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# Wrapfigure Latex Syntax

A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of text, with nothing fancy inside. Die Gliederung (Überschrift) selbst erfolgt mit bis zu sieben. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. I think that with all the previous answers (expect Lanouar's) the aspect ratio is preserved. Author Business or Academic Aﬃliation, City, Province, Zipcode, Country Third C. So it 6 is not possible (and not reasonable) to include both of them in the same 7 document. LaTeX provides a command that will let you easily define any theorem-like enunciation. Why do I need to add intermediate CA certificates to JVM's cacerts file? it to the certificate store of the JVM with the following command: Wrapfigure and. If you find something on this page confusing, please email me. This document is for people who have never used LATEX before and just want a quick crash course to get started. LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. The primary purpose of a curriculum vitae is to secure employment, although they are often requested when applying for other positions, such as graduate school. > How to prevent floating of wrapfigure in memoir class. Bug reports can be opened (category tools) at. Double quotation marks are produced by typing  and ''. Star 10 Fork 0; Code Revisions 1 Stars 10. In Latex, the tables and figures have independent counters. Take a look at your gpu memory split when running raspi-config from command line, Or from the gui version. sty [CS] 1998 by Matijs van Zuijlen SyntTree is a LaTeX package for typesetting syntactic trees, such as those used in Chomsky's Generative Grammar. - Mark settings as changed when the Nomenclature line is edited in the Tools->Preferences panel. It defines a convenient interface to put TeX over included graphics, and allows for drawing a white background under the typeset material to overshadow the graphics. Soyons francs, LaTeX n'aime pas trop ça et peut de temps en temps gérer les choses de manière extrêmement exotique. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is. Neben der Anpassung von Layouts und Typographie an europäische Normen und Stile, beinhalten die KOMA-Skripts eine Vielzahl an vereinfachten Schnittstellen, die mehr Kontrolle über das Dokument bieten. gz --name *foo* find a file within a tar. Would an alien lifeform be able to achieve space travel if lacking in vision? Button changing its text & action. For instance, consider the following code:. positioning wrapfigure. LaTeX Snippets LaTeX Snippets Table of contents. Working Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 5. For more information and further examples about this environment see Positioning images and tables. TikZ is NOT a. However, when running the minimal example below, the figure chunk only gets compiled into a markdown picture:. It is used to create different types of document structures. But better to have numbers for all sections and. Add the wrapfig package in your preamble: And place the figure where you want to have it: and similarly for tables: Number of lines (optional) “r” for right and …. It works only in math mode. Sollte unmittelbar vor oder nach diesem Zwischenraumbefehl ein Umbruch erfolgen, so wird der Zwischenraum nicht eingefügt. please help me out as soon as possible. The command \pagestyle{headings} sets the page style called headings to the current document. Another thing on the same topic is that if the \caption command is inside a center environment the numbering will be screwed up if the \label is outside the center. Time for action – using footnotes in text and in headings Let's go back to the very first example of this chapter. framemif for some help. The syntax for an extension with a standard controller page would be as follows:. LaTeX justifies text by default You can change the justification using the flushleft or flushright environments. LaTeX is obviously pretty good at typesetting maths—it was one of the chief aims of the core TeX system that LaTeX extends. To change the size of a font use a new font size parameter. The "wrapfigure" and "wraptable" environments interact properly with the "\caption" command to produce proper numbering, but they are not regular floats like "figure" and "table", so (beware!) they may be printed out of sequence with the. All you need to do is use the \caption{text} command within the float environment. L a T e X commands can be placed on the graphic at defined positions; a grid for orientation is available. The overpic environment is a cross between the L a T e X picture environment and the \includegraphics command of graphicx. Explanation for coloring of variables by code editor? Ask Question Asked 5 years, 4 months ago. How to make nice-looking framed boxes in LaTeX articlesExamples of framed, mdframed, fancybox and bclogo packages Vesa Linja-aho Metropolia July 29, 2011 Vesa Linja-aho How to make nice-looking framed boxes in LaTeX articles. To make a figure in LaTeX is simpler than it looks and just requires a few commands. UPDATE (Feb 2011): Since the time of this writing I have occasionally used "TikZ" to generate figures in (PDF)LaTex. Anschließend wird die Breite angegeben (hier: 5cm). tex), and make sure that obama. sty, and its syntax is:. Записки дебианщика: Как впихнуть много текста в ограниченный объём страниц: LaTeX Text Squeezing Woodoo блог о Дебиан Линукс, настройке Debian Linux. The package "arcs", used in Scott Pakin's Comprehensive List, solves the problem only in simple circumstances, and is certainly not standard enough to be used in Geogebra. I am currently using FFMPEG to perform DnxHD encodes but would like to test out Blender to see if there are any. framemif for some help. In this post, I will keep updating solutions to common problems we face while preparing LaTeX manuscripts. In not only saves place, but also embeds the figure nicely into your text. \widetilde (math accent) The \widetilde command puts a tilde accent over a kernel. While it is more common to use floats with LaTeX, it is possible to place a picture - or anything else, in fact - next to text that will elegantly wrap it up. mollietaylor / subfigures. This tutorial will walk you through creating a beamer slideshow presentation using Texmaker. Unordered Lists Just as in HTML, it is also possible to include unordered lists in L A TEX. The layout recommendations for the Aalto University publication series are implemented by the class. it's just my other document that won't compile. In general, I like to write my pandoc documents as close to the canonical format as possible and let LaTeX deal with positioning figures. Latex Floatfix Tables Although tables have already been covered, it was only the internal syntax that was discussed. Ask Question Asked 5 years, 3 months ago. It shows you how to sign on to the UNIX system and start XWindows, how to use the basic tools you need to create and format LaTeX documents, and how to copy the sample files for the tutorial. This tells LaTeX to try really hard to put the figure here first, then the top of a page, then on a page by itself. big list - LaTeX Editors/IDEs - TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange pgfplot/tikz stacked bar chart - TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange graphics - Problem with centering Images in a column. Latex, packages and Beamer∗ Andrey Lukyanenko, CSE, Aalto University Spring, 2015 InthiscoursewearenotgoingtodiscussbasicsinLatex. For example, two pictures side by side, two tables next to a text or a picture or vice versa. Document Title 12/20/2016 13 documentclass{article} author{Aisha Abdulahi} title{Text Editing using LaTeX Workshop} date{December 13, 2016} begin{document} maketitle Hello World! Hello LaTeX. LaTeX justifies text by default You can change the justification using the flushleft or flushright environments. It may be noted that the width of the image included was specified relative to width of the text (\textwidth). Add to it the fact that I use a lot of diacritics for transcribing non-Latin text: my. if u hadn’t told me about the order though, I probably would have sat longer =). \pageref{fig:sun1}: This command prints the page number where the referenced image appears. I get all the power of the standard controller, but all the flexibility of Apex. This banner text can have markup. Adding figures in LaTeX - Embed an image/picture - Using LaTeX all pictures will be indexed automatically and tagged with successive numbers when using the figure environment and the graphicx package. If so, it will try to place the float right where it was encountered. It represents a non-breaking space. LATEX (pronounced as lay-tek ) is a document preparation system for producing high quality documents It is different from Microsoft Word, LibreOffice Writer and Apple Pages Microsoft Word, LibreOffice Writer and Apple Pages are "What You See Is What You Get" (WYSIWYG) application. \widehat (math accent) The \widehat command. Basic Example One way to include an image is to use the "graphicx"…. This is a lot of fun, btw:-) The first thing to do. The following code examples show. Insert the figure: using the figure environment as follows:. To use it, we include the following line in the preamble: \usepackage{graphicx} The command \graphicspath{ {images/} } tells LATEX that the images are kept in a folder named imagesunder the current directory. Some examples are: To create a library, enter: ar -v -q lib. Here are a few examples on how to create boxes with text and math using PGF/TikZ. Does not work in combination with list environments, but can be used in a parbox or minipage, and in twocolumn format. HOME: Next: Arrow symbols (amssymb) Last: Relation symbols (amssymb) Top: Index Page Index Page. Here is how we can specify a wrapfigure environment -. This is for my Nexus 7 2013 Wifi. listings To insert programming code within the document. Entradas sobre LaTeX escritas por nofreaknogeek. Revtex A Float Is Stuck. Absolute positioning examples. Unordered Lists Just as in HTML, it is also possible to include unordered lists in L A TEX. See how it works on Vimeo. See Positioning images and tables for more information. LaTeX is a macro package which sits on top of TeX and provides all the structuring facilities to help with writing large documents. 0 Lizenz (cc-by-sa 3. Another thing on the same topic is that if the \caption command is inside a center environment the numbering will be screwed up if the \label is outside the center environment, even if they are in the correct order. Try changing the alignment of different parts of your text. sty provides the environments wrapfigure and wraptable for typesetting a wrapfigure inaparbox,Iassign\let\pagetotal\maxdimen (locally!)tosignal not-top-of-pageandnoﬂoating. There are dozens of posts here and on other forums about how to set a static IP for the Pi. Supported symbols are listed here (alphabetically). You can change the fonts, numbering style, alignment and format of the captions and the caption labels. Fortunately, this is very simple in LaTeX. Does not work in combination with list environments, but can be used in a parbox or minipage, and in twocolumn format. This is a global setting: all figure will then obey this rule set. 12 Wrapping text in enumeration environment around a table. The package provides several diﬀerent types of features: probably not all of these will be required by every document which needs the package: • A system of abbreviated forms for typesetting syntactic items. How to make boxed text with LaTeX 1. The wrapfig package provides a way to wrap text around a picture/figure. You provide 2 arguments to the wrapfigure command: the first (l or r) selects whether you want the. For figures and tables, which appear in the List of Figures or List of Tables, setting the label format to empty will simply prevent the display of the number or letter in the figure or table caption itself. Just pick a symbol you sometimes need but tend to forget and click it. It shows you how to sign on to the UNIX system and start XWindows, how to use the basic tools you need to create and format LaTeX documents, and how to copy the sample files for the tutorial. LaTeX examples: How to reference a figure or table | alvinalexander. LaTeX specific issues not fitting into one of the other forums of this category. The example shows left and right aligned figures with wrapped text, and is available to open as a template if you want to try it for yourself. Active 2 years, I'd really like some command which kills the current buffer but doesn't exit Vim. I am doing my Physics notes with Latex, and to put images side by side with the text I use \wrapfigure but when I have text+equations the formatting looks like it doesn't finish, the division made for the text continues after the image has ended. tex files look really mess. Loading Unsubscribe from Chandra Has? Cancel Unsubscribe. My research suggests that I am probably using wrapfigure inside a list-like environment, which is not permitted. I'd like to wrap figures created with knitr and rmarkdown in a "wrapfigure" environment using hooks. Use the graphicx package with the following command in the preamble: \usepackage{graphicx} Yes, there are others but this is the best and most widely used. View wrapfigure_without_whitespace. LaTeX will automatically keep track of the numbering of figures, so you do not need to include this within the caption text. 2) USING BLINDTEXT PACKAGE. Standard page styles. LaTeX for Beginners by Tom Schneider The goal of this page is to provide a very simple start for people to begin using LaTeX the powerful typesetting language. However, whenever I try, I see the two overlapping in contrast to ALL documentation out there I can find on the topic of either wrapfigure OR wraptable says should be happening. LaTeX example code that shows how to display the equivalent of a textfield inside of a table. A Google search revealed the LaTeX Wikibook, which suggests a few methods to force figures to vertically align according to their center. sty [1996/05/17 1. Insert the figure: using the figure environment as follows:. LaTeX justifies text by default You can change the justification using the flushleft or flushright environments. Center-Aligned Figures in LaTeX Tables. This is not LaTeX, it requires some Windows/DOS knowhow. Formatvariations,whichcanalsobeusedingeneral,are24-hourtimeand. I am trying to insert a picture into the PDF, using LaTeX commands withing the RMarkdown document. The ﬁrst argument is the name of the environment. "SUDO" is not a command - "sudo" is. To reference a figure, \caption is mandatory. Requires free and open-source vector graphics editor Inkscape. This is a good book about packages to do. It is a good idea to use relative sizes to define lengths (height, width, etc), particularly when using wrapfigure. The syntax for an extension with a standard controller page would be as follows:. The code isn't bad, I think you just need to properly wrap it and expose a better API. The last example is wrapping text around a figure. American Mathematical Society, User's Guide for the amsmath Package For all intents and purposes, the align environment is a replacement for the. Even the contents of cell can be forced to next line by using double backslash,…. This allows you to specify [H] as the position parameter which means "Here and only Here". Jump to: navigation, search. man -P cat command_name It's also worth nothing that man automatically detects when you pipe it's output instead of viewing it on the screen, so if you are going to process it with something else you can skip straight to that step like so: man command_name | grep search_string or to dump TO a file: man command_name > formatted_man_page. The environment wraptible is the equivalent to wrapfigure but for tables. section— rajoute l’entrée comme si c’était une section (ﬁchier toc uniquement); autres va-. tex) is created using any text editor (vim, emacs, gedit, etc. This article explains how to import and use that package. This allows the wrapfigure environment to float and LaTeX can move it to avoid page overflow. Because of how LaTeX deals sensibly with logical structure, it will automatically keep track of the numbering of figures, so you do not need to include this within the caption text. I have fastboot and adb and that's what I used to flash 4. The basic command begin{itemize} starts the list structure, and each bulleted entry is identified with a item tag. Star 10 Fork 0; Code Revisions 1 Stars 10. This approach is commonly used for theorems in mathematics, but can be used for anything. \subsection{Command line} Create Synchronicity can be started from the command line. Daher hier zwei kleine Beispiele. T he captions for figures, tables, subfigures and subtables in LaTeX can be customized in various ways using the caption and subcaption packages. positioning wrapfigure. please help me out as soon as possible. I get all the power of the standard controller, but all the flexibility of Apex. Below, I surround each \includegraphics{} command with the \parbox{} command, which centers it along 1 unit of measurement, set to 12 pts. The ﬁrst argument is the name of the environment. The command \limits changes the way the limits are displayed in the. Use the graphicx package with the following command in the {wrapfigure }{r. How do you find the target network or device to begin. gz archive also using wildcards? like find archive. Kate’s highlighting powered by KSyntaxHighlighting supports the following 317 languages. then the definition is removed and the syntax coloring turns back to blue for all occurrences of that symbol in the notebook, even in passages that have been evaluated previously. - Nikhil D Dec 20 '16 at 9:51 @NikhilD You need to have two single quotation marks when building dynamic SQL. With "theorem" we can mean any kind of labelled enunciation that we want to look separated from the rest of the text and with sequential numbers next to it. Providing a complete, well-documented example often makes the usage of a macro or code more clear. The second optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text extends below the line by the amount specified. If function not exist then create function in SQL server [closed] Ask Question Asked 3 years, State 1, Line 29 Incorrect syntax near 'Timezone '. to be incorporated into LaTeX. \widetilde (math accent) The \widetilde command puts a tilde accent over a kernel. I usually add a LaTeX comment that mentions the lipsum package and \lipsum command simply generate filler text. Ask Question $\begingroup$ I am trying to integrate the Windows command line functionality of Blender into a program I am writing to perform some ProRes/XDCam to DnxHD video encodes. sty provides the environments wrapfigure and wraptable for typesetting a narrowﬂoatattheedgeofthetext,andmakingthetextwraparoundit. Images help people to understand concretely what a writer is trying to communicate with text. I also have condensed down all that information into a free cheat sheet. View source for LaTeX ← LaTeX. However, already copied files are not deleted, and deleted files are not recovered. Sollte unmittelbar vor oder nach diesem Zwischenraumbefehl ein Umbruch erfolgen, so wird der Zwischenraum nicht eingefügt. listings color verbatim sourcecode. This is not LaTeX, it requires some Windows/DOS knowhow. Does not work in combination with list environments, but can be used in a parbox or minipage, and in twocolumn format. \addtocounter lot— Fichier de liste des tables. How to make command apm available after installing atom. I am trying to learn PostgreSQL administration and have started learning how to use the psql command line tool. The package "arcs", used in Scott Pakin's Comprehensive List, solves the problem only in simple circumstances, and is certainly not standard enough to be used in Geogebra. Raspberry Pi-3 running Stretch. This approach is commonly used for theorems in mathematics, but can be used for anything. Symbols can also be trained here. Note: For the table of contents to work properly you must compile the document twice or use latexmk -pdf Open an example in Overleaf. sty, and its syntax is:. (The `undirected double quote character " produces double right quotation marks: it should never be used where left quotation marks are required. Latex, packages and Beamer∗ Andrey Lukyanenko, CSE, Aalto University Spring, 2015 InthiscoursewearenotgoingtodiscussbasicsinLatex. Manche davon sind auch als Ergänzung zu den Grundfähigkeiten des LaTeX-Kerns zu betrachten. If the lib. Eliminate white space around wrapfigure environments in LaTeX. Please consider joining TUG to support use and development of TeX and friends. AUTHOR: Rob Beezer (2010-05-23) Sage and the LaTeX dialect of TeX have an intensely synergistic relationship. The Include Graphics dialog makes insertion of graphics as easy as possible. Temporary LaTeX document is produced using one of the following sequences: * LaTeX -> DVI * LaTeX -> DVI -> PS * PdfLaTeX -> PDF Make sure that the paths to the tools (LaTeX, PdfLaTeX, DVIPS) and viewers needed are set in "TpX Settings">>. See how it works on Vimeo. My files are huge, with hundreds of lists. Jan 31, 2003 Wrapﬁg. I also have condensed down all that information into a free cheat sheet. The argument where specifies the allowed locations for the table. Piet van Oostrum has conducted a survey of the available packages; he recommends: floatflt is an improved version (for LaTeX2e) of floatfig. In this post, I will keep updating solutions to common problems we face while preparing LaTeX manuscripts. > > It has the potential of creating a lot of damage. Unordered Lists Just as in HTML, it is also possible to include unordered lists in L A TEX. Degrees Celsius To get a nice degree character, use the packgae \usepackage{textcomp} and the command \textcelsius. Remove Extra Whitespace or Tabs. If you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. Raspberry Pi-3 running Stretch. a library does not exist, this command creates it and enters into it copies of the files strlen. Below, I surround each \includegraphics{} command with the \parbox{} command, which centers it along 1 unit of measurement, set to 12 pts. The code isn't bad, I think you just need to properly wrap it and expose a better API. This is basically a \documentclass command. took me 2 hours to figure this out. Nevertheless, you do not use sudo to delete a non-empty directory, you use it to delete a file that is not owned by you. Using option \b - backspace with backslash interpretor -e which removes all the spaces in between. Latex provides the wrapfig package which lets you wrap text around figures. \subsection{Command line} Create Synchronicity can be started from the command line. The basic command begin{itemize} starts the list structure, and each bulleted entry is identified with a item tag. Unordered Lists Just as in HTML, it is also possible to include unordered lists in L A TEX. The original definition of LaTeX, a macro system under TeX. It is a good idea to use relative sizes to define lengths (height, width, etc), particularly when using wrapfigure. It only takes a minute to sign up. At any point in the document a list of all the inserted to{do items can be listed with the \listoftodos command. TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and related typesetting systems. At the end we will have pretty abstract book, which can be edited on-the-fly. Add the wrapfig package in your preamble: \usepackage{wrapfig} And place the figure where you want to have it: \begin{wrapfigure}[1]{2}[3]{4} \end{wrapfigure} and similarly for tables:. To use it, we include the following line in the preamble: \usepackage{graphicx} The command \graphicspath{ {images/} } tells LATEX that the images are kept in a folder named imagesunder the current directory. Automated chapter and section macros are provided, together with cross referencing and bibliography macros. Here is how we can specify a wrapfigure environment -. When I log in with psql --username=postgres, how do I list all databases and tables? I have tried \d, d and dS+ but nothing is listed. In the example above, the figure covers exactly half of the the textwidth, and the actual image uses a slightly smaller width, so that there is a pleasing small white frame between the image and the text. - Nikhil D Dec 20 '16 at 9:51 @NikhilD You need to have two single quotation marks when building dynamic SQL. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is. How to refer to a figure or table from within a LaTeX document. xcolor Adds support for colored text. Here are a few examples on how to create boxes with text and math using PGF/TikZ. big list - LaTeX Editors/IDEs - TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange pgfplot/tikz stacked bar chart - TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange graphics - Problem with centering Images in a column. A curriculum vitae, otherwise known as a CV or résumé, is a document used by individuals to communicate their work history, education and skill set. his comment is here Here is an example using the \vspace command, the code is exactly the one of the previous case, we just added some negative vertical spaces to shrink everything up: \begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0. Advanced AIAA Technical Conference Paper Template First A. With "theorem" we can mean any kind of labelled enunciation that we want to look separated from the rest of the text and with sequential numbers next to it. To change the size of a font use a new font size parameter. Here is how we can specify a wrapfigure environment -. ; Comparing Word and LaTeX for productivity. We have all heard that a picture is worth a thousand words. LaTeX is used to create most of the technical and scientific papers that you will ever see. 5\textwidth} \vspace{-20pt} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0. man -P cat command_name It's also worth nothing that man automatically detects when you pipe it's output instead of viewing it on the screen, so if you are going to process it with something else you can skip straight to that step like so: man command_name | grep search_string or to dump TO a file: man command_name > formatted_man_page. To make a figure in LaTeX is simpler than it looks and just requires a few commands. With "theorem" we can mean any kind of labelled enunciation that we want to look separated from the rest of the text and with sequential numbers next to it. The environment wrapfigure will insert a figure wrapped in the text. Bug reports can be opened (category tools) at. The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that the text extends above the line by the amount specified. LaTeX is smart enough to retrieve the correct numbers for all your images automatically. Mittels \vskip wird ein vertikaler Zwischenraum in der angegebenen Länge geschaffen. I have to leave in under 20 minutes, could someone write the correct fastboot command to do this. 3D G-Code GLSL OpenSCAD PLY POV-Ray RenderMan RIB STL VRML Wavefront OBJ Assembler AVR Assembler Asm6502 Common Intermediate Language (CIL) GNU Assembler Intel x86 (FASM) Intel x86 (NASM) MIPS Assembler Motorola 68k (VASM/Devpac) Motorola DSP56k PicAsm Configuration. Ask Question $\begingroup$ I am trying to integrate the Windows command line functionality of Blender into a program I am writing to perform some ProRes/XDCam to DnxHD video encodes. took me 2 hours to figure this out. We are all seated around the quintessential poker game of life, and God is the dealer. Kate’s highlighting powered by KSyntaxHighlighting supports the following 317 languages. tex % % The Command + N Generate Command + E Recent files. Explanation for coloring of variables by code editor? Ask Question Asked 5 years, 4 months ago. The environment wraptible is the equivalent to wrapfigure but for tables. Paste your text in the box below and then click the button to trim whitespace characters. このページでは\LaTeX のコマンドシート、ならびにちょっとしたテクニック（？）について説明しています。 \subsection{特徴} ただ紹介するのではなくて、ブラウザ上からコピーして、Mule、秀丸エディタ、メモ帳などのエディタにペースト（貼り付け）できます。. I am using the LaTeX command wrapfigure which is inserting the figure properly, but then forces text following the current section into a more narrow column, as shown here. LaTeX example code that shows how to display the equivalent of a textfield inside of a table. Loading Unsubscribe from Chandra Has? Cancel Unsubscribe. How to make boxed text with LaTeX 1. 4799 Topics 19347 Posts Last post Convert LaTeX to HTML by Brian_D Sun Mar 15, 2020 9. Latex provides the wrapfig package which lets you wrap text around figures. 3D G-Code GLSL OpenSCAD PLY POV-Ray RenderMan RIB STL VRML Wavefront OBJ Assembler AVR Assembler Asm6502 Common Intermediate Language (CIL) GNU Assembler Intel x86 (FASM) Intel x86 (NASM) MIPS Assembler Motorola 68k (VASM/Devpac) Motorola DSP56k PicAsm Configuration. You can see more page styles in the next section Open an example in Overleaf. IMO the highlighting would be better if it looked more like the LaTeX theme: (1) Highlight includes the tags (2) Font colour coded rather than background colour I don't know how to fix (1). Please note that some of the LaTeX code was not translated corrected when I moved this blogpost to WordPress. LaTeX specific issues not fitting into one of the other forums of this category. The original definition of LaTeX, a macro system under TeX. Explanation for coloring of variables by code editor? Ask Question Asked 5 years, 4 months ago. Paste your text in the box below and then click the button to trim whitespace characters. The picinpar package provides environments to open windows inside paragraphs. I have to leave in under 20 minutes, could someone write the correct fastboot command to do this. Soyons francs, LaTeX n'aime pas trop ça et peut de temps en temps gérer les choses de manière extrêmement exotique. Height can be omitted, in which case it will be calculated by the package; the package will use the greater of the specified and the actual width. My research suggests that I am probably using wrapfigure inside a list-like environment, which is not permitted. I added wrapfig via the Add package command, not the preamble though as I am not familiar with it and the help files warn you off from messing with it unless you are an "expert". To make a figure in LaTeX is simpler than it looks and just requires a few commands. Unfortunately the arc symbol is a well known problem in LaTeX: there is no predefined symbol for this. Stack Exchange network consists of 175 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. LaTeX is used to create most of the technical and scientific papers that you will ever see. web; books; video; audio; software; images; Toggle navigation. Here we present a short example of how to use the 'wrapfig' package to automatically wrap text around a figure (including the figure caption). I have fastboot and adb and that's what I used to flash 4. I had to do this few days ago when school refused to duplicate my syllabus because it was 14 pages long. For unordered lists, LaTeX provides the itemize environment and for ordered lists there is the enumerate environment. My research suggests that I am probably using wrapfigure inside a list-like environment, which is not permitted. Packages usepackage[options]{package} Options are additional information to the package 12/20/2016 14 Package Usage graphicx Allows you to insert graphic files within a document. TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and related typesetting systems. % \ bibliography command to include the file sample. Examples for a single figure, and multiple figures next to each other, using the subfigure environment. Does not work in combination with list environments, but can be used in a parbox or minipage, and in twocolumn format. It's a kind of template that is supposed to make your document a bit more like L A T E X. Includes the creation of a titlepage, changing theme options and colors, adjusting visibility using. Adding background color to \verb or \lstinline command without \Colorbox 791. bib, which contains our % bibtex database. LaTeX is a macro package which sits on top of TeX and provides all the structuring facilities to help with writing large documents. That actually works, and it works with gummi as well. To make a figure in LaTeX is simpler than it looks and just requires a few commands. Document Title 12/20/2016 13 documentclass{article} author{Aisha Abdulahi} title{Text Editing using LaTeX Workshop} date{December 13, 2016} begin{document} maketitle Hello World! Hello LaTeX. AUTHOR: Rob Beezer (2010-05-23) Sage and the LaTeX dialect of TeX have an intensely synergistic relationship. can be found on the publication page indexed by topic. LON-CAPA Help When you print a LON-CAPA resource, the XML of your resource is translated into LaTeX. The program has an interactive Latex compiler check that marks errors and problem with your code interactivly (It will "mark" the errors inside the code). The output if this will be something like the following: Fig1 Fig2 Fig3 \qquad > \quad> ~ (This is the relationship between the commands you can use to display space between the subfigures). \caption [数式を含まないキャプション]{数式を含むほげほげ}. to be incorporated into LaTeX. 5\textwidth}. I am doing my Physics notes with Latex, and to put images side by side with the text I use \wrapfigure but when I have text+equations the formatting looks like it doesn't finish, the division made for the text continues after the image has ended. The easiest solution is to put a minipage environment inside a node. L a T e X commands can be placed on the graphic at defined positions; a grid for orientation is available. Contents 1 Introduction2. The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i. online LaTeX editor with autocompletion, highlighting and 400 math symbols. Revtex A Float Is Stuck. More than 3 months ago, I posted about my Fedora installation in my desktop computer, and it's smooth sailing since then. Latex provides the wrapfig package which lets you wrap text around figures. Ask Question Asked 5 years, 3 months ago. I put in the \hash command in there because in the beginning the code would just exceed the margin of the page, leaving a. section— rajoute l’entrée comme si c’était une section (ﬁchier toc uniquement); autres va-.


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# What is Javascript array constructor?

Ace your System Design Interview and take your career to the next level. Learn to handle the design of applications like Netflix, Quora, Facebook, Uber, and many more in a 45-min interview. Learn the RESHADED framework for architecting web-scale applications by determining requirements, constraints, and assumptions before diving into a step-by-step design process.

The Array() constructor is used to construct Array objects.

## Prototype

//literal constructor
[element1, element2, ..., elementn]

//construct from elements
new Array(element1, element2, ..., elementN)

//construct from arrayLength
new Array(arrayLength)

## Parameters

• elementN: An array is initialized with the given elements (elementN), except in the case where only one element is provided and that one element is also a number. However, if an array is constructed using the [] operator, then the previous rule does not apply.

• arrayLength: If the argument is only one element that is also a number between 0 and 2^32 - 1 inclusive, an array object is created with the length property set to arrayLength.

## Code

//using bracket operatorconst array1 = [1, 4, 7, 0]//using elementsconst array2 = new Array(1, 4, 7, 0)//using arrayLengthconst array3 = new Array(10)console.log(array1)console.log(array2)console.log(array3)

The above code shows the examples of array constructors used in each of the three contexts. Note that array3 is constructed with $10$ empty spaces instead of undefined objects.

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# Smith normal form when vector has an entry with zero

Based on the tags, I'm assuming that the $x_i$ and $a_i$ are supposed to be integers. The procedure below generalizes to the case where you want simultaneous solutions to multiple equations. (It also works the same way if we use any principal ideal domain in place of integers.)

Write the inputs as a $1 \times n$ matrix $X = \begin{pmatrix}x_1 & \dotsb & x_n\end{pmatrix}$; assume $X \ne 0$ or else the problem is trivial. The problem is to find the vectors $A = \begin{pmatrix}a_1 & \dotsb & a_n\end{pmatrix}^T$ such that $XA = 0$. Smith normal form says that we can find an invertible $n \times n$ matrix $T$ such that $XT = \begin{pmatrix}d & 0 & \dotsb & 0\end{pmatrix}$, where $d = \gcd(x_1, \dotsc, x_n)$. (There would also be a $1 \times 1$ matrix $S$ that goes on the left, but we can just take it to be $1$.) (from Procedures to find solution to $a_1x_1+\cdots+a_nx_n = 0$)

So, what happens if $X$ contains zero entry - but is not zero vector?

-


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# What's the difference between dlmSmooth and dlmFilter in R's dlm package?

Could someone please explain what the difference is between the two, and perhaps avoid the worst statistical jargon?

I am currently using the dlm package to model dynamic regressions as can be seen on p.122-5 in Dynamic Linear Models with R, and I don't really grasp the theoretical difference between using dlmFilter and dlmSmooth.

More specifically, why is the dlmFilter example on p. 123 not considered dynamic, while the dlmSmooth example on p.124-5 is? And also, why are the two results fairly different?


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# Benzene and acetylene have the same empirical formula, CH. However, benzene has a molar mass of 78 g, and acetylene

###### Question:

Benzene and acetylene have the same empirical formula, CH. However, benzene has a molar mass of 78 g, and acetylene has a molar mass of 26 g, what are the molecular formulas of benzene and acetylene?

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Valuation of Fixed Rate Bond using Spread with QuantLib

Valuation of Fixed Rate Bond using Spread with QuantLib

Introduction

In the last article we made a brief introduction on fixed rate bond using QuantLib. In this article we will extend the discussion by using QuantLib's bond pricing engine to price a bond based on a spread. Pricing will be done base on a yield term structure which may not necessarily flat.

The Yield Term Structure

For our purpose we will use the term structure created in previous exercises - 'Interest Rate Term Structure With QuantLib - Part 1 and 2' with minor changes to the conventions and a notable change in the calendar. In the event that a country's calendar is not in the list supported by QuantLib, a customs calendar can be created using ql.BespokeCalendar(country_name). This will create a calendar with all dates considered as business days. For standard weekends we can join the newly created calendar with ql.WeekendsOnly() using ql.JoinCalendar(calendar1, calendar2). Then we can add the country's holidays using addHoliday(). This will gives us a custom calendar with holidays including weekends.

The following should look familiar apart from the new created custom calendar and a single public holiday added as an example. After joining the calendars any holiday update via cal will affect mycal but not vice versa.

We will assume that the curve generated above is a risk free curve generated from Government issued securities. Now let us contruct a 10-year corporate bond with 5.00% semi-annual coupon. The following snippet should still look familiar, albeit minor changes, to those who read my previous article.

Revaluing A Bond Using Curve

In practice, revaluation of a bond should be done at its own credit curve, or at its last traded price. Instead of using the internal rate of return in valuing the bond, we will revalue the bond at the risk free curve to see how it is done using QuantLib.

ql.YieldTermStructureHandle, ql.DiscountingBondEngine and ql.setPricingEngine will be the three new classes we will use in this article. ql.YieldTermStructureHandle is required for ql.DiscountingBondEngine which in turn is required by ql.setPricingEngine as shown in the snippet below. Once we have set the pricing engine, the bond can be revalued using bond.NPV(). Note that the coupon of the bond is at 5.00% while the curve is generally below 3.00%. The price therefore will be a lot more than 100.

A function that we purposely left out in our previous article is BondFunctions.zSpread(). For the definition or description of z-spread please visit Wikipedia. In the snippet we used the result of bond.NPV(), to calculate z-spread, which will of course led to an answer of 0.00%. The market price of the bond should instead be used to derived the appropriate z-spread. Try changing bond_npv in the paramater of ql.BondFunctions.zSpread to 103, assuming that it is the market price of the bond. The z-spread is calculated is 1.7349%. We will use this number in the following section.

We can create variations to the above method used. For instance, we can use ql.FlatForward to create the risk free curve and the flat spread curve simply becomes spread above the risk free curve which is akin to quoting the bond as $$10Y_{\text{riskfree}} + \text{spread}$$.


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# Monday, January 26, 2015¶

Continued to work on /tutorials/lets/index.

I wrote a first proof of concept for #52: Not a displayfield but a HtmlBox (because there might be more than one line of text). Otherwise as expected, simply a clickable comma-separate list. TODO: add some management buttons, How can we specify a verbose_name fotr offered_products and wanted_products?

Worked on #5. This was almost done, except for a new field proof (Nachweis, Preuve) and a model Proof. Default data for this table in lino_welfare.projects.chatelet.modlib.cv.fixtures.std according to Mathieu’s request “colonne “Valeur” (en liste déroulante que nous compléterons avec : Déclaratif, Certificat, Attestation, Diplôme, Validation de compétences)”.

Moved /dev/ml/cv to the source code. Added a new Site attribute lino.core.site.Site.ignore_model_errors because I thought it would help, but then discovered that I cannot show table data in docstrings for the cv2 module because the Lino docs are built during a single Python process and thus cannot use more than one settings.py. Started a new tested document Career (new version).

Added two tickets #75 and #76 after meeting with Gerd.


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# Hilary. No Chance.

Discussion in 'Politics' started by Captain Kremmen, Jan 29, 2008.

Messages:
22,087
Even me?

3. ### Captain KremmenAll aboard, me Hearties!Valued Senior Member

Messages:
12,738
Is Obama saying to Hilary that she can stick her 18 million votes where the sun don't shine?

Throw the poor woman some kind of bone, or you are in trouble Obama.

5. ### spidergoatVenued Serial MembershipValued Senior Member

Messages:
53,152
Like what? Secretary of Education?

7. ### iceauraValued Senior Member

Messages:
26,916
He's done quite a bit of that - there is a lunatic fringe that cannot be soothed.

One of the problems Obama faces is that he wants to campaign hard and govern well, in a very difficult situation, and Hillary does not seem to be all that capable in those areas.

As far as the 18 million votes - if those people are going to switch from Clinton to McCain unless Obama goes way out of his way to stroke them, this election is over and McCain is our new President. You can't fix stupid.

8. ### pjdude1219screw watergate i want to know about zaragateValued Senior Member

Messages:
15,946
the pissing part

9. ### pjdude1219screw watergate i want to know about zaragateValued Senior Member

Messages:
15,946
he has made every possible reasonable overture toward hillary and her supporters. Why should he bend over backwards for them just because their whiney that hillary as a female was able to clinch the nomination. Something she should have easily done.

10. ### VkothiiBannedBanned

Messages:
3,674
This election should be a good indication of just how sane and rational Americans are, in general.
(I mean in a general election, of course).

Imagine if John the Forgetful gets in because Hillary's supporters felt disempowered, or whatever the feminist angst thing is these days? Imagine if Obama gets the seat, but finds himself trying to run a seriously polarised country, with his every move, every word analysed frantically?
America running on public opinion? Nah, it'll never happen.

11. ### Captain KremmenAll aboard, me Hearties!Valued Senior Member

Messages:
12,738
Good points
Yes, there is a note of obsession. There is something about the whole Hilary thing that reminds you of one of those fringe revivalist meeetings where they handle snakes.

Not sure what you mean

No, but you can fox stupid.
If Obama is too straight not to get these people on board with a bit of good old
(dis)honest manipulation, then yes, it's over.

12. ### Captain KremmenAll aboard, me Hearties!Valued Senior Member

Messages:
12,738
Any viewpoints on Mrs Obama's speech?
I thought she performed unexpectedly well.

13. ### XeliosWe're setting you adrift idiotRegistered Senior Member

Messages:
2,447
Anyone catch John Oliver's segment on The Daily Show yesterday? Samantha Bee's bit, lol!

14. ### tim840Registered Senior Member

Messages:
1,653
I certainly would prefer a Hillary presidency over an Obama administration. She's more conservative, got more experience, she's not full of empty promises like Obama. I actually wouldnt mind her in the White House. Of course, she's still a Democrat...

15. ### GanymedeValued Senior Member

Messages:
3,322
Name one thing Hillary accomplished as Senator of New York.

***CRICKETS***

16. ### Captain KremmenAll aboard, me Hearties!Valued Senior Member

Messages:
12,738
Obama's Speech.
Wrongfooted some potential criticism by avoiding a highly oratic speech
on the "Ihave a Dream" anniversary. Good Move.
Obama is a great speaker, but he doesn't have the gravitas to compete with a National icon.

Obama said that McCain had voted the same way as Bush on 90% of occasions.
Can this be true?
If it isn't, it's going to undermine a lot of what he said.

Also, he pledged no reliance on foreign oil within 10 years.
Smacks of JFK's man on the moon and back within 10 years.
Possible?

17. ### Spud Emperorsolanaceous common taterRegistered Senior Member

Messages:
3,899
Entirely possible.
Real progress is being made in the areas of solar power and wind power and it's accelerating, the next 5 years will show slow change then hang on to your ten gallon hat.

It's not very probable but entirely possible.

18. ### iceauraValued Senior Member

Messages:
26,916
A more accurate figure would be around 95%, or higher, if only effective or critical votes are counted and missed votes either dropped or credited according to declared stance.

But that is not unusual for Republicans these days - a lot of Party discipline in the ranks, on that side of the aisle.

Possible. Besides, unless I heard wrong, he said something more easily handled - no Middle East oil. Pretty meaningless, actually - all oil is on the world market, in the first place, and Obama is not President in ten years, in the second.

19. ### Captain KremmenAll aboard, me Hearties!Valued Senior Member

Messages:
12,738
The prospect of Obama must be being viewed with dread by the money people in the US. One of his proposals is a huge windfall tax on the energy companies, $1000 for every family, and$500 for single households.
A shortfall measure to cope with fuel poverty.

If you would like to look at this policy, look at this site.
http://my.barackobama.com/page/content/newenergy_more#relief

I note that on another thread you have lost money investing in battery technology. I've mentioned this before on SF, and I hope your money loss was not due to listening to me. I am still quite confident that if someone can invent a cheaper and more effective way of storing power, that they will make an immense fortune. Bigger than Bill gates.

Last edited: Aug 29, 2008
20. ### Spud Emperorsolanaceous common taterRegistered Senior Member

Messages:
3,899
There's a big push in Aus. for alternative eneregy. The Government is putting its money where its mouth is.

Lots of grants and rebates available.
Spud Empress is on the ground running in this area too.
Big changes happening.

21. ### AsguardKiss my dark sideValued Senior Member

Messages:
23,049
challanger what do you think about the income cap on the solor rebate?

22. ### Captain KremmenAll aboard, me Hearties!Valued Senior Member

Messages:
12,738
Glad to hear you may be doing well Spud and Spudess.
Perhaps more money will be going into grass roots.

The UK is totally under the US thumb, politically,
and we are dominated by the EC (European Community) economically

It doesn't really matter who gets in power here.
Personally, I am far more interested in US politics.

Obama would be good for Britain I think.

23. ### Spud Emperorsolanaceous common taterRegistered Senior Member

Messages:
3,899
He'll be good for the world.
The Americans who traditionally don't vote will get off their couches at just the right moment.

If there's one thing the whole world is ready for it's change and Americans know it as well as anybody ( even if they don't yet recognise the feeling)


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# Transition path sampling – Wikipedia

Transition path sampling (TPS) is a Rare Event Sampling method used in computer simulations of rare events: physical or chemical transitions of a system from one stable state to another that occur too rarely to be observed on a computer timescale. Examples include protein folding, chemical reactions and nucleation. Standard simulation tools such as molecular dynamics can generate the dynamical trajectories of all the atoms in the system. However, because of the gap in accessible time-scales between simulation and reality, even present supercomputers might require years of simulations to show an event that occurs once per microsecond without some kind of acceleration.

## Transition path ensemble

TPS focuses on the most interesting part of the simulation, the transition. For example, an initially unfolded protein will vibrate for a long time in an open-string configuration before undergoing a transition and fold on itself. The aim of the method is to reproduce precisely those folding moments.

Consider in general a system with two stable states A and B. The system will spend a long time in those states and occasionally jump from one to the other. There are many ways in which the transition can take place. Once a probability is assigned to each of the many pathways, one can construct a Monte Carlo random walk in the path space of the transition trajectories, and thus generate the ensemble of all transition paths. All the relevant information can then be extracted from the ensemble, such as the reaction mechanism, the transition states, and the rate constants.

Given an initial path, TPS provides some algorithms to perturb that path and create a new one. As in all Monte Carlo walks, the new path will then be accepted or rejected in order to have the correct path probability. The procedure is iterated and the ensemble is gradually sampled.

A powerful and efficient algorithm is the so-called shooting move.[1] Consider the case of a classical many-body system described by coordinates r and momenta p. Molecular dynamics generates a path as a set of (rt, pt) at discrete times t in [0,T] where T is the length of the path. For a transition from A to B, (r0, p0) is in A, and (rT, pT) is in B. One of the path times is chosen at random, the momenta p are modified slightly into p + δp, where δp is a random perturbation consistent with system constraints, e.g. conservation of energy and linear and angular momentum. A new trajectory is then simulated from this point, both backward and forward in time until one of the states is reached. Being in a transition region, this will not take long. If the new path still connects A to B it is accepted, otherwise it is rejected and the procedure starts again.

## Rate constant computation

In the Bennett–Chandler procedure [2][3] the rate constant kAB for the transition from A to B is derived from the correlation function

${displaystyle C(t)={frac {langle h_{A}(0)h_{B}(t)rangle }{langle h_{A}rangle }}}$

where hX is the characteristic function of state X, and hX(t) is either 1 if the system at time t is in state X or 0 if not. The time-derivative C'(t) starts at time 0 at the transition state theory (TST) value kABTST and reaches a plateau kABkABTST for times of the order of the transition time. Hence once the function is known up to these times, the rate constant is also available.

In the TPS framework C(t) can be rewritten as an average in the path ensemble

${displaystyle k_{AB}^{TPS}(t)={frac {d}{dt}}C(t)={frac {langle {dot {h_{B}(t)}}rangle _{AB}}{langle h_{B}(t’)rangle _{AB}}}C(t’)}$

where the subscript AB denotes an average in the ensemble of paths that start in A and visit B at least once. Time t’ is an arbitrary time in the plateau region of C(t). The factor C(t‘) at this specific time can be computed with a combination of path sampling and umbrella sampling.

## Transition interface sampling

The TPS rate constant calculation can be improved in a variation of the method called Transition interface sampling (TIS).[4] In this method the transition region is divided in subregions using interfaces. The first interface defines state A and the last state B. The interfaces are not physical interfaces but hypersurfaces in the phase space.

The rate constant can be viewed as a flux through these interfaces. The rate kAB is the flux of trajectories starting before the first interface and going through the last interface. Being a rare event, the flux is very small and practically impossible to compute with a direct simulation. However, using the other interfaces between the states, one can rewrite the flux in terms of transition probabilities between interfaces

${displaystyle k_{AB}=Phi _{1,0}prod _{i=1}^{n-1}P_{A}(i+1|i)}$

where PA(i + 1|i) is the probability for trajectories, coming from state A and crossing interface i, to reach interface i + 1. Here interface 0 defines state A and interface n defines state B. The factor Φ1,0 is the flux through the interface closest to A. By making this interface close enough, the quantity can be computed with a standard simulation, as the crossing event through this interface is not a rare event any more.

Remarkably, in the formula above there is no Markov assumption of independent transition probabilities. The quantities PA(i + 1|i) carry a subscript A to indicate that the probabilities are all dependent on the history of the path, all the way from when it left A. These probabilities can be computed with a path sampling simulation using the TPS shooting move. A path crossing interface i is perturbed and a new path is shot. If the path still starts from A and crosses interface i, is accepted. The probability PA(i + 1|i) follows from the ratio of the number of paths that reach interface i + 1 to the total number of paths in the ensemble.

Theoretical considerations show that TIS computations are at least twice as fast as TPS, and computer experiments have shown that the TIS rate constant can converge up to 10 times faster. A reason for this is due to TIS using paths of adjustable length and on average shorter than TPS. Also, TPS relies on the correlation function C(t), computed by summation of positive and negative terms due to recrossings. TIS instead computes the rate as an effective positive flux, the quantity kAB is directly computed as an average of only positive terms contributing to the interface transition probabilities.

## Time Dependent Processes

TPS/TIS as normally implemented can be acceptable for non-equilibrium calculations provided that the interfacial fluxes are time-independent (stationary). To treat non-stationary systems in which there is time dependence in the dynamics, due either to variation of an external parameter or to evolution of the system itself, then other rare event methods may be needed, such as Stochastic Process Rare Event Sampling.[5]

## Cited references

1. ^ Dellago, Christoph; Bolhuis, Peter G.; Chandler, David (1998). “Efficient transition path sampling: Application to Lennard-Jones cluster rearrangements”. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 108 (22): 9236. Bibcode:1998JChPh.108.9236D. doi:10.1063/1.476378.
2. ^ Chandler, David (1978). “Statistical mechanics of isomerization dynamics in liquids and the transition state approximation”. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 68 (6): 2959. Bibcode:1978JChPh..68.2959C. doi:10.1063/1.436049.
3. ^ Bennett, C. H. (1977). Christofferson, R. (ed.). Algorithms for Chemical Computations, ACS Symposium Series No. 46. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. ISBN 978-0-8412-0371-6.
4. ^ Van Erp, Titus S.; Moroni, Daniele; Bolhuis, Peter G. (2003). “A novel path sampling method for the calculation of rate constants”. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 118 (17): 7762. arXiv:cond-mat/0210614. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.7762V. doi:10.1063/1.1562614. S2CID 94328349.
5. ^ Berryman, Joshua T.; Schilling, Tanja (2010). “Sampling rare events in nonequilibrium and nonstationary systems”. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 133 (24): 244101. arXiv:1001.2456. Bibcode:2010JChPh.133x4101B. doi:10.1063/1.3525099. PMID 21197970. S2CID 34154184.

## More references

For a review of TPS:

For a review of TIS

• Moroni, D. (2005). “DARE”. Efficient sampling of rare event pathways: from simple models to nucleation (Ph.D. thesis). Universiteit van Amsterdam. hdl:11245/1.240856.


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# $(X,T)$ is countably compact iff every countable family of closed sets with the finite intersection property has non-empty intersection

Prove that a topological space $(X,T)$ is countably compact iff every countable family of closed subsets which has the finite intersection property has a non-empty intersection.

My question is what exactly is this asking in the $\Rightarrow$ direction? If I let $\{F\}$ be a countable family of closed subsets that have the finite intersection property, then $(\forall \{F_i\}_{i=1}^{n})(\bigcap_{i=1}^{n}F_i \neq \emptyset)$. Then doesn't it have a non-empty intersection? Or is this trying to have me prove that $\bigcap_{F_i \in \{F\}} F_i \neq \emptyset$?

• You need to prove an equivalence of two statements $A$ and $B$. To prove this, first assume $A$ and under that assumption prove $B$, second assume $B$ and under that assumption prove $A$. Don't let yourself be confused by how the statements look. – Anon Jun 6 '16 at 15:54
• I understand how to prove "if and only if" statements, but what I'm asking is specifically what ( in the $\Rightarrow$ direction) what the "$B$" statement is asking me to prove. – Oliver G Jun 6 '16 at 15:58

For the forward implication you assume that $X$ is countably compact and try to show that whenever $\mathscr{F}$ is a countable family of closed subsets of $X$ with the finite intersection property, then $\bigcap\mathscr{F}\ne\varnothing$. Thus, the most straightforward way to begin your proof is to let $\mathscr{F}$ be an arbitrary countable family of closed sets in $X$ with the f.i.p.; somehow you need to show that $\bigcap\mathscr{F}\ne\varnothing$.
HINT: Assume that $\bigcap\mathscr{F}=\varnothing$, use $\mathscr{F}$ somehow to get a countable open cover $\mathscr{U}$ of $X$, apply the hypothesis of countable compactness to get a finite subcover of $\mathscr{U}$, and somehow use that finite subcover to derive a contradiction. This contradiction shows that $\bigcap\mathscr{F}$ cannot be empty after all.


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TheInfoList

The ionosphere (/ˈɒnəˌsfɪər/[1][2]) is the ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) altitude[3], a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important role in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth.[4]

Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere

In the early 1930s, test transmissions of Radio Luxembourg inadvertently provided evidence of the first radio modification of the ionosphere; HAARP ran a

In the early 1930s, test transmissions of Radio Luxembourg inadvertently provided evidence of the first radio modification of the ionosphere; HAARP ran a series of experiments in 2017 using the eponymous Luxembourg Effect.[7]

Edward V. Appleton was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1947 for his confirmation in 1927 of the existence of the ionosphere. Lloyd Berkner first measured the height and density of the ionosphere. This permitted the first complete theory of short-wave radio propagation. Maurice V. Wilkes and J. A. Ratcliffe researched the topic of radio propagation of very long radio waves in the ionosphere. Vitaly Ginzburg has developed a theory of electromagnetic wave propagation in plasmas such as the ionosphere.

In 1962, the Canadian satellite Alouette 1 was launched to study the ionosphere. Following its success were Alouette 2 in 1965 and the two ISIS satellites in 1969 and 1971, further AEROS-A and -B in 1972 and 1975, all for measuring the ionosphere.

On July 26, 1963 the first operational geosynchronous satellite Syncom 2 was launched.[8] The board radio beacons on this satellite (and its successors) enabled – for the first time – the measurement of total electron content (TEC) variation along a radio beam from geostationary orbit to an earth receiver. (The rotation of the plane of polarization directly measures TEC along the path.) Australian geophysicist Elizabeth Essex-Cohen from 1969 onwards was using this technique to monitor the atmosphere above Australia and Antarctica.[9]

The ionosphere is a shell of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules that surrounds the Earth, stretching from a height of about 50 km (31 mi) to more than 1,000 km (620 mi). It exists primarily due to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

The lowest part of the Earth's atmosphere, the troposphere extends from the surface to about 10 km (6.2 mi). Above that is the Earth's atmosphere, the troposphere extends from the surface to about 10 km (6.2 mi). Above that is the stratosphere, followed by the mesosphere. In the stratosphere incoming solar radiation creates the ozone layer. At heights of above 80 km (50 mi), in the thermosphere, the atmosphere is so thin that free electrons can exist for short periods of time before they are captured by a nearby positive ion. The number of these free electrons is sufficient to affect radio propagation. This portion of the atmosphere is partially ionized and contains a plasma which is referred to as the ionosphere.

Ultraviolet (UV), X-ray and shorter wavelengths of solar radiation are ionizing, since photons at these frequencies contain sufficient energy to dislodge an electron from a neutral gas atom or molecule upon absorption. In this process the light electron obtains a high velocity so that the temperature of the created electronic gas is much higher (of the order of thousand K) than the one of ions and neutrals. The reverse process to ionization is recombination, in which a free electron is "captured" by a positive ion. Recombination occurs spontaneously, and causes the emission of a photon carrying away the energy produced upon recombination. As gas density increases at lower altitudes, the recombination process prevails, since the gas molecules and ions are closer together. The balance between these two processes determines the quantity of ionization present.

Ionization depends primarily on the Sun and its activity. The amount of ionization in the ionosphere varies greatly with the amount of radiation received from the Sun. Thus there is a diurnal (time of day) effect and a seasonal effect. The local winter hemisphere is tipped away from the Sun, thus there is less received solar radiation. The activity of the Sun modulates following the solar cycle, with more radiation occurring with more sunspots, with a periodicity of around 11 years. Radiation received also varies with geographical location (polar, auroral zones, mid-latitudes, and equatorial regions). There are also mechanisms that disturb the ionosphere and decrease the ionization. There are disturbances such as solar flares and the associated release of charged particles into the solar wind which reaches the Earth and interacts with its geomagnetic field.

Sydney Chapman proposed that the region below the ionosphere be called neutrosphere[10] (the neutral atmosphere).[11][12]

At night the F layer is the only layer of significant ionization present, while the ionization in the E and D layers is extremely low. During the day, the D and E layers become much more heavily ionized, as does the F layer, which develops an additional, weaker region of ionisation known as the F1 layer. The F2 layer persists by day and night and is the main region responsible for the refraction and reflection of radio waves.

### D layer

The D layer is the innermost layer, 60 km (37 mi) to 90 km (56 mi) above the surface of the Earth. Ionization here is due to Lyman series-alpha hydrogen radiation at a wavelength of 121.6 nanometre (nm) ionizing nitric oxide (NO). In addition, high solar activity can generate hard X-rays (wavelength < 1 nm) that ionize N2 and O2. Recombination rates are high in the D layer, so there are many more neutral air molecules than ions.

Medium frequency (MF) and lower high frequency (HF)

The D layer is the innermost layer, 60 km (37 mi) to 90 km (56 mi) above the surface of the Earth. Ionization here is due to Lyman series-alpha hydrogen radiation at a wavelength of 121.6 nanometre (nm) ionizing nitric oxide (NO). In addition, high solar activity can generate hard X-rays (wavelength < 1 nm) that ionize N2 and O2. Recombination rates are high in the D layer, so there are many more neutral air molecules than ions.

Medium frequency (MF) and lower high frequency (HF) radio waves are significantly attenuated within the D layer, as the passing radio waves cause electrons to move, which then collide with the neutral molecules, giving up their energy. Lower fre

Medium frequency (MF) and lower high frequency (HF) radio waves are significantly attenuated within the D layer, as the passing radio waves cause electrons to move, which then collide with the neutral molecules, giving up their energy. Lower frequencies experience greater absorption because they move the electrons farther, leading to greater chance of collisions. This is the main reason for absorption of HF radio waves, particularly at 10 MHz and below, with progressively less absorption at higher frequencies. This effect peaks around noon and is reduced at night due to a decrease in the D layer's thickness; only a small part remains due to cosmic rays. A common example of the D layer in action is the disappearance of distant AM broadcast band stations in the daytime.

During solar proton events, ionization can reach unusually high levels in the D-region over high and polar latitudes. Such very rare events are known as Polar Cap Absorption (or PCA) events, because the increased ionization significantly enhances the absorption of radio signals passing through the region.[13] In fact, absorption levels can increase by many tens of dB during intense events, which is enough to absorb most (if not all) transpolar HF radio signal transmissions. Such events typically last less than 24 to 48 hours.

The E layer is the middle layer, 90 km (56 mi) to 150 km (93 mi) above the surface of the Earth. Ionization is due to soft X-ray (1–10 nm) and far ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation ionization of molecular oxygen (O2). Normally, at oblique incidence, this layer can only reflect radio waves having frequencies lower than about 10 MHz and may contribute a bit to absorption on frequencies above. However, during intense sporadic E events, the Es layer can reflect frequencies up to 50 MHz and higher. The vertical structure of the E layer is primarily determined by the competing effects of ionization and recombination. At night the E layer weakens because the primary source of ionization is no longer present. After sunset an increase in the height of the E layer maximum increases the range to which radio waves can travel by reflection from the layer.

This region is also known as the Kennelly–Heaviside layer or simply the Heaviside layer. Its existence was predicted in 1902 independently and almost simultaneously by the American electrical engineer This region is also known as the Kennelly–Heaviside layer or simply the Heaviside layer. Its existence was predicted in 1902 independently and almost simultaneously by the American electrical engineer Arthur Edwin Kennelly (1861–1939) and the British physicist Oliver Heaviside (1850–1925). In 1924 that its existence was detected by Edward V. Appleton and Miles Barnett.

The Es layer (sporadic E-layer) is characterized by small, thin clouds of intense ionization, which can support reflection of radio waves, rarely up to 225 MHz. Sporadic-E events may last for just a few minutes to several hours. Sporadic E propagation makes VHF-operating radio amateurs very excited, as propagation paths that are generally unreachable can open up. There are multiple causes of sporadic-E that are still being pursued by researchers. This propagation occurs most frequently during the summer months when high signal levels may be reached. The skip distances are generally around 1,640 km (1,020 mi). Distances for one hop propagation can be anywhere from 900 km (560 mi) to 2,500 km (1,600 mi). Double-hop reception over 3,500 km (2,200 mi) is possible.

### F layer

F layer or region, also known as the Appleton–Barnett layer, extends from about 150 km (93 mi) to more than 500 km (310 mi) above the surface of Earth. It is the layer with the highest electron density, which implies signals penetrating this layer will escape into space. Electron production is dominated by extreme ultraviolet (UV, 10–100 nm) radiation ionizing atomic oxygen. The F layer consists of one layer (F2) at night, but during the day, a secondary peak (labelled F1) often forms in the electron density profile. Because the F2 layer remains by day and night, it is responsible for most skywave propagation of radio waves and long distance high frequency (HF, or shortwave) radio communications.

Above the F layer, the number of oxygen ions decreases and lighter ions such as hydrogen and helium become dominant. This region above the F layer peak and below the plasmasphere is called the topside ionosphere.

From 1972 to 1975 NASA launched the Above the F layer, the number of oxygen ions decreases and lighter ions such as hydrogen and helium become dominant. This region above the F layer peak and below the plasmasphere is called the topside ionosphere.

From 1972 to 1975 NASA launched the AEROS and AEROS B satellites to study the F region.[14]

An ionospheric model is a mathematical description of the ionosphere as a function of location, altitude, day of year, phase of the sunspot cycle and geomagnetic activity. Geophysically, the state of the ionospheric plasma may be described by four parameters: electron density, electron and ion temperature and, since several species of ions are present, ionic composition. Radio propagation depends uniquely on electron density.

Models are usually expressed as computer programs. The model may be based on basic physics of the interactions of the ions and electrons with the neutral atmosphere and sunlight, or it may be a statistical description based on a large number of observations or a combination of physics and observations. One of the most widely used models is the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI),[15] which is based on data and specifies the four parameters just mentioned. The IRI is an international project sponsored by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI).[16] The major data sources are the worldwide network of ionosondes, the powerful incoherent scatter radars (Jicamarca, Arecibo, Millstone Hill, Malvern, St Santin), the ISIS and Alouette topside sounders, and in situ instruments on several satellites and rockets. IRI is updated yearly. IRI is more accurate in describing the variation of the electron density from bottom of the ionosphere to the altitude of maximum density than in describing the total electron content (TEC). Since 1999 this model is "International Standard" for the terrestrial ionosphere (standard TS16457).

Ionograms allow deducing, via computation, the true shape of the different layers. Nonhomogeneous structure of the electron/ion-plasma produces rough echo traces, seen predominantly at night and at higher latitudes, and during disturbed conditions.

### Winter anomaly

At mid-latitudes, the F2 layer daytime ion production is higher in the s

At mid-latitudes, the F2 layer daytime ion production is higher in the summer, as expected, since the Sun shines more directly on the Earth. However, there are seasonal changes in the molecular-to-atomic ratio of the neutral atmosphere that cause the summer ion loss rate to be even higher. The result is that the increase in the summertime loss overwhelms the increase in summertime production, and total F2 ionization is actually lower in the local summer months. This effect is known as the winter anomaly. The anomaly is always present in the northern hemisphere, but is usually absent in the southern hemisphere during periods of low solar activity.


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# Finding The Number

Level pending

The sum of a number and its positive square root is 6/25. If the number can be expressed in the form a/b, then find the value of a+b.

×


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# What is the runtime complexity of MATLAB operation A*B where A and B are general sparse matrices?

I tried to search the answer and I found that method cs_multiply from this book has been adopted for the purpose of multiplication of two general sparse matrices in MATLAB.

In the book it says that "The time taken by this method (A * B) is O(n + f +|B|), where f is the number of floating-point operations performed (f dominates the run time unless A has one or more columns with no entries, in which case either n or |B| can be greater than f)"

So what does this |B| stand for? What should be the runtime complexity in Big-O notation?

Any help will be appreciated.Thanks in advance

-
$|B|$ is likely the number of nonzero entries of $B$. –  Christian Clason Dec 9 '12 at 9:51
What is $n$ in this case? –  Mohammad Fawaz Dec 9 '12 at 19:35
@Fawaz - that would usually denote the number of rows. –  Christian Clason Dec 9 '12 at 22:51
As a general rule, the by far dominant aspect of multiplying two sparse matrices is not actually any floating point computations, but it is forming and allocating the sparsity pattern of the resulting sparse matrix. If $A,B$ are two sparse matrices, then $AB$ is in general sparse as well, but far less so -- it will have many more entries per row, and there is significant work involved in determining which ones these are and in allocating the resulting memory. This will take far longer than actually multiplying out the respective elements unless $A,B$ were already pretty dense.
A second rule is to not form the product between two sparse matrices unless you can't help it. For example, if $X=AB$ and you later need $X$ to form products of the kind $b=Xa$ where $a,b$ are vectors, then you will almost always be better off by computing $b$ as $b=A(Ba)$, i.e., by using two matrix-vector products rather than one matrix-vector product with the product matrix $X$.


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New ReleaseD3D9Client Development

SolarLiner

It's necessary, TARS.
Depth information shouldn't have anything to do with how the glow is affected. Besides, if we attenuate based on the distance then there would be no glow anymore coming from the sun nor the atmosphere... which would defeat the very purpose of the shader.

Once HDR is there, there'll be a way to only apply bloom to truly bright sources. Now it's just a hack, and an experiment.
By the way, since it looks like this is evolving into a general post-processing shader, I suggest renaming the shader accordingly. Also adding a VertexShader function, too.

DaveS

Space Shuttle Ultra Project co-developer
Donator
Beta Tester
Applying that effect/look into existing orbiter model, textures and material could be a challenge. It could require some color transforms for textures and materials which would result compatibility issues with the DX7. I guess we have little less freedom and flexibility than regular game developers. They don't have compatibility issues to worry about.
I think it might be worth posting a poll about the general feeling about compatibility with DX7. Last month I got a 27" Acer Predator IPS panel and since then the inline client refuses to work, even with the resolution at 1920x1080 like before. I think the inline client is on the ropes and it will just get worse. So getting as far away from it might be the better choice here.

So to me it makes no difference if D3D9Client breaks compatibility with the inline client.

Urwumpe

Not funny anymore
Donator
I agree there - DirectX 7 is already so long obsolete (DirectX 12 is already norm), that it could gently be phased out. DirectX 9 already feels like a good baseline.

On the blur issue - it is too artistic. It only makes sense in Orbiter if you would also reduce brightness for everything else away from the centerline of the camera, like you are directly watching at somebody walking towards you in front of bright spotlights.

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SolarLiner

It's necessary, TARS.
I share the same feelings here. D3D9 is the only way I play Orbiter now. The last time I opened the inline one was by mistake, and it was a year ago (not counting opening the beta ones, because I did open them to check out the new terrain feature at the time). So whether or not D3D9 breaks compatibility isn't such a problem with me, the only thing it does is holding us back.

4throck

Enthusiast !
Same here. I think compatibility is not a problem. At worse an add-on creator may need to release a different texture set for the inline client.

marcogavazzeni

hello guys, I do not know if this problem is already present, the runway lights are more shallow than the strip that is more high than at sea level.
This only happens using D3D9.

In normal mode

With D3D9

If the problem was known,i m sorry.

SolarLiner

It's necessary, TARS.

I merged the two versions, one I had and the other from TestBuild5, as I realized jarmonik released it right before seeing I had made some changes. So here it is again!
BTW I made a whole album with nothing but Orbiter 2016 shots in 4k there: http://imgur.com/a/FlBFU

Changes to LightBlur.hlsl:
- Added the BufferDivider, PassCount and BufferFormat from jarmo's version
- Set up a "LUT Intensity" parameters that blends between original and color corrected image
- Added a vibrance pass which should help in reducing the "washed out" effect some were reporting (check the screenshots)

I think we can remove the falloff thing at the blending stage as it was doing the purpose of a "poor man's bright pass" effect. Also now that we can control the down-sampling of the blur buffer, it's even less costly to do large blurs, so thanks for that jarmo! :thumbup:

Attachments

• LightBlur.zip
1.7 KB · Views: 20

jarmonik

Well-known member
Orbiter Contributor
Beta Tester
Here is a new experimental set of shaders with HDR.

I have looked into the implementation of HDR and one problem is that a floating point backbuffer has no limitations in a dynamic range but the image still needs to be "composed" to a range form 0.0 to 1.0 before it can be visualized on a screen.

One solution could be a normalization of a color:

out_color = color / max(1, max(color.r, max(color.g, color.b)));

This has at-least following benefits:
- No changes required to current textures or materials
- Perfectly linear
- Any bright pixel going above 1.0 will retain it's original color. No color shift towards white.

An other HDR related issue is a brightness difference between white lambertian surface and metallic surface. In a literature a BRDF's are usually defined as F() = d/PI + s, where the diffuse term is divided by PI. For simplicity, I have multiplied the specular term by PI. Sun light intensity and specular multiplier can be defined from LightBlur.hlsl In the current implementation, Earth's atmospheric intensity does not go beyond 1.0 and no changes are being made there anytime soon.

So, is that actually fact ? White lambertian surface would reflect 1/PI less light than mirror to optimal direction ?

PHP:
// Other configurations ------------------------------------------------
//
#define fSunIntensity	1.0	// Sunlight intensity
#define fSunSpecular	3.14	// Specular multiplier

Also, the specular/reflection color has been changed from RGB to sRGB color space. It's approximately RGB = pow(sRGB, 2.2) however the current approximation pushes it little further down to RGB = pow(sRGB, 2.0) to reduce computation costs.

Based on how I have understood the concept of micro surface roughness, 1.0 = mirror smooth and 0.0 = lambertian surface (i.e. diffuse only). So, any roughness approaching to zero will also reduce specular/reflection color to zero. Also, Ward's BRDF doesn't work with very rough materials.

Martin mentioned a word "release candidate" in a beta thread and there is a new video published without "Beta" text in a splash screen. So, I guess it's better to start focusing building a stable release pretty soon. So, it's probably not a good idea to start pushing the HDR any further at this point. (i.e. beyond meshes and post processing)

I don't really like very large and complex shaders, so, it might be good idea to split the shaders to a basic shader (i.e. PBR.fx) and an advanced shader that would support more textures and features.

Rendering tasks for a basic PBR.fx:
* All non-textured objects
* Textured objects with
- Normal map (_norm)
- Roughness map (_rghn)
- Reflection map (_refl)
- Emission map (_emis)

- Specular map (_spec)
- Translucence map (_transl)
- Transmittance map (_transm)
- Anisotropic roughness map (_anis)

The next thing to do is to implement local light sources in a per pixel basis. This would likely mean that:
- Number of active light sources per scene could increase to 16 or 32
- Number of active light sources per mesh or mesh group would reduce down to 8 or 4 based on performance settings.

EDIT: Also, since the taste of post processing seems to wary, we could have a combo-box selector in a launchpad from where to change the effect. Which would allow to distribute multiple variants with the client.

.

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SolarLiner

It's necessary, TARS.
Here is a new experimental set of shaders with HDR.

I have looked into the implementation of HDR and one problem is that a floating point backbuffer has no limitations in a dynamic range but the image still needs to be "composed" to a range form 0.0 to 1.0 before it can be visualized on a screen.

Ahh, tone-mapping. There are only so many algorithms that 'converts' HDR into LDR. Linearization is one thing, but I think a good way to do it is by emulating a photoreceptor to some extent.
Reinhard is almost an 'industry standard' when it comes to that, but many games do it differently. There simply is no answer to the question "How do I turn a HDR into LDR?" - or, well, the only valid answer could be "it's a matter of taste".

Personally, Reinhard tonemapping wouldn't hold here; with the beautiful scattering the Earth gets, colors would get washed out and the darker areas would lose contrast. Uncharted 2 had a solution to this problem by having a more tweakable tonemapping equation. (BTW, Hable John's slides on HDR Lighting here, it's a good read)

In fact, the Uncharted 2 technique is based on a filmic curve, because it mimics the response to film, and that looks real good. But, in order to make it truly working, we'd have to get local white points, that is, looking up the brightness value from an average of the brightness over a part of the image (as opposed to the whole image at once). This can be looked up using the Desaturate() function I used in the LightBlur effect, and sampled from a 2x2 or 4x4 mipmap of the backbuffer.

This will also serve as a "poor man's auto-exposure" before a real one is implemented, because I think it should be part of the post processing at this point.

In the current implementation, Earth's atmospheric intensity does not go beyond 1.0 and no changes are being made there anytime soon.
And that's a shame here because IIRC there is a HDR tonemapping pass to restrict to a [0,1] range on the atmospheric shader pass. In a way, we would only move the tonemapping pass to the post-process, and that would also allow for a better integration.

Also, the specular/reflection color has been changed from RGB to sRGB color space. It's approximately RGB = pow(sRGB, 2.2) however the current approximation pushes it little further down to RGB = pow(sRGB, 2.0) to reduce computation costs.

Based on how I have understood the concept of micro surface roughness, 1.0 = mirror smooth and 0.0 = lambertian surface (i.e. diffuse only). So, any roughness approaching to zero will also reduce specular/reflection color to zero. Also, Ward's BRDF doesn't work with very rough materials.

Martin mentioned a word "release candidate" in a beta thread and there is a new video published without "Beta" text in a splash screen. So, I guess it's better to start focusing building a stable release pretty soon. So, it's probably not a good idea to start pushing the HDR any further at this point. (i.e. beyond meshes and post processing)

I don't really like how we'd be stopping midway through here, but having HDR defined and a post-processing shader ready is I think enough to be destined for a stable release. Props on the work so far! :tiphat:

Rendering tasks for a basic PBR.fx:
* All non-textured objects
* Textured objects with
- Normal map (_norm)
- Roughness map (_rghn)
- Reflection map (_refl)
- Emission map (_emis)

- Specular map (_spec)
- Translucence map (_transl)
- Transmittance map (_transm)
- Anisotropic roughness map (_anis)
Specular maps and reflection maps are one and the same under PBR shading. More accurately, specular hardness is the smoothness (or the inverse of the roughness). Anisotropic roughness would be awesome to implement, and translucence/transmittance would be perfect for solar panels, though I think there's already something in place?

EDIT: Also, since the taste of post processing seems to wary, we could have a combo-box selector in a launchpad from where to change the effect. Which would allow to distribute multiple variants with the client.
I think it'd be better to expose the shader values directly, so one could control the bloom threshold and intensity, perhaps even in realtime if possible.

SolarLiner

It's necessary, TARS.
BTW I'm adding the star texture and sun config I've used for the last screenshots. I think they help a lot here.

I've naively applied the Uncharted tonemapping onto she shader, but there's no proper HDR for now, so it's basically useless at this point. Maybe with another test build?

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• Star.zip
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• 00029.jpg
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kuddel

Donator
Donator
A little something that "annoys" me is the stretching of Mother Earth in the splash screen while launching D3D9 scenarios.
It doesn't happen in plain Orbiter.

The two screens share the same background indeed:

In plain orbiter.exe there are 2 black bands at both sides.
These bands are "removed" in D3D9, hence causing the stretched look.

Please save Mother Earth from being squashed! :rofl:

Hi Ripley,
sorry your "request" was kind of overlooked while all folks are concentrating on "shiny light"
Please try the attached release (hopefully no new errors were introduced meanwhile).
This should "respect the earth proportions" better :lol:

/Kuddel

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jarmonik

Well-known member
Orbiter Contributor
Beta Tester
Ahh, tone-mapping....

This can be looked up using the Desaturate() function I used in the LightBlur effect, and sampled from a 2x2 or 4x4 mipmap of the backbuffer.

Done. 4x4 mipmap is now available in "tTone".

In a way, we would only move the tonemapping pass to the post-process, and that would also allow for a better integration.

Done

Specular maps and reflection maps are one and the same under PBR shading.

True, and I am not going to do anything with specular. But it's kept just is case if someone want's to do some non-PBR stuff.

The CLUT texture is now 2D as requested earlier.

Attachments

• D3D9ClientBeta-TestBuild6.zip
1.7 MB · Views: 31

Eduard

New member
Hi Ripley,
sorry your "request" was kind of overlooked while all folks are concentrating on "shiny light"
Please try the attached release (hopefully no new errors were introduced meanwhile).
This should "respect the earth proportions" better :lol:

/Kuddel

I am experiencing a new problem with this latest build:
Orbiter does not terminate correctly with the "Respawn Orbiter-process" setting (that I always use, so I can be shure that everything is reloaded in the memory) or the "Terminate Orbiter-process" enabled.
When looking in the taskmanager, the process continues running and the Launchpad does not show up again.

The previous version I used was D3D9ClientBeta23.1-forBETA r55(r602).zip en now I am using this latest version D3D9ClientBeta23.3-forBETA r55(r628).zip.

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Ripley

Tutorial translator
Donator
Hi Ripley,
sorry your "request" was kind of overlooked while all folks are concentrating on "shiny light"...
Hi, no problems!
MOAR SHINY LIGHTS!!!

Meanwhile, Earth looks better indeed, but black sidebands don't.
Every time you run a scenario those bands show anything from "snow" (like in the screenshot) to some random-garbled data from memory as some MFD's text/numbers and such.
I realize it's a "super-minor" issue, so you decide if it deserves more dev time.

jarmonik

Well-known member
Orbiter Contributor
Beta Tester
Setback

Looks like we are having a setback with local lights. I thought it might be good idea to reduce the number of active local lights a bit and implement them in a pixel shader to gain a proper light/material interaction. DeltaGlider runs fine but there is a pretty dramatic drop in a frame rate with ISS A to Z. :compbash2:

Vertex lights did not slow down that much a high poly model. Based on how it looks it shouldn't have that many pixels but pixel shader seems to have a great deal of effect on how it runs.

First screen shot with 4-pixel lights, second shot with current PBR.fx shader without local lights, third shot with minimal pixel shader with just a few basic features. Could it be possible that hardware can't run the pixel shaders efficiently when the model is build from a tiny triangles. Most of them are probably less than a pixel in size.

This kind of implementation for local light sources isn't a good idea. So, I guess we need to return back to vertex based approach. Deferred architecture is one option but hard to believe that it would come without a price. Some transparency and material issues would exists and I would expect issues with cloud layer and planetary rings when camera and vessel are on a different side. Hard to say at this point. :crystalball:

EDIT: I also tried SSAA from driver control center for MSAA replacement and the frame rate increased a few frames.
.

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• Basic.jpg
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• Lights.jpg
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• Minimal.jpg
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4throck

Enthusiast !
Tried testbuild6 and it looks fine. The atmosphere and terrain look right!

Concentrating on things that are not OK:
You can see the sun's glow through the terrain. This is not new, and related to not having the terrain (and self) shadows.
View attachment 14476
(that's the Yosemite campsite for all the StarTrek V fans out there :lol

I'd say better shadows are the main thing missing right now.
The fancy texturing support is good as it is, at least until add-ons start using it.

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kuddel

Donator
Donator
Hi, no problems!
MOAR SHINY LIGHTS!!!

Meanwhile, Earth looks better indeed, but black sidebands don't.
Every time you run a scenario those bands show anything from "snow" (like in the screenshot) to some random-garbled data from memory as some MFD's text/numbers and such.
I realize it's a "super-minor" issue, so you decide if it deserves more dev time.

Thanks for the report,
though I haven't seen that "noise" (uninitialized area, I think) here,
I think I have to take a closer look into it. Hopefully I can reproduce this here...
By the way this "fix" wasn't that much for an effort.
The shutdown issue reported by Eduard might be more severe to look at first.

/Kuddel

kuddel

Donator
Donator
Hey Ripley,

could you please try this one? I've added filling the render area with black background first.
Note: No other changes done, so any shutdown-issue should still be there (or miraculously gone )
/Kuddel

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• D3D9Client_splashfix.zip
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SolarLiner

It's necessary, TARS.
TestBuild 6 works fine! :tiphat:

Though the two things to change now would be to boost the intensity of the sun light so it's brighter than the atmosphere; right now with the tonemapping the ships look dull and washed out compared to the atmosphere below. That should go for the star billboard texture as well. Now that we have a way higher dynamic range, we shouldn't be afraid to use it. Tonemapping and exposure adaptation will take care of displaying the scene under a [0,1] range.
EDIT: Actually, that should also go for all emissive materials as well. Exhausts and emissive particle systems also look washed but once properly lighted they'll shine back again.

Speaking of adapration, my idea of a local average kinda failed as the 4x4 mipmap wasn't behaving the way I expected; I'd have thought mipmapping would average the values, but there's some kind of weighting being done that emphasizes the center pixel from what I see, and that in turn gives weird results. So I resorted to a geometric mean but with the 4x4 mipmap and that weird emphasizing it's still behaving weirdly.
So my question is, would a 1x1 mipmap be an average of the whole image? If yes, then could you change that for it?

Attached is how it looks with a standard Reinhard tonemap. Vessels look kinda grayed out because of the aforementioned reasons. I do think that once the sun light intensity is boosted, color will return, and that is too, not including the LUT texture, which I'm going to redo now since tonemapping is enabled.

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• 0000.jpg
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• LightBlur.zip
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kuddel

Donator
Donator
D3D9Client 23.4 (for Orbiter BETA r55)

I am experiencing a new problem with this latest build:
Orbiter does not terminate correctly with the "Respawn Orbiter-process" setting (that I always use, so I can be shure that everything is reloaded in the memory) or the "Terminate Orbiter-process" enabled.
When looking in the taskmanager, the process continues running and the Launchpad does not show up again.

The previous version I used was D3D9ClientBeta23.1-forBETA r55(r602).zip en now I am using this latest version D3D9ClientBeta23.3-forBETA r55(r628).zip.
Thanks for the report Eduard,
attached is the current release that should fix the "Respawn" issue.
/Kuddel

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