text:
# An open letter to /merit/

This is a formal complaint to /merit/ regarding our current commissioner King Lear, and why the signers of this complaint believe he has failed the fundamental requirement of impartiality that is required of a commissioner and is thus unfit for the role. We believe these complaints are not personal attacks, but rather an attempt to recount some of the events that led us to believe that he is not fit for the role he currently occupies, and therefore must step down. Let's get started.

## Undue involvement with /w/

This is unfortunately the first point that must go out of the way in order to estabilish the lack of impartiality that Lear represents as a Commissioner.

During the 2017 Spring Babby Cup, /w/ was grouped with /a/, and had to face them in match 3 out of 3. Lear was then present in the public /a/ discord, and active. Goat, then manager of /w/, was absent.

Come gametime, then streamer Sou had to make substitutions for /w/'s team, and accidentally put a certain CB on the pitch despite being told not to do so in /w/'s pastebin. This promptly followed in /a/'s chat in the wake of the result:

[8:37 PM] Lear: Sorry it had to go down like this.
[8:37 PM] Lear: I wish Sou hadn't subbed on our smallest CB in the middle when the pastebin said specifically not to do that.
[8:39 PM] Lear: I'm too angry at Sou for costing the lead to be happy at this.

Already this raises a few questions: Why does the supposedly impartial commissioner know a pastebin of a team he was formerly manager of 2 years prior by heart? But most importantly, why would this matter when /w/ was coming into the match already relegated? I'll let him explain.

[8:44 PM] Lear: I'm angry because Sou just cost /w/ 17th place.

The Cull followed immediately afterwards and saw /w/ advance to summer until /w/'s nonexistent Proof of Interest posts came to light. The Commissioner had intended to use prior knowledge of the Cull to favor his own teams' chances of advancing, and was nearly stripped of the chance due to Sou's rigging. This is just the most egregious episode, but there's more. When /w/'s interest was put into the spotlight again in Autumn, Lear admitted to participating to /w/'s interest thread:

[12:02 AM] Two_Scoops: IIRC the reason he said he posted there to begin with was to put enough images in the thread to comply with /w/ rules
[12:02 AM] Two_Scoops: but that's not his job, it's the fucking manager's job
[12:06 AM] Lear: I posted in that thread because Goat asked me to get some pics of the team ingame as wallpapers. I figured it was easier to just post them myself then go through a broken telephone.

Why would the Commissioner need to fill in to post screenshots of PES, when /w/ had a manager that was supposedly active and in their fifth cup, and why would Goat need to ask him? I'll let him explain one more time, when talking about Spring 16:

[8:05 PM] Lear: Also I'm not the manager for /w/ anymore so I probably shouldn't sign them up for stuff.
[8:06 PM] Lear: Goat is real he just cannot into PES.
[8:10 PM] Lear: In Spring both teams that escaped the group were the ones that never tested.
[8:11 PM] Lear: Also the teams that had exports made by me. (note: the other is /trv/)

There is more, however, and this is where the rule about the commissioner not managing a team flies straight out of the window.

Lear has, on multiple occasions, admitted to testing for /w/, while the manager in charge was Anonymous Goat, more specifically during the 2017 Winter and 2017 Spring Cups:

[7:49 PM] Ramen: @CuriousAnon QD doesn't into tactics much
[7:50 PM] Ramen: its gw that does most of the dumb shit
[7:51 PM] Johnny: qd told me he wanted tight marking on the amfs and gw shot it down
[7:51 PM] Heavenly_Pond: Would that help
[7:51 PM] TheWorst: >GW
[7:51 PM] Johnny: Probably not
[7:51 PM] Ramen: qd said he wanted gw to not run hug the touchline and he never stopped(edited)
[7:52 PM] Johnny: /m/ outright manmarked them and still conceded 3
[7:52 PM] Lear: Yeah when I was testing against /vg/ they played better without their advanced instructions easily.

[5:59 AM] Lear: Everything about Welcrom (note: then an /a/ tester) I like.
[5:59 AM] Lear: He's even trying to help /w/.
[5:59 AM] rhs: except he doesn't go into pixel autism like NFR
[5:59 AM] rhs: >Welcrom is feeding tactics to both teams
[5:59 AM] rhs: genius
[5:59 AM] rhs: he will win an Elite
[6:00 AM] Lear: No I meant those tictacs would be a godsend for /w/.
[6:00 AM] Lear: If /a/ used them.
[6:00 AM] Johnny: damn lear with the mindgames
[6:00 AM] rhs: I bet Lear is just foxing
[6:00 AM] rhs: and he is SCARED
[6:00 AM] Ramen: Oh we tried them
[6:00 AM] Johnny: if i was playing /a/ with a three six fun theres very few /a/ setups that would worry me :sunglasses:
[6:00 AM] Ramen: For shits and giggles
[6:01 AM] Lear: I'll have you know I tested exclusively against that setup because I am in your heads.

So here we have a commissioner that has admitted to the following regarding his former team /w/:

• Posting in their PoI threads
• Judging said PoI thread's quality and without fail, deeming them good enough to compete
• Making exports for /w/, which retained the same tactics for a full year after his tenure as manager had ended (Autumn 2016 /w/ was the 4-4-1-1 it had always been under Lear)
• Following their games closely, having full knowledge of their tactical pastebin (enough to know which CB was shortest in a time frame of seconds)
• Most importantly, openly admitting to testing for the acting manager in spite of his position as Commissioner.

Not only does this unequivocally disqualify Lear from being an impartial party, it is also a de-facto violation of rule 3: The Commissioner may not manage a team during their tenure.

This is completely and utterly unacceptable, and the continued proxy managing of his former team alone should disqualify him from the role of commissioner, as it breaks the fundamental bond of trust managers are supposed to have towards the Commissioner, and there has already been at least one episode where Lear could have taken advantage:

On the 19th of May of 2017, f4r went missing in action after the deadline for matchday 4 of the Spring Babby.

Lear had to fill in for f4r's duties and made the EDIT file of a matchday where the team he was then proxy manager of played, and he got to handle a nightly export of the team /w/ was playing next. He then casually went on to comment in public on how his testing against /a/ went.

As an aside, I would also like to point out that this is now a renewed concern, as /w/'s Spring tactics will be made by someone that is not a "neutral party", by his own admission.

## Moving the gay goalpost and lack of standards

The new autopilot format has had, to date, two successful users: /cm/ and /p/. You'd think these two teams would then have a very similar story with interest and polling, and you'd be so crucially wrong.

As you all know by now, /cm/'s autumn poll was ran and supervised by Dragonfag, and they were ultimately allowed to play, as their interest was deemed legitimate. When /merit/ called this into question, the burden of proof to disprove the interest was legitimate (and not votes for a collection of DF's husbandos) was squarely placed on them, something that, with obvious reasons, they couldn't do.

I ran a preliminary strawpoll for /p/, which was approved by /merit/ (as opposed to /cm/ just coming in with interest). Given the green light, I polled /p/, and some 48 hours into the Autumn poll, some wonderful person decided to leak it to /4ccg/. I had to rush close the poll, and was then pre-emptively asked to prove no votes came from /4ccg/, and I was happy to oblige. The burden of proof was placed on me.

This however left the music selection for /p/ so close that I wasn't prepared to call the will of the board, so I decided to run a second, tiebreaker poll. This saw no complaints, and people were happy to vote and decide a winner. 14 of the 17 initial votes came back in a comparable time frame, and nothing of note has happened since. /p/ keeps being mildly interested and I keep wanting to build them.

Why is this tiebreaker poll relevant? /cm/ was going to be asked to do the same, after /cm/'s roster was given the green light by a couple of /cm/ browsers, as a way to unequivocally verify their interest as legitimate (the second poll would have been run by /merit/, ruling out any ballot stuffing that is possible with google polls), and the arguments Lear had against it, I find truly baffling and nonsensical when /p/ was able to vote twice without any doomsday scenario of the sort occurring.

Refer to Appendix 1 for the log.

Again as you know, the situation was ultimately resolved with calls of "let /cm/ play" with little criticism coming from the crowd, despite lacking any amount of information other than "DF made the poll but it is legitimate". It was then agreed that a banned person could never run a poll again, giving /cm/ preferential treatment and authorization to break the rules "just this once" on account of strong interest.

After this point, the discussion about /w/ happened, and Lear stopped answering to my enquiries about /p/. I had asked him about keeping a couple of no-aesthetics players out, and never got a response. I decided to ask then-recently out of /merit/ DescendingBear and other /merit/ members about the autopilot rules. I was unofficially told by DB that autopilots ought to require a thread every single cup cycle, before or during. Or do they?

/cm/ had a single winter thread that was linked on the stream's chat by SDA at zero replies, and then continued seemingly normally. Nobody had to prove their interest was legitimate, despite the fact that it was leaked at the very start. No thread was made for Spring's preparation and the roster was not updated. Despite this, /cm/ get to play with Autumn's roster. This, to me, had the same coherence of a random number generator, so once again I asked about autopilot interest:

[11:07 PM] Free my nigga megababby: So are we ever gonna write some rules down about autopilot and PoI or is it just gonna be wing it lmao
[11:08 PM] Free my nigga megababby: Cause /cm/ as far as I see from the archive is competing on Autumn PoI and until 2 months ago it was one cycle
[11:09 PM] Lear: And yeah we'll write out 1 cycle and all that.

So you'd think that this means that rules for autopilots are more lax now and they don't need a proper thread every cup cycle, but no later than 24 hours pass before he goes out of his way to defend the leaked thread that nobody can prove the legitimacy of.

Refer to Appendix 2 for the log.

Again, consider what is being said for a second here, just because /cm/ cannot, for some obscure reason, poll their board like everyone else:

• It is perfectly fine to violate the rules twice in a row and, in both instances, only give a vague and non binding promise to be harsher in the future rather than take any sort of decision right now
• It is perfectly fine for a team to compete on a roster that is years old, relying only on matchday threads made by people without any sort of relation to the cup, banned or not, and that are completely unverifiable in any way
• Being linked on stream, a location that is several magnitudes more visible than /4ccg/, where interest has been leaked and denied before is not enough reason to at least require another thread 3 months later
• It is perfectly fine for the only beneficiary of these decisions to be /cm/, while the other autopilots that are getting interested in the cup have to bust their ass and abide by the ever-changing, implied but not codified rules.

We have already seen the result of this inconsistency for the benefit of one team: /t/'s thread is a complete mockery of the current standards for autopilots, particularly /cm/ since the OP of both threads remains unknown and both got leaked, and the fact that /t/'s thread has been reported and deleted suggests there's an escalation that is potentially cancerous for the cup.

I don't really want a bunch of cross boarders to link my threads to 4ccg to then have them reported and deleted. It's not conducive to any small market and it screams of concerted effort to straight up kill any up and coming team.

## Not good enough for /u/

Lear went on First Bait, on the day after the round of 16 of the winter cup, and went on a completely unprompted huge, half hour long rant undermining /u/'s management ability and style of polling, while also slinging personal insults at him while being incredibly angry: https://www.smashcast.tv/firstbait/videos/1385699 - it starts at 35 minutes.

For context, this is the image Myuer posted in the chat: http://puu.sh/zYd1S/177ab33cb7.png - this is around the time of The Cull.

I will leave the footage to speak for himself, but do keep in mind that, as far as anybody I'm in contact with (/u/ management former and not) is concerned and going back as far as 2013, /u/ has always polled their meta thread, and has an agreement with the moderator to do so, while specifically being told not to create threads: https://4archive.org/board/u/thread/2001853#p2004050

Here's some choice quotes, just in case you can't watch the video:

"Maybe I'll be a bit kinder to them when they aren't filthy fucking casuals with garbage taste"

"...If you think you can justify the shit you pulled with that team, go ahead - [long rant about Citrus ensues] - no your garbage ass fucking general hates it, and you can't pull your dick out of your ass to see that!"

"I see only polling the general thread as basically rock bottom, because it's a fucking shithole"

"If you don't wanna take a 3 day, you don't give a shit!"

I honestly want to ask a question here, would you appreciate being under a magnifying scope for how you run the team you manage because the Commissioner doesn't like the general you have been confined in by the moderation, and ultimately questions your poll because of personal preference? Neither would I, but this blatant bias toward these teams seems like it's a repeated and well documented behaviour that shows no signs of ever getting better:

- His unwillingness to take /adv/'s signup over /wg/ in the 2016 Summer Cup, despite the fact /wg/ missed theirs and should have been immediately disqualified. /wg/'s participation remained in contention until most of the cup IRC and /4ccg/ complained, and he was forced to back down.

- Without dwelling too much on it, because plenty has already been said, his behaviour during and after The Cull, and his comments on /c/ and /u/ in particular.

The most egregious thing is that this is something that seems to have to do entirely with his own tastes, and not any genuine concern, and that he is actively calling to upset the moderation in order to start a thread when /u/ has specifically been told not to do so. Because clearly, what we need is more boards that are even less open about 4CC threads and more hostility from the moderation, whether you think it's good moderation or bad moderation.

I would also like to point out that being part of the 4CC organization shouldn't in any circumstance give you a higher standing than a 4chan moderator, whether you like them or not.

### This entire section is only for hurt feelings you freaking losers

Sargbot (talk) 21:26, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

## Lock before, explain later

The discussion on Spring's format has been, to put it simply, non-existent. /merit/ was, up until this week, aware of these new\revived team attempts: /3/, /aco/, /bant/, /hm/ and /w/, or in other words, exactly 40.

Given that all of these except /hm/ look like they're going to succeed, the smartest thing to do would have been announcing that we were very close to making a megababby happen (and possibly reviving managers that needed a little push - for example, /gif/'s former manager) and then waiting until the weekend to wrap up team making by including all of the teams that were in the stages of gathering interest, since he was already well aware of 40 interested teams being a more than real possibility.

This was suggested in /merit/, and it was promptly ignored. Lear then told /merit/ the blame was "on him" if people weren't satisfied with the current megafetus / babby format, despite the fact that he now fails to address any questions regarding the new teams that have propped up as the Spring dates were announced.

What instead happened was Lear gave a 48 hour ultimatum to /hm/ and /aco/ to get a thread ready and gather interest, and then cut them off short of the 40 teams count despite there being a good chance /aco/ will in fact make it, without even considering the possibility that there may be wildcards (/t/, /gif/) or reviving an autopilot with none\partial interest (/hm/ has renewed aesthetics, and at least some interest despite the disappearance of their poller - which does not seem a problem for /cm/).

Despite the fact that the people voted for more teams, and for making a megababby happen if 40 teams were interested, despite the huge support this tournament format had in Autumn, Lear decided, on his own, to stick with a format that is unpopular and that saves absolutely no time for the streamers.

## Conclusion and Signatures

In conclusion, due to the reasons listed and way more that you are all well aware of, we believe it is time for Lear to part with the role of Commissioner.

We are aware this is not the first time this discussion has come to a sticking point, and would therefore propose Shakes as the new Commissioner of the 4chan Cup, following a vote of no confidence.

Signed,

MarcoZ (talk) 18:57, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Ordinate (talk) 19:42, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Megabeastage (talk) 19:46, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Sillius (talk) 19:47, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Canes (talk) 19:53, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Labcoat (talk) 19:57, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
ravenire (talk) 20:04, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
DescendingBear (talk) 20:09, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Suule (talk) 20:26, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
rhs (talk) 20:26, 8 April 2018
MS (talk) 20:31, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
a useless shitter 20:31, 8 April 2018 (UTC) shit nobody cares about
TSparx (talk) 20:33, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
GMG (talk) 20:33, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Tuvalu (talk) 20:39, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
North (talk) 20:41, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Myuer (talk) 20:49, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Blinky (talk) 22:21, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Aitor Karanka !!vHwU8e1Ta/3 22:50, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Prow (talk) 22:56, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

## Pussies that are abstaining from this motion

Kostas GRE (talk) 23:19, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

## This is fucking stupid

Signed,
MaxPiston (talk)
(´・ω・) (talk) 20:13, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Lear is a Boris-enabling cuck and they both should be sacked but this is some of the dumbest shit I've ever seen Carmastrikes (talk) 20:21, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Carma sums it up nicely CoIlieBro (talk) 20:25, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
I have no strong feelings one way or the other. EDIT: While there are some legitimate grievances made, I believe it's worth point out that WE'RE PLAYING MEMEBALL ON THE INTERNET. CptCourage (talk) 20:28, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
There's a tradition in the Bittenfeld family! When you praise someone you do it loudly; when you denounce someone you do it even louder! I'm only observing that tradition. Bittenfeld (talk) 20:53, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
I had 0 time to help /cm/ at all and it's like /c/ where it really isn't a board you "main", so it's a little difficult without dedicated posters for it. I support removing /cm/ but doing all this because Lear hurt your feelings or whatever is dumb and the cup shouldn't be taken this seriously. The intense shit that comes from this dumb video game is why some people can't be bothered doing it for a long period of time. RoronaBest (talk) 20:42, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
I can't believe Gimi broke that guys shins Blinky (talk) 22:19, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
no - Smugleaf (talk) 00:49, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
whoever removed my signature is a faggot - Mantis (talk) 04:14, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

## I want my own section

PM me anime ass RamenRaisin (talk) 20:33, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

## Can I have Boris back please

Niggers,
Lowroller (talk)

Ignore below me, he is a liar, Go fuck yourself Collie, lil bitch

## Fuck the above post, Boris was sacked for a reason

Chat shit get banged,
CoIlieBro (talk) 20:17, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Ignore above me, he says mean words. I cannot condone this language on a family website.

This guy for commish > Blinky (talk) 22:22, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

## IMGAY

Hello... Sargbot. Carmastrikes (talk) 20:38, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Hey Carma..... Long time no talk, how's it going? Sargbot (talk)
Pretty good bb, gettin good grades and shit since I quit this dupster fire, and yet for some dumb reason I wanna come back. hbu? Carmastrikes (talk) 20:40, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Currently waiting on a new job to start, happy to be out of this 4CC nonsense tbqh. My PES days are long since over. Sargbot (talk)
Nice man I'm glad you're free of it. I hope everything works out for you, lad. Carmastrikes (talk) 20:45, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Same to you bb, hope life is treating you well. Sargbot (talk)
I'm gay for fictional girlsDrDtroit (talk) 20:53, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
Also make me commish and i'll not only remove /cm/ but also give everyone a free Doritos Locos Taco while supplies last DrDtroit (talk) 20:56, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
But you have to buy the cinnamon twists yoruselves DrDtroit (talk) 20:56, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

## /w/ issue is completely legit

The rest is wankery. /cm/ first PoI scandal was handled correctly as he had public endorsement for the call. /cm/ second PoI scandal is borderline, and maybe even if /cm/ shouldn't play, it's not an issue warranting an impeachment. /u/ stuff is irrelevant. His opinions are wrong but he never took any action against /u/, only shittalked them on FB. Mentioning /hm/ is downright wrong because the guy who was interest died weeks ago, so /hm/ wasn't realistically in contention for revival. The 39 assessment was correct. If there's one thing that needs to change, it's signups have to be brought back so we avoid situations like this phantom megababby one again. Because of all these points I don't agree with, I can't in good faith sign the letter.

Make a new petition only saying "we want to change Lear with Shakes because we believe Shakes is more competent" and I'll gladly sign.
TWAIN (talk) 20:53, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Lear needs to be sacked because his ethos for running the cup is creating a wash of bureaucratic nonsense that is detracting from the state of the cup as a targeted form of shitposting and autism. We don't need autistic PoIs to prevent dead teams from getting into the cup. The fans care less about what team is doing what than you idiots think. As long as a team is fun it'll have people who like to watch them play, or at least don't mind watching their own team play against them.

The cup needs to be rolled back to a state that is comprehensible and impervious to stupid bullshit drama like this and like the dumb shit that Lear keeps kicking up. I know the good old days weren't perfect but they were a hell of a lot more sane than this retardation.

Lear and Boris need to have their influence removed from the cup. This vote of no confidence is an excuse and if it works then so be it but this revolution is built on shaky ground and empty stomachs. Have a plan before you act.

Consider this my vote for the resignation of Lear and the instatement of Shakes to the position of 4cc Commissioner, even if your manifesto is fucking stupid and dances around the real fundamental issues that Lear has brought to fruition in the Cup.
Carmastrikes (talk) 21:04, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Add to this that when f4r and/or Boris make a decision (even on dumb shit nobody will care much about), Lear doesn't have the balls to override them. What's the point of having a commissioner if he can't properly lead without the guidance of someone we already gave the vote of no confidence? This is a 4chan event, it doesn't need a complex system checks and balances like it was bloody congress. What it needs is someone up top making the little decisions, a group of 5-10 people who *help* make the bigger ones, and a mass of shitposters underneath who removes the commissioner if he proves incompetent at his job. Until this happens, the cup will suffer.

Also, cut /w/, it's not worth the drama it caused. CoIlieBro (talk) 21:19, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

I agree with what TWAIN and Carma have said. Lear has to go but I don't care too much about the mega babby or megafetus. rhs (talk) 21:08, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Making Shakes commish changes nothing, solves nothing and fixes nothing. There will always be drama, there will always be people who start drama to fill the holes in their souls. If you want to fix the cup, start with (You). It is always (You). Fuck this and everyone involved in it 22:22, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

This section is the only one with any merit (get it lol). But yeah the majority of this "letter" is dumb and gay. Sargbot (talk) 21:26, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Still gonna keep my signature up but what I said in “shit nobody cares about” is basically why I signed this shit. /cm/ should either get new interest or not play by the established PoI standards (or PoI standards should be eliminated), Lear is wrong and dumb about /u/ polling but all he’s actually done is talk shit on First Bait which is basically the point of First Bait and isn’t even remotely worthy of anything but a hearty laugh, and I don’t care much about babby format. Let me watch some goddamn divegrass. Everyone is a cuck. Washed up wiki autist - Please edit our wiki 21:53, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Honestly, the fact that /merit/ discussion are in the dark make no sense in a 4chan cup. Shit has to be out in the open in order for shitposting and trolling to either strengthen or weaken the argument involved (If the idea is actually good, then shitposts look dumb and thus reinforce the idea. If the idea is bad, shitposts look smart and thus degrades the idea). This is how 4chan operates. The fact that both /merit/ discussions take place in the dark AND Lear on this last outburst blamed all his actions on being ones that /merit/ voted on means that people on the outside have literally no idea what exactly is happening, which can’t be good. It blocks the shitposting needed to really determine if the action is good until after the action has already been made. This coupled with the fact that the decision took so long to become finalized and then when finalized is unable to be modified in any way is just plain dumb.
Figure out a way to make decisions that allows shitposting to have its fun in the sun as well. The /w/ shit was an eye opener for me but this /cm/ and /t/ thing just go to show that decisions seem to be made by the seat of /merit/‘s and/or Lear’s pants, which shouldn’t be the role of the commissioner or the commissioning body. CaptPlanet (talk) 13:07, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

I wholeheartedly agree with CaptPlanet. I can kinda understand why it was done like this back in the Skype days, but now that we're using Discord I see no reason to not make a separate /merit/ channel where everybody has viewing rights but only /merit/ members can post. I feel like it'd solve a lot of issues to just know what's going on. Sillius (talk) 15:42, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

## VGL Council replaces /merit/ and Lear, there is no formal commissioner

Our cup is based and has 0% of the drama 4CC has on the daily. The reason for this could be 1) it's not the main cup 2) it gets a quarter of 4CC attendance and 3) It's actually fun and lax?

Most of the best memories I have of the cup is from 2012/13 and a brief period in 17 where I believe things were at their best PURELY because the cup was not an event that had countless namedropping, tons of witch hunting, and a STAFF (or was it just GB, idr if 4CCC was a legit group or not) of people making decisions that focused on one thing and that was keeping the cup FUN and the both the regular and casuals happy. Bias is something that cannot be prevented, there is no such thing as an unbiased person but if there is a GROUP of people and no HEAD PERSON named as the leader it can be organized and taken care of easier. What I do in VGL is I take up every single case and discussion to the council and discuss how to handle it before me or literally anyone else in there goes public with the decision. I know >VGL and everything but I care a lot for the managers, the viewers, and the shitposters who are both heavily involved and not involved at all. What started as a silly side tournament has grown into something I want to properly maintain and have it continue for many years.

Breaking off from that tangent and getting back to the point, if we discontinue the role of commissioner and leave the hands of 4CC in the hands of trusted people and contributors, we can prevent something like this "bias" shit happening again. But what I'm really trying to say is replace /merit/ with VGLC :)

With love and kisses, (´・ω・) (talk) 21:18, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Meming aside, removing the commissioner role has a lot of merit. rhs (talk) 21:20, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

haha "merit" RamenRaisin (talk) 21:24, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

hahahaha yes /ag/ wins again we RUN this shit fellas /4ccg/ on suicide watch Cyclohexane (talk) 21:25, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

/ag/ IS LAUGHING AT US AGAIN WTF BROS THIS ISN'T FAIR

Having a group of people make the decisions sounds like a more plausible idea than just having a single guy have the final say. Some if not most decisions by Lear were handled poorly because of sheer bias which could be avoided by introducing a system like the one VGL uses. I am not sure about making Shakes sole commissioner like suggested. Not because I don't trust him, but because the guy is already loaded with aesthetic work for both 4cc and VGL Resolink (talk) 21:38, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

absolutely co-signed Magicblue (talk) 22:24, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

yes this --Autocrat (talk) 23:02, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

yo can i have a fuckin uhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh KinseyTypeF (talk) 03:24, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

imagine deleting both my signatures kys my mans - Mantis (talk) 04:15, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

/4ccg/ IN THE VGL WHEN

## Appendices

### Appendix 1

[2017-08-23 01:36:21] Descending Bear: similiarly, if we wouldn't have a single trustworthy person on board to verify this poll, I'd still advocate for asking /cm/ fans to run it again (not whole thread with POI, just the poll, this one supervised by one of us)
[2017-08-23 01:37:18] Descending Bear: perhaps we'd reach the solution of seeking help among actual /cm/ fans on our own, perhaps we could achieve it by having a discussion with managers
[2017-08-23 01:38:34] Descending Bear: however, throwing half of us to the ptchforks without letting us know before we've reached any kind of agreement is disgusting, and defending that it was a right thing to do is equally disgusting
[2017-08-23 01:39:15] f4r !HanakoDlmg: the main schism seemed to be around running another poll or not
[2017-08-23 01:39:34] Descending Bear: I don;t particularily care about "reputation", but being thrown under the bus for things I haven't said or done is not what any of us is here for
[2017-08-23 01:39:34] King Lear: Running a second poll is voiding the first one.
[2017-08-23 01:39:56] Descending Bear: yes, and that would be required if we wouldn't find any proof of validity
[2017-08-23 01:39:57] King Lear: Bear you said that /cm/ should have their POI scrapped and another poll ran.
[2017-08-23 01:40:13] King Lear: Running a second poll is scrapping the POI.
[2017-08-23 01:40:49] Descending Bear: no, telling them to start a new thread would be scrapping POI
[2017-08-23 01:41:15] Descending Bear: or demanding that existence of this poll means nothing at all and /cm/ fans do not exist
[2017-08-23 01:41:56] King Lear: >hey you know that poll you voted in well it didn't count try again
I call that scrapping the POI.
[2017-08-23 01:42:57] Descending Bear: this is only according to your very specific definition of POI
[2017-08-23 01:43:35] Descending Bear: In case of small and slow boards, I often encourage manager candidates to ask for suggestions in thread rather than running the poll
[2017-08-23 01:44:08] Descending Bear: what I men is, poll is not technically required if there was discussion about players, music and whatnot, and manager/autopilot follows those advices
[2017-08-23 01:45:30] Descending Bear: while DF is perfectly capable of pretending to be several people, it;s pretty obvious that even if he would, thread like that still gathers some interests of /cm/ anons who stumbled upon it and might have posted in it
[2017-08-23 01:46:28] Descending Bear: I've never called for throwing /cm back to step zero, only to have a poll that is not run by the most banned person in this Cup
[2017-08-23 01:48:07] King Lear: Saying the poll didn't count is scrapping the POI.
[2017-08-23 01:48:55] Descending Bear: gaining proper board interest is actually pretty complex process that has several steps:
- attracting attention of board denizens;
- explaining to them on what the Cup is;
- explaining to them what does manager expect from them and waiting for their feedback;
- making sure that board stays interested and informed once the team plays in actual Cup
[2017-08-23 01:49:00] King Lear: That isn't even mentioning how dumb a second poll is as an idea.
[2017-08-23 01:49:30] King Lear: - attracting attention of board denizens;
- explaining to them on what the Cup is;
- explaining to them what does manager expect from them and waiting for their feedback;
- making sure that board stays interested and informed once the team plays in actual Cup
The poll did all but the last one which it could not have.
[2017-08-23 01:49:59] Descending Bear: if you're calling invalidating just one of those steps as being equal with scrapping POI, you really have no idea on what are you talking about
[2017-08-23 01:50:27] King Lear: Want me to ask the audience on this one? you're telling the fans their vote didn't count, that's scrapping the POI.
[2017-08-23 01:51:03] Descending Bear: because even when poll is redone, the fact is, some of /cm anons already know what the Cup is and might be curious enough to stick around, and that's a lot more than having nothing at all
[2017-08-23 01:51:19] King Lear: So you admit a second poll would drive people away.
[2017-08-23 01:51:44] Descending Bear: and now I have no idea what are you talking about
[2017-08-23 01:51:59] King Lear: Alright so what would a second poll do that the first one didn't?
[2017-08-23 01:52:11] Descending Bear: no, it wouldn't if we are not scaring /cm/ fans with drama, and we wouldn't have to
[2017-08-23 01:52:55] King Lear: No matter the approach if you tell people for any reason their vote did not count they will not be happy.
[2017-08-23 01:53:12] King Lear: And if I were one of those people I would feel that I had wasted my time for no reason.
[2017-08-23 01:53:37] Descending Bear: you don't need to give a valid reason, something along the lines of "oops, this formula did not gave us enquivocal results / we need some tiebreakers" or whatever you think of
[2017-08-23 01:53:57] King Lear: No matter what you say, if people have to vote a second time they'll be unhappy.
[2017-08-23 01:54:09] Descending Bear: yeah, spending 2 minutes on voting is such a chore, it can be done only once a year to not overextert oneself
[2017-08-23 01:54:10] King Lear: Especially if the poll is the same.
[2017-08-23 01:54:38] Descending Bear: then you change things in poll formula to make it look and work differently, there are endless possibilities
[2017-08-23 01:54:55] Descending Bear: more candidates in roster suggestions in new poll, basically anything
[2017-08-23 01:55:21] King Lear: So if we change the poll people who have their choices affected now feel as though they are being told to fuck off.
[2017-08-23 01:55:36] Descending Bear: this is null discussion though as we've agreed to accept /cm/ poll as it is, at leat for this one season
[2017-08-23 01:56:23] King Lear: Yup because it turns out that thinking the POI should be voided and a second poll ran is a bit of a minority opinion at large.
[2017-08-23 01:57:25] Descending Bear: and about your idea of bringing it to the public: sure tell them in all details how evil bear is plotting to kill /cm/ again. Nothing like a good walk of shame to bring fellow member back to order, isn't it
[2017-08-23 01:58:20] Descending Bear: I can't believe I really tried to maintain integrity of /merit/ by standing your side and defending you when you were the minority for the stunt you wanted to pull off with /w/
[2017-08-23 01:58:50] King Lear: Yup I said in public you wanted the POI scrapped.
[2017-08-23 01:59:24] Descending Bear: if you want to invoke the rule of majority whenever you need and ignore it when it does not suit your agenda, go ahead

### Appendix 2

[6:58 PM] Lear: @Free my nigga megababby I told you yesterday that /cm/ have new poi, not sure why you are saying today they dont.
[6:59 PM] Free my nigga megababby: I said something specific: >without re-polling
[7:00 PM] Free my nigga megababby: Autumn poll, Spring cup, doesn't look like a cup cycle to me even though I guess that rule has been wiz'd away right about now.
[7:00 PM] Incoming: I mean /cm/'s current roster is bretty good aethstically
[7:00 PM] Free my nigga megababby: Without even getting into the legitimacy of that thread
[7:03 PM] Lear: That's pretty narrow if you think the p in poi can only stand for poll. If there is a thread that shows a team clearly wanting to play rejecting it because they were being interested and discussing the Cup in the wrong way would be stupid.
[7:05 PM] Free my nigga megababby: So you're saying that it is technically possible to keep a team unupdated for multiple cup cycles and potentially years without ever even updating the roster as long as they have a matchday thread of completely anonymous supporters
[7:05 PM] Free my nigga megababby: With one of the commentators announcing your thread on stream and still being legitimate
[7:08 PM] Free my nigga megababby: It's in my history so I must have skimmed through it, the first post is literally "raid incoming" though, had an hearthy laugh
[7:11 PM] Lear: The thread went on for a while after it got brought up and had actual discussion in it so I feel it is better to give them the benefit of the doubt this once. As for the roster thing if the people on the board are happy with the roster and there is interest in the team then telling them their interest wasnt correct is being petty and shutting out a team with interest.
[7:15 PM] Free my nigga megababby: So the cup cycle thing hasn't been written out after all and you're only giving them a pass for a healthy thread, despite the fact that every other autopilot and post-cull team past and present had to get a reputable, non banned tripfag to drum up interest for them to return to the cup, and despite the fact that the thread was leaked in an incredibly visible location and that it literally starts with two 4ccg shitposts
[7:19 PM] Lear: >reputable, non banned tripfag
Only thing we care about is not banned. If we didnt let a team in because the person who made the thread wasnt a top lad that'd be fucked.

Yes their thread was leaked and we are going to be more harsh on that in the future but dont act like the thread has nothing but people shouting about raids.

## Counterpoints

Didn't free /t/

Not yet, be a little patient

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## benis

benis PWJP (talk) 20:49, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
benis Metagross01 (talk) 21:14, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
benis Polybius (talk) 21:19, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
benis Sargbot (talk) 21:26, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
benis Kostas GRE (talk) 21:29, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
benis Foojile - Is it time, brothers? 21:34, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
benis CptCourage (talk) 22:26, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
bepis Labcoat (talk) 01:11, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
benis Equinox (talk) 01:12, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
benis Clingingmars (talk) 01:14, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
benis John Hayabusa (talk)
benis KinseyTypeF (talk) 09:29, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
benis CoIlieBro (talk) 10:58, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

## an open letter to my ass

fisting is 300 bucks Cyclohexane (talk) 21:13, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

## My little hidey-hole

I swear to god if any of you FUCKS copy and paste this you will be is serious trouble Kostas GRE (talk) 21:05, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

"I LOVE SUSHI!" exclaimed the woman in the thick-rimmed glasses. "Ah, excellent," Kobayashi thought contentedly to himself, "they are enjoying themselves." "I love Japan, period" said the middle-aged man in the blue shirt, slight southern drawl lending a down-home earthiness to his earnest proclamation. "Oh my, it is such a joy to have such enthusiastic customers!" Kobayashi said to himself, beaming with pride at the delight he had brought to his customers. It was an idyllic day in Kobayashi's small sushi shop. But, then things took a turn for the worst. "J-ROCK!" screeched a greasy-haired delinquent, quite obviously high on something. "Oh my, someone should be watching over that poor child," Kobayashi thought to himself. But, before he could finish that thought, a rotund man burst forth from the masses, the make-up on his face still smeared across his fleshy visage. "GIRUGAMESH!" the horrifying painted man exclaims, stabbing the air vehemtly with two massive, pudgy digits. "What has begun here is something terrible," Kobayashi thinks to himself, rooted in place by equal parts fear, and morbid fascination. "I LOVE ANIME!" shrieks a curiously toupee'd customer, the disparity of voice and adornment calling into question the beast's gender. "AND MANGA" yells the man-lady's back-quatto, the horrifying extra upper torso protruding from the hermaphrodite's back, malign intent dancing across his/her eyes. Kobayashi is speechless at the spectacle unfolding before him. "AND GAYMEN!" an infernal scarecrow man drunkenly spews forth, every diabolical syllable dripping from his tongue an affront to sanity and dignity. "Uh...DDR?," says a man quite plainly. "Finally, a respite from this madness," Kobayashi thought as he heaved a breathless sigh of relief. But what he had seen so far could never prepare him for what came next. "SMILE D.K." squealed the man's bloated pig-wife, barely managing to stay balanced atop her chair. As these things happened, a realization dawned on poor, poor Kobayashi. "These people, these DEMONS, have taken all I know and love and made it wrong, corrupted it. I can not, no, I will not sit idly by as these creatures from beyond the veil wreak havoc in my shop!" "HEYYYYYY!" Kobayashi growls, brandishing his knife like a modern day warrior. "SAKURA-CON HE IKIMAAAAAAAAAASU" he bellows, the traditional war-cry of his family. As Kobayashi leapt over the table, the gathered masses began morphing, face tearing asunder to reveal rows upon rows of sharp teeth, as new musculature rippled forth from beneath their clothes. Many dropped to all fours, revealing their true bestial nature, snarling and snapping their jaws at Kobayashi. Like a true warrior, however, he dove fearlessly into the throes of battle, slicing sinew and bone alike with a precision afforded him by his years of chef training. He laughed maniacally as bucket upon bucket of blood was spilled, the organs and flesh of his former patrons spewing forth like water down a hill. He and his restaurant alike were soon strewn with every type of viscera, and he gave an animalistic howl to the still-rising moon. Kobayashi goose-stepped over the knee-high pile of cadavers, and, having finally exited the restaurant, he wiped the blood clean from his cleaver and strode off into the horizon. He knew that he had honored his ancestors with this true act of bravery, and helped to rid the world of a grave evil indeed.

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## This couldn't have waited until tomorrow?

Thanks for RUINING my Sunday night. CptCourage (talk) 21:10, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

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## It's Fucking Memeball

Why are you all fucking autistic? Vaughan (talk) 22:49, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

## fuk dag

see section title Dag (talk) 00:50, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

why did you delete my text QD (talk) 01:19, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

## Chris Benoit Killed His Family

It's always been a fantasy of mine to be a sex slave for 2 bears, male and female, pleasing the male when she's tired, and vice versa. Slowly sliding my lips up and down his thick shaft, tasting his pre-cum on my tongue. Once he's had enough of that, he rolls over onto his back, lifting me up as though I weighed nothing. Gently placing me on his cock, I guide him in, feeling him stretch me wide open. I moan with pleasure, feeling him fill me up. He growls softly, I feel it rumble deep in his chest, vibrating all the way down his body and through mine. He continues to lift me up and then pull me down. He's doing all the work for me, it feels so good, the warmth of the fur, his paws either side of my waist. He is in total control, I'm just nothing compared to his vast size and strength, but I have total trust in him, I know he won't hurt me. I feel the pace quicken, almost imperceptibly. I slowly stroke myself, feeling myself nearing the point of no return coming closer with every stroke. I can hear the growl getting louder now; he speeds up even more, forcing me further and further down onto his thick cock. If it wasn't for the fact I my body is releasing so many endorphines, I would probably be screaming in agony. Except I am panting and whining, just like a bitch, begging her mate to fill her up. His claws dig in deeper, the pain, its excsquisite. It sends me over the edge. My head goes back, I let out a short grunt, I feel my cock explode, covering his chest fur in my seed. I keep stroking, it looks as though I'm trying to rip my cock out. I let out another grunt, another torrent flows forth, then another and another. A drop lands on the beasts muzzle. He seems confused for a moment. That's what I think. He digs his paws in even harder now and slams me onto his cock, I feel his grumble turn into a roar. He's cumming, oh my god. I can feel in, filling me up. It's undescribable. He's mating with me, he's claimed me. I feel him slow, his cock still throbbing within me, it seems as though there's no more room for his cum. It's dripping out of me, onto his fur. I reach down, and then bring my hand up, tasting him. It's more than I ever expected. It's heaven. /wooo/ (talk) Then, Now, Forever (UTC)

## Not Shakes

Shakes is complicit in the protecting of Dragonfag and hiding him in Aesco 2.0, and creating a independent Aesco from the 4CC purely to protect him. While you could argue this is warranted for Shakes to protect one of his better workers, having him as Commisionner would verify Dragonfag by proxy Which, to be reminded, he hasnt recovered from his sockpuppet ways, trying to take control of /cm/ by proxy setting up their revival polls and was close to Johnny who was nearly given the job of making Autopilot Exports. He would have been in control of multiple teams again.

Anyone but Shakes 6letters (talk)


text:
# Chi-squared test on the observed vs expected frequencies of elements taken pairwise

I have the following problem. I have a total of $$N$$ observations, and for each of these, I am evaluating absence (0) /presence (1) of a given factor. Let's call these factors $$A$$, $$B$$, $$C$$ and $$D$$.

I am only interested in the cases for which presence is evaluated for exactly two factors. Specifically, I am interested into testing whether a particular case, $${A=1, B=0, C=1, D=0}$$ is statistically observed more or less than expected by chance, given the individual frequencies of the four factors in that set.

Let's consider the following example in R, where Nobs is the number of observations for each combination of factors, pairwise:

df <- data.frame(A = c(0,0,0,1,1,1),
B = c(0,1,1,0,0,1),
C = c(1,0,1,0,1,0),
D = c(1,1,0,1,0,0),
Nobs = c(613, 209, 298, 280, 382, 147))

Is Nobs = 382 different from the random expectation based on the frequency of occurrence of $$A$$ and $$D$$ separately?

I assume this can be done with chisq.test(x = c(613, 209, 298, 280, 382, 147), p = vector_of_expected_frequencies), and this should be a very easy task, but I am struggling getting the expected frequencies.

I would say that in my data set, $$p(A)$$, $$p(B)$$, $$p(C)$$ and $$p(D)$$ are the following:

pA <- dplyr::filter(df, A==1) %>% .$$Nobs %>% sum() %>% /(2*N) pB <- dplyr::filter(df, B==1) %>% .$$Nobs %>% sum() %>% /(2*N)
pC <- dplyr::filter(df, C==1) %>% .$$Nobs %>% sum() %>% /(2*N) pD <- dplyr::filter(df, D==1) %>% .$$Nobs %>% sum() %>% /(2*N)

Made this way, $$p(A)+p(B)+p(C)+p(D)=1$$ as expected, but then, the probability of all combinations pairwise will result in probabilities that do not sum to $$1$$, and are therefore not usable for the test. In fact, they add to a much lower number.

df %>%
dplyr::mutate(tmpA = ifelse(A==0, 1, pA),
tmpB = ifelse(B==0, 1, pB),
tmpC = ifelse(C==0, 1, pC),
tmpD = ifelse(D==0, 1, pD)) %>%
dplyr::mutate(prod = tmpA*tmpB*tmpC*tmpD) %>%
.\$prod %>%
sum()

There must be something trivial I am missing here, any help is appreciated.

format: plain


text:
# One solution of the differential equation y" – 4y = 0 is y = e^{2x} Find a second linearly independent solution using reduction of order.

One solution of the differential equation $y"–4y=0$ is $y={e}^{2x}$Find a second linearly independent solution using reduction of order.

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krolaniaN
Given differential equation is ${y}^{″}-4y=0$ (1)
Given that First solution is ${y}_{1}={e}^{2x}$
let general solution $y=v\cdot {y}_{1}$
substitute ${y}_{1}={e}^{2x}$
$y=v{e}^{2x}$
Differentiate $y=v{e}^{2x}$ with respect to x
${y}^{\prime }=\frac{d}{dx}\left(v{e}^{2x}\right)$
$=\frac{vd}{dx}{e}^{2x}+{e}^{2x}\frac{d}{dx}\left(v\right)$
$=v\cdot 2{e}^{2x}+{e}^{2x}\cdot {v}^{\prime }$
$=2v{e}^{2x}+{e}^{2x}{v}^{\prime }$
hence, ${y}^{\prime }=2v{e}^{2x}+{e}^{2x}v,$
Again differentiate ${y}^{\prime }=2v{e}^{2x}+{e}^{2x}{v}^{\prime }$ with respect to x
${y}^{″}=\frac{d}{dx\left(2v{e}^{2x}+{e}^{2x}{v}^{\prime }\right)}$
$=2\frac{d}{dx}\left(v{e}^{2x}\right)+\frac{d}{dx}\left({e}^{2x}{v}^{\prime }\right)$
$=4v{e}^{2x}+2{e}^{2x}{v}^{\prime }+2{e}^{2x}{v}^{\prime }+{e}^{2x}{v}^{″}$
$=4v{e}^{2x}+4{e}^{2x}{v}^{\prime }+{e}^{2x}{v}^{″}$
Hence, ${y}^{″}=4v{e}^{2x}+4{e}^{2x}{v}^{\prime }+{e}^{2x}{v}^{″}$
Now, substitute ${y}^{″}=4v{e}^{2x}+4{e}^{2x}{v}^{\prime }+{e}^{2x}{v}^{″}$ and $y=v{e}^{2x}$ in equation (1) and simlify it
$4v{e}^{2x}+4{e}^{2x}{v}^{\prime }+{e}^{2x}{v}^{″}-4v{e}^{2x}=0$
$4{e}^{2x}{v}^{\prime }+{e}^{2x}{v}^{″}=0$ (2)
Let $w={v}^{\prime }$
$⇒{w}^{\prime }={v}^{″}$
Substitute these value in equation (2)
$4{e}^{2x}w+{e}^{2x}{w}^{\prime }=0$
${e}^{2x}\left(4w+{w}^{\prime }\right)=0$ (Take common as ${e}^{2x}$)
Divide both side be ${e}^{2x}$ and simplify it
$\frac{{e}^{2x}\left(4w+{w}^{\prime }\right)}{{e}^{2x}}=\frac{0}{{e}^{2x}}$
$4w+{w}^{\prime }=0$
Substract 4w from both sides and simplify it
$4w-4w+{w}^{\prime }=-4w$
${w}^{\prime }=-4w$
$\frac{dw}{dx}=-4w$
$dww=-4dx$
Now integrate it
$\int \frac{dw}{w}=-4\int dx+c$
$\mathrm{ln}w=-4x+c$
$w={e}^{-4x+c}$
$w={e}^{-4x}\cdot {e}^{c}$
Further simplify it
$w={c}_{1}{e}^{-4x}$ (Since


text:
# LIGA

Last updated

LIGA is a German acronym for Lithographie, Galvanoformung, Abformung (Lithography, Electroplating, and Molding) that describes a fabrication technology used to create high-aspect-ratio microstructures.

German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol (Italy), the German-speaking Community of Belgium, and Liechtenstein. It is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg and a co-official language in the Opole Voivodeship in Poland. The languages which are most similar to German are the other members of the West Germanic language branch: Afrikaans, Dutch, English, the Frisian languages, Low German/Low Saxon, Luxembourgish, and Yiddish. There are also strong similarities in vocabulary with Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, although those belong to the North Germanic group. German is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English.

Photolithography, also called optical lithography or UV lithography, is a process used in microfabrication to pattern parts of a thin film or the bulk of a substrate. It uses light to transfer a geometric pattern from a photomask to a photosensitive chemical photoresist on the substrate. A series of chemical treatments then either etches the exposure pattern into the material or enables deposition of a new material in the desired pattern upon the material underneath the photoresist. In complex integrated circuits, a CMOS wafer may go through the photolithographic cycle as many as 50 times.

Electroplating is a process that uses an electric current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a thin coherent metal coating on an electrode. The term is also used for electrical oxidation of anions on to a solid substrate, as in the formation of silver chloride on silver wire to make silver/silver-chloride electrodes. Electroplating is primarily used to change the surface properties of an object, but may also be used to build up thickness on undersized parts or to form objects by electroforming.

## Overview

The LIGA consists of three main processing steps; lithography, electroplating and molding. There are two main LIGA-fabrication technologies, X-Ray LIGA, which uses X-rays produced by a synchrotron to create high-aspect ratio structures, and UV LIGA, a more accessible method which uses ultraviolet light to create structures with relatively low aspect ratios.

X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is referred to with terms meaning Röntgen radiation, after the German scientist Wilhelm Röntgen who discovered these on November 8, 1895, who usually is credited as its discoverer, and who named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation. Spelling of X-ray(s) in the English language includes the variants x-ray(s), xray(s), and X ray(s).

A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels around a fixed closed-loop path. The magnetic field which bends the particle beam into its closed path increases with time during the accelerating process, being synchronized to the increasing kinetic energy of the particles. The synchrotron is one of the first accelerator concepts to enable the construction of large-scale facilities, since bending, beam focusing and acceleration can be separated into different components. The most powerful modern particle accelerators use versions of the synchrotron design. The largest synchrotron-type accelerator, also the largest particle accelerator in the world, is the 27-kilometre-circumference (17 mi) Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, Switzerland, built in 2008 by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). It can accelerate beams of protons to an energy of 6.5 teraelectronvolts (TeV).

The notable characteristics of X-ray LIGA-fabricated structures include:

• high aspect ratios on the order of 100:1
• parallel side walls with a flank angle on the order of 89.95°
• smooth side walls with ${\displaystyle R_{a}}$ = 10 nm, suitable for optical mirrors
• structural heights from tens of micrometers to several millimeters
• structural details on the order of micrometers over distances of centimeters

Surface roughness often shortened to roughness, is a component of surface texture. It is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form. If these deviations are large, the surface is rough; if they are small, the surface is smooth. In surface metrology, roughness is typically considered to be the high-frequency, short-wavelength component of a measured surface. However, in practice it is often necessary to know both the amplitude and frequency to ensure that a surface is fit for a purpose.

### X-Ray LIGA

X-Ray LIGA is a fabrication process in microtechnology that was developed in the early 1980s [1] by a team under the leadership of Erwin Willy Becker and Wolfgang Ehrfeld at the Institute for Nuclear Process Engineering (Institut für Kernverfahrenstechnik, IKVT) at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center, since renamed to the Institute for Microstructure Technology (Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik, IMT) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). LIGA was one of the first major techniques to allow on-demand manufacturing of high-aspect-ratio structures (structures that are much taller than wide) with lateral precision below one micrometer.

Microtechnology is technology with features near one micrometre.

The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) is a public research university and one of the largest research and educational institutions in Germany. KIT was created in 2009 when the University of Karlsruhe, founded in 1825 as a public research university and also known as the "Fridericiana", merged with the Karlsruhe Research Center, which had originally been established in 1956 as a national nuclear research center.

In the process, an X-ray sensitive polymer photoresist, typically PMMA, bonded to an electrically conductive substrate, is exposed to parallel beams of high-energy X-rays from a synchrotron radiation source through a mask partly covered with a strong X-ray absorbing material. Chemical removal of exposed (or unexposed) photoresist results in a three-dimensional structure, which can be filled by the electrodeposition of metal. The resist is chemically stripped away to produce a metallic mold insert. The mold insert can be used to produce parts in polymers or ceramics through injection molding.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), also known as acrylic, acrylic glass, or plexiglass as well as by the trade names Crylux, Plexiglas, Acrylite, Lucite, and Perspex among several others, is a transparent thermoplastic often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. The same material can be used as a casting resin, in inks and coatings, and has many other uses.

The LIGA technique's unique value is the precision obtained by the use of deep X-ray lithography (DXRL). The technique enables microstructures with high aspect ratios and high precision to be fabricated in a variety of materials (metals, plastics, and ceramics). Many of its practitioners and users are associated with or are located close to synchrotron facilities.

X-ray lithography, is a process used in electronic industry to selectively remove parts of a thin film. It uses X-rays to transfer a geometric pattern from a mask to a light-sensitive chemical photoresist, or simply "resist," on the substrate. A series of chemical treatments then engraves the produced pattern into the material underneath the photoresist.

### UV LIGA

UV LIGA utilizes an inexpensive ultraviolet light source, like a mercury lamp, to expose a polymer photoresist, typically SU-8. Because heating and transmittance are not an issue in optical masks, a simple chromium mask can be substituted for the technically sophisticated X-ray mask. These reductions in complexity make UV LIGA much cheaper and more accessible than its X-ray counterpart. However, UV LIGA is not as effective at producing precision molds and is thus used when cost must be kept low and very high aspect ratios are not required.

## Process details

X-ray masks are composed of a transparent, low-Z carrier, a patterned high-Z absorber, and a metallic ring for alignment and heat removal. Due to extreme temperature variations induced by the X-ray exposure, carriers are fabricated from materials with high thermal conductivity to reduce thermal gradients. Currently, vitreous carbon and graphite are considered the best material, as their use significantly reduces side-wall roughness. Silicon, silicon nitride, titanium, and diamond are also in use as carrier substrates but not preferred, as the required thin membranes are comparatively fragile and titanium masks tend to round sharp features due to edge fluorescence. Absorbers are gold, nickel, copper, tin, lead, and other X-ray absorbing metals.

Masks can be fabricated in several fashions. The most accurate and expensive masks are those created by electron beam lithography, which provides resolutions as fine as 0.1 µm in resist 4 µm thick and 3 µm features in resist 20 µm thick. An intermediate method is the plated photomask which provides 3 µm resolution and can be outsourced at a cost on the order of \$1000 per mask. The least expensive method is a direct photomask, which provides 15 µm resolution in resist 80 µm thick. In summary, masks can cost between \$1000 and \$20,000 and take between two weeks and three months for delivery. Due to the small size of the market, each LIGA group typically has its own mask-making capability. Future trends in mask creation include larger formats, from a diameter of 100 mm to 150 mm, and smaller feature sizes.

### Substrate

The starting material is a flat substrate, such as a silicon wafer or a polished disc of beryllium, copper, titanium, or other material. The substrate, if not already electrically conductive, is covered with a conductive plating base, typically through sputtering or evaporation.

The fabrication of high-aspect-ratio structures requires the use of a photoresist able to form a mold with vertical sidewalls. Thus the photoresist must have a high selectivity and be relatively free from stress when applied in thick layers. The typical choice, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is applied to the substrate by a glue-down process in which a precast, high-molecular-weight sheet of PMMA is attached to the plating base on the substrate. The applied photoresist is then milled down to the precise height by a fly cutter prior to pattern transfer by X-ray exposure. Because the layer must be relatively free from stress, this glue-down process is preferred over alternative methods such as casting. Further, the cutting of the PMMA sheet by the fly cutter requires specific operating conditions and tools to avoid introducing any stress and crazing of the photoresist.[ citation needed ]

### Exposure

A key enabling technology of LIGA is the synchrotron, capable of emitting high-power, highly collimated X-rays. This high collimation permits relatively large distances between the mask and the substrate without the penumbral blurring that occurs from other X-ray sources. In the electron storage ring or synchrotron, a magnetic field constrains electrons to follow a circular path and the radial acceleration of the electrons causes electromagnetic radiation to be emitted forward. The radiation is thus strongly collimated in the forward direction and can be assumed to be parallel for lithographic purposes. Because of the much higher flux of usable collimated X-rays, shorter exposure times become possible. Photon energies for a LIGA exposure are approximately distributed between 2.5 and 15 keV.

Unlike optical lithography, there are multiple exposure limits, identified as the top dose, bottom dose, and critical dose, whose values must be determined experimentally for a proper exposure. The exposure must be sufficient to meet the requirements of the bottom dose, the exposure under which a photoresist residue will remain, and the top dose, the exposure over which the photoresist will foam. The critical dose is the exposure at which unexposed resist begins to be attacked. Due to the insensitivity of PMMA, a typical exposure time for a 500 µm thick PMMA is six hours. During exposure, secondary radiation effects such as Fresnel diffraction, mask and substrate fluorescence, and the generation of Auger electrons and photoelectrons can lead to overexposure.

During exposure the X-ray mask and the mask holder are heated directly by X-ray absorption and cooled by forced convection from nitrogen jets. Temperature rise in PMMA resist is mainly from heat conducted from the substrate backward into the resist and from the mask plate through the inner cavity air forward to the resist, with X-ray absorption being tertiary. Thermal effects include chemistry variations due to resist heating and geometry-dependent mask deformation.

### Development

For high-aspect-ratio structures the resist-developer system is required to have a ratio of dissolution rates in the exposed and unexposed areas of 1000:1. The standard, empirically optimized developer is a mixture of tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (20 %), 2-aminoethanol-1 (5 %), 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol (60 %), and water (15 %). This developer provides the required ratio of dissolution rates and reduces stress-related cracking from swelling in comparison to conventional PMMA developers. After development, the substrate is rinsed with deionized water and dried either in a vacuum or by spinning. At this stage, the PMMA structures can be released as the final product (e.g., optical components) or can be used as molds for subsequent metal deposition.

### Electroplating

In the electroplating step, nickel, copper, or gold is plated upward from the metalized substrate into the voids left by the removed photoresist. Taking place in an electrolytic cell, the current density, temperature, and solution are carefully controlled to ensure proper plating. In the case of nickel deposition from NiCl2 in a KCl solution, Ni is deposited on the cathode (metalized substrate) and Cl2 evolves at the anode. Difficulties associated with plating into PMMA molds include voids, where hydrogen bubbles nucleate on contaminates; chemical incompatibility, where the plating solution attacks the photoresist; and mechanical incompatibility, where film stress causes the plated layer to lose adhesion. These difficulties can be overcome through the empirical optimization of the plating chemistry and environment for a given layout.

### Stripping

After exposure, development, and electroplating, the resist is stripped. One method for removing the remaining PMMA is to flood expose the substrate and use the developing solution to cleanly remove the resist. Alternatively, chemical solvents can be used. Stripping of a thick resist chemically is a lengthy process, taking two to three hours in acetone at room temperature. In multilayer structures, it is common practice to protect metal layers against corrosion by backfilling the structure with a polymer-based encapsulant. At this stage, metal structures can be left on the substrate (e.g., microwave circuitry) or released as the final product (e.g., gears).

### Replication

After stripping, the released metallic components can be used for mass replication through standard means of replication such as stamping or injection molding.

## Commercialization

In the 1990s, LIGA was a cutting-edge MEMS fabrication technology, resulting in the design of components showcasing the technique's unique versatility. Several companies that begin using the LIGA process later changed their business model (e.g., Steag microParts becoming Boehringer Ingelheim microParts, Mezzo Technologies). Currently, only two companies, HTmicro and microworks, continue their work in LIGA, benefiting from limitations of other competing fabrication technologies. UV LIGA, due to its lower production cost, is employed more broadly by several companies, such as Tecan, Temicon, and Mimotec in Switzerland, who supply the Swiss watch market with metal parts made of Nickel and Nickel-Phosphorus.

Below is a gallery of LIGA-fabricated structures arranged by date.

## Notes

1. Becker, E. W.; Ehrfeld, W.; Münchmeyer, D.; Betz, H.; Heuberger, A.; Pongratz, S.; Glashauser, W.; Michel, H. J.; Siemens, R. (1982). "Production of Separation-Nozzle Systems for Uranium Enrichment by a Combination of X-Ray Lithography and Galvanoplastics". Naturwissenschaften. 69 (11): 520–523. doi:10.1007/BF00463495.
2. "Electroforming process" . Retrieved 12 November 2018.
3. Forman, Michael A. (2006). "Low-loss LIGA-fabricated coplanar waveguide and filter". 2006 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference. pp. 1905–1907. doi:10.1109/APMC.2006.4429780. ISBN   978-4-902339-08-6.

## Related Research Articles

Microelectromechanical systems is the technology of microscopic devices, particularly those with moving parts. It merges at the nano-scale into nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) and nanotechnology. MEMS are also referred to as micromachines in Japan, or micro systems technology (MST) in Europe.

A photoresist is a light-sensitive material used in several processes, such as photolithography and photoengraving, to form a patterned coating on a surface. This process is crucial in the electronic industry.

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it.

Electron-beam lithography is the practice of scanning a focused beam of electrons to draw custom shapes on a surface covered with an electron-sensitive film called a resist (exposing). The electron beam changes the solubility of the resist, enabling selective removal of either the exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist by immersing it in a solvent (developing). The purpose, as with photolithography, is to create very small structures in the resist that can subsequently be transferred to the substrate material, often by etching.

Nanolithography is a growing field of techniques within nanotechnology dealing with the engineering (etching, writing, printing) of nanometer-scale structures. From Greek, the word can be broken up into three parts: "nano" meaning dwarf, "lith" meaning stone, and "graphy" meaning to write, or "tiny writing onto stone." Today, the word has evolved to cover the design of structures in the range of 10-9 to 10-6 meters, or structures in the nanometer range. Essentially, field is a derivative of lithography, only covering significantly smaller structures. All nanolithographic techniques can be separated into two categories: those that etch away molecules leaving behind the desired structure, and those that directly write the desired structure to a surface (similar to the way a 3D printer creates a structure).

Extreme ultraviolet lithography is a next-generation lithography technology using an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength, currently expected to be 13.5 nm. EUV is currently being developed for high volume use by 2020.

In semiconductor fabrication, a resist is a thin layer used to transfer a circuit pattern to the semiconductor substrate which it is deposited upon. A resist can be patterned via lithography to form a (sub)micrometer-scale, temporary mask that protects selected areas of the underlying substrate during subsequent processing steps. The material used to prepare said thin layer is typically a viscous solution. Resists are generally proprietary mixtures of a polymer or its precursor and other small molecules that have been specially formulated for a given lithography technology. Resists used during photolithography are called photoresists.

Deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) is a highly anisotropic etch process used to create deep penetration, steep-sided holes and trenches in wafers/substrates, typically with high aspect ratios. It was developed for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), which require these features, but is also used to excavate trenches for high-density capacitors for DRAM and more recently for creating through silicon vias (TSVs) in advanced 3D wafer level packaging technology.

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a method of fabricating nanometer scale patterns. It is a simple nanolithography process with low cost, high throughput and high resolution. It creates patterns by mechanical deformation of imprint resist and subsequent processes. The imprint resist is typically a monomer or polymer formulation that is cured by heat or UV light during the imprinting. Adhesion between the resist and the template is controlled to allow proper release.

Compact disc manufacturing is the process by which commercial compact discs (CDs) are replicated in mass quantities using a master version created from a source recording. This may be either in audio form (CD-Audio) or data form (CD-ROM). This process is used in the mastering of read-only compact discs; CD-Rs, CD-RWs, and DVDs are made somewhat differently, though the methods are broadly similar.

SU-8 is a commonly used epoxy-based negative photoresist. Negative refers to a photoresist whereby the parts exposed to UV become cross-linked, while the remainder of the film remains soluble and can be washed away during development.

Contact lithography, also known as contact printing, is a form of photolithography whereby the image to be printed is obtained by illumination of a photomask in direct contact with a substrate coated with an imaging photoresist layer.

Stencil lithography is a novel method of fabricating nanometer scale patterns using nanostencils, stencils with nanometer size apertures. It is a resist-less, simple, parallel nanolithography process, and it does not involve any heat or chemical treatment of the substrates .

A molded interconnect device (MID) is an injection-molded thermoplastic part with integrated electronic circuit traces. The use of high temperature thermoplastics and their structured metallization opens a new dimension of circuit carrier design to the electronics industry. This technology combines plastic substrate/housing with circuitry into a single part by selective metallization.

Projection micro-stereolithography (PµSL) adapts 3D printing technology for micro-fabrication. Digital micro display technology provides dynamic stereolithography masks that work as a virtual photomask. This technique allows for rapid photopolymerization of an entire layer with a flash of UV illumination at micro-scale resolution. The mask can control individual pixel light intensity, allowing control of material properties of the fabricated structure with desired spatial distribution.

Foturan is a photosensitive glass by SCHOTT Corporation developed in 1984. It is a technical glass-ceramic which can be structured without photoresist when it is exposed to shortwave radiation such as ultraviolet light and subsequently etched.

Three-dimensional (3D) microfabrication refers to manufacturing techniques that involve the layering of materials to produce a three-dimensional structure at a microscopic scale. These structures are usually on the scale of micrometers and are popular in microelectronics and microelectromechanical systems.


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3
Q:

# The average of a set of whole numbers is 27.2. when the 20% of the elements are eliminated from the set of numbers then the average become 34. The number of elements in the new set of numbers can be :

 A) 27 B) 35 C) 52 D) 63

Explanation:

only (c) is correct since it is divisible by 4.

Let the original number of element  be x then the new no.of elements wil be

$\inline&space;\frac{4x}{5}=K$

So K must be divisible by 4

Since,      x =  $\inline&space;\frac{K&space;\times&space;5}{4}$

Q:

What percent is 120 of 85 ?

 A) 133.33 % B) 141.17 % C) 145.54 % D) 139.29 %

Explanation:

px85/100 = 120

=> p = 12000/85 = 141.17 %

1 5
Q:

A number increased by 30% gives 390. The number is

 A) 180 B) 300 C) 480 D) 260

Explanation:

Let the number be 'N'
Given N + 30N/100 = 390
=> 130N/100 = 390
=> N = 390 x 10/13
=> N = 300.

1 7
Q:

If 25% of a number is subtracted from a second number, the second number reduces to its four-sixth. What is the ratio of the first number to the second number  ?

 A) 4:3 B) 2:3 C) 3:2 D) 5:3

Explanation:

Let the numbers be p & q

q-p/4 = 4q/6

=> q-4q/6 = p/4

=> 2q/6 = p/4

=> p/q = 4/3

2 35
Q:

A number, when 35 is subtracted from it, reduces to its 80 percent. What is four - fifth of that number  ?

 A) 175 B) 140 C) 135 D) 95

Explanation:

x - 35 = 80x/100

=> x = 175

=> 4x/5 = 4x175/5 = 140.

3 43
Q:

5% people of a village in India died by dengue, 15% of the remainder left the village on account of fear. If now the population is reduced to 3553, how much was it in the beginning ?

 A) 4400 B) 3100 C) 2800 D) 5600


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# Lesson 6

Analyzing Graphs

Let's compare situations where quantities change exponentially.

### 6.1: Fractions and Decimals

 fraction decimal $$\frac12$$ $$\frac14$$ $$\frac18$$ $$\frac{1}{16}$$ $$\frac{1}{32}$$ 0.5 0.25 0.125

In the table, find as many patterns as you can. Use one or more patterns to help you complete the table. Be prepared to explain your reasoning.

### 6.2: Falling and Falling

The value of some cell phones changes exponentially after initial release. Here are graphs showing the depreciation of two phones 1, 2, and 3 years after they were released.

Phone A

Phone B

1. Which phone is more expensive to buy when it is first released?
2. How does the value of each phone change with every passing year?
3. Which one is falling in value more quickly? Explain or show how you know.
4. If the phones continue to depreciate by the same factor each year, what will the value of each phone be 4 years after its initial release?
5. For each cell phone, write an equation that relates the value of the phone in dollars to the years since release, $$t.$$ Use $$v$$ for the value of Phone A and $$w$$ for the value of Phone B.

When given data, it is not always clear how to best model it. In this case we were told the value of the cell phones was changing exponentially. Suppose, however, we were instead just given the initial values of the the cell phones when released and the values after each of the first three years.

1. Use technology to compute the best fit line for each cell phone. Round any numbers to the nearest dollar.
2. Explain why, in this situation, an exponential model might be more appropriate than the linear model you just created.

### 6.3: Card Sort: Matching Descriptions to Graphs

Your teacher will give you a set of cards containing descriptions of situations and graphs. Match each situation with a graph that represents it. Record your matches and be prepared to explain your reasoning.

### Summary

Graphs are useful for comparing relationships. Here are two graphs representing the amount of caffeine in Person A and Person B, in milligrams, at different times, measured hourly, after an initial measurement.

The graphs reveal interesting information about the caffeine in each person over time:

• At the initial measurement, Person A has more caffeine (200 milligrams) than Person B (100 milligrams).
• The caffeine in Person A's body decreases faster. It went from 200 to 160 milligrams in an hour. Because 160 is $$\frac{8}{10}$$ or $$\frac45$$ of 200, the growth factor is $$\frac45$$.
• The caffeine in Person B's body went from 100 to about 90 milligrams, so that growth factor is about $$\frac{9}{10}$$. This means that after each hour, a larger fraction of caffeine stays in Person B than in Person A.
• Even though Person A started out with twice as much caffeine, because of the growth factor, Person A had less caffeine than Person B after 6 hours.

### Glossary Entries

• growth factor

In an exponential function, the output is multiplied by the same factor every time the input increases by one. The multiplier is called the growth factor.


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# How do you find the vertical, horizontal or slant asymptotes for g(x)=(x+7)/(x^2-4)?

Dec 31, 2016

The vertical asymptotes are $x = - 2$ and $x = 2$
No slant asymptote.
The horizontal asymptote is $y = 0$

#### Explanation:

We need

${a}^{2} - {b}^{2} = \left(a + b\right) \left(a - b\right)$

Let's factorise the denominator

${x}^{2} - 4 = \left(x + 2\right) \left(x - 2\right)$

Then,

$g \left(x\right) = \frac{x + 7}{{x}^{2} - 4} = \frac{x + 7}{\left(x + 2\right) \left(x - 2\right)}$

The domain of $g \left(x\right)$ is ${D}_{g} \left(x\right) = \mathbb{R} - \left\{- 2 , 2\right\}$

As we cannot divide by $0$, $x \ne - 2$ and $x \ne 2$

The vertical asymptotes are $x = - 2$ and $x = 2$

The degree of the numerator is $<$ than the degree of the denominator, there is no slant asymptote.

To find the horizontal asymptotes, we calculate $\lim g \left(x\right)$ as $x \to \pm \infty$

${\lim}_{x \to - \infty} g \left(x\right) = {\lim}_{x \to - \infty} \frac{x}{x} ^ 2 = {\lim}_{x \to - \infty} \frac{1}{x} = {0}^{-}$

${\lim}_{x \to + \infty} g \left(x\right) = {\lim}_{x \to + \infty} \frac{x}{x} ^ 2 = {\lim}_{x \to + \infty} \frac{1}{x} = {0}^{+}$

The horizontal asymptote is $y = 0$

graph{(y-(x+7)/(x^2-4))(y)=0 [-11.25, 11.26, -5.62, 5.62]}


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# Tangents

• February 5th 2009, 02:42 PM
Cursed
Tangents
Let $f(x) = 12 - x^2$ for $x > 0$ and $f(x)$ is greater than or equal to 0. The line tangent to the graph of $f$ at the point $(k,f(k))$ intercepts the x-axis at $x = 4$. What is the value of k?

------
My attempt:

$f'(x) = -2x$

$y = -2(4) + b = 0, b= 8$

$y = -2x +8$ --> tangent line

I know it's wrong because the tangent line is $y = -4x + 16$ and is tangent at $x = 2$.

How would one go about doing it correctly? (Thinking)
• February 5th 2009, 03:32 PM
Cursed
Sorry for the bump, but I really need help.
• February 5th 2009, 04:11 PM
Jen
Consider what you know about the derivative.

You know that you are looking for a tangent line at the point $(k, f(k))$. You also know that the derivative of your function is linear so it will have a constant slope. Consider what is happening between the points $(k,f(k))$ and $(4,0)$ where it intersects the x-axis.

Attachment 9995

Use what you know about the slope between $(k,f(k))$ and $(4,0)$ and the fact that the derivative represents a slope to help you solve for k.

Hope these hints help.


text:
Thinking Mathematically (6th Edition)

$99$
The two factors have the same signs, so their product is positive Thus, $(-9)(-11) = 99$


text:
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SHA-256 is not a Key Derivation Function (KDF), and should not be used as one. SHA-256 can be part of a KDF, such as HKDF-SHA256 which uses HMAC-SHA256 which in turn uses SHA256. HKDF is subject to misuse which can break its security, be sure you're using it correctly (if you use it). HKDF is ONLY SUITABLE FOR HIGH-ENTROPY INPUTS, like other keys or the ...

0

If you need the security given by 256 bit entropy password, hashing alone will not help you if starting key < 256 bit of entropy because hashes are fast functions, so testing original key from its reduced-size space or the hashed key is almost the same. A Key Derivation Function (aka a CPU and/or memory/storage hard functions) could mitigate the problem, ...

1

The bitlength of an algorithm does not reflect security in a 1:1 relation. The reason for this is, that for security we consider the most efficient algorithm known. security "bits" is not so much a measure of how long any specific number is, but it is a measure of the complexity for the attack. For your specific case: The most efficient attack on ...

1

If you're wondering why a 256-bit key offers any greater security, you need to realize that a 128-bit block cipher is essentially a way of mapping $2^{128}$ input values to $2^{128}$ output values. That means the set of all possible 128-bit block ciphers has a size of $2^{128}!$, which is about $10^{10^{40}}$. A 128-bit key allows you to choose one of \$2^{...

3

Even for AES128 we don't use the key directly. Each round gets its own key in the process called key expansion. Those round keys are used to transmute a matrix. The original key is never applied directly. AES256 adds more rounds. Each round stays the same, only the key derivation for them changes slightly. This allows for less dependant round keys, which ...

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# Find the square root of 8281

Last updated date: 27th Mar 2023
Total views: 309k
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Verified
309k+ views
Hint-Try to find the square root by prime factorisation.

We have to find out the square root of 8281,
For this, first let us try to find out the prime factors of 8281
$\Rightarrow$ 7| 8281
7| 1183
13|169
13|13
1
So, we get $\sqrt {8281} = \sqrt {7 \times 7 \times 13 \times 13}$
$\begin{gathered} \Rightarrow \sqrt {8281} = 7 \times 13 \\ \Rightarrow \sqrt {8281} = 91 \\ \end{gathered}$
So, from this we get we get square root of 8281=$\sqrt {8281} = 91$

Note: When we are solving questions like this, it can be done in other ways, we have used the method of prime factorisation here, but we can also use other methods like division method and solve this.


text:
## Enrolment options

### Course Overview

This is a Level Two Course in the Islamic Studies Curriculum. It is based on the text Umm al-Barahin (Summary of the Theological Proofs) by Imam Sanusi.

Allah Most High sent His Messengers with “clear signs” (Qur’an, 57:25). They called people to abandon the blind imitation of the false religions and customs of their ancestors and to use their minds to discern what was true and then to follow it wholeheartedly.

The science of Islamic theology (Kalam) formalized the arguments of Allah’s Messengers and then used them to respond to the questions posed by Greek philosophy.

Take this course to learn Islamic theology, how it developed, and how to apply it to contemporary questions related to science, atheism, cosmological arguments, human freewill, infinity, and classical conditioning. Students will also learn how it relates to natural causation, anthropomorphism, miracles, modal logic, and the problem of evil.

The Sanusiyya has arguably been the most popular introduction to mainstream Islamic theology ever since it was written five hundred years ago by the learned and pious West African theologian, Shaykh Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Sanusi.

This book is also called Umm al-Barahin (The Summary of Theological Proofs), which is a description of its contents. The book begins with an introduction to the methods of reasoning, then lists the attributes of Allah Most High. It then summarizes the rational arguments for those attributes, lists the attributes of Allah Most High’s Messengers, and summarizes the rational arguments for those attributes. Finally, it concludes by showing how the testification of faith summarizes everything that has been mentioned in the book.

A translation of the text is provided to all registered students of the course.

Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Sanusi (d. 895 AH / 1489 CE) was a North African theologian and mystic. He is widely known for his series of theological manuals. He penned an entire curriculum of theological treatises of varying lengths and for varying pedagogical levels.

He authored a long work called al-Sanusiyya al-Kubra (The Long Sanusiyya), a middle-sized work called Sanusiyya al-Wusta (The Medium Sanusiyya), a short work called Sanusiyya al-Sughra (The Short Sanusiyya), and an even shorter work called Sughra al-Sughra (The Tiny Sanusiyya). The most popular of these works, however, has been Sanusiyya al-Sughra (The Short Sanusiyya), which is the textbook for this course.

### Learning Outcomes

- Describe the historical development of mainstream Islamic theology.

- Explain what Muslims believe about Allah Most High and His messengers.

- Prove why these beliefs are true.

- Respond to common objections to belief in Allah Most High and His messengers.

- Appreciate the scholarly depth of the Islamic theological tradition.

Shaykh Ahmed El Azhary is a researcher in Islamic intellectual history and a teacher of Islamic traditional sciences. He’s currently a teacher of Hadith, Usul, Logic, and Kalam at Rawdatul-Naim under the supervision of Habib Ali al-Jifri; and at Madyafat Shaykh Ismail Sadiq al-Adawi (RA), a prominent learning center by al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo.

Shaykh Ahmed studied Anthropology at American University in Cairo and received his training in Leadership Communication from Tulane University and The University of Alabama at Birmingham. He is also a life-long learner. He holds a diversified portfolio of almost 50 certificates in a variety of subjects – extending from Teaching Character and Clinical Psychology of Children and Young People to Complexity Theory, Model Thinking, and Conflict Analysis.

Shaykh Ahmed began his journey of studying traditional sciences about 20 years ago. In addition to studying with scholars from al-Azhar, he had the privilege of studying with visiting scholars from Algeria and India in a one-on-one format and was thus given an exceptional opportunity to study and discuss various advanced-level texts, over a long period of time. Shaykh Ahmed has more than 70 Ijazas from scholars from all over the Muslim world.

Besides a number of forthcoming edited works in Islamic pedagogy, linguistics, and Hanafi Usul, Shaykh Ahmed has authored ‘Ruh al-Ilm’ – a treatise in the art of scientific investigation, based on a survey of roughly 200 traditional Islamic texts. This work has been endorsed by Dr. Jamal Faraq, the Dean of Islamic Dawah College at al-Azhar University and Dr. Ahmed Mamduh, the Chair of Division of Research at Dar al-Iftaa’ al-Masriyah.

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Short Intro: This course is an introduction to Islamic theology based on Imam Sanusi’s Summary of Theological Proofs. It summarizes the rational arguments for the attributes of Allah Most High and His Messengers (upon them be peace).
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# Find g'(x) By Quotient Rule

• November 12th 2013, 06:37 PM
nycmath
Find g'(x) By Quotient Rule
See picture.
• November 12th 2013, 07:11 PM
SlipEternal
Re: Find g'(x) By Quotient Rule
\begin{align*}g'(x) & = \dfrac{(x+1)\dfrac{-1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} - \cos^{-1}(x)}{(x+1)^2} \\ & = -\dfrac{1}{(x+1)\sqrt{1-x^2}} - \dfrac{\cos^{-1}(x)}{(x+1)^2}\end{align*}
• November 13th 2013, 05:21 AM
nycmath
Re: Find g'(x) By Quotient Rule
Ok but how did you get to the final answer? Can you break down the complex fraction for me? Can you demonstrate why the book's answer is right?
• November 13th 2013, 05:27 AM
SlipEternal
Re: Find g'(x) By Quotient Rule
$\dfrac{a+b}{c} = \dfrac{a}{c} + \dfrac{b}{c}$

This means

$\dfrac{(x+1)\dfrac{-1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}-\cos^{-1}(x)}{(x+1)^2} = -\dfrac{(x+1)\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}}{(x+1)^2} - \dfrac{\cos^{-1}(x)}{(x+1)^2}$

In the first fraction, multiply top and bottom by $\dfrac{\sqrt{1-x^2}}{x+1}$:

$-\dfrac{(x+1)\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}}{(x+1)^2}\cdot \dfrac{\dfrac{\sqrt{1-x^2}}{x+1}}{\dfrac{\sqrt{1-x^2}}{x+1}} - \dfrac{\cos^{-1}(x)}{(x+1)^2} = -\dfrac{1}{(x+1)\sqrt{1-x^2}} - \dfrac{\cos^{-1}(x)}{(x+1)^2}$
• November 13th 2013, 05:35 AM
nycmath
Re: Find g'(x) By Quotient Rule
I see what to do now. It's not calculus that is giving me a hard time. Calculus is done is the first two or three steps. It is the algebra to break down the problem that is truly the challenge.
• November 13th 2013, 05:57 AM
SlipEternal
Re: Find g'(x) By Quotient Rule
There are lots of strategies for simplifying expressions. At this point, I do it by rote. When I first learned, though, I made a lot of careless mistakes. But, with practice, it became second nature. So, I would recommend finding an intermediate algebra book (any book used for an Algebra II class) and practicing the problems. If you do even one problem a day for a few weeks, I suspect you will see a marked improvement in your algebra skills.
• November 13th 2013, 06:50 AM
nycmath
Re: Find g'(x) By Quotient Rule
I will do as you suggest.


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# Tag Info

7

The concept of spin gapless semiconductors (SGS) was proposed in this paper: PRL 100, 156404 (2008). In quantum solid-state band theory, materials in nature are generally classified as insulators, semiconductors, metals, semimetals, and half-metals based on the electronic band structures (density of states or band structure), as shown below. (a): Metal (b)...

6

I don't think we need to talk about driving forces (this sounds esoteric) instead calculating the selection rule: $$P_T = \int \psi_1^* \mu \psi_2 d\tau$$ Here $\psi_1$ and $\psi_2$ are the wavefunctions of the two states involved in the transition and $\mu$ the transition operator. This integral represents the transition probability ($P_T$). When the result ...

5

I think you will be hard pressed to find a definitive answer, however I would say you are within reason to call it a half semiconductor. Just be aware that this doesn't seem to be a well defined term and you may need to give the audience / reader a prompting on what you mean by half semiconductor.

4

For the up-spin channel, you can absolutely consider it as a semiconductor; for the down-spin channel, you can consider it as an insulator (may someone also consider it as a semiconductor, just different conventions). Thus, you can say your material is a half-semiconductor (HSC). (HSC is a semiconductor in one spin channel but an insulator in the other spin ...

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Whenever I hear spintronics, valleytronics, twistronics or anything that really breaks down to the study of quantum transport, I always think of the people who taught me Quantum Mechanics and work in this field and a code called kwant. While I do not study these topics myself, I used to try to learn related topics and I took a couple workshops since I was ...

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What are the consequences for a bandgap if the conduction band and valence band are on different spins? The energy band of materials when the spin is involved (magnetic/nonmagnetic) are usually classified as follows: in which : (a): ferromagnetic metals (b): half metals (c): topological insulator (d): half semiconductor (e): spin gapless semiconductor (f):...

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# use combinatorial reasoning to calculate $\sum{\binom{100}{a}\binom{200}{b}\binom{300}{c}}$

Given $a + b + c = 100$. $a,\ b,\ c$ are non-negative integers. Calculate $$\sum {\binom{100}{a} \binom{200}{b} \binom{300}{c} }$$

Can someone help me with this question? I have no idea how to start it.

This sum is just $\binom{600}{100}.$
To see this, split a set of $600$ elements into three sets of sizes $300,200,$ and $100.$ Then to choose $100$ elements from the big set, we need to choose $a,b,c$ elements from those three sets for some nonnegative integers $a,b,c.$ Once we've decided how many elements we are choosing, we have $\binom{300}{a}\binom{200}{b}\binom{100}{c}$ ways to choose them.