Was Michael B. Jordan's J'ouvert rum cultural appropriation or a missed opportunity for Trinidad and Tobago?
After African American actor Michael B. Jordan launched his new rum brand on Juneteenth, the day that commemorates the emancipation of enslaved people in the United States, social media users from Trinidad and Tobago besieged the internet with cries of cultural appropriation over the rum's name. J'ouvert (from Jour Ouvert: literally the opening of the day), or the more Creolised Jouvay, is the elemental ritual that begins the country's annual Carnival festival. J'ouvert has its roots in the celebration of the end of slavery and Canboulay, which after full Emancipation was finally declared in 1838, became a fixture around August 1, the date Trinidad and Tobago marks as Emancipation Day. In a piece for Caribbean Beat, Attillah Springer, a self-described jouvayist, explained how J'ouvert is viscerally connected to the 1881 Canboulay Riots, in which the descendants of former slaves fought against the colonial authorities for what was essentially their freedom of cultural expression.  Tillahwillah (@tillahwillah) June 20, 2021  J'ouvert is, therefore, a symbol of resistance that goes much deeper than the explanation on Michael B. Jordan's rum package, which reads, J'OUVERT Rum is a tribute to the party start.  Posting a photo of herself playing J'ouvert, Springer also retorted on Instagram:  You cannot trademark our desire to be free  You cannot trademark our desire to be seen  You cannot trademark our desire to create joy  In the midst of the outrage, Jordan remained silent for a few dayslistening, he said, to the numerous opinions on the matter, including that of Trinidad-born, U.S.-based rapper and songwriter Nicki Minajbefore eventually releasing the following statement on his Instagram story on June 22:  I just wanna say on behalf on myself & my partners, our intention was never to offend or hurt a culture (we love & respect) & hoped to celebrate and shine a positive light on. Last few days has been a lot of listening. A lot of learning & engaging in countless community conversations We hear you. I hear you & want to be clear that we are in the process of renaming. We sincerely apologize & look forward to introducing a brand we can all be proud of. While the intention of Jordan and his business partnersone of whom has Trinidadian connectionsmay have been to pay homage to the roots of struggle from which the joyous festival emerged, much seemed to have been lost in translation, starting with the etymology of the word itself. Trinidadian linguist Jo-Anne Ferreira was irked by an image of the brand's trademark documentation, which stated, The wording J'OUVERT has no meaning in a foreign language. Presuming foreign language means a language other than English, Ferreira explained:  This is a denial that [the term] belongs to two languagesEnglish Creole and French Creole, which is a massive insult and ignorance. [It shows] the utter lack of reference to specialists, including linguists and lexicographers. The other hypocrisy is the reference to Antillean Creole French, so the suggestion is that it is now part of English  In a blog post about the issue, language teacher Nnamdi Hodge noted:  As we loudly express our views on the matter, as exploited and culturally appropriated victims of US arrogance and dominance in our region, let us consider what we can do as authors of our own fate and captains of our own sailing. We can agitate to have Tobagonian English Creole and Trinidadian English Creole recognised as official languages of this country, accept standard writing systems for them which should be taught in schools and used in public signage. At that point, no one can proclaim that JOuvert has no meaning in a foreign language. Cultural appropriation backlash  The main area of contention for many Trinbagonians, as expressed on Twitter, was the issue of cultural appropriation:  Killmonger turned into a muthaeffing coloniser.  &in my WEARWASH UR#BLM (@MissSocaCandy) June 20, 2021  The brand's initial reaction didn't help matters:  The rum people locked the IG account yes.  Chef Brigette (@chefbrigetterj) June 20, 2021  Meanwhile, an online petition calling for the trademark application to be dismissed based on its fraudulent and inaccurate statement about the word J'ouvert began to circulate, implying that Angosturaan internationally recognised indigenous rum manufacturermay have been part of the venture. Angostura's products, including its world-famous bitters, were included in product giveaways at the J'ouvert rum launch. On June 23, the company stated it was not involved with Jordan's rum brand. On the flip side, some Twitter users did not see the big deal, claiming that Black businessno matter where it comes fromought to be supported by the community. Many others disagreed:  Def not my place but supporting black workers and supporting black capitalism are two extremely different things. Better than many alternatives I can think of but that doesnt make it inherently good.  Henry Merrilees Posting Their Ls Online (@henryamerrilees) June 21, 2021  Not the African Americans telling us its not that deep just because Michael B Jordan is black. pic.twitter.com/zhJehyFHdo  Jasmine Cumberbatch (@jazzycumbers) June 22, 2021  For the Americans who acting like we are over reacting to Michael B Jordan trademarking J'Ouvert Lets Trademark Juneteenth next then. pic.twitter.com/cVATP9j9H8  Sincerely, Alexandria (@i_amAlexandria) June 22, 2021  Several US-based netizens called out what they felt was Caribbean gatekeeping:  Lol so when it comes to African American holiday's oh we all black but when it come to rum in Trinidad liniage matters GTFO  DontaviousTribeOfCalafia. (@tribeofcalafia3) June 21, 2021  You tropic nggas didn't do it Don't get in your feelings when an #FBA does it. We get shit done.#B1 #FBA  Black Gravity  FBA (@xBlackgravityx) June 21, 2021  The acronym FBA stands for Foundational Black American. Culture and intellectual property  Another facet of the online discussion involved the legal implications of Jordan's use of the term J'ouvert. On Facebook, attorney Saelese Haynes, who co-hosted a Clubhouse session on culture and trademark protection with a US-based legal counterpart, said:  One fantastic thing coming out of the Jouvert mark discussion has been that there is a long overdue focus on local IP  especially IP as an engine for economic growth and development. Attorney Justin Koo, who specialises in intellectual property matters, took to social media to try to clarify exactly what trademark law allows, including the fact that it does not prohibit anyone else from using the trademarked term in a descriptive way, as some incorrectly assumed it would:  A quick word on the JOUVERT rum scenario. Thoughts are my own and the video does not constitute legal advice. pic.twitter.com/pg2Kl4aTWn  Justin Koo (@justkoo90) June 20, 2021  Trinidad and Tobago is a member of the Madrid Protocol, an international treaty designed to simplify the international trademark registration process and which would have guidelines addressing how cultural festivals can be branded. I reached out to Richard Aching, the manager of technical examination at the IP office of the Ministry of the Attorney General for clarification on these legal parameters, who said that he was not at liberty to discuss it. He did, however, say that it was important to start with education, and that the IP office had embarked on an education drive around trademark issues. Not the first time  Michael B. Jordan is not the first celebrity to be accused of cultural appropriation. Barbadian pop icon Rihanna recently faced criticism for wearing a pendant of the Hindu deity, Lord Ganesh, in a risqu photograph that many deemed to be disrespectful, and Kim Kardashian experienced something similar when she tried to trademark the Japanese word, kimono. It is also not the first attempt to co-opt Caribbean culture. The Ministry of Legal Affairs IP office, for example, has had to thwart several US-based moves to patent the steelpan, Trinidad and Tobago's national instrument. Conversely, GrenadaTrinidad and Tobago's Caribbean neighbourboasts a Jouvay chocolate brand that has not attracted this type of ire, likely because the initiative is owned by local cocoa farmers and the nation has its own J'ouvert traditionas do other regional territories. While some cultural stakeholders we interviewed felt that the online indignation was misguided and would be better directed towards local cultural custodians who fail to be good stewards, co-optation often hits a sour note because outsiders generally have access to greater resources and broader audiences. Amanda Choo Quan addressed this in a Facebook post:  People dismissing this as misinformed activism are misreading the response of a people who are tired of not being  or not being allowed to be  custodians of their own culture. They are tired of being sidelined when it comes to music, art, culture on an international stage, watching on from the audience as non-Trinis or as the Trini diaspora, with greater access to more robust marketing and markets, runs with aspects of our culture while people in Trinidad literally try to eat a food. This goes deeper than a trademark to me. It speaks others to enjoying the capital inherent within our culture but not allowing us to make it and to profit from it; it speaks to the failure of our Government to consider our artists; it speaks to our population never receiving the kind of marketing blitz or audience for their products on a global stage  while our culture sold back to us from overseas. There is nothing new about this power dynamic, rooted in colonialism and mercantilism. Trinidad and Tobago was structured to literally be a resource.  Once the dust settled and Jordan announced he would rebrand the rum, regional discussion turned to the safeguarding of Caribbean culture:  I hope Barbados realizes that this jouvert/Trinidad/Michael B Jordan moment is a canary in a coal mine for us. We need to respect #, appreciate and cherish our cultural products and industries  Big Nas X (@lukeyism) June 23, 2021  Koo made the point that this would need to include talks about intellectual property rights:  Hoping the Michael B Jordan scenario with JOUVERT leads to a kickstart of international trade mark protection for  brands. If we dont do it, someone else will. Video incoming on trade mark protection  Justin Koo (@justkoo90) June 20, 2021  Still, Twitter user Rhoda Bharath mused: