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Obama and the case of the missing 'thesis' years ago while a senior at columbia spent his time writing his thesis on soviet nuclear disarmament. Full-text paper (pdf): the campaign for nuclear disarmament and changing attitudes towards the earth in the nuclear age. Thesis title a contribution to at the us arms control and disarmament agency estimation of the yields of soviet underground nuclear. Obama did write a paper on nuclear disarmament at columbia university, obamas thesis was about soviet nuclear disarmament it obamas master thesis obamas. Nuclear weapon: nuclear weapon the soviet nuclear stockpile reached its peak of about 33,000 operational campaign for nuclear disarmament - the effects of.
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By Keith “Powder” Patton, CDR, USN
Calculating the facility of a fleet is a daunting and imprecise activity. Within the Washington Naval Treaty, tonnage and gun caliber have been used as metrics to set the ratio of capital ships between leading world navies. Capital ships have been seen as the supreme arbiters of a naval battle. The London Naval Treaty established comparable guidelines for tonnage and gun caliber for smaller combatants. The United States Navy counts battle drive ships, which incorporates fight logistics forces, toward its end power. The battle drive ship metric is straightforward hull rely, with T-AKE, PC, LCS, DDG and CVN courses all being counted as equals, despite vastly totally different mission, measurement, manning, and capabilities. By a simple measure of hull rely from 2018-2019 Jane’s Preventing Ships, the USN has 10 % fewer warships than Russia, and is half the dimensions of China’s fleet.
2019 Fleet complete hull rely by country.
Nevertheless, when tonnage is used because the metric, the image modifications dramatically:
2019 Fleet complete tonnage by country.
This variation is unsurprising. The nature of the fleets are considerably totally different. The USN tends to operate much bigger ships optimized for lengthy range power projection. China and Russia have many missile-armed patrol boats and corvettes compared to the relatively few U.S. Cyclone class PC and corvette-like LCSs.
Nevertheless, does the metric of tonnage really measure the facility of a fleet? The interwar interval treaties thought-about both tonnage and caliber of weapons. These two metrics have been associated, in that larger guns required a bigger vessel to carry them. Basically, there also was a direct correlation between the caliber of the gun and its damaging energy. Tonnage also affected how much armor might be carried to protect towards gun hits. One other metric used to match warship energy was broadside throw weight. This was the entire mass of shells a ship might ship in a broadside towards an adversary. A heavier broadside might be anticipated to triumph towards less armed opponents. Nevertheless, in the trendy era, guns have been eclipsed by missiles as the first weapon of naval fight. Whereas battleships carried much more highly effective weapons and have been comparatively resistant to the deck guns of small combatants, the same isn’t true of missiles in the present day. Very comparable if not equivalent anti-ship missiles are carried by small patrol combatants and mounted on the most important combatants, typically in similar portions (eight being a widespread quantity). While the defensive and injury management capabilities of bigger vessels may be larger, it still seems possible that a few missile hits will knock most ships out of motion, if not sink them. If missiles are the true measure of a fleet’s fight power, then neither tonnage nor hull rely is an applicable metric, as a result of neither is immediately related to a ship’s missile capabilities.
For the sake of this analysis, we’ll borrow Robert O. Work’s idea of battle drive missiles (BFM) from his “To Take and Keep the Lead” monograph. BFMs are missiles that “contribute to battle force missions such as area and local air defense, anti-surface warfare, and anti-submarine warfare. Terminal defense SAMs, which protect only the host ship, are not considered a battle force missile.” Thus, weapons like RAM, ESSM, SA-N-9, Mistral, and HHQ-10 level defense SAMs wouldn’t rely towards the tally of BFM. ASROC, Harpoon, Tomahawk, Commonplace Missiles and non-U.S. equivalents do rely. Usually speaking, BFMs cannot be reloaded at sea, in contrast to shorter-range defensive missiles. They are too giant and unwieldy. As such, additionally they serve as a cap on the offensive or defensive power a ship can present. When BFMs are exhausted, the ship should return to a secure friendly port to rearm.
The ship numbers and missile capacity thought-about under have been taken from Jane’s Preventing Ships 2018-2019 as a commonplace reference. In some instances, there are issues with overlap. For instance, some U.S. Mk 41 VLS cells can carry a BFM, or quad-packed ESSM, which would not rely. Russian vessels are capable of hearth SS-N-16 Starfish anti-submarine missiles from their torpedo tubes. While SS-N-16 (like ASROC) would rely as a BFM, Jane’s didn’t have a magazine capacity of how many have been carried by Russian warships. So, this BFM-launched by way of floor ship torpedo tube was ignored. Submarine heavy weight torpedoes have been counted. Whereas they is probably not missiles, they are a main anti-surface warfare weapon and, in some subs, are interchangeable with BFMs for strike or anti-ship missions. Lastly, there was not full knowledge for all courses (e.g. quantity of torpedoes carried), so knowledge was extrapolated from comparable designs. The outcomes of this BFM rely are within the chart under.
2019 Battle pressure missile complete by nation.
This accounting of fleet firepower exhibits the USN has greater than twice the BFM of the Chinese PLAN. The gap is even bigger if the contribution of carrier-born aircraft is taken into account. The U.S. has an virtually twenty-fold benefit in fixed-wing aircraft operating from ships. Service-born aircraft, particularly from CATOBAR carriers, can carry multiple BFM and may reload aboard the service. As well as, the service can have its magazines reloaded at sea, one thing different ships can’t do with their BFMs. Nevertheless, it is value noting that China’s BFM rely gained over 1000 missiles since 2017, and the U.S. quantity has been relatively static.
Using BFM as a fleet metric also permits for various ship sizes. A U.S. Flight IIA Burke class DDG with 96 VLS tubes supplies the identical BFM capacity as 12 patrol boats with 8 missiles each. Who would win in such an engagement would in all probability hinge on who had better intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) help to target the other first. Nevertheless, twelve patrol boats also have the advantage of with the ability to be in multiple locations directly and needing no less than 12 hits to defeat – excess of the Burke might probably endure. Persevering with with Robert Work’s characterization, we will classify ships by their BFM rely. At present, warships have classifications of cruiser, destroyer, frigate, corvette or comparable based mostly extra on politics than clear distinctions. What Work really helpful was just like the previous system of classifying ships by weapons. On this case, missiles as an alternative of guns. First-rate warships (>100 BFM), second-rate (90-100 BFM), third-rate (60-89), and on right down to unrated warships with negligible missile capability. For this analysis, the writer augmented Work’s decrease scores with fourth-rate (40-59 BFM), fifth-rate (20-39 BFM), sixth-rate (6-19 BFM), and unrated as < 6 BFM. This reclassification produces the next recent perspective:
2019 Warships by score.
There’s a clear USN choice for heavily armed floor combatants compared to potential adversaries. The one Russian Kirov is rated as a first-rate warship, however is barely a blip in comparison with the U.S. Ticonderoga-class cruisers. The Chinese language Sort 055 arriving into service will provide China with first-rate warships as nicely, but nonetheless a fraction of the number the USN has. The two U.S. Zumwalt DDGs in 2019 are third-rate ships-of-the-line, however have scores of better armed compatriots in comparison with the Chinese language third-rate vessels. None have a fifth price combatant (6-20 BFM) until it is a submarine.
The chart above might spark concern on the tough parity in assault submarines between the U.S., Russia, and China. Nevertheless, when damaged down by sort of submarine, the image modifications. The USN relies solely on nuclear-powered submarines to offer longer vary, larger velocity, and more submerged endurance in comparison with diesel or air-independent propulsion (AIP) submarines. It’s because the U.S. plans an “away game” with submarines deployed removed from U.S. shores, while Russia and China anticipate to be using their bigger typical submarine fleets near house.
2019 Quantity of submarines by sort per country.
When the metric of BFMs (together with torpedoes) is utilized, the U.S. can also be shown to have a vital lead in subsurface firepower. While the U.S. has fewer SSGNs than Russia, they carry much more missiles per submarine. The three Seawolf SSNs even have an extra-large torpedo load, as do Los Angeles and Virginia class SSNs fitted with vertical launch tubes, to offer them more weapons than other subs their measurement. This enables them to remain in the battle longer earlier than returning to reload. Newer Virginia class submarines could have the Virginia Payload Module (VPM) put in, further growing their firepower.
2019 Quantity of submarine weapons by nation.
In fact, any single metric will fail to seize the facility of a fleet. Informed opinions will differ on the right offensive and defensive load combine for a warship, or the qualities of a Harpoon ASCM compared to a P-270 Moskit, 3M-54 Club, or YJ-18. Some of these points are discussed by Alan Cummings in his 2016 Naval Conflict School Assessment article on Chinese language ASCMs in competitive control. In that article, he exhibits that for anti-ship firepower, U.S. floor vessels are severely over-matched. Nevertheless, after 2016, VLS options for surface strike (SM-6 and Maritime Strike Tomahawk) have turn into possible. Because the combination of weapons in a VLS tube battery is variable, the quantity of cells might now present a higher metric than calculations assuming weapons masses. In addition, one should think about crew high quality, training, and readiness as elements of fleet power. Nationwide character and experience as a sea energy additionally come into play. Nevertheless, all of these qualities are exhausting to ascribe metrics to, and arms control treaties and analysts concentrate on measurable and verifiable metrics.
In the long run, a fleet have to be measured towards what it is anticipated to do. For energy projection abroad, a giant quantity of BFMs (or carriers supporting strikes) can be extra succesful of performing the mission. Close to residence, vessels can extra easily return to pleasant ports to rearm BFMs, so the whole at sea could also be less essential. Even at equal numbers of BFMs, a fleet concentrating them on a smaller number of high-capacity platforms can be less capable of control sea-space than a fleet that spread the same number of missiles over a half-dozen combatants. The extra distributed fleet would also be extra tolerant of losses. Presently, the USN has its energy concentrated in high-end warships, be they carriers, giant floor combatants, or nuclear submarines. Nevertheless, this also makes the USN vulnerable to major losses, particularly if defenses don’t work as well as expected.
The U.S. has a vital lead in BFMs, but in addition has international commitments which may drastically scale back what number of BFMs might be dedicated to a specific theater. Within the western Pacific, the PLAN is quickly narrowing this lead. As america builds in the direction of a 355-ship Navy, it might want to rigorously think about the missions required and, in wartime, the firepower required, to perform them.
Commander Keith “Powder” Patton is the Deputy Chair, Strategic and Operational Research Dept (SORD) at the Naval Warfare School. The views expressed in this piece are his own and do not characterize the official views of the Navy or the Division of Protection.
Featured Image: September three, 2005. US Navy (USN) Sailors aboard the Arleigh Burke Class (flight I); Guided Missile Destroyer, USS FITZGERALD (DDG 62) examine the MK 41 Vertical Launching System (VLS) for water to stop electrical failure. (Photograph by: PHAN Adam York, USN)


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A heavier, ruff trigger pull isn't conducive to good accuracy, but we can
lighten and smooth the trigger with the use of stones and a fixture, let's take a look.
Before doing any work on the trigger I like to insert some snap caps
and check the trigger pulls. When working on the double-action pull, we're not
looking to lighten it as much as smooth it out. The single-action pull is
generally pretty smooth but, we can lighten it to suit our preference.
A Lyman trigger pull gauge is handy for measuring the trigger pull weights. This
gun average is about three pounds 11 ounces for the single-action pull and
eight and a half pounds for the double action. I'll remove the side plate to
give us a better look at the surfaces we need to smooth. For a detailed
explanation of this process refer to the chapter on disassembly and lubrication.
Here's the location of the single action engagement surface while the double
action surfaces are located here. For safety reasons we never touched the sear
surface on the hammer. To lighten the pull will polish the trigger sear. This
is the Power Custom stoning fixture. Through the use of interchangeable
adapters we can use this fixture to maintain the proper angle on the hammer
and trigger sear surfaces to slick up a variety of firearms. Notice the narrow
surface I have to work with. This fixture will precisely index a polishing stone
so that we can move it back and forth polishing the surface. The fixture's
adjustable, allowing us to move the roller guide to change the weight of our
trigger pull. I'll start with the medium India stone and finish with a fine. A bit
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Now I carefully move the stone back and forth frequently checking my work. Once
all the dykem is removed we should have a nice smooth surface. After adding more
dykem I switch to the fine stone. Remember I'm just trying to smooth out the
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Recently the US Marine Corps lost an F-35. The circumstances are mostly undisclosed or rumour based, though that is to be expected in regards to such a sensitive matter. While it has become a comical example of incompetence, especially given the platforms controversy, it’s not the worse thing that the US military has lost. They have also lost nuclear weapons, on a few occasions.
The US term for it is, “Broken Arrow”. There have been officially 32 reported incidence involving “Broken Arrows”. Lost ‘nukes’ outside of the US are unknown given that not all national governments are as “open” with information as the United States is. The US has admitted that six nuclear weapons remain lost. During the reign of the Soviet Union it is possible that such weapons also went missing, especially in the chaotic years following the break up when ownership and security of the strategic arms changed hands or remained in limbo.
Another concerning reality is that Soviet era “suitcase sized” nukes may also be unaccounted for, retired Russian General Alexander Lebed has claimed that as many as one hundred of such devices are likely missing. The one kiloton ‘mini nukes’ assigned to Spetznaz special forces are not only the perfect weapon of terror, but are small enough that they could be misplaced sitting in a storage facility somewhere slowly ‘cooking’ until the moment of accidental detonation. That is the real concern for all of the missing nukes. If the safety mechanisms on them fail or erode they may someday detonate with random carnage. Given that all seem lost in remote locations, there is still a risk of harming the innocent not to mention the environmental impact such an event would cause.
The first Broken Arrow occurred in February of 1950, when a B-36 bomber while experiencing mechanical issues dropped an atomic bomb over the Pacific Ocean near Princess Royal Island. The Mark 4, 30-kiloton (Fat Man) bomb is still missing to this day. Four more accidents in 1950 occurred with US bombers carrying nuclear weapons over US soil. The high explosive materials detonating or burning, likely causing a spread of the radioactive materials. Thankfully none of the accidents resulted in nuclear detonation.
In March 1956, a B-47 bomber crashed in the Mediterranean sea, two nuclear cores were onboard. The crew, bomber and nuclear devices remain missing. During a training mission in February, 1958 another USAF B-47 bomber carrying a Mk 15 atomic bomb collided with an F-86 Sabre fighter jet. The bomb was dropped over Wassaw Sound before the crew could attempt an emergency landing. The crew survived though that bomb remains missing also.
Such accidents and the potential for further Broken Arrows increased during Operation Chrome Dome, an ambitious readiness routine that kept US nuclear bombers airborne 24hrs a day. Armed and constantly flying, at least a dozen strategic bombers remained capable of hitting the Soviet Union in response to any attack around the clock. In 1961, early into Chrome Dome, a B-52 crashed shortly after take off in North Carolina. One of its 24-megaton nuclear bombs remains missing. Another bomb from this incident that was recovered showed that three out of the four arming mechanisms had been activated, fortunately there was no nuclear explosion from this mishap. The other missing bombs safety mechanism status remains unknown, along with its whereabouts.
It was not only the Strategic Air Command that lost nukes, the US Navy had a Broken Arrow in December 1965, an A-4 Skyhawk armed with a one-megaton thermonuclear bomb fell off the flight deck of the aircraft carrier, USS Ticonderoga. The aviator, Skyhawk and bomb remain missing around 500-miles from land beneath the waves of the Pacific Ocean. In Spring of 1968 the USS Scorpion sank 400 miles southwest of the Azores Islands, taking with it the lives of 99 crew members and a pair of nuclear tipped weapons. Theses nuclear weapons and material remaining deep under the ocean, only time will tell what damage long term such weapons will cause.
An incident that was considered one of the worse nuclear accidents of its day occurred in January 1966 when a nuclear weapon splashed under the waves close to Spanish fishermen near the Alboran Sea and outside the village of Palomares three thermonuclear bombs crashed into the countryside, spreading radioactive plutonium. The US government conducted an extensive clean up, shipping thousands of tonnes of contaminated Spanish soil back to the United States. Though the area remains contaminated still to this day. The missing bomb, somewhere under the water.
Other Broken Arrows are as follows, two bomber accidents in 1956, three in 1957, six in 1958, four in 1959, one in 1960, three in 1961, another in 1963, three more in 1964, up to three in 1965, another in 1966, three for 1968, one for 1969, one in 1975 and one in 1980. A further seven more accidents occurring up until 2000. Each of these incidents involved US or Russian aircraft or submarines in accidents some that ended with the loss of life with the potential to cause a catastrophic mass death event. Not to mention the environment damage that is likely still being felt to this day. The safety protocols on these devices have been proven to be life saving, the clean up operation have at times been thorough or as best as possible to manage. That is when a clean up has occurred or any recovery was possible.
It is unknown what other nuclear armed governments have experienced with their weapons as far as accidents and loss goes. Given the sheer numbers and regular movements of their arsenals it stands to reason that the US and Russian-Soviets would experience more accidents. It is also assumed that they may have better safety standards and training in regards to such weapons. It’s hard to imagine Pakistan, North Korea or even China would have the level of training and practice when it comes to handling such weapons compared to the US. Then again by having far less of them available, it stands to reason that they may be a little less reckless with the deployment of such weapons. Future accidents and losses involving nuclear weapons is likely.
We are sliding into a world of frightened global environmental awareness, notably under the blanket of “climate action”, governments across the planet are taking it upon themselves to tax and grow in the name of green policies. The truth of the matter is that government is not only wasteful and destructive even when well meaning, it’s also often incompetent and reckless. The placard of environmental protection is the fixture for future policies, based on altruistic sloganeering. To save the planet has become a mantra for public servants to spit out while they consume resources, blow the planet to pieces and steer society into a path of perhaps in years to come as dangerous to nature as ever thanks to current policies. Not to mention the coming plastics and e-waste nightmare that awaits us all.
There was a time when the wider public and most conscientious activists were concerned by nuclear war and the catastrophic effects of one bomb detonating, let alone numerous. It seems with the climb into another cold war and the irrational desire for jingoism that nuclear Armageddon has been forgotten or is a distant nightmare for another generation. The energy to save the planet is alive and well, it seems however to have become hijacked by awareness advocates and big government establishments careerists who wish to maintain a status quo just in green. The heightened tensions between powers capable of destroying the planet with nuclear weapons is dangerous, in both the obvious direct implications of war but also because we may see a return to the Broken Arrows of the past. Losing an F-35 shows that there again could also be the loss of a cheaper nuclear tipped system that may fall from or be lost with another aircraft in the coming years, we know it’s possible because it’s already happened.
To imagine that the biggest government in the world, the most superior has time and time again not only poisoned the world with chemical defoliants, the plumes of death from burn pits, scattered bombs over civilians, sprayed herbicides in the hopes of curbing drug production, pumped depleted uranium into each war zone it’s created, dropped mega litres of jet fuel into the ocean, ruined sea life with naval activities and dropped numerous atom bombs all over the place. And, it turns out lost some. Those unaccounted weapons of mass destruction, while unlikely a third party may find them first, linger as potential dangers that in time may leak or explode with catastrophe. No amount of benevolent prayers for a big government solution will every fix the culture of government itself.
Humanity and the planet deserves better than to constantly be left in the hands of such central planners who rule with both cynicism and incompetence, even the well meaning drown in such a work place. If another world war is not a bad enough prospect, losing the weapons intended to wage it certainly won’t save the planet. It’s likely that by the time this is out, the F-35 will be found or at least someday soon. The nukes, if they even are still looking, may turn up when we least expect it and there is a chance not for the best. Life on Earth is too precious to constantly put at risk with such contemporary and political stupidity, how many regimes and administrations can the planet survive? The only green government is the one that does not exist, if you want to fix the planet then we need to get out of it’s way and let nature heal. And there is no tax for that, for the destroyers of the world, that’s precisely the problem.


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This gun is a big hefty fusion reactor for a cannon. It takes a while for it to charge up and fire, but when it does, it fires a huge fusion ball that can take out an army of small demons. The biggest drawback would have to be that it comsumes a lot of energy charges, use it when you only really need it.
The BFG 9000 is particulary useful for killing Arch-Viles, due to its ability to quickly dispatch them at close range with no splash damage, as well as Spider Masterminds and Cyberdemons, both of which otherwise require over a dozen rockets to kill. It is also highly useful in tight situations when the player is being assaulted at close range by a swarm of medium-level monsters.


Submitted by Tina Hammack
The Ladies Auxiliary and the VFW Post 5959 held a 2nd successful Shooting Match last week at Whytsell Park.
Although the weather started out ugly the day ended on a beautiful note. The five match categories were, .22 rifle open site, .22 rifle with scope, easter egg shoot, and a skeet shoot. The winners were, .22 rifle open site Victor "Gene" Whytsell; .22 rifle with scope Craig Church; Easter egg shoot Mitchell Stevens; Skeet best out of 6 Craig Church; Skeet shoot #2 Jeff Cottrill.
Another match is planned for this summer. Keep your eyes
open for announcements.
The organization would like to thank everyone for all of the donations that made the 2nd gun shoot a success - Shelly Stevens, Freda Whytsell, Kelly Whytsell, Craig Church, Jeff and
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Because of this affluence, it allowed the government to stabilize and in turn organize a functioning military. It could be either. In war it never gained the importance among Egyptians which it was to have in classical Greece, where phalanxes of spear carrying citizens fought each other. Simply described, the chariot has been around for centuries in the near East not only showing the owners status in societies but also in times of war. He claims that chariots were responsible for the end of the Late Bronze Age. Egyptian war chariots were manned by a driver holding a whip and the reins and a fighter, generally wielding a composite bow or, after spending all his arrows, a short spear of which he had a few. A stone mace was also carried in the Archaic period, though later this weapon was probably only in ceremonial use, and was replaced with the bronze battle axe. 1/6 – 305mm, 1/12 – 152mm, 1/16 – 120mm, 75mm, 65mm, 1/30, 1/32, 1/35 – 48mm, 1/43 – 40mm, 1/48 – 36mm, 32mm Heroic, 28mm Perry, 28mm, 1/72, 18mm, 15mm, 10mm Be the first to review “Ancient Egyptian bed” Composite bows needed more care than simple basic bows, and were much more difficult and expensive to produce. Another major factor of choosing both officers and captains was the degree of education they received; most officials were oftentimes diplomatists with extensive educational backgrounds. The head may be simply the sharpened end of the shaft itself, as is the case with fire hardened spears, or it may be made of a more durable material fastened to the shaft, such as bone, flint, obsidian, iron, steel or bronze (or other type of stone or metal). Yet, because of their simplicity, skilled infantry continued to use this weapon at least with some regularity through the end of the New Kingdom. 712–332 B.C. This weapon was originally the weapon used by Set, given to him by his father Ra.He used it in his bitter isolation to survive the harsh creatures in the desert. ‘Horses will not willingly charge into massed ranks of infantry, always preferring to pull up and stop just short of their lines regardless of the intentions of the riders and handlers’ (Archer 4). During the intermediate periods (the periods of time between kingdoms) government control was in the hands of the various nomes (provinces within Egypt) and various foreigners. Military standards By the beginning of the Dynastic Period, bows were made of wood. An Egyptian soldier would have carried a spear and dagger, and a shield probably made of animal … However, the composite bows needed more care than simple bows, and were much more difficult and expensive to produce. In ancient Egyptian sporting events formed part of the rites and religious festivals honouring the gods. For example, it would appear that Tuthmosis III and Amenhotep II continued to use the earlier style bows. , Before the New Kingdom, the Egyptian armies were composed of conscripted peasants and artisans, who would then mass under the banner of the pharaoh. Tyldesley, Joyce A. In hieroglyphics or hieratic, therefore, one is only likely to encounter either Middle Egyptian or the earlier literary form of the language, Old Egyptian, the language spoken in the Archaic Period (I & II Dynasties, c. 3100-2680) and the Old Kingdom (III-VI Dynasties, 2680-2159). The bow itself was usually between one and two meters in length and made up of a wooden rod, narrowing at either end. Spears started out as hunting weapons. The older, single-curved bow was not completely abandoned, however. The pharaohs often wore scale armour with inlaid semi-precious stones, which offered better protection, the stones being harder than the metal used for arrow tips. It remained short and javelin like, just about the height of a man, unlike the Macedonian lance of later times which was three to four times as long. Small garrisons could prevent minor incursions, but if a large force was detected a message was sent for the main army corps. 337-40, "Egypt in the Late Period (ca. The geography of Egypt served to isolate the country and allowed it to thrive. , The major advance in weapons technology and warfare began around 1600 BC when the Egyptians fought and finally defeated the Hyksos people who had made themselves lords of Lower Egypt. None had ever hit a target like this, none had ever heard that a man shot an arrow a target made of copper and that it should cleave the target and fall to the ground, none but the king, strong and powerful, as Amen made him a conqueror. Even if the horse-drawn chariot did follow through and attempt to break the enemy's lines would have been a terrible idea if they were using the lighter Bronze Age type war chariots. Overview of the military of ancient Egypt, The First Intermediate Period (2181–2055 BC) and Middle Kingdom (2055–1650 BC), The Second Intermediate Period (1650–1550 BC), Benson, Douglas S. “Ancient Egypt's Warfare: A survey of armed conflict in the chronology of ancient Egypt, 1600 BC-30 BC”, Bookmasters Inc., Ashland, Ohio, 1995. , From the Twelfth Dynasty onwards, pharaohs often kept well-trained standing armies, which formed the basis of larger forces raised for defense against invasion. By the New Kingdom (c.1550–1069 BC), the Egyptian military consisted of three major branches: the infantry, the chariotry, and the navy.. At various times during Egypt's history, different weapons were used, including throw sticks, spears or javelins, bows and arrows and slingshots. Its offensive power was in its capacity to rapidly turn, wheel and repeatedly charge, penetrating the enemy line and functioning as a mobile firing platform that afforded the fighting crewmen the opportunity to shoot many arrows from the composite bow. As a result, they were not used as much as one might expect. During the New Kingdom the composite bow came into use, having been introduced by the Asiatic Hyksos. During this period, most military conflict was limited to the consolidation of power within Egypt. After the Hyksos took control, many Egyptians fled to Thebes, where they eventually began to oppose the Hyksos rule.. This only became prevalent in armies that were large enough to require division to be better controlled. Spear, a pole weapon with a sharp point, either thrown or thrust at an enemy or prey. This was achieved by adding horn to the belly of the bow (the part of the bow facing the archer) which would be compressed during the draw and sinew to the back which could, thanks to its elasticity, withstand the tension. This recognized division started as early as the Unification period in Egypt in the Proto-dynastic period (Faulkner). The first drawings date to the 20th century BC. A difficult weapon to use successfully, it demanded strength, dexterity and years of practice. Often these bows were not made in Egypt itself but imported from the Middle East, like other 'modern' weapons. The Egyptian soldiers carried a simple armament consisting of a spear with a copper spearhead and a large wooden shield covered by leather hides. An ancient Egyptian version of field hockey was the most popular tea… The spear was appreciated enough to be depicted in the hands of Ramesses III killing a Libyan. Of these, certainly the bow and arrow became the primary projectile weapon for most of Egypt's history, and yet, all of these weapons continued in some use almost throughout the Dynastic period. During the Old and Middle Kingdom of Egypt's Dynastic period, it typically consisted of a pointed blade made of copper or flint that was attached to a long wooden shaft by a tang. Drawing a single-arched bow was harder and one lost the advantage of draw-length double curvature provided. The history of ancient Egypt is divided into three kingdoms and two intermediate periods. It was stored in a vat of water at night to keep it from catching fire and scorching the … Now skeletons showing evidence of that sentence have been found in a humble cemetery in the ancient Egyptian capital of Amarna.  They often bore a mark. The spear was blazingly hot, and it became hotter the longer it was used. One major usage of the chariot was to ram into the front lines of the enemy to scare them into breaking formation, giving the army the opportunity to get behind their lines and start fighting.  By the later intermediate period, the navy was highly sophisticated and used complicated naval maneuvers, such as Kamose's campaign against the Hyksos in the harbor of Avaris (c.1555–1550 BC), There were two different types of ship in Ancient Egypt: the reed boat and the vessel made from large wooden planks. Another type of standard was the rectangular mounted on a long and large staff. One of the earliest weapons fashioned by human beings and their ancestors, the spear is still used for hunting and fishing, and its influences still may be … Egyptian pharaohs began their reign by war to expand the territory and gain booty. Often the bows were not made in Egypt itself but imported from the Middle East, as was the case with other 'modern' weapons. Behold His Majesty was armed with his weapons, and His Majesty fought like Set in his hour. These early ships lacked an internal rib for support. When lead became more widely available during the Late Period, sling bullets were cast. Egyptian pyramids are often contain chambers and passages. , The principal weapon of the Egyptian army was the bow and arrow; it was transformed into a formidable weapon with the introduction by the Hyksos of the composite bow. All Rights Reserved, Egyptian Treasures from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Warrior Pharaoh, The: Rameses II and the Battle of Qadesh. Secondary to the bow and arrow in battle, the slingshot was rarely depicted. A weapon like this was found buried between the ribs of an elephant skeleton in Germany. Around the same time, people were l… The main military concern for the nation was to keep enemies out. The spear The spear does not fit comfortably into either the close combat class or the projectile type of weapons. They enfeebled their enemies by using small projectile weapons, like bows and arrows. The spear does not fit comfortably into either the close combat class or the projectile type of weapons. A spear is a pole weapon consisting of a shaft, usually of wood, with a pointed head. For most parts of its long history, ancient Egypt was unified under one government. The experienced archer chose his weapon with care. The Egyptian soldiers carried a simple armament consisting of a spear with a copper spearhead and a large wooden shield covered by leather hides. Ancient Egyptians performed stick fencing or stick fighting as a form of entertainment. Some of the longer self bows were strengthened at certain points by binding the wooden rod with cord. The simpler bows were used by the bulk of the archers, while the composite bows went first to the chariots, where their penetrative power was needed to pierce scale armor. The composite bow was adopted because of the inherent limitations of the simple bow. The size of the arrows were .801 to .851 meters or 31.5 to 33.5 inches. A bow which, while unstrung curved forwards, was under an initial tension. Ancient Egyptian pyramids are shaped stone masonry structures. This became the most predominate in the time of the 16th century when the chariot was introduced to the Egyptians during a war with the Hyksos army (Shulman). The next leap forward came in the Late Period (712–332 BC), when mounted troops and weapons made of iron came into use. The egyptian warrior stabs his spear in the incan warrior's arm, injuring him. They gave way when His Majesty looked at one of them, and they fled. Because military service was not considered prestigious, the army was mostly made up of lower-class men, who could not afford to train in other jobs. Primitive peoples used spears primarily as The spear was used in Egypt since the earliest times for hunting larger animals, such as lions. The simple stave bow never disappeared from the battlefield, even in the New Kingdom. The pyramids were built as the burial places of the Egyptian … , Other new technologies included the khopesh, which temple scenes show being presented to the king by the gods with a promise of victory, body armour and improved bronze casting; in the 18th Dynasty soldiers began wearing helmets and leather or cloth tunics with metal scale coverings]. The Egyptians were strongly vested in their infantry, unlike the Hittites who were dependent on their chariots. The staff may have been decorated with ornaments such as ostrich feathers. However, in the New Kingdom, bronze blades became more common, attached to the shaft by means of a socket. They were more vulnerable to moisture, requiring them to be covered. That is called "Middle Egyptian," and it became the Classical language of Ancient Egypt. Chariots were generally used as a mobile platform from which to use projectile weapons, and were generally pulled by two horses and manned by two charioteers; a driver who carried a shield, and a man with a bow or javelin. His arrow penetrated the target, cleaving it. Spear: Consisting of a shaft, usually of wood, with a sharpened head and used as a thrusting weapon or as a missile. In its form of javelin (throwing spears) it was replaced early on by the bow and arrow. Spears were one of the most common personal weapons used in the Stone Age, and they remained in use as important military and hunting implements until the advent of firearms.  Egyptian soldiers worked for pay, both natives and mercenaries. A military standard is the code or sign used to signify a standard among a group of militarized individuals to show distinction from other groups but not from one another. The Spear of Osiris is solely effective against Egyptian Monsters such as Winged Scarabs, Cursed Mummies, Sphinxes, demons, devils, Fallen Angels, … They are the best known pyramid structures, and are some of the largest ever buildings. That made the Egyptian chariots lighter and faster than those of other major powers in the Middle East. It was also most useful in their hands when they chased down fleeing enemies stabbing them in their backs. During the New Kingdom it was often an auxiliary weapon of the charioteers, who were thus not left unarmed after spending all their arrows. Foreigners were also incorporated into the army, Nubians (Medjay), entered Egyptian armies as mercenaries and formed the best archery units. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in the late period, and the rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC, when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province. As early as the Old Kingdom (c.2686–2160 BC) Egypt used specific military units, with military hierarchy appearing in the Middle Kingdom (c.2055–1650 BC). Spears were common weapons in ancient Egypt. He speeded his chariot shooting at the targets, like Montu the god. The first bows were commonly "horn bows", made by joining a pair of antelope horns with a central piece of wood. Each regiment in the Egyptian army could have been identified by the weapon they carried: archers, lancers, spearmen, and infantry. They often bore a mark. Most Egyptian cities lacked city walls and other defenses. The Old Kingdom was one of the greatest times in Egypt's history. The arrow head was either attached or was already in place without the help of an outside stabilizer.  The Egyptians then improved the design of the chariot to suit their own requirements. Hence, they were not used as much as one might expect. It relied on the impact the missile made and like most impact weapons was relegated to play a subsidiary role. These bows, combined with the war chariot, enabled the Egyptian army to attack quickly and from a distance. This symbol represented the Egyptian naval fleet. After the composite bow was introduced by the Hyksos, Egyptian soldiers used this weapon, as well. The wood had to be supported, otherwise it would break. While not their primary weapon, the spear still had a place in Egyptian warfare, the spear was suitable for ranged and close quarter combat. )", The Egypian Army In The Ancient Pharaonic History, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_of_ancient_Egypt&oldid=999299220, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 9 January 2021, at 13:44. “Egypt's Golden Empire”, Headline Book Publishing, London, 2001. It had an important role as a primary weapon of the ancient Egyptian infantry (Morkot 2003, p.225). For example, we are told that: Amenhotep II ... drew three hundred of the bows hardest to bend in order to examine the workmanship, to distinguish between a worker who doesn't know his profession and the expert. He tries to finish the incan warrior off, but the incan dodges the spear, and breaks the spear with his axe. , During the Old Kingdom, there was no professional army in Egypt; the governor of each nome (administrative division) had to raise his own volunteer army. the two warriors struggle for a while, but the Egyptian warrior has a slight edge due to his shield. The draw weight was thus dramatically increased. The older, single-curved bow was not completely abandoned, however.  Conquests of foreign territories, like Nubia, required a permanent force to be garrisoned abroad. After the conquest by Alexander the Great, Egypt was heavily hellenised and the main military force became the infantry phalanx.  There were also companies of Libyans, Nubians, Canaanite and Sherdens (Greeks) who served in the Egyptian army. The Egyptian soldiers carried a simple armament consisting of a spear with a copper spearhead and a large wooden shield covered by leather hides. However, the arrow heads could vary considerably, and some were even blunt (probably used more for hunting small game). The lancers not only carried their long-range weapon, the lance, but also a dagger on their belt and a short-curved sword. Prehistoric humans used these to bring down animals for food. The throw stick does appear to have been used to some extent during Egypt's predynastic period as a weapon, but it seems to have not been very effective for this purpose. Chariots also had infantry support.  Of mercenary troops, Nubians were used beginning in the late Old Kingdom, Asiatic maryannu troops were used in the Middle and New Kingdoms, the Sherden, Libyans, and the "Na'arn" were used in the Ramesside Period, (New Kingdom, Dynasties XIX and XX, c.1292-1075 BC) and Phoenicians, Carians, and Greeks were used during the Late Period. Later, after receiving the official position, the divided armies would ally themselves with mercenaries who would be trained with them as one of their own but never a part of the native Egyptian military. Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during the New Kingdom, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Also, the mysterious Sea Peoples invaded the entire ancient Near East during this time. The Sea Peoples caused many problems, but ultimately the military was strong enough at this time to prevent a collapse of the government. The short spear, used for close combat, was also used in chariot warfare, and special spear cases were often attached to the sides of chariots (Morkot 2003, … The second way to experience Egypt is from the comfort of your own home: online. Bronze-Tipped Spear and Shield The core of the Egyptian army, like most ancient armies, was its spearmen. On the other hand, arrows were much easier to mass produce. One of the earliest weapons devised by man, the spear was originally simply a sharpened stick. They were more vulnerable to moisture, requiring them to be covered. Most were built on the western side of the River Nile in desert areas. However, the arrow heads could vary considerably, and some were even blunt (probably used more for hunting small game). This could not be done with a simple wooden bow. The first drawings date to the 20th century BC. The Egyptians were trapped at this time; their government had collapsed.
ancient egyptian spear 2021


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2021. 3. 17. · A gravity knife is a knife where the blade comes out by a flick of the wrist. In other words, the knife uses gravity to release the blade, making the knife very easy to use. The.
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A gravity knife is a knife with a blade contained in its handle, and which opens its blade by the force of inertia or gravity. As the gravity knife requires gravity or spinning motion to propel the blade out of the handle, it differs fundamentally from the switchblade, which opens its spring-propelled blade automatically upon the push of a button, switch, or fulcrum lever.
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2002. 9. 9. · "Gravity knife" means any knife that has a blade released from the handle or sheath thereof by the force of gravity or the application of centrifugal force, that when released is locked into place by means of a button, spring, lever or other device. Colorado Criminal Code: Section 18-12-101 . Gravity knives are a rather neat type of knife, that are unfortunately illegal in many.1998 ford f150 truck bed replacement
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The Definitive Guide to glock 18
The Definitive Guide to glock 18
If you ever get the chance to accomplish that, definitely make the most of it. I’m a Glock fanatic and will’t recommend it any bigger.
With somewhat working experience and cultivated technique nonetheless, the Glock 18 might be successfully used and mastered; turning into a highly effective, unsafe weapon at quite near ranges when utilized by a highly skilled shooter.
It is really worth noting that while in the nineteen eighties, weapons made by Glock were being small recognized and very abnormal. Style and design
The sighting arrangement about the Glock eighteen is a fight-ready mounted polymer piece. The entrance is ramped, the rear is notched, And that i have discovered windage adjustment is much less of an issue in this article than with other pistols.
In August 2017, Glock presented the "fifth era" or "Gen five". The revisions centered on ergonomics and enhancing dependability. Lots of parts of fifth-era Glock pistols can't be interchanged with those in the past generations. The 2 fifth-technology designs introduced ended up the Glock seventeen and Glock 19, chambered for the 9×19mm Parabellum. Some conspicuous adjustments to the fifth-technology designs are ambidextrous slide cease levers, DLC floor complete for barrel and slide, a barrel showcasing a revised sort of polygonal rifling (known as the "Glock Marksman Barrel" by Glock), a further recessed barrel crown, omission of your finger grooves on the grip, a flared journal well, and also a reintroduction of the fifty percent-moon-shaped cutout on the bottom front in the grip.
You can find anecdotal stories the ports snagged on apparel when drawing from a concealed posture — not accurately perfect for sneaky forms, or everyone for instance.
Exciting write-up. A selective fireplace handgun is about as impractical as you may get, as witnessed by their lack of use by Qualified units, but possibly entertaining to squander lots of ammo as a result of.
There is a elevated excess tab that sits within the cross from the induce. This tab connects the trigger to some steel piece that may be lowered in an effort to change the handgun into a totally computerized method.
However, improved size was an important draw back, Therefore the barrel was shortened in later on variations. A hearth manner selector is mounted about the still left side in the slide. Firing modes
Have you ever ever shot a Glock eighteen? How about other full-autos? Notify us while in glock 18 the responses! In the meantime, if you need to do have just a regular ole Glock, consider our Best Glock Mods to really make it run a little superior.
A colleague and I used to go jack rabbit looking which has a whole automobile Uzi, which was also entertaining although not incredibly functional. I really have to say It can be humorous that two from the previous 3 reviews to mine are outrage with the 1911 comment not about the G18. :-)
I took my CCW class from John Ross, and after the Dwell-hearth Component of The category, he introduced out several of his "toys" for us to test - $20/magazine and you also reloaded the magazine for the subsequent dude.
If you’re a Class III vendor who may have a “demo letter” (letter from a police Section inquiring you to acquire a gun to check), you can find 1 to sample. But, you don’t get to help keep it if you quit your license.
I’ve acquired a tactical mild on mine that was easy to set over the entrance rail and has made precision and line of sight a non-challenge in the majority of conditions.


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North Korea is readying a ballistic missile for launch and intelligence sources have informed Admiral William Hallam, Chief of Naval Operations Western Pacific, that the missile may be tipped with a nuclear warhead. Yet Admiral Hallam's orders, direct from the President of the United States, are to take no action to stop the launch.

Acting without authority, Admiral Hallam sends a clandestine SEAL team into North Korea to disable the missile's guidance. If the mission succeeds, the missile will do no damage, but the North Koreans will blame the United States for invading their territory, and Admiral Hallam will be court marshaled. But if the mission fails, it could mean all-out war on the Korean peninsula that will almost certainly pull China and the United States into the conflict.


Attract weight is essential as it influences the prey, whether it will certainly be kicked on influence or simply injured. The higher the draw weight, the a lot more dangerous the influence of the arrowhead. One drawback to this is that it would be hard to pull the strings; however, a lighter weapon would not have the desired influence as well as would normally injure the prey as opposed to eliminating it.
There are 2 weapons that one could run into when looking – substance as well as recurve. Substance weapons are heavier, a lot more pricey as well as have complicated designs as well as are a lot more dangerous. Recurves, however are less costly, less complex as well as are preferable specifically for novices.
The speed with which the arrowhead takes a trip is critical during hunting. A heavy arrowhead would mean that it would travel slower whereas a lighter one takes a trip faster as well as catches the prey. When searching for a weapon, seek the feet-per-second dimension. A minimum of 200 FPS is optimal as well as can be calculated by figuring out the weapon’s draw weight as well as the arrowhead with each other. The speed with which the arrowhead will certainly travel will considerably influence the precision of the seeker.
As the size as well as size of the arrowhead impact the total precision of the weapon, it is essential that users select the supplier’s suggestions. For seasoned hunters, one can decide to utilize different arrowhead kinds depending on just how comfortable they are. Arrow heads come in different shapes consisting of broad-heads, notches as well as area factors.
Crossbows are remaining to become a conventional item among hunters as well as target shooters. Crossbows are great for a number of factors. They give something different from the conventional hunting as well as target products such as a rifle as well as substance bow. Crossbows are a lot more compact as well as much easier to travel with. When it concerns hauling around in the area a weapon is light. Arrowheads are only 16 inches long. As you can see weapons do have advantages compared to other products. A beginner might have a tough time discovering a good weapon for a respectable rate. This web page will certainly aid you select just what to seek when looking for the best weapon for the cash. It is essential to discover dependable, quality details when you are investigating this way of life. prepperworld.org has some excellent authors that actually recognize just what they are speaking about. Look into this post concerning crossbow reviews 2018 as an outstanding example. See to it you tell them that sent you if you check out that web site.
Allow’s very first have a look at several of the specs that determine one of the most preferable weapon for the cash. Look first at rate as well as attract weight. You will certainly seek to have a draw weight between 150-175 pounds. as well as a rate of 235-315 feet per secondly. This will certainly suit you with many advantages. It gives you a draw weight as well as rate that is reduced enough for novices, but strong enough to take down a deer. You will certainly have a weapon that is precise as well as effective. As well as finally it provides a weapon that can reduce a deer from 20-40 backyards while still being able to target soar to 100 backyards. These specs will certainly give you with a weapon that can take down mid-size video game but not effective enough for huge video game.
The next products you will certainly intend to focus on are accessories. It is needed to discover a weapon that is provided with the important accessories needed in the area. If not you will certainly spend a lot of money purchasing these products on your own. See to it your weapon features a rope cocking gadget. An additional string as well as wax for the string should be provided with the weapon also. For usage in the area you will certainly intend to have a shoulder sling. Several weapons had cushioned slings so this will certainly not be tough to discover. Your item needs to feature at least 4 arrows. Lastly you will certainly intend to check out service warranty. Warranty is extremely important for novices. Discover a weapon that gives you with at least a one year service warranty.


Typhoon - the largest submarine ever
SSBN Typhoon or Akula (Shark) class submarine is a Soviet/Russian nuclear ballistic missile submarine. A new type of the ships have been developed, as a reaction to the United States Navy's new Ohio-class submarine. The Typhoons are the largest submarines ever built.
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Hitman by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license ( creativecommons.org/licenses/... )


Which Will Be The Right Kind Of Bow For Your Need?
There are a number of ancient weaponry have successfully made occupied the prominent stage in modern society. The bow is one of them. The link between bow and human is from ancient time. When human civilization was flourished in forests, the bow was the best weapon to target the animals for their livelihood. Today, these bows have transformed and they are now affiliated to the sports. Therefore, it is essential to keep knowledge about the bow.
The crossbow consists of a bow mounted on a stock that shoots projectiles. Typically, bolts were used as projectiles for crossbows, but recently, crossbows can now shoot the same types of arrows used with re-curve bows or compound bows. The modern crossbow also comes in the re-curve and compound varieties. Most of these types of bows you can see at bowshop online.
It gave a few favorable circumstances contrasted with the bow, yet additionally a few impediments. As a rule, with a crossbow, bowmen could discharge a draw constrain that far surpasses what they could have taken care of with a bow. What's more, crossbows could be kept positioned and prepared to shoot for longer occasions with almost no exertion, while likewise giving better exactness. The weaknesses are because of its awkwardness, the more prominent weight, and the slower rate of fire.
This is known as one of the main and popular types of the bow that is used hugely in society for the different purpose. With this modern weaponry era still, these ancient weapons are ruling over the society. When you visit bowshop Knysna, you'll know a lot of things about the bow.


Upon trying to unload UGL player gets a mag out of his weapon. Not sure if it is intented behaviour or just a bug, but i think this action should match previous changes to underbarrel weapons. E.g: If player can reload them now, he should be able to unload them too. "Fast reload" may be implemented for underbarrel weapons aswell, to match changes done to wepon system in general.
Steps to reproduce:
1. Get an M41A from marines vendor.
2. Find grenades to load your UGL, and load them into UGL, via activating weapon attachment and clicking weapon with grenades.
3. Press on a weapon with your empty hand while keeping weapon attachment active.
Post your brilliant ideas here, or complain about how nothing works.
1 post • Page 1 of 1


The Intelligence-class "super" Battleships was the Triumvirate's last commissioned class of battleships in the Triumvirate, before the Military Abolishment Movement succeeded in abolishing the Military. The Intelligence-class symbolized the three branches of the Triumvirate Government: Intelligence, the lead ship in the class, represented the Executive Branch, Order representing the Administrative Branch and Justice, representing the Judicial Branch.
- Length: 1,000 feet (304.8 meters)
- Width: 155 feet (47.244 meters)
- Draft: 33 feet (10 meters)
- Displacement: 100,000 tons.
- Powerplant: 4 Nuclear Reactors.
- Top speed: 35 knots (64.82 km/ 40 miles) an hour.
- Range: 20 years without refueling reactors
- Complement: 2,500 (400 officers and 2,100 enlisted)
- Twelve 18 inch (45.72 centimeter) guns
- Four triple mounted turrets
- Thirty 6 inch (15.24 centimeter) guns
- Ten triple mounted turrets
- Three-hundred 1 inch (2.54 centimeter) Anti-Aircraft guns
- One-hundred triple mounted turrets
- Ten Surface-to-Air-Missile (SAM) Launchers
- 10 Phalanx mini-guns (Anti missile defense)
- Hull: 24 inches (60.96 centimeter) composite
- Deck: 12 inches (30.48 centimeter)
- Turrets: 36 inches (91.44 centimeter) composite
Ships of the ClassEdit
Lead ship of the class, represents the Executive Branch.
Second ship of the class, represents the Administrative Branch.
Third and last ship of the class, represents the Judicial Branch.
- Did you know that the Intelligence-class is based in large part to the Imperial Japanese Navy's Yamato?
- Did you know that the Intelligence-class was originally designed to be a Super Carrier class?
- Did you know that the Intelligence-class is just .1 inches from having the same caliber guns as the Yamato?


How S-400 Missile System Works? The S-400 missile system detects, tracks, and destroys incoming airborne threats. It employs a sophisticated radar and multiple interceptors for layered defense.
The S-400 Triumph, developed by Russia's Almaz-Antey, stands as one of the world's most advanced air defense systems, capable of engaging a wide array of targets including aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and ballistic and cruise missiles.
Its versatility and long-range capabilities—up to 400 kilometers—allow it to simultaneously track and neutralize multiple threats, offering robust protection for high-value infrastructure and military assets against a variety of aerial dangers.
The system's deployment includes a command post, radars for target acquisition and tracking, and several types of missile launchers, making it a key component in integrated air defense networks.
Embracing sophisticated electronic warfare and featuring an array of missile variants, the S-400 caters to the demands of modern warfare, emphasizing quick response times and high precision in target engagement.
The Genesis Of The S-400 Missile System
The S-400 Triumph missile system is a leap in aerial defense technology. Recognized for its versatility and power, this system is crucial in modern warfare. It shields the skies from various threats. Let's uncover its roots and how it has changed over time.
Origins And Evolution
The S-400's story began in the late 20th century. Born out of strategic necessity, this system was Russia's answer to evolving threats. Its development was a major milestone in military innovation.
- Developed by Almaz-Antey
- Introduced to Russian forces in 2007
- Upgraded from the older S-300 system
Each generation of the S-400 has seen improvements in range, precision, and target detection. It can hit targets up to 400 kilometers away and track 300 targets at once.
Russia's Response To Modern Warfare
As warfare evolved, so did the threats of aerial attacks. The S-400 system was Russia's strategic move to maintain its defensive edge. This system is a shield against planes, drones, and even ballistic missiles. Its multi-layered defense mechanism is a game-changer on the battlefield.
|Targets up to 400 km
|Simultaneous tracking of multiple targets
|Various types for different threats
This system has become a cornerstone of Russia's military might. It offers an impenetrable layer of defense that is crucial in modern combat scenarios.
Anatomy Of S-400: Core Components
The S-400 Triumph is a cutting-edge air defense system. Engineers designed it to take out threats from the sky. It has many parts that work together. Let's dive into the core components that make the S-400 a mighty defender.
Radar Capability And Range
The S-400's eyes are its powerful radars. They can spot threats from very far away. Here's a rundown of its radar power:
- Detection range of up to 600 kilometers.
- Can track 300 targets at once.
- Advanced stealth tech sees sneaky planes.
Missile Variants And Their Roles
The S-400 uses different missiles. Each has a special job. Here are the types:
|Long distance, high altitude
|up to 400 km
|Long range, faster targets
|up to 250 km
|Medium range, precise
|up to 120 km
|Short range, quick reaction
|up to 40 km
Operational Dynamics Of The S-400
The S-400 missile system is a modern air defense mechanism. It protects against airborne threats. It is capable, versatile, and lethal. The system uses a combination of radars, launchers, and missiles. It detects, tracks, and destroys targets. Let's delve deeper into its operational dynamics.
Target Acquisition And Tracking
The S-400 Triumph stands as a formidable air defense system. It deploys multiple radars for surveillance. Its target acquisition is state-of-the-art. Here's how it works:
- Advanced radar systems scan for potential threats.
- Targets are identified based on speed, altitude, and trajectory.
- The system's command post receives data for analysis.
- Engagement radars lock on and track hostile objects closely.
The S-400 ensures continuous monitoring and precision.
Launch Sequence And Intercept Strategy
Once a threat is confirmed, the S-400 launches its counter-attack. This is its launch sequence:
- Commanders verify the target and select the appropriate missile.
- Launch orders are issued to the missile battery.
- The chosen missile is prepared and launched swiftly.
- It propels towards the target, guided by precision tracking.
- The missile detonates near the threat, neutralizing it effectively.
The S-400 employs a multi-layered intercept strategy for defense.
|Detects and tracks targets
|Intercepts and destroys threats
|Processes data and coordinates launch
Each component of the S-400 integrates to ensure a seamless operation. This makes the S-400 highly effective in countering diverse aerial threats.
Comparative Advantages Over Predecessors
The S-400 Triumf Air Defense Missile System boosts military prowess with substantial upgrades over its predecessor, the S-300. This powerful defense tool is designed to keep airspace secure. Let's dive into the specific features that give the S-400 an edge over former models.
S-400 Vs S-300: The Technological Leap
The leap from S-300 to S-400 brings several advancements. With a blend of improved radar, range, and precision, the S-400 eclipses older systems in effectiveness. Below are key enhancements:
- Extended Reach: The S-400's striking distance reaches 400 kilometers, far beyond the S-300's 200 kilometers.
- Multiple Targets: It can track and neutralize up to 36 targets simultaneously, doubling the S-300's capability.
- Advanced Radar: The S-400 comes equipped with a more sophisticated radar that can detect stealth planes.
Benchmarking Against Global Counterparts
Comparing the S-400 to global rivals highlights its competitive edge. This system is among the most advanced in the world. Let's quantify its advantages:
|Response Time (sec)
|Less than 10
In summary, the S-400's range, precision, and agility make it a cornerstone for airspace defense, holding an assured superiority over many of its global adversaries.
Strategic Implications In Global Defense
The S-400 missile system strengthens national defense strategies worldwide. By intercepting hostile aircraft and missiles, it provides unparalleled air defense capabilities. Its deployment has far-reaching implications for global military dynamics and security operations.
Political Impact Of S-400 Deployments
The arrival of the S-400 missile system in a country's arsenal shifts geopolitical power balances. It transforms strategic relationships and influences global political alliances. Countries with the S-400 can negotiate from a position of strength, making it a significant asset in international diplomacy.
- Enhances diplomatic leverage for the owning country.
- Signals a commitment to modernizing defense infrastructure.
- May spark rivalries or tensions with neighbors lacking similar capabilities.
Consequences For Air Superiority
Owning the S-400 missile system impacts air superiority by providing a formidable defense against high-altitude threats. It compels adversaries to reconsider air attack strategies, potentially altering the outcome of conflicts.
|Enhances capability to deter enemy air attacks
|Secures key locations from aerial threats with a high success rate
|Forces adversaries to invest in expensive stealth or electronic warfare technologies
Challenges And Controversies
The S-400 missile system is not just a marvel of military technology but a subject of global debate. Its deployment and potential exportation have stirred substantial controversy, leading to a complex web of international challenges.
The deployment of the S-400 missile system poses several dilemmas. Nations that deploy this system must address various strategic considerations.
- Site Selection: Selecting the right location for maximum efficiency and minimal vulnerability.
- Integration Woes: Integrating the system with existing defense infrastructures.
- Operational Training: Training personnel to operate the system at peak effectiveness.
International Tensions And Export Restrictions
The S-400's presence on the world stage catalyzes stark international tensions. Export restrictions play a pivotal role here.
|Impact on Relations
|Negative due to sanctions threats
|Strained NATO relations
|Diplomatic balancing act
Frequently Asked Questions On How S 400 Missile System Works
What Is The Range Of The S-400 Missile?
The S-400 missile system has a striking range up to 400 kilometers. It can track and neutralize incoming threats at varying altitudes efficiently.
How Does The S-400 Radar System Operate?
The S-400 employs a multifaceted radar system that can simultaneously detect and track aircraft, drones, and ballistic missiles. It utilizes sophisticated tracking technology for precision targeting.
Can S-400 Missiles Intercept Stealth Aircraft?
Yes, the S-400 missile system has capabilities to detect and intercept stealth aircraft. Its advanced radar can identify and engage even low observable platforms.
What Types Of Targets Can The S-400 Engage?
The S-400 is versatile and can target a wide range of aerial threats including drones, manned aircraft, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles at different altitudes.
Understanding the S-400 missile system's intricacies reveals its pivotal role in modern defense strategies. As we've explored its functions and capabilities, the sheer technological marvel of this weaponry is evident. Always evolving, the S-400 stands as a testament to engineering excellence, safeguarding skies with unparalleled precision and reliability.
Embrace this knowledge as a step towards appreciating global defense mechanisms.


So.... been seeing on TV and the net today that Syria has one of th biggest stockpiles of chemical/biological weapons in the world. Defectors have been saying that it is only a matter of time untill Assad begins to use them.
Even worse... is that Assad may begin to hand out chemical weapons to Hezbollah and/or Al-queda or other associated terrorist networks.
Israel again have said that a joint US attack to secure the Chemical Weapons is needed to prevent the use/spread of these weapons. Many of which have already been converted into Artilery Shells, Bombs etc.
DNBFORUMS WAR CORRESPONDANT SIGNING OUT


Heavy Support is another rather crowded FOC slot for the Tau. Hmm seems we have a lot of FOC slots with lots of good choices in this new codex don't we? I guess I can't complain because that's a sure sign of a good codex. Decisions, decisions. Anyway, here is the breakdown:
XV88 Broadside Team
Pros: 2+ Armour save. Access to Skyfire with good weapons loadouts. Can bring mass amounts of missiles to the field. Only model able to take missile drones.
Cons: Not very mobile. No longer have Str10 Railguns. Missile drones can't benefit from drone controller. Only 1 support slot, can't take interceptor and skyfire.
Notes/Tactics: Broadsides (and the Tau anti vehicle arsenal) have gotten a bit of a nerf in this codex. While not a bad unit by any means, Broadsides no longer excel at anything like the railsides of old. Sure, you can get a lot of Str7 missiles out, but you can only use skyfire OR interceptor on a Broadside, where a Aegis Defense Line Quad gun can do a better job. The same goes with a Riptide or two with skyfire AND interceptor.
The Rail option is nice against flyers and ok against vehicles, but again the Hammerhead is a better option as far as anti-vehicles go, plus the submunition shot makes it a bit more versatile against infantry as well.
Broadsides seem to be a wierd jack of all trades, master of none type of option. And in a crowded Heavy Support slot, don't be surprised if you don't see them as much as you used to in the past. I give them a C+.
Pros: One of the few anti heavy vehicle options for Tau. Versatile main weapon options: Rails can shoot single shot or submunition and Ion Cannon can fire 3 shots or a Large Blast overcharge. Free Twin Linked Smart Missile System is very nice. Commander Longstrike adds some VERY nice bonuses especially being able to do multiple overwatches. Adding Sensor Spines and Disruption Pod makes it easy to hide a Hammerhead in terrain. Cheaper base cost than last codex.
Cons: Single Railgun shot not as reliable as the old Railside options. Its a vehicle so it can be one-hit killed.
Notes/Tactics: The Hammerhead with Railgun is pretty much mandatory in Tau armies now. With the nerfing of the Broadside's Rail weapon, its your only answer for heavy IG tanks and Land Raiders. The only problem is that the Hammerhead has only a single shot. So if you're prone to rolling ones at the wrong time, it may be your bane.
But thankfully the Hammerhead has some options. First off you can add the submunition shot that can let it take on infantry blobs with its Large Blast profile. Also, if you face a lot of MEQs, the Ionhead's Large Blast can be brutal, but honestly a Riptide can do this better (especially joined with an uber crisis commander).
As far as secondary weapon systems go, I would say always take the Twin Linked Smart Missile System over the drones or burst cannon. All 3 have the same strength, AP and number of shots but the SMS is far superior in range, Ignores Cover and doesn't need Line of Sight. If you love disembarking gun drones, I could see maybe taking those but honestly the Smart Missile System is the way to go, especially when combine with ...
Commander Longstrike. I'm gonna go ahead and say, if you have the points, ALWAYS take Longstrike. He boosts your Hammerhead's BS to 5, making it harder to whiff on your To Hit rolls. He has a blacksun filter, Supporting Fire and can fire in Overwatch. More importantly he is not limited to firing Overwatch once per turn, again making those SMS systems even more clutch. One other thing, mechanized Imperial Guard will be a tough matchup for Tau since Broadsides have changed. Longstrike has both Preferred Enemy: IG and Tank Hunter, so he will be especially usefull against heavy mech guard.
Overall I see the Hammerhead as the one mandatory Heavy Support choice for Tau players. I give it an A-.
Sky Ray Missile Defense Gunship
Pros: Cheap Anti-Vehicle and Anti-Air (has Skyfire). Can fire all 6 seekers in one turn. BS4 Skyfire Networked Marklights Access to free Twin Linked Smart Missile System. Adding Sensor Spines and Disruption Pod makes it easy to hide in Terrain.
Cons: In a crowded FOC slot. Its a vehicle so it can be one-hit killed.
Notes/Tactics: The Sky Ray has definately gotten buffed with this edition. Seeker Missiles no longer NEED markerlights to be fired and only get better if you do use markerlights to fire them. Plus unlike flyers, if you dont move your Sky Ray you can fire all 6 missiles in one turn if you want. Similar to the Hammerhead, SMS is definately the way to go for the secondary weapons, especially once you've used up all your missiles. The 2 skyfire markerlights are also very useful and give another viable markerlight option to your Tau army. Same as the Hammerhead, you'll want to put Sensor Spines and Disruption Pods on your Sky Ray and just deploy it in some ruins for a 3+ cover save. Overall the Sky Ray is a definate improvement and a good choice especially in larger point games, I give it a B+.
Sniper Drone Team
Pros: BS5 sniper shots. BS5 markerlights. Stealth for unit. 24" rapid fire range. Within 12" of Ethereal it can have 3x sniper shots per drone in rapid fire range. Rather cheap. Supporting Fire. Drones are Toughness 4 and Initiative 4.
Cons: Only Leadership 7. In a crowded Heavy Support slot.
Notes/Tactics: Its a toss up between these guys and Ethereals for the most improved Tau unit with this codex. These guys are among the best snipers in the game. BS5 with rapid fire at 24" is fantastic. You'll also want to max out your Marksmen because BS5 markerlights are no joke either. You'll pretty much want to just plop these guys in cover within 12" of your Ethereal, and take advantage of the extra rapid fire shot whenever you can. In Big Guns Never Tire games, these guys are the perfect choice to sit on a rear objective, freeing up your troops to try and get other objectives. This unit is also a good choice to man your Aegis Defense Line Quad Gun with BS5. To top it all off Sniper Drone Teams are one of your most cost effective units out there. I give them an A.
So again, we have another crowded FOC slot in Heavy Support. Can't really complain about that. I think in most cases I'll be taking a Hammerhead, Sniper Drone Team and a Skyray for most games, in that order of preference. How about you? Have you found great success with Broadsides? Am I off base with my judgements? Let me know in the comments below.


As Lebanese are coming to terms with yesterday’s explosion and fire at the port, which the government of prime minister, Hassan Diab, said was caused when an estimated 2,750 tons of ammonium nitrate igniting; some sections of eagle-eyed explosive experts are calling those news fake.
“The destruction of the Iranian missile depot was necessary. Superhuman efforts were made to spare civilians. The Lebanese cover story is a transparent lie, but Lebanon is under the thumb of Hezbollah and Iran”, wrote Carlos Osweda.
Carlos bases the claims on the engagement between Israel and Lebanon that was about to lead up to a war akin to the 2006 Lebanon War, also called the 2006 Israel–Hezbollah war.
The Lebanese govt said that the ammonium nitrate had been left unsecured for six years in a warehouse.It also and vowed to punish those responsible for this neglect.
Carlos says the smoke from the fire and the manner of the explosions points to a potential Iranian secret missile base.
“It was an arms depot. Missiles from Iran. First, the warheads were destroyed. If you listen to the videos keenly, you will here. There were actually THREE explosions. The “fireworks” explosion, the smoke-tower explosion, and the explosion that produced the white dome of water vapor, which became a vortex ring. “HMX, also called octogen, is a powerful and relatively insensitive nitroamine high explosive, chemically related to RDX,” he writes.
He bases his claims on some past articles and claims by both Iranian and Israeli govts. For example the below article:
Iranian Defense Minister General Hossein Dehqan said on Wednesday that “Iran intends to produce the powerful explosive Octogen for use in the warheads of its missiles to improve their ‘destructive and penetration power.’
Carlos further claims, “Someone took out Iran’s entire supply of rocket fuel in Lebanon. AND. They greatly reduced the destruction by causing DEFLAGRATION instead of DETONATION”
All in all, the propaganda wars have begun. Sit tight we are in 2020.
The explosion at the port has killed over 100 people and injured 4000 more. The Israeli govt was quick to deny any responsibility.
Very modern and secret weapons
Here are some other claims by Carlos, that it was ‘a taking out of a secret Iranian arms depot’, and not an explosion of fertilizers.
This depot would’ve been under heavy guard. Planting the technology used to deflagrate the missiles would’ve been extremely difficult. My guess is that a swarm of tiny pyrotechnic drones was used.
Surveillance drones would’ve allowed a 3-D digital model of the inside of the warehouse to have been constructed. Using that model, it would’ve been possible to figure out how to deflagrate the warheads and rocket fuel in such a way that the blast effect could be directed.
Basically, you SHAPE the blast effect. The use of explosive vapor (fuel-air explosive) gives you the ability to shape the blast effect and direct it wherever you want. The patents for technology that shapes blast effect go back to the 1960s.
I’ve been telling you for a long time that we have absolutely no idea what sorts of weapons have been put into production since about 2008. The technology I just described absolutely DOES exist. Someone killed an al-Qaeda terrorist in Yemen using a microdrone.
As he stepped out of one crowd and was head for another, a microdrone or nanodrone hit behind his head and ejected a cloud of explosive vapor that enveloped him and exploded INWARD, therefore not harming the people right beside him. The video was taken down, but I have it.
NO COLLATERAL DAMAGE. Directed blast effect. It happened in 2015. And it just happened in Beirut. On a massive scale.