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# International Workshop on Cosmic-Ray Muography (Muography2021)

Europe/Brussels
Het Pand, Zaal August Vermeylen (Ghent)

### Het Pand, Zaal August Vermeylen

#### Ghent

Het Pand Onderbergen 1, B-9000 Gent Belgium
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Description

In muographic imaging naturally abundant cosmic-ray muons are used to probe the internal structure of a wide range of objects, up to kilometer scale in size, where more conventional techniques cannot be applied. An increasing amount of applications of muography are appearing both in fundamental reseach, such as geology, geophysics, archaeology,  and in industrial and societal applications.

This international workshop aims to bring an overview of the current status and trends in muography. The event will review muographic instrumentation, simulations tools, data analysis and image reconstruction techniques, various applications and case studies, and ideas for future developments.

The workshop will feature plenary sessions and a poster session. We invite abstracts for both overview talks and more detailed in-depth contributions on specific topics.

Given the current uncertainty in the Covid-19 situation, we foresee a hybrid meeting where people that cannot attend the workshop in person can join remotely. All presentations will be recorded and made available to the registered participants for offline viewing.  Please do check the Covid-19 Related Information section.

### The registrations have been closed on Nov. 22, 2021.

Participants
• Ahmet Ilker Topuz
• Airhua Yang
• Aitor Orio
• Akira Nishio
• Akira Sato
• Akitaka Ariga
• Alan Bross
• Alex Dunn
• Alexander Sandrock
• Alexandra Saftoiu
• Alexandru Gherghel-Lascu
• Alisa Tatarinova
• Amrutha Samalan
• Amélie COHU
• Amélie Cohu
• Andi Hektor
• Andrea Giammanco
• Ayman Mahrous
• Ayumu Okuda
• Benedetto Di Ruzza
• Carlos Diez
• Cesar Rendon Hinestroza
• CHHAYA DEVI Shudhakar
• Chris Steer
• Christian Sarmiento Cano
• Christopher Morris
• Claudia Alvarez Garcia
• Daneshwar Bhandari
• Danial Mansourian
• David Mahon
• Davide Mollica
• Davide Pagano
• Denis-Iulian Stanca
• Dennis Cazar Ramírez
• Dezső Varga
• Diego Gomez
• Diletta Borselli
• Doug Schouten
• E. Craig Dukes
• Flora Giudicepietro
• Gergely Surányi
• Gergo Hamar
• Germano Bonomi
• Giovanni Dal Maso
• Giovanni Macedonio
• Giulio Saracino
• Guangliang Yang
• Gábor Nyitrai
• Hamid Basiri
• Hannes Plinte
• Haris Avudaiyappan Murugan
• Hernán Asorey
• Hicham Benmansour
• Hikaru Sato
• Hiroto Shiba
• Hyeonja Jhang
• I Putu Susila
• Ignacio Lázaro Roche
• Igor Romanov
• Ishan Darshana Gamage Ran Muthugalalage
• Ishbel Jamieson
• Jacobus van Nieuwkoop
• Jacques MARTEAU
• Jaime Alfredo Betancourt
• jari joutsenvaara
• Jean-Marco Alameddine
• Jesús Peña-Rodríguez
• JingTai Li
• Jinsook Kim
• Jose David Sanabria Gomez
• KONSTANTIN BOROZDIN
• Kunihiro Morishima
• Lee Thompson
• Lingxin Chen
• Lorenzo Bonechi
• Luca Morselli
• Lucas Strange
• Luigi Cimmino
• Luis A. Núñez
• László Oláh
• M Jauhar Kholili
• Maria Artero Pons
• Mariaelena D'Errico
• Marina Rosas-Carbajal
• Marko Holma
• Marwa Al Moussawi
• Matt Ryan
• Matías Tramontini
• Maurice Stephan
• maxime Lagrange
• Maximilian Heindl
• meihang Xu
• Michael Tytgat
• Michael Weekes
• Märt Mägi
• Naoya Okamoto
• Nayana Majumdar
• Nobuko Kitagawa
• Oleg Kamaev
• Pablo Gomez
• Pablo Martinez Ruiz Del Arbol
• Pasi Kuusiniemi
• Patrick Stowell
• Pedro Teixeira
• Peter Filip
• Pietro Vischia
• Raluca Smau
• Ran Han
• Raphaël Bajou
• Raveendrababu Karnam
• Richard Kouzes
• Rolando Calderón-Ardila
• Samip Basnet
• Sammedkumar Patil
• Sandro Gonzi
• Sarah Barnes
• Shereen Aly
• Shivaraj Mulleria Babu
• Simone Donati
• Sofia Andringa Dias
• SRIDHAR TRIPATHY
• Subhendu Das
• Suharyo Sumowidagdo
• Theodore Avgitas
• Tommaso Beni
• Tommaso Dorigo
• Wataru Sekiguchi
• Yi Wang
• Yuekun HENG
• Zafer Acar
• Ziwen Pan
Videoconference
International Workshop on Cosmic-Ray Muography (Muography2021)
Zoom Meeting ID
61231096944
Host
Michael Tytgat
Join via phone
Zoom URL
General information
• Wednesday, November 24
• 8:30 AM 9:15 AM
Opening: Registration and welcome
Convener: Michael Tytgat (Ghent University (BE))
• 8:30 AM
Registration 30m
• 9:00 AM
Welcome 15m
• 9:15 AM 10:15 AM
Collaboration reports
Convener: Michael Tytgat (Ghent University (BE))
• 9:15 AM
Muography for Underground Geological Surveys: ongoing application at the Lousal Mine (Portugal) 30m

The feasibility of muography for geological survey and mining exploration has been demonstrated in many works around the world, since the first steps of muography. It was in 1955, as documented, the first use of muons was to measure the ice thickness above the tunnel of a mine in Australia.
Muography with muon telescopes in an underground setting has an easy side due to the absence of the background radiation but, on the other hand, the muon flux is much lower compared to what is measured on the surface. It is a matter of geological and underground conditions, suitable muon detectors and the necessary time of exposition to carry the observation.
To innovate the geophysics methods panorama in Portugal, a collaboration has been established between the Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT) – University of Évora, the Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics (LIP) and the Lousal Living Science Center to develop muon telescopes and evaluate the muography potential in the Lousal Mine.
The Lousal Mine is no longer an exploration mine, it now functions as a mining museum integrated in scientific and educational activities. The upper gallery of the mine is the host of the muon observations, about 18 m below the surface. The telescopes, developed by LIP, use robust RPC detectors to observe the crossing muons in real time. The application aims to do a geological survey of the terrain between the upper gallery and the surface, to map structures and ore masses already known and to improve the existing information with new data, while putting to the test the muon detectors performance developed for the project.
Other geophysical methods, particularly seismic refraction and georradar (GPR) methodologies, are being used on the surface of the terrain to build a reference model. The goal is to use all the information gathered to build a 3D density model of the studied region, using muography as a central technique.

Speaker: Pedro Teixeira (ICT/IIFA - Universidade de Évora)
• 9:45 AM
Muography of the active Sakurajima volcano: recent results and future perspectives of hazard assessment 30m

Sakurajima volcano is one of the world's most active volcanoes with over 3,000 of explosive eruptions during the last five years. A muography observatory is under construction in international collaboration since 2017 at a distance of approx. 2,800 m in south-west direction from the active craters, called Minamidake and Showa [1,2]. Currently, the Sakurajima Muography Observatory (SMO) is operating with 11 MWPC-based Muography Observation System (MMOS) that is covering a sensitive surface area of 8.25 square meters. We will briefly present the design of the MMOS system, the data collection and analysis procedures, and mainly focus on the volcanological observations:
- tephra deposition, and erosion of surface region due heavy rains and post-eruptive lahars were observed [3],
- magmatic plug formation was observed beneath the active craters after the deactivation of Showa in 2018 [4] and dormant period of Minamidake in 2020 [5],
- machine-learning-based processing of daily muographic images achieved a fair sensitivity of above 0.75 in eruption forecasting [6].
Future prospects of SMO and its application for hazard assessment will also be discussed.

[1] L. Oláh et al.: High-definition and low-noise muography of the Sakurajima volcano with gaseous tracking detectors, Sci. Rep., https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-21423-9
[2] L. Oláh et al.: Investigation of the limits of high-definition muography for observation of Sakurajima volcano, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 377:20180135. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0135
[3] L. Oláh et al.: Muographic Monitoring of Hydrogeomorphic Changes Induced by Post-Eruptive Lahars and Erosion of Sakurajima Volcano, Scientific Reports, www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-96947-8 (available from 6th of September 2021)
[4] L. Oláh et al.: Plug Formation Imaged Beneath the Active Craters of Sakurajima Volcano With Muography, Geophysical Research Letters, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084784
[5] L. Oláh & H.K.M. Tanaka: Muography of Magma Intrusion Beneath the Active Craters of Sakurajima Volcano, Geophysical Monograph Series (accepted)
[6] L. Oláh & H.K.M. Tanaka: Machine Learning with Muographic Images as Input: an Application to Volcano Eruption Forecasting, Geophysical Monograph Series (accepted)

Speaker: László Oláh (Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan)
• 10:15 AM 10:45 AM
Coffee break 30m
• 10:45 AM 11:35 AM
Collaboration reports
Convener: Michael Tytgat (Ghent University (BE))
• 10:45 AM
Muography in Colombia: simulation framework and instrumentation 30m

We describe the Muography Program to study the volcanoes ranging from the Colombian Andes. We discuss the developed simulation framework covering the cosmic rays impinging the upper Earth's atmosphere, the geomagnetic field modulation, the particle showering along the atmosphere, the muon flux passing through the volcano edifice, the particle-detector interaction and the detector response. We built a hybrid muon telescope (MuTe) based on a composite detection technique. It combines a hodoscope for particle tracking and a water Cherenkov detector to enhance the muon-to-background-signal separation due to extensive air showers' soft and multiple-particle components. MuTe also discriminates inverse-trajectory and low-momentum muons by using a picosecond Time-of-Flight system. We describe the structural –mechanical, and thermal– behaviour of MuTe. We discuss preliminary results from the background composition and the telescope-health monitoring variables. Finally, we implement optimization algorithms to improve the volcano internal density distribution measured by our instrument and machine learning techniques for background rejection.

Speaker: Jesus Peña Rodriguez (Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia)
• 11:15 AM
Muography developments within the MuAR project: advances in simulations and new detectors designs 20m

After the successful development of AMIGA and MuTe, both integrally designed, funded and built in Latin America, we created MuAr, a new collaborative project for the development of muography applications in geophysics, mining prospecting and safeguard.

We focus this project on the development of innovative muon detector designs, such as our two new muographers prototypes: Mudulus, a modular and portable detector, and Musaic, an innovative design based on fully autonomous, small, portable and independent tiles, that can be arranged in a panel with the desired size and shape. These designs are strongly supported by the development of Meiga, an intensive computational framework for muography.

In this contribution, I will briefly describe the current status of our developments within the MuAr project, the main scientific and technological motivations, some of the identified targets and our future perspectives.

Speaker: Hernán Asorey (CNEA)
• 11:35 AM 12:35 PM
Instrumentation
Convener: Michael Tytgat (Ghent University (BE))
• 11:35 AM
Towards portable high-resolution muon detector based on RPCs 20m

The use of conventional imaging techniques becomes problematic when faced with challenging logistics and confined environments. In particular, such scenarios are not unusual in the field of archaeological and mining explorations as well as for nuclear waste characterization. For these applications, even the use of muography is complicated since the detectors have to be deployed in difficult areas with limited room for instrumentation, e.g., narrow tunnels. Within this context, our group has developed a portable muon detector (muoscope) based on mini glass Resistive Plate Chambers (mini-gRPCs) following a design similar to the one developed by the CALICE collaboration at CERN, but with smaller active area of 16 $\times$ 16 cm$^2$. The specific design goals taken into consideration while developing our first prototype are portability, robustness, autonomy, versatility, safety and low cost. We are currently in the process of developing an improved second prototype, which will have a new electronic chip for readout. In line with our design goals, we also plan to switch the sensitive units from strips in the old prototype to pixels for the new one. This will help further improve our design goal of portability by reducing the overall weight of the setup by half since a single RPC layer provides bi-dimensional information with pixels. However, for performing high resolution muography, the number of readout units per layer also increases significantly, leading to increase in the overall cost and power consumption of the muoscope. To mitigate these issues, we are developing a novel 2D multiplexing algorithm for reading out several pixels with a single electronic channel. In this talk, we will give an overview of the detector development, focusing mainly on the design goals and the choice of detector technology. Furthermore, the details of the expected changes in the new prototype as well as some preliminary results from the 2D multiplexing study will also be presented, along with the results from the performance studies of the current prototype.

Speaker: Samip Basnet (Catholic University of Louvain)
• 11:55 AM
Construction and readout systems of gaseous muography detectors 20m

Muography instrumentation presents a wide range of practical challenges, since the implementation environment differs from the high energy physics laboratory conditions. The presentation will briefly overview the pros and cons of existing technologies, and gaseous detectors in particular. The practical challenges are partially environmental, such as thermal cycling or high humidity, partially connected to the installation such as mechanical shocks, and also include the human factor stipulating minimal non-expert maintenance and troubleshooting. The presentation aims to introduce various solutions to address these challenges, based on the examples of the detectors developed jointly by Wigner RCP and ERI at the University of Tokyo, with operational experience spanning five years.

Speaker: Dezso Varga (Wigner Research Centre for Physics (Wigner RCP) (HU))
• 12:15 PM
Application of Portable Gaseous Detectors for Underground Muography 20m

The rapidly evolving field of Muography opens an outstanding way to reveal density anomalies inside hill-sized objects. The cosmic muons lose thei energy gradually and penetrate hundreds of meters into the ground, thus their differential local flux correlates with the density-length they traveled through.

In case of underground muography one exploits the low background and the higher flux in close-to-zenith regions, while sub-terrain operations face demanding technical requirements. The main field of interest of this non-invasive imaging are speleology, mining, and disclosure of cultural heritage targets.

The main challenges are the portability, low power consumption, and robustness against the out-of-the-laboratory environment. Portable gaseous tracking detector system has been designed and built, and successfully used for in the last years in several underground locations.

The presentation will focus on the designed portable tracking system, the main technical requirements, and successful measurement campaigns for calibration, exploration of natural caves, and examination of tunnels around the Buda Castle.

Speaker: Dr Gergő Hamar (Wigner RCP, Budapest)
• 12:35 PM 2:00 PM
Lunch break 1h 25m
• 2:00 PM 3:00 PM
Instrumentation
Conveners: Simone Donati (University of Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Simone Donati (Universita di Pisa & INFN (IT))
• 2:00 PM
COMMAND: a COmpact and Multi-purpose Muon And Neutron Detector 20m

Applications of both cosmic-ray (CR) muons and neutrons have grown in numbers in the last decades. Measurements of flux attenuation (radiography) and scattering angles (tomography) of CR muons have been successfully applied to the inspection or monitoring of large natural and civil structures, to the search for heavy metals in container and trucks, to the control of nuclear wastes, and much more. Measurements with CR neutrons have instead been used for the determination of the snow-water equivalent, the soil moisture estimation and climate studies (sometimes together with CR muon measurements). In this talk we present COMMAND, a new compact detector for both muons and neutrons, which is currently in a late stage of development. It consists of 5 independent and removable modules: 3 for the detection of muons, based on scintillating fibers coupled to SiPMs, and 2 for the detection of neutrons, based on lithium enriched phosphor detectors, read by a matrix of SiPM. Several innovative solutions have been implemented in the making of COMMAND, from the use of additive manufacturing, to the design of the electronics, which is based on COTS devices and features realtime time-stamping and triggering, programmable bias for SiPMs, and low-noise/high-speed analogue front-end. An overview of the detector, its current state of development (completion due by the end of the year) and its possible applications are presented.

Speaker: Prof. Davide Pagano (Universita di Brescia (IT))
• 2:20 PM
A Novel Readout Scheme for Muon Tomography Application in Material Identification 20m

We plan to build a prototype muon tomography system for material identification utilizing multiple Coulomb scattering suffered by cosmic ray muons while passing through a matter. The resultant deflection from the original trajectory can be represented by a Gaussian distribution dependent on several physical properties of the matter (density $\rho$, atomic number $Z$) and also the muon momentum. Thus, the measurement of the scattering angle by tracking the pre and post-interaction muon trajectories enables one to identify the material. The tracking of the muons can be accomplished with multiple position-sensitive detectors placed along the direction of the muons which facilitate the reconstruction of the trajectories using the 2D position data obtained from each of them.

We plan to use RPCs for tracking muons due to their reasonable position and time resolution. An inexpensive novel multi-parameter readout scheme has been developed for collecting position data from the RPCs and subsequent track reconstruction [1]. An 8-channel ultra-fast front-end preamplifier discriminator chip NINO has been used to obtain Time-Over-Threshold (TOT) outputs corresponding to the current signals induced on the readout strips of the RPC due to a muon event. Each NINO chip provides 8 pairs of LVDS signals which are suitable for low-power, high-speed transmission with better noise immunity. For parallel post-processing and to take advantage of this LVDS scheme, we have used an FPGA development board with ALTERA MAX 10 which can directly acquire LVDS analog signals using a PLL-controlled clock (500 MHz max) for sampling. This has led us to achieve 2 ns resolution for signal acquisition. The FPGA has been programmed to transfer the acquired data to the computer using UART protocol. The data for muon events as collected by a single NINO board followed by the FPGA have been analysed to estimate the position information and used for determining the efficiency of the RPC in muon detection in comparison to plastic scintillator. We plan to operate a Bakelite-RPC of dimension 30cm x 30 cm equipped with two orthogonal panels of readout strips of width 1 cm and pitch 1.2 cm for producing image of a lead block from the muon hits as acquired by the present readout scheme to examine its efficacy for implementing in building up the readout electronics of the full prototype tomography system.

Reference:
[1] S. Tripathy et al., Precise tracking of cosmic muons using the Time-over-Threshold property of NINO ASICs, Journal of Instrumentation 15 (2020) C11013.

Speaker: Mr Subhendu Das (Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (IN))
• 2:40 PM
Borehole Muon Telescope for Underground Muography 20m

Muon radiography applies to different situations and is
particularly suitable for subsoil imaging. The methodology can be used in order to carry out civil and archaeological investigations. This kind of applications need the muon telescope to be installed below the region to be investigated. The shape and size of such a muon detector have to reflect this necessity.
A novel borehole cylindrical detector has been realized and tested to be used in harsh conditions and installed in tight spaces. It is built with two types of scintillators of different geometry, in the shapes of bar and arc. The size was chosen to fit inside holes greater than 25 cm in diameter, typically realized at standard costs. The commissioning of the detector and preliminary test results will be shown."

Speaker: Luigi Cimmino (University of Naples "Federico II" and INFN Napoli)
• 3:00 PM 3:30 PM
Coffee break 30m
• 3:30 PM 4:30 PM
Instrumentation
Conveners: Simone Donati (University of Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Simone Donati (Universita di Pisa & INFN (IT))
• 3:30 PM
Technological development and application of muography with nuclear emulsions 20m

We are developing nucelar emulsions for muographys at Nagoya University and applied to many targets. In this talk, I'll present current status and new progress.

Speaker: Kunihiro Morishima (Nagoya University (JP))
• 3:50 PM
Novel Muon Tomography Detector for the Pyramids 20m

Cosmic-ray muons which impinge upon the Earth’s surface can be used to image the density of geological and man-made materials located above a muon detector. The detectors used for these measurements must be capable of determining both the muon rate and angle of incidence. Applications of this capability include geological carbon storage, natural gas storage, enhanced oil recovery, compressed air storage, oil and gas production, tunnel detection, and detection of hidden rooms in man-made structures, such as the pyramids. For these applications the detector must be small, rugged, and have operational characteristics which enable use in remote locations, such as low power requirements. A new muon detector design is now being constructed to make measurements on the Khafre pyramid to look for unknown voids that might exist in the structure. The new detector design uses plates of scintillator with fiber optic readout to obtain position information. This design will meet the operational requirements, while also providing a geometry which can be modified for different measurement conditions.

Speakers: Richard Kouzes, Richard Kouzes (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory), Richard Kouzes (PNNL)
• 4:10 PM
Muography at Low Background Noise Underground Research Laboratory of Rustrel. 20m

Muon trackers are used for both scattering and transmission muography. When the properties of the object change over time, event timestamping is essential to study the temporal dynamics of the system. In addition, underground measurements present supplementary deployment constraints in terms of volume, weight and gas management, among others. The T2DM2 project at the Low Background Noise Underground Research Laboratory of Rustrel (LSBB) has developed a compact muon tracker for dynamic tomography of density based on a thin time projection chamber with Micromegas readout to work under these conditions and with a performance analogue to classic geophysics methods.
This contribution presents (i) the working principle of the detector, (ii) a former study case as performance and application example, (iii) the recent detector hardware updates, (iv) the status of the project, (v) other Muographic activities at the LSBB and the (iv) short term objectives and valorization strategy.
Temporal Tomography of the Density by the Measurement of Muons.

Speaker: Dr Ignacio Lazaro Roche (LSBB - Laboratoire Souterrain a Bas Bruit (FR))
• Thursday, November 25
• 9:00 AM 10:20 AM
Simulation tools and studies
Convener: Andrea Giammanco (Universite Catholique de Louvain (UCL) (BE))
• 9:00 AM
A muon generator for cosmic-ray muon applications 20m

Cosmic-ray radiation, thanks to its high penetration capability and relative abundance, has been successfully used in scientific research and civil applications for a long time. For example, techniques based on the attenuation of cosmic-ray muons (muon radiography) or on their angular scattering (muon tomography) have been used to study the inner structure of volcanoes, to search for hidden chambers in Egyptian pyramids, to inspect nuclear waste containers and to monitor blast furnaces. In addition to these imaging techniques, cosmic ray muons have also been used for the detector alignment in large experiments in nuclear and elementary particle physics, and, more recently, proposed for the alignment and stability monitoring of mechanical structures.
Muon radiography applications are sensitive to the angular distribution of cosmic muons, and many applications of muon tomography are also sensitive to their momentum distribution. For these reasons, an accurate simulation of the dependency of the muon flux on momentum and direction is a key requirement for every generation tool targeting to such applications. Moreover, as the inspection of large structures requires a very large statistics, the generator has also to be fast.
A new Monte Carlo generator of cosmic-ray muons, called EcoMug (Efficient COsmic MUon Generator) and specifically designed for muon radiography and tomography applications, is presented. It is a header-only C++11 library, based on a parametrization of experimental data. Unlike other tools, EcoMug gives the possibility of generating from different surfaces (plane, cylinder and half-sphere), while keeping the correct angular and momentum distribution of generated tracks. The main features of EcoMug, its mathematical foundation, as well as applications to selected study cases are presented.

Speaker: Germano Bonomi (Universita di Brescia (IT))
• 9:20 AM
Impact of geodesic parameters on the muon flux simulated by CORSIKA 20m

Muon tomography is a non-invasive technique able to scan the internal density of large structures. This technique infers the density of an object by tracking the number of muons received by a detector, before and after traversing a structure. The amount of density met by a muon on its path minimizes its survival probability in a predictable manner, hence diminising the average flux received by a detector [1]. The incident direction (defined by the zenital angle) of the detected muons is reconstructed by means of a detector composed of a 3 scintillators panels [2],[3], allowing to produce 2-D density images.

To evaluate the degree of absorption caused by the density of structure, there are two key components: (1) the input flux (open-sky flux) which is infered theoretically, and (2) the  output  flux, measured by a detector. Both play an important role in estimating the density map of a structure. However, due to the dependancy of the open-sky flux on many factors (zenith angle, detector altitude, geographic positioning, and upper atmosphere state), it is challenging to estimate it properly. The goal of this study is to improve the current way in which this estimate is done.

Two approaches are generally possible to estimate the open-sky flux. The first is based on semi-empiric models (Tang [4], Shukla [5], Gaisser [6]...). The parameters of these formulations are calibrated using data sets recorded at specific locations and elevations. Analytical or empirical correction factors are then used to extrapolate these values to the desired survey elevation (z) with a simple formula [7] and take into account the atmospheric conditions influence on muon production [8],[9]. The second approach makes use of CORSIKA, a Monte Carlo driven Nuclei-Hadron interaction model used for cosmic shower simulation [10]. It has been used to simulate the influence of the temperature and the density of the atmosphere on the production and buffering of muons, as well as the effect of the geomagnetic field and the detector elevation. Both of these approaches have to overcome issues with extreme zenital angles.

We have evaluated the discrepancies between the analytical models, the CORSIKA fluxes, and laboratory measurements. Inter-comparision of these different approaches are used as a mean to validate our CORSIKA numerical experiment. Then, we analyze the geodesic effects on the muon flux in terms of energetic composition with varying magnetic field, altitude and density distribution of the atmosphere. General mechanisms governing the ground-level muon flux are then discussed.

[1] M. Rosas-Carbajal, Kevin Jourde, Jacques Marteau, Sébastien Deroussi, Jean-ChristopheKomorowski, and Dominique Gibert. Three-dimensional density structure of LaSoufriÃ ̈re de Guadeloupe lava dome from simultaneous muon radiographies and gravitydata.Geophysical Research Letters, 44(13):6743–6751, July 2017.

[2] J. Marteau, D. Gibert, N. Lesparre, F. Nicollin, P. Noli, and F. Giacoppo. Muons to-mography applied to geosciences and volcanology.Nuclear Instruments and Methodsin Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and AssociatedEquipment, 695:23–28, December 2012.

[3] N Lesparre, J Marteau, Y Déclais, Dominique Gibert, B Carlus, Florence Nicollin, andBruno Kergosien. Design and operation of a field telescope for cosmic ray geophysicaltomography. page 11, 2012.

[4] Alfred Tang, Glenn Horton-Smith, Vitaly A. Kudryavtsev, and Alessandra Tonazzo.Muon simulations for Super-Kamiokande, KamLAND, and CHOOZ.Physical ReviewD, 74(5), September 2006.

[5] Prashant Shukla and Sundaresh Sankrith. Energy and angular distributions of atmo-spheric muons at the Earth.arXiv:1606.06907 [astro-ph, physics:hep-ex, physics:hep-ph],June 2016. arXiv: 1606.06907.

[6] Thomas K. Gaisser, Todor Stanev, and Serap Tilav. Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum fromMeasurements of Air Showers.arXiv:1303.3565 [astro-ph], March 2013. arXiv: 1303.3565.

[7] Thomas Hebbeker and Charles Timmermans. A compilation of high energy atmosphericmuon data at sea level.Astroparticle Physics, 18(1):107–127, 2002.

[8] Matias Tramontini, Marina Rosas-Carbajal, Christophe Nussbaum, Dominique Gibert,and Jacques Marteau. Middle-atmosphere dynamics observed with a portable muondetector.arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.02069, 2019.

[9] Kevin Jourde, Dominique Gibert, Jacques Marteau, Jean de Bremond d’Ars, Serge Gar-dien, Claude Girerd, and Jean-Christophe Ianigro. Monitoring temporal opacity fluctua-tions of large structures with muon radiography: a calibration experiment using a watertower.Scientific Reports, 6(1), September 2016.

[10] Dieter Heck, G Schatz, J Knapp, T Thouw, and JN Capdevielle. Corsika: a monte carlocode to simulate extensive air showers. Technical report, 1998.

Speaker: Amélie Cohu (Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I), IN2P3, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5822)
• 9:40 AM
The simulations chain of the MURAVES experiment 20m

The MUon RAdiography of VESuvius (MURAVES) project aims at the study of the summital cone of Mt. Vesuvius, an active volcano near Naples, Italy. This muographic profile combined with the data from gravimetric and seismic measurement campaigns will be used for better defining the volcanic plug at the bottom of the crater.
We report on a series of simulation studies that are being conducted to investigate the effects of the experimental constraints and to perform comparisons with the actual observations. The simulation setup is developed using Geant4 and for the generation of cosmic showers, a study of particle generators (including CORSIKA and CRY) has been conducted to identify the most suitable one for our simulation framework. To mimic the real data, Geant4 raw hits are converted to clusters through a simulated digitization: energy deposits are first summed per scintillator bar, and then converted to number of photoelectrons with a data-driven procedure. This is followed by the same clustering algorithm as in real data. After application of the same tracking code as in real data, we quantify tracking inefficiencies, the effect of dark noise and other nuisances, and the effect of the lead wall in terms of absorption and scattering as a function of momentum. We also report on the examination of muon transport through the mountain using PUMAS and Geant4.
We will elaborate on the rationale for our technical choices, including trade-off between speed and accuracy, and on the lessons learned, which are of general interest for similar use cases in muon radiography.

Speaker: Marwa Al Moussawi (Catholic University of Louvain)
• 10:00 AM
Muography and geology - Does it matter which continent you stand on? 20m

The literature concerning muography has steadily increased in recent years, but so far very few publications have taken into account the true complexity of rocks in different continents, each continent having a different history and hence different geological features. The same is also valid for the question how deep underground muography can be applied. This is not straightforward because of rapidly reducing muon rate. Furthermore, we keep in mind that most people working in these fields are geologists, geochemists, geophysicists, and mining engineers.

In order to demonstrate the wide spectrum of different types of geological domains in the layered earth structure, we conducted a series of extensive simulations to be able to understand the differences in conducting muographic measurements in different parts of the world. Our simulations are based on the geological fact that different geological environments have different bulk rock compositions and density variation profiles.

Consequently, the present work introduces five continental geological models that differ from each other in terms of their density and rock chemistry. Clearly, both density and chemistry have a clear impact on the muon survival as it is known well that the attenuation of muons depends mostly on the density of the material the muons pass through before ceasing to exist.

We discuss the basic principles that must be taken into account while considering the maximum depth muography can be applied, but also highlight the key issues why this simple question is far from trivial, and why the answer always has some constraints that must be considered before planning and conducting muographic measurements deep underground.

The studied continental geological models were 1) upper continental crust, 2) bulk continental crust, 3) lower continental crust, 4) oceanic crust, and 5) oceanic upper mantle. In the latter two models, the oceanic rocks are tectonically thrust on the continental crust. The chosen five models differ from each other by both rock chemistry and density. Furthermore, water and standard rock were used as a reference as those are more familiar materials among astroparticle physicists. The simulation tools were Geant4 (attenuation) while the muon rate estimates were based on CORSIKA, Guan et al. (2015) (modified from Gaisser, 1990), Chirkin and Rhode (2016) (MMC code) and on the experimental data of Enqvist et al. (2005) extracted in the Pyhäsalmi mine, Finland.

References
Allison, J., et al.: Recent Developments in Geant4, NIM A 835 (2016) 186-225; J. Allison et al., Geant4 Developments and Applications, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 53 No. 1 (2006) 270-278; and S. Agostinelli et al., Geant4 - A Simulation Toolkit, NIM. A 506 (2003) 250-303.

Chirkin, D. and Rhode, W., Propagating leptons through matter with Muon Monte Carlo (MMC). arXiv:hep-ph/0407075v3 3 Aug 2016.

Gaisser, T.K., Cosmic rays and particle physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1990.

Guan, M., Chu, M.C., Cao, J., Luk, K.-B., and Yang, C.,A parametrization of the cosmic-ray muon flux at sea-level, arXiv:1509.06176v1 [hep-ex] 21 Sep 2015.

Enqvist, T., Mattila, A., Föhr, V. et al.: Measurements of muon flux in the Pyhäsalmi underground laboratory, NIM A 554(1-3) (2005) 286–290. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2005.08.065.

Heck, D., Knapp, J., Capdevielle, J.N., Schatz, G. and Thouw, T.: CORSIKA: A Monte Carlo Code to Simulate Extensive Air Showers, Report FZKA 6019, 1998.

Speaker: Pasi Kuusiniemi (Muon Solutions Oy, Pyhäjärvi (Finland))
• 10:20 AM 10:50 AM
Coffee break 30m
• 10:50 AM 12:10 PM
Data analysis and image reconstruction
Convener: Giiulio Saracino (Universita e sezione INFN di Napoli (IT))
• 10:50 AM
Assessing the rock density distribution of a volcano lava dome with a 4-panel scintillator-based muon detector 20m

The intense hydrothermal activity occurring at La Soufrière de Guadeloupe, French Lesser Antilles, is a major concern for volcanologists at the Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Guadeloupe (OVSG) and the local population that lives nearby. Partly hosted within the andesitic lava dome, this hydrothermal system, continuously fueled with meteoric waters, is indeed responsible for both violent phreatic eruptions (last major event occurred in 1976-1977), and fast rock alteration due to hot and acid fluid circulation that worsens the risk of a partial volcano flank collapse.
Since 2015, the deployment of particle trackers built in IP2I, Lyon, to perform dynamic muon imaging of the lava dome structure has allowed to increase the knowledge of the hydrothermal system dynamics. Recently a new generation of particle hodoscopes equipped with 3 and 4 plastic scintillator matrices have been installed around the volcano to scan different areas of the lava dome.
Here we will present a new versatile method to process the data acquired by these detectors, and estimate the corresponding density radiographies. Our method relies on particle trajectory reconstruction by performing a fit of the recorded hits in the impacted scintillator bars using a Random Sample Consensus algorithm (RANSAC). This algorithm is specifically built for discriminating outliers points ("noisy" hits) in the data. Thus, it allows to significantly improve the muon signal/noise separation, and obtain higher quality estimates of the particle trajectories. The analysis of the RANSAC-reconstructed events has started to offer promising results in terms of average density maps. In particular, here we will present primary analysis results from 6 months of data ($\sim20.10^{7}$ reconstructed events) recorded in a telescope, equipped with four 16x16 scintillator bars matrices, located at the volcano south-west. This configuration allows notably to increase precision on the 2D density radiography of the central part of the scanned region, plus offers two more 3-panels sub-configurations, which leads to three different radiographies.
The 2D density radiographies will then be combined to serve as input for numerical modelling, conjointly with other geophysics data sets (e.g from gravimetry surveys), in order to obtain a 3D bulk density distribution model of the lava dome at an expected unprecedentedly high resolution thanks to the uniqueness of the different data sets available and the quality of the event reconstruction. This will lead to a better characterization of the hydrothermal fluid circulation impact on rock alteration and the resulting partial flank collapse hazard.

Speaker: Mr Raphael Bajou (Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris)
• 11:10 AM
The MURAVES experiment : study of the Vesuvius Great Cone with Muon Radiography 20m

The MURAVES experiment aims at the muographic imaging of
the internal structure of the summit of Mt. Vesuvius,
exploiting muons produced by cosmic rays.
Though presently quiescent, the volcano carries a dramatic
hazard in its highly populated surroundings. The
challenging measurement of the rock density distribution
in its summit by muography, in conjunction with data from
other geophysical techniques, can help the modeling of
possible eruptive dynamics.
The MURAVES apparatus consists in an array of three
independent and identical muon trackers, with a total
sensitive area of 3 square meters. In each tracker, a sequence of 4
XY tracking planes made of plastic scintillators is
complemented by a 60 cm thick lead wall inserted between
the two downstream planes to improve rejection of
background from low energy muons. The apparatus is
currently acquiring data. Preliminary results from the
analysis of a first data sample will be presented.

Speaker: Mariaelena D'Errico (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II & INFN)
• 11:30 AM
Muon imaging and monitoring applied to hydrogeological studies at the Mont Terri Underground Rock Laboratory, Switzerland 20m

In this work we analyze the data sets of two muon imaging and monitoring experiments carried out using a portable muon detector conceived for geosciences applications at the Mont Terri Underground Rock Laboratory (URL), Switzerland. This underground facility is located in the Jura Mountains in north-western Switzerland, at a depth of ~300 meters below the Earth's surface. The region hosts two aquifers separated by an aquitard. The objective of these experiments is to evaluate the potential of muography to quantify groundwater variations.

Each of the data set consists of more than 1 year of measurements acquired in a specific location and detector orientation in the underground facility. This results in different opacity distributions for each experiment (~700 and ~1000 meters water equivalent, respectively). The two experiments together represent more than 2 years of muon data. From each data set we computed a radiography of average mass density along the registered muon trajectories, and we found that they are consistent with each other and with the geology of the site.

Previous large particle-physics experiments have shown that muon rate variations registered in underground facilities are sensitive to regional middle-atmosphere temperature variations. Our results show that the sensitivity to these phenomena is not only limited to large, expensive, and immobile muon detectors often associated to neutrino experiments and high‐opacity conditions. We found that changes in the thermal state of the atmosphere represent a major cause of muon rate variations registered in both experiments conducted at the Mont Terri URL.

To evaluate the feasibility of employing muography methods to perform hydrogeological studies, we first study the influence of the middle-atmosphere temperature variations in each data set to remove it from the muon rate variations time series. After eliminating this effect, we compare the resulting muon rate variations time series with meteorological and hydrogeological data that estimate the groundwater content in the study region. In addition, by merging adjacent axis of observation of the portable muon detector, we found different zones of the rock volume above the site that exhibit characteristic behaviors. Finally, we discuss the implications of our observations for geosciences applications aiming to characterize density variations in the subsurface with muon data.

Speaker: Matías Tramontini (CONICET - Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina)
• 11:50 AM
Recent results from Canadian Nuclear Laboratories’ work on muon tomography for nuclear security and safeguards 20m

During the last decade, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL) has been accumulating considerable experience in the development of muon radiography techniques with a focus on potential applications for nuclear security and safeguards. A unique muon tomography system with the ability to measure muon momenta, the Cosmic Ray Inspection and Passive Tomography (CRIPT) detector, has been operational at CNL since 2013. Building on that expertise, CNL has constructed and is commissioning a compact portable muon tomography system for field use. Recent advances at CNL in detection systems and data analysis techniques for muon radiography and practical applications will be presented including the three main achievements highlighted below.

A clustering-based algorithm that uses a nonparametric statistical test based on a reference case to determine the presence of high-density high-Z material, such as illicit nuclear material hidden inside a shipping canister, has been developed. The technique provides a single output – a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’ – to confirm the presence of nuclear material. In contrast to other muon-based imaging methods, it does so without the need for a detailed visual reconstruction or human interpretation. The performance of the algorithm was demonstrated using experimental data obtained with the CRIPT detector. This new algorithm has the potential for many important applications in nuclear safeguards, including the security of nuclear facilities and nuclear materials controls (e.g., nuclear treaty verification efforts).

A novel attenuation-based muon computed tomography algorithm has been developed to enable imaging of large nuclear infrastructure using measurements from a single muon tracking module. The performance of the algorithm has been evaluated for seven different reconstruction techniques from the computed tomography literature. A muon-tomography reconstruction of a simplified simulated reactor core is able to accurately reproduce the geometry, including the identification of missing fuel channels, and can produce reasonable estimates of average stopping powers in high-density voxels.

Statistically differentiating lead and ceramic UO$_{2}$ (commonly found in reactor fuel) has been demonstrated for the first time using CNL’s CRIPT detector. These two materials have comparable radiation lengths, which makes measurements of the scattering angle distributions difficult to resolve. The inclusion of muon momentum information, provided by the momentum spectrometer, has enabled this first-of-a-kind measurement. This serves as a demonstration of the capability of muon scattering tomography as a non-intrusive inspection tool for nuclear safeguards applications.

Speaker: Oleg Kamaev (Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL))
• 12:10 PM 1:40 PM
Lunch break 1h 30m
• 1:40 PM 2:20 PM
Data analysis and image reconstruction
Convener: Giiulio Saracino (Universita e sezione INFN di Napoli (IT))
• 1:40 PM
Absorption muographic challenges on the surface 20m

Absorption muography has many applications, but it can typically be divided into two categories based on the detector location: underground or surface measurements. The latter case started in volcanological application, but nowadays multiple applications arise besides basic muographic researches e.g., archaeology, and building structural imaging. In my presentation, I would like to briefly summarize the MWPC-based Muography Observation System (mMOS) at the Sakurajima volcano and the plans of installation at Etna volcano as well (Budapest-Catania-Tokyo collaboration), furthermore I would like to show an imaging resolution measurement method at the Budapest Fairy Rock, and give an overview on different flux calculations, systematic errors, lead wall background suppressions, and challenges of the surface measurements.

Speaker: Gábor Nyitrai (Wigner RCP, Budapest)
• 2:00 PM
Imaging and evaluation of defects in civil structures using Muon Scattering Tomography (MST) 20m

MST is a major non-destructive technique to detect high-atomic number (Z) and high-density (⍴) materials by finding the deviation in muon tracks. Both numerical simulation and experimental activities are being carried out towards assembling a gaseous ionization detector-based MST system at SINP. A prototype setup has been simulated using Geant4. Based on scattering parameters, an algorithm namely, Pattern Recognition Method (PRM) has been devised which is able to distinguish high-Z and low-Z materials with more than 5𝜎 accuracy 1. A practical application of MST, namely, detecting defects in common civil structures has been performed using the same numerical technique. A few basic concrete structures that are frequently used in civil construction, have been considered as test cases. The images of the test cases with and without the defect have been simulated for variable exposure of cosmic muons on the basis of their scattering from the composite concrete structures. The efficacy of the said method has been evaluated in terms of the PRM-score devised in this work as well as using the t-statistics. The limitation and advantages of the present application of the MST encompassing the imaging and image processing technique in non-destructive evaluation of concrete structures have been discussed 2.

Speakers: Mr Sridhar Tripathy (SAHA INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS), Nayana Majumdar (Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics), Supratik Mukhopadhyay (Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (IN))
• 2:20 PM 3:00 PM
Science communication and outreach
Convener: Akitaka Ariga (Chiba University Nishi-Chiba Campus (JP))
• 2:20 PM
Muography in the university and in the museum 20m

The LouMu team joins together specialists in particle detectors and in cosmic ray analyses, geophysicists and science communicators to muograph an underground gallery of an old mine, now open to visitors of a science museum. The muon telescope is made of Resistive Plate Chambers developed to operate stably and with low consumption at remote locations, and it has been tested in the Coimbra University, before being moved to the Science Center of Lousal, Portugal. In parallel to the scientific goals of surveying the geological faults around the gallery, comparing and combining the information from muography and other techniques, and testing and possibly upgrading these detectors for muography, the project aims to engage students at several levels and the interested public at large. The telescope was thought to operate in front of visitors, all the project phases will be documented, and the muographic data collected in the university building and the mine gallery will be made available for educational use. Providing an almost online update of simple and complex muographies is a challenge but provides an opportunity for a valued interaction of the public with our usually distant work.

Speaker: Sofia Andringa Dias (LIP Laboratorio de Instrumentacao e Fisica Experimental de Part)
• 2:40 PM
The Cosmic Muon Images demonstrator within the REINFORCE project 20m

Cosmic Muon Images is a muon tomography citizen science framework developed within the EU-funded (GA-872859) REINFORCE project (Research Infrastructures FOR Citizens in Europe). REINFORCE aspires to decrease the knowledge gap between research and society. Citizen scientists will engage in the process of scientific discovery by analyzing detector data from four major physics domains.

Muon Tomography, Gravitational Waves, Neutrino Astronomy and High Energy Physics join forces with people from all over the world to do science and discuss detection techniques, signal vs background discrimination, environmental effects on measurement, and broadcast the impact of fundamental research on everyday life and on societal progress. In this effort we want to reach the broader audience possible, and this means also making our data accessible to as many people as possible. SonoUno is a user centered software developed within REINFORCE that allows people with different sensory styles to explore scientific data, both visually and through sonorization.

Cosmic Muon Images utilizes the Zooniverse website to bring muon tomography to the general public and the citizen science community. Muon telescope data are visualized with 3D and 1D plots with the goal being the identification of patterns through a series of lines and points on these plots. The results of this pattern identification will be used to train machine learning (ML) algorithms to discriminate between signal and background events. We will then evaluate the performance of these ML algorithms to more traditional track reconstruction and event selection algorithms that are already in use. The key factor being how they compare with respect to speed and pattern recognition accuracy. Furthermore, a large dataset catalogued by eye will act as a stepping-stone towards other studies like background identification and Monte Carlo simulation development.

Citizen scientists will benefit through their exposure to calibration and detection techniques for muon telescopes to make their scientific contributions more robust. This will also provide a more fulfilling experience by learning new staff which are for the most part reserved for higher education audiences. They are going to learn about the different applications of muon tomography in fields like volcanology, archaeology, civil engineering, hazard monitoring and others. A great effort is made towards the inclusion of school students through a series of schools and seminars co-organized together with other EU-funded projects (e.g. FRONTIERS Summer School 2021) since young people have much to gain from learning about interdisciplinarity between sciences and how scientists from different domains collaborate towards a common goal.

Speaker: Theodore Avgitas (IP2I)
• 3:00 PM 3:30 PM
Coffee break 30m
• 3:30 PM 4:15 PM
Poster session
• 3:30 PM
Monte Carlo simulation for background study of the Wudalianchi volcano with cosmic ray muons 5m

Muon radiography can be a powerful tool to study the internal density structure of large objects at a few hundred meters scale. However, background noise can reduce significantly the efficacy of this technique if not adequately eliminated. In our cosmic ray muon radiography experiment to image the internal density structure of the Wudalianchi volcano in northeast China, the background noise pollution led to overestimate the muon flux, which seriously underestimated the density of the volcano. To estimate correctly the level of background noise and propose solutions to reduce it, we use the CRY code to generate the cosmic particles (electrons, protons and muons) and the Geant4 code to simulate the interaction of particles within the volcano structure. The results show that the background noise in muon radiography is mainly made of low energy particles (less of 1-2 GeV). To discriminate the background particles and eliminate them we study the feasibility of two methods; one is based on Time of Flight technique provided by fast time detectors to identify the particles, another is using the Multiple Coulomb Scattering method by placing absorber walls between detector layers. The two methods aim at separating low from high particles.
This study will be instructive for the next volcano experiment.

Speaker: Lingxin Chen (Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Science)
• 3:50 PM
Nuclear Waste Imaging and Diversion Monitoring using Muon Scattering Tomography 5m

In addition to imaging an object, muon scattering tomography (MST) benefits from providing additional information, i.e. the Z of the scattering material, when interrogating the object. MST’s potential therefore to image the material inside nuclear waste drums is well-established. Here the technique is extended, using machine learning methods, to provide quantifiable metrics for in-drum material identification. The methods thus developed and the results obtained for a series of nominal material types and shapes in a simulated drum are presented. Results using the MST technique to determine whether or not materials have been diverted or replaced in the drum will also be presented.

Speaker: Michael Weekes
• 3:55 PM
MUCH: an imaging Cherenkov telescope for volcano muography 20m

In the last decades, several attempts have been made to investigate internal structures of large bodies, such as volcanoes, with transmission muography. High spatial resolution and reduction of the strong background noise due to protons, electrons and scattered low energy muons, are the main challenges for this technique. As a possible solution to fulfill these requirements, muography with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) has been recently proposed and the feasibility demonstrated by our team using Geant4 simulations.

IACTs are telescopes dedicated to the gamma-ray astronomy consisting of an optical system that focuses the Cherenkov light into a high-sensitive and fast read-out camera. Muons with energy above about 5 GeV induce Cherenkov radiation which is emitted in a cone with a constant opening angle around their travel direction. As IACTs image in angular space, the Cherenkov light focused onto the camera forms a ring-shaped image centred at a distance from the focal plane centre proportional to the muon incidence angle. None of the previously mentioned source of background is expected to affect the IACTs muon signal.

Here we present MUCH, a lightweight and compact IACT design, specifically dedicated to volcano muography. The telescope design is based on a SiPMs camera working in the 280nm-900nm wavelength band, equipped with a fast read-out electronics with single photon counting capability.

The proposed Schmidt-like optical system is composed of a 2.5m aspheric mirror and a 2.5m Fresnel lens corrector. It results in a Field of View (FoV) of about 12°, an entrance pupil of 2.5m diameter and an angular resolution better than 0.2° throughout the entire FoV which allows us to determine the muon direction with a reconstruction precision better than a few tenths of degree.

A Geant4 framework for the simulation of Fresnel lenses and aspheric mirrors is currently being developed for the telescope prototype achievement.

Speaker: Davide Mollica (INAF/IASF Palermo)
• 3:55 PM
Muography Application in IFIN-HH 20m

There are more than 20 years since cosmic ray muons have been studied in IFIN-HH. Starting as fundamental physics research, it continued later by putting muons to use, through applications. Muography is a new and emerging technique that interpret the muon flux in order to obtain information about the inner structure of dense objects. Different applications have been designed and are currently being implemented at IFIN-HH. Scanning dense objects at the ground level, in order to determine their composition, or using the technique to imagine the structure of underground tunnels or mines are in present under investigation.

Speaker: Denis Stanca
• 3:55 PM
The MURAVES experiment at Vesuvius: geophysical implications 5m

We describe the muography laboratory built on the slopes of Vesuvius in the context of the MURAVES project. The aim of the experiment is the detection of the internal structure of the upper part of the volcanic cone, where different eruptive regimes in the period 1906-1944 (eg: effusive or explosive) generated internal volumes with different density. The laboratory is located inside the Vesuvius National Park, it is powered by solar panels and data transmission is based on a WiFi radio bridge.

• 3:55 PM
Tomographic Muon Imaging of the Great Pyramid of Giza 20m

In 1970 L. Alvarez et al. reported on the first experiment to use cosmic-ray muons to investigate the interior of a very large structure. This structure was Khafre's Pyramid at Giza. The group used, for that era, state-of-the-art instrumentation from the field of high-energy physics: spark chambers. In the intervening 40+ years, the technology used for determining the trajectories of elementary particles has advanced significantly. In November of 2017, the Scan Pyramids team used modern-day instrumentation to discover a new large void in the Great Pyramid. However, the size (~ a few meter square) of this new system was not very much bigger than the one used by Alvarez's team. To apply true tomographic muon imaging to such large structures, a new approach must be taken. In this poster we describe an advanced concept for a high-resolution tomographic study of the internal structure of the Great Pyramid which will not only look for voids but investigate the ancient building techniques on a much more detailed scale than ever attempted.

Speaker: Ishbel Jamieson
• 4:00 PM
Development of a borehole detector with nuclear emulsions 5m

We are currently developing a borehole detector using nuclear emulsions. Because of the high resolution of nuclear emulsions, the detector can be inserted into the borehole whose diameter is 75mm without losing angular accuracy or other performance characteristics even if the size of nuclear emulsions is reduced. Furthermore, no power supply is required. In this poster, we will report the current status of the detector development.

Speaker: Tomoya Imanishi (Nagoya University)
• 4:00 PM
Development of a non-destructive inspection method for trees using cosmic rays 5m

We have developed a technique for non-destructive inspection of huge structures such as the Egyptian pyramids and nuclear reactors using cosmic rays, which have high material penetration ability. In this study, we proposed a new application of this technique to the cavity exploration of trees. We used nuclear emulsion as a cosmic-ray detector. The non-destructive inspection technique using cosmic rays was applied to trees for the first time, and the validity of this technique as a diagnostic method for giant trees was clarified.

Speaker: Dr Akira Nishio (Nagoya University)
• 4:00 PM
Development of Mudulus, a muography detector based on double-synchronized electronics for geophysical applications 5m

By taking advantage of our previous experiences in the development of muon detectors, such MuTe project in Colombia and AMIGA in Argentina, our group is developing detectors for muography and multi-purpose applications. Our prototype detectors use different modules of plastic scintillators with embedded optical fibres and 64 channel multi-anode photomultiplier tubes (PMT) with a common dynode, or arrays of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM).
In the case of Mudulus, each module is made of 12 scintillator strips of (4x1x100) cm3, and each extreme is connected to one of the PMTs channels. In this case, we can build panels with up to four of these modules. This modular configuration allows changing the panel geometries looking for an adaptive shape or size to the studied object and resulting in a faster or more detailed muography image.
The improvement in performance obtained with Mudulus is achieved by the combination of its modular design and the double synchronised detection at the end of each scintillator bar. We take advantage of the photomultiplier at each end to determine the muon flux using a model to account signal attenuation in each anode, and then determine the position of the incoming muons with a better discrimination and sub-pixel spatial resolution. In this contribution, we present the design, calibration, development and implementation of Mudulus.

Speaker: Rolando Calderón Ardila (Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas )
• 4:00 PM
Measurement of cosmic rays with emulsion chambers in water 5m

Nuclear emulsion films packed in aluminum laminated sheet were installed in a 2.9m-deep-pool.We observed cosmic rays for 13 days, and then calculated the muon flux up to about 600 MeV.
In this session, we would like to discuss the measurement results of muon flux by comparing with the measurement data of BESS and the simulated data by PHITS, with considering the systematic errors from the contamination of electrons and the circumstances during observation.

Speaker: Dr Nobuko Kitagawa (Nagoya University)
• 4:00 PM
Measurement of the Low-energy Muon Spectra with the Rotatable NEWCUT Spectrometer 5m

The precise measurement of low-energy muon spectra is required to improve muography of small-sized objects. We developed a 5-meter-length, rotatable, MWPC-based spectrometer to precisely measure the energy spectra of muons from 0.5 GeV to 5 GeV between vertical and horizontal directions [1]. It is a consecutive series of nineteen detectors with a positional resolution of approx. 4 mm and lead plates. The structure of the spectrometer, data analysis methods, simulation and first mesurement results will be discussed.

[1] L. Oláh et al.: Improvement of cosmic-ray muography for Earth sciences and civil engineering, PoS 358, https://doi.org/10.22323/1.358.0377

Speaker: László Oláh (Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan)
• 4:00 PM
Meiga, a dedicated framework used for muography applications 5m

The design and development of detectors for muography is in constant demand of the usage of semiempirical models and simulations. In this contribution we present Meiga, a framework conceived for simulation and reconstruction of muography applications. This framework takes a simulated muon flux at ground level and propagates it through a given material where the detectors are located. It uses Geant4 as a toolkit for the simulation of traversing particles through the material and computes the signal produced when muons pass through any type of detector at the desired location. Both, simulated and reconstructed data are stored for an offline analysis. Meiga encompasses the need of simulating different scenarios to optimize detector design in a versatile and easy-to-use framework. In this contribution, we present the methods for simulating scintillator-based detectors intended for muography studies in addition to first results of validation with prototype detectors.

• 4:00 PM
Muography, outreaching and transdisciplinarity 5m

It can be reasoned that many emerging scientific disciplines arise when the conventional sciences cross paths in a manner not seen before. Events like these may lead to the rapid development of new methodologies, concepts, and technologies as the collaboration between previously separate research communities forms a fruitful background to further developments. This is the case also with muography which – at least occasionally – combines as varied fields of human activity as particle physics, detector designing, software coding, archaeology, arts, and a multitude of geoscience and engineering applications. It is the cross-pollination between the people with varied backgrounds that makes muography such an interesting and rapidly developing field of research and drives the emergent commercial activities.

Muography deviates from conventional particle physics by providing more visual results for the audiences. It also differs from conventional particle physics by being an applying method, rather than a fundamental and deeply theoretical science. A multitude of geophysical methods are used in geosciences, but only a few can be traced back to the quantum world of particle physics. Hence, the conventional curriculums of geophysicists and geologists, for example, are rarely preparing the graduating scientists for the requirements of muography. As muographers, it is within our responsibility to develop muography further, so that it will overcome the barrier that still separates it from other geophysical subdisciplines. This can be carried out by active collaboration between the different research groups working in the field of muography. However, as the applications of muography vary drastically from one to another, we also need effective communication with the researchers of other sciences. In addition, we need outreaching projects that let us be seen, heard, and experienced in the media, science parks and art installations by the other scientists and public alike.

Due to the fact that muography applications are so drastically varied, muography is intrinsically transdisciplinary in character. A transdisciplinary science approach is one that integrates or requires various disciplines, concepts, and methods in order to make research possible. When the research problem is relatively simple (from the viewpoint of modern curriculums), the conventional research fields are applied (e.g., astroparticle physics, instrumentation, and geoscience work and develop separately). However, when the challenges are more complicated, the different disciplines need interaction that can be described as multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary, depending on how much there is overlap. There are, nevertheless, also research fields that require even more interaction between different disciplines than either the multi- or interdisciplinary approaches can offer. We propose that muography falls into this fourth category, which is called transdisciplinary research. The reasons why we believe so are explained in the present work.

Speaker: Marko Holma (Muon Solutions Oy, Pyhäjärvi (Finland))
• 4:00 PM
Simulation of a first case study for magnetic field imaging with the Magic-µ technique 5m

We present a feasibility study for a new muography technique, MAGnetic field Imaging by Cosmic-ray MUons (Magic-µ), whose general principles are introduced in another presentation. This new application exploits the charge of cosmic-ray muons, which causes them to shift their trajectory in response to magnetic flux density. As a first case study, we simulated the measurement of the field generated by a permanent magnet. In the first step, the magnetic field was calculated using the three-dimensional finite-element solution package AMaze. Then, the magnetic field flux density data were converted into a readable format for the PHITS Monte Carlo simulation code and muography images were obtained for two states of the magnetic field region ON and OFF. Positive and negative muons were generated using the PARMA model implemented in PHITS. The resulting image of the magnetic field ON is significantly blurred compared to the image of the magnetic field OFF. This blurred image can also be used for the analysis of the magnetic field. The simulation results are promising for the newly proposed application of cosmic-ray muons, the imaging of the magnetic field.

Speaker: Hamid Basiri (Kyushu University)
• 4:00 PM
Simulation Studies for Muography of the Pyramids 5m

Muography is an technique that can image objects by tracking cosmic-ray-produced muons, which are unstable leptonic particles with a mass of 207 MeV and a mean lifetime 2.2 μs. Muography ispotentially useful for discovering voids inside the Great Pyramids. Our computer simulation of muography focus on studying the great Pyramid, “Khufu,” to discover voids inside it using an advanced muon detector designed with a suitable geometry that measures the angular dependence of the cosmic muon flux inside the pyramid. The simulation results will be validated using previous simulations. This will be useful for developing an algorithm that can also be used for discovery within the second great pyramid, “Khafre”.

Speaker: Ms Shereen Aly (Helwan University and Canadian Internaational College)
• 4:00 PM
Unveiling triangular correlation of angular deviation in muon scattering tomography by means of GEANT4 simulations 5m

The angular deviation commonly represented by the scattering angle generally serves to provide the characteristic discrimination in the muon scattering tomography. The regular procedure to determine the scattering angle compromises the collection of exactly four hit locations in four detector layers among which two top detector layers are utilized to construct the first vector, whereas the second vector is built by using two bottom detector layers. Although this procedure acts to classify the target volumes in the tomographic systems based on the muon scattering, the scattering angle obtained through the usual methodology founded on four detector layers is dubious for not yielding any information about the position of target volume. Nonetheless, the same set of four detector layers also imparts the possibility of splitting the scattering angle into two separate angles by creating a triangular correlation in such a way that the scattering angle is referred to an exterior angle, whereas the separate angles are considered the interior opposite angles that are not neighboring this exterior angle. In this study, we first show that a combination of three detector layers out of four fulfills the calculation of the interior opposite angles. Then, by employing the GEANT4 simulations over our tomographic configuration composed of three plastic scintillators in either section, we demonstrate that the interior opposite angles differ towards the vertical spatial variation, while the exterior angle approximately remains constant, thereby implying a beneficial feature to be used for the image reconstruction purposes.

Speaker: Ahmet Ilker Topuz (Catholic University of Louvain)
• 4:00 PM
Volcanic Eruption Forecasting using Cosmic Ray Muography and Artificial Intelligence 5m

Machine learning algorithms have preliminarily been shown to have the potential to predict volcanic eruptions by training on muon data. The high-energy particles are used to map the interior of the volcano, chiefly due to muon's relatively high mass. In this poster, we discuss opportunities in this area. Challenges include curating the large-scale datasets that are necessary for deep learning applications like this one. We show intercomparisons between muography methods and traditional techniques like seismicity, deformation, and gas emission in terms of prediction efficacy.

Speaker: Thomas Chen (Academy for Mathematics, Science, and Engineering)
• 4:15 PM 5:15 PM
New Ideas
• 4:15 PM
Magnetic-field imaging by cosmic-ray muon (Magic-µ) 20m

Cosmic-ray muon radiography, also called muography, can exploit the internal structure of an object that muons traversed. In the conventional absorption method, transmission or absorption ratio to background terrestrial muon flux can determine the density length. After the scattering method was invented, muography can inspect nuclear materials' existence in targets. The identification is possible because the nuclear materials have a large electron density to scatter muon at large angles. This study proposes new targets, "magnetic field imaging" and "magnetic flux density measurement." We call the project, Magic-µ, which is short for MAGnetic field Imaging by Cosmic-ray MUons. When a muon traverses in a magnetic field, they are deflected and change their trajectories with its velocity and charge. In other words, the magnetic field must distort the muography image from its original (non-magnetic field condition) image only around the magnetic field. The distortion is detectable with the same process as anomaly detection in the absorption muography. This technique is promising to detect the degradation of a superconductive coil of a fusion reactor because it can find a weak magnetic field region. Next, let us move toward magnetic flux density measurement. In standard muography, muon charge identification is not necessary, but it is mandatory for the magnetic flux density measurement. We will install a muon charge identifier to a standard absorption muography detector. Also, a novel data analysis technique is required to determine the absolute value of the magnetic flux density from the distorted image. We will start with the so-called template matching method, which can find displacement from a template image, a muography image without a magnetic field. We will estimate the magnetic flux density from the displacement. It is useful to understand the magnetic field applied by multipole electromagnets using for Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient accelerator. Additionally to these overviews, simulation results for the feasibility study will be shown in the workshop.

Speaker: Prof. Tadahiro Kin (Kyushu University)
• 4:35 PM
Atmospheric ray tomography for low-Z materials 20m

Atmospheric ray tomography (ART) uses the muons and electrons for detecting objects and their composition. In this talk I will describe some new methods and a proof-of-concept tomography system developed for the ART of low-Z materials. Recently we introduced the Particle Track Filtering (PTF) and Multi-Modality Tomographic Reconstruction (MMTR) methods. Having Geant4 models we optimized the tomography system, the parameters of PTF and MMTR. Appling plastic scintillating fiber arrays in our tomography system, we achieved the spatial resolution 120 μm and 1 mrad angular resolution in the track reconstruction. We developed a novel edge detection method to separate the logical volumes of scanned objects. We showed its effectiveness on single (e.g. water, aluminum) and double material (e.g. explosive RDX and biological tissue) objects. The tabletop tomography system we built showed excellent agreement between simulations and measurements. We are able to increase the discriminating power of ART on low-Z materials significantly. This work opens up new routes for the commercialization of ART tomography in the security and custom field. I will discuss possible applications in industry and medicine. The talk is based on a recent preprint, https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.12542

Speaker: Andi Hektor (GScan OÜ & KBFI)
• 4:55 PM
Tomographic Muon Imaging of the Great Pyramid of Giza 20m

In 1970 L. Alvarez et al. reported on the first experiment to use cosmic-ray muons to investigate the interior of a very large structure. This structure was Khafre's Pyramid at Giza. The group used, for that era, state-of-the-art instrumentation from the field of high-energy physics: spark chambers. In the intervening 40+ years, the technology used for determining the trajectories of elementary particles has advanced significantly. In November of 2017, the Scan Pyramids team used modern-day instrumentation to discover a new large void in the Great Pyramid. However, the size (~ a few meter square) of this new system was not very much bigger than the one used by Alvarez's team. To apply true tomographic muon imaging to such large structures, a new approach must be taken. In this talk we describe an advanced concept for a high-resolution tomographic study of the internal structure of the Great Pyramid which will not only look for voids but investigate the ancient building techniques on a much more detailed scale than ever attempted.

Speaker: Alan Bross (Fermilab)
• Friday, November 26
• 9:00 AM 10:20 AM
Applications
Convener: Giovanni Macedonio (INGV - Osservatorio Vesuviano, Napoli, Italy)
• 9:00 AM
Thoughts about an ideal validation environment for muography applications 20m

Muography has many possibilities ranging from imaging volcanoes to observing civil infrastructures or even small scale objects. G.F. Knoll has laid out the fundamentals of radiation detection and measurement. However, what is still lacking is the testing and verification environments for muography detectors. In this work, we will present a few thoughts on such a possible muography test and method validation site.
As the target sizes for muography vary drastically, there is a need to have different detector technologies and assemblies. Most known applications of muography are linked to observing unknown (e.g., archaeological or geological target) or temporally changing (e.g., volcano monitoring) targets. There are also a lot of well-known but deteriorating targets within civil infrastructures. Data gathered from an alternative source(s), e.g., topographic maps, gravitational data, conductivity or magnetic field data, or seismic reflectivity data, to name a few, are used as reference material for the muography analysis. With Monte Carlo simulations, the muon background can be simulated and compared with the measured muon statistics to get a glimpse of what might be within the observed target.
For the data and method validation, an entry-level test environment is needed. It would be the most beneficial if it would be located on the surface, or at least relatively close to it, so that the muon flux measurements would be quick to carry out. Also, targets should be of high contrast compared with the surrounding environment, and the targets should be well-known objects what comes to their internal density profile and outer dimensions. For example, air against any liquid or solid target would create high contrast object and hence an ideal target for validating and testing muography detectors and imaging software. Using artificial targets such as 1 m3 concrete blocks or similar-size industrial containers filled with water, gravel, sand, or perhaps refined ore would provide an ideal object in size, cost and mobility. Additionally, a series of targets could contain integrated density anomalies (voids, denser structures) to enhance the validation tests related to contrast separation, angular resolution, inversion methods, and reconstruction of density profiles and tomographies. This could be called a micro-level validation environment.
At the macro level, the validation environment should be as authentic as possible. It should, for example, have access to a subsurface facility and known geological and infrastructural environment (e.g., a former underground mine with flat overburden would include all these qualities). In such a setting, the underground galleries, workings, and the tunnel network itself would make excellent muon radiography and muon tomography targets. Similarly, a micro-level validation environment would guide the validation process for testing the detector systems and the data reconstruction capabilities of the software. Additionally, it would be beneficial if there would be stockpiles of sand, gravel, etc., on the surface, and these would have variable sizes, or some of them could be reshaped or changed in terms of size. They could be used to validate both the spatial resolutions of the chosen detector assemblies and the threshold limits for observing the temporal changes.
We propose that the Callio Lab, a science and R&D site located at the 1.5 km deep Pyhäsalmi mine, Finland, offers an excellent opportunity to establish a micro and macro scale validation environment for the muography community. The underground mining is ending soon at this site, subsequently giving room for even 24/7 underground operations for other types of operators. However, the surface operation continues. The flat local overburden is ideal for both surface and underground validation tests for muography instruments. Geology and the mine infrastructure are well-known and documented. From the infrastructure point of view, the underground has even a 1 Gb internet connection, and with secure remote access, long-term remote tests are also possible.

Speaker: Mr Jari Joutsenvaara ((1)Kerttu Saalasti Institute, University of Oulu, Finland; (2) Virtual Muography Institute (global); (3) Arctic Planetary Science Institute, Finland; (4) Muon Solutions Oy, Pyhäjärvi, Finland)
• 9:20 AM
Civil Infrastructure Monitoring using Muon Radiography 20m

This presentation will focus on the application of muon radiography to the imaging of civil infrastructure, specifically its use in the location, characterisation and monitoring of hidden voids and shafts in railway tunnels. Results from a series of measurements made in railway tunnels on the UK’s rail network in which a previously unknown void was located will be discussed alongside results from simulations of other features of interest. An overview of current and future instrumentation will also be presented.

Speaker: Chris Steer (Geoptic Infrastructure Investigations (UK))
• 9:40 AM
Imaging of the inner zone of blast furnaces using the muon radiography: the BLEMAB project 20m

The aim of the BLEMAB project (BLast furnace stack density Estimation through on-line Muon ABsorption measurements) is the application of the muon radiography techniques in order to obtain the imaging of a blast furnace inner zone. In particular, the goal of the study is to charachterize geometry and size of the so called "cohesive zone", i.e. the spatial region where the slowly downward moving material begins to soften and melt, that plays such an important role in the performance of the blast furnace itself.

Thanks to the high penetration power of natural cosmic ray muon radiation, muon transmission radiography could be an appropriate non invasive methodology for the imaging of large high-density structures such as a blast furnace, whose linear dimensions can be up to a few tens of meters. A state of the art muon tracking system derived from the technology developed for MIMA and MURAVES detectors (used in muography applications in the field of Archaeology, Geology and Civil Engeneering) is currently in development and will be installed at a blast furnace on the ArcelorMittal site in Bremen (Germany), in order to start a continuos test of data collection.

Hundreds of muons are expected each day, for each angular bin with a size of 2 deg in azimuth and 2 deg in elevation, thus allowing a continuos measurement of the average density distribution keeping statistical fluctuations at less than ten percent. Muon radiography results will also be compared with measurements obtained through an enhanced multipoint probe and standard blast furnace models.

In this contribution the project, its development status and the expectations based on preliminary simulations are presented and briefly discussed.

Speaker: Dr Sandro Gonzi (Università degli Studi di Firenze and INFN)
• 10:00 AM
Application of muography to the industrial sector 20m

Muography can be utilized as a Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) technique to perform preventive maintenance of industrial equipment, quality control of production processes and risk assessment in the context of the heavy industry. The great penetration power of muons in matter makes this technique interesting to inspect large and dense industrial structures such as cauldrons, furnaces and pipes. At the same time, muography does not require to stop the production process allowing to decouple this kind of maintenance from the technical stops of the factories. This kind of application simplifies also the muon imaging algorithms since only small deviations with respect to a very well known nominal geometry are needed, allowing to solve the problem with parameter inference solutions. This talk will review and summarize the recent progress of the company Muon Systems on this topic ranging from detector considerations, reconstruction algorithms and new applications.

Speakers: Mr Aitor Orio (Muon Systems), Pablo Martinez Ruiz Del Arbol (Universidad de Cantabria and CSIC (ES))
• 10:20 AM 10:50 AM
Coffee break 30m
• 10:50 AM 12:10 PM
Applications
Convener: Giovanni Macedonio (INGV - Osservatorio Vesuviano, Napoli, Italy)
• 10:50 AM
The use of muon radiography in the verification of nuclear geological disposal facilities 20m

The long-term disposal of nuclear waste is a pressing global problem. Most countries are following similar routes of developing one or more geological disposal facilities (GDF) deep underground. The potential role that muon tomography can play in the construction and operation of such a facility is currently under consideration across Europe. The presentation will focus on a number of aspects where muon tomography will provide a unique or valuable complimentary tool, such as repository verification, materials screening and package voidage. Results from initial simulations will also be discussed.

Speaker: Lee F. Thompson (University of Sheffield (UK))
• 11:10 AM
Muon Tomography Applications for Nuclear Waste Management and Decommissioning in the UK 20m

In the UK nuclear industry, muon imaging is gaining traction as a credible option in the toolkit of techniques for monitoring and inspection of waste packages arising from decommissioning activities across the UK nuclear estate. Since 2009, the National Nuclear Laboratory has collaborated with the University of Glasgow and Lynkeos Technology Ltd. to develop muon imaging techniques for such applications. In this paper we review our experiences in imaging typical waste-forms such as vitrified products and corroded sludge. The requirements and expectations of stakeholders and plant operators with regard to waste monitoring are examined, and the constraints and challenges of deploying and operating muon detection instruments on nuclear licensed sites are discussed.

Speaker: Dr Matthew Ryan (National Nuclear Laboratory)
• 11:30 AM
SilentBorder project: a new generation of custom and security scanners 20m

Only a small fraction of cargo is inspected and even smaller fraction of illegal goods are detected. Today, the most widely used technology for scanning vehicles, ranging from vans and trucks to railcars, is gamma-ray and X-ray radiography. Cosmic-ray tomography (CRT) is considered as beyond the state-of-the-art technology in cargo screening. We will bridge the major security gap for fast and safe inspection of large numbers of cargos by developing the Multi-Functional Passive Detection System. The detection capability is based on using plastic scintillating fibre arrays in combination with beyond state-of-the art tomographic reconstruction and material classification algorithms. The main objective of SilentBorder is to develop and validate a new high-technology CRT scanner for border guard, customs and LEAs that enables safe and fast screening, detection and identification of hazardous and illegal goods (e.g. SNM), contraband (e.g. tobacco or explosive) as well as hidden persons in up to 20’ ISO containers. More information on the project,https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101021812 and more information on the technology applied,https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.12542.

Speaker: Madis Kiisk (University of Tartu)
• 11:50 AM
Simulation Study of Reinforced Concrete Blocks With Muon Imaging Techniques 20m

Ageing civil infrastructure poses a huge problem for the modern world. In the example of transport bridges, structural integrity defects can result in disruption, massive economic losses, and in extreme cases of failure, even tragedy. Inspection technologies in use today can hardly be called ideal: X-rays can provide high-resolution images but their usage is restricted by health and safety regulations; on the other hand ultrasound and ground-penetrating radar, are safer, but suffer from limited penetrating depth and/or poor resolution. There is an emerging technology that can be used to image these large structures: muon imaging. This technique does not have the drawbacks of the more conventional non-destructive testing methods. It is well known that the cosmic ray muon has a very high penetrative capability due to its high average momentum and its large mass. Muon imaging techniques are only reliant on background radiation and do not require hazardous man-made radioactive sources. In this paper, we developed Monte Carlo simulations to study the performance of muon imaging methods on thick reinforced concrete structures. Image reconstruction methods such as POCA, MLEM etc. were used with varying parameters (such as tracking detector resolution, diameter of steel reinforcement bar and thickness of the concrete structures) to assess the effects of outside factors on imaging performance. The effect of the tracking detector noise on the image quality was also investigated. The experimental result of a reinforced concrete block is also shown in this paper, and it agrees well with the simulation results.

Speaker: Dr Guangliang Yang (University of Glasgow)
• 12:10 PM 12:20 PM
Closing
• 12:10 PM
Closing statements 10m
Speaker: Michael Tytgat (Ghent University (BE))


text:
# Binom-class

0th

Percentile

##### Class "Binom"

The binomial distribution with size $= n$, by default $=1$, and prob $= p$, by default $=0.5$, has density $$p(x) = {n \choose x} {p}^{x} {(1-p)}^{n-x}$$ for $x = 0, \ldots, n$.

C.f.rbinom

Keywords
distribution
##### Objects from the Class

Objects can be created by calls of the form Binom(prob, size). This object is a binomial distribution.

##### Slots

img

Object of class "Naturals": The space of the image of this distribution has got dimension 1 and the name "Natural Space".

param

Object of class "BinomParameter": the parameter of this distribution (prob, size), declared at its instantiation

r

Object of class "function": generates random numbers (calls function rbinom)

d

Object of class "function": density function (calls function dbinom)

p

Object of class "function": cumulative function (calls function pbinom)

q

Object of class "function": inverse of the cumulative function (calls function qbinom). The quantile is defined as the smallest value x such that F(x) >= p, where F is the cumulative function.

support

Object of class "numeric": a (sorted) vector containing the support of the discrete density function

.withArith

logical: used internally to issue warnings as to interpretation of arithmetics

.withSim

logical: used internally to issue warnings as to accuracy

.logExact

logical: used internally to flag the case where there are explicit formulae for the log version of density, cdf, and quantile function

.lowerExact

logical: used internally to flag the case where there are explicit formulae for the lower tail version of cdf and quantile function

Symmetry

object of class "DistributionSymmetry"; used internally to avoid unnecessary calculations.

##### Extends

Class "DiscreteDistribution", directly. Class "UnivariateDistribution", by class "DiscreteDistribution". Class "Distribution", by class "DiscreteDistribution".

##### Methods

+

signature(e1 = "Binom", e2 = "Binom"): For two binomial distributions with equal probabilities the exact convolution formula is implemented thereby improving the general numerical accuracy.

initialize

signature(.Object = "Binom"): initialize method

prob

signature(object = "Binom"): returns the slot prob of the parameter of the distribution

prob<-

signature(object = "Binom"): modifies the slot prob of the parameter of the distribution

size

signature(object = "Binom"): returns the slot size of the parameter of the distribution

size<-

signature(object = "Binom"): modifies the slot size of the parameter of the distribution

BinomParameter-class DiscreteDistribution-class Naturals-class rbinom

##### Aliases
• Binom-class
• Binom
• initialize,Binom-method
##### Examples
# NOT RUN {
B <- Binom(prob=0.5,size=1) # B is a binomial distribution with prob=0.5 and size=1.
r(B)(1) # # one random number generated from this distribution, e.g. 1
d(B)(1) # Density of this distribution is  0.5 for x=1.
p(B)(0.4) # Probability that x<0.4 is 0.5.
q(B)(.1) # x=0 is the smallest value x such that p(B)(x)>=0.1.
## in RStudio or Jupyter IRKernel, use q.l(.)(.) instead of q(.)(.)
size(B) # size of this distribution is 1.
size(B) <- 2 # size of this distribution is now 2.
C <- Binom(prob = 0.5, size = 1) # C is a binomial distribution with prob=0.5 and size=1.
D <- Binom(prob = 0.6, size = 1) # D is a binomial distribution with prob=0.6 and size=1.
E <- B + C # E is a binomial distribution with prob=0.5 and size=3.
F <- B + D # F is an object of class LatticeDistribution.
G <- B + as(D,"DiscreteDistribution") ## DiscreteDistribution
# }

Documentation reproduced from package distr, version 2.8.0, License: LGPL-3

### Community examples

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format: plain


text:
# How to determine Taylor series expansion of function $f(x) = \frac{\cos(x)}{x}$ about $a=1$?

Given function is $f(x) = \frac{\cos(x)}{x}.$

$y = x - a , y = x - 1$.

$x = y+1 , f(y) = \frac{\cos(y+1)}{y+1}$

How to get Taylor series expansion about $1$ of this function?

If it was needed to determine Maclauren expansion it would be $f(x) = \frac{\cos(x)}{x} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{(-1)^nx^{2n-1}}{(2n)!}$

Should I multiply these two series:

(1.) $\frac{1}{y+1} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty(-1)^ny^n$
(2.) $\cos(y+1) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{(-1)^n(y+1)^{2n}}{(2n)!}$
(1.)$\times$(2.) = $\sum_{n=0}^\infty(\sum_{m=0}^n\frac{(-1)^{n-m}(y+1)^{2m}}{(2m)!})y^n = \sum_{n=0}^\infty(\sum_{m=0}^n\frac{(-1)^{n-m}(x)^{2m}}{(2m)!})(x-1)^n$

• Are you aware of the fact the $n$-th coefficient in a general series expansion $f(x)=\sum_n a_n (x-a)^n$ is given by $a_n=\frac{f^{(n)}(a)}{n!}$? Jun 24 '15 at 20:08
• I think specifically in the case $a=1$, you could easily guess the general form of the $n$-th derivative at $1$ and then prove it by induction. Just evaluate the first few derivatives at $1$. Jun 24 '15 at 20:17
• I'm not sure I managed to simplify the nth derivative: $f^{(n)}(1) = \sum_{k=0}^n(-1)^n(n-k)!\cos^{(n-k)}(1)$. How should I get $a_n=\frac{f^{(n)}(1)}{n!}$ then? Jun 24 '15 at 20:24
• Yes, for $n=1,2,3, 4...$ you should spot the pattern by then. Jun 24 '15 at 20:25