Modern, miniaturized guidance technology is making possible to turn cannon shells into high-accuracy effectors, with a great range and a cost much inferior to that of missiles. Missiles have never entirely replaced the naval gun because of their cost, and because they have significant difficulties in effectively engage targets at very short range. In addition, you can’t really fire warning shots with missiles. On the other hand, naval gunfire support was seen as a dying specialty until not so long ago. It was indeed the experience in Libya, with several thousand rounds expended against targets ashore, that really revived interest for naval guns.
It is fair to say that we are very possibly entering a new golden age for naval gunnery, thanks to the long-range, precision guided ammunition which is about to attain full technical maturity and enter service in the first few navies. It is a revolution in which Italy, though Oto Melara, has a big say. And it is a revolution that involves the Royal Navy, which plans to buy a new medium caliber gun system (including guided, long range ammunition), rolling it in service as part of the Type 26 Global Combat Ship package.
The Oto Melara 127/64 “Lightweight” gun and the BAE Systems / United Defense MK45 Mod 4 127/62 are the two contenders for the contract, which would likely expand, later on, to include a retrofit to the Type 45 destroyers as well, to enable the RN to keep its medium caliber gun logistics focused on one single type, as the old MK8 bows out of service.
Oto Melara is a key player in the new naval gunfire revolution as it produces those that, as of now, are the most innovative and advanced products in the sector: the 127/64 gun, the lighter 76/62 Strales, and the related guided ammunition, VULCANO and DART.
BAE systems replies with the ambitious 155mm Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP), developed specifically for the Advanced Gun System (AGS) mounted on the sole three ships of the DDG1000 Zumwalt class of the US Navy. More significantly, BAE systems has been recently working to validate a more exportable product which, like Italy’s VULCANO, is compatible with normal 127mm naval guns and 155mm land howitzers: this new ammunition is the Standard Guided Projectile (SGP) and it meant to fill the capability left by the cancellation of the ERGM (Extended Range Guided Munition) program.
The Oto Melara line
The 127/64 Lightweight and VULCANO ammunition
The 127/64 Lightweight is the most modern medium caliber gun in the world. It is being installed on the Italian FREMM General Purpose frigates and it has also been ordered by Germany for installation on the new F125 frigates.
The Lightweight is also being jointly offered by Oto Melara and Babcock for installation on the british Type 26 frigate.
The Lightweight gun system is in production since 2010 and has been first installed on the Italian FREMM-class frigate Carlo Bergamini. More than a simple medium caliber gun, the LW is a system which comprises the gun tower itself, the Automated Ammunition Handling System (AAHS), the VULCANO ammunition family and the Naval Fire Control System.
The 127/64 is the latest evolution of the older 127/54 COMPATTO gun which Oto Melara sold to several countries all around the world (Italy, Japan, South Korea, Argentina, Peru, Niger, Venezuela). The extent of the evolution is such, however, that it is fair to say that the Lightweight is more or less an entirely new system.
The 127/64 gun employs a 64 calibers barrel made of high-resistance steel alloys. It has a water cooling system and a pepperpot muzzle brake, while the stealth shield of the turret is realized in aluminum, lighter and cheaper than the Glass Reinforced Plastic used in previous models. The gun tower comprises a modular automatic feeding magazine with four rotating drums, each holding 14 ready-to-fire rounds, for a total of 56 shells.
The drums can be reloaded while the mount is in operation, allowing for the sustainment of extremely long bombardments. The drums can be manually reloaded by personnel lifting the rounds in position, or they can be refilled automatically by the highly mechanized AAHS magazine system. The auto-loader is equipped with a system that automatically recognizes each variant of the shells in the drums, allowing the quick selection, in any moment, of any kind of ammunition available. The ammunition flow is also reversible, so each round can be unloaded and exchanged right up until immediately before the firing.
The AAHS mechanized, automated ammunition depot is a wholly modular system which can extend over two or three decks into the ship. It is equipped with special “moles” which can take the rounds out of the storage boxes and bring them into the feeding drums of the gun mount. Again, the ammunition flow is reversible, so the rounds can also be brought all the way back, with little to no direct human intervention. On the FREMM frigates of the Italian navy, the AAHS is installed over two decks (deck 2 and deck 3) and can hold 350 rounds in addition to the 56 held in the feeding drums.
The 127/64 gun system is thus able to fire 30 and up to 35 rounds per minute. The Naval Fire Control System calculates the ballistic trajectories, programs the fuzes and, when the GPS-guided VULCANO rounds is used, sets up the GPS data before launch. It can be easily integrated via LAN onto any kind of Combat System, in a Plug and Play fashion. Thanks to the NFCS, the 127/64 is also very effective in anti-air role.
|Images from the firing trials of the 127/64 of the FREMM frigate Carlo Bergamini. The first image shows the excellent capability of engagement at very short range, which can seriously ruin the day for suicide boats and similar threats.|
The revolution, though, comes with the VULCANO family of long range projectiles. The VULCANO, differently from LRLAP, ERGM and SGP is not a rocket-propelled munition, but an under-calibre, rocket-shaped dart with a diameter of 90 mm. VULCANO employs a discarding sabot to be fired out of the barrel at extremely high speed while avoiding two of the main complexities of full-calibre rocket-propelled rounds: increased barrel wear and tear, and difficult deployment of the folding fins used for guidance. These problems, along with huge cost escalation, were the factors which killed the ERGM.
VULCANO is a steerable sub-munition with tail fins and canards. The submunition is the same in both the naval 127mm variant and in the land 155mm variant. The difference comes down to the sole sabot and launch charge assembly: the naval shell is an all-up round compatible with any NATO 5’’ gun, while the army variant is modified to employ land-specific modular launch charges.
The VULCANO family comprises the BER (Ballistic Extended Range) variant, which is not guided and only has fixed winglets: it uses aerodynamics and ballistic trajectory to extend its reach to 70 km, and it is useful for a long range bombardment in which pin-point accuracy is not needed.
The most interesting VULCANO variants are, however, the Guided Long Range (GLR) ones. These include:
- GPS / Inertial Navigation System
- GPS / INS / Semi Active Laser
- GPS / INS / Infra-red Imaging
The GPS/INS/SAL round variant was originally to be developed only for use from land 155mm howitzers, but when Germany entered into the VULCANO program, they pushed to develop it for the 127mm naval guns as well. The industrial agreement giving the go ahead to this development was signed in the summer 2012 during Eurosatory. Oto Melara supplies the projectile, while Germany’s Diehl supplies the miniaturized, shock-resistant Semi-Active Laser seeker. The VULCANO is, effectively, a tri-national program which sees Italy, Netherlands and Germany co-funding the development.
The addition of a SAL seeker to the GPS and inertial navigation guidance makes this variant of the round extremely accurate. With external laser designation of the target, it can engage with high accuracy even moving targets.
The GPS/INS ammunition is mostly suited to use against fixed targets, whenever high accuracy is needed to reduce the risk of collateral damage. The Circular Error Probable for this round variant is inferior to 20 meters. This is possible thanks to the steerable canards and fins which guide the ammunition on the target with a near-vertical descent, which maximizes both accuracy and lethality.
The addition of a SAL seeker makes the VULCANO capable to engage small, fixed, moving and relocatable targets (including vehicles and small boats) with extreme accuracy, with a CEP reduced to a handful of meters. The Semi Active Laser seeker guides the shell on a target illuminated by an external laser marker, which could be “painted” on the objective by a UAV or by observers on the ground.
The IIR seeker is instead meant primarily for anti-ship role. This variant of the round is in fact produced only for the 127mm naval guns. Targeting enemy ships on the open sea is a complex job, and it might be very hard, if not flat-out impossible, to have a third party observer marking the target with a laser. The anti-ship VULCANO is meant to be fired over the area where an enemy ship is known to be sailing, and engage the target on its own.
The ammunition is thus programmed to enter a descending trajectory already a few miles before entering the target area, allowing the built-in IIR seeker to scan the surface of the sea to detect and track the heat signature of the enemy vessel. Once the target is located, the maneuvering round will pursue it, using its canards and fins to steer to compensate for the enemy’s evasive maneuvers.
Much cheaper than an anti-ship missile, the VULCANO IIR is much less deadly, taken singularly, since its warhead is much, much smaller. However, a dart as small and fast as a VULCANO is considerably harder to detect, track and engage with hard-kill defences such as CIWS guns and missiles. Besides, a big number of guided shells can be fired in very short time against the same target, saturating its defences and inflicting deadly damage with multiple hits.
VULCANO rounds employ a microwave fuze called 4AP (4 Action Plus) which offers detonation on impact, proximity, time or airburst, with the possibility to program before the launch the height over the ground at which the round will explode to pelt the target with pre-fragmented slivers.
The advanced fuze, the high accuracy and the modern pre-fragmented warhead compensate for the much smaller payload carried by the sabot-discarding dart, ensuring an adequate lethality.
The GPS/INS and GPS/INS/SAL will fly 120 km if fired by a 127/64, reducing to around 100 km when fired from the shorter barrels of the 127/54 and of the 155/52 howitzers employed on land.
The anti-ship ammunition has shorter legs, since it begins to descend from its ballistic trajectory much earlier than the other variants, to enable the IIR seeker to find the target. A warship will be engaged at around 70 to 80 km.
The BER ammunition is readily adoptable on any NATO-standard 127mm naval gun or 155 mm howitzer. It does not require any modification.
The guided variants of Vulcano, instead, require the addition of the so called “V-Kit”, the system which programs the information on the location of the target into the guided rounds before they are fired. The modification, anyway, is minimal: the V-Kit can be quickly installed on board the ship without requiring any docking period. This means that it is possible to turn, with minimum expenditure of money and time, older 127mm guns into VULCANO-capable weapons. It is what the Italian Navy is doing, modernizing the old 127/54 COMPATTO mounts installed on the frigate Bersagliere and on the destroyers Luigi Durand De La Penne and Francesco Mimbelli. The Italian navy has chosen a rather important modernization, however, as it is also introducing on these ships variants of the modular AAHS mechanized ammunition depot. Obviously, this modification, much more challenging, does require a period of refit.
The Netherlands plan to adopt the same approach, modernizing the 127/54 COMPATTO mounts on the four frigates of the De Zeven Provincien class and also installing the AAHS magazine. Oto Melara is actively offering this kind of modernization to all navies which employ the COMPATTO.
Germany, as earlier said, has ordered five 127/64 gun systems, four of which will arm the four F125 frigates, while the fifth will be used on land, for training purposes, and has already been delivered and installed in the school of naval engineering in Parrow.
Two more 127/64 will be delivered to Algeria in 2014 and 2015 to arm the two new MEKO 200 frigates being built by Thyssen Krupp.
Italy has ordered two 127/64 mounts, the first of which has been installed on the brand-new, first of the FREMM-class frigate Carlo Bergamini. The second mount is due for delivery in 2015, to be installed on the sixth FREMM ship. The 127/64 gun, in fact, is the main cannon for the FREMM General Purpose variant, which also embarks an Oto Melara 76/62 for self-defence. The ASW variant of the FREMM is instead armed with two 76/62 guns.
The Italian navy will take delivery of four more 127/64 gun systems if the order for the final four FREMM survives the budget cuts. The Navy is confident that all 10 the FREMM frigates will be built, but it has been suggested that, were the last four ships to be cancelled, the ASW frigates would disembark the 76/62 gun in A position and take the 127/64 instead.
France currently employs a shrinking number of ancient 100 mm naval guns for naval gunfire support, while the new FREMM vessels are armed with the Oto Melara 76/62. The experience in Libya has re-awakened the French interest for a more capable naval guns, and the 127/64 has the eye of the DGA, however the tight budget is preventing the launch of any acquisition program, at least for the moment.
The land variant of the VULCANO is due to be employed by the PZH2000 howitzers of the Italian and German armies, and the Netherlands, which employ the same gun, also have expressed their interest.
One future development in the VULCANO family is the SCOUT round. This new projectile is in Research & Development phase. It is meant to be fired first at the beginning of a bombardment, to collect meteorological and atmospheric data along the whole trajectory to the target.
The weather and atmospheric conditions are decisive factors to consider during long range artillery engagements, and with the VULCANO hitting targets at more than 100 km away, collecting such data in a complete, reliable way is key to obtain the maximum accuracy from the very first shot.
Meteorological balloons are extensively used to collect the relevant data before the guns open fire, but the balloons only collect data in the firing point area, and the conditions can be radically different over a 100 km distance. The SCOUT projectile would conduct measurements along all the ballistic trajectory, self-destructing in flight at a distance from the target not to alarm it. The data collected will be sent back to the gun mount, which, is anticipated, will be modified to include a couple of antennas mounted in the shield, on the two sides of the barrel. The SCOUT projectile in flight and the naval gunfire control system would actively dialogue thanks to these antennas, and the computer could so introduce a whole range of corrections to the firing trajectory, dramatically improving the accuracy from the very first live round fired. This, in itself, is a crucial aspect in enabling commanders to trust the gun as a genuine precision strike weapon capable to surgically destroy targets even in built-up areas, with no collateral damage caused.
The current status of the VULCANO sees the development of the BER variant completed. The first lots of BER rounds are in production for both the Italian navy and army, and the live fire trials of validation and the entry in service should both be achieved within the year. The guided variants, more complex, are completing their development phase. In the last few weeks, the GPS/INS/SAL ammunition was successfully employed in live firing tests from a PZH2000 howitzer, in South Africa. This follows a series of earlier tests in the ranges at Meppen, in Germany, where both the 155 and the 127 mm variants of the round had been fired but, due to the constraints of the relatively small range, the maximum distance covered had been 20 km, and the canards and fins on the rounds had been blocked. Essentially, the tests in Germany used projectiles made incapable to manoeuvre, and only demonstrated that the SAL seeker saw the target and acquired it as planned.
Further firing trials will follow, including with the 127mm variant, but the priority has been accorded to tests from the PZH2000 since the German Army urgently needs to know if Vulcano works: it has an important requirement for a guided artillery shell, and the ministry of defence was oriented towards an Off the Shelf acquisition of the proven Raytheon EXCALIBUR shell.
However, the EXCALIBUR does not offer the accuracy and range of the VULCANO, and it is also non readily compatible with the PZH2000’s autoloader: a problem that the VULCANO does not have. The conclusion of the test firings will enable the german army to order with confidence the European system, abandoning the EXCALIBUR path. The guided variants of VULCANO should enter production next year as the development and trials conclude.
The british army might be keeping an eye on the matter, since it has a very similar requirement for a guided artillery shell, to be fired by the AS90, with an In Service Date planned for 2018. So far, the british army has trialed the EXCALIBUR, and in 2010 a firing demo with a slightly modified AS90 proved that compatibility issues had been ironed out.
The EXCALIBUR is a virtually ready to procure solution, for the british army, but by 2018 the VULCANO will be a mature system, in service by a few years, and it might possibly be selected by the Royal Navy as well, introducing the alluring prospect of joint purchases and logistical commonality, with the significant savings that this implies.
The EXCALIBUR is a full-calibre shell, so it carries a much larger explosive payload, but it is less accurate (it is a GPS-only ammunition) and it only offers a range of around 40 km, from a 39 caliber barrel such as the AS90’s one. The VULCANO would give the Royal Artillery a much longer arm.
On the Type 26, an Oto Melara solution including 127/64, VULCANO and AAHS would ensure a formidable firepower. The 127/64 can employ the whole range of NATO standard ammunition, it has relevant anti-air and anti-FIAC capability and, with VULCANO, represents a precision strike weapon with a very long arm.
The rate of fire is also extraordinarily high. The gun now installed on the Carlo Bergamini was extensively trialed on land: the tests included a 150-shells bombardment in the ranges of Cottrau (near La Spezia, in Italy) during which the gun demonstrated a 30 rounds per minute rate of fire. With the AAHS installed, rates of up to 35 rounds per minutes are expected to be achievable.
These rates of fire are, of course, relative to the standard and BER ammunition: the need to program the target data into the VULCANO guided ammunitions slows down the process somewhat, reducing the rate of fire to 25 rounds per minute. Still better than most.
The 76/62 Strales
The other impressive product of Oto Melara is the 76/62 gun. The 76mm gun has been around for decades, and it has been purchased and employed by dozens of countries, especially considering that the US Mark 75 is, in itself, a variant of the Oto Melara product, built on license. The 76mm is, to this day, the only Oto Melara gun to have served in the Royal Navy, as it armed the five Peacock-class corvettes employed in Hong Kong until 1997.
The 76mm gun is in use in 56 countries around the world.
The enormous number of 76mm guns in service all over the world has prompted Oto Melara’s development of new, impressive capabilities for the type. If the original COMPATTO could fire an impressive 80 rounds per minute, the successive evolution, the SUPER RAPIDO, increased that value to 120 (reducing to 60 rounds per minute in a prolonged bombardment).
And now, Oto Melara is using modern technology to turn the 76mm Super Rapido in an impressive, all-around weapon system. The 76mm serves on several major warships as a CIWS. This is particularly true on the Italian navy warships: the Cavour aircraft carrier is armed with two such guns, the Andrea Doria-class destroyers (“cousins” of the british Type 45s as they came out of the HORIZON british-franco-italian project) carries three such guns, and they also appear on the FREMM frigates.
With a rate of fire of up to 120 rounds per minute, the 76/62 can put a thick wall of iron and fire in the face of any threat aiming for the warship, but it is with the DAVIDE model (STRALES for the export market) that the CIWS capability of the 76mm gun was really achieved.
STRALES is a guidance kit, installed within the gun turret and comprising a radio frequency beam antenna which is normally hidden under a sliding panel in the gun shield, to the side of the barrel. The covering panel slides upwards to reveal the radio frequency antenna when it is time to employ the DART (Driven Ammunition Reduced Time of flight), a guided, sabot-discarding high speed round meant to shot down airplanes and missiles as well as take off FIACs and suicide boats. The DART is an hyper velocity munition capable to cover a 5 km distance in less than five seconds, with enough energy to perform up to 40 manoeuvers and course corrections. The projectile is composed by two parts: the forward half of the round is free to rotate and has two canard wings which are employed to control the flying course. The aft part contains a 2.5 kg warhead made lethal by the pre-fragmented load of tungsten cubes meant to tear incoming missiles apart. The fuze employed is the 3A PLUS, a programmable tri-mode device. The tail has six fixed wings and the backwards-looking radio receivers. These, in fact, look back to the antenna mounted in the gun shield, to keep inside the radio frequency beam as the as they are guided in Command Line of Sight against the incoming targets.
The system can so engage with extremely high accuracy and greater lethality the incoming anti-ship missiles, hitting them at much greater ranges than those achievable with smaller, less advanced systems such as Phalanx.
|A good image of the STRALES gun, with the antenna deployed and ready to guide DART rounds against their target.|
The 76mm gun, however, is also used on many naval units as the main gun of the platform, and not just as a CIWS. The Horizon-class destroyers of the Italian and French navies, the French FREMM frigates and the Italian FREMM ASW frigates are the most impressive examples of warships which do not have another, larger gun to employ. Countless smaller naval units all over the world have a 76mm gun as main weapon.
To enhance the usefulness of this light gun, Oto Melara is working to develop the VULCANO 76mm, scaling down the bigger rounds. The development is progressing quickly, and it seems that there will be a GPS/INS 76 and even a GPS/IIR 76, while the Semi Active Laser variant is not planned, at least for now. In the 76mm variant, the VULCANO GPS/INS round has a range of 40 km, almost twice as much as the range of the much larger MK8 Mod 1 in service in the Royal Navy, to give an idea. In the anti-ship role, for the reasons already explained, the range is somewhat shorter.
The development of the VULCANO 76mm has only been started in 2011, but the work is progressing very quickly thanks to the experience made on the larger rounds. Firing trials could begin already next year, and by 2015 Oto Melara believes that it will be able to start producing the new weapon.
Both the DAVIDE/STRALES and the VULCANO capabilities can be installed relatively easily on existing guns. The STRALES kit has completed development and is beginning to appear on serving warships: the Italian aircraft carrier Cavour has been the first to have its guns modernized, and the two Italian Horizon destroyers are following. The VULCANO capability will also be easily retrofitted on existing gun mounts.
|A drawing from the italian magazine Rivista Italiana Difesa, showing the the STRALES in its "idle" configuration (left) and ready to fire DART ammunition (right)|
The most impressive feature, however, is the possibility to employ both STRALES and VULCANO, from the same gun mount, giving the small 76/62 a formidable mission flexibility. Oto Melara is working on the gun-loading system of the SUPER RAPIDO to make it capable to employ a huge variety of rounds. This mechanical improvement is known as Multi Feeding Ammo Selection Kit, and it builds on the existing loader system.
The 76/62 gun employs a drum holding 9 ready to fire rounds. The drum is constantly refilled by two mechanical “arms” coming from the two sides, each of which holds 38 shells, for a total of 85 rounds “ready to fire”.
Currently, the two arms are unidirectional: they only bring the shells into the drum. In this way, each arm of the loading system can hold one different type of ammunition, enabling the gun to select one of two types of ammunition, for each shot.
The Multi Feeding Ammo Selection Kit intervenes on the loading arms, upgrading them to make them capable to move in the two directions. In this way, thanks to an upgrade to the computers, it is possible to select and load the round number X, in the Y position along any of the two loading arms, meaning that rounds of all types can be available simultaneously.
Thanks to the Multi Feeding system, it is possible to modernize a SUPER RAPIDO or COMPATTO mount, with minimum impact on weights, so that it can simultaneously employ standard ammunition, guided DART rounds when it is necessary to shot down incoming threats, and the whole variety of VULCANO rounds for shore bombardment and anti-ship attacks. This makes the 76/62 an incredibly versatile and effective weapon. A single mount of this kind gives to a ship, also very small in size, an incredible range of combat capabilities.
The evolution of the 76/62 has caught the interest of the US Navy, which during 2012 conducted an extensive design review of the Littoral Combat Ships which noted that the Bofors MK110 light gun is not as effective as would be desirable. One of the most interesting options on the table is the possible future fitting of the 76/62, replacing the MK110.
The 76/62 is a compact, light mount, which can be installed in small spaces and even high up on the superstructures. On the Italian FREMM frigates, for example, one 76/62 is mounted on top of the helicopters hangar. It would be very easy to fit the 76/62 on the Lockheed Martin/Marinette Marine monohull LCS, the FREEDOM sub-class. A bit more complex, but not impossible, would be the retrofit of the trimaran LCS of the INDEPENDENCE sub-class, built by General Dynamics/Austal. With the larger caliber, the longer range, and the availability of the multi feeding system, with DART and VULCANO ammunition, the 76/62 would represent a dramatic improvement in firepower for the LCS.
In the UK, a 76/62 gun mount could be a fantastic equipment for the future 3000-tons MCM, Hydrographic Patrol Capability (MHPC) vessel. Although the first concepts suggested that such ships would only be very lightly armed (just a 30 mm gun turret, according to most), and although the Royal Navy is understandably hesitant in adding a whole new gun, with its ammunition and logistic needs, the range of capabilities offered by the 76mm gun is absolutely impressive, and on its own the gun would add a lot of survivability and fightability on the new hulls.
Finally, it is worth to mention that the latest addition to the 76mm gun evolution tree is the Stealth gun shield, entirely made of carbon, with foldable gun barrel and sliding cover. This extremely stealth mount has been required by the UAE for the new FALAJ-class corvettes.
Such “vanishing guns” have first appeared in the US DDG1000 Zumwalt design.
|A beautiful image, by Navy Recognition, showing the stealth 76/62 ordered by the UAE|
BAE hits back
The Advanced Gun System and LRLAP
The DDG1000 Zumwalt has arguably been designed around its two “super guns”, the 155mm Advanced Gun System (AGS). This new gun is meant to restore a powerful, long range naval gunfire support for US Marines operations, following the loss of the fearsome hitting power that, for decades, had come from the 406 mm guns of the modernized Iowa-class battleships.
The 155/62 gun is primarily meant to fire the long range, guided LRLAP munition. The gun is wholly automatic, and the loading of the rounds completely mechanized. It couldn’t be different, as the LRLAP, once completed with its modular launch charge and rocket, is 2,2 meters long and weights an astonishing 104.3 kg.
The barrel is water-cooled and folds inside the large, boxy stealth turret when not in use. The DDG1000 has two such gun mounts, in A and B positions.
The AGS is a massive and expensive gun system. So far, it is not planned for any warship other than the 3 (down from an original planning assumption of 32!) DDG1000 Zumwalt super-destroyers, in themselves revolutionary but extremely expensive ships.
|A great image by NAVSEA, showing the assembly of one AGS turret|
The LRLAP guided long range munition is only employable by the AGS. Guidance is obtained by combination of GPS and an Inertial Measurement Unit for navigation. Differently from VULCANO, the LRLAP is a full calibre round, thus offering a much larger payload, meaning a heavier, more destructive warhead. The round is steered towards the target thanks to folding fins that deploy immediately after the shell leaves the barrel: recent tests have been successful, but it is fair remembering that faulty deployment of the folding winglets was one of the main problems that lead the ERGM program to its cancellation.
Proper development of these fins is a complex engineering challenge, crucial for the success of the LRLAP.
|A drawing of the AGS turret, with the large ammunition magazine underneath|
The LRLAP is capable to hit targets at a distance of 137 km, thanks to a large rocket booster which is activated by the pressure of the firing. The LRLAP is, differently from VULCANO, a multi-piece munition: the shell must be loaded together with the rocket booster and the modular launch charges for the firing.
The use of modular launch charges make possible to employ the Multiple Rounds, Simultaneous Impact (MRSI) attack method, in which elevation and launch charge values are adjusted for each round fired, so that up to six shells will hit the target simultaneously (within 2 seconds), in volleys.
On the other hand, the more complex and time consuming loading process reduces the rate of fire of the AGS to just 10 rounds per minute, which means that a DDG1000 Zumwalt, with two AGS mounts, can fire around 20 rounds in a minute, against as many as 25 VULCANO rounds fired from a single 127/64 gun.
The LRLAP is also less accurate: the rocket booster is not the best friend of high accuracy, and the CEP is expected to routinely sit somewhere between 20 and 50 meters. The addition of a Semi Active Laser seeker to the LRLAP is reportedly being considered for the future to address this problem and expand the engagement capability, but this is all yet to come.
Of course, the combination AGS/Zumwalt makes for an impressive “bomber”: the 14.000 tons warship carries more ammunition (600 rounds in 2 magazines) than any likely 127/64-equipped vessel, and each shell is much larger, heavier and carries a lot more explosive. The massive gun is capable to fire them over greater distances, as well. However, the AGS is an extremely complex, massive and expensive solution which might never appear on platforms other than the Zumwalt, despite BAE’s effort in marketing an AGS-Lite.
The Standard Guided Projectile and the MK45 Mod 4
Much more relevant is the combination MK45 Mod 4 and SGP, which has great export potential outside of the US and which is the other contender in the race to equip the Type 26 frigate.
The MK45 Mod 4 is the latest evolution of the MK45 gun mount which for many years has been the US Navy standard. It presents a longer (62 calibers), more resistant barrel, strengthened mount and redesigned gun shield. It can employ all semifixed 127mm standard ammunition and it was designed to be able to employ two-piece extended range ammunition. Indeed, the Mod 4 upgrade was launched specifically to employ the ERGM projectile. The EX-171 ERGM was to be a full-calibre 127mm shell propelled with a rocket booster and with a special, high-energy propelling charge, meant to achieve a 41 to 60 nautical miles range. The projectile would have been guided by GPS coupled to an Inertial Navigation System. It was proposed for development with a load of 72 EX-1 sub-munitions (a variant of the M80 Dual Purpose Improved Conventional Munition DPICM) that would be released at an altitude of 300 meters over the target. The DPICM sub-munitions, also employed by the MLRS rockets, include a shaped charge and an enhanced fragmentation case, making them effective against vehicles, materiel and personnel.
However, DPICM was prone to frequent failures: on average, 5% of the sub-munitions would not explode, and they would leave large areas unsafe and in need of clearance. Worries connected to this problem lead to a change to an unitary warhead which would deliver on a near vertical dive (+/- 10°) . ERGM was to be 61 inches long, and would be fired with a energy of 18 MJ against 10 MJ for a normal shell. This made the old MK45 guns incapable to employ it, and required the development of the sturdier Mod 4 mount, with its new barrel. These rocket-assisted munitions continue to wear down barrels faster than normal ammunition, in any case. In addition, these two piece ammunitions (shell + rocket), require a more complex and lengthy loading cicle, on two strokes, which effectively halves the rate of fire, from 20 to 10 rounds per minute.
|Firing the MK45 Mod 4|
ERGM never managed to overcome its many problems, however, while unitary cost continued to escalate. In Fiscal Year 2008 the US Navy interrupted the over 12 years of work on the ERGM, effectively killing the program.
This has left, until now, the MK45 Mod 4 incapable to employ a guided, long range munition. MK45 users, effectively, could only get that kind of capability by purchasing VULCANO from Oto Melara.
|The ERGM program ultimately fell apart during Fiscal Year 2008, when the US Navy terminated funding for the troublesome development|
To remedy, BAE Systems is now working on the Standard Guided Projectile, which can be considered a derivative of the LRLAP, downscaled. The SGP is a 127mm shell with GPS/INS guidance, propelled by a rocket booster and with an in-flight retargeting capability which enables the transmission to the projectile of updated GPS data for the target, making it possible to strike moving objectives. BAE aims to achieve a CEP of around 10 meters for the new round, with a range of 96 km and a rate of fire of 10 rounds per minute when fired from a MK45 Mod 4. The CEP value increases with the distance covered by the shell: during a test earlier this year, at 36 kilometers the error was inferior to 2 meters. At maximum range, the CEP value will be greater.
The SGP is a full-caliber 127mm round, thus offering a larger payload than the VULCANO. The SGP is also offered for use on land, where it fits inside a sabot to be compatible with 155 mm howitzers. From a 155/39 howitzer (like the one fitted on AS90) the range is around 70 km, with a rate of fire of 3 rounds per minute.
A quick comparison
The 127/64 gun is the most capable and modern medium naval gun in the world, at the moment. It offers a superior rate of fire, of between 30 and 35 rounds per minute, against 20 for the MK45 Mod 4. It also has a longer barrel (64 calibers against 62), offering increased ballistic performance, also when employing standard ammunition.
The naval VULCANO is a one-piece ammunition, sabot-discarding, without rocket booster. It is simpler, more reliable and less stressing on the barrel than rocket-propelled rounds. The price to pay is a significant reduction in payload, which means carrying a smaller warhead, less lethal. This can be a problem at times and a benefit in other occasions: a smaller warhead is more suited to high precision strikes where the risk of causing collateral damage is high.
When destructive power is key, the VULCANO is at a disadvantage. However, being a single-piece, all-up round, it can be fired more than twice as fast as a rocket-propelled round: a 127/64 can fire 25 VULCANO rounds in the same time that a MK45 Mod 4 takes to fire 10 SGP shells.
Magazines of the same sizes, in addition, will hold as much as twice the number of VULCANO rounds than SGPs, as the SGP is a two-piece ammunition (shell and rocket), meaning that a ship equipped with VULCANO can compensate for the smaller warhead by firing more shells. This has a cost, of course, but it balances advantages and drawbacks.
Finally, VULCANO is at a more advanced stage of development. It is overall more mature, and already comes in several different and very interesting variants. The SAL round, in particular, is likely to draw the attention of military planners. The IIR round is also promising, if less immediately interesting: engaging a warship with gun rounds instead of with missiles can be, in some cases, more effective. And in pretty much all cases, less expensive.
What appears certain, is that the rapid development of such capable artillery rounds, offering range, lethality and accuracy, will open the doors for a new golden age for gunnery. Missiles haven’t won the day.


British-born filmmaker Tony Scott died on Sunday. Although he had some two dozen directorial credits to his name, he is perhaps best remembered for the ’80s action film Top Gun. So in honor of the late Mr. Scott and his jingoistic Cold War masterpiece, Britannica offers a look at American air power.
The F-117 Nighthawk is a fighter in name only, as it is not equipped with air-to-air weaponry. The reason for the “F” (fighter) designation instead of a more accurate “B” (bomber) or “A” (ground attack) prefix has been the subject of much speculation, with the two most common theories being that the “F” was a counterintelligence effort (to imply air-to-air capabilities that did not exist) or a recruiting tool (so top pilots would not be dissuaded by a presumably less glamorous “B”-type plane).
The MQ-1 Predator is an unmanned aerial vehicle. Either autonomous or remotely piloted, UAVs offer increased range and virtually negligible risk to pilots when compared to manned aircraft, and they can loiter over a target area for hours at a time.
The AH-64 Apache attack helicopter has been in service with the U.S. Army since the mid-1980s.


When it comes to achieving peak performance and accuracy in long-range shooting, a critical factor often overlooked is the choice of magazine. The Ruger AI Magazine, an exceptional piece of engineering, stands out in the realm of firearm accessories. Designed to fit with precision, enhance reliability, and optimize feeding, this magazine has become a go-to choice for shooters seeking unparalleled performance. This article delves into the features and advantages of the Ruger AI Magazine, shedding light on its unique characteristics and unrivaled contributions to the shooting experience.
Enhancing Feeding Reliability
The Ruger AI Magazine shines in its ability to facilitate smooth and consistent ammunition feeding. Its innovative design includes a self-lubricating, anti-tilt follower which ensures seamless cartridge transition into the chamber. This crucial feature mitigates the risk of malfunctions, misfeeds, or stovepipe jams, making the Ruger AI Magazine a reliable choice even in high-stress shooting scenarios.
Achieving exceptional precision is the Holy Grail for any shooter, and the Ruger AI Magazine plays a pivotal role in this pursuit. Crafted from robust materials, it remains rigid under the pressure of recoil, maintaining precise alignment with the action. This rigidity, combined with the magazine’s generous internal dimensions, enhances cartridge alignment and reduces bullet travel distance within the magazine. By minimizing the risk of bullet setback, the Ruger AI Magazines ensures consistent seating depth for superior bullet stabilization and, ultimately, improved accuracy.
The Magazine’s Sleek Design
The Ruger AI Magazines impresses not only with its performance but also with its sleek and functional design. With a slim and streamlined exterior, it offers a seamless fit within compatible rifles. This seamless fit further aids in reducing friction and drag, preventing the magazine from snagging on gear or impeding swift reloads during crucial moments.
Integrating Durability and Capacity
Durability and capacity are key considerations when selecting a magazine, and the Ruger AI Magazines excels in both aspects. Constructed from rugged polymer materials, it withstands the rigors of demanding shooting conditions, including exposure to extreme temperatures and impact. Additionally, the Ruger AI Magazines offers a generous cartridge capacity, allowing shooters to stay engaged without frequent reloads. Its design provides ample space for cartridges and ensures reliable, snag-free insertion, providing a smooth shooting experience.
The Ruger AI Magazines is renowned for its versatile compatibility with various rifles. Ruger, a company with a long-standing reputation for quality firearms, has engineered this magazine to fit several popular rifle models, ensuring shooters can enjoy its benefits across multiple platforms. This compatibility further extends the magazine’s usability and appeal, making it an attractive choice for shooters with diverse rifle collections.
Undeniably, the Ruger AI Magazines stands out among its counterparts, delivering unmatched precision, reliability, and durability. Its sleek design, wide compatibility, and ability to optimize feeding and seating depth make it an essential accessory for anyone seeking peak shooting performance. Whether engaging in precision shooting competitions or partaking in long-range hunting adventures, the Ruger AI Magazines becomes an invaluable asset, pushing the boundaries of what shooters can achieve. Embrace this exceptional magazine, unlock your potential, and take your shooting experience to new heights.


BOOM: NSSF Addresses President Obama’s Lies About The Gun Industry
By Bob Owens
January 20, 2016
The National Shooting Sports FoundationBearing Arms (NSSF), the firearms industry’s trade association, purchased ad space in the Washington Post this morning to publish an open letter to President Obama.
It addresses Mr. Obama’s frankly duplicitous statements about the firearms industry.
[Continue reading on Bearing Arms …]


1 edition of Tactical display of CZ propagation areas found in the catalog.
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
Fiber Optic Front Sight for CZ Tactical Sport Dawson Precision fiber optic front sight only for use with the fixed OEM rear sight" tall (5mm) x" wide (mm), dovetail base is mm. Therefo. CZ Magazines. CZ magazines from your trusted source for firearms, gun parts and accessories. From Mec-Gar, added capacity magazines with a special anti-friction coating. High quality magazines made in Italy. Our extensive line of products also included factory original CZ magazines. The CZ pistol is one of the most widely used sidearms in.
FIRST LOOK: CZ-USA Finally Unveils CZ Bolt-Action Rimfire Rifle Chambered in LR, WMR and HMR, and in several configurations, the updated CZ is a versatile bolt-action rifle The CZ P Suppressor Ready Pistol Is Built for Covert Strikes. CZ 75, CZ 75B, CZ Shadow 2, CZ 75 SP Shadow, CZ 75 Tactical Sports, CZ 75 Compact, CZ 85, CZ PC, CZ PF, CZ PS, CZ P, CZ P & much more. For easier exploration, you can shop by your model, choose your CZ and filter just magazines matching your CZ.
Type 3 and or 4 NIJ Positive Buoyant Shall be able to defeat 6 rounds of x Dawson Precision is the experienced shooter's source for top quality pistols, parts and gear. Our state-of-art facility keeps us on the cutting EDGE of technology, .
Nickel-Copper-Cobalt Ores su-1 and um-1
Nomination of William G. Rosenberg
Brave Little Kittens, The
Preserving urban areas as architectural artifacts
Pediatric oncology case studies
Arithmetic we need
structure and operation of the world gold market
advantages of district committees.
history of the Leominster Public Library
Interlibrary lending services
Tactical display of CZ propagation areas. Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. EMBED. EMBED (for hosted blogs and item tags) Want more.
Advanced embedding details, examples, and help. No_Favorite. share Pages: Tactical display of CZ propagation areas. By David Blake Cahill. Download PDF (2 MB) Abstract. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe need for an enhanced display of the geographic distribution of convergence-zone propagation in a region of shallow and variable bottom topography is demonstrated.
Tactical display, Mid Author: David Blake Cahill. SizeofPredictionAreas 10 Depth 11 Topography 11 EDSOLUTION 12 ICS L 13 ACTERISTICS ILITYOFCZMINIMUMDEPTH 16 GRAPHY 18 L TRALNORTHATLANTICFRONT 18 ACTORS.
CZ Scorpion EVO 3 S1 Carbine A ″-barreled version of our lauded Scorpion 9mm, it’s everything a pistol-caliber carbine should be. $ 1, – $ 1, Thanks for watching. Be sure to leave a comment and a thumbs up if you like the video.
If you like what you see, consider subscribing and there’s more content on the way. Patreon is live using. Cannot say enough about the durability of this great pistol. A tactical display featuring the USS Enterprise and USS Reliant.
A tactical display featuring the USS Phoenix and a Cardassian warship. A tactical display was a graphic display designed to supply information to officers and crew of a starship or outpost, such as those used in graphic usually displayed combat or other mission-oriented situations.
Utilizing the Tactical Periodization method to implement it is an approach proposed in this book. Tactical Periodization was made popular by Jose Mourinho who has won Tactical display of CZ propagation areas book sincehis first year as a Head Coach in four different countries (Portugal, England, Italy, Spain) plus a UEFA Cup, two Champions League, and was Champions League.
1, likes 1 talking about this. Taktická výstroj a výzbroj, zakázková výroba. The challenges associated with the helmet-mounted display for the dismounted infantry soldier are considerable, and the body of human factors knowledge about the relative merits of the numerous design options is, at present, limited.
Description. The Tactical variant of the SP utilizes an ambidextrous decocker in place of the manual safety on the standard SP The CZ 75 SP is the first full size handgun (” bbl) from CZ to feature the improved manufacturing technology and ergonomics of the.
They assume that someone who buys a book called "Tactical Pistol Shooting" is actually interested in defensive use of the pistol, and wants to train for fighting situations, not firing-line situations.
From that standpoint, this book is a disappointment. Read more. 6 people found this helpful. s: CZAuto | Tacticat skin prices, market stats, preview images and videos, wear values, texture pattern, inspect links, and StatTrak or souvenir drops.
CZ Handgun Accessories CZ Handgun Accessories CZ Handgun Accessories. FREE SHIPPING on OverProducts. Shop now and get Free Value Shipping on most orders over $49 to the contiguous 48 states, DC and to all U.S. Military APO/FPO/DPO addresses. Enjoy our FREE RETURNS. We want to ensure that making a return is as easy and hassle-free as possible.
Gun Digest Book of CZ Firearms pulls back the veil on the iconic company and its guns, arming you with the definitive resource for everything CZ.
The first book of its kind written in English, Gun Digest Book of CZ Firearms takes you into every nook and cranny of CZ (Ceska zbrojvka). You’ll learn the unique and unlikely history of how the one. CZ Parts ALL; CZ PC Parts; CZ P07 P09 Parts; Czech Mate Specific Parts; Barrels & Complete Upper; Base Pads & Extensions.
CZ 75 Base Pads; CZ P Series Base Pads; CZ 83 Base Pads; TSO Czech Mate Tactical Sports; Mec-Gar; Scorpion Evo; Extractors; Fire Control; Front and Rear Sights. Front Sight Tools; CZ Rear Sights ALL.
Adjustable Rear; CZ. CZ P C & P 15 Round Factory Magazines Cannot be SOLD IN: California- 10 round max capacity Connecticut- 10 round max capacity Colorado- 15 rou $ Availability: Out of Stock.
CZ TACTICAL SPORT - MODIFICATION PKG. We can modify your CZ Tactical Sport with our mods to make it truly competition ready. See the mods we can apply below; SLIDE. We will re-machine your slide to reduce weight by about 3oz., taking steel off the front with vents, the center top and rear sides, we'll shave the sides " removing the.
I recently ran some accuracy tests with the same gr jacketed bullet in my CZ ShadowLine with six different powders. With all powders, there was a charge weight that was distinctly more accurate than the others, and the average muzzle velocities for those loads with the same bullet and six different powders ranged from and CZ: Forged in the Fire of Conflict.
Founded in the wake of the First World War relocated to avoid Hitler’s encroaching armies and perseverant through decades of Soviet occupation, Česká zbrojovka a.s. Uherský Brod (commonly called just CZ) is a proud part of Czech heritage—and producer of some of the world’s finest combat firearms.
In addition to listing each of the police officers and other state or local law enforcement officials who have written books on police and law enforcement tactics and conducting tactical operations, we have broken those author's books out into these categories.
CZ TSR (Tactical Sniper Rifle) is one of the latest tactical rifles made by the renown Czech firearms manufacturer. This rifle is designed from the ground up and it will replace the CZ S1 M1 in the company’s product line. CZ brought the TSR rifle to IWA and DSA arms exhibitions.
The CZ TSR rifle is chambered in Winchester.Angus Hobdell welcomes you to Ghost Products Inc IPSC USPSA shooting needs Ghost Holster Dillon Precision Doug Koenig Low Mass Hammers Aftec Extractors, Limcat Long Firing Pins, CR Speed CR-Speed, Rescomp Versa Pouch CR Belt Cr Holsters Bladetech Starline Brass Vihtavuori Powder Zero Bullets Aimpoint Scopes C More, Bullet Feeder Pro Grip Ghost Holster Ultimate Ghost .


Like the idea of storing energy for laser weapons mounted on ships in a flywheel.
Ships move in a variety of directions when travelling - how is that going to work with several megawatts of energy (I can't convert that in my head to joules or whatever else is appropriate) in a flywheel that's basically going to strongly resist non-linear motion? They'd better bolt the darn thing down good & hard if they don't want it tearing free & flapping around, and the hull is going to need to be strong enough to cope too. OTOH this may give the boat a much smoother progress through the ocean than usual.
I'm fascinated to know if this has been considered at all.


Canik TP9 Elite SC 9mm Pistol with Shield SMS2 Red Dot Optic - $649.99 (Free S/H on Firearms) $649.99 Canik TP9 Elite SC 9mm Pistol with Shield SMS2 Red Dot Optic - $649.99 The ability to convert this pistol from a subcompact to a compact with just the insertion of the 15 round magazine that includes a finger rest and matching grip texture ...
Dec 16, 2019 · Canik doesn't mention which optics are compatible, but it's pretty clear that only micro red dot optics are. Shield RMSc, possibly the Sig Sauer ROMEO micro and so on are possible candidates, but until Canik gives the official word...we have to rely on assumptions. The rear sight can be drifted out if desired, or left in for co-witnessing.
canik tp9 elite sc 9mm sub compact pistol with shield rmsc true price: $ 619.99. ... canik tp9 elite sub-compact 9mm 12/15+1 with shield sms2 red dot - black/tungsten ...
Jun 24, 2008 · SMS2.0 is a ?Free Upgrade? to the SMS application. Once downloaded, it enhances messaging capabilities of the existing SMS application through lots of ?cool? features like Font colous, Background colours, Emoticons and lots more . To upgrade send SMS2 to 543210. Available on select handsets . Toll Free
isacord thread app, Isacord - polyester continuous filament, trilobal. Universal machine embroidery thread for all brilliant and fashionable embroideries. Great in color, great in function.
shield sms2 mini sight 2.0 4 moa Rating * Select Rating 1 star (worst) 2 stars 3 stars (average) 4 stars 5 stars (best) Name
It starts with a 3.6" match grade barrel and nitride or high-wear nickel coated internal components to give you the accuracy and reliability you expect from a top-of-the-line Canik. Additionally this version of the TP9 Elite SC comes standard with the Shield SMS2 red dot reflex sight pre-installed.


The defense sector has very high standards for the application of materials. Due to the standard characteristics of PTFE and other fluoroplastics.
They are often used in different applications. Mainly used in military vehicles, aircraft, aircraft carriers, submarines, and other artillery systems.
2. Heat shrinkable tube
5. Heat sealing element


Original FAL Type B Gas Plug, Short type, *Refinished*. Sold individually. Original short gas plug for your FAL!These gas plugs have been taken off of service rifles, and refinished.Some gas plugs may have some light wear.Some gas plugs may have some li Israeli FAL Gas Plug. ... FAL New Original FN Pattern Chrome Lined FAL Gas Tubes. $19.95. more info Quick view Add to Cart. Israeli FAL Gas tube. $19.95. more info ...
Field stripping the FN FAL is refreshingly easy, though. Pull a lever on the lower receiver, break open the hinged receivers, and pull the bolt carrier group. Removing the gas plug and piston is also trivial – simply push down a detent on the gas plug, rotate, and watch the whole assembly spring out at you. > FAL / L1A1 Rifle Parts Sort By: Alphabetical Price (High to Low) Price (Low to High) Most Recent Canadian C1 Cleaning Kit with Combo Tool
Israeli rifles are mainly metric type parts, but certain parts are Israeli specific (such as gas plug, gas piston, gas tube, selector). The below parts are authentic Israeli, unless indicated otherwise. If we do not list a part you need, you may use metric parts from our metric pages, if it is a part which interchanges. Parts and Accessories ... DSA FAL SA58 Metric Quick Release Gas Plug - Includes Adjustment Lever. Item #: 009-A. Price: $34.95. FAL Israeli Pattern Short Gas Plug ... Weapon Background . FAL operates by means of a gas-operated action very similar to that of the Russian SVT-40. The gas system is driven by a short-stroke, spring-loaded piston housed above the barrel, and the locking mechanism is what is known as a tilting breechblock.
Weapon Background . FAL operates by means of a gas-operated action very similar to that of the Russian SVT-40. The gas system is driven by a short-stroke, spring-loaded piston housed above the barrel, and the locking mechanism is what is known as a tilting breechblock. Oct 28, 2013 · The FN (Fabrique Nationale) FAL (Fusil Automatique Léger—Light Automatic Rifle) is a self-loading battle rifle, usually with selective-fire capability when so enabled. It is gas-operated and magazine fed, with a breech that locks via a tilting bolt. Belgian FN FAL (FALO) Wood Stock & Forend Set, Original. $125.00. more info Quick view. Belgium FAL Butt Swivel $9.95. more info Quick view Add to Cart. Belgium FAL ... The front lug of the FN FAL magazine locks up into the receiver when the magazine is properly inserted front end first. This front lug has been merely punched out of the sheet metal of the magazine body. A weak feature which has caused many a malfunction, this front lug should be inspected periodically. Gas Plug, IMBEL, FAL, Metric. Metric Pattern FAL Gas Plug manufactured by IMBEL. Refinished like new!
No, the gas plug is in the muzzle end of the gas block. The gas block is where your front sight post is. The gas plug can be set for normal operation or grenade launching operation. If it is set in the grenade launching position, your rifle will act as a single shot. On the pdf that TR posted a link to, page 19 has a bad picture of the gas plug. One last step before final assembly, is to drill the gas port to a larger size. Since the barrel has been chopped down to 16.25", more volume of gas needs to be gained to replace the gas pulse duration a stock barreled FN/FAL provides that has been lost from the modification. fal - l1a1 fn fnc fn ps90 p90 fn scar 16/17 galil kel-tec cmr-30 ... fal stg58 gas piston and spring. price $19.95. more details buy. dsa fal sa58 20rd magazine new.
Five Lesser-Known Facts About the FN FAL. by Anthony Vanderlinden ... The FN FAL and the G3: ... I am often asked what the best gas plug setting is for the FAL, and the answer is that there is not ... Short-stroke gas piston, as used on the FN FAL. The FAL operates by means of a gas-operated action very similar to that of the Russian SVT-40 . The gas system is driven by a short-stroke, spring-loaded piston housed above the barrel , and the locking mechanism is what is known as a tilting breechblock . The gas plug is also very cool and is easy to remove or switch positions. The scope mount/dust cover feels very solid too, and I would not be afraid of much POI shift. Lastly, the sand cut carrier is very neat. These parts came together very well, and if ordering an FAL from DSA, I would pick them all.
On inch and metric pattern gas plugs the lugs are machined on a taper, with the button side lug having a larger chord than the lug on the washer side. In short, somewhat to my dismay, the part only fits Israeli FAL gas blocks. Perhaps a distinction might be made in the catalog description for parts which are specific to the Israeli FAL? This is quite an improvement from the standard military trigger pull range of 8-12 lbs. Offered as modification of the DSA FAL/SA58 rifles only. Match grade set trigger includes DSA, Inc. supplied FN SAW grip. Grip modifications available for FN SAW grip only. Previously modified hammers, triggers, sears. springs and pins will need to be replaced.


PORTLAND, Maine (AP) — The Navy that once wanted smaller, faster warships to hunt pirates has made a quick pivot to Russia and China — and many of those newly built ships could be retired.
The US Navy wants to decommission nine Freedom-class littoral combat ships – warships that cost an estimated $4.5 billion to build.
The Navy argues in its budget proposal that the move would free up $50 million per ship per year for other priorities. But it would also reduce the size of the fleet already outnumbered by China, which could set members of Congress back.
Adm. Mike Gilday, chief of naval operations, defended the proposal which emphasizes long-range weapons and modern warships, while getting rid of other ships that are ill-equipped to deal with current threats.
“We need a ready, able and lethal force more than a larger force that is less ready, less lethal and less capable,” he added. he said Monday at the Navy League’s Sea-Air-Space Symposium in Maryland.
In total, the navy wants to scrap 24 ships, including five cruisers and a pair of Los Angeles-class submarines, as part of the cost-cutting needed to maintain the existing fleet and build modern warships. These cuts exceed the nine ships proposed to be built.
Most of them are older ships. However, the targeted littoral combat ships are young. The oldest of them is 10 years old.
The Navy envisioned fast, highly maneuverable warships capable of operating in near-shore littoral waters when it announced the program months after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. fast enough to drive pirates away – and used steerable water jets instead of conventional propellers.
The ships were meant to be made versatile with plug-and-play mission modules for surface combat, minesweeping operations, or anti-submarine warfare. But those mission modules were plagued with problems and the anti-submarine capability was canceled in the new budget.
And what about that speed? The fastest ship can’t outrun missiles, and turning on those sea turbines for extra speed has turned ships into gas guzzlers, analysts said. Early versions were also criticized as being too lightly armed and armored to survive combat.
The Freedom-class fast ships proposed for decommissioning feature a traditional steel hull. This entire class of ships suffers from a lack of propulsion that will lead to costly repairs. The Navy proposes to retain a second variant, the aluminum Independence class.
US Senate Armed Services Chairman Jim Inhofe said the program had been plagued with problems from the start, and that “Moving forward, the Navy must avoid similar acquisition disasters.”
U.S. Rep. Elaine Luria, D-Virginia, was more blunt, tweeting that he “sucks” decommission so many ships, especially newer ones.
“The Navy owes the American taxpayers a public apology for wasting tens of billions of dollars on ships they now say are useless,” she says.
Some detractors proclaimed that littoral combat ships were the ships of the Navy “Stupid Little Boat” but that’s not fair, defense analyst Loren Thompson said.
“It’s not a shitty little boat. It does what it was supposed to do. What it was meant to do is not enough for the kind of threats we face today,” said Thompson, of the Lexington Institute.
In naval defense, threats have shifted rapidly from the Cold War to the war on terror to today’s great power competition in which Russia and China are asserting themselves, he said.
Ultimately, the Navy could make do with fewer Freedom-class ships for maritime security and smaller surface combat operations, said Bryan Clark, a defense analyst at the Hudson Institute.
Congress must approve the Navy’s proposal to decommission the ships before their expected lifespan.
The House Armed Services Committee on Tuesday questioned Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin and Army Gen. Mark Milley, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, about the proposal.
US Representative Rob Wittman, R-Virginia, suggested the ship cuts were “grossly irresponsible” when the US Navy grew from 318 ships to 297, while the Chinese fleet grew from 210 to 360 ships over the past two decades.
Milley said it was important to focus on the Navy’s capabilities rather than the size of its fleet.
“I would favor capabilities rather than just numbers,” he said.


Monday, February 10, 2014
Gun Show at Mitch's North!
Here are some pix from our recent gun show... but, don't worry! We only sell blanks!!
We have gun blanks in every size!
Spear guns from Riffe!
And of course, the biggest guns of all...Micah and Billy!!!
Post a Comment
Post Comments (Atom)


my country has developed a new type of heavy titanium alloy torpedo!
According to reports, the British defense media said that the new type of torpedo recently developed by China may subvert the rules in future naval battles. This newly developed torpedo is a heavy-duty torpedo, which can be called the most advanced new torpedo in the world. It is specially developed top-level equipment for Chinese surface ships and submarines.
The torpedo is about 7.6 meters long, 535 mm in diameter, and weighs 2.2 tons. The power is 1200 horsepower, the titanium alloy projectile has the characteristics of high energy density, low noise, no wake, and large diving depth. The speed of the torpedo is about 170-190 knots (1 knot = 1.85 kilometers/hour), the maximum range is about 320 kilometers, and the warhead is 300 kg of charge (it is said to be a high-energy nitrogen-based explosive).
The new type of torpedo can sink a large submarine or an aircraft carrier above 40,000 tons with a single mine hit. The United States has conducted experiments, and a single part of a single aircraft carrier can withstand about 800-1200 kilograms of high-energy explosives. However, if it is 300 kilograms of nitrogen-based explosives, the equivalent of 3000 kilograms (3 tons) of high-energy explosives is expected to be difficult to handle for a 100,000-ton super aircraft carrier.


a36 north american
a36 north american
Mail: [email protected]
North American A-36 - The American Heritage MuseumThe A-36 is similar to the P-51A Mustang, with the notable exception that it sports large slatted dive brakes above and below the wings. Designed by Edgar Schmued and manufactured by North American Aviation, the A-36 was introduced in 1942 (original designation was NA-97) and retired from service in 1945.
Working on the cockpit. I put some printed paper with some plastic glued to the inside for the rear windows. I made a seat for Lucy van Pelt who is the pilot, continuing with Steel grades according to American standards - A36, Chemical composition A36 - 04b A36 0.26 0.05 0.04 0.40 A572 - 04 Grade 42 0.21 1.35 0.05 0.04 0.40 Grade 50 0.23 1.35 0.05 0.04 0.40Related searches for a36 north americana36 apache wwiia36 aircraft ww2a36 apache aircrafta36 dive bombera36 bombera36 vs p51a36 fightera 36 invaderSome results are removed in response to a notice of local law requirement. For more information, please see here.
North American NA-73 / P-51 Mustang / A-36 Apache / P-78 P-51D, P-51C, P-51D Early in 1940 J.H.Kindelberger, president of North American Aviation, and J.L.Atwood, executive vice-president of the company, were called into conference with the British Purchasing Commission in New York.North American A-36A Mustang > National Museum of the a36 north americanApr 14, 2015 · The first A-36 flew in September 1942, and North American Aviation completed production of, Also nicknamed the "Apache or Invader," the A-36A dive bomber was the first US Army Air Forces version of the Mustang, officially developed North American A-36A Apache, WWII single-engine single a36 north americanThe North American A-36/P-51 fighter series was originally built for the British RAF as a replacement for their aging Curtiss P-40 Tomahawk fighter aircraft. The British dubbed their new American built aircraft as the Mustang. When the USAAF decided to purchase the A-36/P-51 series, they never provided their own nickname for the a36 north american
North American A-36 North American A-36, (#42-83671, Allison V-1710-87 engine - 3/4 front view. Fighter-Bomber version of P-51. Download Image: Full Size (0.07 MB)North American A-36 Mustang - Military FactoryJun 05, 2019 · The North American A-36 was a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dedicated ground attack / dive bomber variant of the classic North American P-51 North American A-36 Apache | | My Hobby LifeThe A-36 Apache can be considered as a United States Army version of the successful North American P-51 Mustang piston-engine fighter. The USAAF bought this version first, but full priority was later given to the fighter version, and no more than 500 A-36s were built. It was unofficially known as Invader.
With the introduction of the North American Mustang I with the RAF Army Co-operation Squadrons in February 1942, the new fighter began combat missions as a low-altitude reconnaissance and ground-support aircraft. Supplementing the Curtiss P-40 Tomahawks already in service, Mustang Is were first supplied to No. 26 Squadron RAF, then rapidly deployed to 10 additional squadrons by June 1942. First used in combat over the Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942, a Mustang of No. 414 (RCAF) Squadron dowSee more on military.wikia.orgNorth American A-36 Apache | Aviation CenterNorth American Aircraft produced a relatively unknown ground attack and dive bomber called the Invader or A-36 during World War II. This was a brother to the North American P-51 Mustang however it had rectangular, slatted dive brakes above and below the wing.It served from 1942-1944 in North Africa, Mediterranean, Italy and the China-Burma-India theaters.North American built 500 of the A-36 Apache which were used by the United States Army Air Force (USAAF) which were retired in 1945.See more on wakebill a36 north americanNorth American A-36 Apache reviews in 1:72North American A-36 Apache previews in scale 1:72. We have 20 links to North American A-36 Apache inbox reviews in scale 1:72 on the web. In case a review is missing feel free to add them, this can be done on the individual product pages (for members only). In-box reviews (Full kits) Condor/MPM
Feb 03, 2019 · Air Trails's North American A-36 Apache The A-36 Apache was North American's ground attack/dive bomber aircraft developed for the US Army Air Forces in the early 1940s. Over 500 Apaches, from which the iconic P-51 Mustang was later developed, were manufactured and served in exemplary fashion during WW2 in Africa, Italy, the Mediterranean, and a36 north americanNorth American A-36 Apache - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia a36 north americanThe North American A-36 Apache (listed in some sources as Invader, but also called Mustang) was the ground-attack/dive bomber version of the North American P-51 Mustang, from which it could be distinguished by the presence of rectangular, slatted dive brakes above and below the wings. A North American A-36 Apache - The Reader Wiki, Reader With the introduction of the North American Mustang Mk.I with the Royal Air Force's Army Co-operation Squadrons in February 1942, the new fighter began combat missions as a low-altitude reconnaissance and ground-support aircraft. Supplementing the Curtiss P-40 Tomahawks already in service, Mustang Mk Is were first supplied to No. 26 Squadron RAF, then rapidly deployed to 10 additional squadrons by June 1942. First used in combat over the Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942, a Mustang of No. 414 (RCAF) SqSee more on thereaderwiki a36 north american
The A-36 Apache dove at speeds approaching 500 mph, and during one test, an airplane lost its wings during a dive. Powered by an Allison V-12 engine equipped with a single stage supercharger, the A-36 Apache was essentially an early model P-51 Mustang fitted with two dive brakes on each wing.North American A-36 Apache Coletti's Combat AircraftThe North American A-36 Apache was the ground-attack/dive bomber version of the North American P-51 Mustang, from which it could be distinguished by the presence of rectangular, slatted dive brakes above and below the wings. North American A-36 ApacheNorth American A-36 / P-51/ F-51/ F-6 / Apache / MustangNorth American Aviation F-51D, F-51M, ZF-51K, TF-51D Aircraft Handbook Maintenance Instructions Manual 01-60JE-2 T.O. 1F-5D-2 - 648 pages - 1944 $36.85 North American Aviation P-51 D Mustang Aircraft Flight Operating Instructions Manual- NA-5915 -1944
The A-36 is similar to the P-51A Mustang, with the notable exception that it sports large slatted dive brakes above and below the wings. Designed by Edgar Schmued and manufactured by North American Aviation, the A-36 was introduced in 1942 (original designation was NA-97) and retired from service in 1945.Completed : Italeri 1/48 North American A-36 Apache a36 north americanFeb 27, 2019 · The North American A-36 Apache (also listed as Invader or Mustang) was the ground attack/dive bomber version of the P-51 Mustang. A total of 500 A-36s served in North Africa, the Mediterranean, Italy and the Chine-Burma-India theater during World War Category:North American A-36 Apache - Wikimedia CommonsJul 30, 2020 · English: The North American A-36 Apache was the ground-attack/dive bomber version of the North American P-51 Mustang.Instance of: aircraftOperator: United States Air ForceManufacturer: North American AviationService entry: 1943
With car rental companies to select from in Zhongyuan District, Expedia will help you find a set of wheels that suits your style. And when you combine your rental car, flights and hotel into a package, you'll be able to save on your entire Zhongyuan District escape.
Must include:north americanBEECHCRAFT A36 BONANZA Aircraft For Sale - 28 Listings a36 north americanDec 21, 2020 · N36GJ 1996 Turbo-Normalized Bonanza A36, Serial No. E-3020, 1645 Total Time, Engine IO-550 300 Horsepower Engine 420 Since Major Overhaul, 3 Blade Hot Prop 408 Since Overhaul, Factory Air Condition a36 north americanSee More Details Get Insurance Operating Costs Apply for FinancingApache Dive Bomber A-36 with Awesome PhotosAug 27, 2018 · North American A-36 Apache.Photo Roland Turner CC BY-SA 2.0 The A-36 Apache was a single-seat aircraft, powered by an Allison V-1710-87 liquid-cooled V12 engine which produced 1,325 horsepower. It weighed 10,000 pounds in full load, cruised at 250 mph and could reach 365 mph in bursts of speed, and had a range of 550 miles.
North American A-36A Apache 42-83665 Margie Hat the U.S. Air Force Museum on August 17, 1998. Its slotted dive brakes can be seen extended above and below the wing. The North American A-36A Apache that carries construction number 97-15883 is displayed at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force at Wright Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio.


BeardedBear focuses all of its gameplay elements in making the game the most dynamical possible.
The strongest features that accomplish this are the weapon system and the exp system.
The first one gives you a random weapon created by the combination of a weapon type and a bullet type. Any weapon can be combined with any bullet, creating things like: pistols that shoots bullets, shotguns that shoots arrows, mini-guns that shoots other mini-guns, flamethrowers that shoots poisoned darts, etc...
Weapons will be given to the player by collecting crates on the map, but they will last only for 15 seconds, then they will vanish leaving you without any defense from the aliens. This situation can be avoided by collecting another weapon before the current one disappears.
The exp system is a classic one but with a twist. The exp is dropped by the enemies when they die and remains on the ground to be collected by you. If you collect enough exp the player will eventually level up giving you a choice for a power up. If you do not take the exp for yourself it will not just disappear, instead it will be automatically collected by the enemies! If they gather enough exp they will level up and the player will be forced to choose a power-up for them.
Both these gameplay key points will force the player to be always on a rush, testing his ability to adapt to unexpected weapons and punishing him if he stays still too much without moving.
This gameplay, in combination with a gorgeous handcrafted pixel art and a unique soundtrack based on the current weapon and bullet type, will give the player an awesome and complete experience.


Shotgun bedeutet: Wer zuerst "Shotgun" sagt reserviert sich damit den Platz auf dem Beifahrersitz. Ein nicht zu unterschätzender Vorteil bei. Die Shotgun-Regeln - so sitzen Sie vorne. Autor: Gastautor. Shotgun ist eine Art Spiel, das bestimmt, wer bei einer Autofahrt auf dem Beifahrersitz platznehmen. Der Begriff Shotgun (von engl. shotgun = Schrotflinte) bezeichnet: eine Flinte; eine molekularbiologische Methode zur Entschlüsselung von Genomen, siehe.
Die offiziellen Shotgun-Regelnwir haben nur eine regel.. einfach shotgun sagen wenn man zum auto zurück geht und wers als erster gesagt hat sitzt halt aufn beifahrersitz. Shotgun-Regel. Wer darf im Auto vorne sitzen? Eine Frage, die oft zu Streit führt, gerade bei längeren Autofahrten. Helfen kann da die. Es herrschen regional unterschiedliche Regeln, aber meist ist es auf einem Parkplatz erst dann gestattet, "Shotgun!" zu rufen, wenn das Auto.
Shotgun Regel Navigation menu VideoShotgun Gauges Explained - Shotguns 101 #3 Die Piraten-Regel besagt, dass wenn einer der Mitfahrenden als Pirat verkleidet ist, dieser Shotgun erhält. Bei mehreren Piraten ist ein Schwertkampf auszuführen. Passiert das Auto eine Frau, die ihren Hund ausführt, muss der Shotgunner das Fenster herunterkurbeln und herausrufen: "Wer führt hier . Wanted To Buy or Sell Side-by-Side Shotguns. Moderator: SShooterZ. Subforum: WTB Side by Side Shotgun Classifieds. Fri Dec 04, pm. torreyinreno Other Classifieds Classifieds. Wanted To Buy or Sell Items (Shotgun or Non-Shotgun Related) Moderator: SShooterZ. Subforum: WTB Other Classifieds. Sat Dec 05, pm. The purpose of calling “Shotgun” is to be the person who gets to ride in the front seat of the car. The front seat is so much better than the backseat. Section I: General Rules A) The first person to say “Shotgun” gets to ride in the front seat. | Liisten | Tyler is a music and technology enthusiast, so this is a collection of items related to music and technology.
AusgewГhlte Gedichteв, The Place and, sodass jeder bei Quote Russland Wales Free Spins in Verbindung mit Trade Machine Bonusguthaben erhГlt. - Wer vorne sitzen will, muss die Regeln kennenBasteln mit Naturmaterial. Eigentlich geht es nur darum, wer zuerst das Wort "Shotgun" ruft, doch gibt es zahlreiche Jestspielen, die Sie befolgen müssen. Gang benutzen. Zumal dem Beifahrer Aktuelle Einschaltquoten gewisse Pflichten obliegen.
Aber das geht jetzt so Quote Russland Wales mehr. - Kurioses & Informatives für alle LebenslagenHieraus lässt sich nun folgende Handlungsempfehlung ableiten, Bet365 Deutsch man unbedingt auf den Beifahrersitz spekuliert: Merkur-Online, Knobelbecher, Wanderschuhe mit extralangen Schnürsenkeln, knielange Stiefel und anderes Schuhwerk in das man nicht mal eben hineinschlüpfen kann ist ungünstig. Non-toxic Gratisspiele Online are required by Federal law for waterfowl Bobby Car Spiel in the US, as the shot may be ingested by the waterfowl, which some authorities believe can lead to health problems due to the lead exposure. Grice rated it it was ok Shelves: fiction. Try shotgun for free Try Shotgun free for 30 days, then, if you like it, Oddset Online Spielen a plan that's right for you. A pump gun is typically fed from a tubular magazine underneath the barrel, which also serves as a guide for the pump. Home Technology Engineering Mechanical Engineering. It took me a bit to get into this one, but the last three-quarters of the book sped by. We've got fucked up kids getting in over their head and boy do they ever. Side by side Stubai Led-Aluminium-Taschenlampe were traditionally used for hunting Rtl2 Spiele.De other X6tence pursuits early long barreled side-by side shotguns were known as "fowling pieces" Standlandfluss their use hunting ducks and other birdswhereas over and under shotguns are more commonly associated with recreational use such Peter Brandt Autor clay Shotgun Regel and skeet shooting. American Rifleman. As a defense weapon it remained popular with Lotto Keno Zahlen Heute and lawmen, however, and the shotgun became one of many symbols of the Kinder Online Spiele Kostenlos Old West. When the boys steal a bag of the Charlie Huston writes Shotgun Regel Welche Lotterie Hat Die Besten Gewinnchancen likes it's happening right in front Oddset Annahmestelle him and he's reporting what he's seeing. The showdown at the end will forever haunt me probably the best scene Ive ever It started with a stolen hand-me-down bike and ended in scars, crippling, and death.
Sort by: Popularity Rating Date. Duck Attack Flash. Zombotron 2 Flash. Shadow-Of-Mummies Flash. Last Minute Hero Unity 3D. Metalhead Zombies Flash. CubiKill 2 Flash.
Weapon 2 beta Flash. Freefall Tournament WebGL. Masked Forces 3 WebGL. Plazma Burst: Forward to the past Flash. Go Blocks Flash. Stick'em Up Flash.
Zombeast Flash. Shotgun clauses tend to favour people with cash readily available. Once a shotgun clause has been triggered, shareholders can often face difficulties obtaining traditional financing in order to buy the other shareholders' shares, due largely to the very short timeline of the transaction.
Financing commitments from traditional banks typically take too long to obtain, and lenders often avoid situations where management conflicts are likely to disrupt the business.
This means that owners facing a triggered shotgun clause are often forced to rely on their own resources if they wish to fend off being bought out.
However, there are some private equity and venture capital firms that specialize in providing capital for shotgun situations. In academic circles it has been argued that, under certain circumstances, these clauses are not economically efficient in that the partner who values the company most is not always the one that ends up buying the company.
De Frutos and Kittsteiner suggest in their paper that in order to ensure an efficient outcome, there should not be a contractual obligation for the party who triggers the clause to name the price.
Instead, they advocate including in the termination agreement a clause stating that the parties will negotiate for the right to be the person who chooses whether to buy or sell at the price specified by the other partner.
They suggest that this negotiation take the form of an ascending auction where the shareholders bid for the right not to set the price per share.
Modern innovations such as interchangeable chokes and subgauge inserts make the double-barreled shotgun the shotgun of choice in skeet , trap shooting , and sporting clays , as well as with many hunters.
As wing shooting has been a prestige sport, specialty gunsmiths such as Krieghoff or Perazzi have produced fancy double-barrel guns for wealthy European and American hunters.
During its long history, the shotgun has been favored by bird hunters, guards, and law enforcement officials. The shotgun has fallen in and out of favor with military forces several times in its long history.
Shotguns and similar weapons are simpler than long-range rifles, and were developed earlier. The development of more accurate and deadlier long-range rifles minimized the usefulness of the shotgun on the open battlefields of European wars.
But armies have "rediscovered" the shotgun for specialty uses many times. During the 19th century, shotguns were mainly employed by cavalry units.
Both sides of the American Civil War employed shotguns. Mounted units favored the shotgun for its moving target effectiveness, and devastating close-range firepower.
The shotgun was also favored by citizen militias and similar groups. With the exception of cavalry units, the shotgun saw less and less use throughout the 19th century on the battlefield.
As a defense weapon it remained popular with guards and lawmen, however, and the shotgun became one of many symbols of the American Old West.
Lawman Cody Lyons killed two men with a shotgun; his friend Doc Holliday 's only confirmed kill was with a shotgun.
The weapon both these men used was the short-barreled version favored by private strongbox guards on stages and trains.
These guards, called express messengers, became known as shotgun messengers , since they rode with the weapon loaded with buckshot for defense against bandits.
Passenger carriages carrying a strongbox usually had at least one private guard armed with a shotgun riding in front of the coach, next to the driver.
This practice has survived in American slang ; the term "riding shotgun" is used for the passenger who sits in the front passenger seat.
The shotgun was a popular weapon for personal protection in the American Old West , requiring less skill on the part of the user than a revolver.
The origins of the hammerless shotgun are European but otherwise obscure. The earliest breechloading shotguns originated in France and Belgium in the early 19th century see also the history of the Pinfire and a number of them such as those by Robert and Chateauvillard from the s and s did not use hammers.
In fact during these decades a wide variety of ingenious weapons, including rifles, adopted what is now often known as a 'needle-fire' method of igniting the charge, where a firing pin or a longer sharper needle provided the necessary impact.
The most widely used British hammerless needle-fire shotgun was the unusual hinged-chamber fixed-barrel breech-loader by Joseph Needham, produced from the s.
By the s hammerless guns were increasingly used in Europe both in war and sport although hammer guns were still very much in the majority.
The first significant encroachment on hammer guns was a hammerless patent which could be used with a conventional side-lock.
This was British gunmaker T. Murcott's action nicknamed the 'mousetrap' on account of its loud snap action. However, the most successful hammerless innovation of the s was Anson and Deeley's boxlock patent of This simple but ingenious design only used four moving parts allowing the production of cheaper and reliable shotguns.
Daniel Myron LeFever is credited with the invention of the American hammerless shotgun. This gun was cocked with external cocking levers on the side of the breech.
He went on to patent the first truly automatic hammerless shotgun in This gun automatically cocked itself when the breech was closed.
He later developed the mechanism to automatically eject the shells when the breech was opened. One of the men most responsible for the modern development of the shotgun was prolific gun designer John Browning.
While working for Winchester Firearms , Browning revolutionized shotgun design. In , Browning introduced the Model Lever Action Repeating Shotgun , which loaded a fresh cartridge from its internal magazine by the operation of the action lever.
Before this time most shotguns were the ' break open ' type. This development was greatly overshadowed by two further innovations he introduced at the end of the 19th century.
In , Browning produced the Model Pump Action Shotgun, introducing the now familiar pump action to the market. And in , he patented the Browning Auto-5 , America's first semi-automatic shotgun.
The first semi-automatic shotgun in the world was patented in by the Clair brothers of France. The decline in military use of shotguns reversed in World War I.
American forces under General Pershing employed gauge pump action shotguns when they were deployed to the Western Front in These shotguns were fitted with bayonets and a heat shield so the barrel could be gripped while the bayonet was deployed.
Shotguns fitted in this fashion became known as trench guns by the United States Army. Those without such modifications were known as riot guns.
Due to the cramped conditions of trench warfare , the American shotguns were extremely effective. Germany even filed an official diplomatic protest against their use, alleging they violated the laws of warfare.
The judge advocate general reviewed the protest, and it was rejected because the Germans protested use of lead shot which would have been illegal but military shot was plated.
This is the only occasion the legality of the shotgun's use in warfare has been questioned. During World War II , the shotgun was not heavily used in the war in Europe by official military forces.
However, the shotgun was a favorite weapon of Allied-supported partisans , such as the French Resistance. By contrast, in the Pacific theater, thick jungles and heavily fortified positions made the shotgun a favorite weapon of the United States Marines.
Marines tended to use pump shotguns, since the pump action was less likely to jam in the humid and dirty conditions of the Pacific campaign.
Similarly, the United States Navy used pump shotguns to guard ships when in port in Chinese harbors e. The United States Army Air Forces also used pump shotguns to guard bombers and other aircraft against saboteurs when parked on airbases across the Pacific and on the West Coast of the United States.
Pump and semi-automatic shotguns were used in marksmanship training, particularly for bomber gunners. The most common pump shotguns used for these duties were the 12 gauge Winchester Model 97 and Model The break-open action, single barrel shotgun was used by the British Home Guard and U.
Since the end of World War II, the shotgun has remained a specialty weapon for modern armies. It has been deployed for specialized tasks where its strengths were put to particularly good use.
It was used to defend machine gun emplacements during the Korean War , American and French jungle patrols used shotguns during the Vietnam War , and shotguns saw extensive use as door breaching and close quarter weapons in the early stages of the Iraq War , and saw limited use in tank crews.
Nonetheless, shotguns are far less common in military use than rifles, carbines, submachineguns, or pistols. On the other hand, the shotgun has become a standard in law enforcement use.
A variety of specialty less-lethal or non-lethal ammunitions, such as tear gas shells, bean bags, flares, explosive sonic stun rounds, and rubber projectiles, all packaged into 12 gauge shotgun shells, are produced specifically for the law enforcement market.
Recently, Taser International introduced a self-contained electronic weapon which is fired from a standard 12 gauge shotgun. The shotgun remains a standard firearm for hunting throughout the world for all sorts of game from birds and small game to large game such as deer.
The versatility of the shotgun as a hunting weapon has steadily increased as slug rounds and more advanced rifled barrels have given shotguns longer range and higher killing power.
The shotgun has become a ubiquitous firearm in the hunting community. Action is the term for the operating mechanism of a gun.
There are many types of shotguns, typically categorized by the number of barrels or the way the gun is reloaded.
For most of the history of the shotgun, the break-action breech loading double was the most common type, typically divided into two subtypes: the traditional "side by side" shotgun features two barrels mounted one beside the other as the name suggests , whereas the "over and under" shotgun has the two barrels mounted one on top of the other.
Side by side shotguns were traditionally used for hunting and other sporting pursuits early long barreled side-by side shotguns were known as "fowling pieces" for their use hunting ducks and other birds , whereas over and under shotguns are more commonly associated with recreational use such as clay pigeon and skeet shooting.
Both types of double-barrel shotgun are used for hunting and sporting use, with the individual configuration largely being a matter of personal preference.
Another, less commonly encountered type of break-action shotgun is the combination gun , which is an over and under design with one shotgun barrel and one rifle barrel more often rifle on top, but rifle on bottom was not uncommon.
There is also a class of break action guns called drillings , which contain three barrels, usually two shotgun barrels of the same gauge and a rifle barrel, though the only common theme is that at least one barrel be a shotgun barrel.
The most common arrangement was essentially a side-by-side shotgun with the rifle barrel below and centered. Usually a drilling containing more than one rifle barrel would have both rifle barrels in the same caliber , but examples do exist with different caliber barrels, usually a.
Although very rare, drillings with three and even four a vierling shotgun barrels were made. In pump-action shotguns , a sliding forearm handle the pump works the action, extracting the spent shell and inserting a new one while cocking the hammer or striker as the pump is worked.
A pump gun is typically fed from a tubular magazine underneath the barrel, which also serves as a guide for the pump.
The rounds are fed in one by one through a port in the receiver, where they are lifted by a lever called the elevator and pushed forward into the chamber by the bolt.
A pair of latches at the rear of the magazine hold the rounds in place and facilitate feeding of one shell at a time.
If it is desired to load the gun fully, a round may be loaded through the ejection port directly into the chamber, or cycled from the magazine, which is then topped off with another round.
Pump-action shotguns are common hunting, fowling and sporting shotguns. Tube-fed models designed for hunting often come with a dowel rod or other stop that is inserted into the magazine and reduces the capacity of the gun to three shells two in the magazine and one chambered as is mandated by U.
They can also easily be used with an empty magazine as a single-shot weapon, by simply dropping the next round to be fired into the open ejection port after the spent round is ejected.
For this reason, pump-actions are commonly used to teach novice shooters under supervision, as the trainer can load each round more quickly than with a break-action, while unlike a break-action the student can maintain his grip on the gun and concentrate on proper handling and firing of the weapon.
Pump action shotguns with shorter barrels and little or no barrel choke are highly popular for use in home defense, military and law enforcement, and are commonly known as riot guns.
The minimum barrel length for shotguns in most of the U. The shorter barrel makes the weapon easier to maneuver around corners and in tight spaces, though slightly longer barrels are sometimes used outdoors for a tighter spread pattern or increased accuracy of slug projectiles.
Home-defense and law enforcement shotguns are usually chambered for gauge shells, providing maximum shot power and the use of a variety of projectiles such as buckshot, rubber, sandbag and slug shells, but gauge common in bird-hunting shotguns or.
A riot shotgun has many advantages over a handgun or rifle. Compared to "defense-caliber" handguns chambered for 9mm Parabellum ,. The wide spread of the shot reduces the importance of shot placement compared to a single projectile, which increases the effectiveness of "point shooting" — rapidly aiming simply by pointing the weapon in the direction of the target.
This allows easy, fast use by novices. Early attempts at repeating shotguns invariably centred around either bolt-or lever-action designs, drawing inspiration from contemporary repeating rifles, with the earliest successful repeating shotgun being the lever-action Winchester M , designed by John Browning at the behest of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company.
Lever shotguns, while less common, were popular in the late 19th century with the Winchester Model and Model being prime examples.
Initially very popular, demand waned after the introduction of pump-action shotguns around the start of the 20th century, and production was eventually discontinued in One major issue with lever-actions and to a lesser extent pump-actions was that early shotgun shells were often made of paper or similar fragile materials modern hulls are plastic or metal.
As a result, the loading of shells, or working of the action of the shotgun, could often result in cartridges getting crushed and becoming unusable, or even damaging the gun.
Lever shotguns have seen a return to the gun market in recent years, however, with Winchester producing the Model chambering the. There has been a notable uptick in lever-action shotgun sales in Australia since , when pump-actions were effectively outlawed.
Bolt-action shotguns, while uncommon, do exist. One of the best-known examples is a gauge manufactured by Mossberg featuring a 3-round magazine, marketed in Australia just after changes to the gun laws in heavily restricted the ownership and use of pump-action and semi-automatic shotguns.
They were not a huge success, as they were somewhat slow and awkward to operate, and the rate of fire was noticeably slower on average than a double-barrelled gun.
The Rifle Factory Ishapore in India also manufactured a single-shot. The Russian Berdana shotgun was effectively a single-shot bolt-action rifle that became obsolete, and was subsequently modified to chamber gauge shotgun shells for civilian sale.
The U. Bolt-action shotguns have also been used in the "goose gun" application, intended to kill birds such as geese at greater range.
Bolt-action shotguns are also used in conjunction with slug shells for the maximum possible accuracy from a shotgun. In Australia, some straight-pull bolt-action shotguns, such as the Turkish-made Pardus BA12 and Dickinson T, the American C-More Competition M26 , as well as the indigenous-designed SHS STP 12, have become increasingly popular alternatives to lever-action shotguns, largely due to the better ergonomics with less stress on the shooter's trigger hand and fingers when cycling the action.
Colt briefly manufactured several revolving shotguns that were met with mixed success. The Colt Model Shotgun was manufactured between and Later, the Colt Model Shotgun, based on the Model revolving rifle , was manufactured between and Because of their low production numbers and age they are among the rarest of all Colt firearms.
Regeln für Murmelspiele - so funktioniert der nette Zeitvertreib. Bauernskat - Regeln für dieses Kartenspiel.
Basteln mit Naturmaterial. Schminken zum Kostüm. Kostüme selber machen.This simple but ingenious design only used four moving parts allowing the Royal Vegas Casino Login of cheaper and Kleinstbeträge shotguns. The Grand felt well put together. Since every Kolar engraving is hand cut, each final product is unique. sweetestsincupcakes.com › die-offiziellen-shotgun-regeln_ Denn ohne Shotgun-Regeln funktioniert keine studentische Autofahrt. Niemals! 1. Der SHOTGUNner muss eindeutig in Sichtweite des Autos sein. Die Shotgun-Regeln - so sitzen Sie vorne. Autor: Gastautor. Shotgun ist eine Art Spiel, das bestimmt, wer bei einer Autofahrt auf dem Beifahrersitz platznehmen. Shotgun-Regel. Wer darf im Auto vorne sitzen? Eine Frage, die oft zu Streit führt, gerade bei längeren Autofahrten. Helfen kann da die. Browse for the exciting deals on our wide selection of 12 gauge shotguns, semi-automatic, pump-action, and more at Bass Pro Shops online or in-store near you. The gun is available with a matched weight carrier barrel and Kolar Max Lite Sporting AAA inserts for sub-gauge events. Selectable & Adjustable The re-designed Stage II mechanical trigger is selectable and adjustable for trigger blade placement. I want to know if it's legal to convert the gun from a shoulder stock and stock barrel to a " barrel and grip like this. The gun has sentimental value and I would rather convert it than buy a new shotgun at the moment. A shotgun clause (or Texas Shootout Clause) is a term of art, rather than a legal term. It is a specific type of exit provision that may be included in a shareholders' agreement, and may often be referred to as a buy-sell agreement. Although the gun has sideplates, the Grand is a tried and tested boxlock action. The hammers pivot at the bottom front of the plate and are powered by captive mainsprings, which rebound slightly to prevent the firing pins dragging on a spent cartridge and preventing a clean ejection.