What Are The Health Benefits Of Black Pepper?
Written by Alicia Sparks Akers  Medically reviewed by Sade Meeks, MS, RD  Keep reading to learn more about black pepper, including nutritional information, the health benefits, and the potential risks. However, consuming too much black pepper can lead to gastrointestinal side effects, so people need to be careful not to use too much. People have used pepper in traditional medicine for thousands of years, especially in Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine. Individuals used it mainly for treating menstrual and ear, nose, and throat disorders. Black pepper, and its alkaloid component piperine, have associations with many health benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects and potential cancer-fighting properties. However, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans: 20202025 notes that adding herbs and spices can help add flavor to a dish when a person is attempting to reduce their dietary intake of added sugar, sodium, and saturated fat. Currently, there are no dietary guidelines on how much black pepper a person of any sex or age group should consume. The table below shows the amount of nutrients in a teaspoon of ground black pepper, weighing in at 2.3 grams (g) . There are several potential health benefits of black pepper for the body and brain, and many of them come from the black pepper compound piperine. High in antioxidants  Piperine, the plant compound in black pepper, has strong antioxidant properties. The body creates free radicals, unstable molecules that can damage cells, both naturally and in response to environmental stresses. Excess free radical damage can lead to serious health problems, including inflammatory diseases, heart disease, and certain cancers. Research has shown that diets high in antioxidants could lessen free radical damage. For example, one review of both test tube and rodent studies found that black pepper and piperine supplements may prevent or slow the advancement of free radical damage and related diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer. Anti-inflammatory benefits  While there is no extensive human research on the anti-inflammatory benefits of black pepper and piperine, several rodent studies suggest that piperine may help ease inflammation. For example, during one study aimed at learning whether or not piperine could suppress cardiac injury associated with doxorubicin, an anti-cancer drug, researchers found that lab mice injected with piperine experienced reduced inflammation. Another rodent study suggests piperines anti-inflammatory properties may help protect renal tissue damage associated with ischemia-reperfusion. Ischemia-reperfusion refers to tissue damage that occurs when a part of the body does not receive enough oxygen. Researchers have also found that specific piperine supplements may help decrease the chronic inflammation that people with metabolic syndrome experience, but more human research is necessary. Antibacterial properties  A handful of reviews and studies point to piperines antibacterial potential. For example, after a small review of studies involving black peppers antibacterial properties against gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, researchers concluded the spice could be a powerful ingredient for future therapies against both infectious diseases and foodborne pathogens. Another larger-scale review examined lab and human studies involving the many pharmacological properties of piperine, including antibacterial properties. Similarly, one test tube study found that piperine and piperlongumine  a component of the long pepper plant  may help fight multidrug-resistant pathogens. The studys authors concluded that both compounds might be helpful as bioactive compounds for new antibacterial drugs. However, authors from both reviews suggested more research is necessary. Cancer-fighting properties  Although there have not been any human studies to date, several laboratory studies suggest the piperine in black pepper may have cancer-fighting properties. For example, one comprehensive review of spices and cancer treatments notes that studies found piperine suppressed cancer cell replication in breast, prostate, and colon cancer. Similarly, the substance showed promise as a therapeutic agent in treating osteosarcoma, a type of bone cancer. However, more scientists need to conduct more studies to investigate this effect fully. Increasing good cholesterol  Researchers conducted a study of piglets randomly assigned a diet supplemented with or without black pepper and noted changes during their growing and fattening periods. They found the piglets that consumed a diet supplemented with black pepper experienced a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein  which people call the good cholesterol  compared to other piglets. The researchers believe these results might warrant further studies to explore the potential beneficial effects on lipid metabolism in humans. Helping blood sugar control  A small 2013 study on humans on the effects of a supplement containing several bioactive food ingredients  including piperine  on insulin resistance found an improvement in insulin sensitivity. This means the hormone insulin was better able to regulate the uptake of glucose. However, because the supplement contained multiple food ingredients, it is not clear if piperine alone would have produced the same results. Nutrient absorption and gut health  Research from 2013Trusted Source suggests black pepper may help boost nutrient absorption, as well as display prebiotic-like behavior, helping regulate intestinal microbiota and enhance gastrointestinal health. Boosting brain function  Several animal studies have shown piperine may improve brain function, particularly for symptoms associated with degenerative brain conditions such as Alzheimers disease. For example, researchers have found that piperine helped improve memory in rats with Alzheimers, as well as reducing the formation of amyloid plaques. These are damaging protein fragments that first develop in the areas of the brain linked with memory and cognitive function. A study on humans found an association between Alzheimers and levels of piperine, but the researchers concluded they were not able to draw a reason for the link and stated more research is necessary. Risks and side effects