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Alternative Confidence interval for Odds Ratio $\hat{p}\over{1-\hat{p}}$ from Logistic Regression?

I have a question about confidence interval calculations for the odds ratio $\hat{p}\over{1-\hat{p}}$ from a logistic regression model (perhaps obtained from the method of Generalized Estimating Equations, but that's of secondary importance). It's best asked after a bit of background and an example:

Let's assume we have a simple logistic regression model with a single binary independent variable ($X={0,1}$ ). For $X=1$, we can estimate the log odds by:

$\log({\hat{p}\over{1-\hat{p}}})=\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1$

To obtain a 95% confidence interval (CI) for the odds ratio, textbooks that I've consulted indicate that you calculate the 95% CI for the odds-ratio, ${\hat{p}\over{1-\hat{p}}}$, by:

Lower Bound= $e^{[\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1-1.96Var(\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1)]}$

Upper Bound= $e^{[\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1+1.96Var(\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1)]}$

What I am wondering is if it is appropriate to use the the Delta Method to obtain the variance of the odds ratio $\hat{p}\over{1-\hat{p}}$ $= \exp{(\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1)}$ instead? For example, could obtain a 95% confidence interval using the following method?:

(1) First, exponentiate to obtain the point estimate of the odds ratio: $\hat{p}\over{1-\hat{p}}$$=\exp(\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1)$=$f(\hat{\beta}_0,\hat{\beta}_1)$.

(2) Find the approximte large sample variance of this non-linear point estimate by the Delta methods by finding the gradient of $f$ as: $\nabla f =[\exp(\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1), \exp(\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1)]$

(3) Calculate $Var({\hat{p}\over{1-\hat{p}}})$ $\approx$ $\nabla f \hat{\Sigma} \nabla f^T$. where $\hat{\Sigma}$ is the empirical covariance matrix of $\hat{\beta}$.

(4) Find the approximate standard error, $SE$ by taking the square root of the approximate variance estimate $SE = \sqrt{\nabla f \Sigma \nabla f^T}$

(5) Finally, obtain the 95% CI by $\exp(\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1)\pm Z_{1-.05/2}SE$.

Is the delta method I have described appropriate to find a 95% confidence interval, and if it is, why is it never described in textbooks on logistic regression? If it isn't, why not, when it seems you can use it to linearize it for similar problems.

UPDATE: I updated the step 3 to make it clear that I'm using the estimated, empirical covariance matrix.

UPDATE 2

I still haven't received a very satisfactory answer to this question. It has even made me wonder why people don't use the Delta Method to compute confidence intervals around estimates of just $\hat{p}$ now, instead of talking the inverse of the logit link of the upper and lower confidence intervals. Maybe @FrankHarrel can shed some light as he seems especially knowledgeable about these types of calculations?

• if you use R , the function 'glm' with family is binary, then if your estimated model is m<-glm(....) then vcov(m) gives you the variance-covariance matrix of the coeffcients – user83346 Apr 5 '16 at 7:45
• I think you will find that Stata uses the delta method to report standard errors for odds ratios from logistic regression but estimates the confidence intervals on the log scale. This often confuses people as they do not agree. – mdewey Apr 5 '16 at 10:28
• @fcop and mdewey, can you comment on whether or not the steps I've listed above seem like a valid approach to modelling the confidence intervals? – StatsStudent Apr 5 '16 at 16:09
• @Analyst1: can you explain where you take the covariance between $\hat{\beta}_i$ into account and how you estimate it? – user83346 Apr 5 '16 at 17:43
• @fcop, the covariance between the $\hat{\beta}_i$ are taken into account in step 3 (and 4), with $\hat{\Sigma}$. $\hat{\Sigma}$ is the empirical covariance matrix of the $\hat{\beta}_i$'s. Is this what you are asking? – StatsStudent Apr 5 '16 at 17:58

• Thank you. What if I were comparing the difference of two proportions? estimated from a logistic regression model? Would that method seem more plausible with regard to (b)? In other words, could I carry out essentially the same process, only with a modified estimating function such as $\hat{p}_1\over{1-\hat{p}_1}$ - $\hat{p}_2\over{1-\hat{p}_2}$ and modified gradient? – StatsStudent Apr 5 '16 at 16:38
• I should have said, the difference of two odds ratios in my comment above or the difference of two proportions (and provided the estimating function $\hat{p}_1-\hat{p}_2$. Sorry for the confusion. – StatsStudent Apr 5 '16 at 17:00


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# SSC CGL Tier 1 :: English Comprehension EC Test 55

## Home SSC CGL Tier 1 / English Comprehension EC Test 55 Questions and Answers

1 . Each of the following items is followed by four words or group of words. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or group of words
It is inconceivable that in many schools children are subjected to physical _________ in the name of discipline
violation
exercise
violence
security
2 . Each of the following items is followed by four words or group of words. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or group of words
We have not yet fully realised the _________ consequences of the war
happy
pleasing
grim
exciting
3 . Each of the following items is followed by four words or group of words. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or group of words
Happiness consists in being _________what we have?
contented to
contented with
contented for
contented in
4 . Each of the following items is followed by four words or group of words. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or group of words
His rude behaviour is a _________ his organization.
disgrace for
disgrace on
disgrace upon
disgrace to
5 . Each questions below consists of a word in capital letters followed by four words or group of words. Select the word or group of words that is most similar in meaning to the words in capital letters
$GLEAN$
To groom
To gatherbit by bit
To discover
To polish
6 . Each questions below consists of a word in capital letters followed by four words or group of words. Select the word or group of words that is most similar in meaning to the words in capital letters
$TACTILE$
Considerate
Strong
Sharp
Pertaining to the organs of touch
7 . Each questions below consists of a word in capital letters followed by four words or group of words. Select the word or group of words that is most similar in meaning to the words in capital letters
$USURP$
To climb upon
to yield
To seize power or position illegally
To demand unlawfully high interest on a loan
8 . After passage, you will find several questions based on the passage. First read a passae, and then answer the questions based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the content of the passage and opinion of the author only.

While I stood drinking in he beauty of this placid scene I became conscious of an alteration. In a moment the sole porter emerged from his midday nap, operated a signal that clanked noisily into position, and then ambled slowly towards me for my return-halfticket, whilst I remarked that his red amiable face and easygoing gait were in perfect harmony with the tranquil surroundings. A wisp of smoke on the horizon with a dark snake crawling beneath it announced the approach of the train. As it drew nearer, the deep silence of the place was gradually displaced by a creaking of brakes and a hissing of steam. Save for myself, no one entered the train and no one alighted. The porter with leisurely expertness, trundled a couple of milk churns on board, the door was slammed, the guard signalled to the driver, and we moved off, leaving the small station once more to its drowsy silence
The meaning of drowsy is
Untidy
Sleepy
Freezing
Drugged
9 . After passage, you will find several questions based on the passage. First read a passae, and then answer the questions based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the content of the passage and opinion of the author only.

While I stood drinking in he beauty of this placid scene I became conscious of an alteration. In a moment the sole porter emerged from his midday nap, operated a signal that clanked noisily into position, and then ambled slowly towards me for my return-halfticket, whilst I remarked that his red amiable face and easygoing gait were in perfect harmony with the tranquil surroundings. A wisp of smoke on the horizon with a dark snake crawling beneath it announced the approach of the train. As it drew nearer, the deep silence of the place was gradually displaced by a creaking of brakes and a hissing of steam. Save for myself, no one entered the train and no one alighted. The porter with leisurely expertness, trundled a couple of milk churns on board, the door was slammed, the guard signalled to the driver, and we moved off, leaving the small station once more to its drowsy silence
The central idea of the passage is
Leisure and Peace
Hurry and Noise
Activity
Activity
10 . After passage, you will find several questions based on the passage. First read a passae, and then answer the questions based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the content of the passage and opinion of the author only.

While I stood drinking in he beauty of this placid scene I became conscious of an alteration. In a moment the sole porter emerged from his midday nap, operated a signal that clanked noisily into position, and then ambled slowly towards me for my return-halfticket, whilst I remarked that his red amiable face and easygoing gait were in perfect harmony with the tranquil surroundings. A wisp of smoke on the horizon with a dark snake crawling beneath it announced the approach of the train. As it drew nearer, the deep silence of the place was gradually displaced by a creaking of brakes and a hissing of steam. Save for myself, no one entered the train and no one alighted. The porter with leisurely expertness, trundled a couple of milk churns on board, the door was slammed, the guard signalled to the driver, and we moved off, leaving the small station once more to its drowsy silence
Who had a midday nap ?
The author
The passenger
The Station-master
The porter

format: plain


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# Adding fractions with tape diagrams and area model

This is the third of a multi-part series of posts sharing ideas for how to teach fraction concepts and operations through the use of visual representations. There is tons of evidence that students learn math better when the math is accompanied by visuals, so let’s dig into fractions…

Suppose we want to add $$\frac{2}{5}$$ and $$\frac{2}{3}$$ and represent it with a tape diagram.

Modeling both  $$\frac{2}{5}$$  and  $$\frac{2}{3}$$ with tapes, we see that $$\frac{2}{5} +\frac{2}{3}$$  cannot be added together because they do not yet have equal sized pieces.

We can cut the pieces into identical sizes by cutting each fifth into 3 pieces and each third into 5 pieces. This results in each tape being cut into 15 pieces…our common denominator!

Once the equal sizes are created, $$\frac{2}{5} +\frac{2}{3}$$ now becomes

$$\frac{6}{15} +\frac{10}{15}$$, which equals $$\frac{16}{15}$$.

Since $$\frac{16}{15}$$ is an improper fraction, it can be rewritten as the mixed number $$1\frac{1}{15}$$.

We can see that $$1\frac{1}{15}$$ makes sense because we can move pieces from one tape to to the other tape to create one full tape (1 whole).

Numerically, we would write the entire process like this…

What about using the area model? Let’s solve $$\frac{2}{3} + \frac{3}{4}$$.

First, let’s model the two fractions. But…you will notice that we made vertical slices to model $$\frac{2}{3}$$ and we used horizontal slices to model $$\frac{3}{4}$$. This is intentional!

Then we use horizontal lines to cut each of the thirds into four pieces. We use vertical lines to cut each of the fourths into three pieces. Now both rectangles have been cut into 12ths. Also, we see that $$\frac{2}{3} + \frac{3}{4}$$ has been renamed as $$\frac{8}{12} + \frac{9}{12}$$

The final answer is $$1\frac{5}{12}$$, which makes sense since we can move some of the green pieces to the left to create 1 whole and 5 green pieces left over.

Here is a video using tape diagrams for addition:

Here is a video using area model for addition:


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## hardware — wyvern @ Adrian Tritschler · Monday, Jan 1, 0001 · 3 minute read · Update at Jan 1, 0001 ·

This was my original PC-clone computer after I managed to put off getting on the IBM/x86 PC hardware treadmill for as long as possible. I ignored them all, from the 8088 and 8086, through the 286s and 386s up to the mighty 80486. I finally succumbed and wyvern’s first incarnation was a P100 — yes, a 100MHz Pentium. At some point in the late 1990s this was replaced by a PII system of the same name. At the end of 2000 I travelled overseas for work and the box was then “upgraded” by my employer so I could run videoconferencing softwar to stay in touch with my family. Unfortunately the upgrade – they deemed a PIII necessary, so new motherboard and CPU was installed – was carried out in a completely cowboy fashion and the box was never reliable or quite the same again.

Software wise it has nearly always run linux, although there was a brief diversion into OS/2 Warp due to a licensing deal through work. My first slackware install involved 14 floppy disks painstakingly downloaded at work and – from memory – a 0.99pre4 kernel and some sort of slackware distribution. Over the years it has evolved through Redhat, Debian to Ubuntu, often without a full clean installation, so who knows what traces of which software are left lurking in dark corners.

# Uptime Statistics

     #               Uptime | System                                    Boot up
----------------------------+-------------------------------------------------
1   253 days, 19:18:54 | Linux 2.4.29             Wed Mar 16 08:30:34 2005
2   123 days, 06:17:47 | Linux 2.4.20             Mon Jun  2 18:19:15 2003
3   119 days, 10:14:52 | Linux 2.4.25             Fri Apr 23 19:34:18 2004
4   110 days, 19:51:16 | Linux 2.4.20             Wed Dec  4 20:53:55 2002
5    54 days, 13:00:40 | Linux 2.4.26             Thu Oct  7 18:30:46 2004
6    52 days, 00:01:53 | Linux 2.4.18             Tue Sep  3 17:53:52 2002
7    49 days, 00:58:04 | Linux 2.4.28             Wed Dec  1 07:37:50 2004
8    34 days, 21:38:02 | Linux 2.4.24             Tue Feb 24 18:38:53 2004
9    32 days, 03:53:20 | Linux 2.4.20             Fri Apr  4 18:47:57 2003
10    29 days, 00:11:50 | Linux 2.4.28             Tue Feb 15 07:13:15 2005
----------------------------+-------------------------------------------------
->  16    14 days, 15:51:42 | Linux 2.4.29             Fri Nov 25 04:08:19 2005
----------------------------+-------------------------------------------------
1up in     0 days, 18:44:26 | at                       Sat Dec 10 14:44:26 2005
no1 in   239 days, 03:27:13 | at                       Sat Aug  5 22:27:13 2006
mst in    10 days, 08:08:19 | twenty-five days         Tue Dec 20 04:08:19 2005

# Disk Partitions

disk size CHS partition type
hda 10.8G 255x63x1313
hda1 plan9
hda2 w95
hda5 swap
hdb 6498M 255x63x790
hdb1 linux
hdc 20G 255x63x2481
hdc1 w95
hdd DVD

My website, an agglomerative mess, probably half-eaten by a gru

# …The Owner

There’s not much more I can add to who I am.

# …The Site

Vanity site? Technology experiment? Learning tool? Blog? Journal? Diary? Photo album? I could tell you, but then I’d have to kill you…

I experiment. I play. I write and I take pictures. Some of the site is organised around topics, other parts are organized by date, then there’s always the cross-references between them.

Its all been here a fairly long time. Like the papers on my desk, or the books on the bedside table, the pile just grew… and it all grew without much plan or structure. I try not to break URLs, so historical oddities abound.

Long ago it started as a learning experiment with a few static HTML pages, then I added a bit of server-side includes and some very ugly PHP. A hand-built journal/blog on top of that PHP, then a few experiments in moving to various static publishing systems. I’ve never wanted a database-based blogging engine, so over the years I’ve tried PHP, nanoblogger, emacs-muse, silkpage and docbook before settling on Emacs Org mode for writing and jekyll for publishing. But the itch remained… I never really liked jekyll and the ruby underneath always seemed so much black magic. So now the latest incarnation is Org mode and hugo.

# …The ISP

• Hosted by @cos


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An example of this might be calculating the distance of a Vector. Evening Reflection. The demo above allows you to enter up to three vectors in the form (x,y,z). Reflection is also heavily used in many areas of game development, such as graphics programming, to find the color intensity of a fragment. The reflection function can be seen in detail in the sample code. Vector doubles size of array when its size is increased. Three segmented o letter logo concept with reflection, 3d illustration, isolated, vector, eps 8 Orbits form letter d, space concept illustration, 2d vector icon isolated on white background, eps 10 More stock illustrations from this series See All. Lens Studio by Snap Inc. This clamped vector $$\color{red}{\bar{P}}$$ is then the closest point from the AABB to the circle. Reflection across the x-axis: Each x-value stays the same, and each y-value becomes the opposite of what it was: (x, y) ! (x, –y) Reflection across the y-axis: Each y-value stays the same, and each x-value becomes the opposite of what it was: (x, y) ! (–x, y) Reflection across the line y = x: The x- and y-values switch spots!. Perceptual Vector Quantization has been enabled by default in Daala for some time now. A reflection is like placing a mirror on the page. This is a templated header-only class for a 2D Vector, written in C++17, with all common vector operations and some useful additional methods. The other advantage of ray-tracing is that, by extending the idea of ray propagation, we can very easily simulate effects like reflection and refraction, both of which are handy in simulating glass materials or mirror surfaces. On this page, we learn how transformations of geometric shapes, (like reflection, rotation, scaling, skewing and translation) can be achieved using matrix multiplication. Deﬁnition 6. 2D graphics transformations are represented as matrices. You can opt these for web designs, graphics, logos and other purposes. Vector Geometry Graphical Solutions Trigonometric Graphs Reflection. A representation of a vector $\vc{a}=(a_1,a_2,a_3)$ in the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. J programs for manipulating transformations such as scaling, rotation and translation are given. One of the simpler forms of collision detection is between two rectangles that are axis aligned — meaning no rotation. We see that. For the reflection of a skybox in an object, we have to render the object and reflect the rays from the camera to the surface points at the surface normal vectors. In case of a square 2D lattice with atoms having at least the same symmetry as the lattice you can use the predefined SquareZX path from the pull down menu in ‘K-vector Path’ group. Contribute to spacejack/vec2-reflect development by creating an account on GitHub. Stack Exchange network consists of 177 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. A reflection in math is the flipping of a point or figure over a line of reflection (the mirror line). Discover our vector icon packs. Reflection On Y-Axis: This reflection is achieved by using the following reflection equations-X new = -X old; Y new = Y old. Origami art has found numerous engineering applications. To apply a rotation and a reflection to 2D vectors, two 2x2 matrices can be used to transform the vectors concerned. To obtain a higher resolution quantitative P-wave velocity model, 2D waveform tomography was applied to seismic reflection data from the Queen Charlotte sedimentary basin off the west coast of Canada. For example the mirror image of the small Latin. Asphalt freeway. Solve equations numerically, graphically, or symbolically. In mechanics, we will use two types of quantities to represent concepts like force, mass and time numerically. Important Updates Support for Students and Schools Impacted by Coronavirus In response to school closures due to COVID-19, we’ve changed the due date and the requirements for the 2020 AP Art and Design portfolios. In mathematics, a reflection (also spelled reflexion) is a mapping from a Euclidean space to itself that is an isometry with a hyperplane as set of fixed points; this set is called the axis (in dimension 2) or plane (in dimension 3) of reflection. We assume that we can move whole figures by moving all the single points. Stack Exchange network consists of 177 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Resizing The other important Transformation is Resizing (also called dilation, contraction, compression, enlargement or even expansion ). The job of transforming 3D points into 2D coordinates on your screen is also accomplished through matrix transformations. The normal of a triangle is a vector of length 1 that is perpendicular to this triangle. Creates divergence-free 3D noise using a curl function. Parameters: other (Vec2) - The vector to reflect against. It is useful to agree of one way to draw the coordinate system in. The order of the vertices used in the calculation will affect the direction of the normal (in or out of the face w. I want the new vector direction to be symmetric to the previous direction for the sake of predictability. Just like the dot product, θ is the angle. Members in a vector are officially called components. The easiest way to think about converting 3D world into 2D image is the way we do it in real life - with a camera. Be sure, whenever using 3D vectors in a 2D game, to either zero out the. L = (u, v) Here is a simple setup of a. 2D Battalion Change of Command Ceremony. Of course we can represent a 2D rotation as a single number representing the angle of rotation in degrees or radians, combining subsequent rotations can be done by adding the corresponding angles. k is the thermal conductivity. And thank you for taking the time to help us improve the quality of Unity Documentation. By using this website, you agree to our Cookie Policy. "A-Mazing" Translation and Rotation Practice. Reflecting a Vector Jan 18, 2006 This is a mainly math tutorial, but don't worry, they won't all be math. The vector shape (3D & 2D versions) Load an image and run one action. A radially polarized piezoelectric tube is simulated, with two sets of boundary conditions. In | Find, read and cite all the research. A vector has magnitude and direction, and it changes whenever either of them changes. The vertex normal is the bright green arrow, the position vector is the bright blue arrow, and the bright red vector is the reflection ray marching through view space. Let T: R 2 → R 2 be the linear transformation that reflects over the line L defined by y = − x, and let A be the matrix for T. All actions begin with presenting you a vector shape, which represents the area of the final image. 3D Reflections with Vectors and Quaternions from the point of view of standard vector analysis and then from the point of view of quaternions. An email has been sent to verify your new profile. 3,907 Cobalt clip art images on GoGraph. Then is a parametric curve lying on the surface. derivation of 2D reflection matrix. scalar-vector multiplication. There is a Scene Capture 2D actor, but it doesn't work the same way. New Resources. (Pat) Hanrahan had jointly received the 2019 ACM A. The 2D matrix R contains the reflection value from each simulation, while the 1D vectors radius and height contain the associated position values. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. I'm making a 2D game with pads and balls, sort of like Pong, in Unity 4. stock vector 70415555 from Depositphotos collection of millions of premium high-resolution stock photos, vector images and illustrations. Normalize(Vector2) Returns a vector with the same direction as the specified vector, but with a length of one. Decide whether the shapes are moved with a reflection, translation, or rotation. WebGLProgram; WebGLShader; WebGLState. Of course we can represent a 2D rotation as a single number representing the angle of rotation in degrees or radians, combining subsequent rotations can be done by adding the corresponding angles. Returns: Vector object. •This is the same as per-vertex cubic environment mapping except that the reflection calculation. Incase of rotation, object can be rotated about x or y axis. Add a reflection to a homogeneous 2D transformation matrix. The above translation matrix may be represented as a 3 x 3 matrix as- PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 2D TRANSLATION IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS- Problem-01: Given a circle C with radius 10 and center coordinates (1, 4). By using this website, you agree to our Cookie Policy. Affordable and search from millions of royalty free images, photos and vectors. However, the cross product as a single number is essentially the determinant (a signed area, volume, or hypervolume as a scalar). The vector product is written in the form a x b, and is usually called the cross product of two vectors. New 2D Lights and Pixel Perfect in LWRP, improvements to HDRP, Shader Graph and much more. With it, we can quantitatively describe the world around us. To apply a rotation and a reflection to 2D vectors, two 2x2 matrices can be used to transform the vectors concerned. 1: Team Building Math. Apply reflection to its vertices 3. Parkour Games online are exciting free running games for kids that you will simply love to play. UV mapping is a very precise way of mapping a 2D texture to a 3D surface. Program to show the translation of a lineProgram:/* translation */#include#include#includevoid main()// Getting input from user, having array where 1st row represents initial point// And Second row represents final coordinatewhile(i<2){printf(. Contribute to spacejack/vec2-reflect development by creating an account on GitHub. The normal of a plane is a vector of length 1 that is perpendicular to this plane. Hear the rectangle undergoes a sheear transformation but remains unchanged in size. Smoked, fogged, frosty, shattered, scratched are to name a few of such variations. jee mains and jee advanced. Matrix Approach to Linear Regression Dr. Vector subtraction ~b ~a is then de ned as the addition of~b and (~a). Wykobi is a lightweight and simple to use C++ Computational Geometry Library. A vector can be “scaled”, e. normal; Vector2D newVelocity = Vector2D. In this way, the spectral content of an IR. reflection phase shifts ( i. ReflectionTransform works in any number of dimensions. Smoked, fogged, frosty, shattered, scratched are to name a few of such variations. Black and white seamless texture can be used as opacity/reflection/bump map. The normal of a triangle is a vector of length 1 that is perpendicular to this triangle. Reflection transformation matrix is the matrix which can be used to make reflection transformation of a figure. In mechanics, we will use two types of quantities to represent concepts like force, mass and time numerically. I worked this out on paper using relationships. Wykobi is a lightweight and simple to use C++ Computational Geometry Library. Thus the geometrical meaning of formula (1) is here:. Subject Areas: 2D Graphics Transformations. ~a (~a) To every vector ~a we can associate an opposite vector denoted (~a) that is the displacement exactly opposite to ~a. They were originally written in Java, but they've mostly been converted to Javascript, so you should be able to view them without a Java-capable browser. Vector 2D illustration. The hyperplane of reflection bisects the angle between them and the normal is normal to that, so it’s something like $\frac\pi2-\frac12\angle\vec D\vec B$. The survey was designed to expand the seismic testing westward to Timmins to develop reflection images under the surveyed lines across major structures. Use rectangular, polar, cylindrical, or spherical coordinates. Homogeneous matrices have the following advantages: simple explicit expressions exist for many familiar transformations including rotation ; these expressions are n-dimensional. Generally you will have a simple generic shape that covers the entity known as a "hitbox" so even though collision may not be pixel perfect, it will look good enough and be performant across multiple entities. A concave polygon with a position, a list of points relative to that position, and an angle. Preface These are answers to the exercises in Linear Algebra by J Hefferon. As vectors,. ortho()==0). Whitted's idea extended Appel's model of shooting rays to incorporate computations for both reflection and refraction. vec]) - A list of absolute points (each relative. Matrix Representation of 2D Transformation with Computer Graphics Tutorial, Line Generation Algorithm, 2D Transformation, 3D Computer Graphics, Types of Curves, Surfaces, Computer Animation, Animation Techniques, Keyframing, Fractals etc. Move the tips of the vectors to see how their sum changes. 2D Vector Reflection ? Math and Physics Programming. When combined with educational content written by respected scholars across the curriculum, Mastering Physics helps deliver the learning outcomes that students and instructors aspire to. View courses, graduate and undergraduate programs, faculty and research interests, activities, events …. Calculator Use. However, for one. Clicking the draw button will then display the vectors on the diagram (the scale of the diagram will. It allows you to do reflection without constructing a reflection matrix, similar to what Vector2. Keywords: Modeling, J Programming Language, 2D Graphics Transformations. (In the following article, every diagram is interactive. Three numbers would be required for a vector describing a force acting on a body whose motion is simultaneously through three dimensions. The metadata takes the form of TypeDescriptor objects, created at runtime, that describe the structure of other runtime objects. It can easily be seen that this is represented by a matrix which is the negative of the identity matrix. Formula for rotating a vector in 2D¶ Let’s say we have a point $$(x_1, y_1)$$. Add your content, save and they are ready to be printed. ~a (~a) To every vector ~a we can associate an opposite vector denoted (~a) that is the displacement exactly opposite to ~a. The scalar "scales" the vector. The returned value is a vector of equal magnitude to inDirection but with its direction reflected. ReflectionTransform[v] gives a TransformationFunction that represents a reflection in a mirror through the origin, normal to the vector v. A 2D levinson algorithm is introduced that outperform Wittle, Wiggins and. Download this 3d vector heart with cardiogram reflection icon illustration from Megapixl - the best in stock photos, images and footage. Affine transformations. To simulate a lens, you need refraction. The PS Elements set contains only the 2D version (3D is not available in Elements). For the sake of only knowing how to find the angle between two vectors, we will look at only the scalar product for now. The cross product, area product or the vector product of two vectors is a binary operation on two vectors in three-dimensional spaces. In a Euclidean vector space, the reflection in the point situated at the origin is the same as vector negation. Lecture L3 - Vectors, Matrices and Coordinate Transformations By using vectors and deﬁning appropriate operations between them, physical laws can often be written in a simple form. The d ouble contraction of two tensors as defined by 1. The algorithm works by ensuring there is no gap between any of the 4 sides of the. Pressure and Pascal’s Principle * Fluid Flow. Continuing on, a Tuple can have more complex items inside it, such as arrays. Learn how to apply a 2D vector design to a 3D model for your product designs, branding, signage, packaging, and more. ) The tower sits there in its 3Dness. All I want to do is calculate the a new direction for vector A based on how it would reflect or "bounce" when hit on vector B. The other advantage of ray-tracing is that, by extending the idea of ray propagation, we can very easily simulate effects like reflection and refraction, both of which are handy in simulating glass materials or mirror surfaces. The principles and practice behind collision detection with lines, line segments and ray casting. The properly scaled displacement vector is nothing but the projection of $X-A$ to the mirror line. The beauty of affine transformations and the fundamentals in transforming game objects. The output formats include SVG, EPS, PS, PDF, DXF. If you work with complex multi-layered compositions, rendering may also be several times faster. Now separately: 1. Specifies in which coordinates space the normal vector is Tangent: Normal vector is in a tangential space coordinates; World: Normal vector is in a world space coordinates; Tangent Bias Defines the Bias variable of the Fresnel equation. On March 18, the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) announced that Edwin E. , a polished surface with no scatter), the outgoing ray follows the specular path predicted by the law of reflection; the law of reflection calculates the. Each vertex of a mesh has its own UV coordinates which can be unwrapped and laid flat like a skin. Transformation of Graphs Using Matrices - Reflection A reflection is a transformation representing a flip of a figure. Both the eye vector U, and the reflection vector R, are computed in eye space. Road safety icon, r letter icon, 2d vector on white background, eps 10. transformation Affine transformation - transformed point P' (x',y') is a linear combination of the original point P (x,y), i. Translate the coordinates so that P 1 is at the origin 2. MAR1800 module supports large laser beam diameters (> 3mm), high deflection angles, multiple scan modes, all with very high accuracy and repeatability. 1 specification, such as gradients, fills, clipping paths, dashed lines, and rounded corners. Must be 2, 3, or 4 values. And thank you for taking the time to help us improve the quality of Unity Documentation. This guide is designed to help you find the correct plot, and find the information you need to quickly and easily visualize your function, expression, or data. Keywords: Modeling, J Programming Language, 2D Graphics Transformations. For a 2D dipole, 1. Like 2D arrays, we can declare and assign values to 2D matrix. You can customize many parameters, such as the size of the ripples, the water hue, etc. nλ= 2d sin θ Bragg condition A Laue diffraction peak corresponding to a change in the wave vector given by the reciprocal lattice vector corresponds to a Bragg reflection from the family of direct lattice planes perpendicular to. x’ m11 m12 m13 x y’ = m21 m22 m23 y 1 0 0 1 1 Any 2D affine transformation can be decomposed. I'll call these objects type descriptors. Rotation about an Axis In two dimensions, the appropriate matrix to represent rotation by an angle $$\theta$$ about the origin is. Includes tests and PC download for Windows 32 and 64-bit systems. Similar Images Light reflection. Black and white color Beautiful woman eyes close-up, thick long eyelashes, black and white vector Black and white horses Black and White Movie Marquee Hollywood Theater Theatre Now Playing Vector Cute golden deer fire trees and white dots on black background. Where '*' is the scalar multiplication operator, '. A global view of a 3D vector field means an image that contains all the. I'm making a 2D (tile-based at the moment) platformer with cocos2d-x and am having some difficulties resolving collisions correctly. Polyfills; WebGLRenderer. Stack Exchange network consists of 177 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Get code examples like "sum elements in vector c++" instantly right from your google search results with the Grepper Chrome Extension. k is the thermal conductivity. Description In this simulation, two vectors can be added using the triangle or parallelogram method. (See section 3-7 in the text for more review. In the diagram to the left I centered all the vectors on the origin, except the green ones, because those I'm adding together to try to get R. Program to show the translation of a lineProgram:/* translation */#include#include#includevoid main()// Getting input from user, having array where 1st row represents initial point// And Second row represents final coordinatewhile(i<2){printf(. Inversion through the origin in 2 dimensions consists of transforming the point (x,y) into the point (-x,-y). the position vector ""), which has confused me because I've always thought of both points and vectors as tuples--i. Reflection of a vector off a plane. At ParkourGames. I was trying to understand how to calculate the reflection vector and found these answers. There is a Scene Capture 2D actor, but it doesn't work the same way. A name for this op which defaults to "vector_reflect. Images can also be rendered in one dimension. By using 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) codes, we observe the third and the fifth harmonic signals with the same vector structure as the driving beam, and obtain an attosecond vector beam pulse train. Snell's Law in Vector Form. In OptiFDTD, only the amplitudes are displayed to the user. Calculates the reflection direction for an incident vector. Interactive questions, awards, and certificates keep kids motivated as they master skills. (See section 3-7 in the text for more review. asked • 06/25/14 show that the standard unit vector e1, e2,e3en are linearly independent in Rn, sorry for 1,2,3 and n there are supposed to be subsripts. We assume that we can move whole figures by moving all the single points. Now I know my physics, when a body collides with a plane, angle of reflection = angle of incidence. I have two 2D direction vectors A and B. Originally, I wrote my own tile based raycasting with height masks, but I realised I likely want the benefits a physics engine (I'm using chipmunk at the moment, but I could also move to box2D) provides for the game, such as various shapes for entities, physics. J programs for manipulating transformations such as scaling, rotation and translation are given. Add your content, save and they are ready to be printed. New Resources. Rigid Motion: Any way of moving all the points in the plane such that a) the relative distance between points stays the same and b) the relative position of the points stays the same. WebGLProgram; WebGLShader; WebGLState. You will need this input when Environment Mapping. The reflection map is mapped to a sphere or cube surrounding the scene Each direction (vector) is mapped to a specific color according to where it hits the sphere / cube During render, find the reflection color according to the reflection vector of each pixel (not vertex!) Rasterization – Reflection Maps R T V T R V N. These components can be modified and manipulated by two-dimensional geometric transformations such as. 0 International license. Prelude: A vector, as defined below, is a specific mathematical structure. Videos and Worksheets 2D shapes: names Video 1 Practice Questions Textbook Exercise 2D shapes: quadrilaterals Video 2 Practice Questions Textbook Exercise. EKWB is launching the EK-Quantum Reflection Fractal ATX D5 PWM D-RGB, a custom-designed water cooling reservoir, routing and pump solution made to fit several Fractal Design ATX-size cases. Question 1 : Find the vectors of magnitude 10 √ 3 that are perpendicular to the plane which contains i vector + 2j vector + k vector and i vector + 3j vector + 4k vector. ) Magnitude: |AxB| = A B sinθ. New Resources. Reflection about the x-axis. 2D Geometric Transformations The column vector is the transpose of the row vector · Transpose · Reflection. RefractionIndex. Hugo2choctawcountyok Heal the world with Coloring and Drawing. After any of those transformations (turn, flip or slide), the shape still has the same size, area, angles and line lengths. Specifies in which coordinates space the normal vector is Tangent: Normal vector is in a tangential space coordinates; World: Normal vector is in a world space coordinates; Tangent Bias Defines the Bias variable of the Fresnel equation. Must be 2, 3, or 4 values. Then x_r=x_0+n^^[(x_1-x_0)·n^^], (1) so the. This formula means that the entire surface of the sphere is mapped within the inscribed circle of 1. 1007/b105182 phi=rand*2*pi; random_vector_2D=veclength*[cos(phi) sin(phi)];. " But this is just the same as a direction vector. Construct a vector; Vector operations; Overview. In Matrix form, the above reflection equations may be represented as- For homogeneous coordinates, the above reflection matrix may be represented as a 3 x 3 matrix as- PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 2D REFLECTION IN COMPUTER. If you work with complex multi-layered compositions, rendering may also be several times faster. Vec2 - 2D Vectors Compute a vector in the same direction with a bounded length. a) reflection in the y axis. additional vector for translations. In vector addition, the zero vector is the additive identity vector: v + O = v. Transformation Matrices. If P'' is the image of P then line PP'' is perpendicular to lines k and m and PP"=2d where d is the distance between k and m. However, for the types of games and movements we'll be doing. Paint Tool SAI is a perfect tool for a professional Manga or Anime artist or someone who likes to do it for fun. The angle is counted from the normal of the 2d plane. You can drag the head of the green arrow with your mouse to change the vector. A representation of a vector $\vc{a}=(a_1,a_2,a_3)$ in the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. Inkscape 3d Rotation. Deﬁnition 6. – 2D In-plane • Electrostatics – 3D – Axisymmetric – 2D In-plane • Magnetostatics – 3D – 3D no currents – Axisymmetric (two cases dependent on current direction) – 2D In-plane (two cases dependent on current direction). Affine transformations of x are all transforms that can be written x0= " ax+ by+ c dx+ ey+ f #; where a through f are scalars. v is reflected off of the surface, and gives a reflection vector v' which is used as the new velocity of the object. K s is the scattering vector, R 0 is the distance to the observation point, 2 θ is the angle between the incident direction and the direction where the scattering is observed; e and m are the charge and mass of the electron, respectively, and c is the speed of propagation of radiation in the vacuum. Purely sequential algorithm, slow. Seamless repeat christmas pattern for print or textile design. Many studies show that folding structures are the source of the desired system characteristics. The demo above allows you to enter up to three vectors in the form (x,y,z). ortho()¶ Returns a vector that is orthogonal to self (where self*self. The eye vector is of unit length, pointing from the eye position toward the vertex. Incase of rotation, object can be rotated about x or y axis. ReflectionTransform gives a TransformationFunction that can be applied to vectors. Vector is implementation of list interface. Introduction. A unit vector is also known as a direction vector. The component of the point, in 2D, that is parallel to the line. Program to show the translation of a lineProgram:/* translation */#include#include#includevoid main()// Getting input from user, having array where 1st row represents initial point// And Second row represents final coordinatewhile(i<2){printf(. In the diagram to the left I centered all the vectors on the origin, except the green ones, because those I'm adding together to try to get R. L is the length scale. We can derive the matrix for the reflection directly, without involving any trigonometric functions. The point you raise about universality is not perfectly clear because the incident -> reflected ray vector transformation is universal in itself and applies at every interface or reflective surface in the 2D world. Vector Graphics Scale designs to any size without losing clarity. 4 Homogeneous Coordinate Systems 27 1. As you can see in figure 2, the vectors I and R can be expressed in terms of the vector A and B: \begin{array}{l} I &=& A + B,\\ R &=& A - B. All I want to do is calculate the a new direction for vector A based on how it would reflect or "bounce" when hit on vector B. Three segmented o letter logo concept with reflection, 3d illustration, isolated, vector, eps 8 Orbits form letter d, space concept illustration, 2d vector icon isolated on white background, eps 10 More stock illustrations from this series See All. In other words, we can say that it is a rotation operation with 180°. SquareRoot(Vector2). Hint, use the cube [-1, +1] x [-1, +1] x [-1, +1] to define your right, left … Another projection matrix, that can enhance the feeling of real world is the perspective projection matrix, in this case the volume is a frustum and not a parallelepiped. Reflection about the x-axis. Shijo, and M. This section contains more than 70 simulations and the numbers continue to grow. a) reflection in the y axis. Sometimes, you need the photo in the vector shape. GLUSboolean GLUSAPIENTRY glusVector2GramSchmidtOrthof. rdar://problem/27688892 2016-08-08 Jeremy Jones Clear fullscreen mode state after exiting fullscreen mode to keep state in sync. opengl - How to flip only one axis of transformation linear algebra - Transforming rotation matrix to fit a matrices - Which direction is clockwise when rotating OpenGL Angles to Axes_OpenGL_-CSDN博客 Rotation. 0 International license. One of the simpler forms of collision detection is between two rectangles that are axis aligned — meaning no rotation. Vector rendering. c: ST_Intersects(geography) returns incorrect result for pure-crossing. ReflectionTransform[v] gives a TransformationFunction that represents a reflection in a mirror through the origin, normal to the vector v. 4 Homogeneous Coordinate Systems 27 1. Refraction of Light. Submission failed. While most. Instead of old fashioned glass textures, obscure glass textures are highly in modern trendy designs. forward and transform. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. The standard equation is used with N, L and R for, respectively, the surface normal, normalized direction to a light source, and normalized reflection of L off of a surface. Deﬁnition 6. The line of reflection is always the perpendicular bisector of the lines linking corresponding points in the original and the image. It allows you to do reflection without constructing a reflection matrix, similar to what Vector2. When reflecting a 2-D shape across a vertical line of reflection, the y-coordinates of the vertices do not change, but the x-coordinates do change. The vector field is assumed to have fixed direction but varying amplitude. Raster to vector conversion gives your image perfect resolution and nice look. multiplied by a scalar to increase or decrease. The new local corrected reflection vector is built and it is used to fetch the reflection texture from the local cubemap. Overview Multi-render passes reduce the need to use render layers, thus reducing compute times for scene translation and rendering. Vector projection - formula The vector projection of a on b is the unit vector of b by the scalar projection of a on b :. The scalar product of perpendicular vectors is 0 which means we can write the following equation:. generate or load a 2D map of the environment for each fragment of a reflective object, compute the normal n compute the reflection vector r from the view vector v and the normal n at the surface point use the reflection vector to compute an index into the environment map that represents the objects in the reflection direction. Reflect() method. Another raster to vector service is about product design. Note how the image changes. It is equal to the angle between thelattice plane AE and reflected wave AB. Given vector and normal , we want to find a vector that is reflected around :. I was trying to understand how to calculate the reflection vector and found these answers. 2D graphics transformations are represented as matrices. A representation of a vector \vc{a}=(a_1,a_2,a_3) in the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. Affordable and search from millions of royalty free images, photos and vectors. In this lesson you’ll learn about the concepts and the basics of Translation, Reflection, Dilation, and Rotation. musthappen in cubemap-space. Like 2D arrays, we can declare and assign values to 2D matrix. All equality- and relational operators. Solve equations numerically, graphically, or symbolically. An example of this might be calculating the distance of a Vector. In this article, we discuss the design of a beach umbrella based on the principles of origami and the study of its optical and mechanical properties. The beauty of affine transformations and the fundamentals in transforming game objects. • Let’s say we have a vector consisting of three Example 2d Multivariate Normal Distribution-10-8-6-4. In 2D it reflects in a line; in 3D it reflects in a plane. Rotate so that L aligns with the x-axis 3. You can read more about it here. Now separately: 1. Jennifer Silverman. The vector w (vector from Ship 1 to Ship 2) is all the information you need. Download this 3d vector heart with cardiogram reflection icon illustration from Megapixl - the best in stock photos, images and footage. Create blur-free logos, presentations, cards, brochures, website mockups, or any 2D graphic with Vectr. Once an SVG file is imported, the vector data is tessellated into triangles and a sprite is generated. Single Candle Vector with White Paper Panel on Green Background Colored Vector Invitation Card with Intertwined Streamers Green Vector Paper Streamer with Colored Dots - Blow Out Green Vector Christmas Balls Set with Texture - X-Mas Baubles Sphere - Simple Green Shiny 3D Sphere with Bright Reflection - Vector Illustration Planet Earth Icon - 3D Vector Globe Symbol with Green Continents. Note that in general ~a, ~b and ~c are not in the same plane, so the 2D gure is not general, but it is easy enough to visualize associativity in 3D. Vector (nonhomogeneous) methods are still being recommended to effect rotations and other linear transformations. Its result is a data type. The convection heat transfer at the pipe wall is: We can rearrange terms to find an expression for h, the convection coefficient: Substitute the convection coefficient expression into the Nusselt Number expression: where h is the convection coefficient. Reflection of points. Having Reflection shadow to get 3D atmosphere: While you decide to add unnatural reflection shadow by the photoshop into your photographs. Then is a parametric curve lying on the surface. It is denoted Unlike the gradient and the divergence, which work in all dimensions, the curl is special to three dimensions. In a Euclidean vector space, the reflection in the point situated at the origin is the same as vector negation. tag:repository. Add your content, save and they are ready to be printed. 1007/b105182 phi=rand*2*pi; random_vector_2D=veclength*[cos(phi) sin(phi)];. Deﬁnition 6. Problem Statement: Write a program in C to show the effect of reflection, scaling, shear, translation and rotation on a point in 2D and 3D. Flatten 2D Vector. 5 and Kd = 0. Vector rendering. Contribute to spacejack/vec2-reflect development by creating an account on GitHub. With their popularity came many requests for reflections, another attribute synonymous with the Web 2. RefractionIndex. To write a C program to implement 2D transformations. -operator and the element names x, y, z, w or r, g. A vector in three-dimensional space. 1 Reflection Vector Calculation 6. The inNormal vector defines a plane (a plane's normal is the vector that is perpendicular to its surface). I couldn't understand them easily, so I took my time to do it myself, the good thing is that I can now detail it in an ELI5 fashion! I did develop the formula using the 3 steps shown in the graphic. undergo in suggestions that a linear transformation is punctiliously defined via the place each foundation vector is mapped and a matrix specifies this in an extremely sparkling way: the 1st column vector is the place (a million,0,0,) is mapped, the 2d column vector is the place (0,a million,0,) is mapped, etc. Reflection On Y-Axis: This reflection is achieved by using the following reflection equations-X new = -X old; Y new = Y old. New Resources. Mastering Physics is the teaching and learning platform that empowers you to reach every student. 2 Light Sources 7. In a 1979 paper entitled "An Improved Illumination Model for Shaded Display", Turner Whitted was the first to describe how to extend Appel's ray-tracing algorithm for more advanced rendering. All equality- and relational operators. Developer Reference. 2D Transformations List of Operators. result: The resulting point. Create a 2D box with Euclidean coordinates. 1 Transformation for 3-1 Translations 32 1. Interactive questions, awards, and certificates keep kids motivated as they master skills. Translate the coordinates so that P 1 is at the origin 2. Snell's Law in Vector Form. To reflect a point through a plane + + = (which goes through the origin), one can use = −, where is the 3x3 identity matrix and is the three-dimensional unit vector for the vector normal of the plane. 3 Point Light Sources 7. Perform the translation, rotation, scaling, reflection and shearing of 2D object. SquareRoot(Vector2) Returns a vector whose elements are the square root of each of a specified vector's elements. If we give the end point of the vector coordinates (x, y) then we can see that all vectors of the form are perpendicular to the given vector. Returns: Vector object. The principles and practice behind collision detection with lines, line segments and ray casting. Reflect(inDirection, inNormal); }. Reflection of points. This has the benefit of making two opposite keys cancel each other out, but will also result in diagonal movement being faster due to the two directions being added together. \begingroup This angle in the reflection formula is between \vec D and \vec N—that term is their inner product—but you're right that you could compute it if you know \vec D and \vec B. Cubemaps Advanced-OpenGL/Cubemaps. Lens Studio by Snap Inc. Lets say we have an object in the real world (e. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. Elephant Drawing (Sketching + Vector) This elephant drawing is part of a huge tutorial (well, not so big) that will help you learn how to create a nice 2d character with a lot of depth! Elephants are fun to draw. Using a few circular shapes and a few simple drawing techniques, you can end up with a nice cartoon character in no time. The reflection coefficient is a dimensionless quantity which gives the fraction of the incident wave amplitude reflected back from the interface. The vector field (10y, -10x). 5 and Kd = 0. Implement an iterator to flatten a 2d vector. 1: Team Building Math. By using a reflection matrix, we can determine the coordinates of the point in the line defined by the vector. The principles and practice behind collision detection with lines, line segments and ray casting. A vector in three-dimensional space. Stack Exchange network consists of 177 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Road safety icon, r letter icon, 2d vector on white background, eps 10. [email protected] 838954+00:00. In reflection transformation, the size of the object does not change. Projection of a Vector onto a Plane Main Concept Recall that the vector projection of a vector onto another vector is given by. ~a (~a) To every vector ~a we can associate an opposite vector denoted (~a) that is the displacement exactly opposite to ~a. Another raster to vector service is about product design. Reflection about the x-axis. Enter the choice for transformation. This means that translation is defined by adding an offset in the x and y direction: tx and ty: x 2 =x 1 +tx y 2 =y 1 +ty. Let the product (also a vector) of these two vectors be denoted as. What a quaternion is and how it is used to rotate game objects. By using this website, you agree to our Cookie Policy. In the fragment shader the reflected vector is found along with the intersection point in the volume box. In 2D it reflects in a line; in 3D it reflects in a plane. The general form of an affine transformation is based on homogeneous representation of points. A name for this op which defaults to "vector_reflect. For a positive ray, there is an intersection with the. % %%%%% % % % % The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific Papers by Sir George Howard % % Darwin, by George Darwin % % % % This eBook is for the use of anyone. 7) i j 8) r , Find the component form, magnitude, and direction angle for the given vector 9) CD where C = ( , ) D = ( , ) Sketch a graph of each vector then find the magnitude and direction angle. 2D Transformations. It is equal to the angle between thelattice plane AE and reflected wave AB. Clockwise rotation of a point (a,b) (or a vector from (0,0) to (a,b) in the xy plane by an angle Reflection in the x axis changes the sign of the y coordinate, but leaves the x coordinate alone. The image of a figure by a reflection is its mirror image in the axis or plane of reflection. the iit - jee secret. 2D graphics transformations are represented as matrices. In this section we deal with functions from a vector sapce V to another vector space W, that respect the vector space structures. To compute the reflected vector r, given a vector a and a plane with normal n you just need to use the formula: r = a - 2 n the height h in the figure is in this case just (note that n is assumed to be of unit length) and so it should be clear that you need to move twice that height in the direction of the normal. I describe them bellow. They were originally written in Java, but they've mostly been converted to Javascript, so you should be able to view them without a Java-capable browser. The cross product (or vector product) between two vectors A and B is written as AxB. A reflection about a line or plane that does not go through the origin is not a linear transformation — it is an affine transformation — as a 4x4 affine transformation matrix, it can be expressed as follows (assuming the normal is a unit vector):. The normal vector. 838954+00:00. Let us consider two vectors denoted as. Implement an iterator to flatten a 2d vector. Many studies show that folding structures are the source of the desired system characteristics. MAR1800 module supports large laser beam diameters (> 3mm), high deflection angles, multiple scan modes, all with very high accuracy and repeatability. By using a reflection matrix, we can determine the coordinates of the point in the line defined by the vector. This is a standard Reducible Brillouin zone of a square lattice as shown in technical background. Note that while u and v are basis vectors, the origin t is a point. Apply reflection to its vertices 3. In this paper the author studies the problem of the homogenization of a diffusion perturbed by a periodic reflection invariant vector field. Night Photograph. Move the tips of the vectors to see how their sum changes. 1 Reflection Vector Calculation 6. We cannot write all linear transformations even in the form Ax +b where A is a 2x2 matrix and b is a 2d vector. Actually, rotate is implemented using rotatemat. In mathematical terms, this process is written as: Definition: A unit vector is a vector of magnitude 1. Hint, use the cube [-1, +1] x [-1, +1] x [-1, +1] to define your right, left … Another projection matrix, that can enhance the feeling of real world is the perspective projection matrix, in this case the volume is a frustum and not a parallelepiped. The angle of reflection \Theta_R is equal to the angle of incidence of light \Theta_L. 1 Introduction. Using the equations for calculating reflection and refraction, you can predict where rays encountering a surface will go — whether they reflect or refract (bounce off the surface or bend through it) — which is an important concept in the study of optics. Reflection and Transmission –Reflection and Transmission – AAnsatznsatz here a i are the components of the vector normal to the wavefront : a i=(cos e, 0, -sin e), where e is the angle between surface and ray direction, so that for the free surface exp '( tan ' ) exp ( tan ) exp ( tan ) 1 3 0 1 3 1 3 B ik x x f c t A ik x x e ct A ik x x. Unity is the ultimate game development platform. Examples of vectors include displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force. 2-D vertices of the polygon, specified as a 2-column matrix. Reflection of a vector off a plane. Learn how to apply a 2D vector design to a 3D model for your product designs, branding, signage, packaging, and more. Find the dot product of the two vectors. But Vector conversion is the best solution for this problem and also you can get high-quality resolution using vector conversion service. Find points p’ along an edge using the parametric. C# Array Length Property, Get Size of Array Note: The Length property, when used on a 2D array, will return the total number of elements, not just a dimension. The vector \vc{a} is drawn as a green arrow with tail fixed at the origin. Download this 3d vector heart with cardiogram reflection icon illustration from Megapixl - the best in stock photos, images and footage. Stack Exchange network consists of 177 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. So for the reflection side we could write:. Nevertheless, we will just call them members in this site. Suppose we are given another vector Y 2Rn. The vector field (10y, -10x). Contribute to spacejack/vec2-reflect development by creating an account on GitHub. The demo above allows you to enter up to three vectors in the form (x,y,z). Use the sliders to adjust the index of refraction of each of the two materials, as well as the angle of incidence (the angle between the incident ray of light and the normal to the surface). A unit vector perpendicular to 𝐮is 𝐯=-sinθ𝐱+cosθ𝐲(as is easily checked). Homework 1: At the circle boundary the no flux boundary condition should be satisfied. As you can see in figure 2, the vectors I and R can be expressed in terms of the vector A and B: \begin{array}{l} I &=& A + B,\\ R &=& A - B. At the intersect point, the vector is perpendicular to n, where. we write 𝐰in of its componentsin the 𝐮,𝐯axes: 𝐰=a𝐮+b𝐯, and the result of the reflection is to be 𝐰′=a𝐮-b𝐯. Raster to vector conversion gives your image perfect resolution and nice look. Figure $$\PageIndex{3}$$: Reflection across the axis that is rotated 45 ° with with respect to x-axis in 2D space. Based on the equation (R = 2N(N*L)-L) where R is the reflection vector, N is the normal, and L is the incident vector. Flatten 2D Vector. Vector Graphics Scale designs to any size without losing clarity. 2D vector in C++ with user defined size; Vector of Vectors in C++ STL with Examples; 2D vector in C++ with user defined size. Just like the graphics pipeline, transforming a vector is done step-by-step. Add a reflection to a homogeneous 2D transformation matrix. The multiplication rules for complex numbers make them suitable for representing rotational quantities in two dimensions. This formula means that the entire surface of the sphere is mapped within the inscribed circle of 1. For some reason your suggested change could not be submitted. Transformations in the coordinate plane are often represented by "coordinate rules" of the form (x, y) --> (x', y'). edit close. Annotate, document, and communicate clearly so you can move your project forward. Download this 3d vector heart with cardiogram reflection icon illustration from Megapixl – the best in stock photos, images and footage. Stack Exchange network consists of 177 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Top and bottom boundaries should be chosen in order not to spoil the wave propagation. Image: 27995538. Find a non-zero vector x such that T(x) = x c. Turing Award for their respective fundamental contributions to 3D computer graphics and the revolutionary impact of these techniques on computer-generated imagery (CGI) in filmmaking and other applications. Reflection of points. Components [ edit ] Components of vectors are accessed by array indexing with the [] -operator (indexing starts with 0) or with the. Unity Water with VR support. x' m11 m12 m13 x y' = m21 m22 m23 y 1 0 0 1 1 Any 2D affine transformation can be decomposed. An arrow constructed between the. Asphalt freeway with green roadside isolated symbol for travel agency emblem or transportation themes design Road Reconstruction Caution Safety Sign Icon Vector Illustration; Safety first icon. However, exploiting light polarization does not necessarily imply that the electric (e)-vector orientation of polarized light can be perceived as a separate modality of light. The convection heat transfer at the pipe wall is: We can rearrange terms to find an expression for h, the convection coefficient: Substitute the convection coefficient expression into the Nusselt Number expression: where h is the convection coefficient. ortho()==0). Implement an iterator to flatten a 2d vector. 2 Light Sources 7. Reﬂections and Refractions in Ray Tracing Bram de Greve (bram. Origami art has found numerous engineering applications. Java Multidimensional Arrays In this tutorial, we will learn about the Java multidimensional array using 2-dimensional arrays and 3-dimensional arrays with the help of examples. Create a light source (use your phone, or a lamp) and place it so that it lights up a shiny surface from above and creates a reflection. Find & Download Free Graphic Resources for 2d. By using a reflection matrix, we can determine the coordinates of the point in the line defined by the vector. Another raster to vector service is about product design. Use the sliders to adjust the index of refraction of each of the two materials, as well as the angle of incidence (the angle between the incident ray of light and the normal to the surface). The properly scaled displacement vector is nothing but the projection of $X-A$ to the mirror line. vector: •N ttha,eot = 1 z y x P ≡ = α α α. Actually it’s a super fast technique to ad graphical shadow in 2D image manually. As you can see in figure 2, the vectors I and R can be expressed in terms of the vector A and B:  \begin{array}{l} I &=& A + B,\\ R &=& A - B. Transformations in the Coordinate Plane. We've been using 2D textures for a while now, but there are more texture types we haven't explored yet and in this chapter we'll discuss a texture type that is a combination of multiple textures mapped into one: a cube map. edu,2011-08-11:/collections/7/atom 2020-05-31T23:37:04. RefractionIndex. The main requirements for the designed model are that it should reduce the harmful effects of. Learn how to apply a 2D vector design to a 3D model for your product designs, branding, signage, packaging, and more. Pressure and Pascal’s Principle * Fluid Flow. 2D Vector Analysis - Advanced In this Advanced Closer Look segment, we analyze vectors in two dimensions by looking at the relative velocity of a boat, multiple forces acting on a crossbeam, and the resultant displacement of a dog traveling in five different directions. Creates a 2D point, given as homogeneous coordinates, out of a 2D vector. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with CJC. Free for commercial use High Quality Images. "Direction vector" and "unit vector" are terms referring to the same concept. 1 Reflection Vector Calculation 6. Example: perspective projection x=1 [x,y] [x´,y´] x´ = 1 y´ = y/x equations not linear!. The word may stand for the branch of computer science that comprises such techniques, or for the models themselves. Vector subtraction ~b ~a is then de ned as the addition of~b and (~a). I've been trying to use a reflection vector to sample a 2d texture for cheapo reflections. Unity Water with VR support. For a force acting on a body whose motion is confined to a plane, two numbers are needed to give a 2-vector. Atan2( 0, 0 ); private double x; private. 3 Normal Vector Calculation 6. 3 Transformation for 3-D Scaling 34 1. Three segmented o letter logo concept with reflection, 3d illustration, isolated, vector, eps 8 Orbits form letter d, space concept illustration, 2d vector icon isolated on white background, eps 10 More stock illustrations from this series See All. svg English: The vector v is rotated to u', producing a reflection of u. The multiplication rules for complex numbers make them suitable for representing rotational quantities in two dimensions. Vector(Collection c): Creates a vector that contains the elements of collection c. Evening Reflection. A representation of a vector $\vc{a}=(a_1,a_2,a_3)$ in the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. You should recognize the $2A-X$ to be a central reflection of X in $A$, $\sigma_A(X)$. Create blur-free logos, presentations, cards, brochures, website mockups, or any 2D graphic with Vectr. CGAL::Aff_transformation_2 Definition The class Aff_transformation_2 represents two-dimensioanl affine transformations.
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The choice of crusher and mill industry

# aggregate crushing cost calculation

• ## AGGREGATE CALCULATOR [How Much Aggregate Do I Need

Jul 07, 2019· If you know the price per unit mass/volume of the crushed material, then the calculator can also work out the total cost of the aggregate using the formula: $$Cost = Price\,per\,unit\,mass \times Weight$$Aggregate Calculator Mulzer Crushed Stone, Inc.,From driveways to septic system field beds, Mulzer Crushed Stone, Inc. has aggregate products to fit your every need. Use our aggregate calculator to estimate your needs, or contact us at your nearest location. Whether you are a contractor, home owner or do-it-yourselfer, we can assist you in determining the best and most cost effective products to use in your residential Construction Aggregate Calculator Vulcan Materials Company,Construction Aggregate Calculator. Enter the width, length, thickness, and product density and hit the “Calculate” button to calculate your estimate. If you do not know the product density, use the optional density estimator* or contact a local sales representative.

• ## 2021 Gravel Prices Crushed Stone Cost (Per Ton, Yard & Load)

Crushed concrete costs $11 to$53 per ton, around $16 to$75 per cubic yard, and $1 to$3 per cubic foot, with prices depending on the quantity. Leftover concrete and broken asphalt get crushed and recycled, which is a cheaper and more eco-friendly solution for gravel driveways. Recycled concrete aggregates last as long as natural stones.Aggregate Crushing Value Test Procedure And Result,Take out the crushed aggregate sample and sieve on with 2.36mm IS sieve, care being taken to avoid loss of fines. Take off the weight of fraction passing through 2.36 mm IS sieve as (W3). Calculation of Aggregate Crushing Value: Aggregate crushing value can be found by the following formula,Crushed Stone Calculator: Free Online Tool,By taking advantage of our free crushed stone calculator, you can quickly determine how much aggregate that you’ll require in order to get the job done right the first time. It’s so simple to use that you’ll wonder why you haven’t used it before. See for yourself why a crushed stone calculator is so valuable, and how to use it properly.

• ## Calculating The Cost Of Aggregate Making Stone Crusher Plant

Stone crusher aggregate production cost Calculating Cost Of A Crusher Aggregate Production Aug 18 2016 183 As per a manufacturer the total cost of 50 tph stone crushing plantline will be Rs 75 to 80 lakhs Machines 8 x4 feeder 3 lakh 30 x1 5 dto Double Toggles Oil crusher 1050 lakh 36 x 06 two dto 1 860 lakh 16 xAuburn Aggregates Pricing & Calculator: Estimate Your Costs!,$35.00 /per ton 3/4" Crushed Brick;$38.00 /per ton 3/8" Crushed Brick; $9.00 /per ton Brick Dust; Recycled Products.$3.00 /per ton Concrete Disposal (Non Reinforced ONLY) $5.10 /per ton Crushed Concrete 6"$6.10 /per ton Crushed Concrete 2" $7.10 /per ton Crushed Concrete 3/4"$18.00 /per ton Reclaimed Asphalt (when available)Gravel Calculator How much gravel do you need?,Of course, if you decide to use some unusual aggregate, change the density as you need; this function is available in the Advanced mode. Once you determined the weight of aggregate, you can use our gravel calculator to find out its cost. Simply enter the price per tonne or per cubic meter and let the gravel estimator calculate this value for you.

• ## Cost Analysis for Crushing and Screening Part II

model earlier developed by Heyman and Lindström in order to calculate the cost per metric ton within the world of crushing and screening. By implementing the cost calculation in Microsoft excel it would be more user friendly and applicable when calculating the cost in crushing Gravel Calculator How much gravel do you need?,Of course, if you decide to use some unusual aggregate, change the density as you need; this function is available in the Advanced mode. Once you determined the weight of aggregate, you can use our gravel calculator to find out its cost. Simply enter the price per tonne or per cubic meter and let the gravel estimator calculate Crushed Stone Calculator: Free Online Tool,By taking advantage of our free crushed stone calculator, you can quickly determine how much aggregate that you’ll require in order to get the job done right the first time. It’s so simple to use that you’ll wonder why you haven’t used it before. See for yourself why a crushed stone calculator

• ## Aggregate Crushing Value Test Procedure And Result

Take out the crushed aggregate sample and sieve on with 2.36mm IS sieve, care being taken to avoid loss of fines. Take off the weight of fraction passing through 2.36 mm IS sieve as (W3). Calculation of Aggregate Crushing Value: Aggregate crushing (PDF) A study in cost analysis of aggregate production as,Aggregate production operations include drilling, blasting, secondary crushing (if necessary), loading, hauling and crushing-screening, and each of these factors affects cost.Calculating The Cost Of Aggregate Making Stone Crusher Plant,Calculation for production of aggregate for 200 tph. 200TH Aggregate Stone Crushing Plant In Philippines The design capacity is 200 th with the function of crushing screening and reshaping The ADVANTAGE of this line is XHP300 hydraulic cone crusher its secondtonon crushing performance make customer save the cost and the crushing

• ## Calculate Crusher Run 2" minus cubic yards Tons

Type in inches and feet of your project and calculate the estimated amount of Base material in cubic yards, cubic feet and Tons, that your need for your project. The Density of Crusher Run 2" minus: How To Calculate The Cost Of Aggregate In Stone Crusher,Calculating The Cost Of Aggregate From Stone Crusher. Crusher calculating crusher aggregate cost.Calculation of production cost stone crusher.How to calculate the cost of aggregate in stone crusher.Aug 29 2016 gravel calculator gravel crusher run is the common name for dense graded aggregate or dga a grade of stone generally used as a base under total cost of stone crusher stone crushing and cost.Aggregate Materials Calculator,To calculate the quantity needed for a particular job, measure the length, width, thickness and product density (located below), of the area, plug in your numbers and our aggregate calculator will estimate

• ## Construction Cost Estimator, House Cost Calculator, House

Thumb rule for calculation; Average cost of construting a resedential ternament region may very from Rs. 800/Sq. ft. Rs. 2,500/Sq. ft. depending open quality of material. This cost includes entire cost of labour and material from excavation to fitting of doors and window with eletrical wiring and plumbing cost.20mm Crushed Stone Aggregate at Rs 700/ton Crushed Stone,20mm Crushed Stone Aggregate Buy Crushed Stone at best price of Rs 700/ton from SNR Material Suppliers. Also find here related product comparison ID: 15939910388how to calculate the cost of aggregate in stone crusher,aggregate crusher plants production uae YouTube. 18 Jun 2013 Calculating Cost Of A Crusher Aggregate Productionbeneficiation plant solution and gabbro stone crushing plants pakistan

• ## Aggregate Crushing Plant How to Run a Crushing Plant

As we all know, the higher the crushing times, the higher the cost. Aggregate that is crushed one or two times usually not achieves the required effect whether the size or shape. In the practice, there is three crushing processed at least. In one word, the crushing process is determined by the requirements, costAggregate Crushing Value Test Significance & Test,Calculation of Aggregate Crushing Value. The crushing value of aggregates is measured in the ratio between the crushed aggregates, obtained from the IS sieve 2.36mm and the weight of the dried aggregate sample. At least three samples should be tested from the same batch and average value to get accurate results.Calculating The Cost Of Aggregate From Stone Crusher,how to calculate cost per ton crusher aggregate Crusher Run Gravel Calculator Gravel Calculator Crusher run is the common name for dense graded aggregate or calculating cost of a crusher aggregate production Overview of calculation method of various sizes of aggregates from stone calculating the cost of aggregate from stone crusher.

• ## Aggregate Materials Calculator

To calculate the quantity needed for a particular job, measure the length, width, thickness and product density (located below), of the area, plug in your numbers and our aggregate calculator will estimate the amount you will need to order. Please make sure to add 10% more to your total quantity to take into account waste during product placement.calculating cost Of aggregate crusher Production,Calculate the operating cost for a stone crushing machine salculation of operating cost of tph stone crusher cost crusher calculator jaw crusher machine foralculation for production of aggregate for 200 tph crusher plant crusher 200 calculate hbm stone crushing equipment is designed to achieve maximum et price and support online.How to calculate the cost of aggregate in stone crusher,Calculate cost of production of stone crusher. calculate cost of production of stone crusher; calculate cost of production of stone crusher crusher management software cost in paraguay Seinjoen KTK branches out to aggregate production with SKD The bination of a SKD NW106 primary jaw crushing plant and a NW220GPD In addition, skilled service experts are difficult to

• ## Construction Materials Calculator Crushed Stone Calculator

How to run a quick calculation. Simply enter the width, length and depth that you need and hit “calculate.” Contact us with your estimate to get a quote on your project. *For all landscaping projects we recommend a minimum depth of 2-3 inches of material.calculating cost of a crusher aggregate production,Sat calculation crusher plant cost calculation of production cost stone crusher how to calculate the cost of aggregate in stone crusher aug 29 2016 gravel calculator gravel crusher run is the common name for dense graded aggregate or dga a grade of stone Cost.Calculator Summit Topsoil and Gravel,Crushed Aggregates #1 Crushed limestone 1:1.5-1 cubic yard = 1 1/2 tons #2 Crusher run limestone 1:2-1 cubic yard = 2 tons . Gravel; Top Soil; Crushed Aggregates; Map; Calculator; Contact Us; A cubic yard is equal to 27 cubic feet. You can use the online calculator to determine how many cubic yards of material are required. Formulas Used

• ## Cost Estimating Guide for Road Construction

Sep 08, 2020· Table 53. Cost for Stockpiling Rock in Idaho and Montana .. 72 Table 54. Cost per Loose CY and Ton by Loading Method in Idaho and Montana .. 74 Table 55. Cost per Loose CY and Ton for Initial Spreading in Idaho and Montana.. 74 Table 56.20mm Crushed Stone Aggregate at Rs 700/ton Crushed Stone,20mm Crushed Stone Aggregate Buy Crushed Stone at best price of Rs 700/ton from SNR Material Suppliers. Also find here related product comparison ID: 15939910388Bulk Aggregates Order Quantity Calculator Aggregates Direct,You will need: 24.93 bulk bags of this aggregate type. You will need: 935.00 mini bags of this aggregate type. The exact conversion depends on a number of factors beyond our control, for example moisture, method & degree of compaction, type of sub-base etc.

• ## How To Calculate Cement, Sand, & Aggregate Quantity In 1

Aug 03, 2018· For Calculation in Cubic Feet = 0.42 x 35.31 = 14.83 Cubic Feet . CALCULATION FOR AGGREGATE QUANTITY; Consider volume of concrete = 1m 3 . Dry Volume of Concrete = 1 x 1.54 = 1.54 m 3. Aggregate = (3/5.5) x 1.54 = 0.84 m 3 ∴ 3 is a part of cement, 5.5 is sum of ratio. Density of Aggregate is 1500/m 3 Calculation for KG = 0.84 x 1500 = 1260 kg2021 Gravel Driveway Costs Gravel Road & Driveway Calculator,Crushed stone gravel can come in any color, though most popular crushed stone blends are in neutral, earth-toned colors. Crushed Shell Driveway Cost. A crushed shell driveway costs $0.50 to$4 per square foot, $14 to$120 per cubic yard, or $10 to$86 per ton. The lowest prices are available in areas close to the coastline like Florida, Georgiacalculating cost of a crusher aggregate production in,Calculating cost of production aggregate crusher.Calculating cost of a crusher aggregate production calculating cost of a crusher aggregate production may 19 2017 shfwh.Select your stone or sand aggregate type from the pull down menu and enter length. Get price. How Much Can A Crushing Aggregate Plant Cost.

•  Stone crushing production Line Mobile crushing production line Ore beneficiation plant Sand making production line Marble crushing production line Powder grinding production line


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## LATEX-L@LISTSERV.UNI-HEIDELBERG.DE

 Options: Use Forum View Use Monospaced Font Show Text Part by Default Condense Mail Headers Message: [<< First] [< Prev] [Next >] [Last >>] Topic: [<< First] [< Prev] [Next >] [Last >>] Author: [<< First] [< Prev] [Next >] [Last >>]

On 29/09/2014 10:37, Denis Bitouzé wrote:
> Hi,
>
> among others, `.value_forbidden:` and `.value_required:` key properties
> from `l3keys` package are useful: they let us specify that a given key,
> when used, either cannot or must receive a value.
>
> What could be useful as well is a key property, say `.required:`, that would
> specify that the corresponding key /has/ to be used. This could be helpful for
> instance in the case of a document command `\MyModuleSetup` for setting up
> a module `mymodule`:
>
>     \DeclareDocumentCommand \MyModuleSetup { m }
>       { \keys_set:nn { mymodule } { #1 } }
>
> where some module property /has/ to be specified.
>
> I know this can be achieved with something like test of existence of
> some tokenlist and message emitted in case of nonexistence but a high
> level key property for this could be nice.
>
>
> Thanks in anticipation.

Sean has pointed to a similarity to dealing with mandatory arguments at
a design level. This request seems a little different as l3keys isn't
meant to be targeting that area. However, there is clearly overlap.

At present, key properties mainly apply to individual keys in a 'stand
alone' sense. This request is different as it's actually about an entire
set of keys. To me, that seems a bit odd: it's pretty rare that buried
inside a set of optional settings is one or more mandatory ones. There
is also the question of what 'required' might mean, as

key = \empty

or similar might well be equally invalid in the real use case but would
presumably pass such a test.

What I think we need before we can really comment is some solid proposed
use cases, showing why the property is needed as opposed to other
approaches as you outline.
--
Joseph Wright


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# Inferring the conservation of angular momentum from linear momentum [duplicate]

Working in 3-dimensions, if we are given a Lagrangian containing $N$ particles. Say, through Noether's theorem, we know that the sum of the linear momentum of all $N$ particles in each direction are constant. We also know that the sum of the angular momentum in each direction are constant.

My question is, if I know that linear momentum is conserved, can I actually automatically say that angular momentum is also conserved?

## marked as duplicate by sammy gerbil, stafusa, Kyle Kanos, Sebastian Riese, ZeroTheHeroJun 5 '18 at 21:21

No you cannot. Consider the two-particle Lagrangian $$L = \frac{1}{2}m(\dot{\vec{x}}_1^2+\dot{\vec{x}}_2^2) - \vec{a}\cdot(\vec{x}_2-\vec{x}_1)$$ for some arbitrary vector $\vec{a}$. This is fully translation invariant, and so Noether's theorem implies that momentum is conserved. However, it is not invariant under rotations because of the preferred direction $\vec{a}$, so angular momentum is not conserved.
Note that this Lagrangian is symmetric under rotations around $\vec{a}$ so it does conserve the angular momentum around that axis. We can make it conserve no components of angular momentum by adding another term like $(\vec{b}\cdot(\vec{x}_2-\vec{x}_1))^2$ where $\vec{b}$ is not parallel to $\vec{a}$.


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# Linear equations in two Variables Chapter 4 Exercise 4.1

In this page we have NCERT book Solutions for Class 9th Maths Linear equations in two variables for EXERCISE 4.1 on page 68. Hope you like them and do not forget to like , social share and comment at the end of the page.
Question 1
The cost of a notebook is twice the cost of a pen. Write a linear equation in two variables to represent this statement.
(Take the cost of a notebook to be Rs x and that of a pen to be Rs y.)
Solution
Let cost of notebook and a pen be x and y respectively.
Cost of note book = 2 cost of pen
$x = 2y$
$x - 2 y = 0$

Question 2
Express the following linear equations in the form ax + by + c = 0 and indicate the values of a, b, c in each case:
(i) $2x+3y=9.3\bar{5}$
(ii) $x- \frac {y}{5}-10=0$
(iii) $-2x + 3 y = 6$
(iv) $x = 3y$
(v) $2x = - 5y$
(vi) $3x + 2 = 0$
(vii) $y - 2 = 0$
(viii) $5 = 2x$
Solution
(i) $2x+3y=9.3\bar{5}$
=> $2x+3y-9.3\bar{5} =0$
Comparing this equation with $ax + by + c = 0$,
a=2 ,b=3 $c=-9.3\bar{5}$.

(ii) $x- \frac {y}{5}-10=0$
Comparing this equation with $ax + by + c = 0$,
a = 1, b =-1/5,c = -10

(iii) $-2x + 3 y = 6$
=> $-2x + 3 y - 6 = 0$
Comparing this equation with $ax + by + c = 0$,
a = -2, b = 3, c = -6
(iv)$x = 3y$
=> $x - 3y + 0 = 0$
Comparing this equation with $ax + by + c = 0$,
a = 1, b = -3, c = 0
(v) $2x = - 5y$
=> $2x + 5y + 0= 0$
Comparing this equation with $ax + by + c = 0$,
a = 2, b = 5, c = 0
(vi) $3x + 2 = 0$
=> $3x + 0.y + 2 = 0$
Comparing this equation with $ax + by + c = 0$,
a = 3, b = 0, c = 2
(vii) $y - 2 = 0$
=> y - 2 = 0
Comparing this equation with $ax + by + c = 0$,
a = 0, b = 1, c = -2
(vii) $5 = 2x$
=> $- 2x + 5 = 0$
Comparing this equation with $ax + by + c = 0$,
a = -2, b = 0, c = 5

Reference Books for class 9 Math

Given below are the links of some of the reference books for class 9 Math.

1. Mathematics for Class 9 by R D Sharma One of the best book for studying class 9 level mathematics. It has lot of problems to be solved.
2. Secondary School Mathematics for Class 9 by R S Aggarwal This is also as good as R.D. Sharma. Either this or the book by R.D. Sharma will do. I find book R.S. Aggarwal little bit more challenging than the one by R.D. Sharma.
3. Pearson IIT Foundation Series - Maths - Class 9 Buy this book if you want to challenge yourself further and want to prepare for JEE foundation.
4. Pearson IIT Foundation Physics, Chemistry & Maths combo for Class 9 Only buy if you are prepared to study extra topics and want to take your studies a step further. You might need help to understand topics in these books.

You can use above books for extra knowledge and practicing different questions.

Note to our visitors :-

Thanks for visiting our website.


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# [.net] .NET: Retrieving a file from internet...

## Recommended Posts

For a project I am working on I would like to retrieve an initial configuration file from a particular URL on the application's first execution. Can anyone get me pointed down the correct path for this? The .NET framework has quite a robust web related namespace and I'm not really sure where to start, but I imagine it would be quite simple. Thanks for any help. Oh, also... I was thinking about implementing some sort of automatic update type system. Does anyone know of any good source of info on that sort of thing?

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Yeah, it's really easy it seems to get files from the web. Try using the FileWebRequest class, it handles getting access to files from the web. I'm not sure about the update system, but there are plenty of ways to do it. Could just have a file online that lists changed files for each version update, download the file and then download all of the required files to get up to date.

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For the downloading itself I like the code listed below. For an update system, what I like to do is put an update file on the webserver that contains a list of files with their relative path. Each item has the file, its size, and an MD5 checksum. When the applicatin needs to update, it pulls down the hash file (example) it checks each file listed. If the local file's checksum or size doesn't match, then the application adds it to a list of files to download. Because the keyfile contains sizes, the app knows the total number of bytes it needs to download, so it can use the code below, and do some of its own calculations to show a real nice set progress bars when it starts downloading files.

Private Function DownloadFileWithProgress(ByVal URL As String, ByVal Location As String, ByVal Progress As ProgressBar) As Boolean        'this function based on code from        'HSAA - Colin Harman MACITP - Rollershade         Try            Dim wRemote As System.Net.WebRequest            Dim bBuffer(999) As Byte            Dim iBytesRead As Integer            wRemote = System.Net.WebRequest.Create(URL)            Dim sw As System.IO.Stream = New System.IO.FileStream(Location, IO.FileMode.Create, IO.FileAccess.Write)            Dim myWebResponse As System.Net.WebResponse = wRemote.GetResponse()            Progress.Minimum = 0            Progress.Value = 0            Progress.Maximum = CInt(myWebResponse.ContentLength)            Dim sChunks As System.IO.Stream = myWebResponse.GetResponseStream()            Do                iBytesRead = sChunks.Read(bBuffer, 0, 256)                If Progress.Value + iBytesRead <= Progress.Maximum Then                    Progress.Value += iBytesRead                Else                    Progress.Value = Progress.Maximum                End If                Progress.Refresh()                sw.Write(bBuffer, 0, iBytesRead)            Loop Until iBytesRead = 0            Progress.Value = Progress.Maximum            sChunks.Close()            sw.Flush()            sw.Close()            Return True        Catch ex As Exception            Return False        End Try    End Function

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intrest86:

It looks like the FileWebRequest class is used to handle local files as a web request. Am I missing something? It just doesn't look like it actually handles files on the web. I'll give it a good looking over, though.

zangetsu:

Thanks for the code snippet! Unfortunately, it will be a little while before I can give it a go, but it looks simple enough to me.

Also, thanks for the update ideas. I guess it's really just a simple matter of inventing my own system and retrieving the files.

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Quote:
 Original post by smitty1276intrest86:It looks like the FileWebRequest class is used to handle local files as a web request. Am I missing something? It just doesn't look like it actually handles files on the web. I'll give it a good looking over, though.

You're right, sorry for the mistake. Turns out there is another interface more to handle web files, WebClient.DownloadFile. This one is definately meant for downloading files from FTP and HTTP, so it should do the job. Note that this function is blocking, but it has an Async counterpart if you can't have that.

Hope this helps.

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## Saturday, July 18, 2015

### Maybe Paul Romer would be interested in information equilibrium?

 Cesar Hidalgo's Why Information Grows.
Paul Romer has recently read Why Information Grows by Cesar Hidalgo and cites it approvingly as an example of how to think like a physicist. I actually learned of the book from Diane Coyle's review and was both interested and a bit afraid that Hidalgo might have scooped me (so I immediately bought a copy). In some really general ways he does say some similar things (q.v. my post here), but he doesn't go as far as the information transfer framework/information equilibrium.

This blog post is intended to see if Romer is interested in going a bit further down the rabbit hole of information theory ...

A short introduction

The original idea behind information equilibrium is from the physicists Peter Fielitz and Guenter Borchardt; I have applied it to economics -- thinking out loud with this blog (and likely making many mistakes as my training is in physics, not economics).

The basic idea is that if you want to say two quantities A and B are related to each other (interest rates and the money supply; capital and output) at a bare minimum the two quantities must obey a pretty simple condition based on a communication channel from A (information source) to B (information destination):

$$I(A) \geq I(B)$$

At best, B can only receive all of the information A sends. This is the basis of the information transfer framework and it has two regimes: non-ideal (greater than sign) and ideal (equal sign). Ideal information transfer is also called information equilibrium and is related to the various meanings of equilibrium in economics. From the above condition, Fielitz and Borchardt motivated the differential equation:

$$p \equiv \frac{dA}{dB} \leq k \; \frac{A}{B}$$

that effectively says in equilibrium fluctuations in A have to produce informationally equivalent fluctuations in B. On the left hand side, we define the derivative (the quantity that 'detects' the flow of information in Fielitz and Borchardt's paper) as an abstract price. On this blog, I've written this information transfer relationship with the shorthand $p : A \rightarrow B$ (detector/price : source → destination). Equality represents the case of information equilibrium ('economic equilibrium'), but the equilibrium solution also represents a bound on the non-ideal information transfer case (via Gronwall's inequality).

As a mathematical formalism, information equilibrium allows you to come up with a bunch of standard results in economics fairly simply (for example, this derivation of the Euler equation is pretty cool, and non-ideal information transfer let's you escape Vollrath's trilemma on Euler's theorem that Romer discussed on his blog). The intuition behind it however, that human behavior is so complex that it is indistinguishable from randomness except in situations of large scale coordination (like the panics in stock market crashes), does take a bit of getting used to given the dominant paradigm of human decision-making in traditional economics.

As a teaser, here are a few posts that assemble the Solow growth model as an information equilibrium model:

1. Did you attempt to contact Paul with a link to this post?

1. I did via Twitter. He did read/quote from one of my posts in the past, so maybe there's a chance.

2. I'm not a twitter user, but I ventured over to see if you tried to contact Paul via twitter. I couldn't really tell. But I saw your political coordinates and took the test myself. I came out 2.8% Left, 33.3% Liberal. I used leaving it in the middle to indicate "I don't know." I'm persuadable on many of those and/or my opinions are too difficult to sum up with a one liner. I imagined somebody asking me each question on a phone survey, and I guess that makes me more skeptical of what somebody means precisely by some of those. I probably only had a strong opinion on a half dozen questions. And still I can't imagine voting Republican like I used to sometimes do. I'd like to see a moderator ask the current Republican field if any of the candidates believe in evolution again: if nobody raises their hand (as I'd expect), I will again have to write the whole bunch off as lunatics and/or liars. They might as well stamp "I'm deluded and proud of it" on their forehead or "I'm pretending to be deluded because I'm a sociopath." Either case, that precludes a vote from me and makes it a bit easier to determine where I should focus my attention.

1. Being persuadable on the Internet is a rare bird, so keep it up. Lots of people seem to be unmovable objects these days.

Regarding Republicans, I can't say they've made much sense I've ever been aware. But then I grew up in Texas not too far from Ron Paul's district.


text:
## Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report 2021/1134

Some observations on ZUC-256

Alexander Maximov

Abstract: In this report we study efficient binary approximations of the FSM of ZUC-256 with high correlation around $2^{-21.1}$ between the keystream words and the LFSR. We then map these approximations into a binary distinguisher with complexity around $2^{234}$. Thereafter, we convert to an approximation in the LFSR's field $\mathbb{Z}_p$ with correlation around $2^{-33.6}$. We share a number of observations and state open problems for further research and considerations.

Category / Keywords: secret-key cryptography / 5G, ZUC-256

Date: received 6 Sep 2021, last revised 17 Sep 2021

Contact author: alexander maximov at ericsson com

Available format(s): PDF | BibTeX Citation

Note: The report is updated with more results and observations.

Short URL: ia.cr/2021/1134

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