A planet has formed around an isolated star halfway between the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies. An observer on Earth has a telescope powerful enough to resolve this planet. How would the observer perceive the rate of time passage on the planet relative to that on Earth.
To understand how an observer on Earth would perceive the rate of time passage on a planet orbiting an isolated star between the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies, we need to consider the effects of gravitational time dilation and relative velocities.

1. **Gravitational Time Dilation**: According to general relativity, time passes at different rates in regions of different gravitational potential. If the planet is in a strong gravitational field (for example, close to a massive star), time would pass more slowly on that planet compared to Earth. Conversely, if the planet is in a weaker gravitational field, time would pass more quickly there compared to Earth.

2. **Relative Velocity**: If the planet is moving at a significant fraction of the speed of light relative to Earth, special relativity tells us that time would also be dilated for the planet's inhabitants as observed from Earth. If the planet is moving away from Earth, it would appear to have time passing more slowly due to this relativistic effect.

3. **Observer's Perspective**: If we assume that the planet is not experiencing extreme gravitational effects and is not moving at relativistic speeds, the observer on Earth would likely perceive the time on the planet to be passing at a rate very similar to that on Earth. However, if there are significant differences in gravitational potential or if the planet is moving at relativistic speeds, the observer might see time passing more slowly or more quickly on the planet.

In summary, without specific details about the gravitational
The observer on Earth would perceive the rate of time passage on the planet to be slower than on Earth. This is because the light from the planet takes a longer path to reach Earth, resulting in a delay in the reception of light. This delay in light reception causes time to pass more slowly on the planet.