- combines features of the top 3 layers of osi model - every tcp/ip application must be a part of a network to function - no simpler than osi model
- combines features of the top 3 layers of osi model - every tcp/ip application must be a part of a network to function - no simpler than osi model
the seventh layer of the osi model. this layer refers to the part of applications that make them network aware. think api.