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# Jump-Diffusion Model

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Consider an up-and-in call option and assume that the price of the underlying asset follows a jump-diffusion model, then under certain conditions the price of an up-and-in call with barrier $$H > S_0 = x$$, strike $$K$$ and maturity $$T$$ is given by the following expectation

$$\mathbb{E}_x^*\left[e^{-rT}(S_T - K)^+ \mathbb{I}_{\{\max_{0\leq t\leq T} S_t \geq H\}}\right]$$.

where the superscript (*) denotes the expectation under the risk neutral measure. In general this expectation is difficult to compute analytically but it can be approximated by numerical methods such as Monte Carlo simulations. Specifically, let $$\mathbb{G} \subset [0,\infty)$$ be a finite set of grid points. We wish to construct a Markov chain with state space $$\mathbb{G}$$ which approximates the price process and evaluate the option by taking samples of the Markov chain.

### Approximation method

To approximate the price process with a Markov chain the first step is to calculate the transition rate Q-matrix $$\Lambda$$ from the generator of the process. In the case when the price process is modelled by a jump-diffusion process we can approximate the Q-matrix via the decomposition $$\Lambda$$ = $$\Lambda_J + \Lambda_D$$ where $$\Lambda_J$$ and $$\Lambda_D$$ corresponds to the jump component and the diffusion component of the process respectively. Once we have the generator we sample the trajectories of the chain as follows:

1. Sample a waiting time $$s$$ from the distribution $$s\sim\exp(-\Lambda(x,x))$$ where $$x$$ is the current state of the Markov chain.
2. Sample the next state with $$\mathbb{P}[X_s = y] = -\frac{\Lambda(x,y)}{\Lambda(x,x)}$$

We then repeat this process untill we reach the time of maturity $$(T)$$. This gives us a sample trajectory of the price process. We sample a large number of trajectories and for each sample we calculate the discounted payoff. The price of the option is then esitimated by the sample mean of the discounted payoffs.

### The model

As an example we chose Double-exponential jump diffusion process to model price process. We model the price process of the underlying asset $$S_t$$ by the following SDE $$M$$

$$\frac{\textrm{d}S_t}{S_{t^-}}= \left(r-d-\lambda\zeta\left(\frac{S_{t^-}}{S_0}\right)^\beta\right)\textrm{d}t + \left(\frac{S_{t^-}}{S_0}\right)^\beta\textrm{d}\Bigg(\sigma W_t + \sum_{i=1}^{N_t} (e^{K_i}-1)\Bigg),$$

where $$\beta\in\mathbb{R}$$, $$r$$ is the risk-free interest rate and $$d$$ is the dividend yield. Also $$W_t$$ is a standard Brownian motion, $$N_t$$ is a Poisson process with intensity $$\lambda$$ and $$K_1, K_2,\ldots$$ are i.i.d. with the double exponential density

$$f_K(k)=p\eta_1e^{-\eta_1k}\mathbb{I}_{\{k\geq 0\}} +(1-p)\eta_2 e^{-\eta_2k}\mathbb{I}_{\{k<0\}},$$

where $$\eta_1>1$$, $$\eta_2>0$$ and $$p\in[0,1]$$ and $$\zeta$$ is given by the expectation

$$\zeta = \mathbb{E}[e^{K_1} - 1] = \frac{p\eta_1}{\eta_1 -1} + \frac{(1-p)\eta_2}{\eta_2 +1} - 1.$$

following [1] the jump measure $$\nu$$ can be given by

$$\nu(x,\textrm{d}y)= \lambda\left(\frac{x}{S_0}\right)^\beta\Big(p\eta_1(y+1)^{-1-\eta_1}\mathbb{I}_{\{y\geq 0\}}+(1-p)\eta_2(y+1)^{\eta_2-1}\mathbb{I}_{\{y<0\}}\Big)\;\textrm{d}y.$$

Since $$y$$ is relative jump size we can write above application as

\begin{align*} \Lambda_J(x,x(1+y_i)) & = \lambda\left(\frac{x}{S_0}\right)^\beta\begin{cases} p\left((\alpha_x(y_{i-1})+1)^{-\eta_1}-(\alpha_x(y_i)+1)^{-\eta_1}\right) & 0\leq\alpha_x(y_{i-1}) \\ (1-p)\left((\alpha_x(y_i)+1)^{\eta_2}-(\alpha_x(y_{i-1})+1)^{-\eta_2}\right) & 0\geq\alpha_x(y_{i}) \\ p\left((\alpha_x(y_{i-1})+1)^{-\eta_1}-1\right) + (1-p)\left((\alpha_x(y_i)+1)^{\eta_2}-1\right) & \alpha_x(y_{i-1})<0<\alpha_x(y_i). \end{cases} \end{align*}


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+ A Despite lacking the dexterity of our modern trigonometric notation, it should be clear from the above corollaries that in Ptolemy's theorem (or more simply the Second Theorem) the ancient world had at its disposal an extremely flexible and powerful trigonometric tool which enabled the cognoscenti of those times to draw up accurate tables of chords (corresponding to tables of sines) and to use these in their attempts to understand and map the cosmos as they saw it. {\displaystyle 4R^{2}} 3 S {\displaystyle \Gamma } Complex Analysis In this part of the course we will study some basic complex analysis. {\displaystyle BD=2R\sin(\beta +\gamma )}  , only in a different order. Then γ C  . Category:Theorems in complex analysis. {\displaystyle \cos(x+y)=\cos x\cos y-\sin x\sin y} A {\displaystyle ABCD} A Subcategories. C  Let C A  , MA 201 Complex Analysis Lecture 14: Identity Theorem and Maximum Modulus Theorem Lecture 14 Zeros of analytic functions. − B , mean? 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C 2 D S B   and Theorem 3 (Theorema Tertium) and Theorem 5 (Theorema Quintum) in "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" are applications of Ptolemy's theorem to determine respectively "the chord subtending the arc whereby the greater arc exceeds the smaller arc" (ie sin(a-b)) and "when chords are given, the chord subtending the whole arc made up of them" ie sin(a+b). {\displaystyle A'B'+B'C'=A'C'.} Department of Mathematical Sciences Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø c Department of Mathematical Sciences 2012. {\displaystyle 2x} = A {\displaystyle CD=2R\sin \gamma } B {\displaystyle ABCD} α   R Here is what I am working at this moment: THE PTOLEMY-EULER THEOREM: For any four complex numbers a, b, c and d, the following identity is easy to verify: (a-b)(c-d) + (a-d)(b-c) = (a-c)*(b-d). θ θ 90 This special case is equivalent to Ptolemy's theorem. γ ⋅ C {\displaystyle \theta _{1}+\theta _{2}+\theta _{3}+\theta _{4}=180^{\circ }}   and   and θ Visual Complex Analysis Tristan Needham. C @JackD'Aurizio: Never mind about my question, I got it now. Simple quantitative analysis Simple qualitative analysis Tools to support data analysis Theoretical frameworks: grounded theory, distributed cognition, activity theory Presenting the findings: rigorous notations, stories, summaries . ′ = {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}={\frac {AB\cdot BC\cdot CA}{4R}}}. Why are/were there almost no tricycle-gear biplanes? 2 R θ − ¯ r 2 x C α {\displaystyle R} There are many proofs to Ptolemy's theorem. 1991 AIME Problems/Problem 14. Ptolemy’s theorem proof: In a Cyclic quadrilateral the product of measure of diagonals is equal to the sum of the product of measures of opposite sides. S ¯ ′ Then, Ptolemy's theorem says that a quadrilateral is male only if the sum of the product of opposite sides is equal to the product of the diagonals. Introduction to Complex Analysis gives advanced students an introduction to the theory of functions of a complex variable, a fundamental area of mathematics. B C = If the quadrilateral is self-crossing then K will be located outside the line segment AC. β 2 How to express the behaviour that someone who bargains with another don't make his best offer at the first time for less cost? Joseph Bak, Donald J. Newman, Complex Analysis, Second Edition, Springer-Verlag New York, 1996 1. C D z   and {\displaystyle R} 2 A D as in In particular if the sides of a pentagon (subtending 36° at the circumference) and of a hexagon (subtending 30° at the circumference) are given, a chord subtending 6° may be calculated. Please login to your account first; Need help? Ahlfors, Lars V. Complex Analysis: An Introduction to the Theory of Analytic Functions of One Complex Variable. How do I show that $Arg(z)$ is continuous on the complex plane except at the non positive real line? What you must KNOW about isosceles trapeziums & Ptolemy’s Theorem: An isosceles trapezium is a trapezium with equal non-parallel sides. , R Few details of Ptolemy's life are known. ( Ptolemy's Theorem; Sine, Cosine, and Ptolemy's Theorem; Useful Identities Among Complex Numbers; Ptolemy on Hinges; Thébault's Problem III; Van Schooten's and Pompeiu's Theorems; Ptolemy by Inversion α Here is what I am working at this moment: For any four complex numbers a, b, c and d, the following identity is easy to verify: By the triangle inequality, we obtain |a-b||c-d| + |a-d||b-c|> or =|a-c||b-d|. | | ′ It states that, for any four points A, B, C, and D, the following inequality holds: ¯ ⋅ ¯ + ¯ ⋅ ¯ ≥ ¯ ⋅ ¯. B , y ( z But what do arg{[(a-b)/(a-d)]}, arg{[(c-b)/(c-d)]} and arg{[(a-b)/(a-d)] / [(c-b)/(c-d)]} represent? Is there other way to perceive depth beside relying on parallax?  , then we have Reinhold Remmert, Theory of Complex Functions, Springer Verlag, 1991 5. y 2 B Use MathJax to format equations. A ′ = Can the US House/Congress impeach/convict a private citizen that hasn't held office? {\displaystyle \gamma } A numbered and allocated in four chapters corresponding to different subject areas: Complex. In the case of a circle of unit diameter the sides A We may then write Ptolemy's Theorem in the following trigonometric form: Applying certain conditions to the subtended angles {\displaystyle ABCD'} Ptolemy's theorem states the relationship between the diagonals and the sides of a cyclic quadrilateral. x θ 3 B | ) − and = ∞ √ C Note that if the quadrilateral is not cyclic then A', B' and C' form a triangle and hence A'B'+B'C'>A'C', giving us a very simple proof of Ptolemy's Inequality which is presented below. C {\displaystyle \theta _{2}=\theta _{4}} {\displaystyle r} and)),) and) −, −, = = . C  , it follows, Since opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral sum to {\displaystyle \sin(x+y)=\sin {x}\cos y+\cos x\sin y} B WHY DO WE ANALYZE DATA The purpose of analysing data is to obtain usable and useful information. ⋅ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } ) arg  90  , is defined by D θ ) The real numbers x and y are uniquely determined by the complex number x+iy, and are referred to as the real and imaginary parts of this complex number. A Pages: 613.  . I am working on an assignment proving Ptolemy Theorem using complex number, and I am looking at a textbook Complex Numbers and Geometry by Hahn. ∘ But (a-b)(c-d)/(a-d)(b-c) is a positive real number, it is so iff, [(a-b)/(a-d)] / [(c-b)/(c-d)] is a a negative real number, it is so iff, arg{[(a-b)/(a-d)] / [(c-b)/(c-d)]} = arg{[(a-b)/(a-d)]} - arg{[(c-b)/(c-d)]} congruence to pi (mod 2pi), If follows that a, b, c and d are cocyclic, ie., a, b, c and d are on the same circle or line and a and c are on the opposite sides of the chord joining b and d, which results in the alphabetical order (clockwise or counterclockwise. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. B  D R where equality holds if and only if the quadrilateral is cyclic. cos {\displaystyle D} ) A D y A + {\displaystyle ABCD'} Let ABCD be arranged clockwise around a circle in D {\displaystyle z_{A},\ldots ,z_{D}\in \mathbb {C} } θ Preface The present notes in complex function theory is an English translation of the notes I have been using for a number of years at the basic course about holomorphic functions at the University of Copenhagen. D The diagonals of an isosceles trapezium are equal. B {\displaystyle A'C'} ⋅ + + C θ γ Lecture notes files and readings. sin ) β 3 = D R [ A θ = ( ′ Merge Two Paragraphs with Removing Duplicated Lines. ′ This corollary is the core of the Fifth Theorem as chronicled by Copernicus following Ptolemy in Almagest. {\displaystyle {\frac {AC\cdot DC'\cdot r^{2}}{DA}}} , How much did J. Robert Oppenheimer get paid while overseeing the Manhattan Project? R  . The Theorem states that the product of the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the sum of the products of opposite sides. {\displaystyle \alpha } But in this case, AK−CK=±AC, giving the expected result. Workarounds? [5].J. ⋅ r R  , it follows, Therefore, set θ By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. z Since tables of chords were drawn up by Hipparchus three centuries before Ptolemy, we must assume he knew of the 'Second Theorem' and its derivatives. D C ↦ z ′ {\displaystyle \varphi =-\arg \left[(z_{A}-z_{B})(z_{C}-z_{D})\right]=-\arg \left[(z_{A}-z_{D})(z_{B}-z_{C})\right],} It states that, given a quadrilateral ABCD, then. Consequence: Knowing both the product and the ratio of the diagonals, we deduct their immediate expressions: An interesting article on the construction of a regular pentagon and determination of side length can be found at the following reference, To understand the Third Theorem, compare the Copernican diagram shown on page 39 of the, Learn how and when to remove this template message, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium: Page 37, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium: Liber Primus: Theorema Primum, A Concise Elementary Proof for the Ptolemy's Theorem, Proof of Ptolemy's Theorem for Cyclic Quadrilateral, Deep Secrets: The Great Pyramid, the Golden Ratio and the Royal Cubit, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy%27s_theorem&oldid=999981637, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 12 January 2021, at 22:53. Send-to-Kindle or Email . D Thank you anyway for your help. 2 ∈ Γ To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. C Being not very well versed in complex analysis, here are my questions: (a) What does (a-b), (a-d), etc. ′ C A hexagon is inscribed in a circle. ( ) = z Do they represent line ab, line ad, etc., in complex plane? , B  , Titchmarsh, The Theory of Functions, Oxford University Press, 1975 6. . B θ A A   have the same area. {\displaystyle \theta _{1}+\theta _{2}=\theta _{3}+\theta _{4}=90^{\circ }} B If there exists an in nite sequence fz kgˆD, such that f(z k) = 0; 8k 2N and z k!z 0 2D, f(z) = 0 for all z 2D: Proof.   be, respectively, in complex analysis considered early in his career the complex numbers simply as symbols −1. {\displaystyle \theta _{1},\theta _{2},\theta _{3}} The rectangle of corollary 1 is now a symmetrical trapezium with equal diagonals and a pair of equal sides. α θ = , = ∂ +, ∂. D Year: 1999.   and ( {\displaystyle \beta } ⋅  . DA, Q.E.D.[8]. ′ site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa.   has disappeared by dividing both sides of the equation by it.  , and the radius of the circle be 3 Mathematics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for people studying math at any level and professionals in related fields. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Q.E.D. | Thus we are looking for a condition to ensure that (a-b)(c-d)/(a-d)(b-c) is a positive real number. 4 1 2 ¯ {\displaystyle \theta _{4}} Government censors HTTPS traffic to our website. Then e Equating, we obtain the announced formula. fundamental theorems in complex analysis The following is a list of fundamental theorems in the subject of complex analysis (single complex variable). 4 Writing the area of the quadrilateral as sum of two triangles sharing the same circumscribing circle, we obtain two relations for each decomposition.   can be expressed as 2 as chronicled by Copernicus following Ptolemy in Almagest. Similarly the diagonals are equal to the sine of the sum of whichever pair of angles they subtend. These proofs are complicated! + {\displaystyle \theta _{1}=90^{\circ }} [4] H. Lee, Another Proof of the Erdos [5] O.Shisha, On Ptolemy’s Theorem, International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, 14.2(1991) p.410. {\displaystyle AD'} ′ α 3 MathJax reference. Five of the sides have length and the sixth, denoted by , has length . for those who are taking an introductory course in complex analysis. R D In Euclidean geometry, Ptolemy's inequality relates the six distances determined by four points in the plane or in a higher-dimensional space. z B 2 There are four proofs given to this theorem. {\displaystyle \theta _{4}} = Hence. Let  July 19, 2007: Recito Designer 1.0 Beta Released. ( arg {(a−b)/(a−d)} does not necessary means the angle between AB and AD. D − ′ Here is another, perhaps more transparent, proof using rudimentary trigonometry. Categories: Mathematics\\Applied Mathematicsematics. Find the sum of the lengths of the three diagonals that can be drawn from . A 2 B =  , for, respectively, The equation in Ptolemy's theorem is never true with non-cyclic quadrilaterals. β D − θ That is, + π theory Ptolemys-Theorem imports HOL Analysis:Multivariate-Analysis begin 1.1 Preliminaries 1.1.1 Additions to Rat theory hide-const (open) normalize 1. A  .  , lying on the same chord as 1 Basic Theorems of Complex Analysis 1.1 The Complex Plane A complex number is a number of the form x + iy, where x and y are real numbers, and i2 = −1. Why do small merchants charge an extra 30 cents for small amounts paid by credit card? 2 Later Arabi… θ − Then. =  C = A ′ Then   has the same edges lengths, and consequently the same inscribed angles subtended by 3 = Ptolemy’s Theorem”, Global J ournal of Advanced Research on Classical and Modern Geometries, Vol.2, I ssue 1, pp.20-25, 2013.  C In this video we take a look at a proof Ptolemy's Theorem and how it is used with cyclic quadrilaterals.  W. Derrick, J. Herstein, Proof Without Words: Ptolemy's Theorem, The College Mathematics Journal, v 43, n 5, November 2012, p 386 Ptolemy's Theorem. A C θ {\displaystyle AB,BC} Let = C z D ⋅ ¨ – Mordell Theorem, Forum Geometricorum, 1(2001) pp.7 – 8. Solution . In Euclidean geometry, Ptolemy's theorem is a relation between the four sides and two diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral (a quadrilateral whose vertices lie on a common circle).   , 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {AB\cdot DB'\cdot r^{2}}{DA}}} ISBN: 9780070006577. Following the trail of ancient astronomers, history records the star catalogue of Timocharis of Alexandria. ) y 1 D Length of the arc of locus of a complex number, Show that the real part of complex number is $-1$, Closed curve not passing origin and winding number (complex analysis). ⋅ = {\displaystyle A'B',B'C'}   and  B , B 4 ′  , β   and ), ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.  ′ − We will extend the notions of derivatives and integrals, familiar from calculus, to the case of complex functions of a complex variable. sin = C … C 1 Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. = 2 180 θ = Nachdem du jetzt über das Basiswissen für deine Abiturprüfung Bescheid weißt, können wir uns nun dem Verfassen deiner Analyse, dem Hauptteil deiner Abiturklausur widmen.. May I ask professors to reschedule two back to back night classes from 4:30PM to 9:00PM? 4 B   of radius A {\displaystyle A,B,C} B   and How can I defeat a Minecraft zombie that picked up my weapon and armor? , Q.E.D. In a cycic quadrilateral ABCD, let the sides AB, BC, CD, DA be of lengths a, b, c, d, respectively. | New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1979. B   yields Ptolemy's equality. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. ′ ¯ Then Is it always one nozzle per combustion chamber and one combustion chamber per nozzle? y {\displaystyle D'}   is : D = = −, = =, = − − | ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ = ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ − + = = that = − = = =, = − ∂ − ∂ ∂ ∂ + = ∂ − ∂ =, = √ = √ = = √. z I am working on an assignment proving Ptolemy Theorem using complex number, and I am looking at a textbook Complex Numbers and Geometry by Hahn. sin D γ ( A = B File: PDF, 14.40 MB. Define a new quadrilateral Then:[9]. 2 , which is the angle between AB and AD = θ 4 { \displaystyle _... 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# Talk:Prime-counting function

WikiProject Mathematics (Rated C-class, Mid-priority)
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This is a very strange stub. The format does not fit very well with other math articles, the style is rather poor, and there is an accuracy issue as well (this is what has prevented me from expanding the stub). If I am reading everything correctly, the "recent" discovery is a modified/obfuscated Legendre-Meissel recursion (we're just counting composite numbers by inclusion-exclusion). Suggestions?

Alodyne 01:06, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Edited to handle points of dispute.

This unusual and not terribly effective formula is the work of sci.math denizen James S. Harris, who has produced a large body of work of dubious quality. This morning, he wrote (on sci.math):

As an experiment I put my prime counting function on the Wikipedia writing the entire article. You could see how a concise prime counting function fits nicely in an encyclopedia artice, and I saw it as an opportunity to see if the math world could behave at all like expected.

The usual dispute with James Harris is over the quality and relevance of his work. The quality or relevance is, however, quite irrelevant to its appropriateness here, since its the manner of its appearance is directly contrary to Wikipedia policies (specifically, the policy against self-promotion).

That said, having a page on prime-counting functions (with, for instance, Legendre's method) is a good idea. An internal link to the Prime Number Theorem would be worth having, but redirecting seems misleading, since the Prime Number Theorem provides only an approximate count. --Jake 18:18, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

Hey, I have an unusual situation in that mathematicians are refusing to acknowledge a correct and interesting mathematical result, which also happens to fit easily into a relatively small encyclopedia article. Notice the disparagement in Wildstrom's comments, when the formula itself is just math.

I emphasize that Wildstrom felt it necessary to disparage. I'm not dealing with people who are behaving objectively from the math world, but they are very emotional on this subject and refusing to just acknowledge a correct mathematical result. It's personal for me as the discoverer, but it remains to be seen why it's so personal to them.

I have what is an actual prime counting function. It is easily derived, but I derived it, and apparently mathematicians have decided for that reason they will never acknowledge it.

I plead a special case here as look at the current article and consider how abstruse it is, versus my article.

Also note that no one not an expert in the field could actually count primes with the current article, but my formula allows a non-expert in the field to actually do so, plus I give the additional information about the prime number theorem and current research.

I say that mathematicians are just being weird here, and obviously, if mathematicians refuse to acknowledge a correct and easily proven result, then I run into a problem putting up a citation!

JSH 18:56, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I've added a normal sort of prime-counting function page, which I may expand on. Gene Ward Smith 02:26, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Consider, the page was reverted back to the redirect and then there was no prime counting function article for a while, until after I mentioned my experiment on the sci.math newsgroup THEN someone came to try and write an article versus just leaving the re-direct to the prime number theorem.

Now compare their abstruse, hard to understand prime counting function article, which does not contain a formula that a non-expert can use, with my own, and the real issue here I think is a bizarre case of mathematicians fighting to not acknowledge a correct result.

The rules limiting to cited research don't handle a situation where the experts are not behaving as expected with an easily derived math formula, where correctness is not in doubt.

JSH 18:56, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think the article needs to have the methods of getting an exact count on prime numbers (other than a brute-force sieve), or either a link to a page that has that information. Bubba73 22:05, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Most of the methods for counting prime numbers, especially the ones actually used, are too involved for an encyclopedia article. My prime counting function is distinctive in that it's short enough for an article, while it is slow, though a fast algorithm derived from it is even smaller, so it is small enough with a fast algorithm to fit in an article.

But my research isn't published in a math journal, so I'm not supposed to put it up. And don't think I could put it up anyway without people coming out of the woodworks to tear it back down as math people are VERY active in fighting my research, mostly relying on personal attacks, like you can see earlier on this talk page.

The real math field is nothing like what many of you probably think it's like, as people are very committed to promoting their careers and academics see amateurs like myself, especially in very high profile areas like prime numbers as not helpful to their own careers.

For instance, I had a paper on a different subject though still number theory published in a peer reviewed electronic math journal and people from sci.math got together and mounted an email campaign against it and the journal folded, pulling my paper, which they could try to do being an electronic journal, though it is unheard of.

So I have the message loud and clear from the mainstream math world which is they will not accept my work despite it being correct, and the rest of the world does not matter.

It's my math, as far as they're concerned, and what's my math is to be rejected without regard to its mathematical importance.

Of course, it's annoying to me, but the world pays the price, though someday I guess, as has happened with past research fought by some group or other it will be "discovered" and I'll just be another story to add to a long list of people with major results who had to fight against the established "experts" who saw their efforts as a threat.

Nothing changes in this area. People don't learn from history.

JSH 21:21, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

What amazes me is how easily math people get away with dumb crap, like writing an article on counting prime numbers that doesn't actually show you known methods to count prime numbers.

The authors of this article just glancingly mention "arithmetic" methods only go off on a tangent talking about work related to the Riemann Hypothesis.

For those who want to see actual "arithmetic" prime counting formulas see the much better article at MathWorld:

I've sat and waited and waited, hoping that someone from the math community would step up and do the service of writing a real article on prime counting for the Wikipedia, but the math community doesn't care.

Compare the MathWorld article to Wikipedia and see what I mean.

JSH 04:10, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Oh, and hey, I think it's worth it to compare both articles to my own reverted article:

My article also talked about figures from the history of prime counting, like Gauss and Chebyshev while the current Wikipedia article acts as if prime counting started in the late 1800's with Riemann!

It's bizarre how bad that article is--like, not even mentioning Gauss??!!!--and how the community here is tolerating that, especially given that it was a reaction article from Usenet, when I talked about having written the first prime counting function article for Wikipedia, as before there was a re-direct.

My guess is that some college students fixated on the Riemann Hypothesis as it's the big thing now wrote the article, and being kids they don't appreciate, or maybe even don't know the rich history in this area, which the interested reader can get more of at the MathWorld article, or hey, at mine.

And them not mentioning Euler or Chebyshev is just amazing to me, as Euler is the one who presented the zeta function, and Chebyshev is the one who did the early limit work that others built upon, so these students--assuming they were--might not have been doing in-depth studies OR their teachers aren't doing their jobs.

JSH 15:43, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

And finally the article has been updated!!! So a lot of my past criticisms no longer apply.

Intriguingly though, some of the updates include an interesting sieve function which is, it turns out, very closely related to my own prime counting function, and looks a lot like one key piece of it.

In any event, I'm just happy a fuller article was finally written.

JSH 21:31, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

## Riemann's counting function

In the section on other counting functions, J(x) is given as

${\displaystyle J(x)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\pi (x^{\frac {1}{n}})}$

shouldn't that be

${\displaystyle J(x)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n}}\pi (x^{\frac {1}{n}})}$

? --Monguin61 01:52, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

## Explicit formula

Does anyone know what definition of Li is used in the Riemann-von Mangoldt formula? -- EJ 20:01, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Nevermind, I found it here: [1]. It is quite a mess, actually. I'll try to fix the article later. -- EJ 18:02, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

To me the experiment all along has been to see if information in and of itself has a chance to get picked up and acknowledged.

It does not. It has to be promoted. It has to be pushed forward against resistance.

You need to be a politician as well as a discoverer or you're just waiting and hoping until some politician picks up your ideas and promotes them, which is a lesson from history as well.

Ideas don't get picked up because of their inherent value, but their value is only seen by groups as a result of the efforts of some people to promote them.

Politics is a crucial part of the researchers' toolkit.

Moving forward as I look to more social ways to make the information enticing, and to excite the imaginations of people about that information, I want it part of the record that knowledge in and of itself, is not enough.

The reality of getting results known is a political process. You have to promote, campaign, and figure out some way to excite people about the information you have, no matter how huge it is.

I know how big my find is, and how much ground in prime research it covers, but none of that matters to the simple ability of most people to just not notice.

That's the real lesson here, and I think that ends my experiment.

JSH 18:06, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

## Comparison Plot

here is a comparison plot (ratios) of n/ln(n),Riemann pcf,actual and the approx found on main page (round[exp(x-A*z+B)])

[2] Comparison plot

Now, a power fit to the first 3 significant digits provides the following approx:

#primes ~ 504.47/(logN**1.0434)      [w/ user adding the appropriate power of 10]

Thus, for N=23, the eqn returns 19.1 with E20 implied

This approx uses data for n>=10^6 and returns a value within 1% of the actual.

Realizing that the denominator power likely is tending towards unity, and reworking gives

#primes ~ 1.022*N/lnN

This approx returns a value within 1% of the actual for n>=10^14.--Billymac00 20:57, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

the above estimates primepi(10^27) as 16438850389078643254053843. However, a completely different approach (3/21/2015) estimates 16921932166972187992181811.

Both are within the lower and upper bounds available at 1

## Questioning controversy

With natural numbers x and n, where ${\displaystyle p_{i}}$ is the i_th prime then

${\displaystyle P(x,n)=x-1-\sum _{i=1}^{n}{(P(x/p_{i},i-1)-(i-1))}}$

where if n is greater than the count of primes up to and including ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {x}}}$ then n is reset to that count.

P(x,n), with n equal to the count of primes up and including ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {x}}}$ is the count of prime numbers up to and including x and that is just a simple formula that can be related to what was previously known in the field. More compact than anything else similar in the prime counting area.

The fully mathematicized form of the prime counting function shown above, where you don't find find a list of primes first--because the formula finds the primes on its own--is, if ${\displaystyle y\leq {\sqrt {x}}}$ then

${\displaystyle P(x,y)=\mathrm {floor} (x)-1-\sum _{k=2}^{y}{((P(x/k,k-1)-P(k-1,{\sqrt {k-1}}))(P(k,{\sqrt {k}})-P(k-1,{\sqrt {k-1}})))}}$

else ${\displaystyle P(x,y)=P(x,{\sqrt {x}})}$.

Either way gives the same count of prime numbers, of course, but the fully mathematicized form doesn't need to be given a list of primes up to ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {x}}}$, which is how this formula is crucially different from what was previously known in the field.

So you get simplicity one way--compare with prime counting functions on the main page--and complexity another way that does something never seen before, and that should add up to mathematical interest for the math community.

Yes, I've contacted mathematicians including mathematicians leaders in the field in this area, and just any mathematician I could try to get to pay attention and even none mathematicians. I've also tried to get these results published in a mathematical journal, to no avail.

Turning to the web and Usenet I've gotten ridicule which has been sharp, personal and often cruel with more energy directed the more I question the current math community's behavior, and there seems to be no way to stop them. It's like they have absolute power and are willing to use it to block whatever suits them to block.

When before I would have assumed that math was just of so much interest to members of that community that they embraced new results, whatever the source.

And you can see similarities to what was previously known but it IS different in key ways. However, I discovered that formula a few years ago and ran into a wall from the math community simply refusing to properly acknowledge or record it. They behave like they own math and attack people they see as interlopers, refusing to acknowledge information from outsiders and when you have people breaking rules in such a wacky way, what can you do?

I tried writing a page that showed the more complex form of that equation, which is the fully mathematicized version and you can see at the top of this discussion page how well that went over, but hey, I'm desperate. Math people are just saying no, refusing to acknowledge a simple formula that counts primes that is different in special ways from what was previously known and there seems to be nothing I can do about it. JSH 02:37, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

HI..james although i'm not a teacher i find your article interesting could you give your mail?? or similar for contact ?? i would like to take a look at your article. --Karl-H 14:46, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

James, as your humble archivist, you know I cling to your every word. So you make it really difficult when you start flinging your words around the internet like this. Besides, it is clear that this talk page is not an appropriate forum. It's for discussing editorial decisions regarding the article, not for drumming up support for original research.
Come on now. Let's return to our usual settings. Thanks much. Phiwum 03:26, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

But, as to your formula, my favorite part is the "floor(x)" where x is a natural number. Shouldn't that be "floor(ceiling(abs(x+1-1)))"? Or, I guess x would also work since it's a nonnegative integer and floor, ceiling, absolute value and adding and subtracting 1 each all do nothing to it.

## The tetralectic who?

An unregistered editor added a link to the Tetralectic constant page. That page gives a "famous" result prove in 2006. The only references are to Yahoo search results, which I did not wade through. Google comes up empty for both "Tetralectic constant" and "Tetralectic theorem". Is this a real result? If so, maybe someone can clean up that very young article. If not, perhaps a CfD is in order. Phiwum 15:11, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

"Tetralectic constant" was poor OR and deleted 6 December 2006 after Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Tetralectic_constant. PrimeHunter 11:42, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

## Lehmer and prime counting function

I'm not quite sure that this is relevant - but I'll post it anyway. I seem to remember (from reading one of the Berndt/Ramanujan volumes) that Derrick Lehmer's values for ${\displaystyle \pi (x)}$ were out by unity - because (for some reason best known to himself) Lehmer took unity itself to be prime. Does this have any relevance to his contributions? Hair Commodore 19:22, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

A few yrs ago I chatted with an analytic # theory professor with a PhD from Berkeley, and I asked her about Lehmer: "Is he the guy who always said 1 is prime?" She smiled and said "1 is prime." Everyone laughed and somebody said 'It's a Berkeley thing." --I sometimes wonder if the analytic # theorists have some reason for wanting 1 prime to make some formulas or theorems in their area work better. Of course, 'regular' # theory wants 1 to be neither prime nor composite to make the Fundamental theorem of arithmetic work.Rich 05:49, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

## What about the sum of the primes less than x?

Does anyone know what work has been done on that? And sum of squares of primes less than x, etc? (Analogy with divisor functions) Perhaps Wikipedia could have an article on it.Rich 05:22, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

## Archiving JSH

Although the page is not that large, JSH's apparent failure to sign his missives suggest that we move them to a subpage so we can sign them for him. Sections 0 (most of, anyway), 2, and 4 seem to be JSH's. I'm not saying that JSH's formulas are wrong, but they're self-published repeating multiple times, and, being 2-d recursive, not particularly notable, even if apparently fairly simple. Any comments? — Arthur Rubin | (talk) 16:32, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

• someone removed the formula:
${\displaystyle \pi (x)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (x)}{n}}J(x^{1/n})}$

In fact this appears in [[3]] but with different name (they call it f(x) instead of J(x) ) --Karl-H 18:34, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

The formula already appeared a few lines further down. — Arthur Rubin | (talk) 22:51, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
Nope, I was wrong. I've re-added, and removed second reference to Möbius inversion. Sorry about that. — Arthur Rubin | (talk) 22:57, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

## Requested move

Michael Hardy has moved [4] this article from Prime counting function to Prime-counting function without prior discussion. I suggest to move it back per Wikipedia:Naming conventions#Use common names of persons and things. The form without hyphen seems much more common and it's the only form I have found in the online references in the article. Michael Hardy does apparently not dispute that the form with hyphen is less common, but he thinks the hyphen makes the name easier to understand and should be included for that reason. See the discussion at User talk:Michael Hardy#Prime counting function. PrimeHunter 16:34, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

### discussion copied from user page

#### Prime counting function

I see "prime counting function" more often than "prime-counting function". I just did a Google scholar search where the former was also more common. I think this name change is controversial and should be discussed first. PrimeHunter 00:01, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Here's something I said about hyphens on the discussion page of another article I moved:
This article's title, Guyou hemisphere in a square projecction, sounded as if it was about something called a Guyou hemisphere that was in something called a square projection. After reading a bit, I realized that was not what was meant. That's why I added the hyphens. Yet another case of how hyphens can be magnificently efficient in conveying information, and why it is to be regretted that their use is often no longer taught. Michael Hardy 12:56, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
That's also the only reason the hyphen was omitted in this case. Michael Hardy 00:09, 7 July 2007 (UTC)
Editors could often argue a lot about what is the "best" name by their own preference. I think we should follow Wikipedia:Naming conventions#Use common names of persons and things. I just looked at the online references in prime-counting function and didn't find a single hyphen. Wikipedia is here to report what sources say and not to promote an agenda - not even an apparantly harmless one like increasing the use of hyphens. PrimeHunter 00:34, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Hyphens are something everyone's accustomed to seeing since they're still used in the traditional way in newspapers, magazines, and books, and this particular hyphen, like many hyphens, aids understanding. "Prime counting funnction" could be taken by the reader to mean one of many "counting functions", singled out as the "prime" one. But that is not what is meant. The hyphen makes that clear. Michael Hardy 15:17, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

I have suggested to move back at Talk:Prime-counting function#Requested move. PrimeHunter 16:35, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

## Table of π(x), x / ln x, and Li(x)

The significance of the differences between π(x) and x / ln x, and π(x) and Li(x), depends on the magnitude of the values, and as the numbers get large it's increasingly difficult to tell by eye how significant these differences actually are. Suggest replacing with a table that in some suitable way shows the relative error. This would be more useful for getting a quick idea of how accurate the approximations are. Matt 19:55, 2 January 2008 (UTC).

#### Prime Counting Function With arctan

About 3/4 of the way down the page is a formula for pi(x) that has an arctan in it. Is this formula true? I cannot find it in the literature. Does anyone have a reference for it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by MathPerson (talkcontribs) 18:39, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

## Might be useful?

the mobius numbers satisfy sum mu(n)/n=0 and this explains why the literature defines the R-function with either li or Li — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:1620:C0:64:21C:61FF:FE03:A4C (talk) 07:49, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

## 'log' and 'ln'

I don't think the decimal logarithm is being used at all in this article, so somebody with time should--if s/he knows the wikipedia standard--make all uses here one or the other.204.108.237.194 (talk) 20:09, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

## Better prime counting formula

a better basic prime counting formula is proposed as follows:

${\displaystyle \pi (x)=\alpha .x^{\beta }\quad {\textrm {with:}}\quad \alpha =0.0777498457\quad and\quad \beta =0.9732770961}$

The error in this calculation ranges mostly between -4% to +4% for x below 1E+25 and seems to be better than the pure version of the Logarithmic Integral x/lnx.

Chrisdecorte (talk) 15:40, 11 September 2013 (UTC)

This is original research so it doesn't belong in the article. Anyway, over large ranges your approximation is far worse than x/ln(x).
The prime number theorem says ${\displaystyle \lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {\pi (x)}{x/\ln(x)}}=1}$.
Your approximation has ${\displaystyle \lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {\pi (x)}{\alpha .x^{\beta }}}=\infty }$.
For a specific small range you can choose α and β to match that range OK, but it always breaks down over large ranges. π(x) simply doesn't grow like that. This is a proven fact so it's no use trying to find the "right" α and β. At http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/primenumbers/conversations/messages/25295 I gave data computed by PARI/GP for other α and β suggested by you. Here it is for your above values:
// http://oeis.org/A006880 Number of primes < 10^n
{A006880=[4,25,168,1229,9592,78498,664579,5761455,50847534,
455052511,4118054813,37607912018,346065536839,3204941750802,
29844570422669,279238341033925,2623557157654233,24739954287740860,
234057667276344607,2220819602560918840,21127269486018731928,
201467286689315906290,1925320391606803968923,
18435599767349200867866,176846309399143769411680];}

c(x)=0.0777498457*x^0.9732770961;
\p 5
print("x, pi(x)/c(x), pi(x)/(x/log(x)), pi(x)/(x/(log(x)-1))");
for(n=1,#A006880,x=10^n;p=A006880[n];\
print("10^"n" "p/c(x)" "p/(x/log(x))" "p/(x/(log(x)-1))));

x, pi(x)/c(x), pi(x)/(x/log(x)), pi(x)/(x/(log(x)-1))
10^1 5.4712 0.92103 0.52103
10^2 3.6365 1.1513 0.90129
10^3 2.5988 1.1605 0.99250
10^4 2.0218 1.1320 1.0091
10^5 1.6781 1.1043 1.0084
10^6 1.4605 1.0845 1.0060
10^7 1.3149 1.0712 1.0047
10^8 1.2123 1.0613 1.0037
10^9 1.1378 1.0537 1.0029
10^10 1.0829 1.0478 1.0023
10^11 1.0422 1.0430 1.0019
10^12 1.0122 1.0391 1.0015
10^13 0.99050 1.0359 1.0013
10^14 0.97553 1.0332 1.0011
10^15 0.96607 1.0308 1.0010
10^16 0.96126 1.0288 1.0008
10^17 0.96046 1.0270 1.0007
10^18 0.96319 1.0254 1.0006
10^19 0.96908 1.0240 1.0006
10^20 0.97785 1.0227 1.0005
10^21 0.98929 1.0216 1.0005
10^22 1.0032 1.0206 1.0004
10^23 1.0196 1.0196 1.0004
10^24 1.0383 1.0188 1.0004
10^25 1.0592 1.0180 1.0003
All you have done with the new α and β is change the small range where the approximation is OK. Now it is around 1012 to 1013. PrimeHunter (talk) 23:33, 11 September 2013 (UTC)

I checked it again for these bigger numbers and your remark might be correct. Therefore I temporarily suggest following improved formula:

${\displaystyle \pi (x)={\alpha .x^{\beta }.10^{(\gamma -x)}+x/\ln x \over 1+10^{(\gamma -x)}}\quad {\textrm {with:}}\quad \alpha =0.2083666\quad \beta =0.9294465\quad \gamma =1E+10}$

Chrisdecorte (talk) 03:11, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

Still no. Fitting polynomials is the wrong thing to do here, and by making your guesswork more complicated you're merely hiding its incorrectness rather than making actual progress. The error in the x/log x approximation is known and does not have the form you show. Rather, there is a small error (but still larger than your correction terms) coming from approximating the prime-counting function by the logarithmic integral (see the History section of this article) and larger error terms coming from the approximation of the logarithmic integral by x/log x: see Logarithmic integral function#Asymptotic expansion. —David Eppstein (talk) 18:10, 13 September 2013 (UTC)
Yes, and I wonder whether you really meant your expression to contain 1010000000000−x. That's not practical. PrimeHunter (talk) 18:19, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

I really appreciate your feedback and I could come back with a new attempt replacing x/lnx in my last formula with 10^(0.9732770526*LOG10(x)-1.10929958) which is the linear approach for values between 1E+10 and 1E+25 and which is better than x/lnx in 7 out of the 16 examples. However, who will tell how things will progress (far) after 1E+25??? Actually, what puzzles me most is how Riemann could find the expression x/lnx ... Chrisdecorte (talk) 19:32, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

As demonstrated above, x/(log(x)-1) is a good improvement over x/log(x), and it's known to remain good: If f(x) is defined as the function which makes π(x) = x/(log(x)-f(x)), then it's proven that f(x) tends to 1. I'm guessing your increasingly complicated expressions are worse than the simple x/(log(x)-1). PrimeHunter (talk) 22:52, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

The f(x) that is talked about above should fit following couples: x f(x) 1E+05 1.085196823 1E+10 1.05037 1E+12 1.04087 1E+19 1.02460 1E+25 1.01835

This corresponds with approximations like: f(x)= 1.0886089228x-0.0012909804 or f(x)= -0.0013531392*ln(x) + 1.0881210617 Chrisdecorte (talk) 05:56, 17 September 2013 (UTC)

Chris and others, could I respectfully suggest that this discussion be taken somewhere other than Wikipedia? Neither this talk page, nor anywhere else on Wikipedia, is for discussing unpublished mathematical theorems and methods. There are a number of mailing lists, newsgroups, and web forums where this sort of discussion could continue. —Psychonaut (talk) 20:31, 17 September 2013 (UTC)

## Unusable But ...

from Formula for primes Talk, someone posted this eq'n, which quickly is unruly but it seems to work. I show in the format for Pari: PrimePi(n) = 2+sum(x=5,n,(floor( (x!/x^2)-floor(x!/x^2)+0.3 ))). --Billymac00 (talk) 23:46, 29 July 2014 (UTC)

## Request to add a li based formula.

I request that the formula that was removed be put back. In the words of user Sapphorain: "the proposed formula was just an imprecise reformulation of the formula for Pi_0 just above". In that case, a formal citation should not be needed.

I propose to add (right below "An extensive table of the values of Δ(x) is available."):

"""There is also a logarithmic integral based formula for the prime counting function.

${\displaystyle \pi (x)=li(x)-log(2)-\sum _{k=2}{\frac {\pi (x^{1/k})}{k}}-\sum _{\rho }li(x^{\rho })+\int _{x}^{\infty }dt/(t*(t^{2}-1)*log(t))}$

This formula is interesting with its recursive pi(x) calls (requiring negligible computation), and has only one li(x) term per zeta zero. It may be better suited for computer calculations. The final term can be included for correctness, but is always smaller than 1/(2*x^2*log(x)), and can be removed in calculations because of its small size."""

NumberCurious (talk) 00:45, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

Most of the things you want to say about this formula ("interesting"..."negligible computation"..."better suited for computer calculations"..."always smaller and can be removed") require reliable sources. And if we omit saying these things (because they're unsourced) there isn't much left of interest. —David Eppstein (talk) 00:57, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

Sources: riemann_pi.gp (original publishing of the formula), paper using formula (page 8 in particular, which demonstrates the correctness of the formula), and the (July, August, September 2014) addition to the Google code project "primecounter", which is a complete reprogramming of the formula, with optional modifications and error tables.
How shall we proceed?
NumberCurious (talk) 04:36, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

We could start by you telling us the peer-reviewed mathematics journals those were published in. Because otherwise they don't look reliable for this material. —David Eppstein (talk) 05:38, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

It was stated above that the proposed formula is a reformulation of a formula already on the page (we don't need a peer-reviewed mathematics journal for a single mathematical step). The formula is interesting in that it is "logarithmic integral based", not requiring the Riemann prime counting function or the Gram series. A series or asymptotic expansion can be used (both on the logarithmic integral page). Code has been provided. Any reviewer can run this code and verify the formula. The four color theorem comes to mind, which used exhaustive computer search. I am stating computer verification of the formula as a source. I also believe that the page would be better with the formula than without.

NumberCurious (talk) 18:57, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

The proposed formula is a trivial (and imprecise) reformulation of the formula just above, i.e.
${\displaystyle \Pi _{0}(x)\left(=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n}}\pi _{0}(x^{1/n})\right)=\operatorname {li} (x)-\sum _{\rho }\operatorname {li} (x^{\rho })-\ln 2+\int _{x}^{\infty }{\frac {dt}{t(t^{2}-1)\ln t}},}$
and there is thus no reason nor interest to mention it in addition. Even with the four colour theorem in mind. Sapphorain (talk) 19:38, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

I believe we have a minor typo, the capital pi, ${\displaystyle \Pi }$ is being used for the Riemann prime counting function, a lower case pi, ${\displaystyle \pi }$ is being used for the prime counting function. We need to change the capital character in the formula to a lowercase letter. This typo confused me. I would correct the typo myself right now, but considering the controversy of my proposed addition, I will leave it to someone else to make the correction. To be precise, the formula with the typo is:

${\displaystyle \Pi _{0}(x)=\operatorname {li} (x)-\sum _{\rho }\operatorname {li} (x^{\rho })-\ln 2+\int _{x}^{\infty }{\frac {dt}{t(t^{2}-1)\ln t}}.}$
which is in the "Formulas for prime-counting functions" section.

NumberCurious (talk) 00:39, 17 June 2016 (UTC)

It is not a typo. It is a different function. The distinction between the two different functions given by lowercase and uppercase pi is explained in the section "Other prime-counting functions". —David Eppstein (talk) 00:50, 17 June 2016 (UTC)

I believe that a subtle error is being made. I have used the formula in two major computing projects, to compute the prime counting function, not Riemann's prime counting function. Shall I correct the mistake? NumberCurious (talk) 18:09, 17 June 2016 (UTC)

## Re-instatement of inequality limits edit

I have re-instated the edit by Drriemann. His original edit has merit. It was removed by Sławomir Biały because it was primary/self-published source material. If you disagree with my re-instatement please state why the published article in arXiv is not reliable. It looks sound to me. Frank M Jackson (talk) 12:26, 25 June 2016 (UTC)

Arxiv is not a peer-reviewed reliable source. Furthermore, typically original research articles are primary sources (e.g., for a theorem proven in that spurce), while Wikipedia should be based on secondary sources. Sławomir Biały (talk) 12:44, 25 June 2016 (UTC)
I agree that the their paper in Arxiv appears to be a primary source but we cannot be certain. It may have been publish originally in the maths dept at Bristol University with proper peer-review. Certainly the authors would not be allowed 300 hours of running time on nodes of the University of Bristol’s Bluecrystal cluster if they were not carrying out peer-reviewed research. I have read the article and my view is that the original edit should remain. Frank M Jackson (talk)
So, we agree that it is a primary self-published source. Our guidelines therefore suggest that the source is not appropriate for the encyclopedia. Sławomir Biały (talk) 13:24, 25 June 2016 (UTC)
No, I have said that it "appears" to be a primary self-published source and I have given you reason for doubting this. All wikipedia rules are not black and white. These rules should not be applied pedantically. However, if you genuinely believe that the original edit and paper have no merit revert my edit. If you do I will not pursue the matter further but I think that you will diminish the article. Frank M Jackson (talk) 13:55, 25 June 2016 (UTC)

It is a primary self-published source, by definition. There's very little room for interpretation. True, there are shades of grey sometimes, but this isn't one of those. Sławomir Biały (talk) 14:04, 25 June 2016 (UTC)

Arxiv is not at all a reliable source. It is not peer-reviewed (some cranks have been able to publish their complete works on it). If this result is sound and valuable, there is no doubt it will eventually be published in a good peer-reviewed journal, and be reviewed by MathSciNet and Zbl. Then, and only then, it can be mentioned in a wikipedia article. In the meantime it is not proved encyclopedic, must be deleted, and I will delete it now. The argument that it "may have been published originally at the maths dept at Bristol University with proper peer-review" is ridiculous: nobody publishes a paper at Arxiv after publishing it in a good journal! And even if it were the case, we need a good source to prove that before we can mention the paper. Sapphorain (talk) 19:58, 26 June 2016 (UTC)
Gentlemen, I have looked on Google scholar for the paper in question and have found that is has been officially published by Experimental Mathematics, 2015 - Taylor & Francis. The paper has been cited 3 times according to Google Scholar. See
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10586458.2014.990118?journalCode=uexm20
This goes to show that one should not delete edits from the standpoint that it "appears" to be primary/self-published source material simply because the paper has been downloaded to ArXiv by one of its authors. Of course, I should have investigated further as to which journal it had been published so as to support my original re-instatement.
Can one of you please re-instate the edit so that the paper referenced in the article is properly cited and can be downloaded? Thanks. Frank M Jackson (talk) 19:51, 27 June 2016 (UTC)
Yes, it is true that a corrected version of the paper has appeared in Exp. Math 24, 3 (2015), 289-294, and that it has been now reviewed by MathSciNet. So I agree that the reference to this version [5] can be reproduced by wikipedia (and not the ArXiv version: the result is not exactly the same). The paper can of course not be downloaded, however: this publication is not free, and wikipedia is not a university maths department! Sapphorain (talk) 22:13, 27 June 2016 (UTC)
Regarding the statement that "one should not delete edits from the standpoint that it "appears" to be primary/self-published source material simply because the paper has been downloaded to ArXiv by one of its authors" my point of view is that it is exactly the other way around: it should on the contrary be deleted without delay unless a proof is provided that it has been published in a good journal. As it happens, the ArXiv version does not appear reliable in this case and thus its mention is not acceptable here. Sapphorain (talk) 22:32, 27 June 2016 (UTC)
I'm not sure I agree with the statement that MR reviews are a necessary and sufficient condition for inclusion (that was also recently made about another one of Drriemann's contributions, which was also a Dudek reference). Ideally a secondary source should be better than an MR review, like a peer-reviewed scholarly source that discusses the work in context. MR reviews do not rise to that standard: they are not peer reviewed, and generally do not make evaluative claims. 00:25, 28 June 2016 (UTC)
In many cases MR "reviews" merely copy the abstract of the paper. Only the ones with a listed reviewer, and original text, should be counted as sources at all. —David Eppstein (talk) 01:07, 28 June 2016 (UTC)
Yes, I agree that an MR review all by itself is not sufficient, and that it should not be a reproduction of the abstract (in this case it is original text, by Raul Duran Diaz). Ideally, we should wait until this article is in turn cited as reference in another paper reviewed by MR. Given the nature of the result, which entirely settles under the RH an inequality of Ramanujan, I am convinced that this will eventually be the case, probably very soon. But we can wait until this happens. Sapphorain (talk) 07:17, 28 June 2016 (UTC)

This is a paper with the that deals with ${\displaystyle \pi ^{2}(x)}$ Ramanujan formula.

The link stated with this formula must be the wrong book. Try to check if it should be book four instead of three. I do not have them so I can not.

The slightly later 2013 paper indicates it is in Berndt part IV. Indeed, it is in chapter 24, pages 112-113 of that book, shown as "Entry 2 (p. 310)". It also references the work of Wheeler ("An inequality of Ramanujan") and Keiper/Galway (no direct refernce) doing calculations related to this. DAJ NT (talk) 21:08, 27 February 2018 (UTC)

## Recent work of Kristyan

I noticed this work 1, and while I cannot speak to the paper's quality, the formula offered seems to work well through the 10^27 entry of the article. I just make note of it...--Billymac00 (talk) 00:23, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

Why not just use the logarithmic integral? I mean, sure, using another term in the asymptotic expansion will help, although it's a little silly to claim that it's counting the twin primes (especially since the next term has coefficient 1, not 2). But sure, whatever approximation works for you! - CRGreathouse (t | c) 17:14, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

I add a Link to this Talk, because if you searce in German for π(x) there is only a Link to the German page of Prime number theorem Steedmarks (talk) 09:33, 16 October 2018 (UTC)

We don't link to talk pages in See also sections so I reverted it. I'm not sure what you mean but this is the English Wikipedia and our links are not determined by Wikipedias in other languages. If you mean there is no link to German under "Languages" then it is because the German Wikipedia does not have a separate article about the prime-counting function. Their article about the Prime number theorem is linked under "Languages" in that article. Two articles in one Wikipedia language does not link the same article in another language. PrimeHunter (talk) 10:09, 16 October 2018 (UTC)

## Exact form

According to page 249 of Borwein, et al[1] the first two formulas involving ${\displaystyle \pi (x)}$ and ${\displaystyle R(x)}$ do not have proofs in the literature. As things stand now, the section "Exact form" merely links to an assertion on a Russian website. This doesn't seem to me like a reliable reference.

Also, can someone give a link to the formula that has the arctan function?

There is a lot of good material about exact formulas later on in the section "Formulas for prime-counting functions", including a graph that shows how you can use complex zeros of the zeta function to compute ${\displaystyle \pi (x)}$. Maybe the section "Exact form" could be deleted, or merged with "Formulas for prime-counting functions". MathPerson (talk) 18:54, 19 May 2019 (UTC)

The purpose of the "Exact form" section is to note the end-result formula for π(x) in historical context. As the "Formulas" section states, that form is the Möbius inversion of Π(x), whose form Riemann derived in On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude independently of the Riemann hypothesis. There are several other sources for Π(x), which "Formulas" references. I linked that website as a quick fix to guide the curious because it detailed the actual steps of the Möbius inversion; properly someone should find a textbook cite, but this suffices for now. You may note also that the "Formulas" section lists the simplified form of π(x) involving arctan, and its citations reference Riemann and Von Mangoldt's papers proving that form.
Nonetheless, some of the top-line results of "Exact form" are missing from "Formulas" and should be copied. — 20:16, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

## Inequalities

In the inequalities section, this appears:

${\displaystyle n(\log(n\log n)-1) for n ≥ 6.

The upper bound is sourced to Rosser (1941), and the lower bound to Dusart (1999). However, further down the section there appear inequalities sourced to Dusart (2010):

For ${\displaystyle n\geq 688383}$,
${\displaystyle p_{n}\leq n\left(\log n+\log \log n-1+{\frac {\log \log n-2}{\log n}}\right),}$
and (Proposition 6.7) that, for ${\displaystyle n\geq 3}$,
${\displaystyle p_{n}\geq n\left(\log n+\log \log n-1+{\frac {\log \log n-2.1}{\log n}}\right).}$

However, isn't the first of these a strictly weaker upper bound than Rosser's earlier one? Unless I am missing something obvious (very possible), at presumably Dusart's upper bound from 2010 should be removed from the article. 164.52.242.130 (talk) 19:17, 16 November 2021 (UTC)

Dusart's bounds are both stronger than their respective bounds above.
${\displaystyle n\left({\frac {\log \log n-2.1}{\log n}}\right)}$
is positive so his lower bound is larger, making it stronger, and
${\displaystyle n\left(-1+{\frac {\log \log n-2}{\log n}}\right)}$
is negative, making his upper bound smaller, hence stronger. In general you can see that his bound follows the asymptotic expansion more closely (for more terms) and so at a glance you know it will be stronger. - CRGreathouse (t | c) 16:52, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
Ah, ok! 164.52.242.130 (talk) 12:27, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

## arctan-log terms

The sum

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{n}}\left(-{\frac {n}{2\log x}}+\int \limits _{x^{1/n}}^{\infty }{\frac {dt}{t(t^{2}-1)\log t}}\right)={\frac {1}{\pi }}\arctan {\frac {\pi }{\log x}}}$

comes straightly from the expression (32) in paper by Riesel & Göhl.[2]

The sum ${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{n}}\sum _{\rho }\mathrm {li} (x^{\rho /n})}$ does not converge because

${\displaystyle \sum \limits _{\rho }\mathrm {Ei} ({\rho }z)={\frac {1}{2z}}+{\frac {3}{2}}(\gamma +\log z)-\log {\sqrt {4\pi }}+{\frac {5}{6}}z+O[z^{2}]}$

for ${\displaystyle 0, where ${\displaystyle \gamma }$ is Euler's constant. Nevertheless, we still write

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{n}}\sum _{\rho }\mathrm {li} (x^{\rho /n})=\sum _{\rho }\mathrm {R} (x^{\rho })}$

in analytical sense since

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{n^{s}}}={\frac {1}{\zeta (s)}}}$

and actually converging sum is

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{n}}\left(\sum _{\rho }\mathrm {li} (x^{\rho /n})-{\frac {n}{2\log x}}\right)=\sum _{\rho }\mathrm {R} (x^{\rho })+{\frac {1}{\log x}}}$.

Summarizing this, we have

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{n}}\Pi _{0}{\bigl (}x^{1/n}{\bigr )}=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{n}}\left(\mathrm {li} (x^{1/n})-\sum _{\rho }\mathrm {li} (x^{\rho /n})-\log 2+\int _{x^{1/n}}^{\infty }{\frac {dt}{t\left(t^{2}-1\right)\log t}}\right)=\mathrm {R} (x)-\sum _{\rho }\mathrm {R} (x^{\rho })-{\frac {1}{\log {x}}}+{\frac {1}{\pi }}\arctan {\frac {\pi }{\log {x}}}}$

One could also find ${\displaystyle \sum \limits _{m=1}^{\infty }R(x^{-2m})={\frac {1}{\pi }}\left({\tfrac {\pi }{\log x}}-\arctan {\tfrac {\pi }{\log x}}\right)}$ directly from

${\displaystyle R(e^{-z})=\sum \limits _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (k)}{\pi }}\left({\frac {2\pi }{kz}}-\arctan {\frac {2\pi }{kz}}\right)-\sum \limits _{\rho }{\frac {\Gamma (1-\rho )}{\zeta '(\rho )(1-\rho )z^{1-\rho }}}}$

(see the paper of Bornemann for details). Droog Andrey (talk) 11:38, 24 December 2021 (UTC)

You say
"and actually converging sum is
${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{n}}\left(\sum _{\rho }\mathrm {li} (x^{\rho /n})-{\frac {n}{2\log x}}\right)=\sum _{\rho }\mathrm {R} (x^{\rho })+{\frac {1}{\log x}}}$."
The equality is not correct and does not reflect Riesel and Gohl. And Bornemann's paper does not say anything about ${\textstyle \sum _{m=1}^{\infty }R(x^{-2m})}$. I'll have to revert your edits again. A1E6 (talk) 14:26, 24 December 2021 (UTC)
The equality you quoted follows from equalities written before it. Bornemann's paper does say about ${\displaystyle R(e^{-z})}$, the rest is pretty obvious for an analytical number theorist. You may ask some of them if you want. Droog Andrey (talk) 17:53, 24 December 2021 (UTC)
"Follows from..."? From what exactly? How? Please show us your original research.
(32) in Riesel and Gohl is
${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{N}{\frac {\mu (n)}{n}}\left(\int _{x^{1/n}}^{\infty }{\frac {dt}{(t^{2}-1)t\log t}}-\log 2\right)={\frac {1}{2\log x}}\sum _{n=1}^{N}\mu (n)+{\frac {1}{\pi }}\arctan {\frac {\pi }{\log x}}+\epsilon (x,N)}$
where ${\displaystyle \epsilon \to 0}$ as ${\displaystyle N\to \infty }$. For their computation purposes, Riesel and Gohl chose (page 979) ${\displaystyle N=154}$ which gives
${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{154}{\frac {\mu (n)}{n}}\left(\int _{x^{1/n}}^{\infty }{\frac {dt}{(t^{2}-1)t\log t}}-\log 2\right)=-{\frac {1}{\log x}}+{\frac {1}{\pi }}\arctan {\frac {\pi }{\log x}}+\epsilon (x,154).}$
This does not imply that
${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{n}}\left(\int _{x^{1/n}}^{\infty }{\frac {dt}{(t^{2}-1)t\log t}}-\log 2\right)=-{\frac {1}{\log x}}+{\frac {1}{\pi }}\arctan {\frac {\pi }{\log x}}}$
by any means.
The statement "The arctan-log terms *are* equivalent to the sum over trivial zeta zeros, just look at the expression (32) in the paper by Riesel & Göhl and let N go to infinity." in your edit summary is false. Did you perhaps mean something else? A1E6 (talk) 19:57, 24 December 2021 (UTC)
You forget to use ${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{n^{s}}}={\frac {1}{\zeta (s)}}}$. And that's too simple to be called original research. I provided two independent sources to show that equality does hold. That's enough if you understand Möbius inversion in analytical sense. Droog Andrey (talk) 01:52, 25 December 2021 (UTC)
I don't think so.
${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{n^{s}}}={\frac {1}{\zeta (s)}}}$ is valid for ${\displaystyle s\in \mathbb {C} }$ such that ${\displaystyle \Re s>1}$, and if the Riemann hypothesis is true, then ${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{n^{s}}}={\frac {1}{\zeta (s)}}}$ is valid for ${\displaystyle s\in \mathbb {C} }$ such that ${\displaystyle \Re s>{\tfrac {1}{2}}}$. In any case, the equality is not valid for ${\displaystyle s=0.}$ And none of your sources prove your "result" in any way. A1E6 (talk) 02:07, 25 December 2021 (UTC)
The function ${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{n^{s}}}={\frac {1}{\zeta (s)}}}$ is analytical as well as ${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n^{s}}}=\zeta (s)}$. You should understand that series convergence is used differently in the context of analytic continuation. And, again, that's not my result, that's obvious corollary from Riesel&Göhl. Anyway, if you don't like ${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\mu (n)}$ divergence, you may apply Möbius inversion to
${\displaystyle R(e^{-z})=\sum \limits _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (k)}{\pi }}\left({\frac {2\pi }{kz}}-\arctan {\frac {2\pi }{kz}}\right)-\sum \limits _{\rho }{\frac {\Gamma (1-\rho )}{\zeta '(\rho )(1-\rho )z^{1-\rho }}}}$
which follows directly from the Corollary on page 2 in Bornemann's paper (the first term of RHS is rewritten to achieve absolute convergence for ${\displaystyle 1<|z|\leq 2\pi }$). Droog Andrey (talk) 09:14, 25 December 2021 (UTC)
As I already explained, Riesel's and Gohl's (32) establishes an approximation, not an equality as ${\displaystyle N\to \infty }$. You were not able to provide a reliable source containing the proof of the equality. Original research is not allowed on Wikipedia, anyway. So, we can't have an equality instead of an approximation here. A1E6 (talk) 16:39, 25 December 2021 (UTC)
You just blindly state what you want. OK, let's look at the final equality in the Bornemann's paper:
${\displaystyle \mathrm {R} (e^{-2\pi t})={\frac {1}{\pi }}\sum \limits _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}t^{-2k-1}}{(2k+1)\zeta (2k+1)}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum \limits _{\rho }{\frac {t^{-\rho }}{\rho \cos(\pi \rho /2)\zeta '(\rho )}}}$
and directly calculate the sum questioned:
${\displaystyle \sum \limits _{m=1}^{\infty }\mathrm {R} (e^{-2\pi mt})={\frac {1}{\pi }}\sum \limits _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}t^{-2k-1}\zeta (2k+1)}{(2k+1)\zeta (2k+1)}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum \limits _{\rho }{\frac {t^{-\rho }\zeta (\rho )}{\rho \cos(\pi \rho /2)\zeta '(\rho )}}={\frac {1}{\pi }}\left({\frac {1}{t}}-\arctan {\frac {1}{t}}\right)}$
Now it is pretty obvious without any analytic number theory tricks.
@A1E6: Merry Christmas! Droog Andrey (talk) 17:41, 25 December 2021 (UTC)
The last result in Bornemann's paper is
${\displaystyle R(e^{-2\pi t})={\frac {1}{\pi }}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}t^{-2k-1}}{(2k+1)\zeta (2k+1)}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{\rho }{\frac {t^{-\rho }}{\rho \cos(\pi \rho /2)\zeta '(\rho )}}}$
where ${\displaystyle \rho }$ runs over the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function. Concluding that
${\displaystyle \sum _{m=1}^{\infty }R(e^{-2\pi mt})={\frac {1}{\pi }}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}t^{-2k-1}\zeta (2k+1)}{(2k+1)\zeta (2k+1)}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{\rho }{\frac {t^{-\rho }\zeta (\rho )}{\rho \cos(\pi \rho /2)\zeta '(\rho )}}={\frac {1}{\pi }}\left({\frac {1}{t}}-\arctan {\frac {1}{t}}\right)}$
is your original research and unless you provide a reliable source with a proof of this implication, we can't have that on Wikipedia. So I have to revert your edit again. Merry Christmas. A1E6 (talk) 18:03, 25 December 2021 (UTC)
Are you kidding me? You really need a proof than ${\displaystyle \sum _{m=1}^{\infty }m^{-s}=\zeta (s)}$? Droog Andrey (talk) 22:22, 25 December 2021 (UTC)
That is the definition of the Riemann zeta function and does not prove your result by any means. And the two sources you provided do not prove your result. You do your original research supposedly based on them. Anyone who understands Wikipedia policy will see that you are trying to sneak in your original research. Please stop it. A1E6 (talk) 22:36, 25 December 2021 (UTC)
Anyone who understands analysis will see that the equality straightly follows from both sources (most easily from Bornemann), so that's not original research but a clear fact. I think you are lying when you say does not prove your result by any means, because the proof is one-line and obvious. You are continuously trying to put wrong information on Wikipedia, that's just vandalism. I am highly disappointed. Droog Andrey (talk) 06:11, 26 December 2021 (UTC)
"You are continuously trying to put wrong information on Wikipedia" I'm not; I'm trying to keep misinformation off of Wikipedia and trying to enforce Wikipedia policies. It is confirmed that ${\displaystyle L\approx R}$, but ${\displaystyle L=R}$ is a bolder statement and any proof that ${\displaystyle L=R}$ has to be in a reliable source, otherwise ${\displaystyle L=R}$ cannot be included in the article. A1E6 (talk) 10:18, 26 December 2021 (UTC)
You are since you insist that the equality does not hold while it really does. A very detailed proof is given in the article now, and the sources are clearly provided. Any reader who understand the rest of the article can easily understand that short proof, and the most of readers can see how the equality follows from Riesel & Göhl. If you can't, please ask those who understand the basics of analytical number theory. But please don't blindly revert anything, that looks ridiculous at least. I hope the question is resolved now. Droog Andrey (talk) 16:41, 26 December 2021 (UTC)
Now you added your own proof to the article. The proof is considered original research, since Bornemann's paper itself does not prove your result, nor can your proof be found in any reliable source. "ask those who understand the basics of analytical number theory" It doesn't matter at all whether you understand analytic number theory, you're breaking Wikipedia policies by adding your original research. A1E6 (talk) 16:49, 26 December 2021 (UTC)
It seems you are the only person who consider that obvious consequence as an original research. I have no more time to deal with this, sorry. Droog Andrey (talk) 16:59, 26 December 2021 (UTC)
"You are since you insist that the equality does not hold" I'm sorry for an improper choice of words in my first edit summary, namely "The arctan-log terms are not equivalent to the sum over the trivial zeta zeros" It is true that the equality was not disproved. The proper wording would be "Riesel's and Gohl's (32) does not prove equality etc." In any case ${\displaystyle L\approx R}$ does not contradict ${\displaystyle L=R}$, so you really don't have to be worried that it contradicts your result. But still, unless you provide a reliable source with a proof of the bold statement ${\displaystyle L=R}$, we can't have it in the article. A1E6 (talk) 17:16, 26 December 2021 (UTC)
I added Bornemann's result, but your proof still has to be in a reliable source. A1E6 (talk) 18:52, 26 December 2021 (UTC)
The proof based on Bornemann's paper was introduced mostly to convince you that the equality holds. Actually, the equality straightly follows from Riesel&Göhl. Droog Andrey (talk) 22:21, 26 December 2021 (UTC)
Riesel and Gohl do not use zeta regularization. They do not interpret ${\textstyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\mu (n)}$ as ${\displaystyle -2}$. All they do is compute the sum up to some natural number ${\displaystyle N}$. Then they choose ${\displaystyle N=154}$. And for ${\displaystyle N=154}$ we have ${\textstyle \sum _{n=1}^{154}\mu (n)=-2}$. The equality of yours does not follow from Riesel and Gohl. Regarding Bornemann, additional and significant research is needed to obtain your result from it. And that is exactly what you're trying to do, original research. Your work is very far from WP:CALC. A1E6 (talk) 23:08, 26 December 2021 (UTC)
No it's not. The first step is just literally substituting in the definition of the zeta function. The second is remembering what the ρ are. And the third is remembering the series for the arctangent. None of this seems like stuff that even needs any knowledge of analytic number theory to me, much less "significant research". Double sharp (talk) 16:43, 27 December 2021 (UTC)
I don't think so. For example,
${\displaystyle \sum _{m=1}^{\infty }\sum _{\rho }{\frac {m^{-\rho }t^{-\rho }}{\rho \cos(\pi \rho /2)\zeta '(\rho )}}=\sum _{\rho }\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }{\frac {m^{-\rho }t^{-\rho }}{\rho \cos(\pi \rho /2)\zeta '(\rho )}}=0}$
(which Droog Andrey used) is not WP:CALC. In particular, the order of infinite summation is interchanged, without justification. The interchange is allowed when
${\displaystyle \sum _{m=1}^{\infty }\sum _{\rho }\left|{\frac {m^{-\rho }t^{-\rho }}{\rho \cos(\pi \rho /2)\zeta '(\rho )}}\right|<\infty }$,
but this was not proved: perhaps intentionally, to make the proof seem like a one-liner and not original research. A1E6 (talk) 19:16, 27 December 2021 (UTC)
Also, importantly, Bornemann used a simplification which depends on the assumption that all zeros of the Riemann zeta function are simple (footnote on page 1), but that is a mere conjecture. And see "The poles of ${\displaystyle f_{\tau }}$ are all simple and they are located at the poles of ${\displaystyle \Gamma (-z)}$, i.e., at ${\displaystyle z=0,1,2,\ldots }$ and at the values ${\displaystyle z}$ for which ${\displaystyle \zeta (z+1)=0}$." (page 2). A1E6 (talk) 23:25, 27 December 2021 (UTC)
@A1E6: Riesel&Göhl did use ${\textstyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\mu (n)=-2}$, that's why they chose ${\displaystyle N=154}$. Summation interchange is obviously legal, just look at the denominator. Zeros simplicity doesn't matter at all (see the footnote on the 1st page of Bornemann). BTW you continuously mess up references to Riesel&Göhl. That doesn't seem like you care about the quality of the article. Droog Andrey (talk) 08:20, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
They did not use ${\textstyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\mu (n)=-2}$ because ${\textstyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\mu (n)=-2}$ is literally nowhere in their article, and ${\displaystyle 154\neq \infty }$. The summation interchange
${\displaystyle \sum _{m=1}^{\infty }\sum _{\rho }{\frac {m^{-\rho }t^{-\rho }}{\rho \cos(\pi \rho /2)\zeta '(\rho )}}=\sum _{\rho }\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }{\frac {m^{-\rho }t^{-\rho }}{\rho \cos(\pi \rho /2)\zeta '(\rho )}}}$
is not obviously legal and was not proved by you. Even if you could provide a proof that it is legal, it would still count as original research. Zeros simplicity does matter, please read carefully the text I quoted from page 2. Also, you misinterpreted the footnote on page 1. Assuming the conjecture is not essential for the goal of his paper, namely for finding the largest positive zero of Riemann's ${\displaystyle \operatorname {R} }$. It is, however, essential for simplifying the terms of the infinite series running over all zeros. A1E6 (talk) 11:58, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
By the way, you can ignore "The arctan-log terms *are not* equivalent to the integral term" in Vitamindeth's edit summary from 30 July 2021. The proper wording would be "It was not proved that the arctan-log terms are equivalent to the integral term". And even if ${\displaystyle L=R}$, stating that ${\displaystyle L\approx R}$ would not be a "flaw". A1E6 (talk) 12:33, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
${\textstyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\mu (n)=-2}$ was the reason to choose such ${\displaystyle N}$ that ${\textstyle \sum _{n=1}^{N}\mu (n)=-2}$. On summation interchange: please don't forget that non-trivial zeros are ordered by their height. Terms simplifying is not essential because ${\displaystyle \sum _{m}=0}$ for every non-trivial zeta zero anyway. It seems that you ask for every single step just because you don't want to recognize the proof to be actually simple enough to fit WP:CALC in the article's context. Droog Andrey (talk) 21:13, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
"${\textstyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\mu (n)=-2}$ was the reason to choose such ${\displaystyle N}$ that ${\textstyle \sum _{n=1}^{N}\mu (n)=-2}$" This is false.
Let me quote p. 979 from Riesel and Gohl: "It is thus advantageous to choose such a value of ${\displaystyle N}$ that the sums ${\displaystyle g_{k}}$ become comparatively small. It is also advantageous to have ${\textstyle \sum _{n=1}^{N}\mu (n)=-2}$ at the same time, since (32) then has the order of magnitude only ${\displaystyle =O\left((\log x)^{-3}\right)}$ instead of ${\displaystyle O\left((\log x)^{-1}\right)}$. This turns out to be the case for (among some other small values of ${\displaystyle N}$) ${\displaystyle N=154}$. In our computation we have chosen this value of ${\displaystyle N}$ in (14) and (19)."
That's actually the same reason since the order of magnitude damping comes from ${\textstyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\mu (n)=-2}$. Droog Andrey (talk) 00:35, 29 December 2021 (UTC)
You state "On summation interchange: please don't forget that non-trivial zeros are ordered by their height." This does not prove
${\displaystyle \sum _{m=1}^{\infty }\sum _{\rho }\left|{\frac {m^{-\rho }t^{-\rho }}{\rho \cos(\pi \rho /2)\zeta '(\rho )}}\right|<\infty .}$
Absolute convergence is not needed there because of zeta zeros ordering. Droog Andrey (talk) 00:35, 29 December 2021 (UTC)
Then you state "Terms simplifying is not essential because ${\displaystyle \sum _{m}=0}$ for every non-trivial zeta zero anyway." To me, it seems like you didn't even bother to read the quoted text from Bornemann's page 2. Bornemann is not summing over ${\displaystyle m}$ to obtain ${\displaystyle \zeta (\rho )}$ in the numerator, only you are. Bornemann's result depends on assuming the conjecture, as I've already explained several times. And you're trying to derive your result from Bornemann's. A1E6 (talk) 22:44, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
I've read a whole article a while ago. The possible changes in Bornemann's result due to zeta zeros multiplicity do not affect the sum over ${\displaystyle m}$.
It seems that repeating the same thing in different words does not help, huh. Let's stop for a while and see what others have to say. Droog Andrey (talk) 00:35, 29 December 2021 (UTC)
When you start your proof with
${\displaystyle \operatorname {R} (e^{-2\pi t})={\frac {1}{\pi }}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}t^{-2k-1}}{(2k+1)\zeta (2k+1)}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{\rho }{\frac {t^{-\rho }}{\rho \cos(\pi \rho /2)\zeta '(\rho )}}}$
(you did), you use Bornemann's fully-fledged result depending on the conjecture, for the reasons explained above. Not to mention the fact that the first result of Bornemann's paper is
${\displaystyle \operatorname {R} (e^{-\tau })=\sum _{\rho }{\frac {\Gamma (1-\rho )}{(\rho -1)\zeta '(\rho )}}\tau ^{\rho -1}}$
where ${\displaystyle \rho }$ runs over all zeros of the Riemann zeta function and ${\displaystyle \tau >0}$ – and even this was proved by Bornemann by assuming the conjecture that all zeros of the Riemann zeta function are simple. In particular, on page 2, he used
${\displaystyle \operatorname {Res} _{z=\rho -1}\left(-{\frac {\Gamma (-z)\tau ^{z}}{z\zeta (z+1)}}\right)={\frac {\Gamma (1-\rho )\tau ^{\rho -1}}{(1-\rho )\zeta '(\rho )}},}$
exploiting the simplicity of the poles due to the conjectured simplicity of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function. A1E6 (talk) 01:21, 29 December 2021 (UTC)
That's nice, but ${\displaystyle \tau ^{1-\rho }}$ will not disappear from the denominator once you encounter a multiple zero. Please keep track of essential details instead of finding faults everywhere. Droog Andrey (talk) 07:54, 29 December 2021 (UTC)
"finding faults everywhere" – that is essential here. All zeros of ${\displaystyle \zeta (s)}$ on ${\displaystyle \Re s={\tfrac {1}{2}}}$ are simple if and only if ${\displaystyle \zeta '(s)\neq 0}$ on ${\displaystyle \Re s={\tfrac {1}{2}}}$. And it is not even known whether there exists a ${\displaystyle \rho }$ such that ${\displaystyle \zeta (\rho )=\zeta '(\rho )=0}$. A1E6 (talk) 17:49, 3 January 2022 (UTC)
1. ^ Jonathan M. Borwein; David M. Bradley; Richard E. Crandall (2000). "Computational strategies for the Riemann zeta function" (PDF). J. Comp. App. Math. 121 (1–2): 247–296. doi:10.1016/S0377-0427(00)00336-8.
2. ^ Riesel, Hans; Göhl, Gunnar (1970). "Some calculations related to Riemann's prime number formula". Mathematics of Computation. American Mathematical Society. 24 (112): 969–983. doi:10.2307/2004630. ISSN 0025-5718. JSTOR 2004630. MR 0277489.


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# The Structure and Signals of Neutron Stars, from Birth to Death

Mar 24 – 28, 2014
Europe/Rome timezone

## Clues to the formation and evolution of magnetars from X-ray observations of the associated supernova remnants

Mar 25, 2014, 3:10 PM
20m

### Speaker

Toshio Nakano (University of tokyo)

### Description

Magnetars, i.e., neutron stars (NSs) with extremely strong magnetic fields, are thought to be produced by Type II supernovae (SNe), like other NSs. Indeed, several of them are located inside supernova remnants (SNRs). However, we do not know how the magnetar-producing SNe differ from those creating the other NSs. Observations of the SNRs associated with magnetars are expected to provide key information on the above issue. Using Suzaku, the 5th Japanese X-ray satellite, we observed the SNR CTB109 hosting the magnetar (AXP) 1E 2259+586. From measured temperatures of the X-ray emitting plasmas, we estimated the SNR age as 13 kyr, and the explosion energy as 0.7e+51 erg, both in agreement with previous estimates (e.g. Sasaki et al. 2012). These and other X-ray properties of CTB109, including its abundance patterns, were not significantly different from those of other Type II SNRs. However, we reconfirmed the huge discrepancy between the age (1.3 kyr) of CTB109 estimated in this way and the measured characteristic age of 1E 2259+586, 230 ky. We presume that this age problem arises because characteristic ages of pulsars (including magnetars) are generally calculated assuming constant fields, whereas magnetars must be spending its magnetic energy and hence their magnetic fields must be decaying with time. Employing a simple power-law decay of the magnetic field (e.g., Colpi et al. 2000, Dall'Osso et al. 2012), we successfully obtained a family of field-decay solutions that can explain away the age discrepancy between CTB109 and its magnetar. This result has several important implications. First, the apparent age overestimations of magnetars are now considered, conversely, to provide evidence for the magnetically-powered nature of magnetars. Second, it directly follows that magnetars are likely to be systematically younger than previously thought. This view is further supported by a systematic difference between magnetars and pulsars in their Galactic spatial distributions. Finally, the magnetar birth rate must be accordingly much higher than considered before, and hence a considerably fraction of Type II SNe may produce magnetars rather than ordinary pulsars with ~1e12 G magnetic fields.

### Primary author

Toshio Nakano (University of tokyo)

### Co-authors

Prof. Kazuo Makishima (The university of tokyo, Riken, Resceu) Dr Teruaki Enoto (Riken, Goddard Space Flight Center)

 Slides