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## Latex Table Automatic Line Break

LaTeX specific issues not fitting into one of the other forums of this category. In additio. This already has it formatted for the title page, header, subject headings, reference list, etc. If you need a hard line break, put two or more spaces at the end of a line. In table five we want the very top line to appear, so we highlight that line and either use the tool bar icon or the Borders and Shading window (from Format menu) and ask for the overbar. Printing with Page Breaks 13 May 2001. Although tables have already been covered, it was only the internal syntax that was discussed. tables produced by either the table or longtable environments. You can use tables to create some pretty nifty layouts that would otherwise be difficult in Word. By working with your colleagues and students on Overleaf, you know that you're not going to hit any version inconsistencies or package conflicts. 7: - Fix possible PHP warning. Click the Line and Page Breaks tab. To insert a blank line, just use two break tags, the first one to break to the next line, and the second one to insert a blank line. displays manual page breaks as thick blue lines, automatic. When Auto Fill mode breaks a line, it tries to obey the adaptive fill prefix: if a fill prefix can be deduced from the first and/or second line of the current paragraph, it is inserted into the new line (see Adaptive Fill). Overleaf comes with a complete, ready to go LaTeX environment which runs on our servers. - Also we want a line on the bottom of the chart: use underbar. ' However, if you want there to be something on each line, right click on Region, Order Priority and Supplier and select Duplicate for each one (in the data box). The ease of copying and pasting text from Web sites and email greatly simplifies many tasks in Word, but problems often arise in making the pasted text conform to the style of the document into which it is pasted. The tabular environment is the default L a T e X method to create tables. Refinance Break-Even Calculator Overview. LaTeX2HTML replicates the basic structure of a LaTeX document as a set of interconnected HTML files which can be explored using automatically generated navigation panels. The first and the last word are already supported automatically. ) The exception to this is line continuation (see below). my table needs a two line caption as well. Paragraph and line breaks. tex} \end{table} => is there a method how to automatically make sure that the note does a line break when appropriate? As of now the table gets the same breadth as my note, which requires me to manually correct every table I generate. Sphinx use the latex package tabulary to render tables in laTeX. LaTeX Warning: Reference undefined on. I want to display this in a text edit UI element. RTF Add Image & Line Break. He can grab the line with the mouse, like a line in a table, but he can't really move it. Classic HTML tables don't require an additional stylesheet in order to display the grid layout but Div tags do. Welcome to Nevron SSRS Vision The industry leading Chart, Gauge, Map and Barcode components for SSRS. Publishing equations in separate blocks requires a blank line in between blocks. A backslash followed by a newline is also a hard line break. The cursor will move to the next line without a bullet or number. By working with your colleagues and students on Overleaf, you know that you're not going to hit any version inconsistencies or package conflicts. A list of all CSS properties and their initial values. You simply insert some calls to Beamer macros in your LaTeX source file, then run pdflatex. Default or booktabs table style? For more professionally looking tables you probably want to try booktabs package. Short break line. when the table row contains more information its is getting overlapped with the pdf footer. This section aims to introduce the variety of interactions, beginning with the most basic and proceeding to the more unusual and arcane. Some useful tips and tricks in LaTeX. The engine then selects line breaks so as to make paragraphs look as good as possible. is an obsolete HTML element which allowed insertion of empty spaces on pages. Right-click in the table, and. Click the Line and Page Breaks tab. Welcome to Nevron SSRS Vision The industry leading Chart, Gauge, Map and Barcode components for SSRS. Options are (a) include a manual break, as I suggested; (b) edit the text so the line breaks in a different spot; or (c) change the margins or font size so the line breaks in a different spot. Thus TOC 1 inherited 'Page break before' from Heading1, exploding the table over as many pages as there were first-level headings in the document. Here's an example of what he had; both lines are styled with Heading 1: Because each line is in a separate paragraph, Word treats them as two…. Creation and conversion C-c | (org-table-create-or-convert-from-region) Convert the active region to a table. About LATEX LATEX (pronounced either “Lay-tech” or “Lah-tech”) is a portable document formatting system based on TEX (pronounced “tech”), a typesetting language originally designed especially for math and. Line breaks in cells in AutoCAD tables. To remove it, put the cursor at the left end of the dotted line and press the Delete key. If you tell it to insert a new line, and place that mergefield on the same line as the one before/after (depending on which switch you use), then the line you're concerned about is only created if the field is not empty. When you copy text from some sources, line-breaks from the original source will cause the text to look wrong in different width presentations. Removing all manual word / line breaks in. You can use tables to create some pretty nifty layouts that would otherwise be difficult in Word. I have tried /P but that does not work. Objects can have borders with various types of line. spacing in math mode > line break within table cell side by side tables. There are a lot of excel formatting features that would be nice in Power BI but at the top of my list is word. Not a member of Pastebin yet? Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!. They can be used to start a new paragraph in Microsoft Word. It works in a. For the record, there really isn't anything wrong with just chucking a. no line break. For the contents page of the MediaWiki technical manual, see Manual:Contents. rgroupand it will be added to all elements, including the rgroup elements. That is fine, because you can, indeed, add a line break in Dreamweaver without resorting to code view. In Python, break and continue statements can alter the flow of a normal loop. The CSS grid-gap property sets the gutters between the rows of a grid. 09 layered on T X v2. LaTeX Warning: Reference undefined on. equation mathematical expressions Mathematical symbols latex package figure table autoref beamer convert numbering symbol references. 11 Double-column equations in a two-column layout. breakwhitespace - sets if automatic breaks should only happen at whitespaces breaklines - automatic line-breaking keepspaces - keep spaces in the code, useful for indetation tabsize - default tabsize escapeinside - specify characters to escape from source code to L a T e X (e. The registry key described in Line Wrapping Does Not Appear As Expected When You Send E-Mail Messages in Outlook 2003 works in Outlook 2007, 2010, and 2013 to control line breaks in email sent using an SMTP server. Although tables have already been covered, it was only the internal syntax that was discussed. Skip to content. and pdfLATEX without changing. ===== The reStructuredText_ Cheat Sheet: Syntax Reminders Line blocks preserve line breaks & indents. However, tables can get quite complicated in LaTeX due mostly to assumptions about what the compiler will do with the input. These are useful for separating paragraphs from each other, without the space registering as an empty line that can have. I suppose one solution would be to insert a line break before the final }: This is bla% \footnote{This is a footnote followed by a comma. \Huge largest of available typefaces. We treat an aafig directive as a code block with attributes, so it can be processed in a filter (#1212). The cell is not wide enough to contain the whole text, so there is an automatic line break after the "/" even though "abcdef/+ghi" would fit into the line. Trend line breaks should not be the final arbiter, but should serve merely as a warning that a change in trend may be imminent. Sum-class symbols, or accumulation symbols, are symbols whose sub- and superscripts appear directly below and above the symbol rather than beside it. Overleaf comes with a complete, ready to go LaTeX environment which runs on our servers. How to prevent the automatic line break with header tags. Select all the paragraphs in the table, display the Line and Page Breaks tab of the Paragraph dialog box and clear the Keep with. The following table shows CSS properties that are supported by most browsers today, along with their allowed values. These pages contain a summary of those LaTeX features that may be helpful to know to fill in and to "latex" your Web version of the NOAO observing run proposal form successfully. Controlling page breaks in tables and table styles. To cite the regulations in this volume use title, part and section number. This goes for things like equation numbers (Eq. This topic provides example code that uses the ExcelXP tagset to generate XML output. Further automatic line breaks are not inserted. interestingly, if we put \ at the end of a line without test on the next line, it shows up in the text Previous line has an invisible \, this line has it visible\ the last one is visible because an empty line follows it. The registry key described in Line Wrapping Does Not Appear As Expected When You Send E-Mail Messages in Outlook 2003 works in Outlook 2007, 2010, and 2013 to control line breaks in email sent using an SMTP server. This document introduces you to the principles of LaTeX and teaches you the basic commands. Each line having different line type. , a multiline cell — use the HTML. Commands in the preamble of tutorial. some pointers in Automatic line-breaks in tables?. Press Shift + Return to create a single line break. This section aims to introduce the variety of interactions, beginning with the most basic and proceeding to the more unusual and arcane. These combinations work both in Excel for Mac 2011 and the new Excel for Mac 2015. For instance, if you want to print , you must type \beta A, not \betaA. Formatting captions and subcaptions in LaTeX T he captions for figures, tables, subfigures and subtables in LaTeX can be customized in various ways using the caption and subcaption packages. Tables will not be split between two pages. Forced line breaks. For boxes that span many lines, we can use \parbox[pos]{width}{text}. Welcome to Nevron Chart The industry leading Chart and Gauge component for WebForm and MVC applications. If you'd like to get rid of an indent, you can use the \noident command: \ section { Introduction } This is the first paragraph. How do you easily add equation numbers to Microsoft Word 2010 equations? the "table" approach is that it breaks the paragraph. breakwhitespace - sets if automatic breaks should only happen at whitespaces breaklines - automatic line-breaking keepspaces - keep spaces in the code, useful for indetation tabsize - default tabsize escapeinside - specify characters to escape from source code to L a T e X (e. mimetypeOEBPS/cover. Unfortunately, it is also the most commonly misused metacharacter. This gets in the way when manipulating text data. Multi-page tables using \longtable. The character code for a line break in Excel varies depending on the platform. I thought of creating folder inside the table and move all the fields. This is very common so it is good to know how to fix the problem. And while we could just press Enter until that text reaches the top of page four, it could easily be shifted around if we added or deleted something in another part of the document. If possible, add another word to the line, or take one away, so you don't need to split in the first place. I used the dmath enviroment to break the equation, but when the numerator is long, dmath didn't break the formula. How do you easily add equation numbers to Microsoft Word 2010 equations? the "table" approach is that it breaks the paragraph. Now we see why the second section is located too far down the page! There are three extra line breaks, a section break, over two lines of tabs, and a bunch of spaces that were inserted with the space bar. ' However, if you want there to be something on each line, right click on Region, Order Priority and Supplier and select Duplicate for each one (in the data box). \linebreak[n] \nolinebreak[n] line break, keeping line justi ed. {autotoc layout=table} inside the according article. next to each other, or (equivalently) when to break a line. Horizontal rules. How to Insert a Page Break in an Excel Worksheet. So I've tried a lot of combinations with bAutoWidth, {"width" = "XXpx"}, $(id td). In the following table we give both the hexadecimal and ascii equivalents of the characters PowerPoint inserts in each situation. Adjust automatic page breaks. The LaTeX for Physicists Header has the following features: Sets font size to 11pt Includes commonly needed packages Reduces page margins to 0. Jacky Version 1 done # 26-Jan-2000 J. 225 time-saving Hotkeys for Word 2010. How to Insert a Line Break in MS Word. Solution A much more elegant way to solve this problem is using the package tabularx. Select all the paragraphs in the table, display the Line and Page Breaks tab of the Paragraph dialog box and clear the Keep with. If you are new to LaTeX you may also find one of the Leslie Lamport books about LaTeX a handy guide. LaTeX will try to produce the best line breaks possible. If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following four commands for use in math mode: \; - a thick space \: - a medium space \, - a thin space \! - a negative thin space. rahmat maulana 21,048,144 views. I need to make some table where I have one cell which is two row high, and I have long text in it, but it does not break the. CSS Property Reference. MATLAB enables you to insert LaTeX symbols in blocks that are offset from the main comment text. If the content is shorter the length of the longest line is taken. Pandoc will create a latex file and use pdflatex or another engine, see. To insert a page break: In our example, the section headers on page three (Monthly Revenue and By Client) are separated from the table on the page below. Thanks for your answers guys, let me further explain what I am doing. randomhouse. same think with the title in the table of contents. Viewed 854 times 3$\begingroup\$ I have. Whether you are just getting started with LaTeX and wondering what the fuss is about, here to share the clever trick you've discovered, or need urgent help with your bibliography, welcome to the LaTeX subreddit! \section{New to \LATEX ?} Here is a thread with useful links \section{Resources} Extensions to view LaTeX on reddit: Chrome: TeX All. Introducing the TabularX package To fix this problem, we will use the tabularx package and use the tabularx environment:. This generally happens when you add a line break before the figure or table number you’re referencing. I need to make some table where I have one cell which is two row high, and I have long text in it, but it does not break the. 3 Automatic formatting 10 This document gives a gallery of tables which can be made using the xtable package to create ## % latex table generated in R 3. < Home / HTML Tags / Text Tags / no line break no line break Browser. To prevent automatic page breaks from landing in awkward places, such as between lines of text you'd like to keep together, you can adjust the page break settings for selected paragraphs. I appreciate any feedback, so I can create a tool that you love using. Then, place Region (copy), then Order Priority (copy) and Supplier (copy) to the left of the original fields on the rows shelf. ' However, if you want there to be something on each line, right click on Region, Order Priority and Supplier and select Duplicate for each one (in the data box). Improper auto line-break in quoted latex expression. I used the dmath enviroment to break the equation, but when the numerator is long, dmath didn't break the formula. Options are (a) include a manual break, as I suggested; (b) edit the text so the line breaks in a different spot; or (c) change the margins or font size so the line breaks in a different spot. Then place the actual HTML table code within the document's body. rst to bascially act as a director for pulling the docstrings from the code. With Overleaf you get the same LaTeX set-up wherever you go. to let the table have the width deﬁned by the user (see for example table 12 which is obtained with the code at page 14). Line Breaks. 9 9 November 2013 DESCRIPTION NAME SJR AsciiDoc User Guide iii. A paragraph is a unit of text or other content that starts at the beginning of a document, immediately after a hard return (a carriage return), a page break, or a section break, or at the beginning of a table cell, header, footer, or list of footnotes and ends with a hard return (carriage return) or at the end of a table cell. If you don't see the Toolbox tab, select View menu > Toolbox. In this tutorial you will learn how to create tables in MySQL database using PHP. > How do I Break VBA Code into Two or more Lines in Microsoft Excel 2010. Word automatically formats items like quotes, bulleted and numbered lists, and horizontal lines. Page Breaks Inserted by Word. Add a Line Break in HTML: Instructions. You can freely type spaces in equations. How to insert diagonal line to table in Word? Diagonal line is used to split table header cell and set names to a row or column items. Adjusting the line break height adjusts. In table five we want the very top line to appear, so we highlight that line and either use the tool bar icon or the Borders and Shading window (from Format menu) and ask for the overbar. " Make sure all the columns have labels. For instance, if you want to get a line break you type "\n", which does not actually print that string, but inserts a line break. tex, but some are from other sources. OK, to begin with, there's no doubt that the Scripting Guy who writes this column doesn't keep up with the world of fashion;. If there are multiple cells needed to be combined, the formula will be much complicated, here, I will introduce you an easy and handy tool--Kutools for Excel, with its Combine feature, you can quickly merge multiple rows, columns or cells into a cell separated by comma, semicolon, line break and other characters. HTML mailto link. I believe bobmccoy's goal was to teach rather than to give you perfectly working code. I appreciate any feedback, so I can create a tool that you love using. Text Formatting in LaTeX. Making Regression Tables in Stata. The intrinsic content size for a label defaults to the size that displays the entirety of the content on a single line. Text will only wrap on line breaks. You can also add a table to the report from the design surface. Definition and Usage. raw download clone embed report print text 8. Arcade games, Action games, Puzzles, Card games and much more!. If you don't see the Toolbox tab, select View menu > Toolbox. You can combine two or more cells in a table by simply erasing the line that separates them. Re: How to make line break in Text Expression in a Text Box Clarifying it more, I need the output to be appeared like concatenated text to be displayed on top of the expression value. I'm using the xtable function with Sweave and Lyx and I would like to know how to get automatic line breaks % latex table. 75in for more space. Creation and conversion C-c | (org-table-create-or-convert-from-region) Convert the active region to a table. This may affect the placement of its ancestor line-area when the line-stacking-strategy is line-height. Highlight either row 2 or 3 and use either underbar. LaTeX processes all. Page breaks in math environments []. In a PowerPoint presentation have a table with an increasing number of rows. When you type at least three dashes, underscores, or equal signs in a paragraph by themselves and press “Enter”, the characters are automatically converted to a single, thick single, or double horizontal line, respectively. By working with your colleagues and students on ShareLaTeX, you know that you're not going to hit any version inconsistencies or package conflicts. An edited listing of the input for this example appears in Section 8. possibility of a line break after the following hyphen or dash. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. Even if you have only used word processors (e. It is divided in three sections: Reading and parsing a CSV file with multi-line fields (this post) Control fields order with the function ObjCSV_CSV2Collection Converting to a single-line CSV file In most comma-separated-values (CSV) files, each. How to Make Headers for APA, Section Breaks, Line Spacing, and Hanging Indents *Please note: There is now an option to select an APA style report when you are creating a new Word document. To auto line wrap the text Select the component that needs the automatic line wrapping. You have too many &s in a row of a table or array or eqnarray. Troubleshooting guide for unwanted page breaks. How do I add a line break in a report's label control box? 50% OFF* an Expert Office ® subscription. For this to work, you must have \usepackage{amsmath} in the preamble. If you want to choose a different layout for the ToC in different articles you can select either the table layout or the dropdown layout in the global settings as default, and select another visualization with placing eg. For example if we want to display only five records per page and the records of the particular flight or purchase order should be on one page only then we can use page breaks. However, LaTeX does not break lines at the end of the page. Table Won't Flow to Second Page. It is useful to be able to add a blank line, both in text and in other environments like figures. These tutorials, provide a hands-on introduction to LaTeX. It is very important for a consistent reading. 40 7 Emacs and IEEEeqnarray42 8 Some Useful De nitions43 9 Some Final Remarks and Acknowledgments45 Index 45 Over the years this manual has grown to quite an extended size. Don’t worry: we will make a new Table of contents during conversion. The only exception are line break characters. ) Headers and Footers. Adjust Table Columns in Word (Auto Fit) You can manually adjust the width of any table; however, the following tips may allow you to fine-tune your tables with less effort. This example shows how to subfigures can be arranged row-by-row using the \par command:. Also, C-o inserts a newline without line breaking. Extension: escaped_line_breaks. Please suggest a solution for not to overlap with the footer. \subsection{Writing classes and packages for \LaTeXe} \LaTeX{} is a document preparation system that enables the document writer to concentrate on the contents of their text, without bothering too much about the formatting of it. Active 6 years, 9 months ago. css(width, XX), set in table definition in html, changing width of the td with. We treat an aafig directive as a code block with attributes, so it can be processed in a filter (#1212). How do I achieve an automatic linebreak for these fields, right now the lines get cut when I export the report as PDF. - karlkoeller Mar 20 '14 at 21:10. Note: in multiline and grid table cells, this is the only way to create a hard line break, since trailing spaces in the cells are ignored. The usual command in LaTeX for this is \\, but that does not work in table columns. ) The exception to this is line continuation (see below). Line breaks are different than most of the tags we have seen so far. There is one automatic line-break / CR gets added after image, is there anyway to stop this happening. Before outputting a row, it is necessary to know whether it will cause a break or not. When writing technical documents, it is often required for tables to not wrap across columns and page breaks, so that all data from a given table are displayed in one place. Microsoft Access / VBA Forums on Bytes. Troubleshooting guide for unwanted page breaks. -4- Pasting (Ctrl+V) a piece of Writer text containing paragraph breaks into a single cell is not supported. Hide empty cell: 7. If you have limited time, read Section4. Since the processing of line breaks is added by WordPress we cannot expect it to change the way it works. And \linebreak or \newline will create one. MultiMarkdown table support is designed to handle most tables for most people; it doesn’t cover all tables for all people. Demonstrates how to insert line breaks ("text wrapping" breaks) in Word 2013. border As each of the properties for border width and border color. You can then explicitly specify line breaks in paragrphs using the BR element. avoid Avoids any break (page, column, or region) from being inserted right before the principal box. CSS Property Reference. Ask Question Asked 10 years, 2 months ago. That's good, except when you do not want that behavior. I've been using LyX for quite a while now, but now i faced a problem i never had before: in paragraph titles, there is no line break, so the title goes over the margin of the mage. LaTeX: Prevent line break in a span of text. Textual search and query replace 0. How To Delete A Hard Page Break In Excel Add a manual page break in Word 2010, and adjust page breaks automatically by Outlook. I am trying to plot a line of best fit on my dataset in R: abline(lm(y~x)) However the line goes all the way through the entire graph. To prevent automatic page breaks from landing in awkward places, such as between lines of text you'd like to keep together, you can adjust the page break settings for selected paragraphs. If it were set to auto instead, then breaks would be permitted. You simply make a. Although tables have already been covered, it was only the internal syntax that was discussed. The sporadic (automatic) saves and type setting processes will force writing breaks while you are waiting for the programme to complete its task. KeepWithNext sometimes keeps this paragraph on the same page as the next paragraph. The linking of LaTeX environments and commands to LyX is well documented elsewhere on this website. properties attribute set, then none of your tables, examples, figures, or equations will be broken across page boundaries. Several examples are given below. Breaking the document flow in L a T e X is not recommended unless you are creating a macro. Unfortunately, it is also the most commonly misused metacharacter. 0 urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container content. It makes producing attractive, professional-looking documents as easy as making a text file. Thanks for your answers guys, let me further explain what I am doing. However, this works for me: ="Before line break"&CHAR(10)&"after line break". Record only files required to generate the LaTeX source as dependencies. here we are using longtable for table creation. For which caption, select the figure/table you’re referring to. In regular expressions, the dot or period is one of the most commonly used metacharacters. Be sure to place the styles (i. It doesn't recognise the line breaks if you use an emoji or a little space before or after a line break. Table of Contents 1 Introduction the rest of a line is ignored by the compiler) Introduction to LATEX Paragraphs and other breaks. Automatic line breaking in LaTeX equations. Specifies that updates be allowed while viewing the data in a DB-Library browse mode cursor. Invaluable for creating content for presentations in powerpoint and keynote. Respect automatic table column sizing. There are minor variations and discrepancies between Markdown processors — those are noted inline wherever possible. More than one cells are used in this case. tex set wrap linebreak nolist textwidth=0 wrapmargin=0 --Eduardoconto 20:48, February 8, 2013 (UTC). (after all it is a workaround ;-) The automatically line break would be enabled globally, but you're probably right that there should be a way to disable it for certain lines. renderToString. Updates: 0. Type thee underlines and you get a bold single line. I have some text in a table and I want to add a forced line break. FIGURE/TABLE/EQUATION NUMBERING • Allow the LaTeX style files to auto-number your figures, equations, and tables (i. Line Break in Chapter Heading but not in. Select the text containing the line breaks that you want to remove. Indicates where to begin the next line after the break. Adjust automatic page breaks. How to use the Code. GFM is a strict superset of CommonMark. If you can write basic LATEX, you can easily make a Beamer presentation. Right-click in the table, and choose Table. You can make adjustments to your new table with the two interactive instant source editors where you can edit the code easily. If you want to choose a different layout for the ToC in different articles you can select either the table layout or the dropdown layout in the global settings as default, and select another visualization with placing eg. Turn data collection into an experience with Typeform. LaTeX ignores extra spaces and line breaks in the middle of a paragraph, so you don't need to worry about having these. 1 or a later release, and then open the XML files in Microsoft Excel 2002 or later. Welcome to Nevron Chart The industry leading Chart and Gauge component for WebForm and MVC applications. I am doing everything Dynamically on Code Behind. Basically, this function will scan for the existence of \n. The result of the concatenation is text with line breaks: Traci Brown¬ 1301 Robinson Court¬ Saginaw, MI 48607. However, tables can get quite complicated in LaTeX due mostly to assumptions about what the compiler will do with the input. Now we see why the second section is located too far down the page! There are three extra line breaks, a section break, over two lines of tabs, and a bunch of spaces that were inserted with the space bar. You cannot delete the page breaks that Word inserts automatically. In order to access all the math functions and symbols we will introduce in the guide pages, you'll have to include a number of packages. To prevent a line break from occurring, use the tilde character (~) instead of a space, like this: Mr. I want the text to be printed fully till the size of the window. As an alternative, Control+Command+Enter can also be used to achieve the same. To create an uninterrupted, intact vertical line across double hlines requires workaround: create an empty row and set the line break height using something like \\[-0. Troubleshooting guide for unwanted page breaks. 1 Introduction to tables. Extension: escaped_line_breaks. Solution A much more elegant way to solve this problem is using the package tabularx.


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# NEET Questions Solved

An observer standing at station observes frequency 219 Hz when a train approaches and 184 Hz when train goes away from him. If velocity of sound in air is 340 m/s, then velocity of train and actual frequency of whistle will be

(1) $15.5\text{\hspace{0.17em}}m{s}^{-1},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}200\text{\hspace{0.17em}}Hz$

(2) $19.5\text{\hspace{0.17em}}m{s}^{-1},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}205\text{\hspace{0.17em}}Hz$

(3) $29.5\text{\hspace{0.17em}}m{s}^{-1},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}200\text{\hspace{0.17em}}Hz$

(4) $32.5\text{\hspace{0.17em}}m{s}^{-1},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}205\text{\hspace{0.17em}}Hz$

(3) When train is approaching frequency heard by the observer is

${n}_{a}=n\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(\frac{v}{v-{v}_{S}}\right)$$219=n\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(\frac{340}{340-{v}_{S}}\right)$ …(i)

when train is receding (goes away), frequency heard by the observer is

${n}_{r}=n\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(\frac{v}{v+{v}_{s}}\right)$$184=n\left(\frac{340}{340+{v}_{s}}\right)$ …(ii)

On solving equation (i) and (ii) we get

$n=200Hz$ and ${v}_{S}=29.5m/s.$

Difficulty Level:

• 12%
• 45%
• 41%
• 4%

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# Characteristic polynomial of a generic n*n matric

Let $K$ be a field, and $F_K$ be the fraction field of the polynomial ring $R_K$ in $n^2$ indeterminates $X_{11},X_{12},...,X_{nn}$ over $K$. Now set $A = (X_{ij})_{i,j} \in M_n (F_K)$, and let $\chi_A$ be the characteristic polynomial of $A$.

Question : Is it always true that $\chi_A$ is irreducible over $F_K$ ?

Some thoughts :

• Since $R_K$ is a UFD, it is sufficient to check irreducibility in $R_K[X]$.
• If $|K| \geq n$, then $\chi_A$ is separable (by evaluation of $A$ to a diagonal matrix with distinct diagonal entries).
• If $K[X]$ contains some irreducible $f$ of degree $n$, then this is true (just evaluate $A$ to the companion matrix of $f$ and observe that the evaluation morphism cannot increase degrees). For example, this yields the result when $K = \mathbb{Q}$ or when $K$ is a finite field.
• More generally, a non trivial factor of $\chi_A$ is unlikely to exist, since it would give a generic factorization of the characteristic polynomial of a $n \times n$ matrix with coefficients in $K$.

Even in the case $K=\mathbb{C}$, I cannot prove (or disprove) the irreducibility of $\chi_A$.

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Assume it is reducible. Then it stays so after adjoining a new variable $X$. I think over the field $K(X)$ you will find an irreducible polynomial $f$ of degree $n$, a candidate would be $f(T)=T^n-X$. –  doug May 18 '12 at 18:43
In case it's not obvious, this polynomial is always irreducible, by Eisenstein's criterion modulo $X$. –  Will Sawin May 18 '12 at 23:31

If it were reducible, all $n\times n$ matrices over any field extension of $K$ would have reducible characteristic polynomials. But consider the companion matrix of an irreducible polynomial over some not algebraically closed field extension of $K$.


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## What Is Present Value (PV)?

Present value (PV) is the current value of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows given a specified rate of return. Future cash flows are discounted at the discount rate, and the higher the discount rate, the lower the present value of the future cash flows. Determining the appropriate discount rate is the key to properly valuing future cash flows, whether they be earnings or debt obligations.

### Key Takeaways

• Present value states that an amount of money today is worth more than the same amount in the future.
• In other words, present value shows that money received in the future is not worth as much as an equal amount received today.
• Unspent money today could lose value in the future by an implied annual rate due to inflation or the rate of return if the money was invested.
• Calculating present value involves assuming that a rate of return could be earned on the funds over the period.
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## Understanding Present Value (PV)

Present value is the concept that states an amount of money today is worth more than that same amount in the future. In other words, money received in the future is not worth as much as an equal amount received today.

Receiving $1,000 today is worth more than$1,000 five years from now. Why? An investor can invest the $1,000 today and presumably earn a rate of return over the next five years. Present value takes into account any interest rate an investment might earn. For example, if an investor receives$1,000 today and can earn a rate of return 5% per year, the $1,000 today is certainly worth more than receiving$1,000 five years from now. If an investor waited five years for 1,000, there would be opportunity cost or the investor would lose out on the rate of return for the five years. ## Inflation and Purchasing Power Inflation is the process in which prices of goods and services rise over time. If you receive money today, you can buy goods at today's prices. Presumably, inflation will cause the price of goods to rise in the future, which would lower the purchasing power of your money. Money not spent today could be expected to lose value in the future by some implied annual rate, which could be inflation or the rate of return if the money was invested. The present value formula discounts the future value to today's dollars by factoring in the implied annual rate from either inflation or the rate of return that could be achieved if a sum was invested. ## Discount Rate for Finding Present Value The discount rate is the investment rate of return that is applied to the present value calculation. In other words, the discount rate would be the forgone rate of return if an investor chose to accept an amount in the future versus the same amount today. The discount rate that is chosen for the present value calculation is highly subjective because it's the expected rate of return you'd receive if you had invested today's dollars for a period of time. In many cases, a risk-free rate of return is determined and used as the discount rate, which is often called the hurdle rate. The rate represents the rate of return that the investment or project would need to earn in order to be worth pursuing. A U.S. Treasury bond rate is often used as the risk-free rate because Treasuries are backed by the U.S. government. So, for example, if a two-year Treasury paid 2% interest or yield, the investment would need to at least earn more than 2% to justify the risk. The discount rate is the sum of the time value and a relevant interest rate that mathematically increases future value in nominal or absolute terms. Conversely, the discount rate is used to work out future value in terms of present value, allowing a lender to settle on the fair amount of any future earnings or obligations in relation to the present value of the capital. The word "discount" refers to future value being discounted to present value. The calculation of discounted or present value is extremely important in many financial calculations. For example, net present value, bond yields, and pension obligations all rely on discounted or present value. Learning how to use a financial calculator to make present value calculations can help you decide whether you should accept such offers as a cash rebate, 0% financing on the purchase of a car, or pay points on a mortgage. ## PV Formula and Calculation ?\begin{aligned} &\text{Present Value} = \dfrac{\text{FV}}{(1+r)^n}\\ &\textbf{where:}\\ &\text{FV} = \text{Future Value}\\ &r = \text{Rate of return}\\ &n = \text{Number of periods}\\ \end{aligned}? 1. Input the future amount that you expect to receive in the numerator of the formula. 2. Determine the interest rate that you expect to receive between now and the future and plug the rate as a decimal in place of "r" in the denominator. 3. Input the time period as the exponent "n" in the denominator. So, if you want to calculate the present value of an amount you expect to receive in three years, you would plug the number three in for "n" in the denominator. 4. There are a number of online calculators, including this present value calculator. ## Future Value vs. Present Value A comparison of present value with future value?(FV) best illustrates the principle of the time value of money and the need for charging or paying additional risk-based interest rates. Simply put, the money today is worth more than the same money tomorrow because of the passage of time. Future value can relate to the future?cash inflows from investing today's money, or the future payment required to repay money borrowed today. Future value (FV) is the value of a current?asset?at a specified date in the future based on an assumed rate of growth. The FV equation assumes a constant rate of growth and a single upfront payment left untouched for the duration of the investment. The FV calculation allows investors to predict, with varying degrees of accuracy, the amount of profit that can be generated by different investments. Present value (PV) is the current value of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows given a specified rate of return. Present value takes the future value and applies a discount rate or the interest rate that could be earned if invested. Future value tells you what an investment is worth in the future while the present value tells you how much you'd need in today's dollars to earn a specific amount in the future. ## Criticism of Present Value As stated earlier, calculating present value involves making an assumption that a rate of return could be earned on the funds over the time period. In the discussion above, we looked at one investment over the course of one year. However, if a company is deciding to go ahead with a series of projects that has a different rate of return for each year and each project, the present value becomes less certain if those expected rates of return are not realistic. It's important to consider that in any investment decision, no interest rate is guaranteed, and inflation can erode the rate of return on an investment. ## Example of Present Value Let's say you have the choice of being paid2,000 today or $2,200 one year from now. You also have the option of investing the$2,000 that'll earn a 3% rate of return over the next year. Which is the best option?

• Using the present value formula, the calculation is $2,200 (FV) / (1 +. 03)^1. • PV =$2,135.92, or the minimum amount that you would need to be paid today to have $2,200 one year from now. In other words, if you were paid$2,000 today and based on a 3% interest rate, the amount would not be enough to give you $2,200 one year from now. Of course, the present value calculation includes the assumption that you could earn 3% on the$2,000 over the next year. If the interest rate was much higher, it might make more sense to take the $2,000 today and invest the funds because it would yield a greater amount than$2,200 one year from now.

Present value provides a basis for assessing the fairness of any future financial benefits or liabilities. For example, a future cash rebate discounted to present value may or may not be worth having a potentially higher purchase price. The same financial calculation applies to 0% financing when buying a car.

Paying some interest on a lower sticker price may work out better for the buyer than paying zero interest on a higher sticker price. Paying mortgage points now in exchange for lower mortgage payments later makes sense only if the present value of the future mortgage savings is greater than the mortgage points paid today.

### How do you calculate present value?

Present value is calculated by taking the future cashflows expected from an investment and discounting them back to the present day. To do so, the investor needs three key data points: the expected cashflows, the number of years in which the cashflows will be paid, and their discount rate. The discount rate is a very important factor in influencing the present value, with higher discount rates leading to a lower present value, and vice-versa. Using these variables, investors can calculate present value using the formula:

?\begin{aligned} &\text{Present Value} = \dfrac{\text{FV}}{(1+r)^n}\\ &\textbf{where:}\\ &\text{FV} = \text{Future Value}\\ &r = \text{Rate of return}\\ &n = \text{Number of periods}\\ \end{aligned}?

### What are some examples of present value?

To illustrate, consider a scenario where an investment generates cashflows of $500 per year for 5 years, and and our discount rate is 6.00%. Applying our present value formula, we would arrive at a present value of$2,106.18. In other words, if someone were to ask us how much this investment is worth, we would say that it is worth no more than $2,106.18. If, on the other hand, our discount rate was 12.00%, then its present value would be much lower, making$2,106.18 too high a price.

### Why is present value important?

Present value is important because it allows investors to judge whether or not the price they pay for an investment is appropriate. For example, in our previous example, having a 12% discount rate would reduce the present value of the investment to only \$1,802.39. In that scenario, we would be very reluctant to pay more than that amount for the investment, since our present value calculation indicates that we could find better opportunities elsewhere. Present value calculations like this play a critical role in areas such as investment analysis, risk management, and financial planning.


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# Magic square

The smallest (and unique up to rotation and reflection) non-trivial case of a magic square, order 3

In recreational mathematics, a square array of numbers, usually positive integers, is called a magic square if the sums of the numbers in each row, each column, and both main diagonals are the same.[1][2] The order of the magic square is the number of integers along one side (n), and the constant sum is called the magic constant. If the array includes just the positive integers ${\displaystyle 1,2,...,n^{2}}$, the magic square is said to be normal. Some authors take magic square to mean normal magic square.[3]

Magic squares that include repeated entries do not fall under this definition and are referred to as trivial. Some well-known examples, including the Sagrada Família magic square and the Parker square are trivial in this sense. When all the rows and columns but not both diagonals sum to the magic constant we have semimagic squares (sometimes called orthomagic squares).

The mathematical study of magic squares typically deals with its construction, classification, and enumeration. Although completely general methods for producing all the magic squares of all orders do not exist, historically three general techniques have been discovered: by bordering method, by making composite magic squares, and by adding two preliminary squares. There are also more specific strategies like the continuous enumeration method that reproduces specific patterns. Magic squares are generally classified according to their order n as: odd if n is odd, evenly even (also referred to as "doubly even") if n is a multiple of 4, oddly even (also known as "singly even") if n is any other even number. This classification is based on different techniques required to construct odd, evenly even, and oddly even squares. Beside this, depending on further properties, magic squares are also classified as associative magic squares, pandiagonal magic squares, most-perfect magic squares, and so on. More challengingly, attempts have also been made to classify all the magic squares of a given order as transformations of a smaller set of squares. Except for n ≤ 5, the enumeration of higher order magic squares is still an open challenge. The enumeration of most-perfect magic squares of any order was only accomplished in the late 20th century.

Magic squares have a long history, dating back to at least 190 BCE in China. At various times they have acquired occult or mythical significance, and have appeared as symbols in works of art. In modern times they have been generalized a number of ways, including using extra or different constraints, multiplying instead of adding cells, using alternate shapes or more than two dimensions, and replacing numbers with shapes and addition with geometric operations.

Dürer's Melancholia I (1514) includes an order 4 square with magic sum 34
1. ^ Miller, Jeff (September 3, 2016). "Earlier Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (M)".
2. ^ Schwartzman, Steven (1994). The Words of Mathematics: An Etymological Dictionary of Mathematical Terms Used in English. MAA. p. 130.
3. ^ Wolfram MathWorld: Magic Square Weisstein, Eric W.