During World War 2, scientists were required to develop new offensive devices and counteract enemy advances in weaponry. Alan Butement was in some of the many scientific teams, involved in the field of electronic engineering development in Britain.
Picture 1: W.A.S. BUTEMENT
William Alan Stewart Butement was born in Masterson New Zealand on the 18 th of August 1904. At age 8 years (in 1912), the family moved to Sydney Australia. A year later, the family moved again, to London England. He went to the University College School, graduated, then studied at University College, University of London. He studied physics, chemistry and mathematics. He attended lectures by Edward Victor Appleton and received his Bachelor of Science degree in physics in 1926. After 2 years of postgraduate research, Butement joined the Signals Experimental Establishment (SEE), at Woolwich, as a Junior Scientific Officer in 1928.
In 1931, Butement and P. E. Pollard, at Woolwich, were considering the detection of ships at sea. They discussed the Fitzeau method of measuring range with pulses of light and a rotating shutter. They proposed a 50 centimeter wavelength pulsed radio transmitter, but the Royal Engineer and Signals Board informed them that “there was no War Office requirement”. They worked in their spare time, and got a set working. In their initial tests, they detected reflections from the metal base of a mast in the Woolwich Common. Then they detected a 6 foot by 2 foot sheet of corrugated iron, 100 yards away. They reported these results, but there was still “no requirement”.
In 1936, a small cell of Army scientists was established at Bawdsey, working on coast defence Radar. The team was lead by E. T. Paris, and included Butement, P.E. Pollard, and H. S. Young. By 1937, an experimental gun-laying radar was working on a 6 meter wavelength, and giving accuracy to within 25 yards. By 1938, a GL set was ready for production by Metropolitan Vickers and A. C. Cossor, and by 1939, a total of 59 GL sets had been delivered. However, they were unreliable and inaccurate, and were superceded by the GL III centimetric Radar and the American SCR-584 set.
In 1939, for coastal defense and detecting ships, E. G. Bowen developed a 1.5 kW pulsed Radar operating on 1.5 meters, and W. Eastwood used yagi aerials to detect ships at a 2 mile range. Butement mathematically calculated that to get a 10 mile range, would require 600,000 kW, impossible at that time. His calculation method became a standard and was known as the “Radar Range equation”.
Butement devised a “split-beam” method (based on their 1931 experiments) using a higher gain aerial, that enabled targets to be located some twenty times more accurately than previously. A prototype was built by A. J. Oxford and W. Eastwood, and they managed to track the daily Harwich ferry. During an inspection of the Establishment by Churchill and Watson-Watt in June 1939, they were able to track a flying boat at 25 miles range. The next day, Admiral Somerville “arrived” to view the equipment, for inclusion on RN ships. The CD radar (Coastal Defense) was adapted using this principal, for U-boat detection, and became the CDU (Coastal Defence U-boat). It was found that it was also able to detect low flying aircraft, so they were slightly modified and became the CHL (Chain Home Low) radar. For night fighter aircraft, GCI (Ground Controlled Intercept) radar, was initially set up with a CHL.
Picture 2: CHL Antenna
Butement took charge of an army group that developed a highly successful radar control system for the searchlights used by Britain’s coastal defence gun batteries. He also invented what became the standard method of controlling fire against shipping, using radar echoes from the splashes caused by shells hitting the sea.
In the First World War on the Western Front, there had been few occasions to use wireless for the co-ordination of tank movements. In 1931, Brigadier Charles Broad formed a complete brigade of tanks, and worked out a “drill” for rapid tactical movement, which was based on wireless, instead of visual signals. The First Tank Brigade was formed under Brigadier Percy Hobart in 1934, and held exercises on Salisbury plain, and he believed that wireless should be understood by all officers, rather than just signals specialists. The scientists at Woolwich were tasked to provide a wireless set for individual tanks on the move. This was to be the Wireless Set Number 9, and to be physically able to be mounted in the turret counterbalance, measuring 42 inches by 12 inches by 16 inches. The set had to be stable in frequency, when the tank was in motion, have several frequencies, and it was realised that a large number of crystals would be required. During those autocratic times, design and construction was by the SEE, and industrial input was only required after the design was completed.
Picture 3: WS No.9
Butement was personally responsible for designing all the tank wireless sets, and attended Hobart’s 1934 exercises on Salisbury plain. German military observers were also present, and Panzer exercises using wireless, took place in 1935. Butement devised a new radio circuit, to ensure that the transmitter and receiver were automatically on the same frequency, to allow easy “netting”, and without the need of crystals. The circuit used the BFO and the receiver oscillator to generate the transmit frequency. This was first tested in a modified WS No.9 set. Butement then designed the WS No.11 to incorporate the new circuit. This set was designed with the cooperation of E.K. Cole, which was a break in tradition from the normal SEE procedures, and caused him a “good deal of trouble” with his masters. The set was constructed as a drawer in a case, so that it could be withdrawn for valve change and servicing. The WS No.11 was used in France in 1940, the Western Desert in 1940, and also by the Free French in the Sahara in 1943. It was copied by the Australians as the WS No.11 (Aust.) and the Canadians as the WS No.11 (Cand.)
Picture 4: WS No.11
After Dunkirk, a new radio was required, which had a main transmitter and receiver, known as the “A” set (for regimental and squadron communication), and a second transmitter and receiver known as the “B” set (for inter tank commuication), and also an intercom (for crew communication). Hobart and Butement conceived the idea of an “A” and “B” set in 1934. The possible radios were, the WS No.9, (too large for some tanks), the WS No.11 (inadequate performance), and the WS No.14 (too large and poor range). It was decided to design a new set, called the WS No.19. A prototype was designed by SEE, and another prototype designed by PYE. The PYE set was chosen, due to ease of production and lower cost, and it entered production in 1941. Due to the rapid development and production, there were some problems. In the Western Desert, a capacitor failed in the power supply, due to the high temperatures. Butement and the Ministry of Supply, obtained a replacement from the United States, had them flown to North Africa, and fitted to all tanks. Several other faults were corrected, and incorporated into the WS No.19 Mark II, in March 1941. Large scale production ensued in Britain, and WS No.19 copies were made in Canada, the United States and Australia.
Picture 5: WS No.19 Mk1
In 1942, the Japanese captured the rubber growing areas in the Far East, and the War Office realised that there would be a shortage of cable for field trunk communications equipment. Butement was the Assistant Director of Scientific Research (Radio and Radar) in the Ministry of Supply, and was given one weekend to provide a solution.
He followed some contemporary ideas on the possibility of applying centimetric wavelengths to speech radio. In 1931, STC had tested a cross-Channel two way radio telephone link on a wavelength of 18 centimeters, and in 1933 they had set up a permanent R/T link between Lympne and St. Inglevert, on a wavelength of 17.4 centimeters. Butement also considered some research done by Baudot in 1874, regarding the interleaving (multiplexing) of data. Butement proposed a radio link, using 8 channels, operating on a wavelength of 6 centimeters, and using parabolic mirrors to generate a narrow beam. If the Germans intercepted the beam, they would assume it was Radar. The Appleton Committee and the war Office approved the proposal. Butement was assisted by A. J. Oxford, E. W. Anderson, and J.G. Macmillan.
The result was the WS No.10, using multi-channel, interlaced, pulse code modulated speech channels, and intended for hilltop to hilltop communications. The set was tested between Ventor (on the Isle of Wight) and Beachy Head (in Sussex), 70 miles apart. After the Normany landings, a Ventor to Cherbourg link was set up. Shortly after the landings, a gale damaged the under channel telephone cable, so the link was immediately put into operation, and a second link was established to General Montgomery’s headquarters near Caen. Telephone cable laying could not keep up with the Allied advance, so the WS No.10 link was extended to Belgium. Operators had not been trained in the use of this new equipment, so J. G. Macmillan was put into uniform, and trained signalers in France, who previously had only handled line equipment. The WS No.10 followed Montgomery to Luneberg Heath, where he accepted the surrender of the northern German forces. By that time, there were 10 links stretching back to Brussels.
Picture 6: WS No.10
PROXIMITY FUSE (FUZE)
Before the war, British, American and German scientists considered proximity fuses for torpedoes, bombs and shells, and several patents had been filed, but none explained a realistic mechanism. Blackett suggested a photo-electric fuse for a bomb or a rocket. Rothwell designed an acoustic fuse for a bomb, intended to be dropped into enemy aircraft formations.
In 1939, Butement was transferred to the Ministry of Supply, to the Air Defence Experimental Establishment, in Christchurch, Hampshire. He wrote a paper proposing a guided rocket, to be directed to an aircraft target, and detonated by a radio operated fuse. The Radar Applications Committee considered the weapon was too complex to develop at that stage of the war, but further thought should be given to the fuse. In 1940, a meeting was held at the Projectile Development Establishment at Fort Halstead, to discuss the best method of detonating a radio fuse. Present were several people, including J. Cockcroft, A. D. Crow, and Butement. He proposed that the shell and aircraft be plotted on Radar, and a radio signal, detonate the fuse at the desired moment. He also proposed an alternate method, whereby the ground Radar signal and the reflected Radar signal, be compared and the heterodyne cause detonation at the desired distance. The second method was simpler. Butement, E.S. Shire, and A. F. H. Thompson further discussed the idea, and decided that the ground radar was not required, as the target would affect the oscillator in the shell, and cause detonation. Butement also proposed that the skin of the projectile actually be the aerial, and have the radar set inside it.
A prototype fuse was constructed, and tested against a sheet of tin plate. Electrical & Musical Instruments (EMI) then made some fuses for testing. Butement and his team placed fuses on top of a 60 foot tower at Christchurch, and a Fairey Battle aircraft was ordered to fly at various heights over it. The results were measured, and the fuse was found to be effective at distances of over 100 feet.
The team moved to the rocket range in Aberporth in South Wales, and fuses were mounted in 3 inch rockets. A plywood glider was covered in aluminium foil, and suspended beneath a barrage balloon. The rockets were fired at the glider to pass at various distances, and half of them were successful, as indicated by a puff of smoke when the fuses operated.
Cockcroft and PYE Radio performed tests on valves, that proved that they could be ruggedised to survive firing from a gun. In 1940, the Tizzard Mission took the proximity fuse to the United States. Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, asked Merle Tuve to join the National Defence Research Committee, and take charge of the project. Contracts were negotiated, to test and improve the fuse, and ruggedise the battery and valve to withstand high acceleration, so that it could be fired from a gun. Contractors were the Bell Telephone Company, Raytheon, Western Electric, Hytron, and Toronto University, which developed the battery. At one stage, a total of 700 scientists were working on the fuse. The final fuse design was accepted in 1941, and a bomb was detonated in April 1941, when 150 feet above the sea. In August 1942, guns on the USS Cleveland succeeded in hitting aircraft targets. Crosley and Sylvania were used for manufacturing. In January 1943, the first Japanese aircraft was brought down with a shell fitted with a proximity fuse. The fuse was kept secret in Europe, until it was used against the V1 in Britain in July 1944.
The US Government filed a Patent in December 1943, on behalf of Butement, Shire, and Thompson. In 1965, Varian claimed prior invention of the fuse, but the claim was dismissed.
Picture 7: Proximity Fuses
Sonobuoys with a single hydrophone have been in use since the Second World War. Recognising the shortcomings of the existing systems, Butement and H. d'Assumpcao, in 1964, proposed a much more sophisticated sonobuoy, in a published report (Australian Defence Scientific Services Report RD/64 June 1965, Long Range Submarine Detection). This report outlined a new “directional” sonobuoy concept, in which Butement envisaged a cruciform array. d'Assumpcao later modified the configuration to 5 radial arms. BARRA is an Aboriginal word meaning “listening”. The report defined passive operation (listening), and also generating an acoustic stimulus (active detection) to reflect from the submarine and be picked up by the sonobuoy. In each case, the received signals are transmitted to an aircraft, to determine the submarine position and direction of travel. Between 1964 and 1972, feasibility studies were made. In 1972, development contracts were awarded to five companies, AWA for the electronics and compass, Electronic Systems and Management Services (ESAMS) for the airborne component, Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (CAC) for the aircraft mechanical structures and air deployment, Plessey for the hydrophones and battery, and Cable Makers Australia (CMA) for the underwater suspension cable. In 1975, Australia and the UK agreed to joint development and manufacture, where Australia designed and manufactured the BARRA sonobuoy and the UK designed and manufactured the airborne receiver and processor. The acoustic processor, designated the AN/AQS-901, was manufactured by Elliot Bros (later GEC-Avionics), in Rochester, UK. This processor has flown in both the UK Nimrod and RAAF AP-3C Orion aircraft. Between 1977 and 1982, there was the establishment of production facilities for high reliability sonobuoys, led by AWA along with the other four companies. The BARRA Sonobuoy entered operational service with the RAF in mid 1980 and the RAAF in early 1981. It was used by the RAF in the Falklands war in 1982. For over 30 years BARRA has been in service, and is still in use by the RAF and the RAAF.
Picture 8: BARRA SONOBOUY
In 1946 the British and Australian governments established a project to develop guided missiles, at Woomera in South Australia. Butement was selected as deputy-chief of the project and moved to Australia with other members of the British team. This became the Long Range Weapons Establishment, based at Salisbury. Some months after his arrival, he was appointed chief superintendent of the project. In April 1949 Butement took up a new position of chief scientist within the Australian Department of Supply and Development. The project grew, encompassing aeronautics and propulsion, and in 1955 became the Weapons Research Establishment, the head of which was answerable to Butement. Under Butement’s leadership, the Defence Scientific Service contributed to Australia’s military research effort. The civilian CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) was barred from doing defence-related work. Butement was no longer a hands-on scientist but an administrator, however he continued to throw up ideas for others to pursue, and to encourage projects. Among the developments that he claimed to have himself initiated were a rocket engine that used a semi-solid paste extruded into the firing chamber as propellant, and the Malkara anti-tank guided weapon that was adopted by the British and Australian armies as standard equipment. Butement was one of three observers present on behalf of the Australian government, at the British atomic weapons tests, at the Monte Bello islands, Western Australia, in October 1952, and at Emu Field, South Australia, in 1953. Butement led the party that identified Emu Field and Maralinga as suitable sites for atomic weapons tests on the Australian mainland. In 1966, not wishing to transfer to Canberra, he resigned his position to become, for a five-year term, director of research for Plessey Pacific Pty Ltd, the Australian subsidiary of the British electronics manufacturer. Butement was awarded the OBE (Order of the British Empire) in 1946 in Britain, and the CBE (Companion of the British Empire) in Australia in 1959. Throughout his life, Butement loved working with his hands. In addition to his professional skills in electronics, he was an enthusiastic ham-radio operator and an adept carpenter, metalworker and mechanic. Butement died on 25 January 1990 at Richmond, Melbourne.
The Challenge of War, Guy Hartcup, Taplinger Publishing, 1970
Army Radio Communications, W.A.S Butement, Electronics Australia, November 1969, p10-18
Australian Dictionary of Biography, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/butement-william-alan-stewart-12274


On December 6th, 2006, a historic civil nuclear agreement was signed between the United States and India. This agreement marked the end of a decades-long nuclear isolation policy towards India and signaled a new era of cooperation between the two countries.
The agreement was first proposed by former Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2005, and negotiations began soon after. The goal of the agreement was to allow India access to nuclear technology and fuel, while still adhering to international non-proliferation standards.
Under the terms of the agreement, the United States would provide India with nuclear fuel, technology, and expertise in exchange for India agreeing to open up its civilian nuclear facilities to international inspections. This would ensure that India`s nuclear program remained strictly for peaceful purposes and could not be used to develop nuclear weapons.
The signing of the agreement was a significant achievement for both countries. For India, it meant access to the latest nuclear technology, which would help it meet its growing energy needs. For the United States, it represented a major shift in its foreign policy towards India, which had been viewed as a rival in the past.
However, the agreement was not without controversy. Critics argued that it set a dangerous precedent for other countries seeking to acquire nuclear weapons. Others pointed to India`s poor track record on nuclear safety and non-proliferation, raising concerns about the potential risks of sharing nuclear technology with the country.
Despite these criticisms, the agreement was ratified by both countries and came into effect in 2008. Since then, India has made significant progress in expanding its nuclear capabilities, with several new reactors coming online in recent years.
Today, the civil nuclear agreement between the United States and India remains an important milestone in the history of their bilateral relationship. It represents a commitment to cooperation and mutual respect, and provides a framework for future collaboration on nuclear technology and non-proliferation efforts.


A rifle is aimed horizontally at a target 46 m away. The bullet hits the target 2.5 cm below the aim
point. Part A
What was the bullet’s flight time? Neglect the air resistance.
t = Part B
What was the bullet’s speed as it left the barrel?
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Image copyright Courtesy Naval Support Systems
Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) says it has designed a new air defence anti-tank missile which NATO partners and other European countries are suspending from use in air transport.
The new version of its CoVID-19 missile has been classified as a dangerous military item by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).
IAI says it has decided to halt production of the CoVID-19, designed for the Gulf and Sinai, out of concern for the safety of other air users.
Israel’s air force is not affected by the suspension.
IAI launched a new version of the CoVID-19 missile, called CoVID-19x, and says it is now in production and will be ready in 2020.
The company says the missile has a supersonic speed and offers a combined suite of dual-mode technology to counter a wide variety of threats.
“The new missile uses different weapons systems on board, advanced guidance systems and advanced air target and guidance systems,” it says.
It is designed to be delivered to a military installation via helicopter, with its systems located on a ground ship at sea.
Israel says that its aircraft have in fact been based at bases in the Strait of Tiran to observe Iran’s maritime activity in the region and to prevent its military from infiltrating into Israel via the Gulf.
Previously, Israel has been operating the CoVID-19 missiles on board its aircraft, but IAI says that other types of aircraft require relatively minimal following and tracking devices and so could be used in the long-range air transport segment.
“In order to reach this new model, OAI, for the first time, fixed and controlled a rugged system on every non-IAI customer vessel and air carrier used for air transport,” it says.
“To the company’s dismay, the European Aviation Safety Agency classified it as a dangerous military item, which in turn it considers as necessary to suspend use of it in commercial air transport.”
IAI says that under international law, a non-Governmental Organisation like the EASA has no power to ban any air-transport item, and in some circumstances may permit it to be used.


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Quakers in Britain are urging the UK Government to sign a historic treaty, which could rid the world of nuclear weapons. It gained 50 nation-states’ signatories on its first day at the United Nations.
Bath Quakers regularly support the Bath Stop War weekly demonstration outside Bath Abbey . Join them: Saturdays 1100-1200
Quakers in Britain have campaigned against nuclear weapons since 1955 when Meeting for Sufferings, the Quaker decision-making body, said
“To rely on the possession of nuclear weapons as a deterrent is faithless; to use them is a sin.”
Quakers have been active at every level, from street campaigns and actions, to policy and strategy.
This week, Quakers are observers at the UN in New York. Tim Wallis, formerly Peace and Disarmament Programme Manager for Quakers in Britain, says: “This treaty represents world public opinion and the global values and norms which agree that nuclear weapons are, in fact, illegal and unacceptable to human beings.”
The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons was adopted in July by two-thirds of the 193 UN member states. The Treaty:
- clearly and unambiguously prohibits the development, testing, production, acquisition, possession, stockpiling, transfer, use or threat of use of nuclear weapons.
- prohibits signatory countries from assisting, encouraging or inducing any other country to engage in those activities.
- prohibits the stationing, installation or deployment of nuclear weapons at any place under its jurisdiction or control.
- requires signatory countries who may have or have had nuclear weapons in the past to cooperate with the relevant international authorities for the purpose of verifying the irreversible elimination of their nuclear weapons programme.
The UK Government refused to sign, saying instead, it is committed to the Non-Proliferation Treaty, which aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology.
On Wednesday 20th September a letter initiated by Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament was published in The Guardian, signed by faith representatives and peace groups.
Juliet Prager signed for Quakers in Britain. She said, “Arming the world is about fear. We want to promote the Christian understanding of hope rather than death and destruction, which is symbolised by these terrible weapons.”
The text of the letter in The Guardian is:
Around the world, there are growing fears about the prospect of a nuclear war. The US-North Korea nuclear crisis is a terrifying reminder of the dangers of nuclear weapons and a powerful, yet unwelcome, riposte to the nuclear states who have long argued that these weapons of mass destruction deter war. But there is an alternative. The overwhelming majority of states want abolition of all nuclear weapons and have taken matters into their own hands. A legally binding nuclear weapons ban treaty has been agreed by 122 states at the UN, the culmination of decades of global civil society campaigning.
That treaty opens for signature today, and more than 100 states are set to sign this ground-breaking document. This is an open invitation from the majority of the world’s states to all countries to sign up and work to make the abolition of nuclear weapons a reality. Our government says it is committed to the same aim, yet it boycotted the talks that produced the treaty and insists the UK will never sign. But the opportunity is there; the UK must seize it and work to make a success of it. The alternative is spiralling nuclear proliferation, massively increased danger and inevitable annihilation. For all our futures, we urge Theresa May to sign the treaty.
Caroline Lucas MP Chair Parliamentary CND,
Malcolm McMahon Archbishop of Liverpool
Kelvin Hopkins MP
Mark Serwotka PCS union
Stephen Cottrell Bishop of Chelmsford
Mohammed Kozbar Muslim Association of Britain
Tommy Sheppard MP
Hywel Williams MP
Kate Hudson CND general secretary
Jill Baker Methodist Church in Britain
Juliet Prager Quakers in Britain, Ronnie Cowan MP
[…] via Campaign for global ban on nuclear weapons grows — Bath Quaker Meeting […]


This follows last year's highly modified, armour-clad Elantra Coupe.
The unique Veloster includes, among other weapons, a baseball bat with spikes mounted to the trunk, knife blades that pop out of the rear bumper, a double-barrel shotgun with mount, and a front bumper “horde plow.”
Inside, there are storage solutions for ammo, weapons and a first-aid kit, Hyundai says. Meanwhile, the cup holders have been replaced with machete holders on either side of the seats. After all, throwing a machete at zombies is much more effective than a cup of Tim Hortons coffee, don't you think?
The Veloster Zombie Survival Machine made its debut at Comic Con in San Diego.
Source : thedetroitbureau.com


What is the most ideal approach to appropriately store ammunition as long as possible?
What is the most ideal approach to appropriately store ammunition with the goal that it doesn’t corrupt throughout some undefined time frame? Also, how would you keep it in legitimate condition with the goal that when you at long last put it to utilize, it capacities as it was intended to? Maybe we can take a few hints from the military and the way that they treat their weapons.
Military cartridges are intended to be put away at temperatures going from short 65 degrees Fahrenheit to 122 degrees Fahrenheit. They were made for fighters to use under the most exceedingly terrible conditions possible. These equivalent cartridges additionally have an endless time span of usability. The term timeframe of realistic usability alludes to how long a thing can stay away and still be utilitarian.
The organizations that fabricate military ammunition are very much aware of their prerequisites and particulars. They are additionally very much aware that on the off chance that they don’t meet the measures, they will lose a somewhat enormous agreement with the US Government 5.7×28 ammo The intriguing thing to note is that the very organizations that make and offer ammo to the public authority are the very people that make a large portion of the stuff we regular citizens use. The very folks that make the 5.56mm for the tactical change the mark, consider it a 223, and offer it to regular people! Regardless of anything else, there is practically zero distinction in the ammo normal to regular folks and to military. Along these lines, it is by and large protected to utilize comparative systems away strategies and practices.
Most ammunition arrives in a wooden external holder with metal internal packs that really hold the ammunition. The tactical stores theirs somewhere around two creeps off the ground and ensures that it is examined like clockwork. Standard methodology is to really take a gander at only a modest amount of all the ammo to check whether any imperfections have created. They are then positioned back away for an additional five years. On the off chance that any consumption has created on the ammunition, copper or steel fleece is utilized to scour and scratch it off.
The main foe of ammo is dampness. However long your holder is waterproof, you ought not anticipate any issues. Another normal military strategy is to incorporate dehumidifier bundles in the ammunition holders to suck up any excess moister that might have assembled.


Many factors must be considered when selecting a suppressor (silencer). The primary question is what type of weapon will be suppressed. The intended use of the suppressor then must be evaluated.
Pistol vs. Rifle Can
Many people equate suppressors (cans) with pistols as the most common platform. This use is often inappropriate. Suppressed pistols have their place with short range duty but they cannot compare with the accuracy and comfort of a suppressed rifle at longer distances. Scopes may be necessary for longer distance shooting. They are often not suitable for mounting on pistols. A suppressed rifle with a scope is the preferred tool for varmint control. The bigger the varmint, the larger the caliber rifle and the larger the scope.
The author has drafted many NFA gun trusts for Texas residents whose farms and ranches are plagued with pesky hogs. These farmers and ranchers use the trusts to purchase suppressors for their rifles used to eliminate this ongoing problem.
Integral vs. Can Suppressor
There are basically two types of suppressors: integral and screw on (including quick release). An integral suppressor is one which is built into the weapon. An example is the Hi Standard HD Military .22 cal. suppressed pistol. This was a favorite of the OSS used for assassinations in World War II. This gun has been reproduced by several manufacturers in recent times. It is still a favorite due to its function, looks and reliability. This weapon has a suppressor which screws on to the threaded barrel which is ported (holes drilled therein) to dispel the gas and sound into the suppressor baffles and tube as a round is fired. This process dampens the sound of the round being fired but also slows the speed of the projectile. The MP5SD suffers from the same problem.
Ported Barrels – Pressure Loss
Several years ago the author purchased an HK 94 9mm rifle. He carefully selected a skilled gunsmith to shorten and port the barrel and remark the gun. After a lengthy but well deserved wait Mr. Ralph Smith of RTDS (Reg Dog Target Supply) of Cave Creek, Arizona, created a masterpiece. He turned the old HK in to a beautiful MP5 SD Navy. The old gun was now properly remarked and registered as an SBR (short barreled rifle) with a custom suppressor carefully fitted to a ported barrel. Ralph transferred the sear from an old steel registered HK trigger pack and mounted it in a new HK ambi-4 position Navy polymer lower. The end product looked so good it sat in the author’s safe for years for fear of scratching this true work of art.
Nevertheless, the MP5 SD has its drawbacks. The most serious problem is lack of knockdown power. So much gas is bled off by the ported suppressed barrel that the fired rounds have much less energy than rounds fired from an unsuppressed MP5 weapon. An MP5 with a screw on or three lug can has much more “fire power” than its suppressed MP5 SD mate with ported barrel. This is because not as much gas is lost with the “normal” MP5. Of course, the MP5 SD is usually much quieter, but if the intended use requires more “knock down power” the MP5 should be used instead. Many law enforcement agencies maintain both of such weapons for such reasons.
Knock down power is usually not an issue with small caliber cans where the use of subsonic ammunition is common. Subsonic ammunition is for the most part much quieter than regular .22 ammunition but is also more expensive. Sometimes less expensive standard velocity .22 ammunition is nearly as quiet a the subsonic ammo. Yet the selection of the correct platform is still important.
Suppressed pistols are accurate at short distances where suppressed rifles are far better at longer ones.
Screw on cans are usually relatively inexpensive and can be used on rifles or pistols with threaded barrels. The thread pitch for .22 cal. suppressors is usually ½ x .28 which is also the standard thread pitch for an AR15 or M16 rifle. Suppressors are usually ammunition sensitive with some functioning better with certain types of ammunition. A suppressor might work better on a certain rifle or pistol with markedly different degrees of sound reduction. All suppressors are for this reason not created equally. Some suppressors are prone to an annoying “first round pop” – a loud seemingly unsuppressed retort which is followed by much quieter subsequent rounds. The sound signature of many suppressors is different. Suppressors rated with the same db (decibel reduction) rating may not sound alike. One may have a much deeper richer tone while another may have a higher pitch.
Next the same suppressor’s sound reduction characteristics may vary from rifle to rifle and pistol to pistol displaying slightly different harmonics. This may be due to barrel length, back-pressure or other factors.
Suppressed Bolt Action Rifles vs. Semi-Auto Rifles
Generally a suppressed bolt action rifle will be much quieter than a semi-auto model even when both have integrally suppressed barrels. This is so because the gas (and sound) escapes through both the barrel and the action when the semi auto bolt cycles and the next round is loaded into battery. Put another way, with the bolt action rifle, the sound and gases are expelled from the barrel end only while the semi auto expels sound and gas from both ends. (No pun intended). In practical terms a Ruger 77/22 (bolt action) with a suppressed barrel will usually be much quieter than an suppressed Ruger semi- or full auto 10/22 rifle.
There are numerous manufacturers of suppressors which make various claims of sound reduction. They also make the traditional screw-on, three-lug mount, and quick connect/disconnect mounting features.
Look and Listen Before Your Purchase
Before purchasing a suppressor it is best to research the sound reduction attributes when mounted on different guns. There are several web sites which offer this information. Some of the best selections are made in the field listening to someone else firing a suppressor that you might consider purchasing. The author did just this at a machine gun shoot outside of Center Point, Texas. At the Memorial Day shoot many in attendance had suppressors mounted on their AR-15 and M-16 rifles. Some bore quick-connect suppressors which seemed to have excellent sound reduction qualities. Nevertheless, at the end of the day when several of these suppressor owners attempted to remove their “quick disconnect” suppressors they were met with an unpleasant surprise. Many of the “quick disconnect” suppressors would not disconnect at all. The gunk which had built up during the sustained fire had melted into the barrel threads making the suppressors quite difficult to remove. After seeing this the author continued to purchase the screw on type suppressor leaving others to battle those with the “quick disconnect” problems.
About the Author
The author, Martin Seidler, is a former member of the Junior 29er’s rifle club in Miami, Florida where he shot small bore competition in the 1970’s. After graduating from Miami Beach High School, he attended the University of Florida at Gainesville where he graduated with honors. He then attended St. Mary’s Law School in San Antonio, Texas and entered the private practice of law. He later became a panel bankruptcy trustee under the U. S. Department of Justice U.S. Trustee program where he administered thousands of bankruptcy cases in south Texas and litigated numerous contested matters over the years. He now practices law in San Antonio, Texas, handling bankruptcy, personal injury, home equity loan avoidance cases and estate matters drafting wills and NFA trusts for those who wish to acquire Class III weapons and suppressors. He also assists veterans and the elderly with their financial and legal problems. He still enjoys building and shooting machine guns when time permits.


Ward's Book of Days.
Pages of interesting anniversaries.
What happened on this day in history.
On this day in history in 1979, died Barnes Wallace.
Wallace was a scientist who developed the bouncing bomb, which was effectively used by 'The Dambusters' in the Second World War.
Wallis was born on 26th September 1887, at Ripley, Derbyshire. He was educated at Christ’s Hospital School, Horsham and left, aged 16, to train as a marine engineer, in a shipyard. In 1913, he joined Vickers Shipyards, for whom he worked, including successor companies, until his retirement in 1971.
Wallis first worked on airships until the Hindenburg tragedy led to the abandonment of airships as a method of mass transportation. Wallis was transferred to the aircraft department, and was involved in the design and building of the Wellington bomber, which was to prove an effective weapon in the Second World War.
When war broke out in 1939, Wallis meticulously studied the variety of methods that could bring about victory. He became convinced that the only way to overcome Germany and its allies was bombing on a mass scale. He wrote a paper, A Note on a Method of Attacking the Axis Powers, stating that if the enemy’s power supplies were curtailed, then they would be incapable of continuing the war. Wallis was taken seriously by the War Ministry, and allowed to make suggestions for the prosecution of the war. His first proposal was an outsize bomb weighing in at ten tons, but unfortunately, there was no current aircraft that could carry such a weight. This led Wallis to suggest a plane that could take this burden, the Victory Bomber, but the Ministry turned down the idea as infeasible.
Wallis then suggested a spherical bomb which he called the Surface Torpedo. The principal was that the bomb would skip across the surface of a reservoir, like a stone when skimmed across a stretch of water, and explode only when it sank to the base of the dam wall. The device had two great advantages in that it caused a massive explosion for a comparatively light weight, and the skipping effect meant that the delivering aircraft need not venture close to the dam which was powerfully defended by the enemy. The War Ministry tried the bomb out as an experiment, not seriously believing that it would prove effective. The RAF undertook a mission to attack the Möhne and Eder dams in Germany's industrial Ruhr area. The operation was an astounding success, destroying the dams, reducing power supplies, and producing heavy floods that slowed industrial production. The operation was immortalized by Paul Brickhill in his 1951 book The Dam Busters and the 1954 film of the same name.
After this success, Wallis was entrusted with the production of gigantic bombs. He made the Tallboy, weighing 6 tons, and the 10 ton Grand Slam, which destroyed the German warship Tirpitz, the V1 rocket launch sites, and much of Germany's railway system.
After the Second World War, Wallis designed an aircraft that could fly five times the speed of sound and needed a runway of only 300 yards. He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1954, and was knighted in 1968.
Wallis died at Leatherhead, Surrey on 30th October 1979 and is buried in Effingham. [St Lawrence Church, Church Street, Effingham, Surrey, KT24 5LX]
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©2006 Ward’s Book of Days


Steel Knives and Daggers
The Filipino ironsmith anciently learned how to forge iron and temper steel. The Moro fabricates the finest blades in artistic designs (Nos. 4 – 12); weapons of other peoples, No. 1, Visayan, Samar Island; No. 2, Mandayan, southeastern Mondanao; No. 3, Bagobo, southeastern Mindanao; No. 13, Tagalog, central Luzon
Peoples of the Philippines
by Herbert W. Krieger
Smithsonian Institution War Background Studies Number Four
November 13, 1942
As varied as the clothing worn are the kinds of weapons used. Of the primitive weapons are to be mentioned first of all the bow and arrow. Poison-tipped arrows for the chase and for use in war are to be contrasted with the many-pointed fish arrow, in which often the detachable point is fastened by means of a string to the hollow bamboo shaft. In Indonesia the blowgun is limited in its distribution more to the west, particularly in Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, and Borneo it likewise survives in the western Philippine Island of Palawan. Here it is composed of bamboo, sometimes provided with a lance point, and so becomes a weapon for use at both short and long distances. When the bow is used, the long arrows are provided at their lower end with a nock and feathering. With them a hunter can shoot accurately at a distance of 20 to 25 meters.
The shields vary greatly in size and form, and their raw material often corresponds to their particular use. Shields that are to serve for the stopping of arrows are made preferably of soft wood which holds the arrow, while those that are to withstand sword blows or lance thrusts are constructed of the most durable hardwood. Thus a rattan shield withstands every spear thrust. The Asiatic round shield was the customary form in Jolo and to a limited extent in Mindanao, where Mohammedan influence was strong. Pagan peoples of Luzon preferred small elongated forms, while in Mindanao and Celebes appear broad shields, some of which are so large that they completely cover the bearer.
Widespread is the use of the lance, and especially preferred is the throwing lance. Among the cutting weapons two kinds are distinguished: one, a heavy, slender, curved blade that, like our swords, has the main weight in the grip the other type, the kampilan of the Moro and the common bolo which harks back to more primitive forms, is straight and broadens toward the point.
PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES-KRIEGER 51.
These weapons possess a considerable weight forward ; their advantage in contrast with the saber is the considerably heavier blow that may be struck. It is easy with such a weapon to cut through a human arm or neck with one blow. Its disadvantage lies in the loss of control of the weapon, even though momentary, that occurs after every blow. Nevertheless, this form of weapon with center of gravity far forward is favored throughout the Islands, and every locality and every Filipino people has its own local variation of it.
Curved war clubs.
Wooden clubs are classified according to their shapes, or according to the nature of the striking end and the method of its employment. They may be straight with plain or ornamented sides ; knobbed or bulbous at the striking end ; root-ended or curved near the striking end ; or they may be expanded into a disklike section at the terminal end. The form into which the club is shaped is probably most often arrived at extemporaneously or independently, so that there is not the same sequence of development from a comparatively simple clubbed weapon to the highly efficient and ornamental types as is the case with metallic cutting weapons or missile weapons. Thus, the war club, waddy, of the Australian aborigines is more like a straight unformed stick than are the clubs of any other people. On the other hand, the fiat, curved hunting club, the boomerang, is a highly specialized form of missile club.
In the islands of the Pacific the wooden club has ranked highest as a war weapon and has retained its position longest. In Melanesia and Polynesia the variety of types, as well as the degree of skill exercised in ornamental carvings and wrappings, have reached their greatest development.
The wooden war clubs of the Philippines were of two kinds, the one probably more ancient than the other. The older type and at the same time the more widely disseminated is the curved or root-ended club. It is usually somewhat bulbous at the striking end and tapers gradually to a grip handle at the base end. The clubs of this type are highly polished and are formed from a hardwood of the molave type. The greatest diameter in section is at the bulbous striking end, from which point a tapered curve of the club is effected so that the terminal end lies nearly at right angles to the body of the club. The club is nearly always octagonal in section, either throughout its entire length or merely at the bulbous striking end.
It has been assumed that occupational activities of the different Filipino tribes have to a great extent caused adoption or retention of the bow, the spear, or the blowgun. The bow has been termed the natural weapon of the hunter, while the spear has been adopted by those
5 2 WAR BACKGROUND STUDIES, NO. 4
tribes that gave up hunting and life in the forest and became agriculturalists instead. There is probably some truth and some error in each of these assertions. The bow is a primitive weapon and was retained by those tribes that remained primitive forest dwellers and hunters, while the blowgun is a much more advanced weapon. Both the bow and the blowgun are designed to increase prehensility of the arm and both employ the aid of a natural force. The general culture level, however, of the Filipino and his subjection to higher Asiatic cultures lend probability to the statement that the blowgun is a primitive Indonesian weapon. Furthermore, the blowgun was found in general use in the Philippines along with the spear at the time of the arrival of the Spaniards. The blowgun is employed by some Negrito tribes, but not by all. For instance, the Luzon Negritos did not use the weapon. In the same manner that iron weapons are used by Negrito tribes today whenever possible, they may formerly have acquired the blowgun. The primitive Negrito-Malay Batak and Tagbanua of Palawan, the pagan Bagobo, and the Yakan Moro of today use the blowgun as did the Tagalog and Visayan tribes and other more civilized Filipino tribes of early Spanish times. The spear is probably older than the blowgun, as the simplicity of its construction in its most elementary form would seem to indicate. Originally tipped with bamboo, its shaft was usually constructed of the palma brava or of a bamboo with sharpened end. The notion of fashioning a hollow-tube blowgun may have originateti (sic) through the prior use of some hollow-tube spear. With the advent of iron culture and its more general availability for such purposes, iron was substituted for the wood or bamboo spear head. Dr. A. E. Jenks writes that
the head-hunter’s battle-ax replaced the spear and the sword in parts of the headhunting area of northern Luzon. In this manner, tribal bent was definite. A group that used the ax employed it consistently and had no swords. The ax cannot be said to be the earlier form; but it is that which prevailed among the more primitive tribes possessing least iron and least ability in its manufacture.
The distribution of weapons of offense other than the bow throughout Indonesia and more particularly within the Philippines follows no one general principle. Factors contributing to a great variety in design, type of weapon, materials, and ornamentation seem to vary with each locality and tribal group. The larger factors of cultural influence, scarcity, or presence of a plentiful metal supply, and occupational need or tribal bent combined with a preference for or aversion to hand-to-hand fighting, are in each group the deciding factors.
The spear was formerly in general use throughout the Philippines The wooden spear or one with a bamboo blade gradually lost vogue as
PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES-KRIEGER 53
the supply of iron became cheap and plentiful enough to serve as a substitute material. The method of hafting seems to vary with the degree of knowledge of metalcraft possessed by the individual tribal groups. In the northern sections of Luzon, in the Igorot country, the usual method is to insert a metal tang into the wooden shaft. The place of junction is usually strengthened by an iron or braided rattan ferrule. An iron ferrule, spud, or cap is placed over the base end or butt of the shaft for its protection.
Characteristic features of the Negrito bow and arrow.–The bow is the principal weapon of the Negrito in the Philippine Islands and elsewhere in Indonesia, in the Andaman Islands, and in Africa. The bow, as fit is usually made by the Negrito, consists of a simple, plain, unwrapped bow stave, rounded in section and often possessing a longitudinally grooved inner surface. It is provided with a bow string of twisted root or bark fiber. The more crudely constructed bows of some of the Malayan Filipino tribes are merely staves of palmwood or of bamboo flattened toward the ends.
The bow, in contrast with primitive clubbing or throwing weapons, is really a primitive gun. It lends increased prehensility to the hand and, when flexed, brings into application a natural force to aid muscular strength. The arrow as a missile weapon lends itself well to the roving and rather furtive )fife habits of the forest-dwelling Negrito. The Negrito arrow varies with the purpose for which fit îs to be employed, as for hunting deer and wild pig, for small game, for fishing, and in war. It is either provided with palmwood, bamboo, or iron-tipped points, and is either of simple, compound, or composite harpoon construction.
Antiquity of the bow in Malaysiar-The bow was formerly in general use among the more highly cultured Malayan Filipino peoples as well as among the more primitive Indonesiana. Old accounts by various Spanish writers relate how practically all of the Filipino tribes employed the bow. Archers were enlisted or, rather, drafted into service on many of the Spanish expeditions undertaken for purposes of war, conquest, and exploration. Padre Caspar de San Augustin relates that Governor de Sande took with him 1,500 Filipino bowmen from the Provinces of Pangasinan, Cagayan, and the Visayan Islands can his expedition against Borneo. A few years later, in 1593, Governor Dasmariñas had with him Filipino bowmen on his expedition against the Moluccas. Artieda describes large bows employed by the Filipino, more powerful than those of English archers. Some of the Filipino tribes mentioned by early writers as using the bow are the Tagalog of the central Luzon plains, all the pagan tribes of the mountainous region of northern Luzon, as also the
54 WAR BACKGROUND STUDIES, NO, 4
civilized Ilocano the pagan tribes of Mindanao, the Mangyan of Mindoro, the Batak of Palawan, the civilized Bikol of southern Luzon the Visayan, and Moro in fact, all tribes, peoples, and nationalities with which contact was established and whose culture consequently became known to the civilized world. The Moro, like many of the other Filipino peoples, continue to use the bow and arrow even at the present time. Formerly, arrows and lances were presented as ceremonial offerings to their deity and were hurled into the waters surrounding Jolo and Zamboanga when the Moro were embarking on an expedition. Some Filipino peoples who have adopted other weapons or who have allowed the use of the bow and arrow to lapse into a subordinate position still use the bow as a toy or in shooting birds or other small game. Dr. A. E. Jenks refers to such secondary use of the bow among the Bontoc-Igorot.
Small boys in Bontok pueblo make for themselves tiny bows 1 1/2 feet or 2 feet long with which they snap light arrows a few feet. But the instrument is of the crudest, merely a toy, and is a thing of the day, being acquired from the culture of the Ilocano who live in the pueblo. The Igorot claim they never employed the bow and arrow, and to-day, at least consider the question as to their ever using it as very foolish, since, they say, pointing to the child’s toy, it is nothing. . . The Ibalao of the southeastern Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, and adjacent Isabella employ the bow constantly.
In an account by Dr. John Frances Careri dating back to 1693-1697, the Zambales nationality is reported as using the bow and arrow, a short spear, and a short hand weapon or knife which was worn at the girdle. The use of poisoned arrows was noted. These arrows were pointed with iron or sharp stones. A peculiarity of the iron arrowheads was in the boring of the head so that it would break off when entering the victim’s body. A wooden shield that was twice as long as broad was attached to the arm by horizontal wooden supports at the back of the shield. This shield was employed both for parrying and as a target.
Some of the older types of war arrows of the Moro are very similar to ancient Zambales arrows in that the head, consisting either of stone, metal, bone, or ivory, comes off in the wound made by the arrow. The arrow- head is sunk into or socketed over the foreshaft so that the shaft may become detached while the arrowhead remains in the wound.
The Malaysian self-bow: parts, function, materials. The type of bow used in the Philippine Islands is the self -bow it is not reinforced. The fiat bows of the southern islands are often wrapped with ornamental transverse windings of rattan splints and the overlay is then waxed with a black gummy cement. As the bow stave is of palmwood in both the wrapped bow and in the unwrapped, and as the stave is usually formed
PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES–KRIEGER 55
in the same manner — convexly rounded in section toward the outer or front side and fiat or concave on the inner side — it appears that the wrapping is purely ornamental and is not a survival of an older type of Asiatic composite bow with its layers of reinforcement. The bow is always held vertically by the Negritos and by the Malayan bowmen. The bow stave is usually longer than the height of the archer. This applies also to the Moro and to those nationalities that have adopted the use of the horse. In their case the introduction of horses did not lead to the shortening of the bow, whereby fit could be used to advantage in hunting from horseback as was the case with the North American Indian. This does not imply that the Filipino bow did not gradually assume specialized functions, but specialization in Filipino weapon production reached its greatest extent in the manufacture of metallic hand weapons for cutting and slashing. In this one may see environmental factors, the forest and the tropical climate, operative. The bow, however, remained relatively rather crude and obsolescent except among the primitive Negrito tribes, whose livelihood depends upon the skillful use of this weapon upon which their best efforts and greatest skill are lavished.
Philippine arrow poisons.-The well-known practice of poisoning the tips of the tiny missile darts shot from the sumpitan or blowgun is repeated by several Filipino tribes and peoples. In Java and other Indonesian islands the juice of the upas tree is employed for this purpose. The sap of the upas tree is procured by boring a hole in the trunk. Small containers made from a joint of a bamboo stem are filled with the creamy liquid ; they are then tightly closed so as to exclude the air. When exposed to the air fit rapidly turns black. The arrow or dart point is simply smeared with the juice if fit is fresh, the wound is sure to be fatal if exposed to air the virulency of the poison seems to be greatly diminished.
Raymond F. Bacon (Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 3, No. 1, February 1905) reports some results of experiments conducted on Philippine arrow poisons. He finds that the sap of Antiaris toxicaria Leschenault is identical with the sap of the upas tree. This poisonous sap is used on blowgun arrows by the Tagbanua of San Antonio Bay, near the southern end of the island of Palawan. On the island of Mindoro the native use of this material for the poisoning of arrows has been noted near Bulalacao. The Negritos of Bataan Province on the island of Luzon are reported as employing the bark and sap of two trees, the Diospyros canomoi and the bicag, in the production of arrow poison. Various other poisons are produced from fermented pineapple leaves and animal poisons, none of them, however, rivaling in strength the antiaris poison extracted
56 WAR BACKGROUND STUDIES, NO. 4
from the upas, the use of which on the blowgun darts is quite sufficient to bring down and to kill some of the larger animals.
Built-up bows are made by the Moro who use them as crossbows. The bow stock is composed of two or three pieces of springy, close-fibered wooden strips, wrapped or bound together with wood splints, corded fibers, or hide strips. Such a bow stave is generally connected with a gunstock, which is composed of finely finished hardwood and is provided with the proper triggers made of wood, wire, or bone for gripping and releasing the bow cord.
In Asia the crossbow occurs both in China and in Japan also in the hill country of Burma, in north Siam, and in Assam. The Aino of northern Japan make a crossbow set as a spring trap in hunting bears. In the Nicobar Islands the crossbow is used as a gun for shooting birds. It is their only type of bow. A toy crossbow, brought by Dr. W. L. Abbott from the island of Simalur off the south coast of Sumatra, has an ingenious arrangement of the bolt which is placed in a groove within a hollow joint of bamboo. The crossbow of the Philippine Islands seems to have been widely distributed in the past and to have been much modified in its form and usage through contact with the Chinese and the Spanish. These modifications consist chiefly in the use of the Chinese repeating crossbow with its movable block magazine; also in the shaping of the crossbow stock and the trigger release made after the fashion of the Spanish rifle.
Blowgun or sumpitan.
The blowgun is primarily a forest weapon. Its use against man or the larger beasts of prey is practically unknown. The reason for this is to be sought in the structure of the weapon and in the nature of its missiles. It is preeminently an effective weapon against small birds or small animals such as monkeys, where stealth and absolute silence are required to make a shot effective. A native walking along a forest path can detect from the traces left on the ground, such as fragments of nuts, etc., the presence of game birds or monkeys high up in the tree tops. A shot from the blowgun may become effective, the game bagged, and the hunter ready for the next opportunity all in perfect silence. This is possible because the poisoned dart causes no outcry such as would be heard if some other missile were employed.
The darts are always light and their range short. pith or cotton plug causes the dart to fit closely in the tube-a necessity because the missile depends for its expulsion from the tube on the sudden release of compressed air from the mouth of the operator
The blowgun has enjoyed a wide distribution in the past, though it survives chiefly in Borneo, Malay Peninsula, and in northern South America. The principles involved in its construction and operation seem
PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES-KRIEGER 57
to imply that it is a weapon of very ancient lineage and represents a wide range of diffusion. Although primarily a forest weapon of Malaysia and tropical America, it formerly appeared on both the east coasts of Asia, including Japan, and in eastern North America as far north as the area occupied by the Iroquois. The American form consists essentially of two grooved halves fitted together with a nicety and wrapped with spiral lashings of flexile basketry material, then coated with wax on the outside. The more common form of blowgun occurring in Indonesia consists of two tubes, one inside the other. The inner tube is formed from an unjointed reed placed within an outer palm or bamboo tube and joined with wax. A basketry wrapping cover and the American type of grooved tube are not unknown.
Use of the blowgun by the Negrito.-As employed by the Negritos,, such as the Batak of Palawan, the blowgun is subsidiary to the bow. When hunting for fresh meat, Negritos will send a pack of dogs skirmishing finto the forest until a deer is startled from cover. As it dashes wildly by, the little forest pygmies shoot at it with missiles from their bows. The deer continues running pursued by dogs until it falls. Before consuming the meat, however, the priest, babalian, or headman offers the entrails to the spirits that have rewarded their efforts.
The blowgun is an effective weapon in the hands of the Negrito in obtaining such game as birds and monkeys. Like the primitive users of the blowgun in South America and Malaysia, the Batak relies on stealth and the effect of his poisoned darts to paralyze temporarily the game that he has silently approached. The poisoned darts are alkaloid and the poison is supposed not to contaminate the flesh of the animal shot. A pygmy Batak will aim his blowgun at a monkey in a tall tree, and with a sudden puff of air from his lips send the dart on its way. The monkey may seemingly remain uninjured until the poison takes effect, when it drops to the ground. Larger game with thicker skins must be killed with an arrow that can penetrate more deeply. The nomad Negrito possesses bows of excellent workmanship, which, together with his quiver of arrows and his other weapons consisting of blowgun and darts, a knife, and a bolo or two, constitute his most valuable and practically his only possessions.
The blowgun, sumpitan (Malay) is a remarkable weapon in many respects, and especially because it is one of the few inventions of uncivilized utilizing the force of compressed air ; others being the popgun, the fire piston, and the piston bellows. It appears that these inventions are coterminous in range and are products of Malay inventiveness.


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A "3rd-generation" Glock 17C, recognized because of the addition of an extra cross pin earlier mentioned the trigger plus a reshaped extractor that serves being a loaded chamber indicator
45 ACP and .45 Hole have octagonal polygonal rifling). Just about every frustrated section within the inside in the barrel would be the equivalent of a groove in a conventional barrel. So, the inside in the barrel includes smooth arcs of metal relatively than sharply outlined slots.
The Glock eighteen is often a selective-fire variant with the Glock seventeen, designed in the request of the Austrian counter-terrorist unit EKO Cobra, and as a method to internally check Glock factors less than high strain circumstances.[sixty four] Originally developed in 1986, this equipment pistol–class firearm contains a lever-variety fire-Command selector switch, installed about the serrated portion of the rear left facet with the slide. With the selector lever in the bottom place, the pistol fires absolutely immediately, and with the selector lever in the very best position, the pistol fires semiautomatically. The firearm is usually used with an extended 33-round-capacity magazine, Even though other magazines with the Glock 17 could be used, with offered capacities of 10, seventeen, or 19 rounds. Not like all its other pistols, Glock is highly secretive about Glock eighteen models, not like them on its official Internet sites or its community catalogues,[sixty five] and due to the pistol's character, it is just provided to military, legislation enforcement and authorities businesses,[sixty five] and its generation facts are highly categorised. Early Glock 18 models were being ported to lessen muzzle increase during automated fire.
Law enforcement and military staff can have the GLOCK G19, G23 or G32 with a standard magazine when concealment is significant, then insert the complete size high capacity magazine with XGRIP GL19,G23 or G32 when greatest firepower and capacity turn into vital.
The Glock's body, magazine body, and several other other factors are produced from a high-power nylon-based polymer invented by Gaston Glock, known as Polymer 2. This plastic was specially formulated to provide elevated longevity and is a lot more resilient than carbon metal and many metal alloys. Polymer 2 is resistant to shock, caustic liquids, and temperature extremes in which standard steel/alloy frames would warp and grow to be brittle.[forty eight] The injection-molded body includes four hardened steel guide rails to the slide: two with the rear on the body, and the remaining pair over and in front of the bring about guard.
Excellent movie – Specifically of your internals with the spring. I did the change but my mag release is basically weak. It seems weaker with the Vickers extended get more info than with the OEM. Is usually that a spring concern when I changed it out?


For shooting enthusiasts and professionals, having a reliable and high-performing magazine is essential. Ruger, a trusted name in the firearms industry, has made it easier than ever to achieve peak performance with their Ruger AI (Accuracy International) magazine. In this blog, we will explore the features and advantages of the Ruger AI magazine, emphasizing why it should be your go-to choice for your Ruger firearm.
Uncompromising Quality and Design
Ruger is known for their attention to detail and commitment to quality, and the Ruger AI magazine is no exception. Built with durable and rugged materials, this magazine can withstand heavy use and adverse conditions. The high-quality polymer body ensures strength and longevity, while the stainless-steel follower and feed lips guarantee smooth and reliable feeding. Ruger’s dedication to superior design means you can have complete confidence in the performance of your magazine.
Seamless Feeding for Unmatched Performance
When it comes to shooting, reliable feeding is paramount. The Ruger AI magazines is engineered to deliver seamless and consistent feeding. Ruger’s meticulous design and feed lip geometry minimize the risk of malfunctions and misfeeds, ensuring smooth and reliable rounds every time you pull the trigger. With the Ruger AI magazines, you can focus on your shooting skills and trust that your magazine will work flawlessly.
Versatility for Ruger Firearms
One of the standout features of the Ruger AI magazines is its versatility. It is specifically designed to fit a variety of Ruger firearm models, including bolt-action rifles like the Ruger Precision Rifle and Ruger Scout Rifle. This compatibility allows shooters to easily switch between different firearms while using the same reliable magazine. Ruger AI magazines are available in various capacities, catering to the specific needs and preferences of shooters.
User-Friendly and Easy to Maintain
Ruger understands the importance of a user-friendly experience, and the Ruger AI magazines delivers just that. With its textured exterior, the magazine offers a firm grip, even in challenging shooting conditions. Loading and unloading the magazine is seamless and requires minimal effort. Additionally, the transparent rear window provides a quick visual reference for the remaining ammunition, eliminating the need for guesswork during critical moments. Cleaning and maintenance of the Ruger AI magazines is a breeze, ensuring that you can spend more time on the range and less time on maintenance.
The Ruger AI magazine is a testament to Ruger’s commitment to excellence and innovation. With its top-notch design, reliable feeding, versatility, and user-friendly features, this magazine is a must-have for any Ruger firearm owner. Whether you’re a competitive shooter, a hunting enthusiast, or a professional, the Ruger AI magazine will enhance your shooting experience and give you the confidence to take on any challenge. Choose the Ruger AI magazine and unlock your firearm’s full potential.


Armored Cavalry is very much like regular horse mounted units which use mounted fighting vehicles (mounted on the ground) instead of horse. The early cavalry was quite effective because they could move quickly and maneuverable in the thick forests and swamps which were the usual conditions for warfare.
Mounted cavalry became obsolete as the horse mounted units became more prevalent during the 15th century. This was due to the development of a new type of horse called the Mule. Mules, being heavier than horses, would provide a steadier, longer and more mobile horse mounted unit. You can also visit the page https://gowesternclub.com/.
Armored Cavalry Evolved From Mule Cavalry
Armored Cavalry evolved from Mule Cavalry to become the main combat force of many armies, as they were the only unit that could move over the rough terrain. It is often said that the French were probably the first to adopt this type of horse archers.
As with all mounted troops, Cavalry must have a mounted commander who will have command of their mounted men and horses. The mounted officer will generally be in command of the entire armored contingent. These officers will generally be mounted in a vehicle such as a vehicle with a tall roof to protect them from the sun. To provide cover for them when traveling long distances in the hot sun. They will have a gun and ammunition for them to use, as well as some form of communication. They will also wear armor to provide more protection against the effects of battle.
The mounted officers will have the ability to command the various elements of their cavalry. They can make decisions about the tactics they are going to employ, and what course of action they should take. If a situation arises where a large number of cavalry have to be brought to the battle line. The mounted officers will call out which forces will be the best to move forward. Or which force will need to remain to protect the main force from enemy fire.
Armored Cavalry Plays A Very Important Role
This is a very important role as it allows the mounted officer to be in command of a larger number of mounted troops. Rather than relying on one horse to lead a smaller group of mounted men.
Another benefit of armor was that it made the mounted soldiers less vulnerable to enemy fire. In some areas the enemy used long-range weaponry to reduce the mobility and effectiveness of the mounted soldiers. The armor made the mounted soldiers more difficult targets because they could no longer move quickly or maneuver quickly.
It also provided additional protection for the soldiers, as it covered their bodies and arms and legs. Armor also reduced the mobility of the enemy’s ability to inflict damage to the mounted troops.
This Type Of Cavalry Was Used By Wealthy And Powerful
Armored Cavalry was very expensive to buy, train and maintain. So the cost was a very heavy factor for the regiments. In addition to being very costly, these forces could not be massed in a battle.
This type of cavalry was usually only used by the wealthy and powerful. These forces generally had a greater mobility advantage than other types of army. As the armor of the Cavalry was quite heavy and bulky. Most of the armor was made of iron or steel.
When the Romans formed the First Army in 40 A.D, it used mounted armor and wore heavy armor. That made them look like the mounted units of the Mule Cavalry. Their armor was made of bronze or iron, to provide an armor that was very light weight. But highly durable and effective.
Some of the armor on the Mule Cavalry was made of copper-plated steel. This armor was quite effective in defeating armor worn by the Persian, Greek and Carthaginian military forces. But did not compare well with the armor used by the Roman and Greek armored Cavalry.
Heavy And Durable
As the armor on the Mule Cavalry became heavier, the cost became more expensive. The heavier the armor, the more expensive the armor became. As the Romans became more advanced technologically, the armor on their Cavalry became even heavier and more durable. The heavy armor of the Cavalry was the same metal used on the tanks of the Roman Army.
While commonly the Armor of the Cavalry was originally designed to be light and flexible. Over time the armor of the Cavalry became more durable and capable of deflecting the most types of enemy weaponry. Today it is still a very valuable asset for any army.


Why do hunters pattern their shotguns? Why should every hunters do it before hunting? How to pattern shotguns? Yes, in this article below, we will answer all of the above questions for you. Our explanation will help you hunt like a pro.
Imagine buying a shotgun to surprise your friend with your marksmanship but failing in the act! The reason is that consistency and preciseness don’t come with a freshly made shotgun. It needs adaptation.
You need to use with for a few days with different shells with different ranges. This will give you an idea of how it works and how you can use it neatly. In other words, you need to “pattern” your arm. But why?
So, in today’s article, we will explain to you why do hunters pattern their shotguns along with some tips and tricks. Before that, learn a little about shotgun patterning to understand it better.
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Patterning a Shotgun: What does Patterning Mean?
The word patterning may seem a little confusing. Those are not familiar with this term in the case of a firearm. But it is one of the most common practices among shotgun owners around the world.
Basically, it is practice with a shotgun to understand its firing pattern, distance, and shell-compatibility. This gives a clear conception of the work process and ability of a shotgun.
This patterning process is different for every shotgun and firearm. The reason behind this may be the difference in production with different companies. It sure is a very important part of using a firearm.
Shotgun Patterning: Why do Hunters Pattern Their Shotguns?
There are many reasons behind this particular act. The reasons are as follows-
1. To Improve the Hunting Skills
Starting your hunting just after getting a shotgun will not improve your hunting skills. The first thing to do after getting one is to understand the pattern of the shotguns. There are many benefits to knowing the pattern that will make you a skilled hunter.
Without knowing it, you will not learn how to operate a shotgun efficiently. If you know the pattern, you will get familiar with the way how to shoot. If you need to hunt without a miss, you must understand why do hunters pattern their shotguns.
Also, you will find so many manufacturers providing shotguns with various models. And each shotgun model has a different mode of operation. So, it is imperative to know the patterning of your shotgun so that you can learn the way it works. This will ultimately help you to improve your hunting skills.
2. To Avoid Unintended Accidents
If you don’t know the pattern of the shotgun, it can often lead to unintended accidents. This will happen because you may not be able to shoot your target. Therefore, it can cause the painful death of another animal that was not the target. If you don’t want to get into unintended accidents, you must understand why do hunters pattern their shotguns.
And, this goes against hunting ethics. Ethics says that you cannot kill an animal brutally while hunting. You have to kill in such a way that the death of the animal is as painless as possible. So, to avoid this unintended accident, you must learn the pattern of the shotgun.
3. Increasing the Accuracy of a Shotgun Choke
The accuracy of the shotgun choke should be perfect if you want to shoot the target well. Because its accuracy indicates how well you can shoot. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the accuracy of a shotgun choke.
Yet, to increase it, you need to know the shotgun’s patterns. Thus, whenever your shotgun is patterned, you can optimize the accuracy of your shotgun choke.
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4. To Pick Different Shotguns Ammunition That Performs Best
If you know the patterns of your shotgun, you can understand the overall performance of it. Different types of shotgun ammunition come with various grades as well as brands.
Besides, the pattern of the shotguns will also assist you in finding out shell types, shot sizes, and different loads, ensuring the best performance. While hunting, you may switch different loads against the shotgun patterns. You can understand which type, size, and loads are best for your shotgun.
These things will help you to know the right distance to shoot your target. Therefore, giving an accurate shoot becomes easy for you. In this way, it will increase the performance of your shotguns.
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5. To Select the Right Shotgun
If you hunt regularly, you will need the right shotgun to hunt. But, how do you know if this is the right one? As we already mentioned that one shotgun is different from the other. So while selecting a shotgun for a specific type of hunting, you need to know a few things to select it.
In that case, the patterning of the shotgun will help you select the specific type of shotgun. For example, if you are going to hunt wild turkey, you should use a tight pattern shotgun. In this way, the pattern of the shotguns can entitle it to a different grade.
6. To Make Hunting Easier
Hunting may be your hobby or profession. But whatever it is, you will always want to hunt in an easy way. Besides, you will also want the shotgun you use to hunt to make you feel comfortable while firing.
Therefore, to make your hunting easier, you need to understand the shotgun’s pattern. Once you know the pattern, you can easily handle it. And, all in all, you will be satisfied. Read the entire article carefully to understand why do hunters pattern their shotguns.
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Shotgun Patterning: How to Test the Shotgun Patterns
To do this, you don’t need chronographs, centimeter-accurate distances, or other expensive equipment. They would increase your accuracy, but most of the time, you won’t need it.
The only things you need are your gun and the choke to match the cartridge you intend to use on the hunt.
Shotgun Patterning: Choke
Let’s start with the chokes. For the inexperienced, the choke is the narrowing in the end area of the barrel and muzzle. And in almost all modern shotguns, these are screw-in and interchangeable.
The choke directly affects the degree of dispersion of the shot. In fact, it determines the size of the shot pattern.
If you have a dated or very “refined” shotgun, trying the shotgun’s shot patterns will be particularly difficult. Your shotgun with only one fixed choke will be much less versatile in this case.
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You cannot adjust the choke according to your needs, as it is fixed. But you will have to find a compromise by choosing between the various cartridges. You must know the reason why do hunters pattern their shotguns, to know chokes of you shotgun well.
Shotgun Patterns by Distance
At what target and distance do you intend to shoot? At this point, we simply need a target and an area behind it where the pellets cannot do any damage.
The shot pattern on the target will show exactly how many of the shots hit the mark at a certain distance.
This is the only way to know precisely if the choke and cartridge are the most suitable for the purpose. The density of the shot pattern is the key to all successes in shotgun shooting.
In conclusion, learning to pattern your rifle will allow you to prepare yourself well before going out hunting. And the shot will only be the final moment of your preparation. You will no longer have to wonder what went wrong. But you can easily say that you too sometimes miss your aim!
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So take your time and learn how to check the shot patterns on your shotgun. Your pride, both on the platform and on the hunt, will thank you. Hopefully, now you understand why do hunters pattern their shotguns.


The article deals with the internal ballistic of an air gun that utilizes the energy of compressed air to propel the projectile out of the barrel. In this study, a thermodynamic mathematical model describing the internal ballistic phenomena inside the working chambers of an airgun is developed. The core of this work is to derive a governing equation modeling the variation of gas temperature in a control volume including one or several incoming and outgoing mass airflow rates. A novel universal algorithm that allows to solve internal ballistics of all types of airguns is also developed and applied for the case of spring-piston airgun. To verify the mathematical model, the projectile muzzle velocity is measured using a Dopler radar system and compared to the theoretical result. The comparison reveals that the measured and calculated results of the projectile muzzle velocity are well agreed with the deviation less than 4%. Thus, the developed internal ballistic model of airguns and its solving algorithm can be used as a powerful tool to predict and improve the existing airguns performance or to design novel airgun systems.


China's second aircraft carrier - the first one to be designed and produced domestically - carried out an offshore test mission from a dock of Dalian, China’s Liaoning province on May 13, checking and verifying its reliability and stability of its power system and other equipment.
The aircraft carrier carries out an offshore test mission from a dock of Dalian, China's Liaoning province on May 13. [Photo/sasac.gov.cn]
The development and construction of the aircraft carrier indicates that China has mastered the ability to build both medium-sized and large aircraft carriers.
The aircraft carrier is the first one designed and produced domestically. [Photo/sasac.gov.cn]
The aircraft carrier, designed and constructed by China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, was launched in April 2017. As it has finished testing equipment, outfitting, and related mooring trials, it is equipped with technical conditions for the trial.


(l to r) John Marszalek, Jorja Lynn, Mark Keenum, MSU President, and Frances Coleman, Dean of Libraries, are photographed during the contract signing for the donation of the Lynn material to the Library
Hussein, Saddam. United Nations. Nuclear Weapons Material. Casefire Agreement. World War II. Navy and Marine Corps Veterans.
1- Saddam Hussein has tried to claim victory in his latest standoff with the U.N. on whether or not to allow search teams to continue looking for nuclear or chemical weapons material. But in fact, he backed down in the face of possible military...
United States. Air Force. Technical Training Command. (Gulfport, Miss.)--Photographs.; Air bases--Mississippi.; Gulf Coast Military Academy (Gulfport, Miss.)--Photographs.; Dixie Guide (Newspaper: Gulfport, Miss.)
3 Material Staff Building; Official Photo U.S. Air Force.


The Abrams tanks that the United States intends to transfer to Ukraine are the modern M1A2, not the A1, which the US military has in stock, but they will also be stripped of their so-called secret armour, which includes depleted uranium.
This is reported by Politico.
The M1A2 Abrams has more advanced optics and a control system than the A1, which allows for more accurate targeting, and a separate thermal camera for the crew commander, allowing him independent identification of targets in any weather and battlefield conditions.
The new modification of the tank contains digitised control mechanisms, which allow machines to continuously and automatically exchange information, quickly track the location of allied machines, identify enemy positions and process artillery requests.
Any modification of the Abrams is significantly more effective in terms of firepower, accuracy and armour compared to the Soviet-era tanks currently used by Ukraine. However, they are more difficult to operate.
Among other things, Abrams tanks have a turbojet engine that uses expensive JP-8 jet fuel, require extensive maintenance, as well as powerful infrastructure, including M88 repair and recovery vehicles to repair broken parts on the battlefield.


MiG 21 Fighter Aircraft Crashed: A MiG-21 aircraft of the Indian Air Force crashed in Barmer, Rajasthan.
A MiG-21 fighter aircraft of the Indian Air Force crashed in Bhimda village of Barmer district of Rajasthan. The Air Force confirmed the martyrdom of two pilots of the fighter plane in an official statement. Court of inquiry has been ordered in this matter. There was a loud explosion when this plane crashed. There was panic among the people of the village.
Hearing the sound of the blast, local people reached the spot. There the plane was on fire. As soon as the information about the plane crashed, the administration left for the spot.
Barmer District Collector Lok Bandhu told that a fighter plane has crashed in Barmer, Rajasthan. It was an Air Force plane that crashed near Bhimda village of Bytu.
Defense Minister Rajnath Singh spoke to Air Force Chief BR Chaudhary on this incident and got information. The Air Chief apprised the Defense Minister about the incident.
Let us tell you that the MiG Mi-21 Bison aircraft was started by the Indian Air Force in the 1960s.


Perhaps. I do not know, but the answer (truth or falseness of your statement) depends upon each of their acceleration abilities. I also do not know how much the just shot down spy sattelite was being accelerated by atmospheric reentry forces (probably not much as it was dense and in very thin air) but what ever that "atmospheric acceleration" was the SM-3 had more capability - a lot more, I suspect, as many of the eariler developmental tests (which also were successes) took place in much denser air with less dense targets. (Mainly spent rocket shells) I have had no direct contact with this APL program but note that the standard missle was designed to kill incoming cruise missles, even those that might be "bobbing and weaving" via the large aerodynamic forces even their small wings and fins could achive in sea-level dense air. Thus, I think it would not be easy for an ICBM to survive by "ducking" at the last second. I also do not know the horizontal reach of an Aegis ship' with an SM-3. The ship defense standard missle can fly far beyond the contolling ship's radar horizon for low level targets - Perhaps killing a bomber 100 miles away horizontally. The new "coperative engagement" system allows one to fly from the far side of the carrier battle group entirely across it (50 miles or more wide) and kill a sea skimmer that the launching ship can not even see. I.e. as it flys, it will be handed off to other ships in the battle group. This allows the most exposed ship (the one on the side of the battle group from which the attack is coming) to conserve (instead of exhaust) it load out of standard missles. My APL office mate wrote the program that the US Navy uses both to load out (usually in a port, but possible in a calm sea) the ship's limited number of missle boxes for the amazingly wide variety of missles that fit in them. That program also automatically determines which one is shot in battle when several could be. There is considerable errosion of the box liners by the hot exhaust - one would like to have all boxes in need of relining during next port call, so that the ships puts back to sea "brand new" rather than come back to port sooner for reload with half the boxes never used. It took him more than a year to get everything optimized and yet have the program be responsive to the dynamic needs and even the style of different captains.


Nuclear Export Controls and the Fight Against Nuclear Weapons Proliferation
Title: Nuclear Export Controls and the Fight Against Nuclear Weapons Proliferation
Author: VISKI, Andrea
Series/Number: EUI PhD theses; Department of Law
Combating nuclear weapons proliferation involves diplomacy, nuclear safety and security, disarmament measures, intelligence, effective safeguards, and many other strategies. One of the most important non-proliferation measures is the control of nuclear trade. Nuclear export controls constitute the various measures managing the trade of nuclear technology, materials, and equipment, and analyzing how to strengthen this important non-proliferation tool forms the research question of this thesis. The observations and arguments presented in the following chapters attest to the conclusion that strengthening export controls to combat the global problem of nuclear proliferation, whether by the activities of informal regimes or states acting bilaterally or multilaterally in the trade of nuclear goods, lies in effectively implementing domestic nuclear export control measures on a national level. The original contribution of this thesis to existing knowledge on the subject is an in-depth, analytical study of the role of nuclear export controls in stemming nuclear weapons proliferation, and in particular the presentation of this topic from a legal dimension in order to propose, throughout the work, tools for viable policy options, as well as the policy options themselves.
Defence date: 12 June 2012; Examining Board: Professor Martin Scheinin, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Francesco Francioni, European University Institute; Professor Quentin Michel, University of Liege; Mr. Louis-Victor Bril, European External Action Service, Security Policy Division, European Commission.
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