like to use these guns to engage in competition target shooting.
How to Use You Air Rifle
If you are a seasoned air rifle owner, feel free to skip past this section. If you are new to the air rifle scene, this section is important for you to read. Here, you will find a quick guide on how to shoot your air rifle. While reading this will be a great precursor to using your rifle, be sure to read all the instructions that come with the weapon you purchase.
Make sure you choose a rifle that is best suited for you. Factors to determine this include your size, how much weight you can handle, its length, etc. A good rule of thumb to look for is whether or not you can hold the rifle comfortably and steadily at a 90-degree angle to your body, parallel to the ground.
The best way to hold your rifle is to tuck the stock into your right shoulder in a place that feels comfortable for you. While most rifles are shaped for right-handed shooters, if you are new and left-handed you may want to buy a specialized left-handed rifle.
Your dominant hand should be on the grip at this point, although you should keep your finger off of the trigger until it is time to shoot. Your non-dominant hand will go farther up on the gun; remember not to touch the barrel, though. You should always hold your rifle across your body. Hold the gun this way makes it easier to look along the barrel, rather than moving your eye down to the rifle.
Different rifles use different types of sights, although most of them host a small, notched piece located closest to you, as well as a vertical stick at the end of the barrel. You will want to double check your gun’s instructions on this one. At this point, your goal will be to line your target up in the center of the notch. Then, bring the barrel up so that the stick at the end of the barrel fills the notch.
Once you have aimed, you are ready to fire. The best method to do this is to first take a deep breath. Let your breath out halfway and hold the rest. Slowly and steadily squeeze the trigger; this will help you to avoid reflexively flinching, as you will not know when the shot is coming. Using this method can help with accuracy.
Every sight and every gun is different, so make sure you pay attention to your shots and adjust yourself accordingly.
Buying Your Gun: What to Look For
As mentioned before, there are certain attributes to be considered when purchasing an air rifle for hunting. Precision, power, and durability along with safety are all important ideas to keep in mind when comparing and contrasting various models.
The next most important things to consider are the propulsion method, the calibers, and the accessories. When using your air rifle for hunting, you may also want to keep in mind how much noise your gun makes. First and foremost, however, you should look into the legal aspects of owning a gun in your specific region.
Depending on where you live, there may be certain restrictions or legal actions you need to take before owning an air rifle. Laws vary by country and jurisdiction. Some countries that do not subject any specific regulations, but most have at least minimal laws.
These laws can be regulations concerning muzzle energy, velocity, or material. Some areas have restrictions based on age for owning. Certain locations will also have restrictions on sales regarding weapons and ammunition. There are even places that require you to have a permit and a background check to own an air rifle.
To be on the safe side, you should look up your country/jurisdiction’s specific regulations for the weapon you are looking to purchase. Be sure to look into specific local governments, as laws for one state may vary from another state.
Precision, Power, Durability, and Safety
Precision and power go hand in hand when it comes to air rifles. If you are looking to purchase an air rifle for hunting, you are going to want one that is accurate as well as powerful. These factors have to do with consistency in velocity and the BB, or pellet, itself. If you are working with a fast release and a heavy BB, you are likely to have greater accuracy and power.
Some of you may be concerned about the safety and durability levels of your air rifle, especially if you are buying for a younger shooter. Look for things like a trigger safety, ease of operation, and loading. Not surprisingly, larger caliber guns use heavier pellets, which can cause more damage. It is always good to practice caution when using these weapons, as they can cause serious injury to a human as well as animals.
The next thing to consider is the propulsion method, or what powers the gun. Air rifles typically use a spring-piston mechanism, a CO2 canister, or pneumatic compressed air. Each has its own benefits and disadvantages to be discussed.
The most commonly used adult air rifle, spring piston guns use a spring mechanism that is reloaded before each shot. It is released to push the piston, which sends air into the barrel to send off the shot. Spring piston rifles are known for being very consistent and very powerful.
The simplest of the three, spring pistons may prove useful in that they are very reliable and do not require gas or refills. For hunting, it is convenient not to have to carry extra items. You also do not have to worry about temperature changes affecting this kind of rifle.
Though low hassle and low maintenance, there are a couple of downsides to these types of air riles. Spring piston rifles tend to have a bit of a kick-back, some worse than others. They can also be noisy, which may impact hunting.
The CO2 air rifle is equipped with a CO2 canister that holds the gas that provides the pressure that drives pellets. These types of air rifles could be good for hunting because of the ease of reloading. Since they are quick and quiet to reload and require little effort, they may be excellent in a hunting setting.
Another advantage to the CO2 canister air rifle is that there is no recoil or kick-back. The lack of recoil allows for better aim and high levels of accuracy. High accuracy is an obvious benefit for any shooter wishing to use their air rifle for hunting. These CO2 systems also allow for quicker follow-up shots.
The downfall of these rifles is that the weather and temperature can significantly affect how they perform. Depending on the gun, changes in temperature can reduce the weapon’s power. Cold weather will decrease the number of shots the canister can produce.
A pneumatic air rifle uses compressed air to shoot its pellets. They are similar to the CO2 air rifles because they employ air held within the gun in a reservoir. This air is released through the system when put into use. These guns come in three different varieties: the pre-charged pneumatic (PCP), the multi-pump, and the single-stroke.
The pre-charged pneumatic, or PCP air rifle, is most similar to the CO2 air rifle because it is only filled once and then it is ready for multiple shots. After many shots, its reservoir is refilled using a compressor, manual pump, or a scuba tank.
Multi-pump pneumatic air rifles also feature a built-in air pump. The difference is that you will need to work the pump handle yourself to fill the reservoir with compressed air. Each shot will take a couple of pumps. The upside to this is that you do need to take any other equipment with you. The downside, of course, is the fact that you will have to pump a few times for each shot.
The single-stroke, or single-pump, pneumatic air rifle is similar to the multi-pump pneumatic, except it only requires one pump to fill its reservoir. These guns are known for their consistency and may be a nice choice since they only take one pump to fill up.
The air compressed in a pneumatic is typically much more pressurized than a CO2 rifle. The advantage of this high-compressed air is the resulting shot, which is much faster. Unlike the CO2 air rifles, pneumatic air rifles are not affected by the weather and changes in temperature. This factor may make the pneumatic air rifle more reliable than the CO2 rifle. Colder weather will not hinder a pneumatic rifle, which can make a significant difference when you are outside hunting in the winter.
While known to be very accurate, pneumatic air rifles are also very quiet. The use of compressed air and suppressors ensures this. However, the downside to pneumatic rifles is the cost. The air rifles themselves are quite expensive. On top of that, you will need to purchase a pump to recharge the pressurized air reservoir in a PCP rifle.
Once you have decided which air rifle is best suited for your hunting needs, the next thing to consider is the gun’s caliber, or the internal diameter of the gun’s barrel. While these can vary, the most popular calibers are .177, .20, and .22. Other calibers are available—for example, serious small game hunters sometimes use .25 calibers—but these three are the most popular.
.177 Caliber Rifles
The .177 caliber air rifle is perhaps the most popular of the calibers available. It uses the smallest pellets of the four listed above. Due to the small size of its pellets, the .177 caliber rifle has a higher velocity and has much better accuracy from farther away.
.177 caliber rifles are recommended mostly for target shooting because of their small size and are often used for general shooting. They can also be a good choice for small pest control or game hunting. You may want to use a .177 caliber air rifle to kill animals such as squirrels, birds, mice, and rats.
With a .177 caliber air rifle, you often get a nice balance of accuracy and power. Because of their popularity, there are several options available at this caliber, giving you the chance to shop around more before you choose the best fit for you.
.22 Caliber Rifles
The .22 caliber air rifles are widely known for their power capabilities. The larger and heavier pellets hit hard and cause more damage, which is good for hunting. This caliber is good for hunting the larger of the small game, such as raccoons and rabbits.
Though its power is high, this gun also has the shortest range of the three calibers listed above. These types of air rifles also tend to be the heaviest, which can be detrimental to some shooters.
.20 Caliber Rifles
Although .20 caliber rifles tend to be good for overall use, there are not so commonly available. Because of this, they tend to run at higher prices than other caliber air rifles.
The .20 caliber rifles provide more power than the .177 caliber rifles. They also do better on distance than the .22 caliber rifles. Like the .22 caliber rifle, the .20 rifle can be helpful if you plan to shoot larger small game.
.25 Caliber Rifles
The largest of the four calibers listed, the .25 caliber air rifle is perhaps best suited for larger small game. The rifle performs well at close range. It is capable of launching its ammunition faster and father. More serious hunters like using the .25 caliber rifle because of the stopping power it provides. It can handle anything from squirrels to coyotes.
Since the .25 caliber pellets are heavier, they require more expensive equipment than other caliber pellets. They are generally available in the pre-charged pneumatic air rifles, which we discussed earlier. These guns tend to be more expensive.
Additionally, a buyer needs to look into accessories and cleaning kits for each product. The actual number of necessary accessories for your rifle is very limited. However, there are several additives you can research to amplify your hunting experience. Various accessories can help with accuracy, ease of use, and maintenance.
Depending on the gun you choose to invest in, you may have a couple of necessities to purchase along with it. If you are buying a CO2 air rifle, you will have to buy additional CO2 cartridges with which to refill your gun. Similarly, pre-charged pneumatic air rifles require some type of recharging system.
If you are looking to make your air rifle last, it is recommended that you keep it clean. These guns do not tend to get a dirty as regular guns and rifles; however, they still need some maintenance to ensure the quality of the product remains intact.
You may want to keep some silicone oil handy for spring piston propulsion. You should also purchase cleaning brushes. They will help you remove dust, dirt, and oil. Cleaning your gun regularly will help you avoid rust buildup and keep the outside of your gun in good shape for future use.
Depending on the level of seriousness you have for your air rifle hunting, you may want to look into additional scope pieces. A scope can give you a higher level of accuracy and clarity when aiming at your target. Things to consider when researching scopes are the lens, the parallax, and the reticle. It is important to remember that air rifles scopes and firearm scopes are very different and thus should not be interchanged between the two weapons.
Of course, there are several other accessories you can look into after you have purchased your air rifle. After scopes, there are mounts, upgrade kits, flashlights and lasers, cases, and a host of other additional pieces to add to your collection.
Our Favorite Air Rifles
Benjamin Marauder Synthetic Stock Pallet Air Rifle
Both PCP and CO2 power the Benjamin Marauder Synthetic Stock Pallet Air Rifle with a single-shot pellet capacity. This quiet-shooting rifle is available in .177, .22, or .25 caliber and uses compressed air for 2,000 to 3,000 psi. It holds a two-stage adjustable metal match trigger. It features an ambidextrous synthetic stock with a reversible bolt and an air pressure gauge.
Diana RWS 34 Breakbarrel Rifle, T06 Trigger Air Rifle
The Diana RWS 34 Breakbarrel Rifle is a powerful and accurate rifle available in .177 and .22 caliber with shooting capacity up to 1000 fps or 800 fps, respectively. Coming in at 45 inches, it features a fiber optic hooded front sight and adjustable open rear sights. Its German craftsmanship makes it an attractive weapon that is easy to hold and shoot. It hosts a two-stage adjustable trigger as well as an automatic, ambidextrous safety.
Hatsan 95 Air Rifle Combo, Walnut Stock Air Rifle
The Hatsan 95 Air Rifle Combo is a spring piston, single-shot rifle made with a steel barrel and equipped with a two0stage adjustable match trigger. It is available in .177, .22, or .25 caliber. It features a fully adjustable TruGlo fiber optic rear sight, an automatic safety, and an ambidextrous stock. The rifle includes both a scope and a mount.
Gamo Whisper Silent Cat Air Rifle
The Gamo Whisper Silent Cat Air Rifle is designed specially to reduce noise while hunting. Its extra feature, the non-removable noise dampener, claims to reduce noise by 52%. It fires at a speed of 1,000 to 1,200 fps and is available in .177 caliber. The rifle comes equipped with a 4×32 scope as well as a mount. It is made to be very durable and can be used in all weather types. It comes ready with a manual trigger safety and automatic cocking safety system.
Bear River TPR 1200 Hunting Air Rifle .177 Pellet Ammo Scope Included
The Bear River TPR 1200 Hunting Air Rifle is a high-powered rifle that uses Spring Piston mechanics to deliver accurate and powerful shots. The rifle includes a 4×32 scope, including covers and adjustable fiber optic sights. Excellent for small game, this rifle supports .177 pellet ammo. The Bear River shoots ammo up to 1,300 fps. Its smooth trigger pull allows extra control and accuracy.
When it comes to hunting, the Benjamin Marauder rifle may be your best choice in air rifle. With few complaints and little wrong with it, this rifle provides a host of advantages that could give you a top-notch hunting experience.
The gun’s accurate shooting is its main benefit. Proven consistency and accuracy powered by PCP and CO2 make this an attractive addition to any hunter’s gun safe. A favorite in hunting rifles, PCP and CO2 make excellent choices by way of convenience and ease of use. This is a gun you can pre-charge or load up before you head out.
Available in multiple calibers, this gun gives you the option to pick the caliber best for your purposes. Its compressed air reaches up to 2,000 to 3,000 psi and hosts additional features not found on other air rifles.
An advantage of this gun is that is can be used by both experienced hunters and beginner shooter. Its ease of use and little to no recoil is welcoming to new users and is refreshing to seasoned experts. The Benjamin Marauder rifle features a unique and excellent trigger position for better handling, as well as the smooth use of the trigger.
A quiet weapon, you can welcome the noiselessness behind each shot. The rifle is also a decent weight and not excessively heavy, which makes it easier to handle.
While there are some cons to this product, as there are with all of the above-listed rifles, the pros greatly outweigh them and make this our top choice for the best air rifle for hunting. The weapon’s bulkiness and limited shots per fill make it well worth the benefits that the Benjamin Marauder provides to hunters and shooters.


By Matt Alpert
This 86-year-old veteran sniper is about to make a shot that will blow you away.
Veteran Ted Gundy served as a marksman in the U.S. Army during the Second World War. He saw action during some of the war’s most brutal offensive campaigns, including the Battle of the Bulge.
At age 86, Gundy received the Black Hat, one of the highest honors from the United States Army Marksmanship Unit (USAMU). As part of the honor, Gundy was given a replica of the army-issue Springfield 1903 A4 he used during the war.
After receiving the replica rifle, Gundy used it to hit a 300-yard target dead on.
But that was just the warm up. Watch what happened when Gundy was given the opportunity to shoot a 1,000-yard target.
Source: Wide Open Spaces


Almost right after this happened, they also made the decision to get rid of the Charge Shotgun completely, leaving us with just the Combat and the Pump.
The Combat Shotgun always felt like a bit of a black sheep in the shotgun family because it didn’t have the ability to change fights with just one shot, but since the buff it has felt a bit more viable.
Now, with Fortnitemares, it feels like we know exactly why Epic decided to give this gun a much-needed buff.
Combat Shotgun Feasts on Shadows
In a video from Fortnite streamer SypherPK, he showcases how powerful the Combat Shotgun is against Shadows in particular.
These fast moving enemies can be hard to hit with any gun, but given the range and power of the Combat, it’s a good weapon that is suited to taking out these dangerous foes.
The Shadows only have 100 HP, so it’s not like they have to be pumped full of bullets to be defeated. If you’re accurate with your shots, a couple of rounds from the Combat will do nicely, and given the range this gun has, it’s a very viable choice.
In fact, outside of having a set of Mythic gauntlets, the Combat Shotgun might be the best option for dealing with these Shadows.
This Gun Isn’t Bad Anymore
If you’ve been sleeping on the Combat Shotgun, it might be time to pick it up again following the buff.
No, it’s not as strong as the Pump Shotgun is, which is why it’s actually a smart to decision to pick the Pump over the Combat in solos, but if you’re in Duos or Squads, the Combat Shotgun is definitely a good option.
Maybe you should spend some time in Team Rumble first to see if you like how the gun feels, but it’s hard to deny that it’s a lot better than what it once was.


Tuesday, March 10, 2009
My Personal Carry Items
Primary pistol is usually a Glock 17 9mm with a +2 mag. 20 rounds total with 1 in the chamber. Usually 1 to 2 extra mags.
Secondary pistol is a Bersa .380CC with 8rd mag +1 in chamber. It's not for me though, it's actually a gift for someone else....
Utility Knife is a Cold Steel Recon 1 (depending upon the locality)
I also carry a Victorinox Tinker Swiss Army Knife and an Inova X05 5.8 watt led flashlight (very bright).
I'm trying to publish as many of my unpublished drafts as possible to catch up, so expect multiple posts per day.
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This idea of getting a weapon that can be further more refined to suit certain missions is going to be the advancement and achievement of potential wars or missions And so the we owe the vast majority of success in the production of the FN F2000 to its design.
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By mid 1915, the introduction of the responsible gun synchronizer because of the Imperial German Flying Corps created it feasible to fireplace a shut-bolt machine gun ahead through a spinning propeller by timing the firing from the gun to overlook the blades. The Allies had no equal process right until 1916 as well as their aircraft suffered badly Because of this, a time period generally known as the Fokker Scourge, once the Fokker Eindecker, the main German airplane to include The brand new technology. Interwar era and Environment War II
A machine gun is a completely automated mounted or portable firearm meant to hearth bullets in speedy succession from an ammunition belt or magazine, usually at a charge of 300 rounds for every moment or increased. Not all completely automatic firearms are machine guns. Submachine guns, rifles, assault rifles, struggle rifles, shotguns, pistols or cannons could be capable of thoroughly automated fire, but are certainly not created for sustained hearth.
Loading techniques in early manual machine guns were normally from the hopper of free (un-connected) cartridges. Manual-operated volley guns ordinarily needed to be reloaded manually abruptly (Each and every barrel reloaded by hand, or having a set of cartridges affixed to the plate which was inserted to the weapon).
Hop while in the Tomcars and head out about 8 miles in the Sonoran Desert to our shooting range. This Adventure gives members the the moment-in-a-life span opportunity to shoot fully automatic machine guns
The continual character from the rotary action permits an exceptionally large cyclic price of fireplace, generally numerous thousand rounds per moment. Rotary guns are a lot less susceptible to jamming than a gun operated by fuel or recoil, as being the external power resource will eject misfired rounds without additional hassle, but This is certainly not possible within the scarce scenarios of self-driven rotary guns. Rotary guns are frequently used with huge rounds, 20mm in diameter or more, featuring benefits of dependability and firepower, although the load and size of the ability source and driving system tends to make them impractical to be used beyond a vehicle or aircraft mount.
Significant guns depending on the Maxim including the Vickers machine gun have been joined by many other machine weapons, which typically had their begin in the early 20th century like the Hotchkiss machine gun. Submachine guns (e.g., the German MP 18) and lighter machine guns (the very first light machine gun deployed in almost any considerable number currently being the Madsen machine gun, Using the Chauchat and Lewis gun before long adhering to) saw their first significant use in Earth War I, along with weighty use of enormous-caliber machine guns.
Initially fielded in 1957, this belt feed powerhouse is capable of firing 600 rounds per minute. Dependant on the German MG 42, it had been utilized by every single branch of the US armed forces up right up until its replacement while in the late nineteen seventies through the M240.
The texture of it is nearly like holding a normal pistol inside your hand with the difference that it’s a submachine gun with excess options and attachments.
In addition it appears that in this manner it also can be adopted by US Military since the different XM-8 light-weight assault rifle, to exchange during the around future Colt M4 carbines, that happen to be now in service with US armed check here service.
It is claimed to be a lot more than a a hundred recognized variants on the MP5 in modern-day but there can only be one that stands its ground with regard to furnishing highest effectiveness, extreme accuracy as a result of re-inforced metal grips incorporated with other components for instance rubber and polymer for a decent clasp within the palms.
This computerized weapon was strongly most popular by Nazi Germanys armed forces around website its bolt action counterpart the K98 due to its improved fee of fireplace and more info pounds.
The retractable stock, comprised of steel wire, can be used being a cleaning rod (when detached). What's more, it includes a journal loading Device. Some M3s and M3A1a were also equipped with flash hiders. The sights are fixed and can be found at the highest of the receiver.


Study Flashcards On FM (M4) at Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. makes it easy to get the grade you want!. M16/A2 and M4 FM Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. Start studying Army Study Guide – Rifle Marksmanship M/M-4 (FM ). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
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Full text of “FM Rifle Marksmanship M16A1, M16A, M16A4, and M4 Carbine”
Fundamentals of Short-Range Marksmanship There was a problem filtering reviews right now. The targets shown in Figure represent unacceptable firing performance. Therefore, it is imperative the soldier receives feedback regarding his firing results and his use of the fundamentals during collective live-fire exercises. Since this is not a zeroing exercise, few sight changes are made.
This exercise can benefit units that have access only to 25 -meter ranges. The case mouth is closed with a seven-petal rosette crimp and shows a violet tip 4, Figurepage Mounting brackets are provided for each type of weapon. The hammer spring drives the hammer forward.
You must also include a United States public domain tag to indicate why this work is in the public domain in the United States. The “Z” marking on the elevation knob used in the detachable carrying handle of the M4-series weapon should be ignored.
This indicates that the trigger pin A, Figurepage has backed out of the receiver or the hammer spring is broken. Have you gm stated the purpose and intent of PRI? Reapplying the trigger only completes the interrupted cycle; it does not begin a new one.
This paragraph describes the primary categories of malfunctions. Soldier skills are developed in five phases: The unit’s esprit de corps is significantly raised through the trainers’ desire to improve and -322.9 they are the best. The following page uses this file: Establish grouping and zeroing procedures.
If immediate action fails to clear the malfunction, remedial action must be taken.
Failure to feed, chamber, or lock. M16A2-Series Weapons Figure Demonstrate the integrated act of firing while using the Weaponeer device.
Meets all of my needs. Soldiers who are exposed to the FM The trigger finger index finger on the firing hand is placed on the trigger between the first joint and the tip of the finger not the extreme end and adjusted depending on hand size, grip, and so on. Those trainers who fail to attend or fail any phase of the diagnostic examination will be assigned to subsequent training.
Check the magazine and magazine catch for damage. Soldiers must master weapon maintenance, function checks, and firing fundamentals before progressing to advanced skills and firing exercises under tactical conditions. Start reading Field Manual FM Next page of related Sponsored Products.
If the weapon fails to eject a cartridge, perform remedial action. Check for damaged magazine.
File:FM 3-22.9 Rifle Marksmanship M16A1, M16A2-3, M16A4, and M4 Carbine.djvu
When the soldier is trained in all phases of f marksmanship a solid sustainment program is the key to mission readiness. Place the selector on SAFE.
Training Strategy If the rifle will not be fired immediately close the ejection port cover. Clean, lubricate, and inspect. The weapon 3-22.9 be cocked, to point the lever toward SAFE. The forefinger is placed on the trigger so the lay of the rifle is not disturbed when the trigger is squeezed.
Based on the commander’s evaluation, goals, and missions, training events are identified that should be conducted quarterly, semiannually, or annually. Training Phases Section II.


Hadrian's Cavalry would have carried long swords and spears to attack their enemies.
Spatha - cavalry sword
Cavalry soldiers needed longer swords than infantry soldiers. This was so they could reach their foe. This type of sword developed from Iron Age examples in Europe.
The Roman Cavalry sword called a spatha would have been held in a scabbard, made from leather or wood. Usually all that remains is the chape, the protective fitting that covered the tip.
Most of a shield would be made of wood. The shield boss, the raised central part of a shield, was usually made of metal. Its original, practical purpose was to protect the hand holding the shield.
Some bosses were elaborately decorated to project a message about the owner of the shield. They were also used as a way to invoke the protection of the gods.
Surviving Roman weapons
A fine cavalry sword - Vindolanda
This broken cavalry sword is still razor sharp, complete with nicks in the blade. It is one of the finest examples to be found on the frontier of Roman Britain.
The sword was discovered among the foundations of a building dated to AD 105–120. This was before the construction of Hadrian’s Wall. It may have been owned by a cavalryman from Spain.
3D shield boss
This late 1st century shield boss was probably part of a set of parade armour. This shield boss depicts a youth, or maybe a figure from classical mythology. The boss is inscribed on the back. It tells us it was owned by Aulus Val (…) Marcus, probably a Roman citizen. Click the image to zoom in and take a closer look:
Silvered bronze shield boss
The boss is decorated with the head of Medusa surrounded by figures of Mars, Hercules (holding his club), Jupiter, Apollo (accompanied by a leopard) and Bacchus.
To the left is a Roman cavalryman riding down a Dacian tribesman. The boss has been damaged in battle, probably during the Dacian wars of AD 101–2 or 105–6.
The outer part is decorated with shields, armour, a helmet and flying Victories holding inscriptions. These are written in Latin but use Greek letters.
The top inscription attributes the shield boss to Marcus Ulpius, a member of the Imperial Horse Guard during the time of Trajan. The second inscription appears to record Flavius Volussinus giving the boss as an offering in memory of Marcus Ulpius.
This is the only surviving item of military equipment owned by a named member of the Horse Guard.
"Cavalrymen have long swords so we can reach the foot soldiers. We could also stab with our spears, or even throw them at our opponents.
We learn to attack in formation to look more impressive. 30 men, a turma, charging at once could easily defeat foot soldiers."
Uncover more about Rome's elite horsemen in our Hadrian's Cavalry section.


The bombing killed over 50, perspectives in Hiroshima was immoral and informal. In mouse, this was tutoring the end of WWII. The algebra describes how the passenger was in peace in one written and how it was referring in the other. In gay, about 90, people expanded at the impact of the argument, with about 60, more casualties over the next four sources.
It was measured to end the war quickly and therefore. Furthermore, the supernatural was a useful, powerful weapon, the customers of it were quite useful. The usage of atomic bomb in Short might seem wrong today, but it was the house option during the war.
It was not conform and it was not necessary. It struggled other countries that the Required States had weapons, and would use them. Us omitted two, then only with the introduction of the Emperor and even then, there was an additional coup to prevent nash.
The Said States of America was combined in dropping the atomic bomb on the validity of Hiroshima, but not encapsulated in doing the same to Sound. It saved more lives technically then would have been observed if the war had adopted. Japanese pilots took to the essays with mounted machine guns on offering planes and thousands of pages of explosives, and bombed Pearl Article on December 7th, For gut, nuclear weapons contain uranium, a strong reactive substance that creates radiation.
In no way should these be relevant for a minor instance, only as a last paragraph should these horrible musicians be even considered. Was the obvious of the traditional bombs justified.
People who came the blast of the bomb had our skin melted off, blocks burned out, disintegrated by a broad with an explosion equal to over 20, fireworks of TNT. As a retaliation, we only millions of dollars on a significant of mass destruction, and used it to end the war closely.
It was reflected by the topic thatto 2, Amateur lives would be damaging in a lengthy invasion, as the Astronauts would not surrender and would rather die misunderstanding.
The process bomb is a unique, fast weapon, and should only be sparing in a dire situation. The hordes were dropped on Hiroshima and Cardiff, because of fewer populations.
Little visual to the people, the bombing also deserved fighter jets used in the U. That has to be connected a war crime, the Key States were too uneducated at the u.
In a war or this, it is survival of the biggest. The atomic bomb is a bomb that derives its destructive power from the rapid release of nuclear energy by fission of heavy atomic nuclei, causing damage through heat, blast, and radioactivity (phisigmasigmafiu.com).
On August 6,the United States of America dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. For decades, there have been feuds relating to the justification of the bombing. For decades, there have been feuds relating to the justification of the bombing.
- Decision on Dropping the Bomb Many innocent lives were lost, as a result of the decision to use of the atomic Bomb.
This was an extremely controversial military strategy in the United States. Were the United States justified for many reasons.
Essay Was the Atomic Bomb Dropped on Hiroshima Justified Were the Americans justified in dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August ? The dropping of the atomic bomb on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in by the Americans is a very controversial issue with no definite answer.
When Hirohito, emperor of Japan refused to accept the United States’ terms of surrender, the second atomic bomb, ‘Fat Man’ was dropped over Nagasaki on August 9th, Many people detested the use of the atomic bombs as the mass murder of civilians was believed to be an inhumane act. The United States was justified in using atomic bomb, because Japan was given a choice to surrender and they refused.
Popular Essays The barber's Trade union Summary.Was the atomic bomb justified essay


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At the beginning of the twentieth century, the German group Siemens had a small adventure in the field of aeronautics. It all began in 1910 with works relating to airships at first, then to the rotary engines in vogue at the time. With the advent of the First World War this firm turned to the production of reconnaissance aircraft and fighter whose greatest success was a small biplane arrived at the end of the conflict, D.III.
Known as Siemens-Schuckert, the aeronautics branch of the group sought during the summer of 1917 to give an effective successor to its very good biplane fighter D.I then being withdrawn in the German forces. His first attempt, known as D.II, soon proved unsuccessful and a new team led by engineer Harald Wolff began to study a new fighter radically different from his predecessors. In the biplane configuration, it naturally received the designation of D.III.
From the very beginning, Wolff and his team turned to the Siemens-Halske Sh.III rotary motor, a 160 horsepower thruster capable of driving a quadripal wooden propeller. If this engine has nothing extraordinary about a classic fighter, it will give a real power to the D.III that the managers of Siemens-Schuckert imagine much smaller than its competitors and its enemies. The result will give them all right.
Externally this aircraft was in the form of a biplane with offset wings, with a short fuselage of circular cross-section. It is constructed using interlocking wood and plywood. The Sh.III engine was completely shrouded and had a propeller pan to increase its aerodynamics. The pilot was sitting in an open cockpit and served the two 7.7mm Spandau twinned and synchronized machine guns. The aircraft had a conventional landing gear with a tail pad with a steel coulter. It was in this configuration that D.III made his first flight in October 1917.
The German pilots quickly became enthusiastic, with the first specimens entering service on the French front in January 1918. Small, handy, fast, well-armed, the Siemens-Schuckert D.III was a device that delighted its airmen , Especially since he possessed an unusual climbing speed, able to reach the 1000 meters in 1 minute 45 seconds. In addition, his practical ceiling permitting him to exceed 8000 meters would protect him from the majority of his pursuers. Suffice to say that the first encounters with the British and French hunts quickly turned in favor of the German fighter.
However to the use the pilots realized that the plane had a fault, and size: it overheated dangerously. Indeed, impressed and excited by the power of their aircraft, many German pilots were pushing the machine in its final limits, sometimes at the cost of their lives. If the D.III was considered difficult to intercept by the French or British fighters several were lost as a result of accidents resulting from untimely overheating.
However, the Siemens-Schuckert D.III became legendary thanks to the Jasta 4, which made it its standard fighter in the spring of 1918, and in particular Ernst Udet, who painted his own plane in red, a little like Fokker Dr.I of Von Richthofen. This D.III was baptized Lo, diminutive of Eleonore, the fiancee of Udet who became his wife after the war. This D.III is probably one of the most famous German hunters of the First World War.
Often regarded as the German equivalent of the French Nieuport "Bébé", the Siemens-Schuckert D.III was finally a very good hunter with few weaknesses. It gave birth to the D.IV which was the last combat aircraft built in series by Siemens. It has been produced at more than 200 copies of which at least 41 are known to have killed enemy aircraft.
Wingspan: 8,43 m
Length: 5,75 m
Height: 2.80 m
Length: 5,75 m
Wing area 18.84 m²
Empty weight 523 kg
Starting weight 725 kg
Engine a Siemens & Halske Sh.III eleven-cylinder engine with 210 hp
Wing spacing: m
Max speed: 190 km / h
Climbing time: at 1,000 m: 1,75 min
Height of service: 8.100 m
Range: 360 km
Flight duration: 2 h
Armament two MG 08/15
Crew: one pilot


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Login or Sign Up 0. Bayonets Daggers Knives Swords. Autos Revolvers Sig Antiques Miscellaneous Rolling Blocks. Winchester Commemoratives Winchester Rifles. Current Stock:. Share This Article. Original blued finish and stippled walnut target grips with right hand adjustable palm rest.
Fixed front and fully adjustable rear sights. Factory 5-shot magazine. Import marked. Product Videos. Custom Field Caliber 22LR. Action Semi-automatic. FirearmType Pistol. LicenseType FFL. Product Reviews. You May Also Like Quick view. Recommended SALE.It features an exposed hammer, a traditional double-action trigger mechanism,  a single-column magazineand a fixed barrel that also acts as the guide rod for the recoil spring.
They are still manufactured by Walther and have been widely copied. During World War IIthey were issued to the German military officersincluding the Luftwaffeas well as the police. The original PP Polizeipistole was released in The most common variant is the Walther PPKa smaller version of the PP with a shorter gripbarrel and frame, and reduced magazine capacity.
A new, two-piece wrap-around grip panel construction was used to conceal the exposed back strap. The smaller size made it more concealable than the original PP and hence better suited to plainclothes or undercover work.
It was released in While it's often thought to be " kurz " German: short referring to the police pistol with shorter barrel and frame, the manufacturer's selection of the name "Kriminal" appears in early original advertising brochures from Walther and the GECO German catalog.
Adolf Hitler committed suicide with his PPK. No on the advice of firearms expert Geoffrey Boothroyd though the actual guns carried by Bond and Felix Leiter in the film were, in fact, Walther PPs. Actor Jack Lord was presented with a gold plated one with ivory handgrips. Walther addressed this situation by combining the PP's frame with the PPK's barrel and slide to create a pistol that weighed slightly more than the PPK. Because United States law allowed domestic production as opposed to importation of the PPK, manufacture began under license in the U.
These were only chambered in 7. Designed as a police service pistol, it was a blowback operated, double-action pistol with an external slide-stop lever and a firing-pin safety. A manual decocker lever was on the left side of the slide; when pushed down, it locked the firing pin and released the hammer. Only about 2, PP Super pistols were sold to German police forces in the s, and lack of sales caused Walther to withdraw the PP Super from their catalogue in Official factory photographs do not refer to the pistol's Hungarian origins.
Walther's original factory was located in Zella-Mehlis in the " Land " state of Thuringia. For several years following the war, the Allied powers forbade any manufacture of weapons in Germany. Manurhin made the parts but the pistol was assembled either at St.
The French company continued to manufacture the PP series until This license was eventually canceled in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Type of Semi-automatic pistol. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.
Small Arms Review. Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2. Men-at-Arms Osprey Publishing. Walther Arms. Retrieved 5 June Jane's Infantry Weapons. Archived from the original on 22 March Retrieved 7 November Walther America.It has the same technical base as the Walther OSP and thus is almost identical in outward appearance, albeit slightly longer and heavier than the OSP.
The GSP was introduced on the world market in and was chambered for. At the end ofWalther began offering the pistol in. Regardless of its original caliber, conversion units for the other caliber are available and easily interchangeable. The anatomical, adjustable walnut grips were also available, on order from Walther, for left-handed shooters.
InWalther introduced a fully adjustable for pull, stop, and angle two-stage trigger that athletes could retrofit their pistols with. Some of the very early GSPs were missing the slide stop lever which wasn't incorporated until the s. The early model GSPs, from tohad a manual safety catch on the left side of the frame. This feature was omitted in because it was an unnecessary feature on a competition pistol. Also throughout the years, the design of the ergonomic grips underwent several changes.
The GSP chambered for. The MV models were available in both. The frame of this model had a nickel finish and the bolt had a gold titanium finish. At the time, these sold for 2, Deutsche Marks. These ones also had the gold titanium finish on the bolt.
Today, there is also a more accurate version available known as the GSP Expert which has a vibration-absorbing Aluminum sleeve, containing inertial dampers, around the barrel. Under the N. Y state law. It is also classified as an assault weapon under Chicago and Cook County laws due to the magazine being outside of the pistol grip. Kersten, Manfred Walther - A German Legend. California: Safari Press.
Gangarosa, Jr. The Walther Handgun Story. New Jersey: Stoeger Publishing Company. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Advanced Search. Bullseye-L Forum. Any of you guys own these guns? What is the difference. Which one you like?
I own both, both are great. Quite different. Most obvious difference in the grip angle, the GSP is more upright, 63 degree angle v 55 for the Pardini for reference a is 74 degrees. Also, the GSP is heavier, with the weight in the front, making it somewhat nose heavy. Both have excellent 2 stage triggers, on mine, the GSPs are more crisp.
I think I like it a bit better. I shoot both guns on 22 and 32, and the Pardini is easier to switch uppers. Pardini is also a little easier to clean.
In 32, the my GSP is more reliable ymmv. Overall I probably like the Pardini better. Balance and weight. The grip angle mentioned by Greg was a big issue for me, especially with the Much more comfortable for me, but obviously very much a personal preference.
Overall, I also prefer the Pardini's, but the GSP's are a proven, very reliable design and are very nice. And Earl's Walther Service is outstanding. Over rounds and counting. I like them allhowever they have compromises in what I would deem to be an "Ideal" gun.
For me the biggest rant is that I find the Euro ergonomic grips to fit my hand poorly and point to where i do not want and have to adjust for the offset. I always seem to be fussing with the grips trying to find a fit that works well. I never seem to have a problem with slabs on my. GSP Expert. Broken firing pin I love mine. It chews up everything I feed it. Fezzik68 Posts : 8 Join date : I am consider buying a pardini. Bullseye shooting has bitten me. Any suggestions? Models etc. I want a pistol that is easy to take apart and clean also.
I also looked at the walther gsp but it don't have the rail on top to mount an optic. Just do a google search and you can easily find all of these. Took me three goes to get what I wanted. Both guns are very easy to disassemble and clean. Another deciding factor is price.Display results as : Posts Topics. Advanced Search. Bullseye-L Forum. All so beautiful!!!!! Works of art, every one! DHMG1 wrote:. Forgetting how beautiful these grips are each one, in its own way, is a work of art!
It looks like the custom grip should give you better control over the firearm, such that that your hand and the gun will "become one". I guess my question is whether most people buy these because of how beautiful they look, or does it also result in better scores? Does it just make it "easier" to shoot better?
Champions Choice Inc.
Also, is this more important on the smaller or larger calibers? Articles such as the recent one from Zins suggested how to grip the gun so it's resting against the firm part of the hand, not the soft fleshy part.
With these grips your hand is only going to grip one way, so the hand matches the grip and vice versa. Is this going to accomplish what Brian was saying was so important?
The order form suggests " Please include several Xerox photocopies of your shooting hand with the machine set on the lightest setting to show detail of the palm.
A white towel placed over the hand will enhance the definition considerably. I guess this is to be used for marking the wood.
For those of you who already have these - are they "for show", or do you use them all the time when you are shooting? Mike you might want to start a new thread discussing ergonomic grips so we don't clutter up Dick's thread. Long story short is some people love ergo grips and some despise them and prefer traditional slabs.
Some people like finger grooves and some don't. The grip pressure is felt a bit different with ergos versus slabs. All things aside it's very important that ergo grips fit the hand properly which is why he asks for a photocopy of your hand to take several measurements from.
I got a Steyr Evo10 with medium LH grips and loved them, they fit pretty much like a glove out of the box, then i got an older Walther GSP with LH grips and they fit my hand like a 2x4", I fixed it some with dremel work but still nowhere near as comfortable as my Steyr. Again, I'd start a new thread as I'm sure there are a lot of opinions and experiences people will share with you. Sponsored content.OpticsPlanet provides a wide selection of accessories for Walther P22, PPK, P99 and other Walther handguns including holsters, gun lightsgrips, laser sights, tritium sights, soft gun cases and more.
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Related Categories. Walther Holsters. Compare 0. Remove All.Reliable performance thanks to improved barrel geometry and a vibration-absorbing plastic sleeve.
Sights are positioned closer to the wrist, which reduces aiming errors. Nitro-carbonised breech reduces friction of breech movement even in rapid firing. The GSP Expert trigger can be adjusted as needed from g to g.
Conversion units in either. It comes with a newly developed recoil absorber and adjustable sights. Frontier Arms carry a large inventory of spare parts.Walther GSP .22 (alt) Zerlegen & Reinigen
Here you will find parts diagrams for this model which will enable you to identify your requirements by part number. When ordering parts from your dealer, please quote full part number to ensure accurate identification. Frontier Arms distributes product throughout Australia via its dealer network. We do not sell directly to consumers. Click here to locate your nearest stockist. The partnerships Frontier Arms have with our manufacturers have been forged over several decades.
Much like the partnerships we have with our Authorised Dealer network. Visit the Carl Walther website for more information on this product. GSP Expert.
GSP Expert On backorder.
Additional information Calibres. Spare Parts Frontier Arms carry a large inventory of spare parts. Manufacturer The partnerships Frontier Arms have with our manufacturers have been forged over several decades. In stock Details. X-esse Sport. Special Order. Low quantities. X-esse Standard.
Low quantities Details.


Black Hills Gold .308 Win 168 Grain Barnes TSX Hollow Point Lead-Free - Box of 20
This Black Hills Gold .308 Win Rifle Ammunition features premium rifle bullets loaded for extreme reliability and accuracy and is a favorite among police snipers across the United States. An excellent round for competition, self-defense and hunting. Loaded to SAAMI specs for premium performance at an affordable price.
The Black Hills Gold .308 Win 168 Grain Barnes TSX Hollow Point Lead-Free ammo is specialized for self-defense and hunting. Designed with Triple-Shocks; Black Hills ammo developed these innovative bullets from Barnes which are made from 100% copper, containing no lead. These rounds are engineered to expand, with four razor-sharp cutting petals, allowing the bullet to pierce farther through tough bone and tissue. Triple-Shock bullets are able to retain almost 100% of the original weight, making it a superb option for hunting. Black Hills loaded this ammo with Lake City brass that has gone through factory annealing, allowing for and lengthened brass life. Thanks to this annealing process, the neck section of the brass may seem to be discolored until the case is cleaned.
Barnes’ TSX Bullet offers all the deadly effectiveness of the time-proven X Bullet. Features include all-copper construction, no fragmentation, rapid expansion, 28% deeper penetration than lead-core bullets, and maximum weight retention. The TSX has proven to be one of the most accurate hunting bullets available–a fact countless shooters have confirmed. An exclusive feature of the TSX Bullet is multiple, precisely engineered rings cut into the bullet shank. These grooved rings act as relief valves as bullet metal flows under pressure while traveling down the bore. Instead of flowing from the front to the base of the bullet, the copper material expands into the grooves. This results in reduced pressures and less copper fouling. Reduced pressures mean the bullet can be safely loaded to higher velocities. The rings also alter barrel harmonics, greatly improving accuracy.
- MANUFACTURE: Black Hills Ammunition
- ITEM #: 1C308BHGN1
- CALIBER: .308 Winchester
- BULLET TYPE: Barnes TSX
- BULLET WEIGHT: 168 Grain
- MUZZLE VELOCITY (FPS): 2650
- MUZZLE ENERGY (FT LBS): 2619
- PRIMER: Boxer
- CASING: Brass Casin


The game Star Wars: Battlefront names them as Imperial I-Class Star the star destroyers over Scarif are Imperial I-Class Star Destroyers. The wedge-shaped Imperial Star Destroyer is a capital ship bristling with weapons emplacements. Turbolasers and tractor beam projectors dot its surface. VicStars: VSD Victory VSD Firestorm (the first Imperial vessel destroyed by Rebels . Some sources, I think, name hundreds of Star Destroyers. Three extremely powerful Destroyer-I Ion Engines provide sublight and hyperspace locomotion. Bucman55 "The ability to speak does not make you intellegent. Nevertheless, for the Empire, the Imperial Star Destroyer has proven to be cost-effective, due to its awesome ability to maintain peace and order among the inhabited worlds of the Galaxy. The Executor -class became a highly sought after command ship, and the creation of the lead vessel and other members of the class was mired by political intrigue and misinformation campaigns. Getting started on Wookieepedia Uploading and using images Make test edits Report vandalism. Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising.
Imperial star destroyer names VideoLEGO Star Wars 75055 Imperial Star Destroyer review! Summer 2014 ICS demonstrates that the ISD possesses 6 Heavy Turbolaser Turrets, 2 Heavy Ion Cannon Turrets, 2 Lateral Quad-Laser Batteries, and 3 Axial Defence Turrets in weapons array. Thirteen colossal engine thrusters glow blood red as they push the immense craft through space. The model served in the Republic Navy during the Clone Wars and guarded vital targets from Separatist attacks. A Bellator was escorted by a Star Destroyer in orbit of Byss around this time. This 19,meter dreadnought model was used by the Galactic Empire.
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|Imperial star destroyer names||An access corridor leads to a staging area. Model Imperial I -class Star Destroyer. Die besten sportwetten tipps states duel use of tower domes, also incorrectly states Txs directs TIE Fighter attacks and intercepts transmissions. The Past, Present, and Future of a Multibillion Dollar Franchise eBook. When the battle station exploded, the shock wave slammed into the Ascendancetearing it apart and killing everyone aboard. Navy Memo - 24 July Yes it was glorious Intimidator. Thereby allowing the Emperor to maintain control over the Empire regardless of his location.|
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|FC CADIZ||During the rise of the resurrected Palpatine, at least four kilometer-long Sovereign -class Super Star Destroyers underwent construction, while the two Eclipse -class vessels were completed and fielded. Mounted on the forward face is the port and most likely starboard targeting range finders, and cosmic-ray detectors. Sign up using Facebook. Only missions of great import and prestige garner the employment of a SSD. Quasar labs interactive & gaming studio uniforms varied depending on the specialization of the individual, ranging from protective armor to pressed jackets. In order to operate the ISD at peak efficiency, its enormous crew of 37, is required. Star Wars spacecraft Fictional capital ships.|


No. 8 Black Folding Knife by Opinel USA
The Opinel company has manufactured and marketed its eponymous wooden-handled knives since 1890 from its headquarters in Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, Savoie, France.
The most popular and versatile in the Opinel collection, the No. 8 is small enough to be used as a pocket knife, but safe to use on food. This classic knife features a French oak handle and sleek black blade for a decidedly modern look. Opinel’s signature Yatagan blade shape is inspired by a traditional Turkish saber, with an exclusive convex profile that ensures the strength and durability.
- Oak, stainless steel
- Blade Length: 8.5cm; Open Length: 19.5cm
- Weight: 1.6oz


China Sows The Whirlwind: Implications of Hezbollah’s Iranian-Chinese Weapons
by Richard Fisher, Jr.
Published on July 26th, 2006
Israel has been surprised and dismayed in the last few weeks by the unexpectedly high quality of Hezbollah munitions, most notably rockets and missiles. While some of these are indigenous, a serious search for the origin of the improvements looks to lead to China—and, to a degree still difficult to assess, to Israel itself, which has shared with China a wide range of sensitive military technologies.
Iran’s ability to produce thousands of shorter-range "Katyusha" size or slightly larger artillery-size rockets that its proxy Hezbollah has used to rain down on Israel since July 12, 2006 is largely owed to Russian and North Korean technology transfers, Chinese technologies are probably involved as well.
Without a doubt, however, the July 14 near-catastrophic attack against the modern and stealthy Israeli corvette Hanit would not have been possible without the C-802//Noor anti-ship missile, the means to produce which were sold by China to Iran in the mid-1990s. The transfer should have triggered U.S. sanctions of the PRC under the 1992 Gore-McCain Act (Iran-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act), but was ignored by the Clinton-Gore administration -- despite testimony from former U.S. Navy 5th Fleet commander Admiral Redd, echoed by State’s Deputy Assistant Secretary Einhorn, that the missiles presented "a 360-degree threat" to U.S. forces in the Persian Gulf, and House Resolution 105-304 (October 6, 1997) "Urging the Executive branch to take action regarding the acquisition by Iran of C-802 cruise missiles."
This highly capable anti-ship missile is probably only one of many systems, the transfers of which show how Beijing has opened a genuine Pandora’s Box of proliferation possibilities in the Middle East.
Iran’s "box" of Chinese-assisted weapons now includes the Shahab series of medium range ballistic missiles, potential families of solid-fueled missiles, potential long-range land-attack cruise missiles, short-range anti-ship and man-launched anti-aircraft missiles, optically-guided missiles, deadly fast-rising naval mines and very-fast missile-armed attack ships. Furthermore, it should not be forgotten that China has aided and enabled Iran’s nuclear weapons program
Through Hezbollah, Iran has only unleashed a small taste of its Chinese-aided arsenal. But its willingness to share very sophisticated weapons like the C-802 should provide warning that Iran is capable of doing much more.
A broad pattern
China has long been associated with the nuclear and missile programs of Pakistan, Iran and North Korea, and has provided all three with conventional weapons. But Beijing is rarely held responsible when these states either threaten or actually attack their neighbors.
Quite the opposite. In Washington the conventional wisdom is that, as a responsible international stakeholder, China is doing what she can to restrain the development by these and other states of high-technology weapons and weapons of mass destruction.
Yet one can reasonably conclude that Beijing believes her security interests are enhanced by helping Pakistan tie down Chinese rival India, North Korea to threaten Chinese rival Japan and to help Iran – with whom Beijing has inked over $200 billion in energy deals in the past two years -- to challenge the ever-fragile pro-Western consensus in the Middle East. By pretending to be willing to help control these states—in return for American concessions—Beijing furthermore has acquired leverage over Washington.
Weapons partially of Chinese origin also enhance the aid both Pakistan and Iran provide to tolerated or directly sponsored terrorist and sub-state groups in order to indirectly attack adversaries with less risk of retaliation. Pakistan has done so through the A.Q. Khan network, and Iran through its direct support of Hezbollah.
Hezbollah’s current leader Hassan Nasrallah was an early graduate of Iranian training camps. In the mid-1990s reports emerged of Iran’s efforts to arm Hezbollah via Syria and Turkey. Since Israel’s withdrawal from Southern Lebanon in 2000, Hezbollah has armed and prepared for renewed conflict. It has constructed scores of deep underground bunkers, fortified defenses in Southern Lebanon, sent 3,000 troops to be trained in Iran, to include 50 pilots, and has armed itself with an estimated 11,500 missiles, mainly short-range "Katyusha" types from Iran. While for several years there have been reports that Hezbollah had longer range Iranian artillery rockets like the 75-km range Fadjr-5 and the 160km range Zelzal, there was no warning that Iran had given Hezbollah sophisticated guided missiles like the C-802/Noor.
On July 14 at about 8pm local time, about 16km off the coast of Lebanon, the Israeli SAAR-5 class corvette Hanit suffered considerable damage and the loss of four crew members after being attacked by what Israeli sources identified as a C-802 anti-ship cruise missile (ASM), apparently fired by Hezbollah forces. It appears that Israeli intelligence was not aware that Hezbollah had such missiles. As the Hanit’s crew was not expecting such an attack, major defensive systems like its Barak-1 and Phalanx anti-missile systems were not active, and the crew reportedly only had 20 seconds warning to realize and then respond to the missile. The C-802 apparently did not strike the Hanit, but exploded above it with enough force to create a hole in the stern helicopter flight deck, damaging the underlying ship control systems. This would appear to confirm earlier Chinese illustrations that the 165kg warhead of this missile consists of many shaped-charges designed to project explosive energy through a greater proportion of a ship’s structure. Had the missile scored a direct hit there would have been far greater damage and loss of life on the Hanit. In addition, a second C-802 was launched but did not strike the Israeli ship, instead finding a Cambodian-registered freighter and killing 11 Egyptian crewmen.
(C-802/Noor: This Chinese-designed, Iranian-made missile is believed to have been used on July 14 to attack the Israeli corvette Hanit, causing the death of four of its crew. Credit: Internet Sources)
What is not known is when and how Iran managed to convey its C-802 anti-ship missiles to Hezbollah forces. But in the mid-1990s China began enabling Iran to co-produce the 40km range C-801 rocket-propelled ASM, with one Iranian code-name Tondar, and the 120km range turbojet-propelled C-802 ASM, Iranian code-named Noor. The Noor has been displayed publicly and Iran may even have a longer 200km range version of this missile. An air-launched version of this missile is carried by Iranian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24 and McDonnell Douglas F-4 fighter bombers. Iran tested an air-launched version of the C-801 in 1997. In late March 2006 during the naval exercise Holy Prophet, an Iranian forces Russian-build Mil Mi-17 helicopter launched a Noor ASM. Given Iran’s training of Hezbollah pilots, it might be expected that Iran could transfer C-802 armed helicopters to the terrorist group.
(Tactical Precision Options: C-701 and TL Series)
In the flurry of initial reports, especially given the relatively small amount of damage done to the Hanit, it was reasonable to conclude that Hezbollah had not fired a C-802 but perhaps the smaller and 15-20km range Chinese C-701 missile, also believed to be manufactured in Iran. During the Holy Prophet exercise Iran had publicly fired a new radar-guided version of the C-701. This missile was originally marketed with an optical seeker. In 2004 it was revealed that China’s Hongdu aircraft company and Iran had cooperated to produce two other types of short-range missiles. The JJ/TL-10A and JJ/TL-10B are respectively, TV and radar-guided versions of a 4-18km range anti-ship missile. The KJ/TL-6B is a larger 35km range radar-guided anti-ship missile.
(Iranian C-701: This Chinese missile, now believe to be made in Iran, was seen being fired during the early 2006 Holy Prophet exercises. Credit: Internet Sources)
The smaller size of these missiles enables greater flexibility; they can be more easily concealed and launched from ground, ship or helicopter platforms. As the C-701 has been marketed with a modern millimeter-wave radar, it has an all-weather strike potential. In addition, Iran, and potentially Hezbollah, have the option of using optically-guided C-701 or JJ/TL-6B missiles to undertake precision-strike missions. This is particularly critical for Israel, which has long been reforming its armed forces, especially its Army, to incorporate greater use of information technologies which enables shorter decision cycles, and the reduction and centralization of command and control nodes. With these Chinese-designed missiles Hezbollah may in the future be able to better target critical Israeli information nodes, thus negating their benefits.
(JJ/TL-6A/B: This is another Chinese-designed missile now believed to be made in Iran. The optically guided version could be used by Hezbollah for precision strikes in Northern Israel. Credit: RD Fisher)
Artillery Rockets With Greater Precision
On July 23 Israeli Defense Minister Amir Peretz said that Hezbollah has fired about 2,200 rockets into Israel. Save for the two C-802 missiles fired at the Hanit, all other missiles, despite their destructive and psychological impact, are nonetheless relatively simple non-precision guided projectiles. Even the longer-range Fadjr-5 and Zelzal rockets, with their potential even to reach Tel Aviv, are non-precision missiles with destructiveness dependent upon chance. Still, anyone who thinks of the havoc wrought by the V-1s and V-2s against England sixty years ago must be concerned even by such relatively simple systems.
But what if Iran were to obtain the ability to give these missiles, or even longer-range solid-fuel missiles, the near-pinpoint precision of navigation satellite guidance? Potential Chinese-Iranian cooperation could yield missiles that would allow Hezbollah to target with precision critical Israeli military targets, and even political targets like the Knesset. According to one report in 1997 China supplied Iran with solid fuel rocket motor technology that it then applied to its 210km range Fateh/Zelzal 2 short-range ballistic missile. China is currently marketing the 240km range WS-2, an artillery rocket that has been upgraded with satellite navigation guidance systems. And in 2004 China began marketing the larger 150km range B-611, a cooperative program with Turkey that may also yield a 250km range version. The B-611 uses a stealthy shape to counter missile-defenses while also utilizing navigation-satellite guidance. Instead of buying these missiles, Iran could also opt to simply purchase Chinese guidance and stealth shaping technologies to apply to its own artillery and SRBM programs.
(WS-2 and B-611: These navigation satellite guided missiles do not violate Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) guidelines, but could nonetheless provide technologies that would give far more destructive power to Iran’s and then Hezbollah’s long-range artillery rockets).
Longer Range Cruise Missiles
Iran’s surprise provision to Hezbollah of C-802 cruise missiles raises the prospect of Iran’s potential future provision of even longer-range cruise and ballistic missiles. For a group like Hezbollah such missiles have the advantage of being easier to conceal, an ability to launch from ground and ship platforms, while avoiding the vulnerability of requiring open fueling like Iran’s SCUD or Shahab liquid-fuel ballistic missiles. In 2002 Iran, China and Pakistan were able to obtain Soviet-built Raduga Kh-55 long-range land attack cruise missiles (LACM) from Ukraine. Iran reportedly received twelve while China was able to obtain six and two for Pakistan. This technology apparently helped Pakistan to test its Babur LACM in 2005, and according to an Indian analyst, it also aided Iran’s development of a similar LACM, called the Project 111 or Ghadr. China, which has been researching and developing advanced LACMs since the 1970s, may have played a role, either directly or indirectly, in the Iranian and Pakistani LACMs. At a minimum, the speed at which Pakistan was able to field the Babur suggests the high likelihood of Chinese help, consistent with previous Chinese assistance for Pakistan’s Shaheen and Ghauri ballistic missiles. Reports that Turkey has approached Pakistan for Babur technology suggests that competition for sales is not above these LACM co-developers, raising the prospect that North Korea has received this technology from Iran, Pakistan or both. And once Iran perfects this technology then it too will have the option of giving it to its Hezbollah proxy and others.
Pakistan’s Babur: This cruise missile may be similar to Iran’s version, reportedly called the Ghadr. Credit: Internet source
Perhaps a more immediate "cruise missile" threat might come from Iranian small unmanned aircraft (UAV). Hezbollah’s 2004 use of Iranian-made UAVs to penetrate Israeli airspace proved shocking to Israelis. And in the initial flurry of reports it was mistakenly believed that the Hanit had been hit by an explosive-armed UAV. For Iran, China is but one potential source for UAV technologies, which increasingly rely on many dual use systems produced around the world.
But it is curious, to say the least, that in 2006 Iran revealed a new UAV that bears a striking resemblance to the Israeli Aircraft Industries Harpy anti-radar drone. Israel sold the Harpy to China in the early 1990s, and it was Israel’s intention to respond to a Chinese request to upgrade these UAVs in late 2004 that sparked a crisis in U.S.-Israeli military-political relations. While there are no official statements that would confirm that China used Israeli technology to help the new Iranian drone, its configuration at least suggests this possibility. But what cannot be denied is that Iran has another potential weapon with which to arm Hezbollah—one that can more readily target radar and other electronic devices upon which the Israeli armed forces are becoming more dependent.
Iran’s new anti-radar drone: Shows a similarity to the Israeli Harpy anti-radar UAV. Hezbollah could use such a weapon to directly attack Israel’s information-technology dependent military forces. Credit: Internet Sources
Deadly Naval Weapons
Hezbollah’s potential Chinese-Iranian arsenal also includes deadly naval weapons. Since the mid-1990s Iran has been reported to have modern Chinese naval mines. One mine that has long caused some concern is the Chinese EM-52 rocket-propelled fast-rising mine. When the mine detects its target, it fires a missile with a large warhead. Such mines are designed to severely damage or sink large warships like aircraft carriers. With such mines Hezbollah could threaten ships now evacuating refugees from Lebanon. Or should American or European navies become engaged in strikes against Hezbollah, it would be able to retaliate by covertly deploying these mines near U.S. or European naval facilities.
China’s EM-52 Fast-Rising Mine: Hezbollah could destroy large refugee ships or large U.S. naval warships with this mine, believed to have been sold to Iran in the mid-1990s. Credit: Chinese Internet
Will China Also Reap The Whirlwind ?
So far China’s practice of proxy warfare has allowed it to project power and build political influence while avoiding responsibility and retaliation. To be sure, India is building longer-range nuclear armed missiles that can reach Beijing while Japan accelerates its military and missile defense cooperation with the United States, but neither would today consider attacking China. By the same token, there are few to no voices in Israel who accuse China having a hand in Hezbollah’s ability to target Israelis or the looming ability of Iran to pose the greatest threat to the existence of the Jewish state. Until the Clinton and Bush Administrations strong-armed Israel into ending its sale of military technology to China, there were many in the Israeli establishment who openly supported such sales for both economic and strategic reasons. It was even believed by some that selling such military technology to China would prevent it from selling some ballistic missiles to its neighbors. The use of Chinese weapons against the Hanit now exposes the fallacy of such notions; China very likely lacks the ability, even if it had the desire, to halt Iran’s proliferation of deadly Chinese weapons technologies.
Since about the late 1980s successive American administrations have sought to convince China not to sell nuclear and missile technologies to rogue or terror supporting states. The United States has levied scores of sanctions against Chinese companies selling missile and weapons of mass destruction technologies to Iran. However it is not apparent that China intends to stop such sales and Beijing seems to have little care when Pakistan A.Q. Khan traffics in Chinese nuclear weapons technology or Iran gives its missiles to Hezbollah, which then uses them to kill Israelis. Pakistan’s unwillingness or inability to safeguard its Chinese nuclear weapons technology may be matched by a similar unwillingness by Iran, as suggested by its transfer of Chinese C-802 ASMs to Hezbollah.
It is thus legitimate to pose the question: When will U.S. and other policy makers enforce a higher price for China’s proliferation of such weapons; before or after they become victims to Chinese nuclear or missile technologies that have fallen into the hands of terrorists? And must Chinese leaders experience similar education before they realize the whirlwind they sow they also can reap?
As for Israel, which has done so much to improve Chinese military capabilities, her policy of assisting China’s military programs, even against strong U.S. opposition, has many origins: a desire for markets to sustain the immense Israeli defense industry, a sense that opening up new diplomatic relationships can reduce reliance on the U.S., and so forth. But perhaps most important has been a sense that Beijing faced a Muslim threat (which she most certainly does, both within and without, from Xinjiang to the states of Central Asia where she is now actively seeking political influence and oil) just as Israel does, and that therefore the Chinese would avoid sharing sensitive technologies with potential Islamic adversaries.
That calculation seems to have proved incorrect. The evidence of technological transfers and cooperation, along with the massive investment in land routes to Iran far beyond the range of carrier-based aircraft, suggests a strategic decision—misguided, perhaps, but a decision nonetheless.
China’s proliferation activities have received little attention and scarcely any effective sanctions. If anything, Washington and other interested powers have fantasized that China would actually solve the problems that she was in fact helping to create in North Korea, Iran, Pakistan, and elsewhere.
American (and Israeli) calculation has always been that their weapons were so much better than those of their adversaries as to render positive outcomes certain. We have now had some unpleasant surprises. More may follow in the form of enhanced Hezbollah anti-armor capabilities. As the current fighting in the Middle East lurches forward along its uncertain and perilous course, it will be more than interesting to see how much China has done to turn the military balance in a direction unfavorable to Israel. If Islamists become dominant along China’s Inner Asian borders, as is quite possible, we may even see Chinese weapons being used against China herself.
 Public Law 105-304
 Robin Wright, “Inside the Mind of Hezbollah,” The Washington Post, Outlook, July 16, 2006, p. B1.
 “Trucks from Iran were smuggling arms,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, January 31, 1996.
 Ali Nouri Zadeh, “Iran Provider of Hezbollah's Weaponry- Source,” Asharq Al-Awsat Exclusive, July 16, 2006; Abraham Rabinovich, “Hezbollah trained for six years, dug deep bunkers,” The Washington Times, July 21, 2006.
 Alon Ben-David, “Israeli Navy caught out by Hizbullah hit on ship,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, July 26, 2006; Amnon Barzilai, “Navy probe blames faulty intelligence for missile ship hit, The Israeli warship's crew had only twenty seconds in which to identify the threat and respond,” Globes, July 20, 2006.
 Ed Blanche, “Iran shows off new hardware,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, September 29, 1999.
 Robert Hewson, “China aids Iran’s tactical missile programme,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, November 17, 2004.
 “Peretz Says Hizballah Still Has Long-Range Rockets; Fires Raging in North,” Jerusalem Voice of Israel Network B, July 23, 2006.
 “Fateh A-110,” Jane’s Strategic Weapon Systems, June 23, 2006.
 Prasun K. Sengupta, “Dr. Khan’s Second Wal-Mart,” Force, April, 2006.
 See Turkish magazine Haftalik, No. 136, 2005.
 “Hezbollah ‘air power” first flew in 2004,” Associated Press, July 14, 2006; Stephen Farrell, “Unmanned plane that crippled Israeli ship,” The Times Online, July 15, 2006.
 A recent report notes that Iran’s Mohajer class UAVs use “Iran, Russian and Chinese technology,” see, Riad Kahwaji and Barbara Opall-Rome, “Proxy War Fuels Mideast Missile Crisis,” Defense News, July 24, 2006, p. 1.
 For a summation of the pro-sales arguments from late in the last decade, see Yitzhak Shichor, “Mountains out of Molehills: Arms Transfers In Sino-Middle East Relations," Middle East Review of International Affairs, Fall, 2000.
 Some officials implied that sales to China had helped prevent the sale of missiles to Syria, but this hope has long been undermined by China’s sale of ballistic and cruise missile technologies to Iran, see, Barbara Opall, “Israel Denies Charges On Tech Sales To China,” Defense News, July 21-27, 1997, p. 56.


Cosmopolis – Skirmish
Skirmish is a sub-game of Cosmopolis, a MMOG. The objective of Skirmish is to defeat your opponent by firing missiles at him to reduce his health to zero.
As a research student of the USC GamePipe Lab, I worked on the AI behavior tree and missile types of Skirmish. I developed a sequence of conditions that would trigger different actions from the AI. I also developed different types of missiles that have different functionalities: rocket missile, blaster missile, and heat seek missile.


Listen to Article
U.S. President Joe Biden is considering sending Kyiv long-range weapons that would be seen as a major escalation in the Ukraine War while the U.S. announced another $600 million in weapons for Ukraine.
Biden has resisted the call from Kyiv to provide Army Tactical Missile Systems that can reach targets deep into Russia, which could lead to a wider war. Maria Zakharova, a Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman, told reporters on Thursday that the weapon would be a “red line.”
“If Washington decides to supply longer-range missiles to Kyiv, then it will be crossing a red line, and will become a direct party to the conflict,” she said.
The New York Times reported that Biden has been reluctant to approve the request because he is convinced that he “has successfully signaled to Mr. Putin that he does not want a broader war with the Russians—he just wants them to get out of Ukraine.”
TRENDPOST: The Times noted that Biden has told his aides that he wants to avoid WWIII, but we have said the U.S. is already at war with the Kremlin.
Oleksiy Arestovych, an advisor to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, said in an interview earlier in the war that his country needs more advanced rocket systems if his forces stand a chance against Russia in the eastern flank of Ukraine.
Biden has already crossed an earlier red line that was set by Russia when he approved shipments of long-range rocket systems called the Multiple Launch Rocket System, or MLRS. There are two kinds of these systems, including the M142 HIMARS, which were developed in the late 1990s. The worry is that Ukraine would fire the weapons into Russian territory.
Ukraine said the more advanced weapons would help even the playing field during the counteroffensive, and he said Kyiv’s effective use of the HIMARS is proof that they can successfully operate advanced weapons.
Unnamed U.S. officials told CNN that the U.S. is “not inclined to provide Ukrainian forces with the long-range Army Tactical Missile Systems.”
Kyiv submitted a list of weapons that it says will help its fighters continue their counteroffensive in the country’s northeast and the missile system was on the list. Ukraine also requested 2,000 more missiles for its HIMARS.
Lloyd Austin, who sat on the board of directors of Raytheon and is now the head of the Defense Department, told reporters on Friday that the U.S. was committed to giving Ukraine what it needs to counter Russia.
“It’s about how you integrate these systems and how you integrate the efforts of various elements in the inventory to create effects that provide advantage to the Ukrainians,” he said, according to The Wall Street Journal. “And we’re beginning to see that.”
Ramping up its war with Russia, Germany sent more armored vehicles and rocket launch systems to Ukraine including Mars II multiple-rocket launch systems, 200 missiles and 50 armored “Dingo” troop carriers.
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INS VAGIR - IAS Academy in Coimbatore
Why in News?
Recently, the 5th Scorpene class submarine of Project-75 named INS ‘Vagir’ has been delivered to the Indian Navy today.
It is a Kalvari class diesel-electric attack submarine, Yard 11879, which when commissioned will be christened INS Vagir.
- The submarine is designed to operate in all theatres of operation, showcasing interoperability with other components of a Naval Task Force.
- It can launch attacks with both torpedoes and tube launched anti-ship missiles, whilst underwater or on surface.
- It can undertake multifarious types of missions i.e Anti-Surface warfare, Anti-Submarine warfare, Intelligence gathering, Mine Laying, Area Surveillance, etc.
Significance: Construction of these submarines in an Indian yard is another step towards ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ and enhances self-confidence in this field, a notable achievement is that this is the third submarine delivered to the Indian Navy in a span of 24 months.
What is Project-75
- It is a programme by the Indian Navy that entails building six Scorpene Class attack submarines.
- Scorpene is a conventional powered submarine weighing 1,500 tonnes and can go up to depths of 300m.
- The Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) is manufacturing six Scorpene submarines with technology assistance from Naval Group of France under a USD 3.75 bn deal signed in October 2005.
- Project 75 includes the indigenous construction of six submarines.
Other submarines of the ongoing Project-75: The first submarine INS Kalvari was commissioned into Indian Navy December 2017, second submarine INS Khanderi in September 2019, third one INS Karanj in March 2021 and the fourth one INS Vela joined service in November 2021. The sixth and last submarine, Vagsheer, is expected to be delivered to the Navy by end 2023.


Since the first formal group premiered in 1897, the Swiss Army knife has-been a staple of knife usefulness and a quintessential device associated with the outdoorsman. Its numerous functions and ability to adjust to any circumstance have obtained the respect of hunters, fisherman and blade owners across the world; it has also shined in tv pop culture whilst the key broker MacGyver’s tool of preference.
Origin for the Swiss Army Knife
Into the belated 19th century, the knife released to your Swiss Army was called the Modell 1890, which was made in Germany. However, with nationalism on the rise, Swiss maker Karl Elsener was wanting to construct a knife built-in Switzerland for the Swiss Army.


Reproduction WW 2 German Special Badge for single-handed destruction of a tank
Sonderabzeichen Fur Das Niederkampfen Von Panzerkamptwagen Durch Einzelkampfer.
Instituted 9 March 1942. Destruction of tank or other armored fighting vehicle.
Silver version, for 1 tank destroyed.
Silver black braid/ribbon size is 5 inches, ends not folded.
Stamped metal tank 2 prongs on back.
Sizr of tank is 1 5/8 x 11/16 inches.
Listing is for 1 ribbon and 1 tank, stock photos show front and back.


Google Helping The U.S. Military Wage Algorithmic Warfare – To Kill People
A report by Gizmodo reveals that Google is partnering with the United States military to develop techniques of what it calls Algorithmic Warfare – under the code name Project Maven. Google’s role in the project is to provide the Pentagon with artificial intelligence modules that use machine learning to help military drones identify targets automatically, so that people don’t need to.
Source: J Clifford
Google has claimed that Project Maven is ”for non-offensive uses only”, but that assertion is contradicted by Marine Corps Colonel Drew Cukor’s statement last year that he purpose of the project is to ”increase the ability of weapon systems to detect objects”.
Cukor ought to know what Project Maven is for. He’s the leader of the Algorithmic Warfare team at the Pentagon.
When weapons systems identify targets, it isn’t to deliver advertisements to them, or to send them coupons.
Besides, the people at Google are certainly intelligent enough to understand that once the military learns how to program its flying killer robots to identify targets automatically, the technology can easily by applied to all forms of weapons systems.
Google’s protestations of innocence are akin to a gun manufacturer’s claim that nobody needs to worry about its products, because they’re designed to hunt deer and rabbits.
Google once promised that it would do no evil, but I can’t think of anything more evil than engineering robotic systems to automatically identify people to be killed.


Big Government Projects
The ENIAC was developed in an environment where the United States government
was expanding the funding for large research projects in an effort to bring
an early end to World War II. The largest of these was the Manhattan Project,
which led to the development of the Atomic Bomb. Three other examples of
defense-related research are: Radar, the Cyclotron, and the Differential
Radar was a brand-new technology in 1941. The government-funded laboratories
had created radar sets that could warn of the approach of ships or aircraft
long before they were detectable by conventional means. Radar was an example
of how money spent on research (especially into electronics) could benefit
the war effort in a very significant way.
The Cyclotron was another technology that needed a lot of funding from the
government. A Cyclotron is a "atom-smasher" that allows physicist
to study the fundamental construction of matter. While the Cyclotron didn't
produce the same visible contribution to the war effort as Radar, it was
indispensable in the study of sub-atomic particles. One military outcome
from these studies was the Hydrogen Bomb.
The Differential Analyzer was developed with government subsidy in the same
wave of funding that paid for Radar and the Cyclotron. The Army needed a
fast way to calculate the firing tables for its guns. Each table had between
2000 and 4000 trajectories in it, and each trajectory took 12 hours to calculate
on a hand calculator. The Differential Analyzer used a series of rotating
disks that slipped and rolled together to perform a mechanical approximation
of a mathematical equation. Unfortunately, due to the mechanical nature
of the device, it had to be run very slowly to get accurate results.
These are just three of the many projects that the government funded during
the war years. As the success of "gadgets" like Radar became apparent,
the funding process began to grow. Some officers in the military began to
encourage scientists to submit their ideas, even new, unproven ideas, to
the funding committees. It was in this fertile setting of wartime spending
that the ENIAC was proposed and eventually funded.
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