On Monday , the Dow declined 5.25 , or 0.1 percent , at 8,983.80 , having shed 2.3 percent last week .
In early trading , the Dow Jones industrial average was down 39.94 , or 0.4 percent , at 8,945.50 , having slipped 3.61 points Monday .
involves choosing a course of action when the mathematical model of the problem contains only linear functions (objective functions; constraints) with respect to the decision variables.