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### Nonnegative rank and nondeterministic communication complexity

In this post I would like to discuss the connection between the nonnegative rank of a nonnegative matrix, and the nondeterministic communication complexity of its support matrix --- the connection being simply the former is greater than or equal to two to the power of the latter.

Deterministic Communication Complexity

As a digression, let us first discuss the classical deterministic communication complexity of a boolean function ${f\colon \{0,1\}^d\times\{0,1\}^d \rightarrow \{0,1\}}$. The idea is that Alice and Bob want to compute a specific value ${f(x,y)}$, but Alice only knows ${x}$ whereas Bob only knows ${y}$. Now they'll have to communicate, until one of them, say Bob, knows ${f(x,y)}$. Communication is assumed to be the expensive'' thing, so that is what Alice and Bob try to minimize.
The maximum over all inputs ${(x,y)}$ of the minimum number of bits Alice and Bob have to exchange before Bob knows the answer, is called the communication complexity of ${f}$.
It is important to realize that Alice and Bob have unlimited amount of storage and computing power. In particular, both of them may store the complete ${(2^d\times 2^d)}$- matrix ${M_{x,y} := f(x,y)}$ (along with all prime numbers and every book ever written), if they think it might help. (In this sense, it is like the opposite of an exam for students: Alice and Bob may use the complete solution to all exam problems, but they have to find out which problem they are supposed to solve). The question is not, how difficult is to compute ${f}$. The question is, how difficult it is to agree on which region of the matrix the parties are'' in.

Nondeterministic CC

Now let us discuss nondeterministic communication complexity. Here, in addition to their respective input ${x}$ and ${y}$, Alice and Bob are given a certificate'' for the answer ${f(x,y) = 1}$, which both can verify independently. If in their verifications, they both independently conclude that the certificate proves that ${f(x,y) =1}$, then Bob replies '1'. Otherwise, he says '0'. Bob may err in his reply, but only in saying '0' when the right answer would have been '1'. If the true answer is '0', Bob may never say '0'. (This is just like in nondeterministic computational complexity classes.) Moreover, if the true answer is '1', there must be at least one certificate with which Alice and Bob arrive at the true answer.
Obviously, for Bob to learn the result of Alice's checking of the certificate, Alice has to communicate one bit to Bob; this bit is generally ignored. The nondeterministic communication'' is then the coding length of the certificate. Since Alice and Bob may store all possible certificates which they might ever occur, this is the same as the coding length of the number of certificates needed for the function ${f}$.
The only kind of yes/no questions Alice and Bob can answer independently are of the form ${x\in A}$ (for Alice), or ${y\in B}$, respectively (for Bob). Thus, certificates amount to rectangles.
Suppose that we have a number of submatrices ${R_1,\dots,R_q}$ of ${M}$, such that every entry in every ${R_j}$ is one. These matrices are supposed to cover all the 1s in ${M}$ in the sense that for every ${(x,y)}$ if ${M_{x,y} =1}$, then at least one of the ${R_j}$ contains the ${(x,y)}$-entry. The usual word for such submatrices is 1-rectangle (or just rectangle), and ${R_1,\dots,R_q}$ with said properties is called a rectangle covering. when Alice and Bob receive their inputs ${x}$ and ${y}$, respectively, if the right answer would be '1', the certificate could be any of the rectangles containing the entry ${M_{x,y}}$. If, however ${M_{x,y} = 0}$, it does not matter which certificate is given -- Bob will always reply '0'.
Thus, determining the finding the nondeterministic communication complexity of ${M}$ amounts to fining a rectangle covering with minimum number ${q}$ of rectangles. The nondeterministic communication complexity is then the coding length of ${q}$, i.e., ${\approx \log_2 q}$.
Note that rectangle covering'' makes sense for all 0/1-matrices --- not just square matrices with the number of rows/columns a power of two.

Rectangle covering as a coloring problem

Let us make this even a bit more combinatorial. Let ${M}$ be an ${(m\times n)}$-matrix ${M}$, and denote by ${\mbox{rc}(M)}$ its rectangle covering number, i.e., the minimum number of 1-rectangles needed to cover all 1-entries of ${M}$.
We define the rectangle graph ${G_M}$ as follows. The vertex set ${V(G_M)}$ is the set of 1-entries of ${M}$; two such entries are adjacent, if the rectangle they span contains a 0. Say, ${M_{k,\ell} = M_{k',\ell'} = 1}$, so we have the two vertices ${(k,\ell)}$ and ${(k',\ell')}$. They are adjacent, if and only if, ${M_{k,\ell'} M_{k',\ell} = 0}$.
Denoting by ${\chi}$ the usual (vertex-) chromatic number, the following is true.

Lemma 1
$\displaystyle \chi(G_M) = \mbox{rc}(M)$
Proof. For a proof, it suffices to realize that a 1-rectangle in $M$ is an independent set in $G_M$, and that, by the definition of the edges of $G_M$, for every independent set $U$ in $G_M$, the smallest rectangle which contains $U$ is a 1-rectangle.

I have been unable to find this fact elsewhere in published literature. The proof, although quite easy, can be found in a forthcoming paper.
So nondeterministic CC amounts to coloring a certain graph defined by the boolean function.

Connection with nonnegative rank (and extension complexity)

Now that the basics are clear, let us come back to the original question. Let ${A}$ be a nonnegative matrix and ${M}$ ist support-matrix, i.e., ${M=}$ is the 0/1-matrix with ${M_{k,\ell} = 1}$ if and only if ${A_{k,\ell} \ne 0}$. The following fact was already known to Yannakakis (1991).

Lemma 2
$\displaystyle \mbox{rc}(M) \le \mbox{rk}_+(A).$
Proof. The nonnegative rank of $A$ is the minimum number of nonnegative rank-1 matrices whose sum equals $A$. In other words, there exist nonnegative vectors $u_k, v_k$ $k=1,\dots,\mbox{rk}_+(A)$ such that
$\displaystyle A = \sum_{k=1}^{\mbox{rk}_+(A)} u_k v_k^T$.
The support of $A$ is thus the union of the supports of the $u_k v_k^T$. But clearly, the support of $u_k v_k^T$ is a rectangle: it is the product of the support of $u_k$ and the support of $v_k$. Thus, we have a rectangle covering using $\mbox{rk}_+(A)$ rectangles, which implies the inequality in the lemma.

In the context of the extension complexity of a polytope ${P}$, the rectangle graph can be defined as follows. The vertices of ${G}$ are the pairs ${(x_k,(a_\ell,\alpha_\ell))}$, where ${x_k}$ is a point in ${P}$ and the inequality ${a_\ell^Ty \le \alpha_\ell}$ is valid and supporting for ${P}$, such that ${x_k}$ does not lie on the hyperplane defined by ${(a_k,\alpha_k)}$. Two such pairs are adjacent in ${G}$, if at least one of the two points does lie in one of the two hyperplanes. For this graph ${G}$ we have

Lemma 3
$\displaystyle \chi(G) \le \mbox{xc}(P).$


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# Dynamically add a URL parameter to any links for a specific domain

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in Q2A Core

I have an affiliate partnership with a website. Let’s call it [example.com]. I’d like to automatically add an affiliate parameter [?me=1234] to the URL whenever an answer with a link to [example.com] is posted. I assume this can be done with javascript, but I haven’t been able to make scripts like this one work. I get the following error, which leads me to believe I haven’t installed jQuery properly in Q2A:

Uncaught ReferenceError: jQuery is not defined
Q2A version: 1.8.3

format: plain


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O2 Sensors For Hospitals, Industrial, Scuba, And More. 65); explicit oxygen saturation targeting vs no oxygen saturation targeting. Nasal Cannula Oxygen Percentage Chart Here is the online oxygen flow rate and FiO2 table of nasal cannula device, which is a device used to deliver supplemental oxygen to a patient in need of respiratory help. Thus it is assumed that a higher oxygen content can be delivered in order to increase oxygenation. If the Sp02 is 92%: or above for two consecutive days and the patient's response to respiratory. FIO2 which are usually color coded. In this post I will use my opinions to fill some gaps in the evidence. Expected PaO2: FiO2 x (3. An important characteristic of an infectious disease, particularly one caused by a novel pathogen like SARS-CoV-2, is its severity, the ultimate measure of which is its ability to cause death. What is the normal FiO2 to initiate mechanical ventilation for an adult? Use the same FiO2 as the previous if it available. 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As with the other delivery systems the inspired FiO2 depends on the flow rate of oxygen and varies. It is a one piece anatomical design that ensures maximum patient comfort. FiO2 initially is set at 100% and then titrated down once stabilized; Initial CPAP Settings: Initial pressure settings are usually around 10 cm H20 and then adjust based on patients comfort or clinical response. In fact, hypertension was associated with the need for mechanical ventilation while age and post-treatment FiO2 requirements were significantly associated with inpatient mortality, which are all consistent with recent studies. Thus it is assumed that a higher oxygen content can be delivered in order to increase oxygenation. The manufacturers of these masks usually provide guidance on suggested flow rate settings and the resultant ‘approximate’ FiO2 on the packaging. The humidifier will also be turned to 100% to close the opening and make it quieter. CHECK ABG 30-60 mins after each change Adjusting for Hypocapnea [goal PaCO2 >30 pH <7. The basic metabolic panel typically measures these blood chemicals. VO2 max is also called maximal oxygen uptake, is the highest amount of oxygen that your body can utilize during exhaustive aerobic exercise whilst breathing air at sea level 1). The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) is a severity score and mortality estimation tool developed from a large sample of ICU patients in the United States. Venturi devices are usually available in the following FiO2 delivery options: 24%, 28%, 31%, 35%, 40% and 60%. For the patient's safety after intubation, the FIO2 should always be set at 100% until adequate arte. 0 (group 2, n = 6) during the recruitment maneuver. 5:1 is: Output Torque = 1000 x 3. With FiO2 fixed at 21%, as Patm falls, so does PIO2; R (0. Oxygen patients that need 8-liters of oxygen or less can save over 267 annually on their electric bill by purchasing the NewLife Intensity 8 instead of the DeVilbiss 10L. Hyperoxemia If O2 > 110 wean vent FiO2 by an appropriate amount and recheck in 30 min by ABG; repeat until FiO2 on vent at 40%. During apnoea, (Dotted green line) the value of EtO2 is not available because the patient does not exhale gas. \begin{align} {F_iO_2(Desired)}=\frac{P_a0_2(Desired)\times F_iO_2(Known)}{P_aO_2(Known)} \end{align}. 27 x age in years ; Supine PaO2 = 104/13. alveolar oxygen tension, arterial oxygen content) from fraction of inspired oxygen, alveolar carbon dioxide tension, etc. Medicare Program; hospital inpatient prospective payment systems for acute care hospitals and the long-term care hospital prospective payment system changes and FY2011 rates; provider agreements and supplier approvals; and hospital conditions of participation for rehabilitation and respiratory care services; Medicaid program: accreditation. Tidal Volume: 20 mL/kg. Fraction of Inspired Oxygen(FiO2) Target oxygen saturation (SpO2) If modifications are required this must be documented on the CEWT chart by the treating Consultant or delegate and reviewed daily. 4 liters per minute of oxygen gives a FiO2 of 0. Then adjust FIO2 within that 1-2 min time frame to get a good SpO2 (but usually CPAP/BiPAP will increase their SpO2 greatly). Oxygenation and Ventilation. The key with FiO2 is that we want to give the minimum amount the patient needs to maintain an adequate oxygen level in the blood. Haematology Normal Adult Reference Ranges. Bottom of the Main Screen -Displays the 4 most common "want to know" settings. For medium to high-volume settings, our ABL800 FLEX blood gas analyzer offers a high throughput and reliable automated sample handling with Drop ‘n’ Go capability, which means there's no need to wait at the analyzer for results. 55, PEEP of 13) Simplified PEEP Table FiO2 0. The criteria might include: evidence of reversal of the underlying cause of respiratory failure, adequate oxygenation on PEEP <8 and FiO2 <0. Summary - PAO 2 vs SAO 2. Ensure open airway SpO 2 monitoring Consider CPAP Term gestation? Breathing or crying? Good tone? Maintain normal temperature, Ensure open airway, Stimulate Positive pressure ventilation SpO 2 monitoring Ensure open airway Reduce leaks Consider: Increase pressure & oxygen. We have been working with our partners to extensively test and deliver a seamless and secure authentication experience to end users. Fi0 2 CHART IMPORTANT: Use oxygen analyzer to verify Fi0 2 IMPORTANT: Auxiliary flow increases nebulizer output, mix one more hour of medication. blood clots) that impairs diffusion, oxygenation will decrease. • Increase PEEP to level indicated on chart: Monitor blood pressure with each PEEP increase • Consider positioning of patient (ie, proning) • Consider diuresis • pH <7. * Study design During preoxygenation (FiO2 100%), EtO2 (Green line) increases and reflects the partial pressure of oxygen in the lung (PAO2). L/min when PaO2/FiO2 is between 200-300 mmHg so that patients do not feel obvious chest tightness and shortness of breath. This should be titrated to the lowest level that gives you an acceptable arterial oxygen saturation. Unlike other calculators, you are NOT confined to inputting diameter in inches, velocity in miles per hour, etc. 1% at 2 LPM, 36. Respiratory Rate Chart (Graph) Through this graph, you can easily acquire information about the normal breathing pattern at rest, or the dynamics of the lungs’ volume as a function of time. Concern with oxygen toxicity with FiO2 > 60% required for 12-24 hours. reduce Fio2 –60%. All numbers have been rounded to the nearest hundredth. FiO2 titration is simple by adjusting the flow meter up or down. Start at normal rate for age (see chart) Maintain pH = 7. Initial PMV trials will be done by SLP only. From the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (L. Existing Therapy Setup Room Number Patient Description Existing Therapy Equipment and Model Number(s) Ventilation Settings Oxygen. Medicare Program; hospital inpatient prospective payment systems for acute care hospitals and the long-term care hospital prospective payment system changes and FY2011 rates; provider agreements and supplier approvals; and hospital conditions of participation for rehabilitation and respiratory care services; Medicaid program: accreditation. How you can focus on making health dollars go further and really make a difference Today I want to introduce a friend of mine… 5 Ways to have control, power and influence while your loved one is critically ill in Intensive Care Long-term ventilation with Tracheostomy and Intensive Care, the EMOTIONAL PRICE Patients and Families PAY!. 96% FiO2 of nebulized, aerosolized & oxygenated air. Example: A gear reducer with 1000 in/lbs of input torque, an input speed of 2000 RPM, and a reduction ratio of 3. spo2 is hemoglobin saturation, pao2 is plasma saturationEdit: SpO2 is the Saturation (peripheral) of Haemoglobin with Oxygen, expressed as a percentage ration compared to fully saturated. Methods: Aim of this prospective cross-over study was to investigate the effects of the Oxymizer® in comparison to a conventional. APTA has patient care resources to help you in your daily practice — including evidence-based practice resources and content previously housed at PTNow. Pandharipande PP, Shintani AK, Hagerman HE, et al. FiO 2, in the field of medicine, is the percentage or fraction of inspired oxygen in a gas mixture. FIO2 which are usually color coded. FiO2 is set at 100% with the intention to decrease this to below 60% once the PEEP is at or close to 5 cmH2O. Air - oxygen entrainment ratios Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. Patients may continue to have increased work of breathing or hypoxemia even when oxygen is delivered via a face mask with reservoir bag (flow rates of 10 - 15 L/min, which is typically the minimum flow required to maintain bag inflation; FiO2 0. • fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 21% to 98% • relative humidity of 95% to 100% • a flow rate of 15 to 60 L/minute. 5 Oxygen Therapy Systems Tissue oxygenation is dependent on optimal or adequate delivery of oxygen to the tissues. In the clinical setting, a machine known as a mechanical ventilator is used to perform this function on patients faced with serious respiratory illness. 5 L/min 12-24 hourly if stable Reduce by. Breathe rate, how slow or fast the person is breathing. At 6 LPM, it is 44%. This urine output calculator determines the urine output rate per kg per hour and the fluid balance based on fluid intake. Crit Care Med. Oxymizer Fio2 Chart Cogsima. 5 Age Height Weight Chart & Height Weight Ratio Age height weight charts for women & men detail the height to weight ratio that helps you compare your weight, height & age to the chart averages. (Class I, LOE B-R) Initiating resuscitation w/ higher than 65% FiO2 is not recommended. 8) Clinical Bottom Line:. At the other extreme, an FIO2 setting of 100% gives an air-to-oxygen ratio of 0 : 1 (pure oxygen, no entrainment). AEB patient ventilated (settings: TV-400, R-14, Mode-PRVC, FIO2-40, & PEEP-5), spike in BP above 200 systolic and 100 diastolic. At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg and the vapor pressure of water at body temperature is 47 mmHg. The HeliO2 Helium-Oxygen Blender is the only freestanding pneumatic HeliO2 blending device on the market today. E Cylinder: approx length 25" D Cylinder: approx length 17" C Cylinder: approx length 11" M9 Cylinder: approx length 15" M6 Cylinder: approx length 12" M4 Cylinder: approx length 9" These are approx cylinder lengths. Oxygen ‐ there is a problem Published audits have shown • Doctors and nurses have a poor understanding of how oxygen should be used. Hopefully your Rt will actually wean and nurses won't freak when sats are no more than 98%. This blog post has been written, fact checked, and peer-reviewed by our team of medical professionals and subject matter experts. The amount of dense areas was. \begin{align} {F_iO_2(Desired)}=\frac{P_a0_2(Desired)\times F_iO_2(Known)}{P_aO_2(Known)} \end{align}. A simple formula to estimate what the arterial oxygen concentration should be is to multiply the inspired oxygen concentration by 5. FiO2: Fraction of inspired oxygen (oxygen concentration) FiO 2 < 35% will score 2 on the PEWS chart and FiO 2 ≥35% will score 4 on the PEWS chart; Oxygen flowmeter flow and AIRVO™2 flow will be verified and documented on the reverse side of PEWS chart at commencement of each shift and after any prescribed changes. 5 90 113 135 158 180. CAUTION x Repairs and servicing of the device should only be performed by an authorized ResMed service. Mean FiO2 was 25. The Salter-Style® Adult HF Cannula features larger bore, safety channel head set tubing with an enhanced reservoir. 2007;132(2):410–7. 0 (100%) Titrate down to lowest level to maintain Oxygen Saturation >91% (or other patient specific parameter) Inspiratory to Expiratory Time (I:E) COPD. Exactly when to intubate is always a clinical decision. If SaO2<92% despite HFNC or NRB at FiO2 from. Set Inspiratory to Expiratory Time (I:E) low for a shorter inspiratory time, allowing for adequate expiration; Respiratory Rate (back-up) Start at 6 breaths/minute. So, your patient with an SpO2=100% is not very telling of the patient condition. increase PEEP with increasing FiO2 (5-24 cmH2O) according to a sliding scale (see table below) aim for plateau pressure (Pplat) <30cmH2O. End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETco 2) monitoring provides valuable information about CO 2 production and clearance (ventilation). Oxygen saturation to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (SpO2/FiO2) has been described as potential predictor of poor outcome for COVID-19, without considering its time-varying behavior though. Pediatr Oncall J. Carbon dioxide removal depends on. Epub 2007 Jun 15. • Medical orders are to be documented on the medication chart or progress notes as per current practice. 36 5 L / min. FiO2 titration is simple by adjusting the flow meter up or down. This cycle should take only 3 seconds. 0 only, FiO2 0. List at least 3 factors that will affect the FiO2 delivered by a low-flow system. Our EPF calculator will help you to estimate your Employee Provident Fund (EPF) corpus at the time of retirement. 8 = 520 O2Hgb dissociation curve Resorption atelectasis Non-rebreathing system Air entrainment devices O2Hgb dissociation curve. Expected PaO2: FiO2 x (3. The PaO2 rises with increasing FiO2. What are some examples of a reservoir system? Reservoir cannula, reservoir mask, and non-rebreathing reservoir circuit. com - Order Inquiry Screen. High Flow Oxygen Devices. for the signiﬁcant beneﬁt of high FIO2 in reducing SSI in intubated patients is reliable and conclusive. 28 3 L / min. •[Hgb] = Hemoglobin concentration, g/dl •1. Veneficus;403711 said: Eliciting a patient history is not llike trying to solve a mystery. Initiate with an FiO2 of 100% if it’s an emergency situation. " Onset of ARDS (diagnosis) must be acute, as defined as within 7 days of some defined event, which may be sepsis, pneumonia, or simply a patient's recognition of worsening respiratory symptoms. Over the past few weeks, as the virus has spread in New York City, one. 28 8 L/min 0. NIPPV: use of a double circuit is recommended. Oxymizer Pendant Flow Chart Best Picture Of Anyimage Org. Created 6/11/2003 / Last modified 6/11/2003 Neonatology on the Web / [email protected] Starting with 21% FiO2 in mildly depressed term neonates with in-utero primary apnea is reasonable. fit representing a discrete Bayesian network. This is only an estimate and does not account for differences in temperature, pH, and concentrations of 2,3 DPG. Baseline measurement. 40), the P/F ratio = 85 divided by 0. How do you estimate the FiO2 with a low flow system? 1 L/min of nasal oxygen increases the FiO2 by 4%. Air - oxygen entrainment ratios Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. Breathe rate, how slow or fast the person is breathing. FOCUSED REVIEW High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen in Adults: An Evidence-based Assessment Matthew G. Marshall JC, Cook DJ, Christou NV, et al. Trials will be done 4-5 times within a 7 day period to closely monitor tolerance of PMV, vital. O 4 to 60 bpm. The method of plotting serial values of inspired oxygen (FiO2) and arterial pH against time on a graph was further studied by Cimma et al. 91, and a specificity of 0. Epub 2007 Jun 15. 8 = 520 O2Hgb dissociation curve Resorption atelectasis Non-rebreathing system Air entrainment devices O2Hgb dissociation curve. spontaneous breathing with FiO2 < 0. 15171/jcvtr. At the other extreme, an FIO2 setting of 100% gives an air-to-oxygen ratio of 0 : 1 (pure oxygen, no entrainment). Federal Government systems for the electronic exchange of clinical health information. If you are maintaining 100 PaO 2 on 21% FiO 2. 21 x V E) / V E x 100 • where minute ventilation (V E) equals the minute ventilation in mL/min (V E = VT X respiratory rate). 6% = 60% O2 in the inhaled gas mixture) must be kept so that with or without positive end-expiratory airway pressure (PEEP) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), a partial arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) > is 8kPa is maintained. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), HHS. Complete the following table by calculating or providing the missing parameters. Room air: 21%. If they do not deliver enough oxygen to maintain adequate oxygen levels, a high flow oxygen device (see below) may be indicated. Patients may continue to have increased work of breathing or hypoxemia even when oxygen is delivered via a face mask with reservoir bag (flow rates of 10 - 15 L/min, which is typically the minimum flow required to maintain bag inflation; FiO2 0. 35% venturi = 4L O2. 24-50% FiO2 *very specific, need to have O2 flow rate matches FiO2. For other oxygen delivery systems, such as masks, tents, there is more oxygen that "blows by" or is lost, therefore higher flow rate setting on the oxygen tank are needed to achieve the same FiO2. With an oxygen flow rate of 30L/min, when oxygen is supplied at 1L/min, the FiO2 is 24. Another much friendlier method ( because it doesn't use the alveolar gas equation) used to predict. FiO2 = fraction of inspired oxygen PIP = peak inspiratory pressure Plateau Pressure = airway pressure measured at end inspiration with inspiratory hold maneuver (helps to differentiate cause of high PIP) (PIP - pause pressure) Auto PEEP = airway pressure measured after expiratory hold maneuver (detects air trapping). Drake Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. We have been working with our partners to extensively test and deliver a seamless and secure authentication experience to end users. The P/F ratio is calculated by dividing the arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) obtained from an arterial blood gas sample by the FiO2 the patient is receiving. Check out the COVID-19 Guidelines Dashboard! (New Updates Weekly!) A color-coded visual summary of major guideline recommendations for all kinds of therapeutics and practices on a single page! (P. Afterwards, I asked her if she meant 6 lpm of 100% oxygen, rather than an actual FIO2 of 1, as that sounded kinda wacky to me (i was a little bit familiar w/ these things at the time, but by no means an expert). Med Surge Test 2 Review o High humidity o Empty condensation from the tubing o Face Mask: Fits over the chin with the top extending over half-way the face Used in pts with facial trauma or burn. Common Low flow devices •Nasal cannula (prongs or spectacles) •Nasal catheters •Transtracheal catheter. A high flow oxygen delivery system is defined as a device that produces an accurate $$FiO_2$$ and meets or exceeds a patient's inspiratory flow demand. A/C = default (most) SIMV = with obstructive airway disease and an intact respiratory effort (e. Inspiratory time: 0. Constant Work Rate Test Cwrt Data N 21 Table. The only O2 therapy device to deliver FiO2 of 24% - 90%; Can be utilized to deliver High Flow O2 therapy to flush; Zero probability of creating intrinsic PEEP on flow rates > 15 LPM; Zero probability of CO2 rebreathing on low flow rates; Allows open communication with your patient; Designed for nose and mouth breathers. FiO2: Fraction of inspired oxygen (oxygen concentration) FiO 2 < 35% will score 2 on the PEWS chart and FiO 2 ≥35% will score 4 on the PEWS chart; Oxygen flowmeter flow and AIRVO™2 flow will be verified and documented on the reverse side of PEWS chart at commencement of each shift and after any prescribed changes. Legal Notices and Disclaimer. The DreamStation Auto CPAP Machine is a modern looking machine with many advanced features to increase therapy effectiveness and comfort. For example, whereas breathing 100% oxygen at sea level would result in an alveolar pO2 of 663 mmHg, breathing 100% oxygen on Mt. decrease FiO2 to 40%. FiO 2, in the field of medicine, is the percentage or fraction of inspired oxygen in a gas mixture. A virus filter should be installed between the mask and the. The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel’s (the Panel’s) recommendations below emphasize recommendations from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines for adult sepsis, pediatric sepsis, and COVID-19. Cannula instructions flow chart of the intervention reservoir cannulas for pediatric oxygen transtracheal catheter and a nasal cannula oxygen savings cylinder duration Seventh Street Medical Supply Oxymizer Family Owned Operated Since 1983Chad Oxymizer Disposable Oxygen Conserver Reservoir Drive Medical O 224 1 P VitalityOxymizer Disposable Oxygen Conserver Allied Medcor ServicesFlow Chart Of. Throughout the trial, investigators used the method of Benaron and Benitz for calculating effective FiO2 of infants on nasal cannula. and the FiO2 is estimated at 40-70%. At 9 LPM, it is 56%. ACVC Vt400 PEEP10 FiO2 50% RR15 – In this mode, a tidal volume of 400 ml is delivered every 4. The variables that determine the FiO 2 delivered by a nasal cannula include: 1) the capacity of the available oxygen reservoir, 2) the oxygen flow; and 3) the patient's breathing pattern. Our system has 2 dials that control sweep; one for larger adjustments and one for fine-tuning. What are some examples of a reservoir system? Reservoir cannula, reservoir mask, and non-rebreathing reservoir circuit. FiO2: 2-4% /LPM; variable (mouth breathing, high minute ventilation) NRB/ FM Pros: Higher FiO2; Can be more comfortable than NC Cons: Bad if high MV; difficult to estimate severity of hypoxemia FiO2: Simple 5-10LPM (~FiO2 35-50%); NRB 10-15 LPM (~ FiO2 60-80% if MV not too high) HFNC Pros: Able to achieve high FiO2 even w/ high MV; washout CO2. The Alveolar-arterial gradient (A-a gradient) is a mathematical equation that calculates how difficult it is for oxygen to cross the alveolar-capillary membrane. The P/F ratio is the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (P a O 2) divided by the inspired oxygen concentration (FiO 2). Delivers a range of 1-15 liters per minute oxygen flow at 23-83% FiO2 (22-93% for pediatric-size mask) Uses a 22-mm adapter to deliver oxygen through standard small-bore tube. Example: A gear reducer with 1000 in/lbs of input torque, an input speed of 2000 RPM, and a reduction ratio of 3. FiO2 measured = (O2 flow (ml/min) x 0. At sea level (barometric pressure of 750 mmHg), an FIO2 of 0. Room air is an FIO2 of 21% (. Hayden, MA;. The authors reported on PaO2/FIO2 rather than PaO2 as part of. FiO 2 is the ventilator parameter which helps to measure the percentage of oxygen delivered to the patient. PaO2/(FiO2 X PEEP) P/FP Ratio is a new Formula which addresses this gap to appropriately calculate the severity of the disease by including PEEP in the formula. c All critically ill patients should be assessed and monitored using a recognised physiological track and trigger. Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2) for a nasal canula and a Venturi mask are given in the tables below. 5 90 113 135 158 180. Prognostic value of SpO2/FiO2 was evaluated by jointly modeling the longitudinal responses of SpO2/FiO2 and time-to-event data retrieved from 280 severe and critically ill (intensive care) patients with. making this calculator quite vers. From the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (L. 21 x V E) / V E x 100 • where minute ventilation (V E) equals the minute ventilation in mL/min (V E = VT X respiratory rate). These are basically NRBs. FIO Protocol (FIO) is a blockchain protocol that aims to enable a better way of sending/receiving coins and tokens. PAO 2 and SAO 2 define cardiac efficiency and are considered as markers to assess the metabolic conditions of the lungs and heart in terms of Oxygen levels. Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, Hayden DL, Schoenfeld DA, Ware LB. doc Author: NJIMI. At high temperatures nitrogen can form compounds with oxygen that are harmful to the environment. FiO2 O2 Flow Rate Entrainment Ratio Total Flow 0. You can customize your FiO2 by approximately 30%, 60%, or 90% just by turning the knob located directly above the generator. It's definitely higher than a standard nasal cannula, but to get reliable FiO2 with a cannula, you'll want to use a high-flow nasal cannula with a blender (see below!). Created 6/11/2003 / Last modified 6/11/2003 Neonatology on the Web / [email protected] At high temperatures nitrogen can form compounds with oxygen that are harmful to the environment. actual FiO2 delivered to neonates when using a low-flow flowmeter and a nasal cannula, and the accuracy with which FiO2 could be estimated using a formula that we developed. recorded on the observation chart with the oximetry result. The color of the device reflects the delivered oxygen concentration, for example: blue = 24%; yellow = 28%; white = 31%; green = 35%; pink = 40%; orange = 50%. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 95-100 percent. 0 (group 2, n = 6) during the recruitment maneuver. The study notes, " When the O2 flow rate was increased to 60 L/min, the FIO2, remained at approximately [90%] despite increasing respiratory frequency. Oxygen flow rates of <5L/min may result in the patient rebreathing exhaled carbon dioxide, which may build up in the mask. Weaning FiO2 should be gradual with a maximum wean rate of ~0. I'm not even sure if my guess is sane or. FiO2 CROSS REFERENCE CHART 866. 45: either normal or chronic acid-base problem with compensation Step 4: What has happened to PaCO2 (35-45mmHg)? Does CO2 explain acid-base defect If pH <7. • fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 21% to 98% • relative humidity of 95% to 100% • a flow rate of 15 to 60 L/minute. Title: Microsoft Word - Optiflow protocol. Chart • Plateau pressures of ≤30 cm H: 2: O (reflects respiratory system compliance) • Peak inspiratory pressure <35 cm H: 2: O : Analgosedation. O2 Sensors For Hospitals, Industrial, Scuba, And More. 0, depending on the clinical situation. Extubation time is controlled by nursing shift changes and protocols. Reduce FiO2 to <40% before weaning MAP (except when over-inflation is evident). 35% venturi = 4L O2. The quick reference charts that we sometimes see equating an oxygen flow rate to a FiO 2 is assuming a peak inspiratory flow rate of 20-30L/min, but it is merely an approximation. 00 which means 100% oxygen. Doctors often use the test in. Concern with oxygen toxicity with FiO2 > 60% required for 12-24 hours. 28 3 L / min. Then set the FiO2 to 30% and start titrating based on the chart. FIO2 value that the minimum SpO2 value in a 6MWT is 86-88%, and a flow of 40-50 L/min 3. LPM = (FiO2 - 20)/4 LPM = (40 - 20)/4 LPM = 20/4 LPM = 5 Then you can use the equation COmedic17 said. You can customize your FiO2 by approximately 30%, 60%, or 90% just by turning the knob located directly above the generator. oxygen fio2 chart,document about oxygen fio2 chart,download an entire oxygen fio2 chart document onto your computer. 28 % venturi = 2L O2. 0 L/min o Mouthpiece circuit: 0. • Describe the effects of oxygen free radical formation. See the next slide for an explanation. 4 plus or minus 0. 21 X 713 - 40/0. 63 parts oxygen air 30 3 1 part air •This is the part where most of the confusion occurs. At lower respiratory rates (10 breaths/min), breathing 2 L/min via nasal prongs, the upper level of the range of mean FiO2 was 0. Mean FiO2 was 25. AEB patient ventilated (settings: TV-400, R-14, Mode-PRVC, FIO2-40, & PEEP-5), spike in BP above 200 systolic and 100 diastolic. The Cannulae devices can only provide oxygen at low flow rates upto 5 litres per minute (L/min), delivering an oxygen concentration of 28-44%. 5 (clearly severe acute respiratory failure). The O2-Max Trio System is made for use in a wide range of respiratory distress conditions. 60% venturi = 7-10L simple face mask. Describe a flow of less than 5 L/min in a reservoir mask?. 8 decibels, which is considered whisper quiet. FIO2 value that the minimum SpO2 value in a 6-minute walking test (6MWT) is 86-88%, and a flow of 10 L/min 2. mechanical suction, tubing and 8 and 10 end-hole suction tubes. Possible values are barchart, dotplot and barprob (a barchart with probabilities printed over the bars). 9% oxygen at all altitudes, lower air pressure at high altitude makes it feel like there is a lower percentage of oxygen. The Most Important Formulas for Respiratory Therapists: ! Parameter Formula Normal Range SVR!"!Systemic!Vascular! Resistance! [(MAP)CVP),x,80],/CO, 800"1200dynes"sec/cm^5!. CO2 Content is a measurement of all the CO2 in the blood. 0 kg • Babies on flow rates > 6L/min should have these re-evaluated regularly (minimum daily). Normal FiO2 is between 35% to 50%. Patients in the usual-care group still spent less time at FiO2 of 0. If you have sleep apnea, are there any devices that help other than CPAPs? Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) is a newer, smart device that adjusts air pressure as your breathing changes during sleep. 14 Strength of Evidence Level: 3 __RN__RT__LPN/LVN__HHA PURPOSE: To prevent or reverse hypoxemia and provide oxygen to. For every liter of oxygen delivered by nasal cannula add 4% for example: 1L= 24% 2L=28% 3L=32% and so on. Throughout the trial, investigators used the method of Benaron and Benitz for calculating effective FiO2 of infants on nasal cannula. The protein complex plays a vital role in allowing contraction of the cardiac and skeletal muscle. In most cases, pulse oximetry is the preferred method of measuring blood oxygen values. Tidal Volume Calculator - Calculate and Print Tidal Volumes for ARDS Protocol - ARDS protocol tidal volume calculator. 60, then begin to wean iNO. 2400 Beacon St. Login Register. 3) Flow rate maximum 4L/min; Comfortable and well-tolerated but can dry the nose. Natural air includes 21% oxygen, which is equivalent to FiO2 of 0. Partial rebreather. Raw = (PIP - Plat) / flow < 15 cm H20 / (L / sec) PA02 = (Pb - PH20) FiO2 - (PaCO2 x 1. Solution: Weight is 2. 21; up to 1. This application helps in calculating Inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2 ) which is used to improve the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2 ) during mechanical ventilation. Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2): Amount of oxygen delivered to the patient. 3 compared to 0. PaO 2/FiO 2 ≤ 300 (corrected for altitude) 2. Nasal cannulas are not recommended as they may cause a higher spread of droplets. 13 = 1/8 18 13 10 8 6 5 4 4 3. 5 LPM of oxygen, 30. FiO 2 is in fractions (i. Crit Care Med. With both invasive and non-invasive options, they offer a lightweight design, exceptional battery life and adaptive technologies to provide greater mobility and peace of mind. alveolar oxygen tension, arterial oxygen content) from fraction of inspired oxygen, alveolar carbon dioxide tension, etc. AEB patient ventilated (settings: TV-400, R-14, Mode-PRVC, FIO2-40, & PEEP-5), spike in BP above 200 systolic and 100 diastolic. 6 However, the precise FiO2 at each flow rate is difficult to determine because of the dilution of oxygen with entrained air and the variability. O2 Cylinder Physical Sizes. The respiratory quotient or respiratory coefficient (RQ) is the. How do you estimate the FiO2 with a low flow system? 1 L/min of nasal oxygen increases the FiO2 by 4%. Facilities should ensure an allocation plan in the event ventilators or rooms become scarce. 50 X 713 - 40/0. Chart • Plateau pressures of ≤30 cm H: 2: O (reflects respiratory system compliance) • Peak inspiratory pressure <35 cm H: 2: O : Analgosedation. A lip sealing ring constitutes the seal between socket an spigot end. with room air (FiO2 21%) initially. Try free for 5 days. At 9 LPM, it is 56%. The intern presenting the patient kept saying the kid was on "6 lpm at an FIO2 of 1". The patented family of FilterLine® etCO 2 sampling lines is designed for use with Microstream™-enabled capnography monitors and can be used on both intubated and non-intubated patients. Insufficienza respiratoria PaO2 minore di 55-60 mmHg. For respiratory patients in all hospital settings, specialised aerosol medication administration systems. Describe the various modes of ventilation and their implications. PaO 2/FiO 2 ≤ 300 (corrected for altitude) 2. The Cannulae devices can only provide oxygen at low flow rates upto 5 litres per minute (L/min), delivering an oxygen concentration of 28-44%. For a normal RR of 20 and a "normal" VT of 500ml, when the flow was set to 15L the best FIO2 obtained was just shy of 60%. Fraction of inspired oxygen is the molar or volumetric fraction of oxygen in the inhaled gas. Federal Government systems for the electronic exchange of clinical health information. The chart below displays the data for each concentrator for all five comparative elements. Includes: possible causes, signs and symptoms, standard treatment options and means of care and support. The delivered FiO2 will vary depending on the flow from the compressor but at least those who have a difficult time understanding the O2 devices can chart "liter flow". D cylinder contains 350 liters of oxygen E cylinder contains 625 liters of oxygen M cylinder contains 3,000 liters of oxygen. Hyperoxemia If O2 > 110 wean vent FiO2 by an appropriate amount and recheck in 30 min by ABG; repeat until FiO2 on vent at 40%. 14 Nurse Brain Sheets are collected for any of your needs. FiO 2 is the ventilator parameter which helps to measure the percentage of oxygen delivered to the patient. This is a 1 : 0air-to-oxygen ratio. Patients may continue to have increased work of breathing or hypoxemia even when oxygen is delivered via a face mask with reservoir bag (flow rates of 10 - 15 L/min, which is typically the minimum flow required to maintain bag inflation; FiO2 0. Describe a flow of less than 5 L/min in a reservoir mask?. Three main areas were considered important to measure for this project. NIPPV: use of a double circuit is recommended. High Flow Nasal Cannula • Patients who require a higher dose. Pulse oximetry must be available in all locations where emergency oxygen is used. PaCO2: 69; SaO2: 100%. FiO2: 2-4% /LPM; variable (mouth breathing, high minute ventilation) NRB/ FM Pros: Higher FiO2; Can be more comfortable than NC Cons: Bad if high MV; difficult to estimate severity of hypoxemia FiO2: Simple 5-10LPM (~FiO2 35-50%); NRB 10-15 LPM (~ FiO2 60-80% if MV not too high) HFNC Pros: Able to achieve high FiO2 even w/ high MV; washout CO2. Go up every 5-10 minutes; quicker if low sats INCLUSION CRITERIA: Acute onset of 1. AEB patient ventilated (settings: TV-400, R-14, Mode-PRVC, FIO2-40, & PEEP-5), spike in BP above 200 systolic and 100 diastolic. Thus the minimal FIO2 setting possible is 21%, when the oxygen stream is cut off and only air is allowed through the delivery system. Appropriate resuscitation must be available for each of the more than 4 million infants born annually in the United States. 55, PEEP of 13) Simplified PEEP Table FiO2 0. 5 Age Height Weight Chart & Height Weight Ratio Age height weight charts for women & men detail the height to weight ratio that helps you compare your weight, height & age to the chart averages. Initial settings are tidal volume of 6 to 8 mL/kg ideal body weight, respiratory rate of 25/minute, FIO2 of 1. Easy to clean and does not shed. Oxymizer Fio2 Chart Cogsima. Last Updated: December 17, 2020. Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2) is the molar or volumetric fraction of oxygen in the inhaled gas. The chart below displays the data for each concentrator for all five comparative elements. 5 LPM of oxygen, 30. Intraoperative values of SvO2 are routinely well above normal. 2016;13: 66-68. FiO2: highly variable in the available studies; one study showed a mean of 69. Rate of 10-12 breaths per minute (can increase rate if needing to get rid of more CO2). The chart above displays the average watts per hour for each high-flow oxygen concentrator with the average daily cost and the average annual cost to operate. Supplemental Oxygen High Flow Systems (generally utilize corrugated tubing). Solution: Weight is 2. At 3 LPM, it is 32%. Bilateral (patchy, diffuse, or homogeneous) infiltrates consistent with pulmonary edema 3. We provide healthcare to over 1. Example # 2 (Mechanical ventilator data from a single day, May 11): In this example, the daily minimum FiO2 for May 11 would be recorded as 0. From the above formula, we can get the corresponding data of the estimated oxygen flow rate and the FiO2 (inhaled oxygen concentration) of the 3-liter domestic oxygen generator: oxygen flow rate (l/min) oxygen concentration (%) FiO2 estimated value ( With nasal oxygen tube) 1 l/min 90% ~ 96% 24. Formula for calculating percentage of Fio2% • Fio2= 20% + (4 X oxygen liter flow) • 1 liters = 24 % • 2 liters =28 % etc 13. This device is identical to a NRB with the exception that the one-way valves are removed from the mask. Using a Venturi mask, which mixes air from the room with the oxygen, provides an accurate and constant FiO2 unlike the nasal cannula. Place on T-piece, trach collar, or CPAP ≤ 5 cm H 2O with PS < 5 2. 40 40 L/min 5:1 36 L/min 3 L/min 7:1 0. c All critically ill patients should be assessed and monitored using a recognised physiological track and trigger. Thus it is assumed that a higher oxygen content can be delivered in order to increase oxygenation. blended oxygen. Inspiratory flow rate, affected by both breath rate and breathe size. 27 x age in years ; Supine PaO2 = 104/13. Oxygen and air are received from cylinders or wall outlets, the gas is pressure reduced and blended according to the prescribed inspired oxygen tension (FiO2), accumulated in a receptacle within the machine, and delivered to […]. Use 30 - 60% if the previous FIO2 is not known or if they were on room air. In late 2019, a novel coronavirus emerged in China initiating a new disease known as COVID-19. NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde is the largest health board in the UK. 5 kg with nasal cannula of 1 ¼ liter per minute flow, FiO 2 of 0. • Provides relatively stable FiO2 levels as long as respiratory rate and pattern are stable • Can deliver high FiO2,but actual amount will vary from breath to breath • Examples include nasal cannula,simple face. Initiate with an FiO2 of 100% if it's an emergency situation. Venturi devices are usually available in the following FiO2 delivery options: 24%, 28%, 31%, 35%, 40% and 60%. Nasal cannulas are not recommended as they may cause a higher spread of droplets. Low flow oxygen delivery via nasal cannula to neonates. Adjusted to maintain O2 sat of > 90%. 5:1 is: Output Torque = 1000 x 3. The FiO2 is the fraction of inspired oxygen, while PEEP is the positive end expiratory pressure. Blood Pressure How to assess How to record Perform blood pressure measurement Record both systolic and diastolic readings The Systolic blood pressure (SBP) provides the NEWS value Symbol Enter the NEWS value (0,1,2 or 3) for SBP in the grey row. It plugs directly into the DISS Port for consistent and unrestricted flow throughout your patient's treatment. I Drop fio2 before flow. FIO2 value that the minimum SpO2 value in a 6-minute walking test (6MWT) is 86-88%, and a flow of 10 L/min 2. Oxygen therapy shall be titrated to the lowest concentration that meets oxygenation goals: • 94-98% for all patients except those with, or at risk of, hypercapnoeic respiratory failure. The respiratory quotient or respiratory coefficient (RQ) is the. Chart • Plateau pressures of ≤30 cm H: 2: O (reflects respiratory system compliance) • Peak inspiratory pressure <35 cm H: 2: O : Analgosedation. This post was edited and republished on 02/15/17 to update the list and the information. Skillful use of BiPAP and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) can avoid intubation and improve outcomes. Shunt calculations are inaccurate at high FIO2 because of errors in measuring high PaO 1; however, the PaO range in our patients (7. It is unlikely that the FiO2 will increase if the flow rate is increased above 10 litres per minute, and a non-rebreathing mask should be considered if a higher FiO2 is desired (Nerlich 1997). ); the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda. Troponin is a term used to describe a complex of 3 specific proteins called troponin I (TnI), troponin C (TnC) and troponin T (TnT). PAO 2 and SAO 2 define cardiac efficiency and are considered as markers to assess the metabolic conditions of the lungs and heart in terms of Oxygen levels. Also called capnometry or capnography, this noninvasive technique provides a breath-by-breath analysis and a continuous recording of ventilatory status. The Circuit setting is selected and displayed by default 2. For respiratory patients in all hospital settings, specialised aerosol medication administration systems. High Flow Oxygen Devices. Our system has 2 dials that control sweep; one for larger adjustments and one for fine-tuning. Assess for tolerance as below for up to two hours. Legal Notices and Disclaimer. 5:1 is: Output Torque = 1000 x 3. 5-5) Step 3: What is the acid base status? Acidosis (pH <7. The PaO2/FiO2 ratio, also known as the P/F ratio, is a quick calculation often used to determine the severity of ARDS. Use 30 - 60% if the previous FIO2 is not known or if they were on room air. The variables that determine the FiO 2 delivered by a nasal cannula include: 1) the capacity of the available oxygen reservoir, 2) the oxygen flow; and 3) the patient's breathing pattern. No clinical evidence of left atrial hypertension. Dublin-based subsea cable operator to be sold in215m deal. 2 million people and employ around 38,000 staff. Facilities should ensure an allocation plan in the event ventilators or rooms become scarce. This is only beneficial if you are getting oxygen therapy from a tank or are on a ventilator. Ninety percent of infants transition safely, and it is up to the. On the Medication Chart (MR 810), document (tick) in "Additional Charts" to indicate there is an Oxygen Therapy Medication Chart in use 10. O The patient is on 45% FiO2 and has respirations <10 take the higher scoring number. This is the main difference between PAO2 and SAO2. 2007;132(2):410–7. Methods: Aim of this prospective cross-over study was to investigate the effects of the Oxymizer® in comparison to a conventional. Don’t put the patient on room air (21%). This urine output calculator determines the urine output rate per kg per hour and the fluid balance based on fluid intake. FiO2 Mean airway pressure Possible ventilator changes Increase PEEP Increase tidal volume * Can ask what effect increasing respiratory rate from 10-15 would have. Various factors affect the FiO2. FiO2 Oxygen consumption will vary depending on set FiO2 At 100%, the total volume is supplied from the Oxygen tank. 50 X 713 - 40/0. At 7 LPM, it is 48%. The FIO2 is influenced by RR, tidal volume and pathophysiology. This P/F ratio misleads the severity of disease without the knowledge of set PEEP. T-Piece o 24% - 100% FiO2 o Flow rate at least 10 L/min o High Humidity o Position the T-piece so that it does not pull on the tracheostomy or endotracheal. 40), the P/F ratio = 85 divided by 0. – Daily minimum PEEP and FiO2 values changed to lowest setting maintained for >1 hour – Clarification of exclusion for organ procurement procedures – Added cytology findings to meet PVAP Criterion 3 – APRV: No longer a required field for event reporting, and also no longer required to report APRV denominator days. Physician will then sign electronic order in patient's chart. Downes Score vs Silverman Anderson Score for Assessment of Respiratory Distress in Preterm Newborns. 5 kg with nasal cannula of 1 ¼ liter per minute flow, FiO 2 of 0. Compared with baseline, the respiratory rate significantly decreased after 1–2 h of HFNC in successful group, but did not change significantly in the unsuccessful group. Male: 106 lb for 1st 5 ft + 6lbs ea additional inch b. • Chart the VAMAAS on the MAR to explain reason for PRN sedation. “NEJM Knowledge+ has been a positive step for our program and reflects our commitment to residents’ success. Low flow oxygen delivery via nasal cannula to neonates. Medical patients experiencing difficulty breathing are provided with oxygen-enriched air, which means a higher-than-atmospheric FiO 2. and 100% oxygen in Table 2 to get an effective FiO2 of 34%. Low Minute Vol. How is VO2 Max measured?. No clinical evidence of left atrial hypertension. These oxygen devices display in rank order from top to bottom for best performance. Chlorine dioxide is a disinfectant. FiO2 Estimation Calculator Download App. CareFusion: Sentry 2, R140P02-001. The DreamStation Auto CPAP Machine is a modern looking machine with many advanced features to increase therapy effectiveness and comfort. 40% venturi = nasal/facemask 5-6LO2. Hypoxemia during thoracotomy, vessel manipulation, and shunt insertion: Careful adjustment of ventilation, FiO2 1. T-Piece o 24% - 100% FiO2 o Flow rate at least 10 L/min o High Humidity o Position the T-piece so that it does not pull on the tracheostomy or endotracheal. Method O2 flow (l/min) Estimated FiO2 (%) Nasel cannula 1 24 2 28 3 32 4 36 5 40 6 44 Nasopharyngeal catheter 4 40 5 50 6 60 Face mask 5 40 6-7 50 7-8 60 Face mask with reservoir 6 60 7 70 8 80 9 90 10 95. Room air is an FIO2 of 21% (. For example, a patient has a pO2 of 85 mmHg on ABG while receiving 5 L/min of oxygen. Optional SpO2, EtCO2 and FiO2 monitoring Touchscreen Care Orchestrator OmniLab Direct Capsule/IntelliVue connectivity 40 cmH 2 O 4 to 60 bpm HFT2, CPAP, S/T, PCV, AVAPS, PPV (optional) N/A High Flow: 10-80lpm2 High Pressure:(40 to 87 psi) FiO 2: 21- 100% 6 hours IntelliVue connectivity via RS232 Trilogy 202 Philips Hospital Ventilation. Precise, convenient FiO2 delivery from 21 to 60%; VERSATILE; Variety of Optiflow™ interfaces for upper and bypassed airways; Wide flow range (15–45 L/min) with automatic compensation for changes in patient interface; Wide ambient temperature operating range; EASY TO SET UP AND USE; Simple controls; Integrated O2 mixing. J Pediatr 2018; 201:55. FIO2 value that the minimum SpO2 value in a 6MWT is 86-88%, and a flow of 40-50 L/min 3. com includes tools, web applications, articles, links, and libraries to assist caregivers in the careplanning process. The study notes, " When the O2 flow rate was increased to 60 L/min, the FIO2, remained at approximately [90%] despite increasing respiratory frequency. Document on weight chart and label circuit • Clean humidifier and blender as per unit protocol References: Steven Powell 2005: Nursing satisfaction of nasal positive distending pressure devices in the newborn intensive care unit, Respiratory Care, November 2005. require FiO2 of at least 0. Reduce FiO2 to <40% before weaning MAP (except when over-inflation is evident). 2400 Beacon St. Bicarbonate Does this test have other names? Carbon dioxide test, CO2 test. An FIO2 < 40% can be given via nasal cannula or simple face mask. If the SpO2 is <92%, return the FiO2 to the previous level that maintained the patient's SpO2 >92% and contact the ordering physician for new orders. Three main areas were considered important to measure for this project. For every liter per minute, the FiO2 increases by 4% as per the chart below: 1 lpm = 24%; 2 lpm = 28%; 3 lpm = 32%; 4 lpm = 36%; 5 lpm = 40%; 6 lpm = 44%; The liter flow on a nasal cannula should never exceed 6lpm, as studies show doing so is of no added benefit to the patient. Brief Summary: The PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) ratio is same for all the Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) ≥ to 5. If our healthy patient's P a O 2 is 100mmHg when breathing room air with a FiO2 of 0. [email protected] 5 Age Height Weight Chart & Height Weight Ratio Age height weight charts for women & men detail the height to weight ratio that helps you compare your weight, height & age to the chart averages. At 4 LPM, it is 36%. This blog post has been written, fact checked, and peer-reviewed by our team of medical professionals and subject matter experts. 28 8 L/min 0. Tidal Volume Calculator - Calculate and Print Tidal Volumes for ARDS Protocol - ARDS protocol tidal volume calculator. The PaO2/FiO2 ratio, also known as the P/F ratio, is a quick calculation often used to determine the severity of ARDS. A nasal cannula uses an oxygen flow of 1 to 6 L/minute. Male: 106 lb for 1st 5 ft + 6lbs ea additional inch b. Silence alarm SaO2 below 70% SaO2 at or above 70% Silence alarm and observe baby accurate Assess baby before changing FiO2. Bottom of the Main Screen -Displays the 4 most common "want to know" settings. 50, hemodynamic stability, and ability to initiate an inspiratory effort. Nasal cannula/prongs… Delivers 24-44% FiO2 at flow rate of 1-6 L/min The slower the inspiratory flow the higher the FiO2 A maximum flow of: 2 LPM in infants/children under 2 years of age 4 LPM for children over 2 years of age With the above flow rates humidification is not usually required If flow >6 L/min, variable FiO2, need humidification. The manufacturers of these masks usually provide guidance on suggested flow rate settings and the resultant ‘approximate’ FiO2 on the packaging. 34 = oxygen carrying capacity of Hb, ml/g •SaO 2 = %O 2 saturation of Hb •0. What is the normal FiO2 to initiate mechanical ventilation for an adult? Use the same FiO2 as the previous if it available. 21 compared to 1. Titrate FiO2 by 10 -20% every 30 mins. 8 decibels, which is considered whisper quiet. If you have any questions or would like to learn more about our Max-250, simply fill out the form below and we will get ahold of you shortly. Calculating FiO2. FiO 2, in the field of medicine, is the percentage or fraction of inspired oxygen in a gas mixture. Output Range: 10. FiO2 titration is simple by adjusting the flow meter up or down. Consider keeping a copy on your airway cart! 6-8cc/kg IBW is the recommended initial tidal volume #Management #CriticalCare #Anesthesia #ARDSnet #Ideal #BodyWeight #IdealBodyWeight #Height #Chart #Ventilator #Ventilation #TidalVolume ** GrepMed Recommended Text: Marino's The ICU Book - https://amzn. The FiO2 coming from a portable oxygen concentrator can vary anywhere from 90–96% FiO2. Example: A hypothetical neonate weighing 2. This is the main difference between PAO2 and SAO2. 5 90 113 135 158 180. Multiple organ dysfunction score: a reliable descriptor of a. According to the Berlin definition, ARDS is characterized by:. 91, and a specificity of 0. Skillful use of BiPAP and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) can avoid intubation and improve outcomes. Start FiO2=1. Deliver 24-30% O2 (this is an FiO2 of 0. So Room Air+Administered O2=FiO2. Below the form there is more information on kidney function and urine normal values. Existing Therapy Setup Room Number Patient Description Existing Therapy Equipment and Model Number(s) Ventilation Settings Oxygen. 4 plus or minus 0. In most cases, pulse oximetry is the preferred method of measuring blood oxygen values. Shunt calculations are inaccurate at high FIO2 because of errors in measuring high PaO 1; however, the PaO range in our patients (7. 40 6 L / min. 0 (group 2, n = 6) during the recruitment maneuver. 06 = 1/16 9 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 0. If the patient continues to have difficulty maintaining appropriate SpO2 or SaO2. You can customize your FiO2 by approximately 30%, 60%, or 90% just by turning the knob located directly above the generator. Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) is measured using an arterial blood sample. 0, depending on the clinical situation. 8) Given that increasing altitude decreases the atmospheric pressure, for any given FiO2 you would expect a lower pAO2 and, consequently, a lower paO2. 00 milliliters ml exactly in culinary units measures.


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## Conformal field theory on top of a breathing one-dimensional gas of hard core bosons

Paola Ruggiero, Yannis Brun, Jérome Dubail

SciPost Phys. 6, 051 (2019) · published 30 April 2019

### Abstract

The recent results of [J. Dubail, J.-M. St\'ephan, J. Viti, P. Calabrese, Scipost Phys. 2, 002 (2017)], which aim at providing access to large scale correlation functions of inhomogeneous critical one-dimensional quantum systems -- e.g. a gas of hard core bosons in a trapping potential -- are extended to a dynamical situation: a breathing gas in a time-dependent harmonic trap. Hard core bosons in a time-dependent harmonic potential are well known to be exactly solvable, and can thus be used as a benchmark for the approach. An extensive discussion of the approach and of its relation with classical and quantum hydrodynamics in one dimension is given, and new formulas for correlation functions, not easily obtainable by other methods, are derived. In particular, a remarkable formula for the large scale asymptotics of the bosonic $n$-particle function $\left< \Psi^\dagger (x_1,t_1) \dots \Psi^\dagger (x_n,t_n) \Psi(x_1',t_1') \dots \Psi(x_n',t_n') \right>$ is obtained. Numerical checks of the approach are carried out for the fermionic two-point function -- easier to access numerically in the microscopic model than the bosonic one -- with perfect agreement.

### Ontology / Topics

See full Ontology or Topics database.

### Authors / Affiliations: mappings to Contributors and Organizations

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Funders for the research work leading to this publication


text:
MathSciNet bibliographic data MR1277087 47A57 (30E05 46E22) Alpay, Daniel; Bolotnikov, Vladimir; Peretz, Yossi On the tangential interpolation problem for \$H\sb 2\$$H\sb 2$ functions. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 347 (1995), no. 2, 675–686. Article

For users without a MathSciNet license , Relay Station allows linking from MR numbers in online mathematical literature directly to electronic journals and original articles. Subscribers receive the added value of full MathSciNet reviews.


text:
CGAL 4.7 - 2D Triangulation
CGAL::Triangulation_euclidean_traits_xy_3< K > Class Template Reference

#include <CGAL/Triangulation_euclidean_traits_xy_3.h>

## Definition

The functionality of this class has been generalized to other packages than 2D triangulations.

The more general class Projection_traits_xy_3 can be found in the 2D and 3D Linear Geometric Kernel.

Deprecated:
The class Triangulation_euclidean_traits_xy_3 is a geometric traits class which allows to triangulate a terrain. This traits class is designed to build a two dimensional triangulation embedded in 3D space, i.e. a triangulated surface, such that its on the $$xy$$ plane is a Delaunay triangulation. This is a usual construction for GIS terrains. Instead of really projecting the 3D points and maintaining a mapping between each point and its projection (which costs space and is error prone) the class Triangulation_euclidean_traits_xy_3 supplies geometric predicates that ignore the z-coordinate of the points.

The class is a model of the concept DelaunayTriangulationTraits_2 except that it does not provide the type and constructors required to build the dual Voronoi diagram. The class is also a model of the concept ConstrainedTriangulationTraits_2.

Parameters

The template parameter K has to be instantiated by a model of the Kernel concept. Triangulation_euclidean_traits_xy_3 uses types and predicates defined in K.

TriangulationTraits_2
DelaunayTriangulationTraits_2
CGAL::Triangulation_2<Traits,Tds>
CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_2<Traits,Tds>

CGAL provides also predefined geometric traits class Triangulation_euclidean_traits_yz_3<K> and Triangulation_euclidean_traits_xz_3<K> to deal with projections on the xz- or the yz-plane, respectively.

CGAL/Triangulation_euclidean_traits_xz_3.h
CGAL/Triangulation_euclidean_traits_yz_3.h

## Types

The following predicates and constructor types are provided

typedef Point_3< K > Point_2

typedef Segment_3< K > Segment_2

typedef Triangle_3< K > Triangle_2

typedef Line_3< K > Line_2

typedef unspecified_type Construct_segment_2
A constructor object for Segment_2. More...

typedef unspecified_type Construct_triangle_2
A constructor object for Triangle_2. More...

typedef unspecified_type Construct_line_2
A constructor object for Line_2. More...

typedef unspecified_type Compute_squared_distance_2
A construction object. More...

typedef unspecified_type Intersect_2
A construction object. More...

typedef unspecified_type Compare_x_2
Predicate object. More...

typedef unspecified_type Compare_y_2
Predicate object. More...

typedef unspecified_type Orientation_2
Predicate object. More...

typedef unspecified_type Side_of_oriented_circle_2
Predicate object. More...

typedef unspecified_type Compare_distance_2
Predicate object. More...

## Creation

Triangulation_euclidean_traits_xy_3 ()
default constructor.

Triangulation_euclidean_traits_xy_3 (Triangulation_euclidean_traits_xy_3 tr)
Copy constructor.

Triangulation_euclidean_traits_xy_3 operator= (Triangulation_euclidean_traits_xy_3 tr)
Assignment operator.

The following access functions are provided

Construct_segment_2 construct_segment_2_object ()

Construct_triangle_2 construct_triangle_2_object ()

Construct_line_2 construct_line_2_object ()

Comparison_x_2 compare_x_2_object ()

Comparison_y_2 compare_y_2_object ()

Orientation_2 orientation_2_object ()

Side_of_oriented_circle_2 side_of_oriented_circle_2_object ()

Compare_distance_2 compare_distance_2_object ()

Intersect_2 intersect_2_object ()

Compute_squared_distance_2 compute_squared_distance_2_object ()

## Member Typedef Documentation

template<typename K >

Predicate object.

Provides the operator :

Comparison_result operator()(Point_2 p, Point_2 q, Point_2 r) which returns SMALLER, EQUAL or LARGER according to the distance between the projection of p and the projection of q being smaller, equal or larger than the distance between the projection of p and the projection of r.

template<typename K >

Predicate object.

Provides the operator :

Comparison_result operator()(Point_2 p, Point_2 q)

which returns SMALLER, EQUAL or LARGER according to the $$x$$-ordering of points p and q.

template<typename K >

Predicate object.

Provides the operator :

Comparison_result operator()(Point_2 p, Point_2 q)

which returns (SMALLER, EQUAL or LARGER) according to the $$y$$-ordering of points p and q.

template<typename K >

A construction object.

Provides the operator :

RT operator()(Line_2 l, Point_2 p); which returns the squared distance between the projection of p and the projection of l.

template<typename K >

A constructor object for Line_2.

Provides :

Line_2 operator()(Point_2 p,Point_2 q),

which constructs a line from two points.

template<typename K >

A constructor object for Segment_2.

Provides :

Segment_2 operator()(Point_2 p,Point_2 q),

which constructs a segment from two points.

template<typename K >

A constructor object for Triangle_2.

Provides :

Triangle_2 operator()(Point_2 p,Point_2 q,Point_2 r ),

which constructs a triangle from three points.

template<typename K >

A construction object.

Provides the operator :

Object_2 operator()(Segment_2 s1, Segment_2 s2); which returns the intersection of the projection of s1 and the projection of s2 embedded in 3D. If the intersection is a segment, the z-coordinates of its extremities is 0. If the intersection is a point p, let p1 and p2 be the points on s1 and s2 respectively, such that their projections are p. The point returned is the middle of the segment p1p2.

Precondition
The projection of s1 and the projection of s2 are non-degenerate 2D segments.
template<typename K >

Predicate object.

Provides the operator :

Orientation operator()(Point_2 p, Point_2 q, Point_2 r)

which returns LEFT_TURN, RIGHT_TURN or COLLINEAR according to the position of the projection of $$r$$ with respect to the projection of the oriented line pq.

template<typename K >

Predicate object.

Provides the operator : Oriented_side operator()(Point_2 p, Point_2 q, Point_2 r, Point_2 s) which takes four points $$p, q, r, s$$ as arguments and returns ON_POSITIVE_SIDE, ON_NEGATIVE_SIDE or, ON_ORIENTED_BOUNDARY according to the position of the projection of points with respect to the oriented circle through the projections of $$p,q$$ and $$r$$.


text:
# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

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doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021052

## Fresh produce price-setting newsvendor with bidirectional option contracts

 1 School of Business, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611830, China 2 School of Management and Economics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China

* Corresponding author: Xu Chen

Received  August 2020 Revised  December 2020 Published  March 2021

This paper examines a newsvendor problem for fresh produce with bidirectional option contracts, in which the stochastic demand is price-dependent. The bidirectional option, which may be exercised as either a call or put option, provides the newsvendor the flexibility to increase or decrease the initial order after real demand is realized, respectively. The condition of the fresh produce may deteriorate during circulation. The optimal order and pricing decisions for the newsvendor are analytically derived with the bidirectional option and circulation loss. Comparative statics analysis show that the optimal total order quantity and optimal retail price of the newsvendor decrease with the option price but increase with the exercise price. In addition, numerical examples show that the optimal total order quantity and optimal retail price of the newsvendor increase with the circulation loss. The optimal option order quantity first decreases then increases with the exercise price. The optimal firm order quantity first increases then decreases with the circulation loss. The maximum profit of the newsvendor decreases with the option price and circulation loss but increases with the exercise price. Furthermore, the values of bidirectional option contracts are more significant when the demand uncertainty and the circulation loss become more volatile.

Citation: Chong Wang, Xu Chen. Fresh produce price-setting newsvendor with bidirectional option contracts. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021052
##### References:

show all references

##### References:
Sequence of events and decisions
Effect of CV on the optimal decisions and maximum expected profits of the NV
Effect of CV on the optimal order quantities of the M-NV
Effect of $o$ on the M-NV's optimal decisions and maximum expected profits
Effect of $o$ on the optimal order quantities of the M-NV
Effect of $e$ on the optimal decisions and maximum expected profits of the M-NV
Effect of $e$ on the optimal order quantities of the M-NV
Effect of $\beta$ on the optimal decisions and maximum expected profits of the NVs
Effect of $\beta$ on the optimal order quantities of the M-NV
Notation
 Symbol Description $\varepsilon$ The random demand, $\varepsilon \in[A,B]$, and $E(\varepsilon)=\mu$; $f(x)$ The PDF function of $\varepsilon$; $F(x)$ The CDF function of $\varepsilon$; $D(p,\varepsilon)$ The demand function; $\beta$ The circulation loss of fresh produce, and $0<\beta<1$; $o$ The per unit charge for purchasing bidirectional options (option price); $c$ The per unit charge for firm orders (wholesale price); $e$ The per unit charge/compensation for exercising bidirectional options (exercise price); $s$ The per unit penalty cost for unfilled demand; $p$ The per unit selling price of product; $q_c$ The firm order quantity of the M-NV; $q_o$ The option order quantity of the M-NV; $q$ The total order quantity of the M-NV, note $q=q_c+q_o$; $\pi(\cdot)$ The profit of the M-NV; N Subscript, denoting the case where no bidirectional options are offered for the F-NV.
 Symbol Description $\varepsilon$ The random demand, $\varepsilon \in[A,B]$, and $E(\varepsilon)=\mu$; $f(x)$ The PDF function of $\varepsilon$; $F(x)$ The CDF function of $\varepsilon$; $D(p,\varepsilon)$ The demand function; $\beta$ The circulation loss of fresh produce, and $0<\beta<1$; $o$ The per unit charge for purchasing bidirectional options (option price); $c$ The per unit charge for firm orders (wholesale price); $e$ The per unit charge/compensation for exercising bidirectional options (exercise price); $s$ The per unit penalty cost for unfilled demand; $p$ The per unit selling price of product; $q_c$ The firm order quantity of the M-NV; $q_o$ The option order quantity of the M-NV; $q$ The total order quantity of the M-NV, note $q=q_c+q_o$; $\pi(\cdot)$ The profit of the M-NV; N Subscript, denoting the case where no bidirectional options are offered for the F-NV.
Effect of bidirectional option contracts
 Optimal total order quantity Optimal option order quantity Optimal price Maximum expected profit Fresh produce F-NV 342 — 32.80 3829 Fresh produce M-NV 403 102 33.07 4370
 Optimal total order quantity Optimal option order quantity Optimal price Maximum expected profit Fresh produce F-NV 342 — 32.80 3829 Fresh produce M-NV 403 102 33.07 4370
 [1] Mikhail Dokuchaev, Guanglu Zhou, Song Wang. A modification of Galerkin's method for option pricing. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021077 [2] Xue Qiao, Zheng Wang, Haoxun Chen. Joint optimal pricing and inventory management policy and its sensitivity analysis for perishable products: Lost sale case. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021079 [3] Min Li, Jiahua Zhang, Yifan Xu, Wei Wang. Effects of disruption risk on a supply chain with a risk-averse retailer. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021024 [4] Yu-Hsien Liao. Solutions and characterizations under multicriteria management systems. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021041 [5] Qing-Qing Yang, Wai-Ki Ching, Wan-Hua He, Na Song. Effect of institutional deleveraging on option valuation problems. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021, 17 (4) : 2097-2118. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2020060 [6] Christoforidou Amalia, Christian-Oliver Ewald. A lattice method for option evaluation with regime-switching asset correlation structure. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021, 17 (4) : 1729-1752. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2020042 [7] Mrinal K. Ghosh, Somnath Pradhan. A nonzero-sum risk-sensitive stochastic differential game in the orthant. Mathematical Control & Related Fields, 2021  doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2021025 [8] Hideaki Takagi. Extension of Littlewood's rule to the multi-period static revenue management model with standby customers. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021, 17 (4) : 2181-2202. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2020064 [9] Kai Li, Tao Zhou, Bohai Liu. Pricing new and remanufactured products based on customer purchasing behavior. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021043 [10] Reza Lotfi, Yahia Zare Mehrjerdi, Mir Saman Pishvaee, Ahmad Sadeghieh, Gerhard-Wilhelm Weber. A robust optimization model for sustainable and resilient closed-loop supply chain network design considering conditional value at risk. Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 2021, 11 (2) : 221-253. doi: 10.3934/naco.2020023 [11] Kai Kang, Taotao Lu, Jing Zhang. Financing strategy selection and coordination considering risk aversion in a capital-constrained supply chain. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021042 [12] Peng Tong, Xiaogang Ma. Design of differentiated warranty coverage that considers usage rate and service option of consumers under 2D warranty policy. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021, 17 (4) : 1577-1591. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2020035 [13] Wenyuan Wang, Ran Xu. General drawdown based dividend control with fixed transaction costs for spectrally negative Lévy risk processes. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2020  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2020179 [14] Benrong Zheng, Xianpei Hong. Effects of take-back legislation on pricing and coordination in a closed-loop supply chain. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021035 [15] Patrick Beißner, Emanuela Rosazza Gianin. The term structure of sharpe ratios and arbitrage-free asset pricing in continuous time. Probability, Uncertainty and Quantitative Risk, 2021, 6 (1) : 23-52. doi: 10.3934/puqr.2021002 [16] Jinsen Guo, Yongwu Zhou, Baixun Li. The optimal pricing and service strategies of a dual-channel retailer under free riding. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021056 [17] Wan-Hua He, Chufang Wu, Jia-Wen Gu, Wai-Ki Ching, Chi-Wing Wong. Pricing vulnerable options under a jump-diffusion model with fast mean-reverting stochastic volatility. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021057 [18] Guiyang Zhu. Optimal pricing and ordering policy for defective items under temporary price reduction with inspection errors and price sensitive demand. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021060

2019 Impact Factor: 1.366

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# Chapter 6 - Work and Energy - Problems: 17

Work done = 3.2 $\times$ $10^{3}$ J

#### Work Step by Step

Work done = $\Delta$$E_{k}$ = 0.5m$v^{2}$ - 0.5m$u^{2}$ = 0.5(70.3)($11.3^{2}$) - 0.5(70.3)($6.10^{2}$) $\approx$ 3.2 $\times$ $10^{3}$ J

After you claim an answer you’ll have 24 hours to send in a draft. An editor will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback.


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### abdude824's blog

By abdude824, 13 months ago,

If you are struggling with the right track and a 10-min read for Operating systems from beginning to end, you're at the right place. Even I am not sure where to start, but we would figure it and if you are reading this, I have successfully completed these notes or at least am on right track.

Let's start our struggle for OS:

### The Track

I found many resources to learn, let's just list all: (Galvin Concise PPTs)[https://www.os-book.com/OS9/slide-dir/index.html]: These were great but I felt that these are a little bit too much, so here are the chapters we would do:

1. Processes
3. Process Synchronization
4. CPU Scheduling Algorithms
6. Main memory
7. Virtual memory
8. Virtual Machines

I am skipping the introduction of OS for now as it was not that important, this is going to be a fast article that works like a last night dose.

A simple introduction(May skip if you are already familiar)

#### Processes

Processes are a program in execution. It has its own memory which is divided into four parts: Text, Data, Heap, and Stack.

Process, as the name suggests, have different states (just like making a joint). Here is a diagram which says it all:

Diagram

Process Control Block(PCB)

It is a data structure that stores all information about a process.

It contains these:

Process Scheduling Queues

This handles the order of execution of the process. We have different queues for different states. When the state of a process is changed, it is simply detached from the current queue and added to its new state's queue.

This says it all

Schedulers

There are three types of schedulers, long term, short term, and mid term schedulers.

Brief explanation

Interrupts and Context Switch

An interrupt is like a signal to stop the current process and allow the higher priority process(the process causing the interrupt) to execute. But what happens to the previous process which CPU was executing? It gets saved! When an interrupt occurs, the system needs to save the current context of the process currently running on the CPU so that it can restore that context. It's like a bookmark we have while reading novels. For example, if you are reading a book on data structures and algorithms and suddenly you realize that watching that Avengers 10 min scene would be far more interesting, you place a bookmark and return after 2 hours to resume the same.

The context is saved in the PCB

Also, please note that taking up a new process requires saving the context of the current process and restore the context of the incoming process. This is known as context switch.

Inter-Process Communication

Inter-Process Communication or IPC for short is used for transferring information from one process to another.

Why we need IPC?

We have studied PCBs. We know Process information is stored in PCBs. And we need some sort of a temporary variable to transfer information(like we do to swap two numbers). And we do have two types of mechanisms on this type of principle.

IPC different mechanisms

Scheduling Algorithms

Terminology

First Come First Serve(FCFS)
Shortest Job First(SJS)
Round Robin Algorithm

## Process synchronization

Processes categorized on basis of synchronization

Process synchronization problem arises in the case of Cooperative process also because resources are shared in Cooperative processes.

Race Condition

When more than one process is executing the same code or accessing the same memory or any shared variable in that condition there is a possibility that the output or the value of the shared variable is wrong so for that all the processes doing the race to say that my output is correct this condition known as a race condition. Several processes access and process the manipulations over the same data concurrently, then the outcome depends on the particular order in which the access takes place.

Example

Critical Section

A critical section is a code segment that can be accessed by only one process at a time. This code segment is common in many processes and if many processes run simultaneously, we would have a hard time finding the process containing the error, if it happens.

Any solution to the critical section must satisfy these rules.
Here is what critical section looks like

## Different Solutions to synchronization problems

1) Disabling Interrupts

We know we can have a race condition if we have some interrupt in a preemptive scheduling algorithm(in a single processor system. In a multiprocessor system, we can have a race condition if two processes on different processors execute the critical section). A process can simply announce that it is entering a critical section and the processor should not interrupt it. Well, it works fine, doesn't it? NO, of course not. This can lead to a lot of problems. Firstly, it is not applicable for multiprocessor systems. Secondly, we cannot give a process the freedom to block the interrupts. It can go on indefinitely inside the critical section, disabling interrupts forever.

2) Locks (or Mutex)

Here we have a lock. We acquire the lock, run a process in the critical section and then release the lock. How it's different from Disabling Interrupts? Here only the process which wants to execute inside the critical section wait, all other processes can still interrupt.

There are two types of implementations:

1. Software: Peterson solution for two processes and Bakery Algorithm for multiple processes.

2. Hardware: Generally used, because it's faster. We have test and lock instructions and much more.

Peterson's Solution

As we saw earlier, we need a solution for the critical section of code, as it can lead to anomalies. This solution should satisfy the rules we mentioned before.

Simple Psuedo code
How it works

3) Semaphores

Semaphore is nothing but an integer variable, and this can be changed by using only these two operations:

1. Wait: It is like a decrement operation.
wait(S){
while(S<=0);
S--;
}

1. Signal:
Signal(S){
S++
}

Semaphores can be counting or binary(0 or 1).

Binary Semaphores are generally called mutex locks as they provide mutual exclusion.

Counting Semaphores are used to control access to a given resource for multiple processes.

Use of semaphores in handling critical section of N processes
How does this work?

Busy Waiting problem's solution

problem with semaphores
How we achieve busy waiting problem

4) Monitors

Okay, a serious example for deadlock

1. Deadlock Prevention or Avoidance: We have to prevent any of the four conditions mentioned above.
Let's see which one we can avoid.

3) Ignore Deadlock and Reboot the system

Example of this prevention

Problems were some processes along with resources and you have to find the order of execution or which process to remove to avoid deadlocks can be solved by these deadlock resolving techniques. We will be discussing some problems also

See the below table: Here initially, we had total resources of type A=10, B=5, C=7. (See it as A printers, B keyboards, C CPUs)

Here is the terminology used here:

1. Allocation: Resources already allocated by the system

2. Max Need: Need of resources by processes. (although we saw in the deadlock avoidance that pre-computing how many resources are needed by a process is not possible but still, if we somehow know the maximum need)

3. Available: Resources available at a particular time. Here initially we had 10 types of A resources but at the point, we came, the system had already allocated some resources leaving us the mentioned resources.

4. Remaining Need: We already have allocated some resources. The remaining need is just the maximum need-Allocated.

There can be two things here: detection and sequence of processes. We have to output a sequence of processes where deadlock not happens or say it's impossible.

Now, it's very simple from here. We have the remaining need for every process. We just now have to iterate sequentially and see which process we can execute. If it's executable, we can just execute it and we have the allocated resources of that particular process and the process is executed completely. If we come in a situation where we can't execute any process, we welcome the deadlock.

I will be making a Codeforces problem also on it. You can visualize this as a completely greedy algorithm. But as far as the practical application of this algorithm goes, as we saw previously also, we cannot have the max need of processes. We don't know which process wants what resource and for how long and thus, it's not that practical.

We saw in types of OS(in the introduction at the start of the blog) that we have multithreading as well. We have multiple threads running in an interleaved fashion inside a process. The foremost advantage is the increased responsiveness of the CPU. A thread is the smallest unit assignable to the CPU.

1. User Level Thread: A process is creating multiple threads and the kernel is not at all aware of these threads being created. Here we don't need to call the OS and there are no system calls involved making it much faster for context switching. But we have both advantages and certain disadvantages as well. We get fast context switching, and very fast creation and termination time because of no involvement of kernel. But if even a single threads make a call that waits, then all of the other threads in the process have to wait for that call to complete. This is because the call would be made to kernel obviously, and kernel considers the thread as the whole process and would not entertain another call of the same process thread.

2. Kernel Level Threads: Kernel knows and manages the threads. OS kernel provides system calls to create and manage threads. Kernel Level threads require the involvement of the kernel, which means that you have to do a MOR switch(Google it), you need to go from User space to the kernel space, and then you need to do the switch. And then we have to schedule some other thread as well.

Difference between the two

Management In User space In kernel space
Context Switching Fast Slow
Multicore or Multiprocessor Cannot take advantage of multicore system. Only concurrent execution on single processor Take full advantage of the multicore system.
Creation/Termination Fast Slow

1. One to One: Most common way, used in common Operating Systems like windows. Every user thread is mapped to one kernel thread. Very similar to a pure kernel thread. They are slower than many to one but we can use multicore systems efficiently here.
1. Many to One: Many users are mapped to one kernel thread. They can be seen as pure user threads. They do provide fast context switching along with fast creation and termination but we cannot utilize multicore systems and all the threads can be blocked by one thread making a system call.

2. Many to Many: Very rarely used. Many user threads are mapped to many kernel threads.

#### Memory Management

• +160

 » 13 months ago, # |   0 Thanks for this! However i think if these all can be provided in pdf form /similar it would be of much more help.
•  » » 13 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 2 →   +4 Actually I love the spoiler function of codesforces( This one...)This enables efficient reading and I love to revise with it afterwards.
 » 13 months ago, # |   0 thanks, next DBMS please.
•  » » 13 months ago, # ^ |   +132 Would also like to read some notes on the history of the Seleucid Empire.
•  » » » 13 months ago, # ^ |   0 ROFL
•  » » » 13 months ago, # ^ |   +7 Yes, please can you share some? Also of the Greek, Macedonian and the Achamenid empires, if you have. Thank you.
•  » » » » 13 months ago, # ^ |   +16 If I could share some I wouldn't ask ;)
•  » » » » » 13 months ago, # ^ |   +8 Oh never mind, I read it as "Would you like to.."
•  » » » 13 months ago, # ^ |   0 would post on national geographic blog...
•  » » » 13 months ago, # ^ |   0 World history (ed. Zhukov) in 10 volumes, volume 2, page 247
•  » » 13 months ago, # ^ |   0 Actually, I have already done DBMS in the past, and DBMS is easier and there are already many structured blogs for that. Making another one would be replicating them only. I couldn't find structured blogs for OS with which I could do a last day revision.Thanks
 » 13 months ago, # |   0 It would be great if you could share a bit about CN as well. Thanks for this though.
•  » » 13 months ago, # ^ |   0 Would do in my placement season, when I actually have to learn about computer networks also.Thanks.
 » 13 months ago, # |   0 Got the real-world scenario of deadlock from Perfect example of deadlock. lol
 » 13 months ago, # |   0 please provide for dbms and cn also
 » 13 months ago, # |   0 What is this gag diagram?
•  » » 13 months ago, # ^ |   0 I will upload these, it's just the timeline of processes.
 » 13 months ago, # |   0 Thanks for the blog. Helped a lot for last time revision.
•  » » 13 months ago, # ^ |   0 Glad it helped
 » 13 months ago, # |   0 kamaal
 » 13 months ago, # |   -8
 » 13 months ago, # |   0 Amazing notes. Can be helpful for all the non-CSE students preparing for interviews.
•  » » 13 months ago, # ^ |   0 Glad you liked it!
 » 13 months ago, # |   0 thanks for this. I bookmarked the URL. Super easy to revise and learn. Thank you :)


text:
# fa.useful evaluation – Approximating a restrict of an integral Answer

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fa.useful evaluation – Approximating a restrict of an integral

This integral can truly breathe evaluated in closed figure, from which the large-$$n$$ asymptotics follows readily:
$$int_0^{1} dt, I_{2 t – t^2}(a,b)= frac{1}{B(a,b)}int_0^1 dt,int_0^{2t-t^2} ds,s^{a-1}(1-s)^{b-1}$$
$$=frac{1}{B(a,b)}int_0^1 ds,frac{s^{a-1} (1-s)^{b+frac{1}{2}}}{1-s}=frac{Gamma (a) Gamma left(b+frac{1}{2}privilege)}{Gamma left(a+b+frac{1}{2}privilege) B(a,b)}$$
(for the primary equality I substituted the integral expression for the Beta duty and for the second equality I modified the organize of integration).
So the specified integral is
$$int_0^{1} I_{2 t – t^2}left(tfrac{n – 1}{2}, tfrac{1}{2}privilege) dt = frac{2}{(n-1) Bleft(frac{n-1}{2},frac{1}{2}privilege)}rightarrowsqrt{frac{2}{pi n}} +frac{1}{(2n)^{3/2}sqrt{pi}}+cdots$$

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