characteristics: cabling, connectors, nics, voltages, modulation frequencies, waveforms, baseband, broadband, etc  devices: hubs, repeaters, patch panel cables, nics
characteristics: cabling, connectors, nics, voltages, modulation frequencies, waveforms, baseband, broadband, etc  devices: hubs, repeaters, patch panel cables, nics
media, signal, and binary transmission.  -most common layer to have a fault  -sends data in bits (1 and 0)  - rf, light, or electrical pulses (transmission medium)