functions that manage all interaction between software and files and dbs  - data retrieval/querying, updating, security, recovery, control)
functions that manage all interaction b/w software, files, &  databases (data retrieval/ querying, updating, security, concurrency control, &  recovery)
processes implemented by management to achieve entity objectives. business processes are typically organized into the following categories: financing processes, purchasing, human resource management, inventory management, and revenue.