Nearly one in 10 of all women who died at the hands of men in the UK over the past 15 years were mothers killed by their sons, a report reveals.

Data analysing the deaths of 2,000 women killed by men since 2009 has given an unprecedented insight into the hidden scourge of matricide, with more than 170 mothers killed by their sons.

The statistics have led to calls for the government to take specific action to tackle matricide, raise awareness of the risk of sons to mothers and provide support for victims.

The , seen by the Guardian, shows that mental ill health was a factor in 58% of matricide cases. Women were often left “paying the price” for state failures, said Karen Ingala Smith, a co-founder of the campaign group.

“Male violence against mothers is a largely unrecognised but brutal reality,” she said. “What we see in these figures is the tip of the iceberg. These are the women who have been killed, but there will be many more hidden victims out there living their lives in absolute misery.”

Experts said mental health problems and substance abuse, along with grownup children spending longer living with their parents due to a lack of affordable housing, were some of the key factors behind the killings. Misogyny was also cited, with mothers sometimes considered a “safe space” for children to mete out violence.

Soon-to-be published research by academics Prof Rachel Condry and Dr Caroline Miles, from the universities of Oxford and Manchester, in collaboration with the  Census, found that in cases of women being killed by their sons and grandsons from 2009-2021, 70% involved perpetrators with mental health problems. Despite this, there is no specific prevention policy for mothers who are caring for mentally ill sons, said Condry.

“Parents who are experiencing \ often don’t identify it as a form of domestic abuse, and it’s incredibly difficult for them to seek help or for the problem to be recognised,” she said.

The Femicide Census report examines 2,000 legally completed cases of women killed by men in the UK over 15 years from 2009 and gathers data from freedom of information requests to police as well as media reports.

The Guardian’s  project reported on every woman allegedly killed by a man last year. They included Mayawati Bracken, 56, who was killed by her 18-year-old son Julian in her car near their Berkshire family home before the teenager killed himself.

Bhajan Kaur, 76, was murdered by her son Sundeep Singh, 48, after he had been arrested on suspicion of controlling and coercive behaviour amid rows over ownership of the family home after his father’s death. Tina Bauld, 55, was repeatedly stabbed outside her home in Leicester by her 23-year-old son Gregor, who was later diagnosed with schizophrenia.

The Femicide Census report provides “the clearest picture of men’s fatal violence in the UK” currently available, according to its authors.

In a series of bleak statistics that will put pressure on the government to deliver on a promise to , the analysis shows that one woman has been killed every three days in the UK since 2009.

Figures showed 90% of the killers were family, partners or known to the victim, while 61% of women were killed by a current or former partner. About 80% of the killings were committed in the home of either the victim or perpetrator.

“This is a 2,000 women line in the sand,” said the Femicide Census cofounder Clarrie O’Callaghan. “This Labour government has committed to halve violence against women. The data is here, we know what the issues are. Now is the time not only to tackle male violence against women, but end it.”

The report, published before International Women’s Day on Saturday, reveals that:

- 61% of women were killed by a current or former partner, 9% of women were killed by their sons, 6% by other family members, 15% by other men they knew and 10% by someone they did not know. Of the 213 women killed by a close family member, 80% were mothers killed by sons.
- Nearly half of women were stabbed, 27% strangled and 17% hit with a blunt instrument. In 16% of cases, a man used kicking, hitting or stamping as the weapon. In almost a quarter of cases, more than one form of violence was used.
- Overkill – the use of excessive, gratuitous violence beyond that necessary to cause the victim’s death – happened in 59% of femicides.
- Leicestershire had the highest rate of femicide over the period, followed by Merseyside, the West Midlands, Greater Manchester and London.
- Killed women involved in prostitution were younger and less likely to have been born in the UK.
- Children witnessed at least 163 femicides, while 37 women were killed alongside 53 children, most commonly by their father.

The report also sheds light on the sentences given to men found guilty of killing women. While 60% of men who killed women were found guilty of murder, 22% were found guilty of manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility or culpable homicide and 12% killed themselves.

The shortest time served for a murderer was nine years, the longest 47. Only 20 convicted murderers, just 1% of men convicted, received whole-life terms.

The authors also suggest “manslaughter is a controversial crime”. Of the 229 men convicted of manslaughter before 2020, only 18 remain in custody.

Other men avoided prison entirely. The report gives the example of one who a pathologist suggested had slit his wife’s throat from behind. He claimed self-defence. “It was accepted that he killed her, although our justice system provided him with an absolute defence and he walked free,” the report said.

The data also suggests a marked difference in the cases of sons convicted of manslaughter by reason of diminished responsibility, compared with partners or ex-partners. While 76% of sons convicted of the crime were sent to a mental health facility, that was the case for only 42% of partners and former partners.

Jess Phillips, the violence against women and girls minister, said the report demonstrated “the appalling scale of femicide and rightly highlights that we must go further to end men’s fatal violence”.

“One dead woman is one woman too many – but here we have 2,000,” she said. “This is a fight that demands the very best from all of us and we must rise to the occasion.”

_In the UK,  can be contacted on 116 123 and the  is 0808 2000 247. In Australia, the crisis support service  is on 13 11 14 and the  is on 1800 737 732. In the US, the  is 1-800-273-8255 and the  is 1-800-799-SAFE (7233). Other international helplines can be found via )_
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