Wheres the ceiling for box shipping?
Alan Murphy, CEO and founder of Danish container shipping consultancy Sea-Intelligence, ponders how close we are to topping out in terms of todays record freight rates. The Shanghai Containerised Freight Index (SCFI) hit new highs on Friday. For many months now people have been questioning how much higher spot rates can go. Its a tricky one, as there are so many unknown variables in play. First, the obvious one. We are now so far into uncharted black swan territory that no-one speaks from a position based on experience, data, or models, were all just throwing stuff at the wall and seeing if anything might stick. A year ago  or anytime in the past 60 years of container shipping  anyone suggesting spot rates of $20,000 per feu would have been laughed out of the industry. Secondly, theres not enough empty containers and slots, so its a game of musical chairs, where the music is money. Shippers with low-value-to-volume goods are being crowded out by three other types of shippers: A) High-value shippers that have greater margins to eat into, B) shippers with goods with little to no friction in passing on the costs up through the supply chain, and C) shippers who are able to enforce their contracted space and equipment guarantees, although I hear they are referred to as unicorns in this market. Another important stat to keep an eye on is the ratio of goods ready to ship versus placing new orders. If you have $500,000 in a box, but it is worth nothing in a yard in China and rapidly decreasing in value (fashion apparel, high-tech, seasonal products, automotive parts, perishables, pharmaceuticals, etc) you are willing to begrudgingly pay an awful lot of money to ship, if the alternative is spoilage or other type of massive value loss. On the other hand, if you are considering placing an order for 20 boxes of $500,000 of perishable goods, you will very likely consider whether you can postpone such an order, to a time of more reasonable freight. What is this ratio, no-one knows. Theres not enough empty containers and slots, so its a game of musical chairs, where the music is money The contract versus spot ratio of course also plays a role. As do the limited substitution options in air, rail, or near-sourcing. As does the contagion of equipment shortages across trades: Asia-Europe is experiencing quite anaemic demand growth, but rates are through the roof because theres no boxes to move the cargo that has to move, due to the transpacific soaking up all the empty boxes. These ratios are all unknown generally, and even more so in terms of how the ratios are split across different value classes of container shipments. High freight rates are driven by equipment and space shortages, which in turn are driven by a confluence of unprecedented US demand (due to pandemic shifts from services to goods) and supply-side disruptions: Port congestion, Covid infections and quarantines in ports (e.g. Yantian) and terminals, vessels being grounded due to quarantines, and the challenges of vessels getting stuck in canals, dropping boxes, or catching on fire. In the past 10 years, vessel incidents would be terrible for those immediately impacted, but they would not have any systemic impact, as the unaffected boxes and boxes waiting to be loaded would just go on the next half-empty ship, but all of the ships are full now. Meanwhile, European consumers have not increased their spending on goods during the pandemic, but are rather holding back until lockdowns are lifted, so once the US consumers can shift their consumption back to services, the Europeans might take over. On top of that, there have been massive drawdowns of inventories worldwide which will need to be replenished, and with US consumer demand for same-day and next-day shipping, we will need bigger inventories than in the past. Oh, and the traditional peak season is starting now. When demand is strong and rate levels are as crazy as they are now, vessels dont need to be full to be profitable. In the current stressed environment, I would wager that few shipping lines would be foolish enough to forgo cargo they have space for, in an attempt to keep rates high, but once this dies down a little, shipping line executives will start to seriously question why were the only industry that can only be profitable at full occupancy. The core product being sold  time-perishable capacity, i.e. you cant sell the space after the vessel has sailed  is not unique to container shipping, we share that with not just all other freight modes, but with airlines, hotels, taxis, restaurants, cinemas, grocery stores, newspaper advertising, etc, and an endless stream of liberal professions that sell their time. Only a fool would guess, so being a fool, Ill say it is unlikely to end during this year, and likely to run well into next year. Certainly! Also possible! Not impossible. Unlikely. Very unlikely, carriers should have learnt their lesson. No, but if we ever do, both I and the liner execs causing it, should find another industry to ruin.