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Log in or Sign up. Trap Shooters Forum. Recently members have been receiving an email about confirming their account. Do not click the link. If you have done so and entered your login information, change your password immediately, and ensure the email address on your account is correct. This is a phishing scam designed to take your login information. Members are required to have 50 posts before using the Classifieds Area, or PM system to contact. Any subversion of these rules will result in action taken against your account.
Attention: We have put together a thread with tips and a tutorial video to help with using the new software. Please take a moment to check out the thread here: Trapshooters. Beretta Trap??? Previous Thread Next Thread. Joined: Jan 29, Messages: 2, Thanks in advance for your input. Remove Advertisement. Case,choke tubes, barrel? It is the super trap model with the 30 inch barrel and the three combs to adjust POI.
Joined: Jan 29, Messages: Edwin DOct 10, Joined: Aug 17, Messages: Depending on all of that it can go anywhere from But that is with all correct parts. So say its a trap reciever with a sporting barrel, that would lower the value. SouthMetro ShooterOct 10, Joined: Jul 16, Messages: Trap receivers that I have owned and all that I have seen in the variation all said sporting on the receiver. I have never seen one marked trap. That doesn't mean there were none marked as such. Just that I have never seen one.
Also on the early 's both the sporting clays model and the trap model had identical step rib barrels. The point of impact is controlled by spacers and the trap models had either three different comb heights, as in the super trap, or a monte carlo stock while the sporting clays had a standard non monte carlo stock. Hoosier DaddyOct 11, Beretta made two versions of the Trap. It came with choke tubes and a butt-stock with the spacer shims.Log in or Sign up.
Trap Shooters Forum. Recently members have been receiving an email about confirming their account.
Do not click the link. If you have done so and entered your login information, change your password immediately, and ensure the email address on your account is correct. This is a phishing scam designed to take your login information. Members are required to have 50 posts before using the Classifieds Area, or PM system to contact. Any subversion of these rules will result in action taken against your account. Attention: We have put together a thread with tips and a tutorial video to help with using the new software.
Please take a moment to check out the thread here: Trapshooters. Beretta 32" super trap barrel! Previous Thread Next Thread.
Beretta 32 I don't have a horse in this race, but I will tell you that I traded a Moneymaker adj. It swings just right for me and is a target chrusher. Remove Advertisement.
Joined: Feb 7, Messages: 6, Location: rock port, mo. Beretta 32 you have a pm--wally riebesell. Joined: Jan 29, Messages: Beretta 32 I will take the barrel if it is still available Bob C. BobCAug 23, You must log in or sign up to reply here.
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Create Free Account Already a member? Log In. Free Membership Benefits Discuss firearms and all aspects of firearm ownership Join others in organizing against anti-gun legislation Buy, sell, and trade in our classified section Find nearby gun shops, ranges, training, and other resources Discover free outdoor shooting areas Stay up to date on firearm-related events Share photos and video with other members Skeet and Trap Shooting Gun.
Messages Reactions I have some interest in getting into trap and or skeet shooting and im looking for shotgun suggestions, mainly interested in semi auto and not looking to spend a whole lot of money. Any help? Under those criteria I would look for a used or I'd probably want the flexibility of screw in chokes as well so look for that. Saw a nice 20 gauge at the Rickreall gun show for I was really tempted to buy it but wasn't quite what I was looking for.
If you're really strapped for cash I'd pick up an My brother and I learned on them from the get-go and I don't think there is really a disadvantage to them, other than your arm gets a bit of exercise!
Key-Hay North Carolina. When I got started I was short on cash so I picked up a Mossburg auto and it worked fine. The Remington Spartans are not too expensive. Cougfan2 Hillsboro, OR. Messages 3, Reactions Trap and Skeet are completely different games. That being said, any decent pump or semi auto with screw in chokes will work. I grew up shooting Trap and Skeet with pump shotguns. For trap it isn't as important, but shooting skeet with a pump is challenging, but rewarding as you will learn to shuck that sucker really fast on doubles.
If you really want a double gun eventually, save your pennies and get a decent one either new or used. If you're serious about getting into Trap shooting, buy a Trap Grade gun.Browse our used gun inventory below.
Our inventory is constantly chaning, be sure to check back often. Looking for something specific? Beretta Receiver and Forearm Iron - 12 gauge receiver and iron only. Receiver in very nice condition, forearm iron blue looks good.
All " Barrels 12 Gauge. View Details. Save For Later. Beretta Sporting - 12 gauge 30" barrels, B-fast adjustable comb, comes in case with 5 extended optima HP choke tubes, excellent condition, just a few minor handling marks in the wood. Right-Handed Sporting 30" Barrels 12 Gauge. Left-Handed Sporting 32" Barrels 12 Gauge. Right-Handed Sporting 32" Barrels 12 Gauge. NEW - K Trap Special Unsingle barrel, 12 gauge, 34" with standard trap special rib, comes with one titanium choke tube.
Trap 34" Barrels 12 Gauge. Krieghoff KX-6 Trap Single - 12 gauge, 34" single trap with factory adjustable rib and comb, enhanced grain wood and blued receiver. Comes in canvas case with 4 choke tubes. Very nice condition with a few little handling marks. Right-Handed Trap 34" Barrels 12 Gauge.
Beretta Series barrels, 28 gauge to fit 12 gauge frame.
The barrels can be fitted to, or receivers. These are new barrels and they will require fitting. Sporting 30" Barrels 28 Gauge. Field 26" Barrels 12 Gauge. All 30" Barrels 12 Gauge. Excellent condition, just a few handling marks. Sporting 28" Barrels 12 Gauge. Only about 2 years old. Right-Handed Trap 32" Barrels 12 Gauge. Beretta Sporting barrels - 12 gauge, 30", ported, some slight handling marks here and there, comes with 3 extended Optima choke tubes. Sporting 30" Barrels 12 Gauge. Comes with 1 Optima flush IM choke.
Barrel will require fitting. Barrels 32" long, come with 5 flush choke tubes, wide sporting rib with front and mid beads. Barrels include forearm and iron. They will require fitting. Sporting 32" Barrels 28 Gauge.Beretta Comp 12 Gauge Semi-Auto 24" Beretta A Xcel Multi-Target 12ga.
Beretta A Xcel 12ga. View Category. Trades Accepted: Sorry, no trades, no layaway Read More. At Bay state Gun Buyers we have over 20 years experience helping you get the best value when you decide to buy or sell firearms. Weather your looking for Pistols, Revolvers, Rifles, Shotguns, Hunting or Target, We are fully experienced and fully staffed to satisfy every aspect of your firearms requirements and expectations.
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Gun remains very good with little overall wear. This barrel has screw-in choke which currently Is choked. Barrel is also ported. The receiver is excellent with very little to no wear. Semi-auto functions flawlessly. Furniture is very good with a few light surface marks, dings. Thank You.Moderator: shotgunworld. Beretta ST? Posted: Sun Oct 19, am. I'm considering purchasing a ST from a local gun shop. However, they don't seem to know what a ST is and neither do I, besides it looks similar to the regular Any insight you folks could provide would be great.
The gun is in great condition and has a high gloss finish. Does this seem like a fair price? Posted: Sun Oct 19, pm. Price is fair, the ST is a sub-model designation. I have one but don't remember if it stands for trap or something else. It is a good gun and very reliable.
It is no different internally than any other I believe it stands for "Skeet and Trap" model. In fact I was shooting today with someone who has one, but didn't look at it too closely.
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Don't know if the LOP, drop, etc. Suggest you call Beretta and ask be prepared for a bit of a wait on the phone. Uglydog, What do you mean by "Sub model designation"? Is it a cheaper version of the standard ?
Thanks for the info by the way. The length of pull would be the same as all other models except the RLs which are an inch shorter than standard.
Uh...oops! Something Broke.
The installed shim would be different as might the extra supplied shims. Posted: Mon Oct 20, pm. I'am looking at page of R.
Then I checked out page and it shows a " ST Sport which has the round reciever. I quess the only way to tell is by the recoil pad and the type barrel. By sub-model I mean a variation of the basici. Trap, Field, Skeet, Sporting Clays, etc.
All versions have the same basic components, the only model that is different is the which is commonly seen at Wal-Mart and is different from the in that the does not have the magazine cut off lever which is no big deal. The ST does not mean steel cap, the L was added to designate an alminum cap. My field model was an early model marked A and had he steel cap. I switched the caps as I wanted a little less weight in the field and a little more at the range.
I do not remember what letters came behind thebut I think it said AL in front of the Now guest 2 mentioned something about steel and aluminum foreend caps. Other than the obvious difference in materials what is the difference between the steel and aluminum caps. Is one of these more desirable than the other? Posted: Tue Oct 21, am.
Some target shooters prefer the steel cap as it is 2 oz heavier than the aluminum cap and gives them a bit more forward weight.I have a Beretta I must honestly suggest that the gun punched the hell out of me. I fired one practice round and registered singles. My cheek was severely slapped, and my shoulder bruised, seems the toe of the stock was too high in the shoulder.
A couple of questions have come to mind since. My left eye is my master eye, thus I tried shooting this gun left-handed. I had learned long ago as a member of The New Jersey State Rifle Team that the eye dictates the shoulder from which the weapon is fired.
I always shoot rifles left handed, but, I wonder? This may sound crazy after admitting to the above, but, when I shoulder this Beretta right handed, I am looking directly down the center of the rib, and, though it lacks a center bead, my eye looks at the proper amount of rib. My question, or questions are: Is there something wrong with the Beretta?
Can I shoot right handed without any further adjustment. This would be nice as my left shoulder has taken a lifetime of recoil, and then some. Would a piece of transparent tape over my left lens do more harm than good? Seems my old turkey loads kicked less from my Mossberg. Attacking things in no particular order. Federal Grand American shells- The Federal Grand American handicap loads that I bought when I was at the Grand in Vandalia two years ago were definitely a bit hotter than a normal 3 dram load.
Be that as it may, a slightly hotter load should not have caused your symptoms. It has to be something else. I doubt that there is anything mechanically wrong with the You never mentioned that it failed to function. If it had, I believe that you would have said so.
One of my s required this, but now works perfectly. In that order usually. There are really too many variables to get into without seeing you in action- but naturally, I cannot resist taking a few guesses. As a cross dominant shooter, my guess is that you are keeping your head very erect when you bring the gun up to your cheek.
This is why only a small part of the toe of the butt is against your shoulder and the rest is sticking out in the air. This means that all the recoil is concentrated into the little part of the butt that is on your shoulder, instead of spreading it out over the entire butt the way it should be. Having just a little bit of the butt on the shoulder would also make the gun move a great deal on firing.
This would cause the face slap in a big way. The problem may well be in your gun mount. I suggest that you try mounting the gun as follows: mount the gun to your shoulder so that the ENTIRE butt of the gun is against the shoulder. Now, with the gun in the shoulder, raise the shoulder up towards the face until the stock properly contacts the cheek.
This way the butt will be fully in contact with the shoulder and the comb will still be on the cheek. Avoid having part of the butt on the shoulder and part sticking out above. This may seem awkward at first because you are doing it left handed, but I do believe that it will go a long way towards solving your problem. If you want to switch from left to right shoulder, give it a try, but make sure that you mount the gun as I have described above.
If you want to try right handed shooting with a left master eye, a piece of frosty Scotch tape on the left lens is fine. To put it on right, mount the gun as if you were shooting and have some one put the patch on the lens so that it just obscures your front bead. You do not need, or want, to cover up the whole lens. The other alternative is just to close the left eye, either before you call for the bird or after you have identified its trajectory.


Best Stun Guns: The Best Stun Guns and Best Tasers for Self Defense Our team has selected our best stun gun and best TASER gun products to help you find the right self defense product. These stun guns are powerful, rechargeable, and durable. In response to Pocket Taser Stun Gun Story (funny!): My father just brought me a pocket size stun gun for protection. According to the onine shop he purchased it from, the device carries 1.8 million volts. I decided to do some research on regular people (as oppose to cops) using it as a weapon on their assailants. At only 3 1/2”x 1”, the compact stun gun can be attached to your keys and is easily concealable in your hand, pocket or purse. This is the smallest stun gun in the world! About the size of a pack of gum, the Night Watchman Mini Stun Gun packs the same power of a traditional-sized stun gun. This flashlight/stun gun is a great design. The flashlight works very well and makes a good check on the state of charge. 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Electric stun gun and flashlightMini sizeBlack metal coverElectric arc with pushbutton (exit of the head of the device) and torch with simple pressureOn/off button on the undersideVoltage outflow : 2 000 000 VTorch : 100 lumensUSB rechargeable 220V (cable provided)Provided with a belt sheathDelivered in a plastic box When the stun gun is applied to your assailant for 3 to 5 seconds a powerful electrical charge goes into his muscles causing them to over work depleting the body of all energy. All stun guns are small enough to hold in your hand. The Rechargeable Trigger Stun Gun is a good example. It is small enough to even fit in a woman's hand. A stun gun is one of the best self-defense tools on the market. It is easy to use and easy to conceal. The stun gun is not usually fatal but effective enough to immobilize an attacker which is why it is favored as a weapon. We tested 20 different kinds of stun guns based on the aforementioned criteria.


STUTTGART, Germany — Spanish and German missile manufacturers are leading an effort to develop a new hypersonic defense interceptor as part of the first batch of projects sponsored by the European Defense Fund.
In July, the European Union announced the winners of its first list of EDF-funded projects, which included 61 research and development projects and over $1.2 billion (US$1.23 billion) in public funds.
Among the highest awards is the European Hypersonic Defense Interceptor (EU HYDEF) program, which will cover the design phase to develop an endo-atmospheric interceptor, according to documents from the European Defense Fund. The program will last 36 months and is expected to cost nearly 110 million euros ($110.2 million). The EU will contribute a maximum of almost €100 million to this effort.
Spain’s Sener Aerospacial Sociedad Anonima coordinates the EU’s HYDEF program, while Germany’s Diehl Defense provides general technical direction, company officials said.
The aim is to build a “European interceptor targeting 2035+ threats, as well as weapons and sensor systems”, according to the EU factsheet. Sener, Diehl and their partners will work on the development and demonstration of the HYDEF interceptor.
At this stage, the EU’s HYDEF program remains in a negotiation phase with the European Commission and participating member states, said Fernando Quintana, director of weapons systems at Sener. Those negotiations will eventually lead to a grant agreement to transfer pre-allocated funds to the industry team, he told Defense News. The managing body for the program remains to be determined, he added – either the European Commission itself would oversee the effort or the Joint Intergovernmental Organization for Armament Cooperation (OCCAR).
The project is tied to the effort dubbed Timely alert and interception with space-based theater surveillance, or TWISTER, under the banner of the PESCO program, abbreviation of Permanent Structured Cooperation.
The end goal of the interceptor program is to implement a countermeasure that could eventually be integrated into an air defense system of systems capable of early warning, tracking and high performance aerial threat interception, including ballistic missile defense (BMD) and hypersonic vehicles. . “This system of systems is precisely what several European countries, including Spain, under the leadership of France, are developing in TWISTER,” Quintana noted.
A European Commission official declined to comment on specific EDF projects, citing ongoing grant agreement negotiations, but said that while the Commission itself does not link EDF proposals to existing PESCO projects, EDF applicants may choose to refer to a specific PESCO effort in their research or development process.
In addition to overall coordination, Sener will lead elements of the work related to guidance, navigation and control (GNC) systems, as well as communications, actuators and aerodynamic control, Quintana said. His work on EU HYDEF will be informed by his participation in the European Space Agency’s (ESA) future controlled space re-entry vehicle, the agency’s Intermediate Experimental Vehicle (IXV) and future unmanned orbital spaceplane “Space Rider”. Both of these vehicles will reach hypersonic speeds during reentry, Quintana noted. Sener also supplies actuation and control subsystems for MBDA’s METEOR air-to-air missile and Diehl’s IRIS-T interceptor.
Sener and Diehl have a long “close industrial relationship,” working on both the IRIS-T air-to-air and surface-launched medium-range (SLM) variants, Quintana said. “The success of this air defense missile and the experience gained by the companies in its development was the basis for Sener and Diehl to consider whether to jointly develop a much higher performance missile, such as the one proposed in EU HYDEF,” he said.
Meanwhile, Diehl is responsible for coordinating the “system of systems” component, as well as the engineering and design of the interception systems, Sinikka Salchow, EU HYDEF program manager, told Defense News. Diehl is also responsible for the design and simulation of the upstream system, as well as guidance, navigation and preflight control, Salchow said in an email. The missile components seeker and signal electronics will also fall under the competence of the German company.
The company will apply its experience from the IRIS-T SLM interceptor as well as Raytheon’s Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) Block 2B program to the European HYDEF project, particularly related to multi-mode and multi-spectral search technology. Diehl Defense has more than 18 years of experience in R&D of hypersonic technologies, as well as ballistic missile defense projects, Salchow noted.
Eleven additional partners are part of the EU HYDEF consortium. They include: Spanish Navantia; Escribano Mechanical and Engineering, GMV Aerospace and Defence, Instalaza SA and the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial Esteban Terradas of the Ministry of Defence; the Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych in Poland and the Aviation Institute in Warsaw; LK Engineering from the Czech Republic; Nammo from Norway; the Swedish space Ruag; and the Belgian group Sonaca.
Vivienne Machi is a journalist based in Stuttgart, Germany, who contributes to Defense News’ European coverage. She previously worked for National Defense Magazine, Defense Daily, Via Satellite, Foreign Policy and the Dayton Daily News. She was named the Defense Media Awards’ Best Young Defense Journalist in 2020.


Polymer 8, now Diversified Machine.
The ATF is acting under the Biden policies.
Pistol Braces, Suppressors, partial lowers, build kits – any firearm parts will become strictly regulated. Every part will require serial numbers. California wants bullet casings to have a serial stamped on it from the firearm when fired.
ATF under Biden will effectively prohibit a citizens ability to make their own firearms. Granted, making your own firearm for personal use and making parts for resell are very different. However, without parts, the supply chain shrinks, inventory becomes rare, and prices increase. Get your extra parts NOW.
Most people can not build a trigger or even an accurate barrel without special machinery. This machinery will also become highly restricted. Even bullet loaders could require a license to operate. Primers contain explosives, those could also be restricted to a licensed dealer only.
Without parts and without ammunition, firearms are what exactly? Squeeze those and it created a situation which helps the ATF – their primary job is to wipe their ass on the constitution.
We do what we can to ride out these types of administrations. Luckily, it is only 4 years. Conservatives need to get better organized and start taking over these organizations from within to affect real change.


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A Non-Proliferation Solution: Using Antineutrinos to Surveil Nuclear Reactors
Antineutrinos generated in nuclear fission can be measured to remotely monitor the operation of nuclear reactors and verify that they are not being used to produce nuclear weapons, report Tokyo Tech scientists. Thanks to a newly developed method, it is now possible to estimate a reactor’s operation status, fuel burnup, and fuel composition based entirely on its antineutrino emissions. This technique could contribute massively to nuclear non-proliferation efforts and, in turn, safer nuclear energy.
Nuclear power constitutes an essential source of energy in many countries worldwide, including France, USA, China, and Japan, among others. While nuclear power plants have less environmental impact than coal power plants with regards to climate change, the technology employed in them can be used for undesirable purposes, namely the production of materials for nuclear weapons. Thus, nuclear reactors should be closely monitored to ensure that they are not being secretly used to create nuclear warfare.
Against this backdrop, a research team, including Assistant Professor Chikako Ishizuka, Ms. Sasaki Karen, and Professor Sasaki Chiba from Tokyo Institute of Technology in Japan, has been working toward a practical method to remotely monitor the operation of nuclear reactors. Their paper was published in the Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology on 24 November 2023.
The proposed approach is based around an elusive elementary particle that is generated abundantly during nuclear fission: the antineutrino. “Antineutrinos are particles with no electric charge. They interact with materials only via the weak interaction. Thus, their surrounding matter is nearly transparent to them, meaning that antineutrinos generated inside a reactor travel almost freely outside, where they can be detected,” explains Dr. Ishizuka. “In this manner, reactor antineutrinos can act as potential messengers for conveying information, such as the fissile material composition, to the outside world.”
The researchers first developed a computational scheme to derive the antineutrino spectra that would be emitted in nuclear fission reactions involving 235U, 238U, 239P, and 241P, which are the most common nuclear fuels. These calculations were based on the gross theory of beta decay, which was developed in the 1960s and refined over several decades, thanks to improvements in measurement techniques and nuclear data libraries. Notably, these antineutrino spectra represent the aggregate contributions from numerous decaying fission products, which are different for each fuel.
The team then compared the results of their calculations with the fission product yields of three representative nuclear data libraries, finding good agreement. Based on these favorable results, they proceeded to develop a novel methodology to identify specific fission products in antineutrino spectra measured over several days. This approach would enable one to remotely estimate the operational status, fuel burnup, and fuel composition, of a nuclear reactor.
Upon further examination using experimental data, the researchers found that their technique worked particularly well for light-water reactors, with slightly higher accuracy for uranium isotopes compared to plutonium ones. Thus, if this strategy can be refined and practically implemented, it could serve as a foundation for remote monitoring schemes for nuclear reactors. “Using the approach proposed in this study, it would be possible to confirm whether nuclear reactors are being operated as declared and verify that no undeclared fuel exchanges are taking place during reactor shutdowns,” highlights Dr. Ishizuka. “It can thus serve as a powerful tool for nuclear non-proliferation by preventing the manufacturing of materials for nuclear weapons in power plants.”We certainly hope that this work contributes to safer nuclear energy and a world free from the threats of nuclear warfare!
- Journal :
- Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology
- Title :
- Reactor antineutrinos and novel application to real-time remote monitoring of nuclear reactors
- Authors :
- Chikako Ishizuka1,*, Karen Sasaki1, Naoki Yamano1, Tadashi Yoshida2, and Satoshi Chiba1,3
- Affiliations :
- 1Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
2Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo City University, Japan
3NAT Research Center, NAT Corporation, Japan
*Corresponding author’s email: ishizuka.c.aa「@」m.titech.ac.jp


Extrema Ratio ULTRAMARINE EX320 Diving Knife +Q5 LED Zoomable Flashlight
Extrema Ratio ULTRAMARINE Diving Knife EX320 & Free Q5 LED Zoomable Flashlight
2-6 Day Tracking Delivery
30 Day Money Back Guarantee
Please note, this is not the Ultimate ULTRAMARINE Package with Hard Case.
The ULTRAMARINE is the result of four years of research and development by Extrema Ratio in collaboration with Military Dive Teams of the Italian Special Forces, Law Enforcement Dive Teams and Civilian Underwater Operation Experts. Units involved in underwater and amphibian operations use a variety of specialty tools.
The main objective of the ULTRAMARINE Project is to substitute these different tools with one versatile utensil capable of performing the multitude of tasks that professionals in the fields are asked to perform in these difficult and challenging operations.
As with any respectable working tool, the mass of the blade has to be heavy enough to efficiently chop branches and shrubs in order to make emergency shelters, camouflage emplacements, stretchers, utensils or sector stakes.
The serrations facilitate cutting rope when the blade is dull from wear & tear.
The steel tang can be used as a hammer or glass breaking tool.
To avoid damaging buoyancy or flotation devices during on-board operations with the exposed metal components of the knife, a flap was incorporated to cover the sheath & knife.
The slot in the blade was developed for use as a screw-pin shackle wrench.
The retention lanyard allows the user to work on equipment without having to sheath the knife.
The handle was designed with a plus sized grip & a special anti-slip material developed by Extrema Ratio to facilitate retention while wearing neoprene gloves.
With load positioned on the weakest end of the line cutter the blade withstands a load index of 45 kg (99 lbs).
On the blade with screw - pin shackle wrench slot, with load positioned in the centre, the blade withstands a load index of 70 kg (154 lbs).
The sheath is designed to be sleek and hydrodynamic, with a close, tight fit to the body that reduces the possibility of entanglements.
The sheath also has a quick-release function that allows the knife to be rapidly drawn by simply pulling on the upper portion of the protective flap.
The protective flap uses special anti-wet snap fasteners that are specifically designed for water environments.
O-ring and retention system are disabled with a strong pull.
In panic or shock situations the user will have access to the knife.
The knife is designed with a specialized net & line cutting system for use in entanglement emergencies.
The knife is designed with reduced hilt guards to reduce the chance of entanglement and snaring while in use.
The design of the handle allows the operator to distinguish the orientation of the blade by feel in low light / no light situations.
The pointed tang was developed as a glass break device.
Besides being a good camp knife, the ULTRAMARINE was designed so the handle could be disassembled, the blade attached to a pole and used as a spear.
The blade has been treated with a matt finish to reduce light reflection wile operating in hostile environments.
The sheath incorporates two sharpening diamond sharpening plates: one for the primary blade and the second for the net cutter.
Supplied with the knife are 2 TEK-LOK belt supports, 2 additional leg straps, 1 Lubra-Skin spray (100ml), 1 ink eraser, 2 additional O-ring, 1 additional TEK-LOK screw, 1 additional washer, 1 additional red Velcro strap.
Q5 LED CREE ZOOMABLE FLASHLIGHT
Super mini size, bright, blinding effect.
Skid-proof design & waterproof design.
Output bright can come to 2000 lumens (MAX).
Adjustable focus range for different usage, stretching to adjust its focus.
Clip for convenience carry.
Working voltage is wide and can utilize the batteries in the largest extent.
Suitable for hunting, cycling, climbing, camping and outdoor activity etc.
Reflector: Convex Lens
Material: Aluminum alloy
Model of LED: Q5 LED
Switch: Tail-cap press ON/OFF
Battery: 1 * AA / 1 * 14500 3.6v Battery (no included)
6 * Led Flashlight


Zoro possessed many swords during his time with the Straw Hats in Eiichiro Oda’s magnum opus One Piece. Since One Piece is set in a world with primitive guns, swords and blades are very popular weapons. Most of the characters wield swords, especially minor characters without any big roles like the marines and unnamed pirates. Major characters like Dracule Mihawk, the world’s strongest swordsman, Red Hair Shanks, and, of course, Zoro, have also chosen the sword as their main weapon. However, Zoro uses his swords differently than most.
Zoro wields three katanas at a time, with one in each hand and one in his mouth. Zoro’s somewhat ridiculous Three Sword Style requires the former pirate hunter to go through numerous swords, and he has constantly upgraded them throughout the series. One Piece‘s most powerful swords are a set of named swords that each have their own grading, ranking how strong they are. Zoro has acquired many of these over the series, which can make them tough to keep track of. Here is a list of every named sword the Straw Hats’ swordsman has possessed.
Zoro’s first-ever named sword is already of great quality. Wado Ichimonji is one of the 21 Great Grade Swords, which is only inferior to the Supreme Grade Sword. It was forged by the legendary Shimotzuki Kozaburo, who also forged Enma, and was handed down to his descendants including Kuina. Kuina’s father took Zoro in as a disciple when he was a child, and Zoro eventually became Kuina’s friend and rival. After Kuina heartbreakingly dies deeply affecting the young Zoro, he requests Wado Ichimonji from his master who gives it to him.
Since then, Zoro has been wielding Wano Ichimonji throughout the series. Its sharpness and durability proves itself during his fight with Mihawk. After taking Mihawk’s attack without Haki to reinforce his katanas, only Wado Ichimonji remains intact, showing the sword’s strength. Due to its power and significance to Zoro’s character, it is still one of the three swords that Zoro wields at the start of One Piece‘s Final Saga.
After losing two of his katanas in his battle with Mihawk, Zoro went shopping for more when the Straw Hats stopped in Loguetown. When Zoro found a shop selling katanas, he picked Sandai Kitetsu out of a barrel, not knowing its significance. Sandai Kitetsu is a Grade Sword forged by Kozuki Sukiyaki that also carries a curse so powerful the shopkeeper initially didn’t want to sell it to him. However, this didn’t bother Zoro, so he decided to test whether his luck or the sword’s curse is stronger. He threw the sword into the air, then stretched out his arm seeing it would get cut. While this was definitely one of Zoro’s coolest moments and the test convinced the shopkeeper to sell it to him, Sandai Kitetsu is unfortunately one of the weaker swords Zoro has wielded, being only a Grade sword. Despite this, it is still one of the swords that Zoro wields going into One Piece‘s Final Saga.
After witnessing Zoro’s feat, the owner of the katana shop decides to give their family heirloom to Zoro for free. That family heirloom is Yubashiri, a Skillfull Grade Sword, which makes it more powerful than Sandai Kitetsu, but still weaker than the other blades Zoro has wielded. Unfortunately, during the Buster Call on Enies Lobby in One Piece‘s best arc, Shu, a marine captain who has eaten the Rust-Rust Fruit, gets a hold of Yubashiri and corrodes it into a pile of rust. The only thing that remains after that is a small blade and a hilt. Zoro finally puts it to rest on the Rumbar Pirates’ gravesite on Thriller Bark after he obtains another more powerful sword.
On Thriller Bark, Zoro met the zombie of Ryuma, a legendary samurai from Wano Country who One Piece has revealed is Zoro’s ancestor. They clashed swords, and Ryuma recognized Zoro as a worthy swordsman. Because of this, he bestowed his powerful blade Shusui upon Zoro. Like Wado Ichimonji, Shusui is also a Great Grade Sword. It is also a black sword like Mihawk’s Yoru, which means that it has been infused with Haki that increases its strength. This strength allows Zoro to wield considerable destructive power with the blade. Since it was owned by Ryuma, it is considered as one of Wano Country’s national treasures. So when Zoro finally visits Wano he returns it to Ryuma’s grave and exchanges it for the much more powerful Enma.
After Zoro returns Shusui to Ryuma’s grave, Hiyori gives him Enma, the katana she received from her father Kozuki Oden. It’s a Great Grade Sword like Wado Ichimonji and Shusui, although it isn’t a black sword yet. However, it’s said that once Enma’s blade has been turned black, it may increase in rank and become a Supreme Grade Sword like Mihawk’s Yoru and Whitebeard’s Murakumogiri. Enma also has the peculiar ability to suck up its wielder’s Armament Haki, which often results in an attack stronger than intended. Being wielded by Kozuki Oden, it manages to cut through Kaido’s almost impenetrable defenses and leave a scar. In Zoro’s hands, it manages to bring out a similar attack scarring the powerful Yonko a second time. While the sword is difficult to wield and causes him difficulty in the Raid on Onigashima, Zoro ultimately masters it during his epic fight against King. This is the final and most powerful of Zoro’s current swords entering One Piece‘s Final Saga.
While these five swords are the only named blades Zoro has wielded in the series thus far, they each prove how powerful the Straw Hats’ swordsman is. Some of the swords like Enma would even be impossible for a less skilled fighter to wield, demanding a firm mastery of Haki. Of course, it is likely that Zoro will receive another powerful named sword before the series is over, likely replacing Sandai Kitetsu. After all, Zoro hasn’t wielded any Supreme Grade Swords yet like his ultimate rival and mentor Mihawk. The named swords that Zoro acquires later in One Piece are sure to be epic new weapons that will take his skills to the next level, just like how each of the swords listed here did when he first acquired them.


WWI Shell Fuse
The fuse component of a WW1 artillery shell was rooted up in 2022 by a pig in its sty in the field immediately adjacent to Goodmans Barn, Tumblefield Road. It was donated to the Society by the caretaker/occupant, Bart Holden. Why part of a WW1 shell should be found so close to a dwelling in Stansted is a mystery.
These fuses were originally exported to the UK before America entered World War One in 1917 and were manufactured by the AF Company USA. The fuse component is date-stamped 1917 and marked ‘Lot 4’. It appears to be bronze, with other examples being made of brass as per the illustration showing the entire nosecone in assembled and disassembled form.
There were two versions: a time fuse, which had a designation No 85/44 and a blue T marker had a rotating ring as can be seen in the exploded view, and was used in conjunction with speed and distance calculations to air burst in the vicinity of aircraft or over advancing troops. It would be tempting to think that this fuse may have been used in this capacity at the outbreak of WW2 as an anti-aircraft shell but there is no /44 designation visible. British Anti-Aircraft Guns at that stage of WW2 were designed to use 3.7” ammunition, whilst this fuse was designed for either 3” or 3.3” ammunition.
From its condition, the fuse would appear to have achieved its purpose, the inflicted damage being somewhat greater than might be expected by merely falling to earth, but this is conjecture.
In conclusion, one must assume it was in all probability a WW1 souvenir, subsequently buried in a rubbish pit, although one interesting possibility does spring to mind which is contained in Sheila Parker’s WW2 Memoirs. In these, Sheila recalls a Home Guard field gun demonstration in the Recreation Ground, with the gun limber drawn up against the school hedge and the gun pointing along the Malthouse Road valley. It is not beyond the realms of possibility the Home Guard could have been issued with WW1 weaponry in the early stages of World War Two. Could this gun have been used for practice elsewhere in the village one wonders?
The 85 fuse contains a number of overlapping rings burning in sequence. The relationship of each ring to the other determines how long the burning train of powder is. The black powder used in the fuse time trains was a specially selected grade, all black powder is a ‘selected’ grade but in this fuse, a particularly fine and stable type was used.
From the fuse, a hollow tube runs inside the shell to a base plate below the shrapnel balls – around 350 lead balls packed in resin in an 18-pounder. Below this plate is a small charge of black powder. The resin holds the balls stable to avoid an effect on flight and burns to give the puff of black smoke for observation. When the timed fuse triggers above the target a small flash is sent from the fuse down the tube igniting the black powder – this ‘explosion’ is a relatively small charge designed just to expel the balls – it is not an explosion in the sense of a HE shell. The shell casing itself is actually quite thin as it does not need to ‘resist’ the detonation as in a HE shell. The fuse is fitted to the shell with shallow threads so that it is separated from the shell casing easily.
This detonation pushes the base outwards ejecting the balls and the fuse head in a wide area over the ground – the shell can be regarded as a huge shotgun cartridge. The combined velocity of the forward motion of the shell and ejected balls produces an obvious lethal effect.
The shell casings are not designed to fracture. All the component parts; balls, casing, fuse, flash tube and plate are probably the most easily found amongst numerous objects on historical battlefields.
Author: Mike Goddings
Editor: Tony Piper
Last Updated: 11 April 2023


Approching The Sound Barrier
The first F-15A flight was made in July 1972, The first Eagle (F-15B) delivered in November 1974. In January two years later the firs F-15 Eagle destined for a combat squadron were delivered.
The F-15C and the two-seat F-15D models entered the Air Force beginning in 1979. These new models had improvements,including 2,000 pounds of additional internal fuel for carrying exterior fuel tanks for a takeoff weight of up to 68,000 pounds.
The F-15 Eagle also was painted with green camouflage as a two seater as it served in many combat rolls and is still active in the USAF.
The McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II is a two-seat, twin-engine, all-weather, long-range supersonic interceptor fighter-bomber originally developed McDonnell Aircraft for the U.S. The McDonnell Douglas was the superior fighter plane for the Navy and Air Force during the Vietnam War. This fighter-bomber was critically important in the ground-attack and reconnaissance role of U.S. involvement in the war. As A young boy I always use to watch then take off at McGuire AFB in Cookstown N.J. And with that concept God has given me the talent to create one of the greatest fighter jets of our time
The McDonnell Voodoo a supersonic fighter designed to escort bombers and serve as a fighter bomber, it is an all-weather interceptor and a photoreconnaissance aircraft serving during the Cuban Crisis and the Viet nam War.
Originally as the XF-88 which first flew at Muroc Dry Lake Air Base, Calif., The two prototypes became the F-101 Voodoo.
McDonnell delivered 807 F-101 Voodoos, twinjet fighters to escort bombers, and attack those targets providing close support for ground troops. Attack fighter, interceptor and photo reconnaissance aircraft for the USAF.
The F-16 Fighting Falcon is a compact, fighter aircraft. It is highly maneuverable with both air-to-surface attacks as well as air-to-air combat. At a reasonably affordable coast, this high performace plane was used with both U.S and allied nations.
For the Fighting Falcon's combat role, the F-16's combat radius can fly for great distances, locating targets in all weather conditions. With a 500 mile distance, the F-16 is both superior in long travel and great accuracy with it's weapons.
The F-16 Fighting Falcon is part of the 177th Fighter Wing in Atlantic City N.J....
Thank You ... Red Devils Our freedom lies in your hands.
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter
The first swept-wing airplane in the U.S. was the F-86. This fighter plane was designed to go head to head agains the russian MiG 15 during the Korean War. It was so effective it had a 10-1 kill ratio.
Future models were designed to take out enemy aircrafts in flight or on the ground and had much more powerful weapons and engines.All flew in the 650-mph class and a service ceiling of over 45,000 feet.
I remember the F-86 Saber Jet, at the
time as boy I was dealing with the F-84 Thunderstreak when one day the F-84' where gone and on the ramp where a couple of F-86 saber jet coooool
The Hornet is part of the Cobra program. The F/A-18 Hornet traces back to the Northrop Cobra, this was a twin engine multimission fighter developed in the late 1960s. The Cobra was never built as intended. In 1971, the Air Force was looking for a lightweight fighter prototype program; from the Cobra design One winner in the Air Force competition, in 1972 for two YF-17 prototypes, General Dynamics was the winner, building two single YF-16s.
The F-18 with it's winding engines attracts the ears of many viewers all over the world. In this digital painting it's color sceam represents an aggresser aircraft ..... such as used in Top Gun.
The swing wing" F-111 entered the Air Force in 1967. It provided new technoligies among weapons systems. Being the first production aircraft with a swing wing that swept back or brought forward to increase efficiency during high speeds. It also had the first terrain-following radar, allowing the aircraft to fly at night at low altitudes, as well as the first crew escape module. The aircraft was more of a controversial aircraft ever to fly, ingchieving one of the safest operational records of any aircraft in USAF history.
The F-111 flies twice the speed of sound (Mach 2) sweeping its wings backward while in flight. The wings being swept forward for takeoffs, landings or slow speed flight.
The United States Navy Fighter
Weapons School was created on March 3, 1969 at Miramar, California at the direction of the Chief of Naval Operation).
The Program was the result of a study, published in May 1968, researched the failings of the US air to air missiles used in aerial combat over North Viem.
The Navy, came to the conclusion that inadequate air-crew training in air combat maneuvering skills was the problem.
Recommended an establishment of an "Advanced Fighter Weapons School" to revive and train for Dog Fighting.
TOPGUN initially used the A-4 Skyhawk and T-38 Talons to simulate the flying operations of the MiG-17 and MiG-21. The school also made use of Marine-crewed A-6 Intruder aircraft when available. Also theF-5 where used also called The Tiger II.
The B-1 Lancer, a swing-wing bomber Built for high-speed, and low-altitude missions. By 1977, Rockwell International B-As had made 118 flights The next version the B-1B. Its first flight flew Oct.18,1984, and had a range of more than 7,000 miles. The U.S. Air Force ordered 100 B-1Bs was delivered to the Air Force at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif.,
Delivery to the Strategic Air Command took place in June 1985, On Oct. 1, 1986, the B-1B achieved Initial Operational Capability were coming off the production line at a rate of four per month.
The U.S. Air Force decided to retire 33 B-1Bs and remove the aircraft from Mountain Home and the Georgia and Kansas Air National Guard bases.
The F-107, a single seat supersonic nuclear bomber It first flew to the sky in 1956, reaching Mach 1.3. Only three production models were ever made, but the first one crashed but did not kill the test pilot
The F-107 was called the Super Super Saber, with it's advanced wing spoilers and a flight control system at Mach speed.
The intake ducts over the canopy featured the Area Inlet Duct, a variable geometry intake duct. The F-107 was used as a test flight Aircraft before it was retired
This painting is to say a need for speed. With the afterburner lit and a slight decent to the earth Shows the drama that one must of experienced in supersonic flight.
The Bell X-1 was the first piloted plane to fly faster than the speed of sound. It was Flown by "Chuck" Yeager, the Bell X-1 flew to supersonic speeds on October 14, 1947, over Edwards Air Force Base) in the Mojave Desert. Many experts thought when a plane flying faster than the speed of sound would break into a thousand pieces when dealing with the "sound barrier" many planes that where designed poorley for such high speeds were destroyed when nearly reaching Mach Mach 1. But the bullet shape of the X-1, with its strong, super-thin wings and adjustable horizontal stabilizer, made it possible for supersonic travel. The Bell X-1 flight proved, the speed of sound was no barrier in the sky
This plane that made aviation history was the first aircraft to break the sound barrier piloted by Cuck Yeager, USAF
As to mention the wall in the sky was finaly broken at Edwards Air Force Base October the 14, 1947.
The painting shows the Bell X- 1E streaming through the romantic moon sky. I feel that Chuck is going for the gold ....... That wall in the sky. The Sound Barrier
The Supermarine Swift was a British single-seat jet fighter for the Royal Air Force, it was built by Supermarine during the 1950's the Swift entered as an interceptor, but, due to a number of accidents, its life was short.
The Swift had a number of prototypes, the first was the 510, It was based on the Supermarine Attacker, a straight-wing fleet jet with a tailwheel under it's undercarrage, it had swept wings, and first flew in 1948 The 510 became the first British aircraft having swept wings and a swept tailpane.
Back in the 50's there was a movie based on this aircraft where the British where trying to break the sound barrier ... You guest it the name of the movie was called Breaking The Sound Barrier
The Joint Strike Fighter program began with reviews conducted by the Clinton Administration in 1992. At the time, several government organizations were also working on the next-generation strike aircraft.
The US Navy was working on a secret project a stealthy strike aircraft named the "A-12 Avenger and was canceled shortly in 1991. The Navy requirement remained open a new "Attack / Fighter - Experimental (A/F-X)". The USAF also considering a next-generation strike aircraft to replace the F-16, of a"Multi-Role Fighter.
In designing the F-16, systems from other aircraft such as the F-15 Eagle and F-111 were selected.
My dream plane aviation art starts with a vision and ends with a unique piece of aviation artwork. I select normal photos of exceptional airplanes and put them through an artistic transformation that makes them true pieces of art. The images end up looking like they are oil paintings. This is a very time consuming process, but the end result is worth the time. My aviation artwork will look great in your office or home and make an excellent gift for anybody and any occasion.
The dream plane series are a collection of my dream planes. If you have a dream plane of your own and would like that transformed into an original aircraft digital painting, let me know. I am happy to create that unique piece of artwork for you. Please contact me with any questions you have about my aviation prints.
Chuck Yeager would have loved this digital painting. Maybe when it was created the concept of what it was like penetrating through that wall in the sky. In the movie the right stuff it also shows that it was like breaking through the sound barrier.
Here as it is shown the X1 Goes into a steep climb to get itself ready for the barrier dive where on the ground it was evitable listening to that big bang of thunder that the sound barrier was broken.
Whips such as the bullwhip move faster than sound: the tip of the whip breaks the sound barrier and causes a snap literally a sonic boom.
An Ghostly flair in the sky, she fly's faster then a bullet. This is why I have named her Orange Ghost.
I remembetr watching the movie The Right Stuff, when Sam Shepard played the part of Chuck Yeager arrogant as he was, I still belive that he was one of the best test pilots that ever lived.
The X1 Will always be remembered for it's achievement in the sky, The monster or that so called wall in the sky always was a challenge. Test Pilots would talk about where the monster in the sky would be ...aww at about 30,000 feet. The greatest show in the sky would be that famous number ..... MACH1
In 1946, two experimental aircraft that where conducted tests at Edwards Air Force Base in California to obtain flight data on conditions in transonic speed range. The early tests on October 14, 1947, in the first piloted flight flew faster than Mach 1.0,
The X-1A was the first high-speed aircraft tested for aviation research. The X-1A was never intended for production it was mainly designed in accordance with specifications provided by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and built by Bell Aircraft Inc.
The X-1 program became the way for all X-craft projects. The X-1 personel also helped lay the cornerstone to America's space program in 1960. The X-1 project helped between U.S. Military capabilities, and research facilities. The flight research collected by the in the X-1 tests provided a basis for American aviation supremacy.y
As a result of the X-1's supersonic flight, won its 1948 Collier Trophy in the program. President Truman honored Bell for Bell Aircraft, and Chuck" Yeager for piloting the aircraft at mach 1 ... the speed of sound.
It was the first delivery to the Air Defense Command to the 327th Fighter Interceptor Squadron on May 1, 1956, The 327th FIS went into operation August 18, 1955. The name of the aircraft would be called the the F102- Delta Dagger chosen in 1957. At the height of its service, 32 Air Defense Command units flew the F-102A. Delta Dagger
Super Star 102 was created with out knowing how great it would turn out to be, but sometimes in the art world as we say you never know. The painting shows the beauty of the aircraft zooming through a sky we only see in a lifetime.
In 1981, the Air Force developed an advanced tactical fighter as a new air superiority fighter. With the new fighter design composite materials for stealth technology, lightweight alloys, advanced flight control systems, theAir Force believed these new technologies would make the F-15 and F-16 obsolete by the 21st century. The F- 22 is an awesome Aircraft this is why I created this art project
The RS-71 Blackbird, designed by Clarence "Kelly" Johnson, named the project the Skunk Works. The Blackbird project began in February 1963. The RS-71 Blackbird was built to be a strategic reconnaissance aircraft. It was the first concept with certain materials
and paint technologies to begin stealth technology. it was the beginning of a new era.
The F-117 Night Hawk project began in July, 1975, The US had 2 fully developed defensive ground-to-air missile systems, And, since then we had to be the best, so we developed the F-117A Night Hawk
During the time there where talks about Area 51 and what they where doing there. People where seeing weird objects or UFO encounters, it was all in view that these where the F-117 Night Hawk.
The B-2 Spirit a strategic stealth bomber used by the United States Air Force (1999), in Afghanistan, and Iraq. It was designed to carry nuclear weapons to strike targets in Soviet territory, designed and developed by Northrop Grumman for the US Air Force. The B-2 test flight was on July 17, 1989, Originally, the US Air Force planned to produce 132 B-2s, But as the cold war ended only 21 where manufactured.
In 1981, the Air Force developed a an Advanced Tactical Fighter Taking far advantage of the new technologies in
fighter design with new matierials, better flight control systems,more trust and propulsion and with stealth capabilities these new technologies would make the F-15 and F-16 obsolete by the early 21st century.
The YF-22 and the F-117A Night Hawk, B-2, both of which these two prototypes first in stealth tecnologies with supersonic capabilities.
Even though when the F-117 first appered into the picture, it's stealth cababilites where astonishing, but it's speed was subsonic.
Blackbird Cloud Buster
The Lockeed SR-71 Blackbird had developed many nicknames, like the "Lady in Black," but evidently named Blackbird. The SR-71 was developed to be a long-range strategic spy plane capable of flying speeds over Mach 3 at 85,000 feet.
The first SR-71 to enter service in 1966 and retired in 1990. But the USAF still flew the Blackbird until 1998, further testing an other technical issues where conducted at Edwards AFB, from 1991 until its final flight in October of 1999. The SR-71 Blackbird will be missed that I assure you.
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A-4 Sky Hawk
The A-4 Skyhawk could fly at 677 mph at sea level, it had provisions for in-flight refueling, it included provisions for avionics pod. Other models of the F-4 had improved engines and also a drag parachute, new avionics and a better view through cockpit canopies, and more ammunition for it's two cannons. A two-seat trainer versions also came into view for training purposes.
It went into it's combat roll witch began with it's first carrier-launched raids on North Vietnam, Aug. 4, 1964.
The A-4 entered the U.S. Navy's Blue Angels flight demonstration team from 1974 to 1986. Skyhawks and they remained in active services into the 2000s.
F-4 Phantom Moon Ride
The McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom a two-seat, twin-engine, all-weather, long-range supersonic jet interceptor fighter created for the United States Navy by McDonnell Douglas Aircraft. Proving highly adaptable, it was also adopted by the the U.S. Air Force, and by the mid-1960s had become a major part of US Air Force Thunderbirds precision demonstration flight team
Beginning in 1959, it set a new world speed record, and a new altitude record was recorded.
I worked on this digital painting and I knew right off the bat that it was something special is is why i placed it on the Dream Planes page


On 26 September 1983, the nuclear early-warning radar of the Soviet Union reported the launch of one intercontinental ballistic missile with four more missiles behind it, from bases in the United States. These missile attack warnings were suspected to be false alarms by Stanislav Petrov, an officer of the Soviet Air Defence Forces on duty at the command center of the early-warning system. He decided to wait for corroborating evidence—of which none arrived—rather than immediately relaying the warning up the chain-of-command. This decision is seen as having prevented a retaliatory nuclear attack against the United States and its NATO allies, which would likely have resulted in an escalation to a full-scale nuclear war. Investigation of the satellite warning system later determined that the system had indeed malfunctioned.
The incident occurred at a time of severely strained relations between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Responding to the Soviet Union’s deployment of fourteen SS-20/RSD-10 theatre nuclear missiles, the NATO Double-Track Decision was taken in December 1979 by the military commander of NATO to deploy 108 Pershing II nuclear missiles in Western Europe with the ability to hit targets in eastern Ukraine, Byelorussia or Lithuania within 10 minutes and the longer range, but slower BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM) to strike potential targets farther to the east. In mid-February 1981, and continuing until 1983, psychological operations by the United States began. These were designed to test Soviet radar vulnerability and to demonstrate US nuclear capabilities. They included clandestine naval operations in the Barents, Norwegian, Black, and Baltic seas and near the GIUK gap, as well as flights by American bombers, occasionally several times per week, directly toward Soviet airspace that turned away only at the last moment.
“It really got to them,” recalls Dr. William Schneider Jr., [former] undersecretary of state for military assistance and technology, who saw classified “after-action reports” that indicated U.S. flight activity. “They didn’t know what it all meant. A squadron would fly straight at Soviet airspace, and other radars would light up and units would go on alert. Then at the last minute the squadron would peel off and return home.”
From the accounts of CIA and senior KGB officers, by May 1981, obsessed with historical parallels with 1941 and Reaganite rhetoric, and with no defensive capability against the Pershing IIs, Soviet leaders believed the United States was preparing a secret nuclear attack on the USSR and initiated Operation RYaN. Under this, agents abroad monitored service and technical personnel who would implement a nuclear attack so as to be able either to preempt it or have mutually assured destruction.
On 1 September 1983, the Soviet military shot down a South Korean passenger jet, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, that had strayed into Soviet airspace. All 269 people aboard the aircraft were killed, including U.S. Congressman Larry McDonald and many other Americans.
The first Pershing II missiles were reportedly deployed in late November 1983.
Bruce Blair, an expert on Cold War nuclear strategies and former president of the World Security Institute in Washington, D.C., says the American–Soviet relationship at that time:
“… had deteriorated to the point where the Soviet Union as a system—not just the Kremlin, not just Soviet leader Yuri Andropov, not just the KGB, but as a system—was geared to expect an attack and to retaliate very quickly to it. It was on hair-trigger alert. It was very nervous and prone to mistakes and accidents. The false alarm that happened on Petrov’s watch could not have come at a more dangerous, intense phase in U.S.–Soviet relations.”
In an interview aired on American television, Blair said, “The Russians (Soviets) saw a U.S. government preparing for a first strike, headed by a President Ronald Reagan capable of ordering a first strike.” Regarding the incident involving Petrov, he said, “I think that this is the closest our country has come to accidental nuclear war.”
On 26 September 1983, Stanislav Petrov, a lieutenant colonel in the Soviet Air Defense Forces, was the officer on duty at the Serpukhov-15 bunker near Moscow which housed the command center of the Soviet early warning satellites, code-named Oko.
Petrov’s responsibilities included observing the satellite early-warning network and notifying his superiors of any impending nuclear missile attack against the Soviet Union. If notification was received from the early-warning systems that inbound missiles had been detected, the Soviet Union’s strategy was an immediate and compulsory nuclear counter-attack against the United States (launch on warning), specified in the doctrine of mutual assured destruction.
Shortly after midnight, the bunker’s computers reported that one intercontinental ballistic missile was heading toward the Soviet Union from the United States. Petrov considered the detection a computer error, since a first-strike nuclear attack by the United States was likely to involve hundreds of simultaneous missile launches in order to disable any Soviet means of a counterattack. Furthermore, the satellite system’s reliability had been questioned in the past.
Petrov dismissed the warning as a false alarm, though accounts of the event differ as to whether he notified his superiorsor not after he concluded that the computer detections were false and that no missile had been launched. Petrov’s suspicion that the warning system was malfunctioning was confirmed when no missile in fact arrived. Later, the computers identified four additional missiles in the air, all directed towards the Soviet Union. Petrov suspected that the computer system was malfunctioning again, despite having no direct means to confirm this.
The Soviet Union’s land radar was incapable of detecting missiles beyond the horizon.
It was subsequently determined that the false alarms were caused by a rare alignment of sunlight on high-altitude clouds and the satellites’ Molniya orbits, an error later corrected by cross-referencing a geostationary satellite.
In explaining the factors leading to his decision, Petrov cited his belief and training that any U.S. first strike would be massive, so five missiles seemed an illogical start.
In addition, the launch detection system was new and in his view not yet wholly trustworthy, while ground radar had failed to pick up corroborative evidence even after several minutes of the false alarm.
Petrov underwent intense questioning by his superiors about his actions. Initially, he was praised for his decision.
General Yuri Votintsev, then commander of the Soviet Air Defense’s Missile Defense Units, who was the first to hear Petrov’s report of the incident (and the first to reveal it to the public in 1998), stated that Petrov’s “correct actions” were “duly noted.”
Petrov himself stated he was initially praised by Votintsev and was promised a reward, recalled that he was also reprimanded for improper filing of paperwork with the pretext that he had not described the incident in the military diary.
He received no reward. According to Petrov, this was because the incident and other bugs found in the missile detection system embarrassed his superiors and the influential scientists who were responsible for it, so that if he had been officially rewarded, they would have had to be punished.
He was reassigned to a less sensitive post, took early retirement (although he emphasized that he was not “forced out” of the army, as is sometimes claimed by Western sources), and suffered a nervous breakdown.
Oleg Kalugin, a former KGB chief of foreign counter-intelligence who knew Soviet leader Yuri Andropov well, said that Andropov’s distrust of American leaders was profound. It was conceivable that if Petrov had declared the satellite warnings valid, such an erroneous report could have provoked the Soviet leadership into becoming bellicose. Kalugin said: “The danger was in the Soviet leadership thinking, ‘The Americans may attack, so we better attack first.'”


Designed for cleaning .223 service rifles and most .22 caliber handguns, these coated rods prevent metal-to-metal contact that can scratch the rifling and ruin accuracy. Spring steel rod with durable proprietary coating that resists solvents and abrasion for a lifetime of use. 22-CF-6 & 22-CF-9 have a 8-32 female threaded tip for use with all standard-size cleaning accessories. Includes brass cleaning loop. 22-C-30 has 8-36 male threaded tip that fits included jag, plus a separate 8-32 female threaded adapter for use with standard cleaning accessories. Mfg: Dewey SPECS: Handle - molded polymer, 1¼" (3.2cm) dia., ball bearings. Rod - nylon coated spring steel, .21" (5.6mm) dia.


CUSTOM HANDMADE FORGED DAMASCUS Steel Hunting Skinner Fix Blade Knife + Sheath
CUSTOM HAND FORGED DAMASCUS STEEL KNIFE. Blade Material : Damascus steel. Sheath: Leather. This superb design knife is hand forged. This robust knife is lab tested under intense conditions,; the balance and shape of this knife ensures perfect grip.


Small Arms & Field Service Gages
The Small Arms and Gages IPT is the newest focus factory in RIA-JMTC. The arsenal produced similar products over 25 years ago. In November 2007, a three year commitment established RIA-JMTC as organic source for small arms components. The strategic objective is to create a sustainable level of small arms parts production to facilitate a rapid response to surges and increased requirements of critical parts in support of the military's operational commitment.
Using Lean Six Sigma principals, the Small Arms and Gages focus factory recaptured un-used space and will have the new area in full production in the fall of 2009.