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# December 2012 Newsletter

Greetings from the Executive Director

Dear friends of the Singularity Institute,

This month marks the biggest shift in our operations since the Singularity Summit was founded in 2006. Now that Singularity University has acquired the Singularity Summit (details below), and SI’s interests in rationality training are being developed by the now-separate Center for Applied Rationality, the Singularity Institute is making a major transition. For 12 years we’ve largely focused on movement-building — through the Singularity Summit, Less Wrong, and other programs. This work was needed to build up a community of support for our mission and a pool of potential researchers for our unique interdisciplinary work.

Now, the time has come to say “Mission Accomplished Well Enough to Pivot to Research.” Our community of supporters is now large enough that qualified researchers are available for us to hire, if we can afford to hire them. Having published 30+ research papers and dozens more original research articles on Less Wrong, we certainly haven’t neglected research. But in 2013 we plan to pivot so that a much larger share of the funds we raise is spent on research. If you’d like to help with that, please contribute to our ongoing fundraising drive.

Onward and upward,

Luke

Singularity Summit Conference Acquired by Singularity University

The Singularity Summit conference, founded by SI in 2006, has been acquired from SI by Singularity University. As part of the agreement, the Singularity Institute will change its name (to reduce brand confusion), but will remain as co-producers of the Singularity Summit in some succeeding years. We are pleased that we can transition the conference to an organization with a strong commitment to maintaining its quality as it grows.

Most of the funds from the Summit acquisition will be placed in a separate fund for a “Friendly AI team,” and therefore does not support our daily operations or other programs.

We wish to thank everyone who participated in making the Singularity Summit a success, especially past SI president Michael Vassar (now with Panacea Research and Summit organizer Amy Willey.

2012 Winter Matching Challenge!

We’re excited to announce our 2012 Winter Matching Challenge. Thanks to the generosity of several major donors, every donation to the Singularity Institute made now until January 5th, 2013 will be matched dollar-for-dollar, up to a total of $115,000! Now is your chance to double your impact while helping us raise up to$230,000 to help fund our research program.

Note that the new Center for Applied Rationality (CFAR) will be running a separate fundraiser soon.

Please read our blog post for the challenge for more details, including our accomplishments throughout the last year and our plans for the next 6 months. Please support our transition from a movement-building phase into a research phase.

† $115,000 of total matching funds has been provided by Edwin Evans, Mihály Barasz, Rob Zahra, Alexei Andreev, Jeff Bone, Michael Blume, Guy Srinivasan, and Kevin Fischer. A Week of Friendly AI Math at the Singularity Institute From Nov. 11th-17th, SI held a Friendly AI math workshop at our headquarters in Berkeley, California. The participants — Eliezer Yudkowsky, Marcello Herreshoff, Paul Christiano, and Mihály Barasz — tackled a particular problem related to Friendly AI. We held the workshop mostly to test hypotheses about ideal team size and the problem’s tractability, while allowing there was some small chance the team would achieve a significant result in just one week. Happily, it seems the team did achieve a significant result, which the participants estimate would be the equivalent of 1-3 papers if published. More details are forthcoming. SI’s Turing Prize Awarded to Bill Hibbard for “Avoiding Unintended AI Behaviors” This year’s AGI-12 conference, held in Oxford UK, included a special track on AGI Impacts. A selection of papers from this track will be published in a special volume of the Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence in 2013. The Singularity Institute had previously announced a$1000 prize for the best paper from AGI-12 or AGI Impacts on the question of how to develop safe architectures or goals for AGI. At the event, the prize was awarded to Bill Hibbard for his paper Avoiding Unintended AI Behaviors.

SI’s Turing Prize is awarded in honor of Alan Turing, who not only discovered some of the key ideas of machine intelligence, but also grasped its importance, writing that “…it seems probable that once [human-level machine thinking] has started, it would not take long to outstrip our feeble powers… At some stage therefore we should have to expect the machines to take control…” The prize is awarded for work that not only increases awareness of this important problem, but also makes technical progress in addressing it.

SI researcher Carl Shulman also presented at AGI Impacts. You can read the abstract of his talk, “Could we use untrustworthy human brain emulations to make trustworthy ones?”, here. If video of the talk becomes available later, we’ll link to it in a future newsletter.

New Paper: How We’re Predicting AI — or Failing To

The new paper by Stuart Armstrong (FHI) and Kaj Sotala (SI) has now been published (PDF) as part of the Beyond AI conference proceedings. Some of these results were previously discussed here. The original predictions data are available here. The Less Wrong thread is here. We thank Stuart and Kaj for this valuable meta-study of AI predictions.

For the study, Stuart Armstrong and Kaj Sotala examined a database of 257 AI predictions, made in a period spanning from the 1950s to the present day. This database was assembled by researchers from the Singularity Institute (Jonathan Wang and Brian Potter) systematically searching though the literature. 95 of these are considered AI timeline predictions.

The paper examines a couple folk theories of AI prediction, the “Maes-Garreau law” (that people predict AI happening near the end of their own lifetime) and the prediction that “AI is always 15-25 years into the future”. Systematic analysis of the database of AI predictions revealed support for the second theory but not the first. Many of the predictions were concentrated around 15-25 years in the future, and this trend held whether the predictions were being made in the 1950s or the 2000s. Predictions were not observed to cluster around the expected end of lifetime of the predictors, a result which contradicts the Maes-Garreau hypothesis. It was also found that the predictions of experts do not correlate in any distinct way relative to non-experts; i.e., there seems to be little evidence that experts make better AI predictions than non-experts. At Singularity Summit 2012, Stuart Armstrong summarized the results of the study in an onstage talk.

The major take-away from this study is that predicting the arrival of human-level AI is such a fuzzy endeavor that we should take any prediction with a large grain of salt. The rational approach is to widen our confidence intervals — that is, recognize that we don’t really know when human-level AI will be developed, and make plans accordingly. Just as we cannot confidently state that AI is near, we can’t confidently state that AI is far off. (This was also the conclusion of an earlier Singulairty Institute publication, “Intelligence Explosion: Evidence and Import.”)

Michael Anissimov Publishes Responses to P.Z. Myers and Kevin Kelly

SI media director Michael Anissimov has published blog posts responding to biologist P.Z. Myers on whole brain emulation and bestselling author Kevin Kelly on AI takeoff.

In a blog post, P.Z. Myers rejected the idea of whole brain emulation in general, stating “It won’t work. It can’t.” However, his response focuses on the scanning of a live brain with current technology. In response, Anissimov concedes that Myers’ criticisms make sense in the narrow context in which he makes them, but his response misunderstands that whole brain emulation refers to a wide range of possible scanning approaches, not just the reductionistic straw man of “scan in, emulation out”. So, while Myers’ critique applies to certain types of brain scanning approaches, it does not apply to whole brain emulation in general.

Anissimov’s response to Kevin Kelly is a response to a blog post from four years ago, “Thinkism”. Kelly’s blog post is notable as one of the most substantive critiques of the fast AI takeoff idea by a prominent intellectual. Kelly argues that the idea of scientific and technological research and development occurring more rapidly than “calendar time” is incredulous, because there are inherently time-limited processes, such as cellular metabolism, which limit progress on difficult research problems, namely indefinitely extending human healthspans. Anissimov argues that faster-than-human, smarter-than-human intelligence could overcome the human-characteristic rate of innovation through superior insight, breaking problems into their constituent parts, and by making experimentation massively accelerated and parallel.

Original Research on Less Wrong

SI executive director Luke Muehlhauser, with help from our research team, has compiled a list of original research produced by the web community Less Wrong. Though many of the posts on Less Wrong are summaries of previously published research, there is also a substantial amount of original expert material in philosophy, decision theory, mathematical logic, and other fields.

Examples of original research on Less Wrong include Eliezer Yudkowsky’s “Highly Advanced Epistemology 101 for Beginners” sequence, Wei Dai’s posts on his original decision theory (UDT), Vladimir Nesov’s thoughts on counterfactual mugging, and Benja Fallstein’s investigation of the problem of logical uncertainty. In all, the list compiles over 50 examples of original research on Less Wrong stretching from 2008 to the present. Of particular interest is original research that contributes towards solving open problems in Friendly AI.

Original research on Less Wrong continues to be pursued in several discussion threads on the site.

How Can I Reduce Existential Risk From AI?

Another recent Less Wrong post of note by Luke Muehlhauser is “How can I reduce existential risk from AI?” “Existential risk”, a term coined by Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom, specifically refers to risks to the survival of the human species. The Singularity Institute argues that advanced artificial intelligence is an existential risk to the future of the human species. “Existential risk” generally refers to the total destruction of the human species, rather than risks which threaten 90% or 99% of the population, which would constitute global catastrophic risks but not true existential risks.

Since our founding in 2000, the Singularity Institute has argued that smarter-than-human, self-improving Artificial Intelligence is an existential risk to humanity. The concern is that, at some point over the next hundred years, advanced AI will be created that can manufacture its own sophisticated robotics and threaten to displace human civilization, not necessarily through deliberate action but merely as a side-effect of the exploitation of resources required for our survival, such as carbon, oxygen, or physical space. For additional background, please read our concise summary, “Reducing Long-Term Catastrophic Risks from Artificial Intelligence”.

The post outlines three major categories of work towards reducing AI risk: (1) meta-work, such as making money to contribute to Friendly AI research; (2) strategic work, work towards a better strategic understanding of the challenges we face; and (3) direct work, such as technical research, political action, or particular kinds of technological development. All three are crucial to building the “existential risk mitigation ecosystem,” a cooperative effort of hundreds of people to better understand AI risk and do something about it.

New Research Associates

The Singularity Institute is pleased to announce four new research associates, Benja Fallenstein, Marcello Herreshoff, Mihály Barasz, and Bill Hibbard.

Benja Fallenstein is interested in the basic research necessary for the development of safe AI goals, especially from the perspective of mathematical models of evolutionary psychology, and also in anthropic reasoning, decision theory, game theory, reflective mathematics, and programming languages with integrated proof checkers. Benja is a mathematics student at University of Vienna, with a focus in biomathematics.

Marcello Herreshoff has worked with the Singularity Institute on the math of Friendly AI, from time to time since 2007. In High School, he was a two time USACO finalist and he published a novel combinatorics result, which he presented at the Twelfth International Conference on Fibonacci Numbers and Their Applications. He holds a BA in Math from Stanford University. At Stanford he was awarded two honorable mentions on the Putnam mathematics competition, and submitted his honors thesis for publication in the Logic Journal of the IGPL. His research interests include mathematical logic, and in its use in formalizing coherent goal systems.

Mihály Barasz is interested in functional languages and type theory and their application in formal proof systems. He cares deeply about reducing existential risks. He has an M.Sc. summa cum laude in Mathematics from Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest and currently works at Google.

Bill Hibbard is an Emeritus Senior Scientist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Space Science and Engineering Center, currently working on issues of AI safety and unintended behaviors. He has a BA in Mathematics and MS and PhD in Computer Sciences, all from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

AI Risk-Related Improvements to the LW Wiki

The Singularity Institute has greatly improved the Less Wrong wiki with new entries, featuring topics from Seed AI to moral uncertainty and more. Over 120 pages were updated in total. The improvements to the wiki were prompted by earlier proposals for a dedicated scholarly AI risk wiki. The improvements to the wiki enable more background knowledge for publishing short, clear, scholarly articles on AI risk.

Featured Volunteer: Ethan Dickinson

This month, we thank Ethan Dickinson for his volunteer work transcribing videos from the Singularity Summit 2012 conference. When we talked with Ethan about his work, he mentioned how one talk, Julia Galef’s, (embedded below) even inspired a teary-eyed emotional climax. Ethan became involved in volunteer work for SI after several years of developing an increasing interest in rationality, originally introduced via Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality. Today, he feels he is using the full powers of
his imagination to understand the Singularity. Paraphrasing Jaan Tallin, he has used his own reading of science fiction such as William Gibson’s Neuromancer and Isaac Asimov’s novels to imagine worlds “much more optimistic and much more pessimistic” than many of the middle ground scenarios for the future widely assumed today.

Featured Summit Video: Julia Galef on Rationality

Four decades of cognitive science have confirmed that Homo sapiens are far from “rational animals.” Scientists have amassed a daunting list of ways that our brain’s fast-and-frugal judgment heuristics fail in modern contexts for which they weren’t adapted, or stymie our attempts to be happy and effective. Hence the project we’re undertaking at the new Center for Applied Rationality (CFAR) — training human brains to run algorithms that optimize for our interests as autonomous beings in the modern world, not for the interests of ancient replicators. This talk explores what we’ve learned from that process so far, and why training smart people to be rational decision-makers is crucial to a better future.

News Items

Killer robots? Cambridge brains to assess AI risk
CNET, November 26, 2012

DARPA’s Pet-Proto Robot Navigates Obstacles
YouTube, October 24, 2012


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# Tag Info

61

Heavy elements couldn't form right after the Big Bang because there aren't any stable nuclei with 5 or 8 nucleons. Source: Wikipedia (user Pamputt) In the Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the main product was $^4He$, because it is the most stable light isotope: 20 minutes after the Big Bang, helium-4 represented about 25% of the mass of the Universe, and the ...

40

There are lots of possible ways that stars can end their life, even in the subset of cases where the end is violent. Eloff has given an excellent answer, but I wanted to add a few points. Summary (tl;dr): You need the right conditions (mass, angular momentum, metallicity, etc) to produce a proto-neutron-star which is able to resist complete collapse to a ...

36

You can't quite look back in time, unless you can outrun a photon. If you think about it, the event being observed is marked by a release of photons forming a sphere like shape. Once you are inside the sphere, you can observe the event. However, once you are inside, the only way to get outside is to go faster than the wave-front of photons. Unless you ...

31

In the case of a supernova explosion it is possible to create heavy elements through fusion. Supernovae have a tremendous amount of energy in a very small volume but not as much energy per volume as there was in our early universe. So, what is the major difference? Why didn't the Big Bang create heavy elements? I just want to point out, too much ...

24

The micro black hole would be unable to accrete very quickly at all due to intense radiation pressure. The intense Hawking radiation would have an luminosity of $3.6 \times 10^{14}$ W, and a roughly isotropic flux at the event horizon of $\sim 10^{48}$ W m$^{-2}$. The Eddington limit for such an object is only $6 \times 10^{9}$ W. In other words, at this ...

21

Depends on the detection technology. Yes Cerenkov based detectors (SNO and Super-Kamiokande for instance, as well a many cosmic ray neutrino detector) are direction sensitive, and this is one of the design considerations that drive the use of this tricky technique. The best results come from quasi-elastic reactions like $\nu_l + n \to l^- + p$. The ...

18

You're not going to see the explosion twice, that's pretty much against the rules of SR and reference frames. However, with a lot of fortune, we can actually see the light from the remnant a second time (maybe more). Sorta There are things called light echoes, which is an analog to the common acoustic echoes that we are all familiar with. When this occurs, ...

18

This question is answered in detail by the so-called "Big Bang Nucleosynthesis", the theory about the creation of the nuclei in the early Universe. Almost out of nothing, it allows one to determine that 75% of the nuclear mass was coming in hydrogen, 25% in helium, and some small traces of lithium appeared, too. Even though Gamow used to think that all ...

15

We think that most neutron stars are produced in the cores of massive stars and result from the collapse of a core that is already at a mass of $\sim 1.1-1.2 M_{\odot}$ and so as a result there is a minimum observed mass for neutron stars of about $1.2M_{\odot}$. See for example Ozel et al. (2012; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...757...55O ). Update - ...

15

The calculation is done for 1987A here. Basically, the neutrinos' fractional speed increase from the new paper is $2.48\pm0.28\pm0.30\times10^{-5}$ (statistical / systematic errors, respectively) . SN1987a was $166\,912\pm10.1$ ly away, so multiplying the fraction by the travel time gives $4.14\pm0.97$ years. In reality, we got the neutrinos a few hours ...

14

One supernova has been observed 4 times, over the course of 20 years! This didn't involve the Earth's orbit. Instead, the supernova's light took 4 different routes from its source to Earth, the routes bending due to the gravity of galaxy clusters between the supernova and Earth. Because the lengths of these paths varied by up to 20 lightyears, the light ...

13

None of those stars can go supernova, so the question is rather moot. If you look at the classifications, the most luminous is Sirius A (an A sequence star even) you can get an idea of its mass. If you look at your source page, and link to the explanation you see that A stars range from 1.4 to 2.1 stellar masses. In order to go supernova though, you need ...

12

Supernovae can take well over a week to reach maximum luminosity, and they stay rather bright for months after the peak. This just goes to show how much energy is involved in these event. I was going to assemble a collage of light curves from my own research, but then I realized this has already been done at Wikimedia Commons: These are rather idealized ...

11

What you are looking for is called the stellar mass function by astronomers. It is the distribution of masses for stars. There is a nice review of the definitions, measurements, and basic theory in Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function, Chabrier 2003, PASP 115 763. It discusses both the initial mass function (IMF) and the present-day mass ...

11

Lithium and other light elements (e.g. beryllium) can be formed indirectly from supernovae via cosmic ray spallation, a process where protons and neutrons are ejected when a cosmic ray collides with another atom. The nucleons can then form new elements. Nakamura & Shigeyama (2004) were able to calculate yields for 6Li, 7Li, and isotopes of Beryllium and ...

10

You have to run a massively sophisticated supernova simulation to get that kind of data. Whole research groups work on them. The biggest unknowns are generally the details of neutrino physics. This is both because neutrino hard data doesn't come easy, and because solving the radiation field of a supernova is a function of seven or eight variables (x, y, z ...

10

The short answer is probably "yes we can", and possibly "we've already seen supernovae from the first galaxies", in the form of long-duration gamma-ray bursts. GRB 090429B has been given a redshift z=9.4, beating the previous record-holder GRB 090423 at z=8.2. As we continue to watch the skies, we're seeing more and more of these objects, and we'll gradually ...

9

In answer to your question of "What happens to the neighboring star?", according to the Johns Hopkins folks, it gets blown away: (Credit Johns Hopkins) I would be a little skeptical of the certainty of this claim only because we have not been able to observe any of these Type Ia explosions up close while it is happening. That's why the Type Ia SN 2011fe is ...

9

You're correct that when fusion reactions decrease past a certain point because the fuel is used up, the outward pressure created by the fusion no longer counteracts the gravitational forces and the star collapses (rapidly) in on itself. In stars of the right mass (smaller than about 15 solar masses, but large enough to collapse into a neutron star) the ...

9

Very simply put, in order to view any event twice, both occasions in absolute real time (ignoring the time the light took to reach you, directly from the event), you would need to outrun the photons, which entails faster-than-light travel. Now, if you're willing to accept less than real time, it is absolutely possible, though it gets less and less practical ...

8

How do I stay alive to be killed by neutrinos? You wouldn't. The point is being made that even the beam of neutrinos with a supernova at one astronomical unit distance would be intense enough that enough of them would interact with the matter of your body to be lethal. So even the neutrinos would get you if all the other stuff - notably $\gamma$s didn't. ...

8

It's interesting you found Tycho as an example as this was one of the early recorded supernovas back in 1572...by Tycho of course. This is considered a Type Ia Supernova and the image you reference isn't really how it looks. That's a modified composite to visualize the microwave and infrared components of the remains together. As Kyle mentioned, you can ...

8

The biggest thing about this supernova is how CLOSE it is. A mere 21 million light years away (as opposed to being a billion light years away). The folks at John Hopkins think that studying a ype Ia supernova is valuable for several reasons. SNe Ia are also very bright compared to other standard candles, which means they can be seen at high redshifts ...

6

Be careful when trying to intuit how sensitive the integral formulation is to changes in $w$. The equation of state parameter only enters as part of the exponent of $1+z$, so for $z \approx 0$, $w$ has approximately no effect: $1^0 \approx 1^\epsilon$. To illustrate with equations, suppose you already know $\Omega_\mathrm{M}$ and $\Omega_\mathrm{DE}$ ...

6

The time delay between neutrinos and photons does not tell us directly about the absolute mass of the neutrinos. The time delay between a neutrino of mass $m$ and a massless neutrino does: $$\Delta t = \frac{d}{v} - \frac{d}{c} \approx 0.5 \left(\frac{mc^2}{E}\right)^2 d,$$ where $\Delta t$ is the time delay in seconds, \$v \approx ...

6

http://profmattstrassler.com/2011/09/20/supernovas-and-neutrinos/ This website confirms what you said about the neutrinos from the 1987 supernova arriving before the light from the supernova. It doesn't specifically say which detectors detected the neutrinos. The reason the neutrinos reached earth before the light is not because the neutrinos were ...

6

Star are fighting against gravitational forces by pressure gradients due to fusion in the core (and the shells outwards). Once fusion stops, there is no pressure gradient and gravity wins the "battle." The classic picture of a massive star at the end of its life is (and obviously not to scale), But each star star started off with just hydrogen in the ...

Only top voted, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible

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# Is this series bounded?

1. Mar 24, 2010

### emptyboat

But I can't answer to it.
$$\sum^{\infty}_{1}(-1)^n*(1+\frac{1}{n})^n$$
Is this series bounded?
I can't do anything about that.

Last edited: Mar 24, 2010
2. Mar 24, 2010

### jbunniii

Do you know what

$$\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \left(1 + \frac{1}{n}\right)^n$$

equals?

3. Mar 24, 2010

### emptyboat

I know this series diverge by lim an=e, not zero.
But I can't figure out it's bounded.

Last edited: Mar 24, 2010
4. Mar 24, 2010

### hamster143

The sum of any two consecutive terms goes to zero as O(1/n^2). Since the sum of 1/n^2 is convergent, you can prove that your original series is bounded.

5. Mar 24, 2010

### emptyboat

hmm... Do you mean (1 + 1/(n+1))^(n+1) - (1 + 1/n)^n ≤1/n^2?

Last edited: Mar 24, 2010
6. Mar 24, 2010

### hamster143

Correct. You need to prove that there's such N and C that, for all n>N,

(1 + 1/(n+1))^(n+1) - (1 + 1/n)^n ≤ C/n^2

You can do that if you write

(1+1/n)^n = exp(n log (1+1/n))

and then use Taylor expansion of log.

Last edited: Mar 25, 2010
7. Mar 25, 2010

### emptyboat

I computed the process you have given.
log(x)=(x-1) - 1/2*(x-1)^2 + 1/3*(x-1)^3 - ...(correct?)
So My result is
exp (1 - 1/2(n+1) + 1/3(n+1)^2 - ...)
- exp (1 - 1/2n + 1/3n^2 - ...)
let exp(A(n+1)) - exp((An))
exp does not linear, I can't do further.
Help me more...

8. Mar 25, 2010

### hamster143

$$exp(1 - \frac{1}{2n} + \frac{1}{3n^2} + ...) \approx e*( - \frac{1}{2n} + \frac{1}{3n^2}) + ( - \frac{1}{2n} + \frac{1}{3n^2})^2/2 + ...) = e*(-\frac{1}{2n}+\frac{1}{3n^2} + \frac{1}{8n^2} + ...) = e*(-\frac{1}{2n}+\frac{11}{24n^2} + ... )$$

where ... are terms that go down as 1/n^3 or faster.

$$|\frac{1}{2(n+1)} - \frac{1}{2n}| = \frac{1}{2n(n+1)} < \frac{1}{2n^2}$$

9. Mar 25, 2010

Oh I see!!!


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# Production of K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $φ(1020)$ in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 5.02$ TeV

The production of K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ mesons in proton-proton (pp) and lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV has been measured using the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The transverse momentum ($p_{\mathrm{T}}$) distributions of K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ mesons have been measured at midrapidity $(|y|<~0.5)$ up to $p_{\mathrm{T}} = 20$ GeV$/c$ in inelastic pp collisions and for several Pb-Pb collision centralities. The collision centrality and collision energy dependence of the average transverse momenta agree with the radial flow scenario observed with stable hadrons, showing that the effect is stronger for more central collisions and higher collision energies. The $\mathrm{K^{*0}/K}$ ratio is found to be suppressed in Pb-Pb collisions relative to pp collisions: this indicates a loss of the measured K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ signal due to rescattering of its decay products in the hadronic phase. In contrast, for the longer-lived $\phi(1020)$ mesons, no such suppression is observed. The nuclear modification factors ($R_{\rm AA}$) of K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ mesons are calculated using pp reference spectra at the same collision energy. In central Pb-Pb collisions for $p_{\rm T} > 8$ GeV$/c$, the $R_{\rm AA}$ values of K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ are below unity and observed to be similar to those of pions, kaons, and (anti)protons. The $R_{\rm AA}$ values at high $p_{\mathrm T}$ for K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ mesons are in agreement within uncertainties for $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02$ and 2.76 TeV.

Submitted to: PRC
e-Print: arXiv:2106.13113 | PDF | inSPIRE
CERN-EP-2021-101


text:
## Practice Problems 10 Complete before class on 2021-12-03

1. For the code below:

 class B(A):
def __init__(self):
self.a = 4

def set_a(self, value):
self.a = value

Match the names B, A, a, set_a to the roles below:

1. method
2. attribute
3. base class
4. derived class
2. The following class could be used to represent a point in 2-D space:

 class Point:
""" Point class for representing and manipulating x,y coordinates """
def __init__(self, x, y):
""" Create a new point at the given coordinates. """
self.x = x
self.y = y

def get_x(self):
return self.x

def get_y(self):
return self.y

def distance_from_origin(self):
return ((self.x ** 2) + (self.y ** 2)) ** 0.5

Assume we executed p = Point(4, 5), which of the following would modify the x attribute?

1. p.x + 2
2. p.x += 2
3. p.x = 3
4. p.get_x() + 2
5. p.get_x() += 2
6. p.get_x() = 3
3. Using the code above, Point(4, 5) == Point(4, 5) evaluates to False. Why is that? How could you extend the Point class so that above expression returns True when the two points have the same coordinates?

4. Implement a distance method on Point that returns the distance between the receiver point (the point object on which the method is invoked and another point object).

5. If you were going to create a new class Point3D for 3-D points (i.e., with x, y and z coordinates) that derived from Point, which of the following methods would you need to override in the Point3D class?

1. __init__
2. get_x
3. get_y
4. distance_from_origin
6. Implement the initializer method for the Point3D class described above.

7. What is printed as this code executes?

 class Foo():
def __init__(self, a):
self.a = a
self.b = 2

class Bar(Foo):
def __init__(self, c):
super().__init__(4)
self.c = c

bar = Bar(6)
print(bar.a, bar.b, bar.c)


text:
This major emphasizes the use of computers to solve mathematically modeled physical problems. Students often pursue positions as mathematical analysts, scientific programmers, software engineers, or systems analysts. Job opportunities in private industry and government abound in this field.

To view the a more detailed list of courses for this program, click here.
Rochester Institute of Technology College of Science

The curriculum provides a foundation in mathematics through courses in calculus, differential equations, graph theory, abstract and linear algebra, mathematical modeling, numerical analysis, and several other areas. You will gain extensive computing skills through a number of high-level programming, system design, and other computer science courses.

Although cooperative education is optional for computational mathematics students, many participate for three or more months in paid, professional co-op positions before graduation. Students have worked in a variety of settings on problem-solving teams with engineers, biologists, computer scientists, physicists, and markting specialists. For more information and co-op listings, visit the RIT Office of Cooperative Education and Career Services.

Mathematicians use mathematical theory, computational techniques, algorithms, and the latest computer technology to solve economic, scientific, engineering, physics, and business problems. [Also see Career Overviews for Applied Mathematics, Software Engineering, and Computer Science]

(Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook)

Computational mathematics majors may complete a dual degree in as little as one extra year of study. You can complete a BS in computational mathematics and an MS in computer science to give you an edge over many computer science majors entering the workforce. You may also combine a BS in computational mathematics with an MS in applied and computational mathematics.

Employment of mathematicians is expected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations. However, keen competition for jobs is expected. Employment of mathematicians is expected to increase by 16 percent during the 2010–20 decade. Advancements in technology usually lead to expanding applications of mathematics, and more workers with knowledge of mathematics will be required in the future. [Also see Career Overviews for Applied Mathematics, Software Engineering, and Computer Science]

(Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics O.O.H.)

BS-only: $62,932 (average);$55,000-\$70,000 (range)

Statistics from the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) for 2010-2011 graduates

Most often the work involving computational mathematics is done by persons whose titles are other than "mathematician," such as software engineer, computer scientist, analyst (e.g. operations research), cryptanalyst (codes), actuary, market Researcher, or financial advisor.

Bausch & Lomb Inc., CooperVision, Inc., Digital Receiver Technology, Inc., Epic, Google, Harbridge Consulting Group, Hewlett-Packard, Lockheed Martin Corp., Los Alamos National Laboratory, Microsoft Corporation, Maxwell Systems, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Thomson Reuters, University of Rochester Medical Center, Xerox Corp.


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# After the climax of a story, what should the reader expect next?

###### Question:

After the climax of a story, what should the reader expect next?

### How is the pyramid of djoser different from the great pyramids at giza? a. the pyramid of djoser is an example of funerary

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### Using your knowledge of storytelling techniques and 'An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge,' answer the followingquestion with the best

Using your knowledge of storytelling techniques and "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge," answer the following question with the best answer possible. Section Il can best be described as O a flash forward o a flashback O chronological none of the above...

### Malia is such a talented artist that her advanced drawing teacher asked her to give a speech on shading

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### How is GeorgeGeorge Washingtoninvolved in instigating the FrenchIndicon war?

How is George George Washington involved in instigating the French Indicon war?...

### Ali has 30,000 dollars. Ali's amount is 10 times less than his cousin's. How much money does his cousin have?

Ali has 30,000 dollars. Ali's amount is 10 times less than his cousin's. How much money does his cousin have? $Ali has 30,000 dollars. Ali's amount is 10 times less than his cousin's. How much money does his co$...

### Hola, aquí ustedes también tiene moderadores¿? y si tienen quienes son¿? u': porque en la versión de español esta infestada de ellos

Hola, aquí ustedes también tiene moderadores¿? y si tienen quienes son¿? u': porque en la versión de español esta infestada de ellos ;((...

### Given that the y-intercept of a line is its x-intercept and that the line passes through the point of intersection of the lines 3y - 3

Given that the y-intercept of a line is its x-intercept and that the line passes through the point of intersection of the lines 3y - 3 = -x and 4y -5= 3x, find the equation of this line....

### 21,000 round to the nearest ten thousand

21,000 round to the nearest ten thousand...

### What is 34/4 reduced into a mixed number

What is 34/4 reduced into a mixed number...

### Very urgant write a simpler, equivalent equation to solve y-13=7

Very urgant write a simpler, equivalent equation to solve y-13=7...

### This political cartoon was drawn in 1889 at the height of the 'gilded age.' explain the purpose & symbolism of the cartoon.

This political cartoon was drawn in 1889 at the height of the "gilded age." explain the purpose & symbolism of the cartoon. the cartoon is "the bosses of the senate"....

### Identify two or three ''Robinson rules'' how do you know there are many rules? How does this fact add to the author portrayal of this

Identify two or three ""Robinson rules"" how do you know there are many rules? How does this fact add to the author portrayal of this period in his life from a chance in the world...

### How do land animals create methane?

How do land animals create methane?...

### Which the following best describes the interaction between fortunato and the narrator? a. the narrator smokes a pipe with

Which the following best describes the interaction between fortunato and the narrator? a. the narrator smokes a pipe with fortunato in his basement, which causes fortunato to become sick with a cough. b. the narrator convinces amontillado to buy wine from him at a high price, even though the wine i...

### If a teenager who works 3 hours after school every day for $15 an hr, how many days will they have to If a teenager who works 3 hours after school every day for$15 an hr, how many days will they have to work to have more money than another friend who makes $10 dollars an hour and has already saved$100? write as an equation....

Can you please help me?!❤ $Can you please help me?!❤$...

### Can someone pleaseee help and write a paragraph on if America changed over the past 100 years or nott

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# Separating NP from BQP relative to an oracle

I was looking at this lecture note where the author gives an oracle separation between $$\mathsf{BQP}$$ and $$\mathsf{NP}$$. He hints at how "standard diagonalisation techniques can be used to make this rigorous".

Can someone detail a diagonalisation technique that ought to be used? There should intuitively be important differences between the ones used to put something outside classical complexity classes and the ones used to put something outside $$\mathsf{BQP}$$. Specifically, given that Grover's algorithm is optimal, I am looking for a diagonalisation technique such that we can construct an oracle $$A$$ for which $$\mathsf{NP}^{A} \not\subseteq \mathsf{BQP}^{A}$$.

It seems to me that the diagonalisation arguments that can be used are only slightly different from a standard one, e.g. such as can be found in these lecture notes about the Baker–Gill–Solovay Theorem (i.e., that there are oracles $$A$$ for which $$\mathsf P^A = \mathsf{NP}^A$$ and also oracles $$A$$ for which $$\mathsf P^A \ne \mathsf{NP}^A$$). Basically, you have to describe how to 'engineer' an adversarial input a little differently.

Here's how we might use this approach to prove the existence of an oracle $$A$$ for which $$\mathsf{NP}^A \not\subseteq \mathsf{BQP}^A$$. For any oracle $$A$$, define a language $$L_A = \Bigl\{ 1^n \;\Big\vert\; \exists z \in \{0,1\}^n : A(z,0) = (z,1)\Bigr\} .$$ It is clear that $$L_A \in \mathsf{NP}^A$$ for the simple reason that a nondeterministic Turing machine can examine whether the input is of the form $$1^n$$ for some $$n$$, and then guess a string $$z \in \{0,1\}^n$$ for which $$A(z,0) = (z,1)$$ if such $$z$$ exists. The goal is to show that $$L_A$$ cannot be decided in polynomial time, with bounded error, by a uniform unitary circuit family, using the $$O(2^{n/2})$$ lower bound on the search problem.

1. Let $$c,N > 0$$ be such that the search problem on oracles with $$n$$-bit inputs requires at least $$c 2^{n/2}$$ oracle queries to decide correctly (with probability at least 2/3), for all $$n > N$$.

2. Let $$\mathbf C^{(1)}\!$$, $$\mathbf C^{(2)}\!$$, $$\ldots$$ be an enumeration of all unitary oracle circuit families $$\mathbf C^{(k)} \!= \{ C^{(k)}_n \}_{n \geqslant 0 }$$, such that the gate-sequence of the circuit $$C^{(k)}_n\!$$ acting on $$n$$-bit inputs can be produced in time strictly less than $$c 2^{n/2}$$. (This time bound relates to the 'uniformity' condition, where we will be interested in circuits can be computed by a deterministic Turing machine in polynomial time — a stronger condition than we impose here. The enumeration of these circuit families could be done, for instance, by representing them indirectly by the deterministic Turing machines $$\mathbf T^{(k)}$$ which produce their gate sequences, and enumerating those.) We enumerate the circuit families so that each circuit family occurs infinitely often in the enumeration.

• From the run-time bounds on the description of the gate sequence, it follows in particular that $$C^{(k)}_n$$ has fewer than $$c 2^{n/2}$$ gates for all $$k$$, and in particular makes fewer than $$c 2^{n/2}$$ queries to the oracle.

• For any $$n$$, consider the circuit $$C^{(n)}_n\!$$. From the lower bound on the search problem, we know that for $$n > N$$ there are possible values of the oracle function $$f: \{0,1\}^n \to \{0,1\}$$ evaluated by the oracle, such that with probability 2/3, the output produced by $$C^{(n)}_n\!$$ on input $$1^n$$ is not the correct answer to whether $$\exists z \!\in\! \{0,1\}^n\!:\! f(z) \!=\! 1$$.

• For each $$n > N$$, select such a function $$f_n$$ for which $$C^{(n)}_n$$ "fails" in this way.

3. Let $$A$$ be an oracle which, on inputs of size $$n > N$$, evaluates $$f_{\!\!\:n\!\:}$$.

Having constructed $$A$$ in this way, each circuit family $$\mathbf C^{(n)}$$ fails to correctly decide $$L_A$$ with probability at least 2/3, for some $$n > N$$ (and infinitely many such $$n$$ in fact). Then none of the circuit families $$\mathbf C^{(k)}$$ correctly decide $$L_A$$ with success probability bounded below by 2/3 on all inputs, so that $$L_A$$ cannot be solved with such bounds by any uniform unitary circuit family constructible in time $$p(n)$$.

Thus, $$L_A \notin \mathsf{BQP}^A$$, from which it follows that $$\mathsf{NP}^A \not\subseteq \mathsf{BQP}^A$$.


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Welcome to Windows 7 Forums. Our forum is dedicated to helping you find support and solutions for any problems regarding your Windows 7 PC be it Dell, HP, Acer, Asus or a custom build. We also provide an extensive Windows 7 tutorial section that covers a wide range of tips and tricks.

# Windows 7: Auto-Apply prompt rule to ALL files when target file already exist?

 25 Jul 2015 #1 pstein win7pro 64bit 214 posts Auto-Apply prompt rule to ALL files when target file already exist? I sometimes copy/move multiple files + folders within WinExplorer by Drag&Drop to another folder where these files & folder already exist (as an older version with the same name). Then always a popup prompt appears aksing me if I want to - replace the old existing files - cancel the operation - rename the new files/folders More annoying is this little checkbox at the lower left corner which needs to be ticked when I want to apply this rule to all current file+folder operations. How can I ALWAYS automatically let the checkbox be enabled BY DEFAULT for all future operations? Peter My System Specs
 .
 25 Jul 2015 #2 UsernameIssues W7 Pro SP1 64bit 10,516 posts Is this what you want? (Right-click drag/drop operations as shown in that video.) I do not think that there are any settings within Windows 7 that will check those boxes by default. You can install AutoIt3 from here: https://www.autoitscript.com/site/autoit/downloads/ Right click on the desktop and select New > AutoIt v3 Script from the context menu. (You might need to select the desktop and press F5 to get that context menu.) Then right click on the newly created file and select Edit Script from the context menu. Copy/paste the info below into the newly created file: (You can paste over the info that is already in the new file.) Code: Opt("WinTitleMatchMode", 2) While 1 Sleep(50) If WinExists("Confirm Folder Replace", "This destination already contains a folder named") Then ControlCommand("Confirm Folder Replace", "This destination already contains a folder named", "Button4", "Check", "") If WinExists("Move File", "Do this for") Or WinExists("Copy File", "Do this for") Then ControlCommand("File", "Do this for", "Button1", "Check", "") WEnd Save that file. Move it to the Startup folder. Right click on the file and select Run Script from the context menu. You can end the script by clicking on the AutoIt icon in the notification area down by the clock. If you would rather not have an AutoIt icon in the notification area, add this line... #NoTrayIcon ...as the first line of the script. If you do that, then you can kill the script (if need be) via Task Manager. Kill the process named AutoIt3.exe. My System Specs


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# hybridization of oxygen in carboxylic acid

Density functional theory geometry optimizations and CD … The … and "Utility of Bent's Rule - What can Bent's rule explain that other qualitative considerations cannot?". The subsequent energy level diagram displays how the valence electrons of oxygen are set after sp 2 hybridization. Radio One Stations, As usual, R and R’ are both alkyl groups or groups initiating with carbon. Orris Root Powder Substitute, A method of inducing male sterility in a -plant which comprises treating the plant, a seed from which said plant is to be grown, or a medium in which said plant is growing or is to be grown with a compound of any claim 1 to 2. The hydroxyl oxygen is also sp2 hybridized which allows one of its lone pair electrons to conjugate with the pi system of the carbonyl group. Condensed Milk Sponge Cake, Office Of Thrift Supervision Entity Search, values of carbon and oxygen produces a strongly polarized double bond. ** Carbon starts with an electron configuration of 1s^2 2s^2 sp^2. Cote De Pablo Kids, The luciferase enzyme catalyzes the production of light in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), molecular oxygen, and a heterocyclic carboxylic acid substrate termed luciferin (de Wet et al., 1987). Bonded to the other side of the acyl group is either hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or a halogen. There are no lone pairs attached to the carbonyl carbon. Kirk McMichael (Washington State University). Organic Lemon Essence For Water, Get multiple benefits of using own account! Both carboxylic acids and esters contain a carbonyl group with a second oxygen atom bonded to the carbon atom in the carbonyl group by a single bond. Friends: Mononoke Shima No Naki Sub Indo, For resonance to be maximized, the oxygen needs to be sp2 as resonance propagates through p orbitals. How Old Is Amber From Sofia The First, What is the hybridization of the carbonyl oxygen in a carboxylic acid? Carbonyl Group Double Bonds. … Provide Three Examples Of Mixed Sentences, The difference between the electronegativity values of carbon and oxygen produces a strongly polarized double bond. Answer: 17) What is the hybridization of the carbonyl oxygen in carboxylic acids? Carboxylate ions are resonance-stabilized. The factors which affect the acidity of carboxylic acids will be discussed later. The carbon and oxygen in the carbonyl are both sp2 hybridized which give a carbonyl group a basic trigonal shape. The name carboxyl comes from the fact that a carbonyl and a hydroxyl group are attached to the same carbon. Feet To Km, This allows the formation of only 2 bonds. In a carboxylic acid, the second oxygen atom also bonds t… (See Section 1.14 in Atkins and Carey for the same ideas applied to the doubly bonded carbons in ethylene.). The lowest possible number for the carbonyl carbon is 2 when counting is started from the rightmost carbon atom. Keto And Co Cheesecake Brownies, The Blue Marble Company, Courtney Barilla Age, Highest Paid Soap Stars 2019 Uk, It also has two non-bonding pairs of electrons. Abdoulaye N'doye Nba Draft, How seriously did romantic composers take key characterizations? I already pointed it out in the comments, but I believe it is time to give it some more thought and explanation. The carboxylic acid carbonyl oxygen is: 1. 19.1 Structure and Bonding of Carboxylic Acids, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "authorname:lmorsch" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FUniversity_of_Illinois_Springfield%2FUIS%253A_CHE_269_(Morsch_and_Andrews)%2FChapters%2FChapter_19%253A_Acidity_of_Carboxylic_Acids%2F19.01_Structure_and_Bonding, information contact us at info@libretexts.org, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Dr Kellyann Petrucci Age, The double bonds in alkenes and double bonds in carbonyl groups are VERY different in terms of reactivity. Carboxylic acids easily dissociate into a carboxylate anion and a positively charged hydrogen ion (proton), much more readily than alcohols do (into an alkoxide ion and a proton), because the carboxylate ion is stabilized by resonance. hybridization of oxygen in carbonyl group. As a general rule, an heteroatom with one or more lone pair bound to an sp2 carbon will be sp2 hydridized. We've seen this step before in the acid-catalyzed additions of nucleophiles to carbonyl groups. A chemical hybridization agent of claim 1 which is l-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1,4- dihydro-4-oxo-5-fl.uorocinnoline-3-carboxylic acid or an agronomically acceptable salt thereof. An atom which has an electron pair to donate (a Lewis base) will be attracted the electron-poor carbon and will show a tendency to make a new bond there. And so that turns out to decrease the value for the … Effective Public Relations Practitioners First, Answer Save. sp^4. Offshore Investment Uk, Each of the carbon–oxygen bonds in the carboxylate anion has a partial double-bond character. The carboxylic acid carbonyl oxygen is: 1. Consider the local symmetry to have an infinite rotational axis $C_\infty$, hence there have to be two degenerate, perpendicular orbitals. Dragonmark Of Hospitality, The carbon and oxygen in the carbonyl are both sp2 hybridized which give a carbonyl group a basic trigonal shape. Esters are derivative of carboxylic acids where the hydroxyl (OH) group has been replaced by an alkoxy (O-R) group. sp. (Please see Why is there a need for resonance? By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy, Privacy Policy, and our Terms of Service. In contrast, the hydroxyl carbon is sp3, free to rotate around its bond with the carbonyl carbon, and can put some of its lone pair electron density in an area of space that lends stability to the carbonyl carbon. In one of the conformers, the acidic hydrogen points in the carbonyl oxygen's direction (syn conformer). Posted on December 15, 2020 by December 15, 2020 by What Are The Important Functions Of An Office?, Oxygen has six valence electrons and therefore requires two electrons or bonds to complete its octet and these may be single or double (pi) bonds. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Geese Flying In Formation, There are three things involved here, at least one of which is seen in every functional group. Here's the mechanism for the acid catalyzed formation of an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol: Notice that the nucleophilic attack is preceded by protonation of the carbonyl oxygen. CH2- 4 regions; … Recommended for you Carbohydrates are an important carbonyl compound found in nature. Deprotonation of carboxylic acids gives carboxylate anions; these are resonance stabilized, because the negative charge is delocalized over the two oxygen atoms, increasing the stability of the anion. 'Equilibrating' is a nonsensical concept regarding wavefunctions. Balsamic Vinegar Uses For Skin, So we get some pretty strong hydrogen bonding here. V For Vendetta Monte Cristo, Solved: What is the hybridization and geometry of the carbonyl carbon in carboxylic acids and their derivatives? 5. In a carboxylic acid, the second oxygen atom also bonds to a hydrogen atom. An orbital view of the bonding in carbon - oxygen double bonds. Draw a molecular orbital diagram (i.e., energy diagram) between the carbon and oxygen of the carbonyl CH2O (methanal, aka formaldehyde). Don't have an account? Where Did Melissa Leong Grow Up, (10 pts). 1 4-diphenyl-1 3-butadiene Msds, As a reporter gene, luciferase shares with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) the advantages of sensitivity, quantitation, and low … For carboxylic acid, R−C OOH two oxygen atoms and R group are bonded to the carbonyl carbon. Fern. Carbon then hybridizes to an electron configuration of 1s^2 4 sp^3 that allows four bonds. Relevance. In an ester, the second oxygen atom bonds to another carbon atom. The names for carboxylic acids and esters include prefixes that denote the lengths of the carbon chains in the molecules and are derived following nomenclature rules similar to those for inorganic acids and salts (see these examples): The functional groups for an … Hot on the heels of his recent Acetals and Ketals Functional Group Spotlight, MedChemProf has returned to the world of carboxylic acid derivatives with this overview of Esters. See for example this fine question: What is natural bond orbital theory used for? Lazard Asset Management Glassdoor, LEDs only light up when my fingers are near arbitrary parts of the circuit. A cyclic aldehyde is a compound where an aldehyde group is directly attached to a ring. If a carbon has 2 groups attached to it it will be sp hybridised, and linear. The negative charge that is left after deprotonation of the carboxyl group is delocalized between the two electronegative oxygen atoms in a resonance structure. Since the attack can occur from the top or from the bottom, the cyclic form of glucose can either be in alpha or beta form. Both aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group, a functional group with a carbon-oxygen double bond. Aldehydes have one hydrogen atom and one alkyl or aryl group bonded to the carbonyl carbon atom. Assassin's Creed Odyssey Arcane Sword Or Epsilon Blade, A) sp3, tetrahedral B) sp2, trigonal planar C) sp2, tetrahedral D) sp3, trigonal planar E) sp, trigonal planar Answe: 19) Draw the two major resonance contributors for a carboxylic … Advantages Of Human Brain, 3. Lv 7. Aldehydes and ketones, having an H or a C bonded to the acyl group, can’t participate in nucleophilic substitution reactions because these two atoms cannot stabilize a negative charge. Zeke Nnaji Piano, Stevie Lynn Jones Parents, Aloha Protein Powder Banana, Bible Verse About Preaching To Unbelievers, Deliciously Ella Sri Lankan Curry Calories, Naval Meteorology And Oceanography Command, Computer Networks: A Systems Approach Amazon, No One Can Understand Your Feelings Quotes, Assassin's Creed Odyssey Arcane Sword Or Epsilon Blade, Do You Accrue Annual Leave On Public Holidays, The Compson Family The Sound And The Fury, Dragon Age: Inquisition Vs Red Dead Redemption 2, Provide Three Examples Of Mixed Sentences. In alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution, a primary or secondary amine adds to the carbonyl group and a proton is transferred from the nitrogen to the oxygen atom to create a carbinolamine. Have questions or comments? Blonde T-bird Grease, For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. (6 pts). And that's gonna have the effect of weakening the carbonyl. Esters are such a ubiquitous and important functional group, and they're often one of the first to be encountered in preparative chemistry labs, since they are so readily formed. A double bond or triple bond is a region, a lone pair is a region, and a bond pair is a region . They are commonly synthesized from the condensation of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol: $RCO_2H +R'OH \rightarrow RCO_2R' + H_2O$ Esters are ubiquitous. Thymol Side Effects, The hybridization of carbon is sp^3: the oxygen atom is also "sp"^3 hybridized. Ko Racha Yai, For example: anilines, phenols, enols, esters (both oxygens), carboxylic acids (both oxygens), amides (oxygen and nitrogen), etc. Ramgarh Vidhan Sabha, The geometry is therefore trigonal planar: your answer is D. O hydrogen bond among all model compounds. Both can react with reducing agents, such as sodium borohydride or hydrogen gas, in the presence of a Lindlar’s catalyst to produce alcohol. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Midnight Lace Meaning, Yes it is sp2. Judy Strangis Height, Carboxylic acids are organic compounds which incorporate a carboxyl functional group, CO 2 H. The name carboxyl comes from the fact that a carbonyl and a hydroxyl group are attached to the same carbon. Performance & security by Cloudflare, Please complete the security check to access. Boiled Corn Recipes, David Lipper Full House, Sofia Lesaffre Parents, When we discussed the hybridization process earlier, you may have wondered what happened to the carbon 2p orbital which wasn't used to form the sp2 hybrid orbital. By continuing use of our service you agree upon our, Carbonyl Compounds: Nomenclature, Nucleophilic Addition and More, The carbonyl group is a functional group composed of carbon and oxygen atoms connected by a double bond. It Was Quite A Busy Day, The figure below shows different aldehyde compounds with their names: “Structures and names of some aldehydes.” by Mark Xavier Bailon. Angel By The Wings Sia Album, Polar Beverages Stock, if I drop a mass into a black hole, will the black hole's gravity be asymmetrical before the mass reaches the singularity? In the carboxylic acid functional group, carbon forms a double bond to one oxygen atom forming a carbonyl moiety, a single bond to another oxygen forming a hydroxyl group. See the last note here and more consequently "What is Bent's rule?" Distribution Analyst Schlumberger Salary, It has 7 electrons, due to the -1 charge.. A great answer. Best network cabling near you is the leading Network Cabling nationwide for over 25 years! How do modern motherboards differ from each other? Excel Interior Design Project Budget Template, Clark Fork Fishing Report, Carboxylic acids are named such because they can donate a hydrogen to produce a carboxylate ion. For aldehydes, the parent chain should contain the –CHO group. The hybridization of the lone pairs is directly … The carbon and oxygen in the carbonyl are both sp2 hybridized which give a carbonyl group a basic trigonal shape. The carbon of an acyl group is ***always*** sp2-hybridized; the other p-orbital forms the second bond to oxygen. Leadinjection is a theme that was designed for professional marketeers, business owners, and affiliates to launch landing pages. No One Can Understand Your Feelings Quotes, Top Investment Banks, Rob The Bank Game, Your email address will not be published. Carboxylic acids are organic compounds which incorporate a carboxyl functional group, CO2H. Carbonyl Compound (Source: Wikipedia) The joining of the same carbonyl group to an oxygen atom on one side forms carboxylic acid compounds. The names for aldehyde and ketone compounds are derived using similar nomenclature rules as for alkanes and alcohols, and include the class-identifying suffixes -al and -one, respectively: Both carboxylic acids and esters contain a carbonyl group with a second oxygen atom bonded to the carbon atom in the carbonyl group by a single bond. Aldehydes and ketones, having an H or a C bonded to the acyl group, can’t participate in nucleophilic substitution reactions because these two atoms cannot stabilize a negative charge. ∴ Steric number = 3 (No. If we have a carboxylic acid in the dimeric form, so we have another carobxylic acid here, we can get some pretty strong hydrogen bonding. Most naturally occurring fats and oils are the … In most of these cases you will also have (partial) π-bonding and/or hyperconjugation. Inner Core Definition Earth, Deliciously Ella Sri Lankan Curry Calories, Therefore, C-O bond is polar in nature and this is the base of the reactivity of this type of … Metatrader For Mac, Your email address will not be published. Dragon Age: Inquisition Vs Red Dead Redemption 2, need help with this problem don;t quite understand what is the hybridization of the carbons in the carboxylic acid groups in glutamic acid? Sir Alistair Cooke, This make the carboxyl group planar an can represented with the following resonance structure. Identify if the below molecules are nucleophilic or electrophilic and where the electrons would originate or attack. Acids with two or more carboxylic groups are called dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic, etc. Let's Get Drunk And Screw Lyrics, Oxygen has an electron configuration of 1s^2 2s^2 2p^4 Oxygen with this electron configuration can form 2 … Carboxylic acids are organic compounds which incorporate a carboxyl functional group, CO 2 H. The name carboxyl comes from the fact that a carbonyl and a hydroxyl group are attached to the same carbon. Required fields are marked *. Click here to let us know! sp^3. Sarah Stein Accounting, Baisi Vidhan Sabha Candidate 2020, Furthermore, according to natural bond orbital analysis, the oxygen lone pairs are clearly nonequivalent, as opposed to the general notion of hybridization of equivalent sp2 and sp3 lone pairs on carbonyl or hydroxyl oxygen atoms. The emission of light can be detected with a luminometer. The fourth bond is to another carbon atom (or H in the case of formic acid). A chiral bis-carboxylic acid capping ligand needed to have three oxygen-donor groups during the phase-transfer ligand exchange to successfully induce chirality in CdSe. One of the questions on this guide is, The carboxylic acid carbonyl oxygen is: Are the oxygen's orbitals in carbon acids really $\ce{sp^2}$ (or even $\ce{sp^3}$) hybridised? In fact, when you get really into it, even carbon doesn't always follow perfect hybridization. Skinny Vanilla Latte Calories Venti, How Old Was Thelma Ritter When She Died, Daniel Blackman Georgia, Depending on the different substituents attached to the acyl group, different types of compounds can be formed. Verses Meaning In Bengali, Watch the recordings here on Youtube! The difference between the electronegativity values of carbon and oxygen produces a strongly polarized double bond. $\ce{sp^3}$ 3. 2. orbitals don't really mix to form new orbitals, but 'hybridisations' are very successful in explaining structures of molecules and their physical properties. Furthermore, carboxylic acids have two conformers (local energy minima) regarding the orientation of the acidic hydrogen, whose spatial position may be altered by rotation of the carboxyl carbon-hydroxyl oxygen single bond. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Bryan Burrough Public Enemies, Adopted a LibreTexts for your class? A) sp B) sp2 C) sp3 D) s-sp2 E) s-sp3 Answer: 18) What is the hybridization and geometry of the carbonyl carbon in carboxylic acids and the derivatives? ch2o hybridization of o, 4. If the aldehyde functional group is the functional group of highest priority, the carbonyl carbon is assigned as carbon 1. The carbonyl oxygen is unable to do this because it is in the sp2 hybridization state and the lone pairs are out of plane with the pi bond and on the other side of the oxygen nucleus from the carbon atom. How To Stay Healthy And Fit, Multimedia Communication Vtu Syllabus, Look for regions about the C atom. The Compson Family The Sound And The Fury, Roger Ward Actor, Ghosthack Ultimate Vocal Shots, Tgv First Class, Crispy Chewy Chocolate Chip Cookies, (L-4) Carbonyl Group Structure || Aldehyde Keton Carboxylic Acid || NEET JEE | ... Organic Hybridization for Class-XI | Class-XII | JEE-Main | JEE-Advance - Duration: 19:43. The difference in the electronegativity values of O and C creates a partial negative charge on the oxygen and a partial positive charge on the carbon. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. What Are The Important Functions Of An Office?, There are no unshared pairs or vacancies, so neither atom will behave as a Lewis acid or base. In a carbonyl group, the carbon and oxygen have sp 2 hybridization and is planar. One of the questions on this guide is The carboxylic acid carbonyl oxygen is: 1. Prairie View Chapel Calgary, I just encountered the following passage: The following problem illustrates some of the limitations of rule 3 and the frontier orbital approximation. Bj's Wellsley Farms Water, Do You Accrue Annual Leave On Public Holidays, Assassin's Creed Syndicate How To Fight, Bible Verse About Preaching To Unbelievers, These particular hybrid orbitals are called sp2 orbitals since they are made by hybridizing one "s" orbital and two "p" orbitals and they have the appropriate geometry for a trigonal carbon atom such as is found in the carbonyl group. Effective Public Relations Practitioners First, Excel Interior Design Project Budget Template, Office Of Thrift Supervision Entity Search, TOP best network cabling contractor in California. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jchemed.8b00316. it allows students to reconcile hybridization, valence bond theory, molecular orbital theory, and resonance structures into a single coherent picture of electronic structure and bonding for organic molecules. Now let's look at the carbonyl group so as to understand why it is a site for chemical reactivity. Luxury Platform Bed, The carbon and oxygen in the carbonyl are both sp2 hybridized which give a carbonyl group a basic trigonal shape. O hydrogen bond among all model compounds. If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. A carbonyl group is a functional group characterized by a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen, found within a larger carbon-based molecule.The electronegativity of oxygen creates a resonance hybrid structure in which the electrons are continuously redistributed. of lone pairs bonded to carbonyl carbon) = 3 Therefore, the carbon atom is sp2 hybridized. Granblue Fantasy Plugin, What Are The Important Functions Of An Office? Least one of the acyl group is either hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen,,. Be detected with a carbon-oxygen double bond both the carbon and oxygen in the carbonyl are sp2... 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