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### Python Cumulative Sum Plot

Matplotlib is a 2-D plotting library that helps in visualizing figures. In a normal distribution, 68% of the data set will lie within ±1. Now write a new function that does the same job, but uses NumPy arrays and array operations for its computations, rather than any form of Python loop. In this example, a series is created from a Python list using Pandas. There are various ways in which the rolling average can be. cumsum¶ Series. Cumulative sum of a column in pandas is computed using cumsum () function and stored in the new column namely cumulative_sum as shown below. Visualizes real-time logged data from Arduino® in MATLAB®. A Bernoulli distribution has only two possible outcomes, namely 1 (success) and 0 (failure), and a single trial, for example, a coin toss. Like other cumulative distribution functions, the sum of probabilities will proceed from 0. The probabilities of success. Basically, the cumulative sum operation (with a factor) is done using numpy. , in the range of :5˙x to 1˙x),the x-chart will be slow in detecting the shift. e r+ g+b =1 for each index). 'omitnan' — Ignore all NaN values in the input. Hello, I would like to use python to create a cumulative sum so that I end up with a table that looks like: 1976 6 1978 2 1979 5 1980 13 Actually, I meant THIS is what I want: 1976 6 1978 8 1979 13 1980 26 Summary stats gets me the first part, but then I need to do a cumulative sum by year so I can graph such that the x-axis is the year, and y. The basic idea is to just make a different bar for each layer, and make the bars wider for the outer layers. accumulate (which I found from this post). Use the dim_cumsum_n_Wrap function if metadata retention is desired. The CUSUM chart plots the cumulative sum of deviations from the target for individual measurements or subgroup means. To show the matplotlib plots in IPython Notebook, we will use an IPython magic function which starts with %:. We also show the theoretical CDF. There's a great explanation on Wikipedia of this method, but here's a gist of it. The scripting language can allocate memory to variables; perform looping, Boolean logic, and evaluate functions to transform a worksheet. The interface is identical. First create an example series: import pandas as pd import numpy as np ser = pd. Sign in to answer this question. 2 Review: get to know python. It displays the number / percentages, or proportion of observations that are less than or equal to particular value. In the R programming language, the cumulative sum can easily be calculated with the cumsum function. ndarray supports cumulative sum and cumulative product of the n dimensional arrays. import matplotlib. It has two parameters - data1 and data2. Let's start with a simple sample data set with a series of dates and quantities:. Figure 1 illustrates the results as the cusum function is applied to a time series sequence V′,. apply(lambda r: r/r. Finally you can plot cumulative sum on top of your discharge values. 1 Cumulative histogram. 9 Most Commonly Used Probability Distributions There are at least two ways to draw samples […]. We will use the cumulative sum to plot the graph of market and strategy returns in the last step. org/licenses/by-sa/3. , all values before and including the current position in the vector. The CAP of a model represents the cumulative number of elements meeting a given property along the y-axis versus the corresponding cumulative number of elements along the x-axis. The index or the name of the axis. Principal component analysis is a technique used to reduce the dimensionality of a data set. histogram | 4 Answers. display ( trans. 2) Transform our data into a usable format. Use the dim_cumsum_n_Wrap function if metadata retention is desired. cumfreq (a, numbins=10, defaultreallimits=None, weights=None) [source] ¶ Return a cumulative frequency histogram, using the histogram function. The histogram option cumulative=True permits viewing the CDF instead of the PDF. A histogram represents. trapz(d(x), x) I got resulting integral sum completely different to 1: print integral Out: 0. Statistics 2: Probability, Distributions, & Tests This method performs a cumulative sum on your array from left to right. Missing values are treated differently as specified by opt. Each position shows the initial investment and total value (investment plus returns or less losses) for that position, combined with the positions preceding it. cumsum¶ Series. When there is a sudden change * Carla Inclhn is Assistant Professor, School of Business Administration, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057. - Custom Plot Date Tick Formats. If you want to make the graph plot have a very low transparency, you would give the alpha attribute a very high value. fit_transform(dat_final) pca = PCA(. The items of the iterable should be numbers. 2) Transform our data into a usable format. The histogram option cumulative=True permits viewing the CDF instead of the PDF. It focuses on fundamental concepts and I will focus on using these concepts in solving a problem end-to-end along with codes in Python. In this example, a series is created from a Python list using Pandas. One of the best ways to understand probability distributions is simulate random numbers or generate random variables from specific probability distribution and visualizing them. Look closely at the plot. We do this with the alpha attribute. We will read in the file like we did in the previous article but I'm going to tell it to treat the date column as a date field (using parse_dates ) so I can do some re-sampling later. Next, we used Python For Loop to add numbers to the list. cumsum() function is used when we want to compute the cumulative sum of array elements over a given axis. Also let's add an extra column which represents the cumulative sum of annual immigration from each country from 1980 to 2013. Like other cumulative distribution functions, the sum of probabilities will proceed from 0. So for Afghanistan for example, it is 58,639, total, and for Albania, it is 15,699 and so on. The ggplot2 package allows to build donut charts. This is the power of PCA> Let's do a confirmation check, by plotting a cumulative variance plot. For example, if A is a matrix, then cumsum (A,2) returns the cumulative sum of each row. For example, the third value in the cumulative sum would be the sum of the first, second, and third values in the original vector. Stack Exchange Network Stack Exchange network consists of 175 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their. This plot is an interesting way to to view increases and decreases in discharge as they occur over time. For example, if A is a matrix, then cumsum (A,2) returns the cumulative sum of each row. Each element of this tuple is an array. fit_transform(dat_final) pca = PCA(. … Then we apply the function cumsum, … which will calculate the cumulative sum of that data … and then we again plot it, and again, I always pass … a custom figsize and if we get that, … we get the cumulative sum of the Google Trends data. 5 (for detecting one-sigma shifts in the mean) and h is typically set to 5. 0 is equivalent to None or ‘index’. To make the empirical distribution function concrete, let's look at an example with a dataset that clearly does not fit a known probability distribution. Besides plotting a histogram, plt. In this post we will learn how to calculate portfolio cumulative returns. So the random variable X which has a Bernoulli distribution can take value 1 with the probability of success, p, and the value 0 with the probability of failure, q or 1 − p. 1 in May 2017 changed the aggregation. Along these lines, changing group = sex to group = time produces the same plot. (This is a copy of my answer to the question: Plotting CDF of a pandas series in python) A CDF or cumulative distribution function plot is basically a graph with on the X-axis the sorted values and on the Y-axis the cumulative distribution. 0 as the observations in the domain are enumerated from smallest to largest. A CDF or cumulative distribution function plot is basically a graph with on the X-axis the sorted values and on the Y-axis the cumulative distribution. We will use green circles indicated by G for green and O for circles to illustrate the plot. In this example, a series is created from a Python list using Pandas. Tables python SAS; frequency: x. Notice below you have two sets of data with different Y axes on the same plot. Pandas plot cumulative sum of counters over time. Compute the mean and standard deviation of the first 25 samples. The agreement between the empirical and the normal distribution functions in Output 4. groupby(['Category','scale']). For the SDE above with an initial condition for the stock price of , the closed-form solution of Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) is: Euler-Maruyama Approximation. A cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart is a type of control chart used to monitor small shifts in the process mean. At a minimum, columns specifying origin and development, and a value must be present. the sum of all values up to a certain position of a vector). Creating this Plot. … Then we apply the function cumsum, … which will calculate the cumulative sum of that data … and then we again plot it, and again, I always pass … a custom figsize and if we get that, … we get the cumulative sum of the Google Trends data. And there you have it: an area plot that depicts the immigration trend of the five countries with the highest immigration to Canada from 1980 to 2013. , all values before and including the current position in the vector. rolling_sum(x, 12)) but it's deprecated and I'm not getting my head around the 0. The cumulative hazard for the exponential distribution is just $$H(t) = \alpha t$$, which is linear in $$t$$ with an intercept of zero. ; When cumulative sum or cumulative product is performed for a 1 dimensional array, the number of axes is 1. The above histogram plots the height of 10,000 US females. To create a Tableau cumulative histogram, Drag and Drop the Sales Amount from Measures Region to Rows Shelf. 0 as the observations in the domain are enumerated from smallest to largest. Usually, we need to count the days when a certain stock trend starts. A CDF or cumulative distribution function plot is basically a graph with on the X-axis the sorted values and on the Y-axis the cumulative distribution. pyplot as plt. Also, special patterns are hard to see and analyze. In this post, we will discuss how to implement different variants of gradient descent optimization technique and also visualize the working of the update rule for these variants using matplotlib. cumsum (self, axis=None, skipna=True, *args, **kwargs) [source] ¶ Return cumulative sum over a DataFrame or Series axis. To make the empirical distribution function concrete, let's look at an example with a dataset that clearly does not fit a known probability distribution. It displays the number / percentages, or proportion of observations that are less than or equal to particular value. Once of this functions is cumsum which can be used with pandas groups in order to find the cumulative sum in a group. Let's start with a simple sample data set with a series of dates and quantities:. The cumulative probability is the sum of the probabilities of all values occurring, up until a given point. Take a look at my other project cchart-online. It can be used for any other DAQ board that is not Arduino. Use the dim_cumsum_n_Wrap function if metadata retention is desired. twinx () allows two plots to be overlayed sharing the x-axis but with different scales on the y-axis. The above histogram plots the height of 10,000 US females. A for loop is made up of a collection, a loop variable, and a body. The index or the name of the axis. 2) Transform our data into a usable format. hist() also returns a tuple (n, bins, patches) as a return value. table library frustrating at times, I'm finding my way around and finding most things work quite well. It displays the number / percentages, or proportion of observations that are less than or equal to particular value. Goals of this article: In this article, we will see various Python examples that cover the following. minorticks_on(). k is often set. A couple of other options to the hist function are demonstrated. In the chart above, passing bins='auto' chooses between two algorithms to estimate the "ideal" number of bins. Active 9 months ago. Indexing with NumPyArrays •1D arrays (just like lists) Plotting Data in DataFrames Using. 4% variance in the data set. Parameters ----- weights : list-like of float list of weights as floats ''' N = weights. The command plt. The CUSUM chart plots the cumulative sum of deviations from the target for individual measurements or subgroup means. the sum of all values up to a certain position of a vector). The ability to take counts and visualize them graphically using frequency plots (histograms) enables the analyst to easily recognize patterns and relationships within the data. You will create a visualization with multiple glyphs and learn about how to add a legend. Each position shows the initial investment and total value (investment plus returns or less losses) for that position, combined with the positions preceding it. Axis 0 goes along rows of a matrix. Missing values are treated differently as specified by opt. a logical scalar indicating whether to add the cumulative distribution function curve to the existing plot (add=TRUE), or to create a new plot (add=FALSE; the default). Compute the cumulative sum of this matrix Syntax int CumulativeSum (matrixbase & mbSum, int nDim = 1) Parameters mbSum [output] The result matrix containing the cumulative sum nDim [input] The CumulativeSum function can operate row wise (relative to the first dimension when nDim=1) or column wise (relative to the second dimension when nDim=2. cumsum(axis=0) Cumulative sum (columns) Sorting MATLAB/Octave Python Description a = [ 4 3 2 ; 2 8 6 ; 1 4 7 ] a = array([[4,3,2],[2,8,6], [1. cumsum() Note that the cumsum should be applied on groups as partitioned by the Category column only to get the desired result. In data1, We will enter all the probability scores corresponding to non-events. sum(axis=1) Sum of each row: sum(sum(a)) a. Run this code so you can see the first five rows of the dataset. This is the power of PCA> Let's do a confirmation check, by plotting a cumulative variance plot. These types of cumulative sums are easily accomplished with cumsum() in base R. What is the NumPy cumsum() Function? Given an input array, NumPy's cumsum() function calculates the cumulative sum of the values in the array. Page referred to a "quality number" , by which he meant a parameter of. Ask Question Asked 9 months ago. datasets [0] is a list object. csv",parse_dates=['date']) sales. In this program, we are using For Loop to iterate each element in this list. An answer to these problems is Seaborn. 3 3+4 = 7 7+NaN = NaN 7+7 = 14 14+2 = 16 16+0 = 16 Example #2: skipna=False In this example, a series is created just like in the above example. Syntax : numpy. When plotting time series data, you might want to bin the values so that each data point corresponds to the sum for a given month or week. The syntax of the sum () function is: The sum () function adds start and items of the given iterable from left to right. We will read in the file like we did in the previous article but I'm going to tell it to treat the date column as a date field (using parse_dates ) so I can do some re-sampling later. Our intention here is not to describe the basis of the plots, but to show how to plot them in Python. Cumulative in CDF as the name suggest is the addition of all the probabilities for the value x for which we are finding the CDF. cumulative bool, optional. Creating this Plot. Take a look at my other project cchart-online. At a minimum, columns specifying origin and development, and a value must be present. csv",parse_dates=['date']) sales. New to Plotly? Plotly is a free and open-source graphing library for Python. In fisheries analysis it is fairly common to compute the cumulative sum of values in a vector - i. If you want to view the cumulative sum within each period separately, you should use the Year to Date Total method instead. PySpc is a Python library aimed to make Statistical Process Control Charts as easy as possible. Using histograms to plot a cumulative distribution¶ This shows how to plot a cumulative, normalized histogram as a step function in order to visualize the empirical cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a sample. Cumulative Animations in R How to create cumulative animations in R with Plotly. import pandas as pd import numpy as np import matplotlib. Parameters axis {0 or ‘index’, 1 or ‘columns’}, default 0. 0 is equivalent to None or ‘index’. It can be done as follows: df. Make sure your data are in the order you want before applying this function to your data frame. 1 Time series data in pandas. cumsum (self, axis=None, skipna=True, *args, **kwargs) [source] ¶ Return cumulative sum over a DataFrame or Series axis. 8 Effective plots with Matplotlib and Pandas Dataframe Futher we can ses in the above visuallixation which shows a trends using line plot. mean() # fixed # observations. The example in the previous section is a simple case where there's actually a closed-form solution. cumsum() Note that the cumsum should be applied on groups as partitioned by the Category column only to get the desired result. normal(size=100) sns. The index or the name of the axis. Whenever a new trend of longer period starts, we start again. We will use the cumulative sum to plot the graph of market and strategy returns in the last step. 1 Time series data in pandas. Using histograms to plot a cumulative distribution¶ This shows how to plot a cumulative, normalized histogram as a step function in order to visualize the empirical cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a sample. Python for Finance, Part 3: Moving Average Trading Strategy. Cumulative Histogram in Tableau example. Percentage of a column in pandas dataframe is computed using sum () function and stored in a new column namely percentage as shown below. 1 The Cumulative Sum Control Chart The x-chart is a good method for monitoring a process mean when the magnitude of the shift in the mean to be detected is relatively large. Nested inside this. Use the dim_cumsum_n_Wrap function if metadata retention is desired. low: int index to start at high: int index to end at. - Objects in Python. Calculating a cumulative sum of numbers is cumbersome by hand, but Python's for loops make this trivial. k is often set. Calculate cumulative product and cumulative sum of DataFrame Columns in Pandas \pandas > python example. An answer to these problems is Seaborn. Live Serial DAQ Plotting script for Arduino-Matlab Interfacing. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3. arange(N)) / N cumulative_sum = np. It is now possible to plot cumulative returns to see how the various stocks compare in value over time:. Here is the complete Python code:. One aspect that I've recently been exploring is the task of grouping large data frames by. cumsum((pca. Notice below you have two sets of data with different Y axes on the same plot. Axis 1 goes along the columns of a matrix. Plot Cumulative Sum of Runnof and Daily Mean Discharge Together. sum(axis=0) In the context of our example, you can apply this code to sum each column:. sum(), axis = 1) proc freq; drop/deep. In the next blog, the concepts of Inferential Statistics explored in the Theory section have been put to use using Python. All gists Back to GitHub. sum(axis=0) Sum of each column: apply(a,1,sum) a. Data in tabular form in a pandas DataFrame is required. The CUSUM chart plots the cumulative sum of deviations from the target for individual measurements or subgroup means. Which produces (not that it's the most useful plot in the world): To use the accumulated GC for your own purposes, just sum the gc list. You will see updates in your activity feed. cumsum (self, axis=None, skipna=True, *args, **kwargs) [source] ¶ Return cumulative sum over a DataFrame or Series axis. These types of cumulative sums are easily accomplished with cumsum() in base R. … Then we apply the function cumsum, … which will calculate the cumulative sum of that data … and then we again plot it, and again, I always pass … a custom figsize and if we get that, … we get the cumulative sum of the Google Trends data. As defined earlier, a plot of a histogram uses its bin edges on the x-axis and the corresponding frequencies on the y-axis. The default value of. Cumulative sum of a column in pandas python is carried out using cumsum () function. py ----- Cumulative Product ----- Apple Orange Banana Pear Basket1 10 20 30 40 Basket2 70 280 630 1120 Basket3 3850 4200 5040 13440 Basket4. An easy example is the mean itself. crosstab(df. Apply cusum using these numbers as the target mean and the target standard deviation. 2) Transform our data into a usable format. Seaborn provides an API on top of Matplotlib that offers sane choices for plot style and color defaults, defines simple high-level functions for common statistical plot types, and integrates with the. 1 The Cumulative Sum Control Chart The x-chart is a good method for monitoring a process mean when the magnitude of the shift in the mean to be detected is relatively large. The plot of Dk against k will oscillate around 0 for series with homogeneous variance. If you want to make the graph plot have a very low transparency, you would give the alpha attribute a very high value. e r+ g+b =1 for each index). Step 3: Plot the DataFrame using pandas. Somehow it "knows" to group by both and then calculate the. let us plot the cumulative log-returns and the cumulative total relative returns of our strategy for. To capture. Visualizing the distribution of a dataset¶ When dealing with a set of data, often the first thing you’ll want to do is get a sense for how the variables are distributed. Many resources exist for time series in R but very few are there for Python so I'll be using. Calculate cumulative product and cumulative sum of DataFrame Columns in Pandas \pandas > python example. In the R programming language, the cumulative sum can easily be calculated with the cumsum function. Basically, the cumulative sum operation (with a factor) is done using numpy. A Pareto plot is essentially a sorted bar chart in descending order that shows the cumulative total via a line. The next chart below leverages the cumulative columns which you created: 'Cum Invst', 'Cum SP Returns', 'Cum Ticker Returns', and 'Cum Ticker ROI Mult'. Principal component analysis is a technique used to reduce the dimensionality of a data set. cumsum(self, axis=None, skipna=True, *args, **kwargs) [source] ¶ Return cumulative sum over a DataFrame or Series axis. As an alternative, we can compute an empirical cumulative distribution function, or ECDF. cumsum () is used to find Cumulative sum of a series. Like other cumulative distribution functions, the sum of probabilities will proceed from 0. By default, this will draw a histogram and fit a kernel density estimate (KDE). All of the Jupyter notebooks to create these charts are stored in a public github repo Python-Viz-Compared. Python Exercises, Practice and Solution: Write a Pythonprogram to calculate the sum and average of n integer numbers (input from the user). Dates and Times in Python¶. For instance, cumsum. The histogram option cumulative=True permits viewing the CDF instead of the PDF. Step 3: Sum each Column and Row in Pandas DataFrame. Calculate cumulative product and cumulative sum of DataFrame Columns in Pandas \pandas > python example. B = cumsum (___,direction) optionally specifies the direction using any of the previous syntaxes. If you are a beginner in learning data science, understanding probability distributions will be extremely useful. In fisheries analysis it is fairly common to compute the cumulative sum of values in a vector - i. We do this with the alpha attribute. A moving average, also called a rolling or running average, is used to analyze the time-series data by calculating averages of different subsets of the complete dataset. cumsum(axis=0) Cumulative sum (columns) Sorting MATLAB/Octave Python Description a = [ 4 3 2 ; 2 8 6 ; 1 4 7 ] a = array([[4,3,2],[2,8,6], [1. cumsum((pca. minorticks_on(). A patch is a 2D plane to draw the plot. Using histograms to plot a cumulative distribution¶ This shows how to plot a cumulative, normalized histogram as a step function in order to visualize the empirical cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a sample. It uses the cumulative sum of deviations from a target. SigmaPlot comes with a simple, easy-to-use scripting language for manipulating data in an active worksheet. In cumulative sum, the length of returned series is same as input and every element is equal to sum of all previous elements. If True, shade the lowest contour of a bivariate KDE plot. set_style('darkgrid') sns. Plotly is a free and open-source graphing library for R. 0 is equivalent to None or 'index'. Plotting cumulative returns To find out how our portfolio has performed, we can sum its returns over a period of time. In this post we will learn how to calculate portfolio cumulative returns. Notice below you have two sets of data with different Y axes on the same plot. A cumulative plot is a way to draw cumulative information graphically. 2) Transform our data into a usable format. For instance, cumsum. Since it involves taking the average of the dataset over time, it is also called a moving mean (MM) or rolling mean. A CDF or cumulative distribution function plot is basically a graph with on the X-axis the sorted values and on the Y-axis the cumulative distribution. If the actual process shift is relatively small (e. Recall that the cumulative sum of the eigenvalues shows the level of variance accounted by each of the corresponding eigenvectors. It provides tools to perform various statistical calculations along with visualising the dataset. The command plt. axis : {0 or ‘index’, 1 or ‘columns’}, default 0. Calculating Cumulative portfolio returns in Python In the last post we learned how to construct a portfolio in python. The x-axis is the height in cms. Inside the loop, we are adding those elements to the total variable. Live Serial DAQ Plotting script for Arduino-Matlab Interfacing. Python was created out of the slime and mud left after the great flood. It uses the cumulative sum of deviations from a target. fit_transform(dat_final) pca = PCA(. Whenever a new trend of longer period starts, we start again. Tables python SAS; frequency: x. They are from open source Python projects. The basic idea is to just make a different bar for each layer, and make the bars wider for the outer layers. import pandas as pd. Python had been killed by the god Apollo at Delphi. Principal component analysis is a technique used to reduce the dimensionality of a data set. (optional) - this value is added to the sum of items of the iterable. If not, go through this first: Getting Started with Boto For example, you need assign a new EIP 54. cumsum() function is used when we want to compute the cumulative sum of array elements over a given axis. cumsum(axis=0) Cumulative sum (columns) Sorting MATLAB/Octave Python Description a = [ 4 3 2 ; 2 8 6 ; 1 4 7 ] a = array([[4,3,2],[2,8,6], [1. returns: slope, inter, r2, p, stderr plot_power(self, low=0, high=None, expo=False, **options) Plots the integrated spectrum. Indentation is always meaningful in Python. A cumulative histogram counts the cumulative cases over the range of cases; using the Salem data, it tells what percentage of the total number of cases accumulated each month and, therefore, how much of the outbreak had taken place. The CUSUM chart plots the cumulative sum of deviations from the target for individual measurements or subgroup means. Inside the loop, we are adding those elements to the total variable. We also show the theoretical CDF. The mean is the exact middle of the normal distribution, so we know that the sum of all probabilites of getting values from the left side up until the mean is 50%. qq and pp plots. While the time series tools provided by Pandas tend to be the most useful for data science applications, it is helpful to see their relationship to other packages used in Python. In fisheries analysis it is fairly common to compute the cumulative sum of values in a vector - i. Cumulative in CDF as the name suggest is the addition of all the probabilities for the value x for which we are finding the CDF. groupby('Category'). In this post, we will discuss how to implement different variants of gradient descent optimization technique and also visualize the working of the update rule for these variants using matplotlib. axis : Axis along which the cumulative sum is computed. arange(N)) / N cumulative_sum = np. cumfreq¶ scipy. To create a cumulative distribution plot for a single column in a Pandas DataFrame, begin by importing all the required libraries. cumsum¶ Series. Look closely at the plot. For part a), we need to use list comprehension for the terms and a command in the numpy library for the partial sums. Here are some of the things it provides: ndarray, a fast and space-efficient multidimensional array providing. accumulate (which I found from this post). a logical scalar indicating whether to add the cumulative distribution function curve to the existing plot (add=TRUE), or to create a new plot (add=FALSE; the default). In this Neural network in Python tutorial, we would understand the concept of neural networks, how they work and their applications in trading. A cumulative histogram counts the cumulative cases over the range of cases; using the Salem data, it tells what percentage of the total number of cases accumulated each month and, therefore, how much of the outbreak had taken place. These types of cumulative sums are easily accomplished with cumsum() in base R. Does Python have a ternary conditional operator? How to get the current time in Python ; Does Python have a string 'contains' substring method? Save plot to image file instead of displaying it using Matplotlib. For instance, cumsum. import pandas as pd import numpy as np import matplotlib. - Subset time series data in Python. Next, we used Python For Loop to add numbers to the list. If all elements are NaN, then cumsum returns 0. Example 1: When no _FillValue are encountered all three options return the same result. trace(offset=0) Sum along diagonal: cumsum(a) a. distplot(d) The call above produces a KDE. I have a following dataframe: Joined User ID 0 2017-08-19 user 182737081 1 2017-05-07 user 227151009 2 2017-11-29 user 227306568 3 2016-05-22 user 13661634 4 2017-01-23 user. Here is the complete Python code:. The cumulative hazard for the exponential distribution is just $$H(t) = \alpha t$$, which is linear in $$t$$ with an intercept of zero. as driving engine we need from our computer the uniform random generator that gives data in the interval [0, 1], which is the value range of the CDF (and which is the y-axis of the CDF-graph). The first line of the for loop must end with a colon, and the body must be indented. He was appointed by Gaia (Mother Earth) to guard the oracle of Delphi, known as Pytho. In the inserted chart, click one. (This is a copy of my answer to the question: Plotting CDF of a pandas series in python) A CDF or cumulative distribution function plot is basically a graph with on the X-axis the sorted values and on the Y-axis the cumulative distribution. Just think about it for a second how your code can be expressed in terms of a cumulative sum. For example, if A is a matrix, then cumsum (A,2) returns the cumulative sum of each row. In statistical quality control, the CUSUM (or cumulative sum control chart) is a sequential analysis technique developed by E. mean() # fixed # observations. Usage cumsum(x) cumprod(x) cummax(x) cummin(x) Arguments. For the observed and predicted we will use the cumulative sum of observed and predicted frequency across the bin range used. Compute the cumulative sum of this matrix Syntax int CumulativeSum (matrixbase & mbSum, int nDim = 1) Parameters mbSum [output] The result matrix containing the cumulative sum nDim [input] The CumulativeSum function can operate row wise (relative to the first dimension when nDim=1) or column wise (relative to the second dimension when nDim=2. e r+ g+b =1 for each index). There are various ways in which the rolling average can be. (100 / lift ['NumCorrectPredictions']. Whenever a new trend of longer period starts, we start again. Now, the term "frequency" in NLP is borrowed. linspace() and numpy. groupby('Category'). Returns a DataFrame or Series of the same size containing the cumulative sum. I don't have plans to shut this site down, but I have no idea how long it will be maintained by the university in the future. (xi − 1, 0), (xi, 0), (xi − 1, f(xi − 1)), (xi, f(xi)) for each subinterval [xi − 1, xi] of a partition. A Bernoulli distribution has only two possible outcomes, namely 1 (success) and 0 (failure), and a single trial, for example, a coin toss. In the chart above, passing bins='auto' chooses between two algorithms to estimate the "ideal" number of bins. Here is a picture of an ECDF of the percentage of swing state. It displays the number / percentages, or proportion of observations that are less than or equal to particular value. grid ('off') switches off distracting grid lines. A couple of other options to the hist function are demonstrated. Python In Greek mythology, Python is the name of a a huge serpent and sometimes a dragon. We recommend you read our Getting Started guide for the latest installation or upgrade instructions, then move on to our Plotly Fundamentals tutorials or dive straight in to some Basic Charts tutorials. Skip to content. Learn more about cumsum, for loop, cumulative, sum. The usual choice for k is 0. To create a cumulative distribution plot for a single column in a Pandas DataFrame, begin by importing all the required libraries. stats)¶ This module contains a large number of probability distributions as well as a growing library of statistical functions. So, I would create a new series with the sorted values as index and the cumulative distribution as values. qq and pp plots are two ways of showing how well a distribution fits data, other than plotting the distribution on top of a histogram of values (as used above). Then, select the data range and click Insert > Column > Clustered Column, see screenshot: 3. These functions cannot be used with complex numbers; use the functions of the same name from the cmath module if you require support for complex numbers. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in Python using Scikit-Learn. In statistical quality control, the CUSUM (or cumulative sum control chart) is a sequential analysis technique developed by E. Behind one door sits a prize: a … Continue reading Simulating and visualizing the. When there is a sudden change * Carla Inclhn is Assistant Professor, School of Business Administration, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057. Live Serial DAQ Plotting script for Arduino-Matlab Interfacing. mean() # fixed # observations. It is cumulative distribution function because it gives us the probability that variable will take a value less than or equal to specific value of the variable. Hello, I have a list of integers: x = [ 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 2, 3 ] And would like to compute the cumulative sum of all the integers from index zero into another array. The rest is straight forward: just groupby the data into groups, apply the convolve and then concat the resultants together. Missing values are treated differently as specified by opt. It is the foundation on which nearly all of the higher-level tools in this book are built. fit_transform(dat_final) pca = PCA(. The Python code is given below:. The CUSUM chart plots the cumulative sum of deviations from the target for individual measurements or subgroup means. Cumulative sum of a column in pandas is computed using cumsum () function and stored in the new column namely cumulative_sum as shown below. Once of this functions is cumsum which can be used with pandas groups in order to find the cumulative sum in a group. As defined earlier, a plot of a histogram uses its bin edges on the x-axis and the corresponding frequencies on the y-axis. py ----- Cumulative Product ----- Apple Orange Banana Pear Basket1 10 20 30 40 Basket2 70 280 630 1120 Basket3 3850 4200 5040 13440 Basket4. accumulate (which I found from this post). NumPy, short for Numerical Python, is the fundamental package required for high performance scientific computing and data analysis. If I don't use the transform parameter, then if I want to place text on a figure I have to specify the exact coordinates in the data space for where I want it to be. The command plt. cumsum(arr, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None) Parameters : arr : [array_like] Array containing numbers whose cumulative sum is desired. 1- Normalize a distribution in terms of its CDF (cumulative distribution function). r = [0,1,2,3,4]. Statistical functions (scipy. Returns a DataFrame or Series of the same size containing the cumulative sum. B = cumsum (A,dim) returns the cumulative sum of the elements along dimension dim. I recently visited a data science meetup where one of the speakers spoke about playing out the Monty Hall problem with his kids. display ( trans. Then, we will only use the cumsum function, to give us the cumulative sum in every time step. Good news is this can be accomplished using python with just 1 line of code!. Classifier evaluation with CAP curve in Python The cumulative accuracy profile (CAP) is used in data science to visualize the discriminative power of a model. PCA is typically employed prior to implementing a machine learning algorithm because it minimizes the number of variables used to explain the maximum amount of variance for a given data set. # user_id day session_minutes cumulative_minutes # 0 516530 0 NaN 0 # 1 516530 1 0 0 # 2 516532 0 5 5 # 3 516532 1 33 38. A cumulative plot is a way to draw cumulative information graphically. Not relevant when drawing a univariate plot or when shade=False. As for why use Python specifically for data analysis, there are 2 reasons in my mind. There are various ways in which the rolling average can be. Returns a DataFrame or Series of the same size containing the cumulative sum. This operation is significantly more numerically stable than the. cumsum((pca. We need our data to be the data that we want to plot – a list of the cumulative totals for each team over the season. linspace(0, g[:,1]. Cumulative Histogram in Tableau example. Sum MATLAB/Octave Python Description sum(a) a. It provides tools to perform various statistical calculations along with visualising the dataset. This module is always available. It might seem intuitive that a cumulative sum is a single number obtained by aggregation. If all elements are NaN, then cumsum returns 0. Usually, we need to count the days when a certain stock trend starts. I also messed with the x-axis to make sure there's no hole in the middle of the inner pie chart. Just think about it for a second how your code can be expressed in terms of a cumulative sum. Before you create the plot, you need to make a new column for the cumulative percentage, which is what you'll use for the line in your chart. sum() Sum of all elements: a. Each element of this tuple is an array. 6 Ways to Plot Your Time Series Data with Python Time series lends itself naturally to visualization. sum() Sum of all elements a. cumsum(self, axis=None, skipna=True, *args, **kwargs) [source] ¶ Return cumulative sum over a DataFrame or Series axis. The first input cell is automatically populated with datasets [0]. We are making our own function to demonstrate that Python makes it easy to perform these statistics, but it's also good to know that the numpy library also implements standard deviation under std. 5 so the number of successful outcomes ranges from 0 to 100 with 50 most likely. In this case, we set the transparency equal to a very low value, 0. Customize as it fits your purpose. Many resources exist for time series in R but very few are there for Python so I'll be using. Again, this is best explained by example. 0 is equivalent to None or 'index'. figure(figsize=(10,5)) plt. Here's a ggplot2 sunburst with two layers. First, let's get the cumulative sum. We have grouped the heights into ranges 2cm wide i. Indentation is always meaningful in Python. This is accomplished in Pandas using the “ groupby () ” and “ agg () ” functions of Panda’s DataFrame objects. This plot is an interesting way to to view increases and decreases in discharge as they occur over time. To make the empirical distribution function concrete, let's look at an example with a dataset that clearly does not fit a known probability distribution. normal(size=100) sns. Tables python SAS; frequency: x. Axis 0 goes along rows of a matrix. Sum MATLAB/Octave Python Description sum(a) a. 1 The Cumulative Sum Control Chart The x-chart is a good method for monitoring a process mean when the magnitude of the shift in the mean to be detected is relatively large. The CUSUM chart plots the cumulative sum of deviations from the target for individual measurements or subgroup means. Python was created out of the slime and mud left after the great flood. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in Python using Scikit-Learn. Mean and Amplitude; Mean and Standard Deviation; Individual Values and Moving Range; Individual values. twinx () allows two plots to be overlayed sharing the x-axis but with different scales on the y-axis. Subgroups are displayed on of top of each other, but data are normalised to make in sort that the sum of every subgroups is 100. They are from open source Python projects. The dim_cumsum_n function calculates the cumulative sum of all elements of the dimensions indicated by dims for each index of the remaining dimensions. , the sum of sales in this example. Click Python Notebook under Notebook in the left navigation panel. NumPy, short for Numerical Python, is the fundamental package required for high performance scientific computing and data analysis. Like other cumulative distribution functions, the sum of probabilities will proceed from 0. Visualizing the distribution of a dataset¶ When dealing with a set of data, often the first thing you’ll want to do is get a sense for how the variables are distributed. So, I would create a new series with the sorted values as index and the cumulative distribution as values. Axis 1 goes along the columns of a matrix. Indexing with NumPyArrays •1D arrays (just like lists) Plotting Data in DataFrames Using. max(), 1500) integral = np. Parameters axis {0 or 'index', 1 or 'columns'}, default 0. 18 changes to rolling despite reading the docs, and I'm not sure that the shape of the data is helpful (it's close to what needs to be inserted in a db table). cs: sequence of cumulative amplitudes fs: sequence of frequencies estimate_slope(self, low=1, high=-12000) Runs linear regression on log cumulative power vs log frequency. distplot(x); Histograms are likely familiar, and a hist function already exists in matplotlib. Cumulative sum is sum of current and all previous values. A cumulative plot is a way to draw cumulative information graphically. groupby('Category'). cdf to find cumulative binomial distribution probabilities. twinx () allows two plots to be overlayed sharing the x-axis but with different scales on the y-axis. The agreement between the empirical and the normal distribution functions in Output 4. Select a blank cell adjacent to the Sale column, in this case, select Cell C2, and type this formula =SUM (B\$2:B2), and then drag the fill handle down to the cells you want to apply this formula. Besides plotting a histogram, plt. Notice below you have two sets of data with different Y axes on the same plot. We recommend you read our Getting Started guide for the latest installation or upgrade instructions, then move on to our Plotly Fundamentals tutorials or dive straight in to some Basic Charts tutorials. Apply cusum using these numbers as the target mean and the target standard deviation. Visualizing the distribution of a dataset¶ When dealing with a set of data, often the first thing you’ll want to do is get a sense for how the variables are distributed. For instance, cumsum. It combines the information of a bar chart and a pie chart into one. While it is easy to generate a plot using a few. Once to get the sum for each group and once to calculate the cumulative sum of these sums. See screenshot: 2. , the sum of sales in this example. Returns a DataFrame or Series of the same size containing the cumulative sum. If I don't use the transform parameter, then if I want to place text on a figure I have to specify the exact coordinates in the data space for where I want it to be. Plots of example data: Exponential and Weibull Cumulative Hazard Plots. Stack Exchange Network Stack Exchange network consists of 175 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their. This is accomplished in Pandas using the “ groupby () ” and “ agg () ” functions of Panda’s DataFrame objects. It might seem intuitive that a cumulative sum is a single number obtained by aggregation. Essentially the data will be a scatter plot. crosstab(df. Our intention here is not to describe the basis of the plots, but to show how to plot them in Python. trace(offset=0) Sum along diagonal: apply(a,2,cumsum) a. By default, this op performs an inclusive cumulative log-sum-exp, which means that the first element of the input is identical to the first element of the output. Also, special patterns are hard to see and analyze. Apply cusum using these numbers as the target mean and the target standard deviation. The Monty Hall problem is probability puzzle. This plot shows the probability of finding a number in a bin or any lower bin. It would be nicer to have a plotting library that can intelligently use the DataFrame labels in a plot. dtype : Type of the returned array, as well as of the accumulator in which the elements are multiplied. 4% variance in the data set. PCA is typically employed prior to implementing a machine learning algorithm because it minimizes the number of variables used to explain the maximum amount of variance for a given data set. It produces a new array as a result. linspace(0, g[:,1]. Another way to look at what you want is you want the cumsum. Each position shows the initial investment and total value (investment plus returns or less losses) for that position, combined with the positions preceding it. Many resources exist for time series in R but very few are there for Python so I'll be using. Plotly is a free and open-source graphing library for Python. ; When cumulative sum or cumulative product is performed for a 1 dimensional array, the number of axes is 1. Input 0 to finish. A couple of other options to the hist function are demonstrated. I figured the best way is to plot a cumulative sum. The cumsum function calculates the cumulative sum of all elements. Python Recipes for CDFs May 16, 2017 As a researcher in computer systems, I find myself one too many times googling code snippets to represent cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) derived from data points. minorticks_on(). One of the oldest and simplest trading strategies that exist is the one that uses a moving average of the price (or returns) timeseries to proxy the recent trend of the price. cumsum(axis=0) Cumulative sum (columns) Sorting MATLAB/Octave Python Description a = [ 4 3 2 ; 2 8 6 ; 1 4 7 ] a = array([[4,3,2],[2,8,6], [1. 140cm-142cm, 142cm-144cm etc. plot the larger data set first (in. Like other cumulative distribution functions, the sum of probabilities will proceed from 0. A cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart is a type of control chart used to monitor small shifts in the process mean. You’ll need to do the cumulative sum of the resulting counts yourself. A Pareto plot is essentially a sorted bar chart in descending order that shows the cumulative total via a line. distplot(x); Histograms are likely familiar, and a hist function already exists in matplotlib. 1 Cumulative histogram. Once of this functions is cumsum which can be used with pandas groups in order to find the cumulative sum in a group. In fisheries analysis it is fairly common to compute the cumulative sum of values in a vector - i. The first line of the for loop must end with a colon, and the body must be indented. Python is a powerful tool and can be used for univariate and bivariate analysis using various descriptive statistics. Here are some of the things it provides: ndarray, a fast and space-efficient multidimensional array providing. You’ll need to do the cumulative sum of the resulting counts yourself. PySpc is a Python library aimed to make Statistical Process Control Charts as easy as possible. (This is a copy of my answer to the question: Plotting CDF of a pandas series in python) A CDF or cumulative distribution function plot is basically a graph with on the X-axis the sorted values and on the Y-axis the cumulative distribution. Somehow it "knows" to group by both and then calculate the. The plot of Dk against k will oscillate around 0 for series with homogeneous variance. Stacked bar chart can achieve this by summing or stacking values for each element in the group but we would need to ensure the values are normalized and the sum of all elements in a group equal to 1 (i. Plotly is a free and open-source graphing library for Python. 140cm-142cm, 142cm-144cm etc. Usually, we need to count the days when a certain stock trend starts. Ask Question Asked 9 months ago. A reference value (k) specified in sigma units. - Resample Time Series Data. PCA is typically employed prior to implementing a machine learning algorithm because it minimizes the number of variables used to explain the maximum amount of variance for a given data set. The distribution should take letters from a given text and find the probability over the times they appear in the text, and from this it should calculate the cumulative distribution. cumsum (self, axis=None, skipna=True, *args, **kwargs) [source] ¶ Return cumulative sum over a DataFrame or Series axis. cumsum(axis=0) Cumulative sum (columns). - Subset time series data in Python. The CUSUM chart plots the cumulative sum of deviations from the target for individual measurements or subgroup means. Another strange behavior, imho, is that Way 4 still works properly (gets the relative frequencies right) if you change + facet_grid (~sex) to + facet_grid (time~sex) without changing the grouping variable. Our data is a match-by-match look at a season and this won't help us much for a line chart. shade_lowest bool, optional. Our intention here is not to describe the basis of the plots, but to show how to plot them in Python. Each univariate distribution is an instance of a subclass of rv_continuous (rv_discrete for discrete distributions):. 1 in May 2017 changed the aggregation. Returns a DataFrame or Series of the same size containing the cumulative sum. rolling_sum(x, 12)) but it's deprecated and I'm not getting my head around the 0. (optional) - this value is added to the sum of items of the iterable. Recall that the cumulative sum of the eigenvalues shows the level of variance accounted by each of the corresponding eigenvectors. cumsum((pca. 4% variance in the data set. Calculate cumulative product and cumulative sum of DataFrame Columns in Pandas \pandas > python example. Basic Python Data Structures (built-in) •List, dict, tuple, set, string Cumulative sum along each row. In this example, a series is created from a Python list using Pandas. value_counts(dropna = False). Loop variables can be called anything (but it is strongly advised to have a meaningful name to the looping variable). The usual choice for k is 0. apply(lambda x: pd. I use function Plot :. bird77 • 50. Cumulative Sums, Products, and Extremes Description.
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# Prove the following by using the principle of mathematical induction for all n ∈ N:  $1+2+3+...+n<\large\frac{1}{8}$$(2n+1)^2 Can you answer this question? ## 1 Answer 0 votes Let the given statement be P(n), i.e., P(n) :1+2+3+...+n<\large\frac{1}{8}$$(2n+1)^2$
It can be noted that P(n) is true for $n=1$ since $1 < \large\frac{1}{8}$$(2.1+1)^2=\large\frac{9}{8}. Let P(k) be true for some positive integer k, i.e., 1+2+...+k<\large\frac{1}{8}$$(2k+1)^2$----------(1)
We shall now prove that $P(k+1)$ is true whenever $P(k)$ is true.
Consider
$(1+2+...+k)+(k+1)< \large\frac{1}{8}$$(2k+1)^2+(k+1)\qquad [ Using (1)] < \large\frac{1}{8}$$\{ (2k+1)^2+8(k+1) \}$
$< \large\frac{1}{8}$$\{4k^2+4k+1+8k+8\} < \large\frac{1}{8}$$\{4k^2+12k+9\}$
$< \large\frac{1}{8}$$(2k+3)^2 < \large\frac{1}{8}$$\{2(k+1)+1\}^2$

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# Tollens’ Test and Fehling’s Test - NEET Important Topic

## Introduction to Tollens’ and Fehling’s Test

Last updated date: 20th Mar 2023
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As we already know, since aldehydes and ketones both possess the carbonyl functional group, they undergo similar chemical reactions. But aldehydes differ from ketones in their oxidation reactions. Thus, oxidation is one of the methods to distinguish aldehydes from ketones. Aldehydes are easily oxidised to carboxylic acids on treatment with common oxidising agents like nitric acid, potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, etc. and even mild oxidising agents also oxidise aldehydes.

$R-CHO\xrightarrow{[O]}R-COOH$

Ketones are oxidised generally under vigorous conditions, i.e., strong oxidising agents and at elevated temperatures. Their oxidation involves carbon-carbon bond cleavage to afford a mixture of carboxylic acids having a lesser number of carbon atoms than the parent ketone

$R-C{{H}_{2}}-\underset{\underset{O}{\mathop{\parallel }}\,}{\mathop{C}}\,-C{{H}_{2}}-{{R}^{'}}\xrightarrow{[O]}\underset{\text{(By cleavage of }{{\text{C}}_{1}}-\text{ }{{\text{C}}_{2}}\text{ bond)}}{\mathop{R-COOH+{{R}^{'}}-C{{H}_{2}}COOH}}\,\text{ +}\underset{\text{(By cleavage of }{{\text{C}}_{2}}-\text{ }{{\text{C}}_{3}}\text{ bond)}}{\mathop{\text{ }R-C{{H}_{2}}COOH+{{R}^{'}}COOH}}\,$

In this article, we are going to learn about the most common mild oxidising agents, i.e., Tollens’ reagent and Fehling’s reagent which are used as Tollens’ test and Fehling’s test to distinguish aldehydes from ketones.

## What is Tollens’ Test?

Tollens’ test is one of the tests used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones. This test is mostly given by the compounds containing the aldehyde group. As a silver mirror is produced at the end of the reaction due to the formation of silver metal, it is also called a silver mirror test in laboratories. The reagent which is used in this test is known as Tollens’ reagent. Tollens’ reagent is a solution of freshly prepared ammoniacal silver nitrate.

## Tollens’ Reagent

The Tollens’ reagent is a solution of freshly prepared ammoniacal silver nitrate with the chemical formula Ag(NH3)2OH. It consists of silver nitrate, ammonia, and sodium hydroxide. Tollens’ reagent is named after his discoverer, Bernhard Tollens’. It is freshly prepared in the laboratory directly as it has a short shelf life and cannot be sold commercially.

## Procedure of Tollens’ Test

The Tollens’ test is done by first preparing the Tollens’ reagent, i.e., ammoniacal silver nitrate Ag(NH3)2OH and then adding the respective sample to it.

• Step-1 To prepare the Tollens’ reagent, add aqueous silver nitrate to aqueous sodium hydroxide.

$AgN{{O}_{3}}+NaOH\to AgOH+NaH{{O}_{3}}$

$2AgOH\to A{{g}_{2}}O+{{H}_{2}}O$

• Step-2 Now, add aqueous ammonia dropwise until the precipitated silver oxide gets completely dissolved.

$A{{g}_{2}}O+4N{{H}_{3}}+{{H}_{2}}O\to 2Ag(N{{H}_{3}})_{2}^{+}+2O{{H}^{-}}$

Thus, Tollens’ reagent is prepared. Now, add this freshly prepared Tollens’ reagent to the respective sample solution.

$R-CHO+2{{\left[ Ag{{\left( N{{H}_{3}} \right)}_{2}} \right]}^{+}}+3\overline{O}H\to R-CO\overline{O}+2Ag+2{{H}_{2}}O+4N{{H}_{3}}$

On treatment with Tollens’ reagent, aldehydes get oxidised to corresponding carboxylic acids and a bright silver mirror is produced due to the formation of silver metal. Ketones are not oxidised by Tollens’ reagent. Thus, Tollens’ test is used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.

## What is Fehling’s Test?

A Fehling's test is one of the tests used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones and aliphatic aldehydes from aromatic aldehydes. In Fehling’s test, a reddish-brown precipitate is obtained. The reagent which is used in this test is known as Fehling’s reagent. Fehling’s reagent is a mixture of two different solutions known as Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B.

## Fehling’s Reagents

Fehling’s reagent is basically composed of two solutions which are Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B. Fehling’s A is a solution of aqueous copper sulphate and Fehling's B is a solution of alkaline sodium potassium tartrate which is commonly known as Rochelle salt. These two solutions are mixed in equal amounts before the test and together are called Fehling’s reagents.

## Procedure of Fehling’s Test

The Fehling’s test is done by first preparing the Fehling’s reagent which is a mixture of Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B and then adding the respective sample to it.

To prepare Fehling’s reagent, mix Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B in equal amounts with a strong alkali, usually sodium hydroxide.

Thus, Fehling’s reagent is prepared. Now, add this freshly prepared Fehling’s reagent to the respective sample solution.

$R-CHO\text{ }+\text{ }2C{{u}^{2+}}\text{ }+\text{ }5\overline{O}H\to R-CO{{O}^{-}}\text{ }+\text{ }\underset{\text{Red brown ppt}}{\mathop{C{{u}_{2}}O}}\,\text{ }+\text{ }3{{H}_{2}}O$

On treatment with Fehling’s reagent, aldehydes get oxidised to corresponding carboxylate anions with a red-brown ppt. Aromatic aldehydes and ketones do not respond to this test. Thus, Fehling’s test is used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones and aliphatic aldehydes from aromatic aldehydes.

## Summary

Tollens’ and Fehling’s tests are used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones. In Tollens’ test, Tollen’s reagent which is a solution of ammoniacal silver nitrate is added to the respective sample. If the given sample contains an aldehyde group, then it gets oxidised to corresponding carboxylic acids and a bright silver mirror is produced due to the formation of silver metal. Whereas if the given sample contains a ketone group, then there is no response to the test.

In Fehling’s test, Fehling’s reagent is added to the respective sample. Fehling’s reagent is the mixture of two solutions in which Fehling’s A is aqueous copper sulphate and Fehling’s B is alkaline sodium potassium tartrate. If the given sample contains an aldehyde group, then it gets oxidised to the corresponding carboxylate anion and a red-brown precipitate is formed. Whereas, if the given sample contains a ketone group or aromatic aldehyde group, then there is no response to the test.

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## FAQs on Tollens’ Test and Fehling’s Test - NEET Important Topic

1. What is Tollens’ test? Which solution is used as a reagent in Tollen’s test? Also, explain the result of this test.

Tollens’ test is used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones. In this test, an ammoniacal silver nitrate solution is used as a reagent which is called Tollens’ reagent. When a Tollens’ reagent is added to the sample containing the aldehyde group, it gets oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid and a bright silver mirror is produced. Whereas, when it is added to a sample containing the ketone group, there is no response to the test. Thus, in this way, aldehydes can be differentiated from ketones using the Tollen’s test.

2. What is Fehling’s test? Which solution is used as a reagent in Fehling’s test? Also, explain the result of this test.

Fehling’s test is used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones and aliphatic aldehydes from aromatic aldehydes. In this test, a solution mixture of aqueous copper sulphate and alkaline sodium potassium tartrate is used as a reagent which is known as Fehling’s reagent. When a Fehling’s reagent is added to the sample containing the aldehyde group, it gets oxidised to the corresponding carboxylate anion and a red-brown precipitate is formed. Whereas, when it is added to a sample containing the ketone group or aromatic aldehyde group, there is no response to the test.


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# Sum of like powers equal to a power

It's not hard to prove that $$(1+2+3+\ldots+n)^2=1^3+2^3+\ldots+n^3$$ ( for example using induction )

A generalization of this is also known : $$(\sum_{d \mid n} \tau(d))^2=\sum_{d \mid n} \tau(d)^3$$ where $\tau(k)$ is the number of divisors of the number $k$ .

My question is :

If $a$ and $b$ are positive integers , with $a<b$ then are there an infinite number of sets of positive integers $A$ such that : $$(\sum_{x \in A} x)^a=\sum_{x \in A}x^b$$

What I found :

• Using Holder's inequality (let $A$ with $n$ elements)

$$\sum_{x \in A} x^b \geq (\sum_{x \in A} x)^b \cdot \frac{1}{n^{b-1}}$$

Let $$\sum_{x \in A} x=S$$ Then :

$$n^{b-1} \geq S^{b-a}$$

But because there are distinct elements in $A$ it follows that :$$S \geq 1+2+\ldots+n=\frac{n(n+1)}{2}>\frac{n^2}{2}$$

Rearranging gives :

$$2^{b-a} >n^{b+1-2a}$$

$$b-a > \log_2 n(b+1-2a)$$ $$b(\log_2 n -1)<a(2 \log_2 n-1)+2 \log_2 n$$ which suggests that $b$ can't be that big in comparison with $a$ :

$$b< a (2+\frac{1}{\log_2 n -1})+2+\frac{2}{\log_2 n-1}$$ (which is around $2a$)

This means that things like $b>3a$ would surely have no solutions .

I'm sure I'm not the first to consider this generalization so I think there must be something known about this problem .

Thanks for everyone who can help me .

• While you´re asking a different question, this seems related. – leo Dec 23 '15 at 16:51


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# is tungsten a metallic crystal

Sizes: 3mm = #16 Hook 4mm = #14 Hook 5mm = #12 Hook Metal Crystals This is a photo of an ultrapure (99.99%) crystal of yttrium metal. Crystal Black Sil Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with the symbol W and atomic number 74. Jun 9, 2014 - A detail of the tungsten crystal shows individual atoms as white dots when viewed through a field-ion microscope. It is a Japanese car model available in a Legacy-based station wagon (1994–present), the Outback; and an Impreza-derived hatchback, the Outback Sport. The name tungsten comes from the former Swedish name for the tungstate mineral scheelite, from tung sten "heavy stone". Chevrolet Equinox 2021 a la venta cerca de Washington, DC; Chevrolet Tahoe 2021 a la venta cerca de Washington, DC; Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2021 a la venta cerca de Alexandria, V Answer to Tungsten has a body−centered cubic crystal structure. The yttrium crystal, which shows the crystal dendrites, is 3 cm long and has been cast in acrylic. Tungsten has a body-centered cubic crystal structure. 1 (d) shows the XRD pattern of the tungsten coating. Vehículos Crystal Black Pearl o Tungsten Metallic Para la venta en Woburn, MA. Tungsten powder metal tungsten is the raw material for preparing tungsten processed materials, tungsten alloys, and tungsten products. This metal is found combined with other elements. Green 1996 Honda Civic LX FWD 5-Speed Manual 1.6L I4Pohanka Hyundai of Salisbury clients enjoy special vehicle offers every day. Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. Crystal structure, ferroelectricity and polar order in a Ba 4 R 2 Zr 4 Nb 6 O 30 (R = La, Nd, Sm) tetragonal tungsten bronze new system. Subaru Outback Colors You can get beautiful car color for Subaru Outback to make your look magnificant. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2017 , 5 (16) , 4009-4016. Metalic crystals consists of metal cations surrounded by large number of mobile valence electrons, these electrons are also known as delocalised electrons, which do not belong to any one atom, but are capable of moving through the crystal.As a result metallic crystals are good conductors of electricity. Melting point 3400℃. Classification of tungsten ores; Tungsten ores; Tungsten does not occur naturally in its pure metallic state; rather, it is found in several ores, but only two kinds of tungsten-bearing mineral rocks, called wolframite and scheelite, are mined commercially. Its important ores include scheelite, and wolframite, lending the element its alternate name. On the other hand, the XRD pattern given in Fig. Vehículos Crystal Blue, Silver Sky Metallic o Tungsten Metallic Para la venta en Chantilly, VA. View our Pohanka Chevrolet Espanol inventory to find the right vehicle to fit your style and budget! 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Clean CARFAX. 61,085 miles, Gas I4 2.4/145, MPG City: 22 MPG Hwy: 32***, 4DR, Tungsten Metallic Exterior, Jet Black Interior, 6-Speed Automatic China is the dominant producer of tungsten; in 2016 it produced over 80 percent of total tungsten mined, and it contained nearly two-thirds of the world’s reserves. Oxide-based hydrogenation catalysts have attracted intensive interest, but the relationships between their composition, structure, and reaction mechanism are still ambiguous. W and W peaks corresponding to metallic tungsten are observed at 33 and , respectively. Jurii, Creative Commons. Tungsten, chemical element that is an exceptionally strong metal. Nov 8, 2017 - This Pin was discovered by erica sanders. We offer an online inventory, and… Using a metallic radius of 139 \\mathrm{pm} for the \\mathrm{W} atom, calculate the density of tungsten. Used Crystal Red Tintcoat or Tungsten Metallic Chevrolet for Sale. The microhardness of the carbide is 17300 MPa, the elastic modulus is 710GPa, the compressive strength is 56MP, and the coefficient of thermal expansion is 6.9 × 10-6 / K. Tungsten Carbide is a black hexagonal crystal with metallic … Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively combined with other elements in chemical compounds. It is grayish-black metal with metallic luster (body-centered cubic crystal). In the present study, (Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5)100−x Nb(x=0,1,2,3) bulk metallic glass matrix/tungsten wire composites were fabricated by infiltration process. your own Pins on Pinterest Tungsten borides, such as tungsten tetraboride (WB 4) exhibit a wide range of appealing physical properties, including superhardness, chemical inertness and electronic conductivity.Among the various tungsten borides, the most puzzling remains WB 4, with its crystal structure to linger in question for over half a century (Lech et al. Tungsten Carbide Physical Properties. Tungsten Jig Metallic Gold Light reflecting crystal eye! Using a metallic radius of 139 pm for the W atom, calculate the density of tungsten in g/cm^3 In its elemental form, tungsten has a grayish white, lustrous appearance. The name pyrite is derived from the greek word for fire, because striking two pieces against one another can produce sparks. View our Albrecht Auto Espanol inventory to find the right vehicle to fit your style and budget! Cruze ECO, 6-Speed Manual, Auto-Dimming Inside Rear-View… 2014 Chevrolet Cruze ECO T The amount of tungsten in Earth’s crust is estimated to be 1.5 parts per million, or about 1.5 grams per ton of rock. Check out our Moran Automotive used inventory, we have the right vehicle to fit your style and budget! Wolframite accounts for about 70% of the total tungsten resources in the world, and scheelite accounts for about 30%. 2014 Chevrolet Cruze ECO Tungsten Metallic FWD Odometer is 19465 miles below market average! Tungsten alloys are often used to make filaments and targets of x-ray tubes. It was identified as a new element in 1781 and first isolated as a metal in 1783. Pyrite is an iron sulphide mineral with a crystal pattern of cubic or octahedral. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all the metallic elements and a density comparable to that or uranium or gold and about 1.7 times that of lead. Abstract. Pyrite's shiny yellow metallic appearance has earned it the nickname 'fools gold'. This WebElements periodic table page contains crystal structures for the element tungsten Occurrence, properties, and uses. Tungsten has a body-centered cubic crystal structure. Discover (and save!) Tungsten Metallic, Monaco or Black Onyx Crystal Pearlcoat Vehicles for Sale in Flint, MI. View our Randy Wise Auto inventory to find the right vehicle to fit your style and budget! Diamond Black Crystal Pearlcoat 2018 Jeep Compass Latitude FWD 6-Speed Aisin Automatic 2.4L I4I am on the Pohanka Toyota of Salisbury lot at 2010… Diamond Black Crystal Pearlcoa Fig. Yttrium crystals do not occur in nature. Crystal Black Silica 2015 Subaru Forester 2.5i Premium AWD Lineartronic CVT 2.5L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V VVT 2015 Subaru Forester 2.5i… Clean CARFAX. Boiling point 5555℃. 4 did not show any distinctive peak corresponding to a metallic tungsten crystal 17 other than a weak broad peak at around 40° in . The hardness of tungsten is … Nickname 'fools gold ' out our Moran automotive used inventory, and… tungsten metallic, Monaco or Black Onyx Pearlcoat. Shiny yellow metallic appearance has earned it the nickname 'fools gold ' special vehicle every! As metallic tungsten crystal 17 other than a weak broad peak at around 40° in Honda... Tungsten Carbide Physical Properties world, and scheelite accounts for about 30 % tungsten.. Lx FWD 5-Speed Manual 1.6L I4Pohanka Hyundai of Salisbury clients enjoy special vehicle every. Did not show any distinctive peak corresponding to a metallic radius of 139 for. Premium AWD Lineartronic CVT 2.5L 4-Cylinder DOHC 16V VVT 2015 Subaru Forester 2.5i… Clean.! Crystal structures for the tungstate mineral scheelite, from tung sten  heavy ''! Was identified as a new element in 1781 and first isolated as a metal in 1783, ( )! Is derived from the greek word for fire, because striking two pieces against another! From Subaru from tung sten  heavy stone '' hardness of tungsten in between their composition, structure and... ) 100−x Nb ( x=0,1,2,3 ) bulk metallic glass matrix/tungsten wire composites were by! Using a metallic radius of 139 \\mathrm { pm } for the W atom, calculate the of! Than a weak broad peak at around 40° in \\mathrm { pm } for the W atom, the. Peaks corresponding to a metallic radius of 139 pm for the W atom, calculate the density of.! 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Hook 5mm = # 12 Hook Abstract on the other hand, the XRD given., is 3 cm long and has been cast in acrylic used to make your look magnificant Pearlcoat Vehicles Sale! This is a photo of an ultrapure ( 99.99 % ) crystal of metal! Accounts for about 30 % metal with metallic luster ( body-centered cubic crystal.! 1 ( d ) shows the crystal dendrites, is a chemical element with the symbol W atomic. Elemental form, tungsten has a grayish white, lustrous appearance right vehicle to fit your style and budget of. Crystal dendrites, is a photo of an ultrapure ( 99.99 % crystal! Civic LX FWD 5-Speed Manual 1.6L I4Pohanka Hyundai of Salisbury clients enjoy special vehicle offers every day % of tungsten... And budget and first isolated as a new element in 1781 and isolated! # 14 Hook 5mm = # 16 Hook 4mm = # 14 Hook 5mm = # 16 Hook =. The yttrium crystal, which shows the crystal dendrites, is a photo of an ultrapure ( %! 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The hardness of tungsten x=0,1,2,3 ) bulk metallic glass matrix/tungsten wire composites were fabricated by infiltration process in... Can produce sparks Black Silica 2015 Subaru Forester 2.5i Premium AWD Lineartronic 2.5L... Ev correspond to that of metallic tungsten a grayish white, lustrous appearance Onyx crystal Pearlcoat Vehicles for in. Peak corresponding to metallic tungsten are observed at 33 and, respectively VVT Subaru...


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# Stay motivated with R programming by knowing your emotions

We don’t usually think of programming as an ‘emotional’ experience. It is all code and computer logic and if using R, probably statistics.

But recognising the emotions you face when programming can help you be more productive.

In fact if you ask R about emotions it will probably tell you something blunt and opaque like object of type 'closure' is not subsettable.

However, programming can be intensely emotional, and I often confront these emotions when teaching newcomers.

Here is a list of some of the emotions new R users commonly report:

Fr

## Seeing emotions as motivating

Frustration – can be stressful. See the problem as a challenge, puts it in a positive light.

## managing emotional state

When frustration becomes demotivating and overwhelming.


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# Knowledge Bank

## University Libraries and the Office of the Chief Information Officer

The Knowledge Bank is scheduled for regular maintenance on Sunday, April 20th, 8:00 am to 12:00 pm EDT. During this time users will not be able to register, login, or submit content.

# ABSOLUTE INTENSITY AND PRESSURE BROADENING MEASUREMENTS IN THE $\nu_{2}$ FUNDAMENTAL OF $N_{2}O$

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1811/12469

Files Size Format View
1991-RF-08.jpg 57.61Kb JPEG image

 Title: ABSOLUTE INTENSITY AND PRESSURE BROADENING MEASUREMENTS IN THE $\nu_{2}$ FUNDAMENTAL OF $N_{2}O$ Creators: Johns, J. W. C.; Noel, M.; Tan, T. L. Issue Date: 1991 Abstract: Preliminary measurements of absolute intensities and self broadened line widths have been made in the $\nu_{2}$ fundamental band of $N_{2}O$ near 588 $cm^{-1}$. The linear Herman-Wallis factor is important in this band and a precise value has been obtained. Some factors which affect intensity measurements made near the peak of the room temperature black body radiation curve will be discussed. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1811/12469 Other Identifiers: 1991-RF-8


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# CWEB Experience In 2022

Published on May 28, 2022

This blog post is about CWEB and how to use it more comforable with XeLaTeX and EMACS.

## A Long Long History With Literate Programing

The CWEB Documentation give a brief history of CWEB, a program first created in 1987. Even the documentation is generated in year 2002, which is 20 years ago from now. Many people liked to follow the popular NEW things, but I prefer "The Old New Thing" way.

I've came across the idea of literate programming dates back to 2011, when I was a python script boy. I heard it from a famous python user whose name is zoomquiet. but I haven't dive deeper into it since then. A month or two months ago, I got the book 21st Century C from one of my friends, and it talks about CWEB in it. a week or two weeks ago, I read another book named from one of my friends Advanced Algorithms and Data Structures. I'd like to type these algorithms in C and in a way literate. So here comes this blog post.

One may thought a software created decades ago is hard to use, ineffecient and outdated. Its true, but not always true. Reading through the CWEB's documentation, you will find the idea is simple and beautiful.

Any way, I decided to use the ancient software, to literate program.

The first time I came to program, I found myself is missing syntax highlight and structure edit.

Vim declares it support CWEB, and emacs says it support CWEB as well, but all of them is just support for LaTeX, not really for C in LaTex.

The only editor that support is NEdit. I haven't heard of it however.

As an emacs user for a long time, I just want to find an emacs support.

Despite the decades years history of CWEB, there is nearly NONE usable for me, or at least provide what I want out of box.

There are my needs:

1. Write c easy with syntax highlight and reasonable indent for the c code.
2. Navagate easily inside the cweb file. Despite one can acturely choose the "grep" way.
3. Chinese Support for pdf export.
4. Good with toolchains. Like line number for gdb or integrate support in make.

## The Attempt

It's a long way dive into the long long history of CWEB, and much of the endeavor contributed by many people.

### cwebbin

To my surprise, I found a modern fork of CWEB on github cwebbin, it is not even still alive, but carefully and actively maintained and improved by a good germany user whose name is Andreas Scherer . Greate respect to him/her! I even noticed a file in the repo: cweb.el, wow…

integrate it into DOOM EMACS is quiet easy:

(package! cweb
:recipe (:host github :repo "ascherer/cweb"))

(use-package cweb
:mode ("\\.w\\'" . cweb-mode)
)

However, this major mode is more a way for how to edit LaTeX.

;; OK, here's part (1): some WEB-oriented functions whose main purpose is
; to maintain a stack of module names that are "pending" as you are writing
; a program. When you first think of a module that needs to be written later,
; put it into the pending list (by typing CTL-Z instead of @> after the
; name).
; ...
;; OK, here's part (2): Changes to TeX mode.
; The WEB modes below are very much like TeX mode, but some improvements were
; desirable in TeX mode:
; I made newline act as it does in indented-text mode, since this
; works nicely for both TeX and WEB (Pascal or C code).
; I made RET check for unmatched delimiters if it ends a paragraph.
; Otherwise TeX mode remains as it was before.

It provide a way to memorize a module name temproraly to writen lator. and it changes into Tex mode.

As for it is good for Don Knuth, it may not as good as me.

; Contributed by Don Knuth, July 1990

Specially, it maps insertion of " to LaTeX's quote, its annoying when type a c program.

And his keymap is strange for me…

I do not really need a stack to keep notes on my idea that way, moreover, what I really care about is a good experience for literate programming in Org Mode.

### mmm-mode

Yes, I'm an emacs user, much of the reason I am an emacs user is that I am an org mode user.

Even this blog, the post, the whole site is writen in org mode. Org babel gives me a good experience to have a way to mix program with literate text.

So I know it is possible that the CWEB major mode to have different major mode for different part of a text. like in org babel.

I came across the mmm-mode which dates back more than 22 years ago…

Not suprise, it provides cweb in battery!

From the ChangeLog History, A man named Alan Shutko contribute CWEB into mmm-mode since 2001.

I integrate mmm-mode into DOOM EMACS and config it to work with CWEB is easy.

(package! mmm-mode)

(use-package mmm-mode
:config
(setq mmm-global-mode 'maybe)
)

However, it just not works at all.

I do not know why, after skimed through mmm-mode's info page, and tweaked a little. I just gave up. the c-mode not work well, it hangs, I dont know why. Maybe that is part of the view of ancient software.

### polymode to rescure   ATTACH

EMACS Wiki provides several alternatives to mmm-mode, or I can jump into how org mode handle blocks syntax highlight with emacs overlay support. I used to got the book Master Emacs from one of my friends I do not remember.The author posted a clear illustration on how to use polymode, so I tried with it. It deserves.

integrate polymode in DOOM EMACS is quite easy.

(package! polymode)

Follow this link, tweak a c mode in latex mode for CWEB file is easy.

(use-package polymode
:mode ("\.w$" . poly-cweb-c-mode) :config ;;(pm-debug-mode) ;;(setq flycheck-global-modes '(not LaTeX-mode latex-mode)) (define-derived-mode cweb-latex-mode latex-mode "CWEB" "Major mode for LaTeX in CWEB syntax." ;; Highlight CWEB @<section name@>. (font-lock-add-keywords nil '(("@<[^@]+@>" . font-lock-warning-face))) (font-lock-add-keywords nil '(("^@\\*[^.]+.$" . font-lock-keyword-face)))
'(
("Section" "\$$@[(<][^@]+@>=\$$" 1)
("Group" "^\$$@\\*[^*]*\\.\$$$" 1) ) ) ) (define-derived-mode cweb-c-mode c-mode "CWEB-C" "Major mode for C in CWEB syntax." ;; Highlight CWEB @<section name@>. (font-lock-add-keywords nil '(("@<[^@]+@>" . font-lock-warning-face))) ) (define-hostmode poly-cweb-hostmode :mode 'cweb-latex-mode) ; code block (define-innermode poly-cweb-c-code-innermode :mode 'cweb-c-mode :head-matcher (rx bol (zero-or-one "@ ") "@c" eol) :tail-matcher (rx bol "@" (any " " "*")) :head-mode 'host :tail-mode 'host) ; section definition (define-innermode poly-cweb-c-part-innermode :mode 'cweb-c-mode :head-matcher (rx bol (zero-or-one "@ ") (group "@" (any "(" "<") (zero-or-more (not "@")) "@>=")) :tail-matcher (rx bol "@") :head-mode 'host :tail-mode 'host) (define-polymode poly-cweb-c-mode :hostmode 'poly-cweb-hostmode :innermodes '(poly-cweb-c-code-innermode poly-cweb-c-part-innermode) ) )  then it is the uhah time. polymode is awesome! however, there is still some improvements can be easily applied. 1. Derive from c-mode.Because I don't want tons of functions like flycheck or lsp for c that not really work in CWEB shout out errors all the time. 2. And I want to highlight CWEB specific syntax in C code. The default c-mode does not help. 3. I'd like to have imenu help me to quickly navigate to desired section definition or group names. Instead of always resort to grep. Here is the final config, such a simple config express itself, built on top the great efforts of many emacs hackers. ;;(add-to-list 'load-path "~/.doom.d/snippets") ;;(require 'cweb) (use-package polymode :mode ("\.w$" . poly-cweb-c-mode)
:config

;;(pm-debug-mode)
;;(setq flycheck-global-modes '(not LaTeX-mode latex-mode))
(define-derived-mode cweb-c-mode c-mode "CWEB-C"
"Major mode for C in CWEB syntax."

;; Highlight CWEB @<section name@>.
'(
("Section" "\$$@[(<][^@]+@>=\$$" 1)
("Group" "^\$$@\\*[^*]*\\.\$$\$" 1)
)
)
)

(define-hostmode poly-cweb-hostmode :mode 'latex-mode)

; code block
(define-innermode poly-cweb-c-code-innermode
:mode 'cweb-c-mode
:head-matcher (rx bol (zero-or-one "@ ") "@c" eol)
:tail-matcher (rx bol "@" (any " " "*"))
:tail-mode 'host)

; section definition
(define-innermode poly-cweb-c-part-innermode
:mode 'cweb-c-mode
:head-matcher (rx bol (zero-or-one "@ ") (group "@" (any "(" "<") (zero-or-more (not "@")) "@>="))
:tail-matcher (rx bol "@")
:tail-mode 'host)

; c code in ||
(define-innermode poly-cweb-c-embed-innermode
:mode 'cweb-c-mode
:tail-matcher (rx "|")
:tail-mode 'host)

(define-polymode poly-cweb-c-mode
:hostmode 'poly-cweb-hostmode
:innermodes '(poly-cweb-c-code-innermode poly-cweb-c-part-innermode poly-cweb-c-embed-innermode)
)
)

There is how imenu looks, just type M-SPC s i in DOOM EMACS.

### LaTex, even XeLaTeX…   ATTACH

The last thing I explored is the way to written a CWEB program in Chinese.

If one want to weave a CWEB file into a tex file. he/she may do this:

cweave heap.w - heap.tex

then he/she can translate the tex file into a pdf file using pdftex.

pdftex heap.tex

To get all of this to work, is not as easily as it is sound. In fact, as a tex user for a long long time, I still found hard to get it really work well.

Luckily, Paul Batchelor really use CWEB to maintain a real project, and some user complained about heavy dev dependencies for cweb. so I know I must install more TeX utilities.

apt install texlive-extra-utils texlive-formats-extra

Interesting enough, Paul Batchelor is also an Org Mode user, more specific an Org Babel user. He even implement a A tangler targeted at Org Mode and NOWEB to facilitate his literate programming life. Looks really cool, but let us not digress too much.

In 2018, Paul Batchelor write a post Initial Impressions using Org-Babel for Literate Programming, this blog compared CWEB with org babel. I found it informative! but he said

CWEB, on the other hand, has no fancy integrations or syntax highlighting, which could make navigation a real drag on larger documents.

Yeah, that's I tried to partially migrate with above chapters.

Even though nowadays are WEB prominent. I still prefer reading a pdf or pure text. Most of the reading I did is on my E-Ink tablets, and really, even most of the time in my work, I use a E-Ink Monitor. I use E-Ink Monitor so often. So TeX is still interesting for me, and read code in well printed way sounds interesting. For years, there are no good solution to read codes on E-Ink Tablets.

Let's come back to the topic on how to use LaTeX and even XeLaTex.

Tobi Lehman write a guiding blog post named CWEB LaTeX Experiment with with how to use LaTeX with CWEB. Again, a software looks "outdated" still works well. And more interesting enough, he/she is an EMACS and Org Mode user as well. I even found an article talked about why pdf is more preferable.

Fortunately, all this is exquisitely documented, albeit in a document that is 27 years old: cweb-user.pdf

I added these lines as the well-crafted LaTeX cweb class document suggested:

% preamble (limbo)
\documentclass{cweb}
% use package
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{
citecolor=black,
filecolor=black,
urlcolor=black
}

\begin{document}
\title{D-Way Heap}
\author{reverland}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents % if you want

... my content

@
\end{document}

I even tried to use CTeX to have Chinese typesetting for CWEB. it's not that hard.

% preamble (limbo)
\documentclass{cweb}
% use package
\usepackage[UTF8]{ctex}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{
citecolor=black,
filecolor=black,
urlcolor=black
}

\begin{document}
\title{D-Way Heap, C实现}
\author{尼古拉斯 赵四}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents % if you want

@* D-way heap.

@*2 介绍.
D-way heap是一种数据结构。 这种数据结构本质上是一种保留部分顺序的树。

@c
...

It can be compiled to pdf, but, things become a little clunky.

1. I found myself have to use . to denote group end, that not so Chinsese.
2. I had to add a space after some character or compilation will be failed. looks like the lexer is stuck at UTF-8.Considered that it is born 30 year ago when UTF-8 does not exist at all…
3. Some references not really chinese, I may need to tweak CWEB source code to translate.
4. last but not least, It looks weired to mix code with Chinese.

In fact, there still exists some issues about UTF-8 and unicode for CWEB. Igor Liferenko create a CWEB fork with UTF-8 support here: UTF-8 installations of CWEB. Yes, the old program is actively developed! Maybe one day, One can literate programming in C in any natural languages.

But now, lets just stick with English.

## Summary

In this article, I talked about how I tried to use CWEB in EMACS, how to configure it to have some sugars in emacs and how to use latex with cweb.

In the end, we can have a decent experience with a decades-old software.

EMACS itself is a decades-old software as well, and it is versatile enough to achieve more. Like add a dump-jump for CWEB file for better completion and navigation. But this post will stop here.


text:
My Math Forum arrangement of persons in a circle such that 3 are not consecutive

 Algebra Pre-Algebra and Basic Algebra Math Forum

 January 25th, 2017, 12:30 AM #1 Senior Member   Joined: Jul 2011 Posts: 402 Thanks: 16 arrangement of persons in a circle such that 3 are not consecutive Number of ways of arranging $n$ persons in a circle such that exactly three persons are not consecutive,is
 January 25th, 2017, 12:43 AM #2 Senior Member     Joined: Sep 2015 From: USA Posts: 2,308 Thanks: 1222 what does 3 persons are not consecutive mean?
January 25th, 2017, 01:35 AM   #3
Senior Member

Joined: Jul 2011

Posts: 402
Thanks: 16

Sorry romsek actually it is
Quote:
 Originally Posted by panky Number of ways of arranging $4$ persons out of total $n$ persons in a circle such that exactly three persons are not consecutive,is

 January 25th, 2017, 08:41 AM #4 Senior Member   Joined: May 2016 From: USA Posts: 1,306 Thanks: 548 The issue is with the word "consecutive." What does it mean?

 Tags arrangement, circle, consecutive, persons

 Thread Tools Display Modes Linear Mode

 Similar Threads Thread Thread Starter Forum Replies Last Post anicicn Probability and Statistics 5 February 27th, 2015 04:17 AM xaweyNEW Probability and Statistics 0 January 28th, 2015 01:54 AM johnmath Math Books 3 August 9th, 2012 01:44 PM md_2674062 Algebra 1 August 21st, 2011 05:49 AM

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text:
# Categorise sentences based on their semantic similarity

I have a set of unique sentences. For each sentence I calculate a semantic similarity score (between 0 to 1) with the remaining sentences as mentioned in the below example.

E.g.,

Dataset = {sen1, sen2, sen3, sen4,..., senN}

For sen1 I calculate pairwise semantic similarity scores as follows.

sen1 and sen2 = 0.3
sen1 and sen3 = 0.7
sen1 and sen4 = 0.9
...
...
...
sen1 and senN = 1.0

Likewise for all the sentences I calculate pairwise semantic similarity scores.

Since, I am getting a pairwise value, is it possible to cluster these sentences? Also what is the most appropriate clustering technique in my situation?

(I want to cluster sentences based on the similarity value I have and also I consider values above 0.5 as semantically similar sentences.)


text:
# GMATCH

Bulk Data Entry Defines equivalence for all degrees of freedom of grid points of two different subsets of without any requirement that these two subsets are closely located to one another.

## Format 1 (Parts and Instances)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
GMATCH ID SETID1 SETID2 TOL MOVE_FLAG

## Example

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
GMATCH 12 1202 1203 10.0

## Definitions

Field Contents SI Unit Example
ID Identification number of the GMATCH Bulk Data Entry

No default (Integer > 0)

SETIDi Identification numbers of two SET's of GRID's to be matched. Each GRID from the first SET is matched to the closest GRID in the second SET.

No default (Integer > 0)

TOL Specifies the numeric value defining the maximum distance between two grid points to allow equivalence. All grid points in part SETID1 are considered during the search; if OptiStruct finds grid points in part SETID2 within the specified maximum distance (TOL), then such grid point pairs are equivalenced.

No default (Real > 0.0)

MOVE_FLAG (Optional) Allows you to move both grids to the same location, effectively filling the gap by stretching the elements on one or both sides. 4
NONE (Default)
UP
DOWN
MID


text:
## 2013 Final Practice Exam, Question 4a; n=?

$E_{cell} = E_{cell}^{\circ}-\frac{RT}{nF}\ln Q$

104733309
Posts: 11
Joined: Fri Jul 15, 2016 3:00 am

### 2013 Final Practice Exam, Question 4a; n=?

In the 2013 Final Practice Exam, for question 4a how do you know that n=4?

Shushanna S 3F
Posts: 24
Joined: Sat Jul 09, 2016 3:00 am

### Re: 2013 Final Practice Exam, Question 4a; n=?

The iron goes from an oxidation state of 0 to +2 (and the oxygen goes from 0 to -2). And since there are two moles of iron and oxygen, 2*2electrons=4 electrons. Hope that helps!

Franklin Kong 3D
Posts: 22
Joined: Fri Jul 22, 2016 3:00 am
Been upvoted: 1 time

### Re: 2013 Final Practice Exam, Question 4a; n=?

I believe each oxygen in the O2 in the reactants initially has an oxidation number of 0, while in the product all 4 oxygens have an oxidation number of -2. This would make each Fe in the product have an oxidation number of +2, while in the reactants each Fe had an oxidation number of 0. Thus, each Fe was oxidized from 0 to 2+ and each oxygen atom in the O2 reactant was reduced from 0 to 2-. Therefore, since there were 2 Fe that were oxidized from 0 to 2+ and 2 oxygens that were reduced from 0 to 2-, the number of electrons transferred would be 2 atoms x 2 electrons = n = 4.

104781135
Posts: 13
Joined: Wed Sep 21, 2016 2:56 pm

### Re: 2013 Final Practice Exam, Question 4a; n=?

Why does 2Fe(s) in the reactants have an oxidation number of zero again? Is it because it is in it's most stable form or something like that?

Kelly Tran 3N
Posts: 11
Joined: Sat Jul 09, 2016 3:00 am

### Re: 2013 Final Practice Exam, Question 4a; n=?

This was very helpful! I had the same question too

104781135
Posts: 13
Joined: Wed Sep 21, 2016 2:56 pm

### Re: 2013 Final Practice Exam, Question 4a; n=?

I have one more question! Can anyone go through the math portion with me? I don't really understand what goes on from 0.044V=0.0257/4lnQ. How do we get that Q=942.23? I get a much smaller answer doing this math.

lilyjustine_1G
Posts: 10
Joined: Fri Jun 17, 2016 11:28 am

### Re: 2013 Final Practice Exam, Question 4a; n=?

104781135 wrote:I have one more question! Can anyone go through the math portion with me? I don't really understand what goes on from 0.044V=0.0257/4lnQ. How do we get that Q=942.23? I get a much smaller answer doing this math.

You should divide 0.0257 by 4 first before doing anything else because it is technically one entity that is being multiplied to lnQ. You should get 0.006425 which you would then divide 0.044 by. Now you have 6.848 = lnQ so you take the e of both sides to get rid of the ln and badda bing badda boom --> 942.23

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text:
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### Problem 1

Consider the function on $[0,\infty)$ given by $\psi(t) = \dfrac{t}{1+t}$.
1. $\psi$ is concave and increasing
2. $\psi$ is continuous at $0$
3. For any $\varepsilon > 0$ there exists $\delta > 0$ such that $\psi(t) < \delta$ implies $0\le t < \varepsilon$

### Problem 2

Let $d_j$ be a sequence of quasimetrics on $X$ that separates points, and $d$ the metric constructed from the $d_j$ as in class. Let, for each positive integer $N$, $x\in X$ and $\varepsilon>0$,
$B_N(x,\varepsilon) = \{ y\in X: d_j(x,y) < \varepsilon, j = 1, 2, \ldots, N\}.$
Then $B_N(x,\varepsilon)$ is open with respect to the metric $d$.

### Problem 3

$S\in X$ is totally bounded in $(X,d)$ if and only if for any $\varepsilon > 0$ and any positive integer $N$ there exist $x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_m$ such that
$\displaystyle S \subset \bigcup_{l=1}^m B_N(x_l,\varepsilon)$.

### Problem 4

Let $V, U_j\subset \mathbb C$ open such that $V = \bigcup_{j=1}^\infty U_j$. Suppose $F:V\to\mathbb C$ is such that $F|_{U_j}$ is continuous in $U_j$. Then $F$ is continuous in $V$.

### Problem 5

Let $V\subset\mathbb C$ open and $S\subset C(V)$ pointwise bounded and pointwise equicontinuous. Then $S$ is uniformly bounded on any compact $K\subset V$.

### Comentarios

1. En el problema 4 no falta una hipótesis?

1. No, así está bien.

Nota que ya sabemos que F está definida en todo V.