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# Codes, Geometry and Random Structures: Day 2

Codes, Geometry and Random Structures

Graeme Smith, Detecting incapacity, based on 1108.1807

A central question in quantum information theory is determining when a channel has nonzero quantum capacity. Pretty much all we know here is that there are a few criteria for proving a channel has zero quantum capacity: PPT channels can’t transmit entanglement (since LOCC can’t change PPT states to non-PPT states) nor can anti-degradable channels (because of no-cloning). These two arguments appear to both be pretty specific. Can we put them on the same footing, and hopefully also derive some new criteria?

That’s what this paper does. The talk was good, but the paper also describes the results clearly.

Here is a sample of the results.
Assume that R is unphysical on set S; e.g. S is the set of quantum states and R is the transpose map. Suppose that for any physical map D, there exists a physical map D^* with $R\circ D = D^* \circ R$. If R is the partial transpose then $D^*$ is simply the operation you get from taking the complex conjugate of all the Kraus operators.
Their theorem then states that if $R\circ N$ is physical, N cannot transmit the states in S. The proof is a simple exercise in composition.

In this case we say that N “physicalizes” R or, equivalently, R “incapacitates” N.

This is not quite enough to get the no-cloning criterion, but a mild generalization will do the job. Graeme gave a nice explanation in terms of how teleporting information involves going backwards in time through the EPR pairs, and if PPT states are used, then the time-traveling information gets confused and doesn’t know whether to get forwards or backwards. However, if this principle is implicit in the proof, then it’s very implicit.

Jean-Pierre Tillich, Quantum turbo codes with unbounded minimum distance and excellent error-reducing performance

LDPC codes are successful classically, but quantumly they suffer many drawbacks: their distance isn’t so good (but see 0903.0566), their Tanner graphs have short cycles (specifically 4-cycles), and iterative decoding doesn’t work. One particular no-go theorem is that there are no convolutional encoder that is both recursive and non-catastrophic (0712.2888).

In this talk, Tillich discusses a catastrophic and recursive encoder. It achieves rate 1/8 and somewhat surprisingly, it achieves minimum distance of $\Omega(\log(n) / \log\log(n))$ with high probability. He conjectures that this should be $\Omega(\log n)$ for the right choice of interleaver.

The resulting code can be thought of not so much as “error-correcting” but “error-reducing.” Error rate p=0.14 becomes 10-3, and p=0.105 becomes 10-4. This compares favorably with the toric code threshold of p=0.15. He suspects that the limitation here comes from the iterative decoder.

Jurg Wullschleger, The decoupling theorem

The decoupling theorem is arguably the Book proof of most quantum coding theorems. The encoder applies a random unitary (in some problem-dependent way) and transmits part of the output to the receiver. Treat this part as being traced out, and if she keeps part, then consider it to be controlled by Eve. If the resulting state has the reference system “decoupled” from Eve, then since the remaining parts of the state (controlled by Bob) purify everything, then a local unitary on Bob’s side can give him pure entangled states with both the reference, and separately with Eve. This allows the complicated task of transmitting quantum information reliably (which is hard enough that proving that the coherent information was the quantum capacity originally took a lot of difficult technical work) can be reduced to the simpler goal of destroying correlations.

Decoupling theorems were originally developed for the state-merging problem, by Horodecki-Oppenheim-Winter ’05 (where it was “Lemma 5″ or something similarly marginal). Then it was further developed by quant-ph/0606225, where it was called a Theorem. Then in , it moved to the title. So it took some time for the community to fully appreciate how useful this tool is.

Some of these tools use smoothed min- and max-entropies, which can be thought of as one-shot variants of von Neumann entropy that are either pessimistic or optimistic, depending on application. Amusingly, the smoothed max-entropy is not defined by taking a smoothed rank, but is defined in order to satisfy a relation that we’d like (which also holds for pure states). This is reminiscent of the speed of light, which is an integer number of meters/second by definition.
For any pure state $\rho^{XYE}$, define the smoothed max entropy to be
$H_{\max}^\epsilon(X|Y))_\rho = - H_{\min}^\epsilon H(X|E)_\rho$.
Other definitions are also used, but are pretty close.

In this talk, Jurg described a converse theorem to the decoupling theorem, and explained many scenarios in which it applies. See his paper for the details.

Frédéric Dupuis , Classical coding via decoupling

Decoupling is great for sending quantum messages, and gives simpler proofs than even the original HSW proof of the classical capacity (or any other known proofs). Thus it’s interesting to find a decoupling-based proof of the HSW theorem not only for the sake of the unification of knowledge, but also so we can get a simpler proof. This is essentially what is achieved here, although only when the inputs are uniformly distributed.

Mark Wilde, Polar codes for classical, private, and quantum communication

We are really good at dealing with correlated information, with tools like Slepian-Wolf, side-information-assisted hypothesis testing and multiple-access channel codes. So we can treat inputs to channels in this way. We can perform simple $\mathbb{F}_2$-linear maps on the inputs so that we can manipulate n binary channels each with capacity C become roughly nC channels with capacity roughly 1, and n(1-C) channels roughly with capacity 0.

Quantumly, much of this goes through, but we need the ability to simultaneously apply typical projections. This key lemma is Lemma 3 in Pranab Sen’s paper arXiv:1109.0802.

$1 - {\rm tr} \Pi_N \cdots \Pi_1 \rho \Pi_1 \cdots \Pi_N \leq 2 \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^N {\rm tr} (I-\Pi_i)\rho}$ .

Mark calls this a “noncommutative union bound.” Note that using a Winter-style “gentle measurement lemma” puts the square root inside the sum, which for this application cuts the achievable rate in half.

For private communication, we can polarize into channels of four types: either good for Bob and good for Eve, bad for both, or good for one and bad for the other. We send random bits into the channels that are good for both, and arbitrary bits into the ones that are bad for both. Information bits go into the ones that are good for Bob and bad for Eve, and shared secret key goes into the ones that are bad for Bob (so he effectively gets the message anyway), and good for Eve.

This generalizes to quantum communication using Devetak’s technique from quant-ph/0304127. Channel inputs are

Bob Eve input

Good Good $|+\rangle$

A big open question is to make the decoding efficient, and to figure out which channels are good.

Joseph M. Renes, Quantum information processing as classical processing of complementary information

The main theme is a CSS-like one: we can often treat quantum information as being classical information about two complementary observables.

For example, if you coherently measure in both the X and Z basis, then you’ve effectively done a swap with the qubit you’re measuring.

This principle is related to uncertainty principles
$H(X^A|B) + H(Z^A|C) \geq \log 1/c$

$H(X^A|B) + H(Z^A|B) \geq \log 1/c + H(A|B)$

Here c is the largest overlap between eigenvector of X and Z operators.

Rearranging the second inequality, we see
$H(A|B) \leq H(X^A|B) + H(Z^A|B) - \log d$.
Thus, entanglement between A and B corresponds to the ability to predict complementary observables.

Many quantum information protocols can be understood in this way; e.g. entanglement distillation can be thought of as Alice and Bob having some correlated amplitude and phase information, and trying to do information reconciliation on these quantities.

Joe also talked about quantum polar codes, which create “synthetic” channels with suitable uses of CNOTs on the inputs. The idea is that CNOTs act on Z information in one direction and X information in the opposite direction. And a decoder need only separately figure out amplitude and phase information. There are subtleties: this information can be correlated, and it can exist on the same qubits. When amplitude and phase information is found on the same qubit, we use an entanglement assistance.

This gives efficient decoding for Pauli channels and erasure channels. And in numerical experiments, the entanglement assistance appears to be often unnecessary.

This entry was posted in General. Bookmark the permalink.

### 2 Responses to Codes, Geometry and Random Structures: Day 2

1. John Sidles says:

With regard to the overall theme of information theory, condensed matter, thermodynamics, and nonequilibrium transport, here is a rather general question that may possibly relate to Deping Ye’s talk tomorrow, or to Tobias Osborne’s talk blogged earlier by Steve (or to any of the other talks at these two fine conferences).

Suppose on a ${n}$-particle Hilbert space ${\mathcal{H}_n}$ we specify a quantum Hamiltonian ${H_n}$ that commutes with some Hermitian operator ${M_n}$ (for definiteness this might be a system of ${n}$ qubits interacting pairwise via exchange interactions). Then for entropy functions ${S_n(\langle{H}_n\rangle,\langle{M}_n\rangle|\mathcal{H}_n)}$ defined in the usual way we can proceed to study (for example) the thermodynamic phases of the system, always choosing the sequence ${H_1,H_2,…\,H_n,…}$ so that the thermodynamic limit ${\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}S_n}$ is well-behaved.

More generally, we can specify a rank-${r}$ immersed Kählerian submanifold ${\mathcal{K}_n^r \subset \mathcal{H}_n}$ and pullback the entropy calculations to obtain a set of entropy functions ${S_n^r(\langle{H}_n\rangle,\langle{M}_n\rangle|\mathcal{K}_n^r)}$ for ${r\in (1,2^{\dim \mathcal{H}_n})}$, that is, entropy functions indexed by both particle number ${n}$ and tensor rank ${r}$.

A natural question then is, what is the appropriate scaling for the pullback tensor rank ${r}$ in the thermodynamic limit ${n\rightarrow\infty}$? Obviously, one such scaling is the classical physics immersion ${\forall n\colon r=1}$. But presumably this classical state-space is not accurate to simulate (for example) spin-liquid phase diagrams. Are we perhaps so fortunate (from a simulation efficiency point-of-view) that ${r= c n^0}$ yields reasonably accurate spin-liquid physics for some constant ${c>1}$? Or ${r\propto n^m}$ for some integer ${m}$? For what condensed matter phases (if any) is it known that a full-rank immersion ${r\propto 2^{\dim \mathcal{H}_n}}$ is required to obtain the correct phase diagram in the thermodynamic limit? How exactly do renormalization-group universality arguments work when tensor rank ${r}$ (or some power of it) is viewed as an adjustable thermodynamic parameter?

If anyone can provide links to references that touch upon these (to me, tough) thermodynamical questions, I would be grateful!

(And hereby I tender apologies, in advance, should it happen that the rather experimental LaTeX code in the above fails to parse)

Like or Dislike: 0  0

2. John Sidles says:

Well, not-so-bad for a first try. The “did not parse” expression was ${H_1,H_2,\cdots\,H_n,\cdots}$ (the sequence of one-particle, two-particle, … $n$-particle Hamiltonians), and physically speaking, the question is what $n$-dependence(s) of tensor network rank $r$ is compatible with a well-behaved large-$n$ thermodynamic limit? Here the dynamics are pulled back onto a “spin-dust” tensor network that has no intrinsic spatial dimensionality.

Like or Dislike: 0  0


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## Result variables for dead wood

The calculated occurence of dead wood volumes and carbon in dead wood is presented in the Dead Wood Results group. Occurrence of carbon in dead wood is also presented in the Carbon and Nitrogen result group.

## Decay classes

The decay classes are defined according to Swedish NFI data (NEBRYTNINGSG)

 Name Value Description Raw 0 Wood hard. Green foliage is remaining, or vascular cambium is raw. Hard 1 More than 90 % of the stem volume consists of hard wood. The stems is very little affected by decomposing organsims. Slightly decomposed 2 10-25 % of the stem volume consists of soft wood. Decomposed 3 26-75 of the stem volume consists of soft wood. Very Decomposed 4 76-100 % of the stem volume consists of soft wood.

In Heureka the allocation of dead wood to different decay classes are based on calculated density, which depends on volume and biomass that are subject to different decay rate (see next section).

## Decay rates for dead wood

Dead wood is continuously supplied from the mortality calculated. The presence of dead wood in a certain period of time is partly due to mortality during the latest period, and the decay rate of the existing dead wood in the previous period. Dead wood is classified into different decay classes depending on the calculated density [1]. Five decay classes are reported as results, but internally in the system ten density classes are used (each accounting class divided into two subclasses) to increase the degree of detail in the decay calculations. The density is calculated as the ratio between the dead wood biomass (dry matter) and its volume. This is done for each density class (divided into species groups of spruce, pine and leaf). In every time period, a new quota is caluclated for each class, which means that the volume in a class can be transferred to a new decay class from one period to the next.

The decay functions have the following form:

$V_t = V_{t_0} \cdot (1-a) e^{-k(t-t_0)}$

where
Vt = volume at time t,
t0 = year when the tree died,
Vt0 = tree volume when the tree died (excluding branches, stumps and roots),
a = proportion of the tree that died during the period that is collected. Note that each tree is handled as a type tree with a weight for the number of trees it represent, so "part of" a tree object may die.),
k = annual decay rate (%)

For biomass decay, the same function form is used, but "V" is substituted with "B" and another value for decay rate k is used. Parameter k is set in the Dead wood control table, parameters Decomposition Rate Biomass and Decomposition Rate Volume, respectively. Different k-values kan be set for different tree species.

Control table parameter Min Density determines at what density the dead wood is no longer discoverable or practically measurable. If the density is less than thi value the volume and biomass is removed.

Control table parameter Min Diameter (Dead wood) represents the minimum diameter for which trees to be included in the summary results, for those that used miniumum diameter as criteria, see Dead Wood Results

Control table parameter Proportion Dead Wood Collected determines whether some of the mortality is removed from the forest.

If the amount of dead wood has been inventoried, it can be loaded from the database. To accomplish this, set control table parameter Initial deadwood = Database (default).

#### Dead wood from stand register data

If you are using a stand register as input data there are columns available for entering the current amount of dead wood (volume per ha). There are also columns for volume in each decay class, see DeadWoodTotal, DeadWoodDecayClass1, etc. in the stand register specification. Please note that column DeadWoodDecayClass1 corresponds to result variable DeadWoodDecayClass0, column DeadWoodDecayClass2 to DeadWoodDecayClass1, and so forth. This apparent inconsistence in decay class indexing only applies to the naming of the stand register columns (originally a mistake but too late to change), in all other cases the first decay class has index 0.

If you have an inventory of sample plots in which also dead trees and dead wood have been measured, you can add the data to the Excel sheet supplied (see Heureka Helpdoc, Import bestånd med provytor). There are specific columns for this, Status and DecayClass:

Status
0 eller 1 = Living tree. (or no value)
DecayClass
Species

The species code for a dead tree is entered in the same column as för living trees. If the tree species cannot be determined the you can leave the Species-value empty or set to 0 (=Unkonwn). In that case Heureka is creating dead wood in proportion to the current species distribution of the stand.

#### Dead wood measured in NFI data

Dead wood is part of the Swedish NFI data and is included in those Heureka-databases to which NFI-data has been imported.

#### If current dead wood has not been measured

In case you do not have access to such data but still want to assume some intiial occurrence of dead wood, statistics from the Swedish NFI can be used by setting Initial deadwood = Simulate (in control table Dead wood). You can set three different levels for this; Low, Medium or High, see Dead Wood Simulation Level paramter in control table Dead Wood.

Depending on selected lewel, a certain amount of dead wood is created as starting point (year 0). This dead wood is allocated to the decay classes with a function that is also based on the National Forest Inventory data (see below).

## Deactivate usage of initial dead wood

You can always set control table parameter Initial Dead Wood = None, whether you have imported dead wood data or not. Then the amount of dead wood in year 0 will be zero in a simulation.

## Effect of clear cutting of the presence of dead wood

When clear cutting a stand there is a significant risk that much of the dead wood will be destroyed by harvesting machines.

If you control table parameter Enable Decomposition due to Final Felling is True (default), a certain (fixed) proportion of the dead wood volume in decay class 0, 1, 2 and 3 is assumed being destroyed and moved to class 4.

See ControlTable Dead wood for more settings related to Enable Decomposition due to Final Felling.

## Proportion standing and downed dead wood

For each decay class, the proportion of the dead wood volume that consists of standing trees and downed wood, respectively, is retrieved from the table below. The table is based on Swedish NFI data:

 Decay class Proportion of volume that are standing dead trees (%) 0 and 1 61% 2 30% 3 9% 4 2%

In the results, there is no separation of standing and downed dead wood per decay class.

## Default decay class distribution

If you import data on dead wood occurrence, but only for the total and not per decay class, a default distribution is assumed, based on Swedish NFI data:

 Decay Class Proportion of total dead wood (%) 0 13 1 17 2 20 3 23 4 27

## Carbon concentration per decay class

Values are given as percentage (%) of dead wood dry matter. Based on Sandström et al. 2007 (Table 10)[1]. Concentrations are close to 50 % but varies a between decay classes and species. At the time of writing, only data for pine and spruce was available, and therefore the concentration for other species was set to 50 %, for all decay classes.

 Decay Class Pine, Contorta and Larch Spruce Birch (and other species) 0 50.32 49.22 50.0 1 50.52 49.17 50.0 2 51.46 49.68 50.0 3 51.46 50.81 50.0 4 52.23 51.27 50.0

## References

1. Sandström, F., Petersson, H., Kruys, N., & Ståhl, G. (2007). Biomass conversion factors (density and carbon concentration) by decay classes for dead wood of Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Betula spp. in boreal forests of Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management. Volume: 243, Number: 1, pp 19-27. http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/8937/1/sandstrom_et_al_120612.pdf

format: plain


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Topic

# Meson

About: Meson is a(n) research topic. Over the lifetime, 31572 publication(s) have been published within this topic receiving 522330 citation(s).

##### Papers
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Journal Article
David Lange1Institutions (1)
Abstract: With several new B-physics experiments now taking data, the physics of B-meson decays will be studied in greater detail than previously possible. It is important to have a simulation of the underlying physics processes that is able to accurately describe this data. The EvtGen package provides a framework for the implementation of physics processes relevant to decays of B mesons and other resonances. Models of time dependent CP asymmetries in neutral B meson decays, semileptonic form-factor models, and a full decay table for B decays are a few of the implemented features.

Topics: Semileptonic decay (55%), CP violation (54%), Dalitz plot (54%) ...read more

2,191 Citations

Journal Article
Murray Gell-Mann1Institutions (1)
01 Feb 1964-Physics Letters
Abstract: If we assume that the strong interactions of baryons and mesons are correctly described in terms of the broken "eightfold way", we are tempted to look for some fundamental explanation of the situation. A highly promised approach is the purely dynamical "bootstrap" model for all the strongly interacting particles within which one may try to derive isotopic spin and strangeness conservation and broken eightfold symmetry from self-consistency alone. Of course, with only strong interactions, the orientation of the asymmetry in the unitary space cannot be specified; one hopes that in some way the selection of specific components of the F-spin by electromagnetism and the weak interactions determines the choice of isotopic spin and hypercharge directions.

Topics: Eightfold Way (62%), Isospin (57%), Asymmetry (57%) ...read more

2,091 Citations

Open accessJournal Article
G. Peter Lepage1, Stanley J. Brodsky2Institutions (2)
01 Nov 1980-Physical Review D
Abstract: We present a systematic analysis in perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD) of large-momentum-transfer exclusive processes. Predictions are given for the scaling behavior, angular dependence, helicity structure, and normalization of elastic and inelastic form factors and large-angle exclusive scattering amplitudes for hadrons and photons. We prove that these reactions are dominated by quark and gluon subprocesses at short distances, and thus that the dimensional-counting rules for the power-law falloff of these amplitudes with momentum transfer are rigorous predictions of QCD, modulo calculable logarithmic corrections from the behavior of the hadronic wave functions at short distances. These anomalous-dimension corrections are determined by evolution equations for process-independent meson and baryon "distribution amplitudes" $\ensuremath{\varphi}({x}_{i}, Q)$ which control the valence-quark distributions in high-momentum-transfer exclusive reactions. The analysis can be carried out systematically in powers of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}({Q}^{2})$, the QCD running coupling constant. Although the calculations are most conveniently carried out using light-cone perturbation theory and the light-cone gauge, we also present a gauge-independent analysis and relate the distribution amplitude to a gauge-invariant Bethe-Salpeter amplitude.

• + 1

Topics: , , Quark (54%) ...read more

2,050 Citations

Journal Article
Simon Capstick1, Nathan Isgur1Institutions (1)
01 Nov 1986-Physical Review D
Abstract: We have studied the three quark system in a relativized version of the quark potential model with chromodynamics. With parameters consistent with those of an analogous study of meson spectroscopy we obtain a successful description of the spectrum of baryons. The model naturally explains the apparent absence of spin‐orbit interactions in baryons.

Topics: Bottom quark (63%), Quark (60%), Omega baryon (58%) ...read more

1,989 Citations

Journal Article
T. D. Lee1, Chen Ning Yang2Institutions (2)
01 Oct 1956-Physical Review
Abstract: The question of parity conservation in β decays and in hyperon and meson decays is examined. Possible experiments are suggested which might test parity conservation in these interactions.

Topics: Parity (physics) (54%), Meson (53%), Hyperon (53%)

1,841 Citations

##### Performance
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2019712
2018691
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A. Jawahery

150 papers, 5.6K citations

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C. Bozzi

108 papers, 5.6K citations

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87 papers, 5.1K citations

E. Grauges

77 papers, 4.1K citations

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# finding seven disjoint seven element subsets of {1,2, …, 49} with same sum

I have a set containing numbers $1$ to $49$ $\{1,2,3, \cdots, 49\}$.

Now, I want to divide the set into $7$ subsets such that each subset should contain $7$ elements and sum of the elements of each subset should be $175$.

Is it possible to prove that such subsets exist?

-
I retagged this to combinatorics, which is the appropriate tag I believe. – Asaf Karagila Sep 6 '10 at 15:40

Lookup Magic Squares.

which has the following:

22  47  16  41  10  35  4
5    23  48  17  42  11  29
30  6   24  49  18  36  12
13  31  7   25  43  19  37
38  14  32  1   26  44  20
21  39  8   33  2   27  45
46  15  40  9   34  3   28

-

Magic squares are fine, but here any single 7x7 Latin square works. An $n\times n$ Latin square is a square with the property that all the integers $1\ldots n$ appear exactly once on each row and column. There are several ways of constructing these. When $n=7$ we have for example the following $$\begin{array}{ccccccc} 1&2&3&4&5&6&7\\ 7&1&2&3&4&5&6\\ 6&7&1&2&3&4&5\\ 5&6&7&1&2&3&4\\ 4&5&6&7&1&2&3\\ 3&4&5&6&7&1&2\\ 2&3&4&5&6&7&1\\ \end{array}$$

Given an $n\times n$ Latin square we can construct a solution to this problem (or its generalization of partitioning the integers $\{1,2,\ldots,n^2\}$ into $n$ equal sum groups of $n$ each) as follows.

Add $n(i-1)$ to all the entries on row $\#i$. After that the sum of the entries on any column equals $\sum_{i=1}^ni+ n\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}(i-1)\right)$, which is manifestly independent of the column. Furthermore, the integer $n(i-1)+j$, $1\le i,j\le n$, can only appear on row $\#i$, and does occur there exactly once (wherevere the entry $j$ of that row of the Latin square resides). The above 7x7 Latin square gives rise to the groups $$\{1,7+7=14,6+14=20,5+21=26,4+28=32,3+35=38,2+42=44\}$$ from the first column, $\{2,8,21,27,33,39,45\}$ from the second, $\{3,9,15,28,34,40,46\}$ from the third column, and so forth.

It is also possible to construct magic squares from Latin squares, but then you need richer structure. You need two so called mutually ortogonal Latin squares (=MOLS).

-


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Article

# Log-Density Deconvolution by Wavelet Thresholding

Institut d'�conomie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse, IDEI Working Papers 01/2009;
Source: RePEc

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes a new wavelet-based method for deconvolving a density. The estimator combines the ideas of nonlinear wavelet thresholding with periodised Meyer wavelets and estimation by information projection. It is guaranteed to be in the class of density functions, in particular it is positive everywhere by construction. The asymptotic optimality of the estimator is established in terms of rate of convergence of the Kullback-Leibler discrepancy over Besov classes. Finite sample properties is investigated in detail, and show the excellent empirical performance of the estimator, compared with other recently introduced estimators.

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• Source
##### Article: Deconvolution with unknown error distribution. Forthcoming
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We consider the problem of estimating a density $f_X$ using a sample $Y_1,...,Y_n$ from $f_Y=f_X\star f_{\epsilon}$, where $f_{\epsilon}$ is an unknown density. We assume that an additional sample $\epsilon_1,...,\epsilon_m$ from $f_{\epsilon}$ is observed. Estimators of $f_X$ and its derivatives are constructed by using nonparametric estimators of $f_Y$ and $f_{\epsilon}$ and by applying a spectral cut-off in the Fourier domain. We derive the rate of convergence of the estimators in case of a known and unknown error density $f_{\epsilon}$, where it is assumed that $f_X$ satisfies a polynomial, logarithmic or general source condition. It is shown that the proposed estimators are asymptotically optimal in a minimax sense in the models with known or unknown error density, if the density $f_X$ belongs to a Sobolev space $H_{\mathbh p}$ and $f_{\epsilon}$ is ordinary smooth or supersmooth. Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/08-AOS652 the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
The Annals of Statistics 05/2007; 37(5). DOI:10.1214/08-AOS652 · 2.18 Impact Factor
• ##### Article: Post-Model-Selection Method for Density Estimation
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In the article, the problem of the estimation of some unknown density function f over interval [0, 1] is addressed. Given an i.i.d. sample drawn from f and a list of parametric models we propose model selection procedure based on the thresholding of the estimators of parameters. Consistency of the method and consistency of post-model-selection density estimator is derived in the cases when either f(x) or its logarithm has a representation as (possibly infinite) linear combination of orthonormal functions in L 2([0, 1]). The number of competing models is allowed to grow with the number of observations to infinity. We also present the results of simulation study when Legendre polynomials are considered as functions (b j ).
Communication in Statistics- Theory and Methods 09/2011; 40(17-17):3082-3098. DOI:10.1080/03610926.2010.491593 · 0.27 Impact Factor


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# Volumetric Clouds Write-up(翻译)

The basis of this effect is drawing a vertical stack of quads, each one showing a slice of the cloud. The cloud texture itself is just a world-mapped, top-down animated noise that is piped into opacity.

To animate the noise, I use the same trick that I use in countless other shaders to create a natural looking motion that appears free of obvious repetition, which is to blend the noise with either a copy of itself with a different UV scale, or a different noise texture, and pan these two noise textures against each other in opposite directions, and then blend them together through multiplication or some other desired blend mode.

This animated noise is useful is so many shader effects. For example, it’s the basis of a nice fire effect, where instead of panning the two noise textures in opposite directions, you pan them both upwards but at different speeds and scales.

To pan a texture, you simple add Time to the UV coordinates in whichever axis you wish to pan. You just have to make sure you use a texture that is set to repeat wrapping and not clamped, and also one that tiles seamlessly with itself.

Remapping this noise texture, and then raising it to a power, will give you control over the opacity cut-off and also the softness of the noise.

The quad stack itself can be modelled in advance, or generated at runtime with this script, via Graphics.DrawMesh().

Generating it via script allows you to adjust the amount of layers for performance reasons, however it won’t allow you to view the effect in Edit Mode, and I believe that it may not be appropriate for VR due to rendering only in one camera.

To make complete the 3 dimensional shape of the clouds, round them off towards the top and bottom of the quad stack by darkening the noise the further away it is from the middle of the stack.

To darken the opacity map further away from the middle of the quad stack, you can either bake in vertex colours and multiply by that, or calculate the y offset in shader.

This vertical falloff is also going to come in handy to give the clouds some basic ambient lighting, darkening them on the bottom and keeping them lighter on top. You can use this gradient to add in both the Ambient Sky Colour and Ambient Ground Colour, or set those colours yourself in shader. In real life, low clouds will often subtly pick up the colour of the ground on their bottom surface.

A subsurface scattering lighting pass is also a nice addition to the shader – since clouds let quite a lot of light through, when the sun is directly behind them you can often see it glowing through. The same Dot Product of the View Direction and negated Light Direction can be used here.

There’s a lot of interesting tweaks you can make to the subsurface scattering contribution to create some nice effects. For example, if you constrict the final tapered noise slightly, and then subtract it from the SSS mask, it will only allow the light through around the outside of each cloud, and can create a pleasing rim-light effect.

Adding in directional light is a bit tricky, since these clouds are just 2d textures and don’t have normals that are usually required for calculating light. The best way that I’ve found is to create a duplicate of the cloud noise, and offsetting it in the direction of the light, and then subtracting that offset noise from the original noise. This will leave a soft rim of noise facing towards the light direction, which we can use as a directional lighting mask.

To offset the noise texture, you need to transform the Light Direction into tangent space – this will give you a light direction vector that appropriately offsets the UVs of the texture. You may have to negate either the x or y axis, or both, depending on the orientation of the mesh. Offset this noise by an adjustable amount to get the best lighting effect, which will depend on the scale and detail of the noise texture.

You can use the fake lighting UV-offset (by tangent space light direction) trick with multiple lights. Multiply by Light Colour and Attenuation at the end, and pipe into a Custom Lighting input. It’s a good way to fake lighting on smoke particles and other greyscale textures, especially if they’re animated (via a flipbook, UV distortion, or noise overlays).

Depending on your game lighting and performance concerns, it’s possible to not calculate directional lighting at all, and still get very convincing clouds with just an Ambient and SSS contribution. The SSS in particular gives a pseudo-directional look to the lighting anyway.

These clouds also can cast nice shadows on the underlying terrain, and with a volumetric lighting asset, can create very pretty sun rays. I’m a big fan of HX Volumetric Lighting, but there are also several free Volumetric Light assets available that are also very good.

Finally, I like to use a Time-of-Day script to rotate the main direction Sun light over time, and also set the light, ambient and fog colours by a sampled gradient.

1public Gradient lightColourByTime;
2
3[Range(0f, 1f)]
4public float timeOfDay

and sample it with

1Color lightColor = lightColourByTime.Evaluate(timeOfDay);

And set it to your light colour. You can do the same to your ambient colours via

1RenderSettings.ambientSkyColor
2RenderSettings.ambientGroundColor
3RenderSettings.fogColor

If you’ve set your cloud shader up to use the Light Colour, and/or the global Ambient and Fog colours, you can get some very nice saturated sunrises and sunsets, and then fade to darker blues at night, depending on the art style of your game of course.

I hope you’ve gotten something out of the creation of these volumetric clouds. As always, if you have any questions, leave them in the comments, or hit me up on discord or twitter!


text:
### APM.SENSITIVITY - APMonitor Option

 Type: Integer, Input
Default Value: 1
Description: Sensitivity Analysis
0=Off
1=On

SENSITIVITY determines whether a sensitivity analysis is performed as a post-processing step. The sensitivity analysis results are accessed either through the web-interface with the SENS tab or by retrieving the sensitivity.txt or sensitivity.htm files. The sensitivity is a measure of how the FV and MV values influence the objective function, SV, and CV final values. Another file, sensitivity_all.txt contains sensitivities for all of the dependent variable values with respect to the FV and MV values.


text:
# Corresponding Eigenvectors

Tags:
1. Jun 9, 2015

### Cpt Qwark

say for example when I calculate an eigenvector for a particular eigenvalue and get something like
$$\begin{bmatrix} 1\\ \frac{1}{3} \end{bmatrix}$$

but the answers on the book are

$$\begin{bmatrix} 3\\ 1 \end{bmatrix}$$

Would my answers still be considered correct?

2. Jun 9, 2015

### Kyouran

Yes, multiplying an eigenvector with a scalar yields another eigenvector (makes kind of sense right? Think about the definition). Usually people will multiply the result with whatever scalar makes all the entries integers for representation purposes, but both results are correct.


text:
# Revision history [back]

### allow gripper collision on the PR-2

I want to allow the PR-2 gripper to collide with objects on a table. I am designing linear pushing motions. I am using motion_planning_msgs/CollisionOperation message in the MoveArmGoal message, but it does not seem to work.

Here are the message definitions. I use their example of object1 = "gripper" and object2 = COLLISION_SET_ALL. Any suggestion will be very helpful!

# between the gripper and all objects in the collision space

string object1 string object2 string COLLISION_SET_ALL="all" string COLLISION_SET_OBJECTS="objects" string COLLISION_SET_ATTACHED_OBJECTS="attached"

# The penetration distance to which collisions are allowed. This is 0.0 by default.

float64 penetration_distance

# Flag that determines whether collisions will be enabled or disabled for the pair of objects specified above

int32 operation int32 DISABLE=0 int32 ENABLE=1

 2 formatting tfoote 55852 ●118 ●463 ●491 http://www.ros.org/

### allow gripper collision on the PR-2

I want to allow the PR-2 gripper to collide with objects on a table. I am designing linear pushing motions. I am using motion_planning_msgs/CollisionOperation message in the MoveArmGoal message, but it does not seem to work.

Here are the message definitions. I use their example of object1 = "gripper" and object2 = COLLISION_SET_ALL. Any suggestion will be very helpful!

# # A definition of a collision operation

 operation # E.g. ("gripper",COLLISION_SET_ALL,ENABLE) will enable collisions
collisions # between the gripper and all objects in the collision spacespace string object1 string object2 string COLLISION_SET_ALL="all" string COLLISION_SET_OBJECTS="objects" string COLLISION_SET_ATTACHED_OBJECTS="attached"COLLISION_SET_ATTACHED_OBJECTS="attached" # The penetration distance to which collisions are allowed. This is 0.0 by default.default. float64 penetration_distance float64 penetration_distance # Flag that determines whether collisions will be enabled or disabled for the pair of objects specified above above int32 operation int32 DISABLE=0 int32 ENABLE=1ENABLE=1


text:
#### Soheil_Esy

##### Fazanavard فضانورد
© A S☫heil presentation; First published 3 JUN 2021; Last update 4 JUN 2021

2. Introduction

3. Prerequisites For A Manned Suborbital Flight

4. Japan In The Manned Space Race Part 1

5. Japan In The Manned Space Race Part 2

6. Thailand In The Manned Space Race Part 1

7. Thailand In The Manned Space Race Part 2

8. India In The Manned Space Race

9. TBD

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#### Soheil_Esy

##### Fazanavard فضانورد
Part 2

First, recap of some previous threads:

ESA:

[News] India to become a manned space-faring nation in 2022. ESA could beat that.

India:

ISRO: Mission to space may not be a 'manned' one

India plans to send a man to the moon in 2016.

Introduction

The 4th manned space race started after 2003 and following China's Shenzhou-5, is now raging as of 2021. Mainly between Iran and India.

Before that, we saw the first possible race during the WW2, probably involving both Germany though not official (fractional orbit [FOB]) and Japan (stratospheric up to 40 km altitude), probably between 1940 to 1945.

But with the Karman Line of 80 km to 100 km altitude as definition for the space boundary, the second space race took place right after 1945 until ~1961, with the U.S. as main contender, and basically continuing the development of war time spaceflight research made previously in both Japan and Germany.

The third one was the little documented space race between China and France from 1960s to 2003.

ESA
Denmark
India
Iran
Japan
Myanmar
North Korea
South Korea
Thailand
Turkey

This thread will cover the race that might end within months, with either a suborbital flight or orbital one.

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#### Soheil_Esy

##### Fazanavard فضانورد
Part 3

Prerequisites For A Manned Suborbital Flight

1. Introduction
2. Suborbital Focus
3. The Green Light
4. Space-time Continuum Warping
5. Conclusion

1. Introduction

In the 21th century, sending a man into space might seems easily feasible by any moderately industrialized nation.

Proof that the minimal technologies required for such a spaceflight are already widely accessible in today's internet information era, smaller private teams are spawning everywhere, like IL Aerospace Technologies from Israel!

March/April 2004

IL Aerospace Technologies (ILAT) is based in Zichron Ya'akov, Israel, and is led by Dov Chartarifsky. Recently it has unveiled its new X Prize competition vehicle design now called "Negev" (formerly named Negev-5). Aside from the name, the vehicle's configuration has gone through several design iterations in the last few months. These modifications originated from a fresh set of innovative concepts derived from ILAT's recently formed technical team and advisory committee.

The Negev will be launched from ground level using a helium balloon as a first stage. This unconventional approach allows the vehicle to hitchhike a free ride to its intended rocket launch altitude of 10 Km (32,808 feet) above sea level, and overcome most of the atmospheric drag while saving precious fuel. This high-altitude launch concept makes it possible to design a smaller, lighter, simpler, and more efficient vehicle, hence satisfying the criterion for practical low-cost space access.

Once the altitude for rocket ignition is reached, the vehicle will be detached from the balloon initiating the staging process. The vehicle will drop for 3 to 5 seconds before the solid rocket motor ignites, creating a negative velocity of 50m/s. At the same time, the balloon will immediately sense the sudden ballast change and spring upwards, separating itself away from the vehicle to a safe distance. The on-board computer will control the firing of the 77.8 kN (17,500 lbf) solid rocket motor. The burn will last about 96 seconds at around 78% thrust, accelerating the vehicle to Mach 3.54 (1165.5 m/s). The altitude at burnout will be 49.6 Km (162,730 ft), while the G-force applied to the passengers will reach a maximum of 4.3 prior to burnout. After engine cut-off, the vehicle will continue to cruise pass the 100 Km (328,084 ft) mark where the crew will begin to experience weightlessness conditions for about 4 minutes. At approximately 120 Km (393,701 ft), all forward inertia will be depleted and the vehicle will start to free-fall back to earth.

The attitude of the vehicle will remain the identical to the one during the ascent phase. At an altitude higher than 70 Km (229,659 ft), the nose sphere will detach from the capsule but will remain connected by a cable, thus serving as a stabilizing element during the reentry phase. The maximum deceleration force will peek at ~5.81 G's at 23.6 Km (77,428 ft) into the decent. At an altitude of 5 Km (16,404 ft), at a velocity of around 85m/sec (190 mph), the parachute sequence will start by pyrotechnically deploying both drogue and main chutes sequentially. This altitude is high enough to allow redundant sequences in case of primary system failure. With the main chute fully open, the vehicle will slow down to a mere 7 m/sec before splashing down to the sea.

1. IL Aerospace Technologies's X Prize competition vehicle Negev Logo

2. Negev suborbital space mission specifications. As accessed in 2005.

2. Suborbital Focus

And indeed both the U.S.A., Iran and North Korea have chosen the same path in their space development focus tree, to attempt a suborbital spaceflight first before any manned orbital mission.

Both use a one seater space capsule atop a liquid propellant ballistic missile: U.S. Redstone, Iranian Safir-1D, North Korean Hwasong-15.

3. U.S. Redstone, Iranian Safir-1D, North Korean Hwasong-15.

Therefore the very similar size for both the missiles and capsules. Notice that North Korea is benefiting from the best hardware available: dual engines for double redundancy, thus double reliability and heightened safety level, and also a much voluminous and more powerful (thrust) launcher.

3. The Green Light

This begs the question, what on earth is hindering the most economically and technologically advanced nations, to send a man into space indigenously?

Japan that was nearly hardware-ready by 1945 for starting waves of near-space military manned flights, India that possesses various types of ballistic missiles including ICBMs, and many other military powerhouses of the G7 seem simply to lack the Green Light.

5. Space-time Continuum Warping

To clarify Korea's securing the 4th place as a manned space power, one needs to be endowed with Space-time Continuum Warping special capabilities.

Kim Jong Il was one of these Great Person. And this Space-time Continuum Warping special ability gives us the answer.

By voyaging back in time to the 15th century Choson Dynasty of Korea, and then to 1590, the first ever recorded manned rocket propelled flight of Jung Pyung Gu (정평구, 鄭平九)(1566-1624), gives the priority of the Green Light to the Korean civilization.

Although the concept was reverse engineered from the Chinese Wan Hu's (万虎) rocket-propelled manned winged Flying Vehicle, of 1465 AD, Wan Hu's maiden flight ended in failure, while Jung Pyung Gu succeeded with a 12 km flight.

5. Wan Hu's (万虎) rocket propelled manned winged Flying Vehicle:
Most likely a rocket plane based on an upscaled, manned version of the world's first military winged rocket, the Shenhuo Feiya (神火飞鸦: Divine fire flying crow) ~1403 AD, powered by 4 external solid fuel strap-on boosters, the fuselage containing explosive charge, with a powered and gliding total range of 300 meters (http://baike.baidu.com/item/神火飞鸦/79429)

6. Conclusion

This vision, absolutely inaccessible and unreal for the common of mortals, shows both the past, four centuries ago, the present and also the near future.

In the journey of every nation there are moments that bring utmost pride and have a historic impact on generations to follow. One such moment is the year 1590.

Choson Korea had successfully tested a manned rocket propelled flying vehicle. Thus unlocking the Green Light for the Fourth Place as a manned space power in the 21st century!

https://archive.ph/pEc2G/c275fa77091dc0951d55df0629b419ebf535e44c.jpg ; https://archive.ph/pEc2G/ddba61d0166f40d4691c251cc1c826f051444731/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20191012192914if_/https://i.imgur.com/iCiDNMb.jpg
6. Space-time Continuum Warping: Unlocking the Green Light with Mankind's first ever manned rocket propelled flight by Jung Pyung Gu (정평구, 鄭平九) in 1590, and all the following manned Hwasong-15E1, Unha-IXE2, Unha-XF1, Unha-XXVII.

https://archive.ph/yJq4z/80198576a45aff3a2e21837b6e58144c63f93f97.jpg ; https://archive.ph/yJq4z/de5d3a83f4f3ee94329fcff2877021ac7dc08ddf/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20190816010229/https://i.imgur.com/hoOMxvA.jpg
7. Space-time Continuum Warping: Unlocking the Green Light with Mankind's first ever manned rocket propelled flight by Jung Pyung Gu (정평구, 鄭平九) in 1590, and all the following manned Hwasong-15E1, Unha-IXE2, Unha-XF1, Unha-XXVII.

Obviously, only historians can give us a definitive answer to this question.

The current lineup of all the competitors for the 4th space race:

https://archive.vn/15xcb/210f2355242ffc4ce97fb8870111c9b19716aa19.jpg ; https://archive.vn/15xcb/3bd39178dbd3f41fe8fe814a3fcf1cc9ae248648/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210302104318/https://i.imgur.com/JxkJviu.jpg
8. Competitors of the 4th Space Race, as of March 2021.

Therefore the revised list of manned spacefaring powers, by order of green light, that is historical milestone and claimed legitimacy, as of September 2020:

1. China: Wan Hu's (万虎) rocket-propelled manned winged Flying Vehicle maiden flight ended in failure, 1465 AD.
2. Korea: Jung Pyung Gu (정평구, 鄭平九) first recorded manned rocket propelled flight with a 12 km flight, 1590 AD.
3. Myanmar-Thailand-Laos: legend of Payawan failed winged manned rocket propelled flight, after 13th century A.D.
4. Turkey: Lagâri Hasan Çelebi successful manned rocket flight, 1633 AD.
5. Germany: first manned rocket-boosted glider flown by Friedrich Stamer on 11 June 1928; 1944 world's first A-9 FOB manned rocketplane, and GEO manned space program envisaged in ~1940.
6. Soviet Union: stratostat balloon program started after ~1931; first Soviet SK-9 rocket propelled glider in 1936
7. United States: stratostat balloon program started after ~1932; first flight of American MX-324 rocket-powered airplane on 5 July 1944
8. Japan: MXY-7 Ohka rocket-powered manned suicide aircraft in 1944; world's first intercontinental stratospheric manned space program started in 1940. Upcoming large scale attacks with crewed gigantic stratospheric FUGO airships announced on 4th June 1945 AD.
9. India: Mysorean rockets, 18th century AD.
10 France: joined the manned space race after 1957.
11. Iran: joined the manned space race in 2008.
12. Denmark: Copenhagen Suborbitals joined the manned space race in 2008.

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#### Soheil_Esy

##### Fazanavard فضانورد
Part 4

Japan In The Manned Space Race Part 1

Today, we will use all 12 filters defined by Soheil to parse the manned space program of Japan:

1. Green Light And Historical Milestones As Prerequisites For A Manned Suborbital Flight

Brief history of Japan's manned space program

On November 1944, the Empire of Japan started the launch of the world's first intercontinental weapons system.

With a wave of 9'300 transpacific fūsen bakudan (風船爆弾) or "windly vessel" sent 10'000 km away toward North America.

The program is known as Fu-Go (ふ号兵器), and the new platforms surf the powerful Kamikaze (神風: Divine Wind) stratospheric current (called afterwards jet streams in the West) that were discovered by Wasaburo Ooishi back in 1924, thus far above enemy interceptors altitude.

Conventional explosives alone were not enough for the Empire of Japan to defeat the U.S. and other Allies.

But DEW intercontinental stratospheric FUGOs would. As announced by the official Nipponese Domei news agency and reported on Monday 4th June 1945, large scale attacks with crewed gigantic stratospheric airships [2] were to be expected soon!

2. Space Sci-fi movie development as rule of thumb

TBD

3. Rare Earth Reserve among the future manned space powers

Rare Earth Reserve Of Japan

Rare-Earth Materials May Start Coming From Japanese Seafloor

Aug 08, 2019 at 11:45am

When oil started to be more and more difficult to obtain – and prices rised – it started to be extracted from the seafloor. Sometimes really deep in the ocean, at depths that can reach 28,000 ft underwater. What if we told you rare-earth materials may one day also come from “under the sea”, as Sebastian would say? Well, that’s the intention.

A group of scientists from the Waseda University made research in an area of more than 617,700 acres (2,500 km²) of the Japanese seabed at depths of 19,000 ft and discovered there very big sources of rare-earth materials.

To be more precise, and taking the current global demand into consideration, it could supply “supply Y (yttrium), Eu (europium), Tb (terbium), and Dy (dysprosium) for 780, 620, 420, and 730 years, respectively,” states the study published at Nature.

The important part is that the area contains “16 million tons of rare-earth oxides”. Once the material is extracted from the bottom of the sea, the researchers propose “hydrocyclone separators” to process the minerals.

http://web.archive.org/web/20190808205541/https://insideevs.com/news/364144/rare-earth-elements-japanese-seabed/
http://archive.ph/0aeph

2. A mineral deposit has been found in Japan’s exclusive economic zone in the Western Pacific, of more than 16 million tons of rare-earth oxides.

4. Natural balanced rock wonders among the future manned space powers

N/A

5. Mega-buildings among the future manned space powers

Tokyo Skytree (東京スカイツリー, Tōkyō Sukaitsurī, stylized TOKYO SKYTREE) is a broadcasting and observation tower in Sumida, Tokyo. It became the tallest structure in Japan in 2010 and reached its full height of 634 meters (2,080 ft) in March 2011, making it the tallest tower in the world, displacing the Canton Tower, and the second tallest structure in the world after the Burj Khalifa (829.8 m/2,722 ft).

3. TOKYO SKYTREE reached its full height of 634 meters in March 2011, making it the tallest tower in the world.

6. Artistic representation of space shuttles among the future manned space powers

TBD

7. State Leader's Body Weight And World Ranking

World leaders are chosen to be mediatic figures, watched by billions of commoners worldwide.

Therefore physical aspect is paramount. It is representative of a nation's health and status.

It showcases its economical, diplomatical, cultural influences as well as its scientifical strenght, techological level, and overall military might.

https://archive.vn/6qEsa/a1fca281c6b89d56af2c7c2249e12876db4be1e2.png ; https://archive.vn/6qEsa/d9223928a7422a33d21ecfc6a7d34806336254ce/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20201127173559/https://i.imgur.com/aIga3FC.png
1. 7th analysis through biometric filter. 2020.

8. Artistic Representation of Space Stations Among The Future Manned Space Powers

Warning from Space (宇宙人東京に現わる, Uchūjin Tokyo ni arawaru) (transl. Spacemen Appear in Tokyo) is a Japanese science fiction tokusatsu film released in January 1956 by Daiei, and was the first Japanese science fiction film to be produced in color.

https://archive.ph/WrI6f/b8817747151b40436e9835bb33a7596bac2996b9.jpg ; https://archive.ph/WrI6f/735e59f586407741447504f2722d3eac00b810f9/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210604231050/https://www.framerated.co.uk/frwpcontent/uploads/2020/10/warningspace07-1024x750.jpg ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210604231056/https://www.framerated.co.uk/warning-from-space-1956/ ; https://archive.ph/NNHWl
3. Warning from Space 1956.

9. Artistic Representation of The Man On the Moon Among The Future Manned Space Powers

Battle in Outer Space (宇宙大戦争, Uchū Daisensō, lit. The Great Space War) is a 1959 Japanese science fiction film produced by Toho Studios. Directed by Ishirō Honda and featuring special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya, the film starred Ryō Ikebe, Koreya Senda and Yoshio Tsuchiya.

The film was released theatrically in the United States in the summer of 1960 by Columbia Pictures.

https://archive.ph/Ei2vz/89cabcd79c6a071bdf5fcd39a58cbe8df709c1d0.jpg ; https://archive.ph/Ei2vz/44ac1a5fb0eba6c41a05934ab936bf1b1e721d7d/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210604225649/https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BZmRiZmI5ZWEt[email protected]._V1_.jpg
3. Battle in Outer Space 1959.

10. Artistic Representation of Space Robot Among The Future Manned Space Powers

https://archive.vn/XZOES/30eb54579de5268490814f3a6d36c805168b6130.jpg ; https://archive.vn/XZOES/aa056c08b860a583020a121e7ada4d697a058be6/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210307231011/http://images.spaceref.com/news/2013/ookibo2.jpg ; http://spaceref.com/international-space-station/robot-astronaut-kirobo-and-commander-koichi-wakata-conduct-a-conversation-experiment-in-the-iss.html ; https://archive.vn/FE7kn
3. Robot Astronaut Kirobo and Commander Koichi Wakata Conduct a Conversation Experiment in the ISS. 2013.

3. Robot Astronaut Kirobo Takes Part in Conversation Experiment. 5m56s
Dec 19, 2013
On December 6, 2013, astronaut Koichi Wakata and robot astronaut Kirobo had a conversation on board the International Space Station (ISS).

3.Kirobo speaks first words in outer space 1m47s
Sep 9, 2013
The robot astronaut Kirobo has become the first robot to speak in outer space.
Kirobo's words reflected the importance of its mission:
"On August 21, 2013, a robot took one small step toward a brighter future for all."

11. Starships Among The Future Manned Space Powers

https://archive.ph/EokUR/b75554ed460c40d28c088c84f7291ab8068253d1.jpg ; https://archive.ph/EokUR/386f2650e67fc8d788f32fc9612d290761aac244/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210604222435/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Ev0I8JtVEAAgyQR?format=jpg&name=large ; https://archive.vn/L3vIw ; https://archive.vn/L3vIw/44892dc131803b08559458bc4a1232d23ab91599/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210307135332/https://www.mext.go.jp/kaigisiryo/content/20210303-mxt_uchukai01-000013139_3.pdf ; https://archive.vn/pyalf
3. The Japanese Space Agency has just released plans of a fully reusable rocket for the 2040s. Design looks similar to a small Starship, very exciting. 6 Mar 2021.

12. VTVL Rockets Among The Future Manned Space Powers

https://archive.vn/K0QHP/4d842c766e3f0d3209d8441e9f3e69813707b26a.jpg ; https://archive.vn/K0QHP/04a3e5d1fceb4411f4f30c29b080ac160dd24c78/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210307135042/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Ev0I8KCU8AIKRWk?format=jpg&name=large ; https://archive.vn/L3vIw
3. The Japanese Space Agency has just released plans of a fully reusable rocket for the 2040s. Mar 6, 2021.

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#### Soheil_Esy

##### Fazanavard فضانورد
Part 5

Japan In The Manned Space Race Part 2

Nearly all industrialized nations have at least some sort of manned space project, but only those with a green light, can proceed first.

Others will have to wait patiently for their turn.

PD AeroSpace

Japanese startup PD AeroSpace aims for commercial space travel in 2023

2018/09/04/

The startup PD AeroSpace Ltd. is developing a reusable spacecraft shaped like an airplane to carry paying customers into space by 2023.

The Nagoya-based company plans to offer space flights up to an altitude of 110 kilometers using the craft, which is capable of carrying six passengers and two pilots, at a price of ¥17 million ($153,000) per person. Currently, 11 workers at a plant in Hekinan, Aichi Prefecture, are working to fly an unmanned test vehicle up to an altitude of 100 km. “We would like to open a new space era (with the spacecraft),” said Shuji Ogawa, the 48-year-old president of PD AeroSpace. Last summer, the company successfully carried out a combustion experiment with the spacecraft’s pulse detonation engine, which can switch from air-breathing mode, where propulsion is achieved through pushing out hot exhaust gases, to rocket mode. According to the company’s plan, the spaceship will change its mode of combustion at an altitude of 15 km to ascend further, and passengers will be able to enjoy a near weightless experience for about five minutes while staring down at Earth. By launching a reusable spacecraft from airport runways, PD AeroSpace aims to keep costs down compared to using nonreusable rockets. Ogawa founded the startup in 2007 after being inspired by Scaled Composites LLC’s SpaceShipOne, which in 2004 became the first privately owned piloted vehicle to reach space. It won the$10 million Ansari X Prize, established to encourage entrepreneurship in space travel.

The space tourism industry at one point lost steam due to a series of accidents and a reluctance to invest in the field, but it appears to have regained momentum, with U.S. companies taking the lead.

Backed by investments from firms such as ANA Holdings Inc., as well as support from some 40 expert volunteer workers, PD AeroSpace is trying to overcome numerous challenges, including the procurement of funds.

“Space has the power to attract people,” Ogawa said.

High-end tourists from China targeted as Japan’s new ‘space port’ prepares for lift-off

Published: 5:38pm, 14 Sep, 2020

• Spacecraft developer PD AeroSpace is developing an airport on an island in Okinawa prefecture for space tourism by 2025

• The company is eyeing wealthy adventure seekers, particularly those from China, for initial flights that are expected to cost around US$141,000 Japan ’s first passenger “space port” is to be built on the tiny Okinawan island of Miyako Shimojishima, with spacecraft developer PD AeroSpace aiming to be aloft by 2025 as it seeks to attract adventurous travellers from across the region – particularly well-heeled thrillseekers from China. The company, based in the city of Nagoya in central Japan, has reached an agreement with the Okinawa prefectural government to develop the island’s little-used airport for use as the departure point for its state-of-the-art space plane, as well as landing facilities for returning tourists. “We plan to target people from across Asia and we believe there are a lot of people who would very much like to go into space if only the price of a flight was lower,” said Ryo Ojima from PD Aerospace’s business development department. He confirmed the company was “targeting people from China” for its flights, but said they would take anyone who wants to experience space. Ojima said initial flights would last for about 90 minutes and reach an altitude of 100km, which the World Air Sports Federation has set as the boundary between the atmosphere and space. For five minutes, passengers will be able to experience the weightless conditions of astronauts, while the journey will provide stunning views of the Earth. “We are aiming to reach 100km because that is what is known as the Karman line, or the ‘gateway to the universe’,” he said. The cost of a flight is expected to be around Ұ15 million (US$141,000), Ojima told This Week in Asia, or around 70 per cent of the cost proposed by similar space tourism ventures.

“We selected Miyako Shimojishima for four primary reasons,” he said. “It has a 3,000-metre runway, it has a training airspace that is aligned north-south, it faces the ocean and the local authorities have been cooperative.”

Tourism-dependent Okinawa has been hit by the Covid-19 pandemic, with people working in the local travel industry describing the outlook as “grim”. As such, experts say, the possibility of space tourism in the next five years could provide a much-needed boost for the prefecture.

“Okinawa has felt the loss of the China market due to the coronavirus, so it makes complete sense that they would go after wealthy travellers from the big cities – Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong – as their passengers,” said Ashley Harvey, general manager of destination management firm Aviareps Japan.

“All those cities have huge populations, large numbers of people with money to spend and easy access to Okinawa. These are people who have already travelled overseas and have seen many of the major attractions around the world, so they are going to be looking for something completely different, something that none of their friends have tried before.

“An experience like this would be something special and something that enough people would want to try to make it a viable business.”

In its first year of operations, PD AeroSpace expects to take around 100 people into orbit, but it plans to operate 200 flights a year – carrying 1,000 passengers – by 2030. It has big ambitions beyond these initial flights and ultimately intends to be involved in the construction of an orbiting space hotel.

The company has tied up with All Nippon Airways (ANA) and domestic travel giant HIS, with a spokeswoman for HIS pointing out that a number of legal revisions need to be passed before space travel can become a reality.

“We believe there will be strong demand, initially from Japan but very quickly after that from across the entire region [once that hurdle has been overcome],” she said.

Miyako Shimojishima, which is nearly 300km from Okinawa’s main island, covers an area of just 10 sq km and is connected to neighbouring islands by bridges.

Its airport was built in 1979 to serve as Japan’s sole pilot training facility for jet aircraft, with ANA and Japan Airlines
using the facility until it became significantly cheaper to train pilots on simulators. The airfield is presently used for tourist flights.

“It’s a very appealing and dream-inspiring proposal,” Okinawa prefecture vice governor Kiichiro Jahana said of PD AeroSpace’s plan. “The space industry is a field with high future prospects and one that continues to grow around the world … This will have a positive ripple effect across the entire prefecture.”

https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3101478/high-end-tourists-china-targeted-japans-new-space-port-prepares

https://archive.is/xRy0n/7fe1d311fbdd510abd58f61eabab0d4e5e0a93ed.png ; https://archive.is/xRy0n/df90d5daf40970542127a154b15fee6672efd4b4/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20200914172645/https://i.imgur.com/4z2Wjov.png ; https://pdas.co.jp/en/index.html ; https://pdas.co.jp/en/documents/Company_Outline_EN.pdf ; https://imgur.com/a/13KLAK2
1. Pegasus vs New Sheppard & SpaceShip Two.

https://archive.vn/Ph47O/bc8f15784841f17c23601a66b657da329b3ac7bc.png ; https://archive.vn/Ph47O/dd873947322e38838c0593634ab74b328dd4deb0/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20200914172907/https://i.imgur.com/Y9cCHqt.png ; https://pdas.co.jp/en/index.html ; https://pdas.co.jp/en/documents/Company_Outline_EN.pdf ; https://imgur.com/a/13KLAK2
2. Switchable Dual Combustion Mode engine.

https://archive.vn/BRXMq/7bc2cfeaed3c945e3c4b67a602af97d07a6e67da.png ; https://archive.vn/BRXMq/0530ce68e0b8bdb8f3d017a2443a904684bc88f8/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20200914173146/https://i.imgur.com/N3JR5mo.png ; https://pdas.co.jp/en/index.html ; https://pdas.co.jp/en/documents/Company_Outline_EN.pdf ; https://imgur.com/a/13KLAK2
3. From Jet Mode To Rocket Mode.

https://archive.vn/4s1W8/261dba9ecd863297e63c32b4e7a8a9e1f86b8b2f.png ; https://archive.vn/4s1W8/18cf4c37b99029ba2f7ce6283dbb81048031e5ed/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20200914173543/https://i.imgur.com/Bka8GaX.png ; https://pdas.co.jp/en/index.html ; https://pdas.co.jp/en/documents/Company_Outline_EN.pdf ; https://imgur.com/a/13KLAK2
4. PDAS-X06 & PDAS-X07 Demonstrators.

https://archive.vn/S8eC8/1febc34264ff647637d589719cd7f75e09eba8e9.png ; https://archive.vn/S8eC8/bac0598d7365caec07a2230392ca4320bd21ade2/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20200914173805/https://i.imgur.com/ebJ3MMI.png ; https://pdas.co.jp/en/index.html ; https://pdas.co.jp/en/documents/Company_Outline_EN.pdf ; https://imgur.com/a/13KLAK2
5. Pegasus Suborbital Spaceplane.

https://archive.vn/Z78DD/47b4a9e6decd2caf1e508d70f339041fea20023b.png ; https://archive.vn/Z78DD/36ec61082e65e71bc59eac8ef3f6852f18682636/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20200914173958/https://i.imgur.com/W5zx8PI.png ; https://pdas.co.jp/en/index.html ; https://pdas.co.jp/en/documents/Company_Outline_EN.pdf ; https://imgur.com/a/13KLAK2
6. Suborbital space flight profile.

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#### Soheil_Esy

##### Fazanavard فضانورد
Part 6

Thailand's Manned Space Program

Today, we will use all 12 filters defined by Soheil to parse the manned space program of Thailand:

1. Green Light And Historical Milestones As Prerequisites For A Manned Suborbital Flight V1.0

History of Siamese rocketry

Rocketry was brought from Tai Lue people who migrated from their Xishuangbanna Kingdom, in today's Yunnan province.

https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/บุญบั้งไฟ

Meaning that South East Asians have developed rockets centuries before most other nations, unlocking a possible space launchers under the Siamese General Prayuth Chan O Cha, soon to be unveiled, and thereafter to a possible manned flight!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdP8MBTsMM8 ; ประมวลคลิปบั้งไฟแสนบั้งไฟล้าน ณ บ้านท่าโพธิ์ แขวงสะหวันนะเขต สปป.ลาว 12/05/2562 ; May 16, 2019
1. Example of Siamese Bang Fai gigantic traditional rocket.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Xtj4TD6M4g ; อภิมหาตะไลยักษ์กุดหว้า ปี 2559 KUTWA ROCKET FESTIVAL 2016 ; May 22, 2016
2. Example of Siamese traditional gigantic rotating flying disk rocket.

2. Space Sci-fi movie development as rule of thumb

May 20, 2015

Produced on a budget of just B1,000, 26-year-old amateur filmmaker Nipan Chawcharernporn’s debut sci-fi short, The Deepest, rocked social media when it reached more than 300,000 views in just three days on YouTube (youtu.be/uk8kvGGUKow). Here, he discusses the sci-fi genre and Thai audiences, and how he managed to pull off that expensive look on such a tiny budget.

http://web.archive.org/web/20200815013514/https://bk.asia-city.com/city-living/news/nipan-chawcharernporn-thai-sci-fi-film-the-deepest
https://archive.vn/llPEZ

Video

The Deepest:ลึกสุดห้วง (by Nipan) (22 min)
500,039 views•Mar 25, 2015

https://archive.is/ZHKOG/b36ef59cdaf52963ab18d7674b620d8473010695.jpg ; https://archive.is/ZHKOG/f4f4ef3c830f86ddd8d5193fc388c00f9893c981/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210307125336/https://i.imgur.com/IS0xprV.jpg
3. The Deepest:ลึกสุดห้วง (2015)

https://archive.vn/dglXH/005f54a0c85a88f59a72aeb1df67c9c357110a4a.jpg ; https://archive.vn/dglXH/ed22fa515df9b03bf04a029d45cedb2b0264c19d/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210307125817/https://i.imgur.com/cuND8jZ.jpg
4. The Deepest:ลึกสุดห้วง (2015)

https://archive.vn/hqZ0t/164d3a02e1b3330f6af744db43f1d1bf9c7e09b9.jpg ; https://archive.vn/hqZ0t/5d1384c906f927f96f82b4b47a3234a894447052/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210307121622/https://i.imgur.com/NgSND2Z.jpg
5. The Deepest:ลึกสุดห้วง (2015)

3. Rare Earth Reserve among the future manned space powers

Like Myanmar, the total amount of Rare Earth Mineral reserve of Thailand is unknown.

But Thailand was credited as the 8th world producer by 26th May 2020, with:

Mine production: 1'800 metric tons (MT)

Thailand’s rare earths production increased to 1,800 MT in 2019 from 1,000 MT in 2018. Its rare earths reserves are not currently known, but the country remains a top 10 producer outside of China.

https://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/critical-metals-investing/rare-earth-investing/rare-earth-producing-countries/
http://web.archive.org/web/20210226015752/https://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/critical-metals-investing/rare-earth-investing/rare-earth-producing-countries/
https://archive.vn/JDBWd
https://archive.is/XNFdW

4. Natural balanced rock wonders among the future manned space powers

Ang Thong National Marine Park is a pristine archipelago of 42 islands in the Gulf of Thailand. It features towering limestone mountains, thick jungle, white-sand beaches, waterfalls and hidden coves and lakes to explore. The protected area of more than 100 sq km of land and sea has a rich biodiversity.

6. Ang Thong National Marine Park.

A 20-metre tall islet called Ko Ta Pu or Ko Tapu is a limestone karst tower and part of Ao Phang Nga National Park.
Phang Nga Bay lies between southern Thailand's mainland and Phuket Island. Also known as Ao Phang Nga National Park, it's characterized by limestone cliffs and rock formations, as well as mangrove forests and small islands.

https://archive.vn/F3YcZ/15c92e1f120c52c1fecd7e0275866c816bedb714.jpg ; https://archive.vn/F3YcZ/4c201ee8e2b20bf8ef780463e80c183c2a6e78b3/scr.png ; https://archive.is/Cb3ez/ed25aae8a7d9161e863a61d806f1b325c1eed437.jpg ; https://archive.is/Cb3ez/bfa468a82531763cbc52cc1409758eee643ea33e/scr.png ; https://web.archive.org/web/20210303062050/https://dea474tt7pa43.cloudfront.net/3e73757c-30f4-4a96-8528-b43dd22e4c83-desktop.jpg ; https://web.archive.org/web/20200404222715/https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/e3d976f/2147483647/strip/true/crop/2048x1365+0+0/resize/840x560!/quality/90/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F3e%2F46%2F2248c26b1e5606442db4aa842c1e%2Fla-1543607179-xuie7xfxoa-snap-image
7. A 20-metre tall islet called Ko Ta Pu or Ko Tapu is a limestone karst tower and part of Ao Phang Nga National Park.

5. Mega-buildings among the future manned space powers

The Great Buddha of Thailand, also known as The Big Buddha, The Big Buddha of Thailand, Phra Buddha Maha Nawamin, and Mahaminh Sakayamunee Visejchaicharn, was in November 2018 the tallest statue in Thailand, the second tallest statue in Southeast Asia, and the ninth-tallest in the world.
Located in the Wat Muang temple in Ang Thong Province, this statue stands 92 m high, and is 63 m wide. Construction commenced in 1990, and was completed in 2008.

https://archive.vn/b3Y02/106ac82d143821db54e17a74eff429dca62c2596.jpg ; https://archive.vn/b3Y02/b28f2227ec7873c5b4b83f8efbb9988638ee0d4d/scr.png ; https://web.archive.org/web/20210303064322/http://www.dhammajak.net/board/files/paragraph_paragraph_paragraphparagraph_12_239.jpg
8. The Great Buddha of Thailand.

6. Artistic representation of space shuttles among the future manned space powers V1.0.

https://archive.vn/R6oFt/ba15f842d5ff8cea70c1a55d5574eaa51fa1b12e.jpg ; https://archive.vn/R6oFt/05a65888d1f34e512a38ebc995ffd54c3213f214/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210307125737/https://i.imgur.com/tIhAu0a.jpg
9. The Deepest:ลึกสุดห้วง (2015)

https://archive.vn/VenHy/ce6f85804f972c571922be051aa912aca4f09402.jpg ; https://archive.vn/VenHy/f592b983b92d73e16e8e3011df73825aa5e0226f/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210307125752/https://i.imgur.com/w5zjIRZ.jpg
10. The Deepest:ลึกสุดห้วง (2015)

7. State Leader's Body Weight And World Ranking

The current body mass of Prayuth Chan O Cha, the leader of Thailand is not published, only the height is known as 1.82 meter, putting it in pole position.

8. Artistic Representation of Space Stations Among The Future Manned Space Powers

N/A

9. Artistic Representation of The Man On the Moon Among The Future Manned Space Powers

https://archive.vn/152uZ/d980d4c0d54da330edf1a2b6443dcc7639d20b21.jpg ; https://archive.vn/152uZ/7ef71f4914051946af3ddcc3e44a602607328bc8/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210306115934/https://i.imgur.com/eb2MVbH.jpg
11. Thailand's Mu Space Lunar base.

https://archive.vn/rqDPZ/811fe735b6f5c02a4752a7cedc1985650fea3b95.jpg ; https://archive.vn/rqDPZ/6894b330397c016c2a8399dd6ac480b9f000b68f/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210306120124/https://i.imgur.com/ULKITRD.jpg
12. Thailand's Mu Space astronaut and robot (in black) on the moon.

10. Artistic Representation of Space Robot Among The Future Manned Space Powers

https://archive.vn/zWVLC/9ce00db8e0b5b0fbc5ec25b713be3025cec80905.jpg ; https://archive.vn/zWVLC/1b45ddc0a752b0465d393a64b6e9b72d361ff046/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210306195610/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Dnvw2AFVsAAL4Sp?format=jpg&name=900x900 ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210306195758/https://twitter.com/JamesWorldSpace/status/1043692554846318597 ; https://archive.vn/xySFS
13. mu Space Corp CommercialAstronaut + two Black and White Robots. 22 Sep 2018.

11. Starships Among The Future Manned Space Powers

TBD

12. VTVL Rockets Among The Future Manned Space Powers

TBD

#### Soheil_Esy

##### Fazanavard فضانورد
Part 7

As correctly predicted back in 2019, Thailand joining Myanmar and Turkey, now also revealing its ambitions to be part of the global space race!

Thailand's Manned Space Program Part 2

We are moving forward into a new era by planning to develop space technologies for future space travel. Generally, a majority might view that building a spaceship or spacecraft is a futuristic idea and sometimes it feels surreal.
However, building a spaceship with a complexity of technologies is one of the challenging tasks that a company wants to achieve, it might take 1-2 years to complete, mu Space is the first and only company who steps into this path and strives to make things happen. If we don’t start it now, then when?

Objectives of Thailand's Mu Space

• Thailand's first Space Launch Center
• Thailand's first space launcher
• Thailand's Regional GPS
• Thailand's Orbital Data Center

‘Mu Space’ to push Thai space industry, planning to build its first spaceship in 2021

Dec 29, 2020

2020 saw an uptick in activity from the space economy due to the Thai government pushing for space-activity-related legislation and creating mechanisms to promote and support both the government and the private sector to develop the space industry together, which is one of the target industries in the new S-curve that will increase Thailand’s investment capacity and its role in developing the space industry and ultimately add value to the Thai economy.

The private sector also plays an important role in developing the economy and stimulating investment in the space industry. This year, mu Space and Advanced Technology Public Company Limited (mu Space Corp.), a 3-year-old private satellite and space technologies firm, was able to attract investors from several industries and businesses to invest in the space industry, such as TOT Public Company Limited, executives from Dow Chemical Group, SCG, as well as the current investors, including Nice Apparel Group -- a global leading athlete apparel maker --, B.Grimm Group, Majuven Fund, private business group, and a group of other minor investors i.e. executives from the UCLA Foundation. The value of ‘mu Space’ has increased to more than \$100 million. through a Series B fundraising.

‘mu Space’ CEO, Varayuth Yenbamroong, on December 25th, 2020, stated during a soft opening event of the first spaceship factory in Thailand that “the fund recently raised will be used to quickly build a large-scale factory to produce and assemble the first spaceship of Thailand, along with satellite parts and commercial spaceships for domestic affairs, communications, national security such as creating a locally made GPS (Global Positioning System), robotic testing, autonomous system testing for unmanned vehicles to be used on the Moon mission. The factory will be equipped with the 5G communication system. It will also serve as a platform to develop Space IDC technologies, with a plan to test them in the first quarter of 2021.

“Space IDC” or Space Internet Data Center services is a project jointly created by ‘mu Space’ Corp. and TOT Public Company Limited, that aims at providing a data center service with a server being located in outer space.

“mu Space’ is planning to build 11 gateway stations initially in Bangkok to operate the upcoming Low Earth Orbit Satellite (LEO), while preparing to propose up to 8 projects from US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the beginning of 2021. ‘mu Space’ has collected a lot of experience and has grown significantly from submitting 7 space technology development projects with its Tipping Point Solicitation Project passing the first hearing. There is a good chance that ‘mu Space’ will be awarded with the project contract.” said Varayuth.

Despite the presence of COVID-19 pandemic, ‘mu Space’ is planning to hire about 100 positions, beginning with the first 50 positions beginning in Q1 2021 to create skilled laborers, in line with the national space technology and industry development plan. This is a good news for Thailand to have private space companies and the new generation who have the determination to develop technologies and innovations to tangibly push the local space industry to become Thailand’s New Economy.

http://web.archive.org/web/20201229120524/https://www.satellite-evolution.com/post/mu-space-to-push-thai-space-industry-planning-to-build-its-first-spaceship-in-2021
https://archive.vn/Mz5Pp

Launch Site

December 9, 2020 - 2:15 p.m

The Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency or, in brief, GISTDA, is a Thai space agency and space research organisation.

GISTDA looks forward to Thai future as a rocket launch base to invest in "spacecraft port".

Another interesting issue for this industry is the availability of a "spaceport" as a base for launching rockets into space. Which if Thailand has our own spaceport Which in addition to generating direct income There was also an industry that followed, not just in the same industry. But can also cross the industry to other industries such as the tourism industry as well

http://web.archive.org/web/20210302110630/https://www.prachachat.net/economy/news-571217
https://archive.vn/VDyoc

Video

Recap - mu Space Post launch event 2020 (with Subtitle, 38m 30s)
409 views •Nov 22, 2020

mu Space unveil space technology 2020 (Thai language, 12m 41s)
Sep 29, 2020

Screen capture images

https://archive.is/odcDF/7cdccb5753d630e24118760739324308d265e75f.jpg ; https://archive.is/odcDF/1aef2a231735894a35971a96709a1da824d34505/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210302101522/https://i.imgur.com/SXj9cJj.jpg
1. Orbital Data Center: used for computation, computing ans information storage.

2. Thailand planned constellation of Spaceships for Orbital Data Center.

https://archive.vn/HhPUv/38f1b3d15fb10ee5641a09a8b0d39af7b9cd4a9b.jpg ; https://archive.vn/HhPUv/921bdf621a1798f19ba74c404aa34a268e9ac1b1/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210302101642/https://i.imgur.com/Oc2cUfc.jpg
3. LEO Orbital Data Center and Lunar Orbital Data Center.

http://web.archive.org/web/20210302101723/https://i.imgur.com/8yj1OVY.jpg

4. Spaceship's schematics.

https://archive.vn/0mtbl/2c4e31f272ddeef29a70162ea9453b91ee29d46f.jpg ; https://archive.vn/0mtbl/14d6679fbf22881b54822098a5ebd72a7a3761a6/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210302101758/https://i.imgur.com/Ggd4kxl.jpg
5. Spaceship design and prototype.

https://archive.vn/yk5Gf/c2994cc57e28a10db1dc410b9fcb8f5bdd120d29.jpg ; https://archive.vn/yk5Gf/f5df79c3fc8596fc5b7ca10f0e946a30148c711d/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210302101850/https://i.imgur.com/YKLs7V2.jpg
6. Spaceship automated robotic factory.

https://archive.vn/1838n/9350b2237784d6bbb0df7c50245a953e5051c888.jpg ; https://archive.vn/1838n/5173539552c61e4e67e364a11395b7a31e0ae82e/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210302101936/https://i.imgur.com/nP99JE4.jpg
7. Spaceship Vs New Sheppard et al. size comparison.

https://archive.vn/GGnLN/fe1d0e7290d89c7a4129057070cc59c80791770c.jpg ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210302102008/https://i.imgur.com/WRZwsex.jpg
8. CGI rendering of Spaceship.

https://archive.vn/15xcb/210f2355242ffc4ce97fb8870111c9b19716aa19.jpg ; https://archive.vn/15xcb/3bd39178dbd3f41fe8fe814a3fcf1cc9ae248648/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210302104318/https://i.imgur.com/JxkJviu.jpg
9. Competitors of the 4th Space Race, as of March 2021.

https://archive.vn/XJG8z/fa0ebace672320b6c5ce6207458159b5710c4d28.jpg ; https://archive.vn/XJG8z/c0d25c4d5c05dd23288921185e2e675dd9079ef7/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20190109152605/https://www.muspacecorp.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/OO-mission-spacesuit.jpg ;
10. Mu Space conceptual spacesuit. 2019.

http://web.archive.org/web/20201203114051/https://muspacecorp.com/spaceship/
http://web.archive.org/web/20210228072023/https://muspacecorp.com/spaceship/
https://archive.vn/QNj4g#selection-437.5-439.303
http://web.archive.org/web/20201229120524/https://www.satellite-evolution.com/post/mu-space-to-push-thai-space-industry-planning-to-build-its-first-spaceship-in-2021

#### Soheil_Esy

##### Fazanavard فضانورد
Part 8

Operations hit, but Isro still hopes for December launch

Chethan Kumar / TNN / May 29, 2021, 08:46 IST

BENGALURU: Restrictions and lockdowns across multiple states, especially in Karnataka and Kerala, due to the second Covid wave have hit operations at Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro).

The space agency had multiple missions planned for this year: Three earth observation satellites — one for ocean studies, one remote sensing satellite, a commercial launch, one navigation satellite, a science satellite to study the Sun (Aditya-L1), two SSLV (small satellite launch vehicle) missions and the Gaganyaan uncrewed mission.

While Aditya will not happen this year, lockdowns will impact timelines of the other missions. However, Isro, which has dedicated most of its resources to ensure the uncrewed mission takes off this year as announced in the Union budget, is still hopeful of a December launch.

Sources in Isro told TOI that even before the lockdown they were working alternative days to ensure physical distancing, but the lockdowns have resulted in a work-fromhome scenario, which enables only a small percentage of the work to be done.

“It [lockdown] certainly will have an impact. While most of the lab and floor work including systems testing are affected, we have been working remotely on design, review and other processes. Work has not stopped fully. However, industries we partner with have stopped work,” Isro chairman K Sivan said.

On whether this will delay the uncrewed mission, he said, it can only be known once the lockdown is lifted.

“It will be premature to say anything now. We are looking at launching the uncrewed mission by December this year. If industries can turn around and deliver the systems and parts we need, it will be possible. Our partners have done this in the past, but we can only review the situation later,” Sivan added.

As reported by TOI earlier, the space agency in April had decided that it may even go ahead with the uncrewed mission without the indigenous data relay satellite and some aspects of the human rating of the systems, even as it works to ensure they are ready much ahead of the launch of humans.

Even the Gaganyaan Advisory Council (GAC) that met in the last week of March had advised Isro not to delay the uncrewed mission.

The data relay satellites — Indian Data Relay Satellite System (IDRSS) — are in the 2,000kg class that will need the GSLV for their launch into GEO. As per Isro’s plans, Gaganyaan will be the first beneficiary of the IDRSS, which will be later also used for space-to-space tracking and communication of all space assets.

http://web.archive.org/web/20210603155741/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/operations-hit-but-isro-still-hopes-for-december-launch/articleshow/83055370.cms
https://archive.is/5XXPm#selection-2405.0-2402.25

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