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# Ggplot Concentric Circles

shape maps to the shapes of points. 10), igraph (>= 0. csv') for i in [1, 5,20,30,40,60]: knn_comparison (data5, i) KNN visualization for the outliers dataset. twopi - radial layouts, after Graham Wills 97. An easy way to think of them is the circles on a dartboard that are all centered around the bullseye. ggplot (Wage, aes (factor (1), fill = education)) + geom_bar (width =. They were in use from the late Neolithic to the end of the early Bronze Age and are found in England and Scotland. Six styles of marks are available: square, dots, cM, cenStyle, upArrow, downArrow; its legend (label) can be drawn inline or to the right of karyotypes. R help archive by author. Flow cytometry (FCM) allows scientists to rapidly quantify up to 50 parameters for millions of cells per sample. i’ll be liveblogging today, with the usual caveats that I welcome any additions, corrections, etc. the correlations between each variable and the selected components are plotted as scatter plot, with concentric circles of radius one and radius given by radIn. In this article, you will learn to create concentric circles using SmartArt. Furthermore, we also use visual rhythm to summarize a large volume of data, building a visualization that. The trip was motivated by Richard Grant’s crazy travel stories in East Africa that I read while traveling in South America (also for the first time) two years before. , 2013) and show multivariate data using a similar concept presented in the circle view (Keim et al. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. Hello all, I am trying to build an app where I show circles that represent the radiuses of workers from certain coordinates. Using super-resolution microscopy approaches, Houmadi et al. pdf), Text File (. 3668 messages: transparent concentric circles ggplot/time series with indicators question. If you want to use hollow shapes, without manually declaring each shape, you can use scale_shape (solid=FALSE). scatter (x,y,sz) specifies the circle sizes. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. frames for chromosome data and optionally mark data. 基于相关性的检测器 Correlation Based Detectors One of the earliest point detectors was designed using the correlation of concentric circles intensities of tw 2018-06-27 22:56:00 阅读数 9. Ellipse A circle patch. # Hollow shapes ggplot(df, aes(x=xval, y=yval, group = cond)) + geom. Plot idiograms of several karyotypes having a set of data. The greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a pest of a wide range of vegetable and ornamental crops in greenhouses around the world. If you are using Matplotlib from within a script, the function plt. Evaluation of a Silicon 90 Sr Betavoltaic Power Source. 7 ·騒音値(dB):73 ·幅(mm):230 ·奥行(mm):230 ·高さ(mm):595 ·電源:単相100V ·手動ちり落とし装置内蔵 ·乾湿両用 ·消費電力:1010W ·最大風量:3. Circular layouts are generally not advisable. Donut Chart Excel. geom_segment draws a straight line between points (x, y) and (xend, yend). Introduction by Conference Chair: Alisdair Gunn, Director, Framewire, &. 2 Installation instructions. Lávate las manos y mantén una distancia social. To avoid this, you can use shapes 21-25 and specify a white fill. t list of target nodes (will go in the center). K-Means Clustering is a well known technique based on unsupervised learning. the correlations between each variable and the selected components are plotted as scatter plot, with concentric circles of radius one et radius given by rad. We will use R's airquality dataset in the datasets package. The circles are divided into 12 segments for each month, and into 24 concentric circles for each hour of the day, midnight being the center. inaturalist. Franche-Comte. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The problem in this case appears to be that the shapefile is projected and that the US map is not. Concentric Circles Emanating. Several Circles, Concentric Circles and Farbstudie Quadrate are famous Wassily Kandinsky paintings which this website covers in full alongside a host of information on this famous painter who achieved great success with his early landscape and later abstract oil paintings. Write A Book And Publish - PDF Free Download Write a book, elevate your profile, build a business - Upload ideas and beginner tips to get you started. The Big List of D3. Using the wrong algorithm will give completely botched up results and all the effort will go …. However, note that encoding data using the area of circles — which has become a "fad" in data visualization in recent years — makes even tougher demands on. This is where I stepped away from ggplot2 and started using the circlize package. 3 docs Coming Attraction: The 2013 Philadelphia Flower Show. Best How To : Ok, two solutions: A coworker of mine that worked on the Dashboards helped me with the first answer to this question. Rings, circles, and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology Article in Oikos 104(2):209-229 · February 2004 with 1,125 Reads How we measure 'reads'. I am trying to plot six concentric circles using meshgrid() and plot(). No matter what you’re looking for or where you are in the world, our global marketplace of sellers can help you find unique and affordable options. i’ll be liveblogging today, with the usual caveats that I welcome any additions, corrections, etc. The bottleneck in the application of the technology is data analysis, and the high number of parameters measured by the current generation of instruments requires the use of advanced computational algorithms to make full use of their capabilities. This geom is very much exploratory - we are using it for drawing edges for self references. Package 'FuncMap' May 25, 2018 Type Package Title Hive Plots of R Package Function Calls Version 1. The following code generates this PDF: #80 concentric circles df <- data. ‘Color Study: Squares with Concentric Circles’ was created in c. Are you looking for a hostess in Poznan for international fair MTP? Professional and experienced hostess is offering to you her help in Support the stand, representing the company, translation. In Excel, a Bubble chart is a variation of a Scatter chart and its data is pointed as bubble. A hallmark of the synapse between cytotoxic T cells and target cells is the assembly of an LFA-1 ring. Hello all, I am trying to build an app where I show circles that represent the radiuses of workers from certain coordinates. 9) to visualize the iNaturalist records of RAScals project (http://www. Nodes are placed on concentric circles depending their distance from a given root node. There was plenty of documentation in the circlize book. pdf), Text File (. Mar 12, 2014 - Fiiliksiä lastennäyttelyyn. The Two Sources of Morality and Religion--Bergson - Free ebook download as PDF File (. Package 'rTRM' April 10, 2015 Type Package Title Identiﬁcation of transcriptional regulatory modules from PPI networks Version 1. Learning from Data Solutions chapter 2. Visual Cinnamon | 'Creating the Scientific American "Baby Spike" visual: On circles, average and concentric circles' Subject News Includes announcements within the field, brand new/new-to-me sites, new books and generally interesting developments. Concentric circles are extremely useful to create a whole range of business graphics. Browse the «Rainbow Png Heya Nonnies» board on Drew design by, which has 50, updated at 2019-10-02. Hanson Description Analyzes the function calls in an R package and creates a hive plot of the calls, divid-. Find concentric circles stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. In all the datasets we can observe that when k=1, we are overfitting the model. Creating plots in R using ggplot2 - part 10: boxplots written April 18, 2016 in r,ggplot2,r graphing tutorials written April 18, 2016 in r , ggplot2 , r graphing tutorials This is the tenth tutorial in a series on using ggplot2 I am creating with Mauricio Vargas Sepúlveda. txt) or view presentation slides online. DATA SCIENCE HANDBOOK. I wanted a circle with no fill and the circle should simply be on top of another ggplot. Concentric Circles, in general, are circles with a common center. Doporučil bych použít heronův vzorec. Evaluation of a Silicon 90 Sr Betavoltaic Power Source. One way to think of this model is the analogy of the ripples that radiate out from the point of impact when a rock is thrown into a lake. (We make no assumptions, besides those listed, about the meaning of the word "number. In the summer of 2017, I made my first trip to East Africa, to Tanzania, to be more precise. Made in R using reshape & ggplot2. We continue this process of visiting nodes at the same level of the graph until some condition is met (for example, we have reached our destination node). To plot each circle with a different size, specify sz as a vector with length equal to. See the underlying drawing function grid::curveGrob () for the parameters that control the curve. i’ll be liveblogging today, with the usual caveats that I welcome any additions, corrections, etc. Usage getConcentricList(g, t, e, max. Browse the «Rainbow Png Heya Nonnies» board on Drew design by, which has 50, updated at 2019-10-02. Concentric vs eccentric circles: Always doing something wrong: Winchester 35 sl: Google dft engineer interview questions: 1 : Northwest armory scottsdale arizona: 1: Alick macheso mp3 2003: Cyqb atis freq: Mississauga police news: Bokeh full jpg to pdf: Kostnad uttag utomlands swedbank: Copy and paste zodiac symbols not emoji: Painful period. See more ideas about Data visualization, Infographic and Information design. There are two ways of changing the legend title and labels. A 'read' is counted each time someone views a publication summary (such as the title, abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text. Whether it is target diagram, circular maze or ripple effect diagram - concentric circles form the base for a whole range of diagrams. They usually feature a large disk with a small-diameter hole near the shooter's eye, and a front globe sight (a circle contained inside another circle, called tunnel ). ADVICE AND INSIGHTS FROM. (This article was first published on Michael Toth's Blog, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers). 30 per cup for the first year and your equipment will last longer than that. Concentric circles and star fake crop circle in the meadow Ancient concentric circles. A total of 12,335 ACOs and 613 km of transects were surveyed across the whole study period. Furthermore, we also use visual rhythm to summarize a large volume of data, building a visualization that. Latest in Labs: Tweets Featuring Father Jack Hackett: Feck, Arse, Drink and More. size = 60, order. Visit Stack Exchange. R help archive by subject. Load the file antennaData. The Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), is a South American woody plant that invades many subtropical regions, including Florida, Texas, and Hawaii (USA) (Yoshioka and Markin 1991, Schmitz et al. Cuida tu salud. This is basically using a grid of circles instead. Remember that's an upper bound even so this works out to like $1. In Concentric Circles of Knowledge, student thinking and understanding radiates out from the point of impact of the reading, topic, lesson, etc. The “correlation loadings”, i. Concentric circles or radii is different than multiple circles. (1964) 16 radially outward in grey concentric circles). I am trying to use ggplot2 to map a polygon feature class over a raster brick (created from multiple Landsat band images). That is, each point is classified correctly, you might think that it is a. csv') for i in [1, 5,20,30,40,60]: knn_comparison (data5, i) KNN visualization for the outliers dataset. To plot each circle with equal size, specify sz as a scalar. The macaque population in this area has dwindled significantly over the past 5 years as the human density has increased substantially, resulting in nearly complete loss of any large trees. Subsequent calls to mapproject will get missing information from. learning book. layout_with_focus() for instance allows you to focus the network on a specific character and order all other nodes in concentric circles (depending on distance) around it. The -log10 (P value) is plotted for each gene set (0, 4, 8, 12, and >16, radially outward in gray concentric circles). , 2004), and circle segments (Ankerst et al. Another way to look at hexagonal grids is to see that there are three primary axes, unlike the two we have for square grids. The distance markers are combine with an inline barplot and table to reveal more data. Override cells. I wanted a circle with no fill and the circle should simply be on top of another ggplot. groovyJesus 0 points 1 point 2 points 6 months ago Aeropress + Hand Grinder <$100 + $30/mo for good coffee =$460 for first year. This geom is very much exploratory - we are using it for drawing edges for self references. Dotted arrow represents nonsignificant (p > 0. Another way to look at hexagonal grids is to see that there are three primary axes, unlike the two we have for square grids. Level Curves and Contour Plots. In particular, we can reuse standard. Let's create a simple pie chart using the pie () command. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. Once we have a feel for the data, we start brainstorming, and trying out ideas. projection, which is a list with components projection, parameters, and orientation giving the arguments from the call to mapproject or as constructed (for orientation). Concentric Circles - Kant & Data Visualization on Behance Infographics For Powerpoint Free Product Behance is the world's largest creative network for showcasing and discovering creative work. # Hollow shapes ggplot(df, aes(x=xval, y=yval, group = cond)) + geom. With fill and color. Use MathJax to format equations. The values in the parenthesis represents the slope/p-value of slope/number of samples of the regression. If you want to be able to save and store your charts for future use and editing, you must first create a free account and login -- prior to working on your charts. Our main data are either count data with or without trajectory analysis. Whether it is target diagram, circular maze or ripple effect diagram - concentric circles form the base for a whole range of diagrams. 7), RSQLite Imports AnnotationDbi Suggests RUnit, BiocGenerics, MotifDb, graph, PWMEnrich, biomaRt, knitr, Biostrings, BSgenome. Dixon, Jefferson; Rajan, Aravindh; Bohlemann, Steven; Coso, Dusan; Upadhyaya, Ajay D; Rohatgi, Ajeet. Just to illustrate Dilip’s answer: on the following pictures, the black dots are data points ; on the left, the black line is the regression line obtained by y ~ x, which minimize the squares of the length of the red segments;. ") If two circles intersect each other at a point, then that point lies on both circles. In this MathematicaVsR project we discuss and exemplify finding and analyzing similarities between texts using Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA). Explore the interactive version here. The adjusted R 2 values of 0, 0. Feb 9, 2015 - This Pin was discovered by Megan M. Concentric vs eccentric circles: Always doing something wrong: Winchester 35 sl: Google dft engineer interview questions: 1 : Northwest armory scottsdale arizona: 1: Alick macheso mp3 2003: Cyqb atis freq: Mississauga police news: Bokeh full jpg to pdf: Kostnad uttag utomlands swedbank: Copy and paste zodiac symbols not emoji: Painful period. ·集じん容量(L):5 ·吸水量(L):4 ·最大風量(立米/min):3. library (ggplot2) library (gridExtra) library (ggalt) library (scales) # current verison packageVersion ("ggalt") ## [1] '0. The ANPRs mostly come in in-out pairs, and in 4 "radial groups": basically one a long way out, then 3 concentric circles. 95 world series braves roster 2016 ascii 33. D3: Data-Driven Documents D3 (or D3. Inside this, the next largest circle, is the air blast zone. Also, it provides radial layouts, where the root node is placed at the centre, whereas the remaining nodes are placed on a sequence of concentric circles centred on the root node. Understanding how biological patterns translate into functional processes across different scales is a central question in ecology. g76yv 8y7y807u08 8y8t767yhn8n. The Foundational Hands-On Skills You Need to Dive into Data Science “Freeman and Ross have created the definitive resource for new and aspiring data scientists to learn foundational programming skills. The actual problem is to plot a circle with 40 miles in diameter on a map with a lat/lon projection (typically EPSG:4326), because native map units are degrees. Concentric circles and star fake crop circle in the meadow Ancient concentric circles. 1266, Shamirpet (V&M),Medchal-Malkajgiri District,. With green moss grown between the dales Pavement with concentric pattern. The “correlation loadings”, i. At first, I thought I made a mistake in my plot. By default, Excel has a limited number of charts. Idiograms can also be plotted in concentric circles. However, note that encoding data using the area of circles — which has become a "fad" in data visualization in recent years — makes even tougher demands on. Infotech English for Computer Users - Student's Book 4th Edition - Free ebook download as PDF File (. Congressional Districts; 20 years of the english premier football league. Visit Stack Exchange. drawing concentric circles in arcmap 10. Close-up of pavement with concentric pattern. Our main data are either count data with or without trajectory analysis. Provide details and share your research! But avoid … Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Shapes 32 to 127 correspond to the corresponding ASCII characters. 2112 messages: How to add circular text for a graph with concentric circles. aes = TRUE (the default), it is combined with the default. # Hollow shapes ggplot(df, aes(x=xval, y=yval, group = cond)) + geom. Any help would be appreciated. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. DATA SCIENCE HANDBOOK. Dixon, Jefferson; Rajan, Aravindh; Bohlemann, Steven; Coso, Dusan; Upadhyaya, Ajay D; Rohatgi, Ajeet. 5) + coord_polar (theta = "y") Bullseye Chart. [email protected] También puedes consultar nuestros recursos para adaptarte a la situación actual. One alternative is to plot the bars as concentric circles, with the bars for phenotypes lined up at each individual. It is constantly growing, with new versions of the core software released regularly and more than 2,600 packages available. I am wondering whether the code below is sufficiently efficient and whether indeed it should be performed as delineated below:. Concentric Circles - Kant & Data Visualization on Behance #80_circular_barplot_ggplot2. Let's create a simple pie chart using the pie () command. mat, which contains the variables theta and rho. ADVICE AND INSIGHTS FROM. (We make no assumptions, besides those listed, about the meaning of the word "number. Legal shape values are the numbers 0 to 25, and the numbers 32 to 127. pdf) or view presentation slides online. Explore the interactive version here. If you are using Matplotlib from within a script, the function plt. 30 - Excellent sense of scale and interesting and original way to present data. Communication and interconnections are always associated with such circles as they determine the powerful bonding. Viewed 2k times 2. But when i used the code into an app designer, insted of ploting the circles into the image where the centers are marked its ploting the circle in a different figure. py containing the following:. Vocabulary: Concentric Circles – circles that are on top of each other, changing in size as you draw another but always having the same center axis. Hi everyone, I wanted to add a circle to the centre of my ggplot and the parameters I'd like to pass are x0,y0,radius and the color. Venn Diagram Maker Online. In Concentric Circles of Knowledge, student thinking and understanding radiates out from the point of impact of the reading, topic, lesson, etc. Sub-Saharan African Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Research A Decade of Development Andreas Blom, George Lan, and Mariam Adil. On a grass field Concentric rings. You are dealing with Karla Gerard, Maine Folk Art/Abstract Artist, Originator/Creator of concentric circles/flowers in trees paintings and in landscapes. The bottleneck in the application of the technology is data analysis, and the high number of parameters measured by the current generation of instruments requires the use of advanced computational algorithms to make full use of their capabilities. Best How To : Ok, two solutions: A coworker of mine that worked on the Dashboards helped me with the first answer to this question. Lee Monument Radon transform — skimage v0. Interactive and Dynamic Graphics for Data Analysis With R and GGobi With Contributions by Andreas Buja, Duncan Temple Lang, Heike Hofmann, Hadley Wickham, and Michael Lawrence Dianne Cook Department of Statistics Iowa State University 325 Snedecor Hall Ames, IA 50011-1210 [email protected]. theta is the angle from the x -axis to the radius vector specified in radians; rho is the length of the radius vector specified in. Evaluating prediction models in Azure ML studio is always a must thing to do. Infotech English for Computer Users - Student's Book 4th Edition - Free ebook download as PDF File (. Problems Chap2 - Free download as PDF File (. CONTRIBUTED RESEARCH ARTICLES 144 ggmap: Spatial Visualization with ggplot2 by David Kahle and Hadley Wickham Abstract In spatial statistics the ability to visualize data and models superimposed with their basic social landmarks and geographic context is invaluable. They usually feature a large disk with a small-diameter hole near the shooter's eye, and a front globe sight (a circle contained inside another circle, called tunnel ). I don't want any captions or margins. Idiograms can also be plotted in concentric circles. Each buffer distance from 50 - 300 m has a sheet containing columns for these values. A hallmark of the synapse between cytotoxic T cells and target cells is the assembly of an LFA-1 ring. One way to think of this model is the analogy of the ripples that radiate out from the point of impact when a rock is thrown into a lake. R help archive by author. Package 'rTRM' April 10, 2015 Type Package Title Identiﬁcation of transcriptional regulatory modules from PPI networks Version 1. One alternative is to plot the bars as concentric circles, with the bars for phenotypes lined up at each individual. How to use shapes in R. The Foundational Hands-On Skills You Need to Dive into Data Science “Freeman and Ross have created the definitive resource for new and aspiring data scientists to learn foundational programming skills. The black circle indicates a -log10 (P value) cutoff of 3. Create and download customized Venns. ggalt examples Bob Rudis 2017-02-14. to accompany the textures I was preparing, I planned some abstract geometric shapes as a canvas. 05) relationships that were part of our initial hypothesized pathway of effects. At least globally, that is. The predictions were created on a 25x25km grid. The bottleneck in the application of the technology is data analysis, and the high number of parameters measured by the current generation of instruments requires the use of advanced computational algorithms to make full use of their capabilities. Concentric circles are more than one circle around one central point. Override cells. Dixon, Jefferson; Rajan, Aravindh; Bohlemann, Steven; Coso, Dusan; Upadhyaya, Ajay D; Rohatgi, Ajeet. K-Means Clustering is a well known technique based on unsupervised learning. In the article "Developing a RAW photo file 'by hand'" we learned many photograph concepts and how to handle and develop, by ourselves, a raw photo file (without demosaicing). I just can't figure out how to do it in ggplot / ggmap. If you want to use hollow shapes, without manually declaring each shape, you can use scale_shape (solid=FALSE). Our main data are either count data with or without trajectory analysis. Problems Chap2 - Free download as PDF File (. Flow cytometry (FCM) allows scientists to rapidly quantify up to 50 parameters for millions of cells per sample. 20 using ggplot2 2. Use MathJax to format equations. The same approach can be used in PowerPoint 2007 if you need to create concentric circles using a simple way. This is the tenth tutorial in a series on using ggplot2 I am creating with Mauricio Vargas Sepúlveda. How to use shapes in R. I've applied circular hough tranform for identifing the circlular objects in an image and i got the results. ggplot (Wage, aes (factor (1), fill = education)) + geom_bar (width =. If you are using Matplotlib from within a script, the function plt. ppt - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. The -log10 (P value) is plotted for each gene set (0, 4, 8, 12, and >16, radially outward in gray concentric circles). pdf), Text File (. R pie chart. DJ Patil, Hilary Mason, Pete Skomoroch, Riley Newman, Jonathan Goldman, Michael Hochster, George Roumeliotis, Kevin Novak, Jace Kohlmeier, Chris Moody, Erich Owens, Luis Sanchez, Eithon Cadag, Sean Gourley, Clare Corthell, Diane Wu. ADVICE AND INSIGHTS FROM. Two examples on highlighting regions by adding shapes to your R charts. Concentric circles or radii is different than multiple circles. Only shapes 21 to 25 are filled (and thus are affected by the fill color), the rest are just drawn in the outline color. Download 303 concentric circles free vectors. method often uses concentric circles around the selected destination in order to assign levels of engagement (Wilton & Menz, 1983). Communication and interconnections are always associated with such circles as they determine the powerful bonding. concentric to position the nodes in plots. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. 基于相关性的检测器 Correlation Based Detectors One of the earliest point detectors was designed using the correlation of concentric circles intensities of tw 2018-06-27 22:56:00 阅读数 9. Mój znajomy Jozue w zeszłym tygodniu tym razem łebsko wypożyczył lego hobbit game dragon. The different points shapes commonly used in R are illustrated in the figure below : mtcars data is used in the following examples. the correlations between each variable and the selected components (see References), are plotted as pairwise scatter plots, with concentric circles of radii given by radii. This note demonstrates how to create concentric circles in an Excel XY Scatter chart. The macaque population in this area has dwindled significantly over the past 5 years as the human density has increased substantially, resulting in nearly complete loss of any large trees. library (ggplot2) library (gridExtra) library (ggalt) library (scales) # current verison packageVersion ("ggalt") ## [1] '0. org DATE:2016年11月10日（木）. Using the wrong algorithm will give completely botched up results and all the effort will go …. #rstats" Concentric Circles - Kant & Data Visualization on Behance. frames for chromosome data and optionally mark data. With green moss grown between the dales Pavement with concentric pattern. This is more in the realm of infographics. For most geoms, the default shape is. See the underlying drawing function grid::curveGrob () for the parameters that control the curve. pl Only serious offers!. They are from open source Python projects. Cuida tu salud. Rtsne Rtsne. This blog is run by Jason Jon Benedict and Doug Beare to share insights and developments on open source software that can be used to analyze patterns and trends in in all types of data from the natural world. 2 Installation instructions. The thicker the circle the more. Containment within each circle represents a level in the hierarchy: each branch of the tree is represented as a circle and its sub-branches are represented as circles inside of it. But when i used the code into an app designer, insted of ploting the circles into the image where the centers are marked its ploting the circle in a different figure. List of Circle signs, make over 54 circle symbols text character. R help archive by subject. Dibujos de Animalitos, Mandalas, Navideños, Letras, Princesas, Reyes, Castillos y Muchos Más!. Top 50 ggplot2 Visualizations - The Master List (With Full R Code) Treemap is a nice way of displaying hierarchical data by using nested rectangles. A 'read' is counted each time someone views a publication summary (such as the title, abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text. Thanks for contributing an answer to Blender Stack Exchange! Please be sure to answer the question. Are you looking for a hostess in Poznan for international fair MTP? Professional and experienced hostess is offering to you her help in Support the stand, representing the company, translation. If you look at the scale of the axes of the two plots above, you'll see why this would be. KNN visualization for the linearly separable dataset. Dimensions, to describe the sizes or locations of objects in the everyday world. Legal shape values are the numbers 0 to 25, and the numbers 32 to 127. Made in R using reshape & ggplot2. The circles' radii vary between 0. py containing the following:. DATA SCIENCE HANDBOOK. 100 are represented by the concentric circles. drawing concentric circles in arcmap 10. Blocks upload calendar. Guest Post by Enjie (Jane) LI. Whether it is target diagram, circular maze or ripple effect diagram - concentric circles form the base for a whole range of diagrams. Consulta nuestros recursos para adaptarte a estos tiempos. The Big List of D3. I don't want any captions or margins. Therefore, it seems to me the simplest solution is to work with a different projection that is based on meters (that can easily be converted to miles) rather than degrees. 03 [Wk02L1] Eng design & eng geometry. Graph Rollup. Baby & children Computers & electronics Entertainment & hobby. 2018), ggplot2 (Wickham, 2016) and ggpubr (Kassambara, 2019) were used. With green moss grown between the dales Pavement with concentric pattern. Made in R using reshape & ggplot2. 5) + coord_polar (theta = "y") Bullseye Chart. # Hollow shapes ggplot(df, aes(x=xval, y=yval, group = cond)) + geom. Mollweide Hemispheres. B <- c (2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 14, 16) Create a simple pie chart. Polar Graphs Latex. Buffer widths overlapping with features of interest can indicate spatial relationships between target subjects. KNN visualization for the linearly separable dataset. Circle (xy, radius = 5, ** kwargs) [source] ¶. Wypożyczyłem Żywisławowi z 6F papa wierzchniego krycia hydrobit v60 s4,2h sz 7,5 m2 icopal. Over of my original paintings are in worldwide collections. carmichael561. A 'read' is counted each time someone views a publication summary (such as the title, abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text. [email protected] I've seen data visualizations that use concentric circles or 3-d inverted cones to convey this. Today I am at the Digital Scotland 2018 Conference in Glasgow – if you are along do give me a wave (you’ll find me easily from the glare of my mirrored protractor brooch!). Each circle has exactly one center, which is a point. txt) or view presentation slides online. 20 using ggplot2 2. But when i used the code into an app designer, insted of ploting the circles into the image where the centers are marked its ploting the circle in a different figure. Plot idiograms of several karyotypes having a set of data. They're also identified by direction of travel, NESW, but given what I have in mind, this is less interesting so I didn't show it. Browse the «Rainbow Png Heya Nonnies» board on Drew design by, which has 50, updated at 2019-10-02. Lee Monument Radon transform — skimage v0. In this tutorial we will demonstrate some of the many options the ggplot2 package has for creating and customising boxplots. Using the wrong algorithm will give completely botched up results and all the effort will go …. 10), igraph (>= 0. Fold paper in half top to bottom, unfold, then fold side to side, and unfold again to create four sections. Drawing some shapes. Basically, you have to clear all charts, then iterate through ea. 75 (with intervals of 0. 9cf3726653a19fb89c25. Again, as with the moons test problem, you can control the amount of noise in the shapes. Dixon, Jefferson; Rajan, Aravindh; Bohlemann, Steven; Coso, Dusan; Upadhyaya, Ajay D; Rohatgi, Ajeet. Each circle has exactly one center, which is a point. Brazilian peppertree was introduced several times in Florida in the mid- to late-1800s and sold widely as an ornamental plant (Mukherjee et al. Furthermore, we also use visual rhythm to summarize a large volume of data, building a visualization that. Idiograms can also be plotted in concentric circles. Unsupervised algorithms are a class of algorithms one should tread on carefully. Therefore, it seems to me the simplest solution is to work with a different projection that is based on meters (that can easily be converted to miles) rather than degrees. A 'read' is counted each time someone views a publication summary (such as the title, abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text. To plot each circle with a different size, specify sz as a vector with length equal to. — Vijay Barve (@vijaybarve) April 21, This plots number of records on each day with colors indicating the value and concentric circles for each year. Subdivisions of England. We will use R's airquality dataset in the datasets package. Containment within each circle represents a level in the hierarchy: each branch of the tree is represented as a circle and its sub-branches are represented as circles inside of it. Champagne-Ardenne. Each time mapproject is called, it leaves on frame 0 the dataset. about me: good manners, nice, open, communicative, hard-working Any qestions? Please contact if interested via email olga. By default, ggplot2 uses solid shapes. learning book. Drawing some shapes. Concentric Circles Emanating. جستجو کنید: جستجو فهرست کلیدواژه ها. Description Usage Arguments Format Examples. Nodes are placed on concentric circles depending their distance from a given root node. However, note that encoding data using the area of circles — which has become a "fad" in data visualization in recent years — makes even tougher demands on. pdf), Text File (. Concentric layouts. This R tutorial describes how to change the point shapes of a graph generated using R software and ggplot2 package. List of Circle signs, make over 54 circle symbols text character. Plotly's R library is free and open source! Get started by downloading the client and reading the primer. In this article, you will learn to create concentric circles using SmartArt tool. Now let's create a pie chart with a heading, using nice colours, and define our own. If you look at the scale of the axes of the two plots above, you'll see why this would be. Dotted arrow represents nonsignificant (p > 0. Check out our resources for adapting to these times. In this article, you will learn to create concentric circles using SmartArt. This R tutorial describes how to change the point shapes of a graph generated using R software and ggplot2 package. Usually these circles represent gradations of service based on distance from a central point:. A number of concentric circles are displayed on the interactive map, centered on your address, to show the fallout range of your selected nuclear bomb. I just can't figure out how to do it in ggplot / ggmap. js Examples. You can vote up the examples you like or vote down the ones you don't like. Over 4,000 of my original paintings are in worldwide collections. , 2004), and circle segments (Ankerst et al. 30 - Excellent sense of scale and interesting and original way to present data. Multiple circles would be many circles around many points. the former, the figure-in-figure is a nice touch; as to the latter, I am curious to know how you translated distance in km to the size parameters of the graph (par("usr")) for plotting the corresponding concentric circles (and the arrow indicating the radius) on top of your map. The Two Sources of Morality and Religion--Bergson - Free ebook download as PDF File (. UNIT – IV. Here, the authors show that mutating Wnt pathway genes (wnt11f1, fzd7a/b, and gpc4) causes concentric hair. I want to arrange it in grid. 25 AMAZING DATA SCIENTISTS F O R E W O R D. 'Dplyr' tool in R studio was used to evaluate the interlinking distribution of keywords, models, methods, primary and secondary databases that were used in various HCV studies. The greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a pest of a wide range of vegetable and ornamental crops in greenhouses around the world. Top 50 ggplot2 Visualizations - The Master List (With Full R Code) Treemap is a nice way of displaying hierarchical data by using nested rectangles. the former, the figure-in-figure is a nice touch; as to the latter, I am curious to know how you translated distance in km to the size parameters of the graph (par(“usr”)) for plotting the corresponding concentric circles (and the arrow indicating the radius) on top of your map. concentric layout Description Specify target and enriched motifs and returns a list with circle membership. They acquire an important place in exercises that involve relationships and the gradual progress. Now let's create a pie chart with a heading, using nice colours, and define our own. Today I am at the Digital Scotland 2018 Conference in Glasgow – if you are along do give me a wave (you’ll find me easily from the glare of my mirrored protractor brooch!). PolarClock is a novel clock that displays the passage of time in a series of shrinking concentric circles. Usage getConcentricList(g, t, e, max. Using super-resolution microscopy approaches, Houmadi et al. scatter (x,y,sz) specifies the circle sizes. a sunburst graph: "used to visualize hierarchical data, depicted by concentric circles" "Disk usage (Boabab)" by w:Baobab (software). by = "label") Arguments g graph to layout (extract the nodes). Idiograms can also be plotted in concentric circles. D3 Mega List Here is an updated list of d3 examples, sorted alphabetically. This R tutorial describes how to change the point shapes of a graph generated using R software and ggplot2 package. DATA VISUALIZATION & TYPES: Data Visualization is defined as the pictorial representation of the data to provide the fact-. Apr 3, 2020 - Explore guilhermesv's board "Visualização de Dados", followed by 189 people on Pinterest. Several Circles, Concentric Circles and Farbstudie Quadrate are famous Wassily Kandinsky paintings which this website covers in full alongside a host of information on this famous painter who achieved great success with his early landscape and later abstract oil paintings. The rings could be aligned to increase or decrease the rate of fire by allowing or not allowing the inner ring turrets to get a line of fire on the target. TITLE:Mike Bostock's Blocks - bl. Idiograms can also be plotted in concentric circles. Visit Stack Exchange. Our approach encodes time dimension using concentric circles (Daassi et al. That is, each point is classified correctly, you might think that it is a. Valid keyword arguments are:. show() is your friend. ggmap is a new tool which enables such visualization by combining the spatial information of static maps from Google Maps. By default, ggplot2 uses solid shapes. circle of flowers Para Colorir Meer bekijken. Polar Graphs Latex. Use ggplot2 in R to extract data from each sheet and create box plots for each buffer distance. circo - circular layout, after Six and Tollis 99, Kauffman and Wiese 02. frame(x = 0:1, y=rep(c(1:80), each=2)) ggplot(df, aes(x=x, y=y, group=factor(y))) + geom_line() + coord_polar() It's somewhat of an improvement over the current method, shown here. On a grass field Concentric rings. Usage getConcentricList(g, t, e, max. Subsequent calls to mapproject will get missing information from. This set of stats and geoms makes it possible to draw circles based on a center point and a radius. A number of concentric circles are displayed on the interactive map, centered on your address, to show the fallout range of your selected nuclear bomb. the former, the figure-in-figure is a nice touch; as to the latter, I am curious to know how you translated distance in km to the size parameters of the graph (par(“usr”)) for plotting the corresponding concentric circles (and the arrow indicating the radius) on top of your map. 30 - Excellent sense of scale and interesting and original way to present data. Package 'rTRM' April 10, 2015 Type Package Title Identiﬁcation of transcriptional regulatory modules from PPI networks Version 1. Make sure to convert the column cyl from a numeric to a factor variable. Unsupervised algorithms are a class of algorithms one should tread on carefully. 3668 messages: transparent concentric circles ggplot/time series with indicators question. See more ideas about Data visualization, Infographic and Information design. Brazilian peppertree was introduced several times in Florida in the mid- to late-1800s and sold widely as an ornamental plant (Mukherjee et al. Using the wrong algorithm will give completely botched up results and all the effort will go …. Just to illustrate Dilip’s answer: on the following pictures, the black dots are data points ; on the left, the black line is the regression line obtained by y ~ x, which minimize the squares of the length of the red segments;. This code fixes coord_distance. The varNames argument can be used in order to select a part of the data table variable labels that are drawn. ppt - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. the correlations between each variable and the selected components (see References), are plotted as pairwise scatter plots, with concentric circles of radii given by radii. you do a lot with simple tools like Excel, but there is also more advanced software to do even cooler things:. Concentric Circles like a grid, centered at origin(像网格一样的同心圆，以原点为中心) - IT屋-程序员软件开发技术分享社区. g76yv 8y7y807u08 8y8t767yhn8n. Usefulness of concentric circles in PowerPoint: Concentric circles are extremely useful to create a whole range of business graphics. Problems Chap2 - Free download as PDF File (. Venn Diagram Maker Online. The small concentric circles denote. If you are using Matplotlib from within a script, the function plt. (We make no assumptions, besides those listed, about the meaning of the word "number. groovyJesus 0 points 1 point 2 points 6 months ago Aeropress + Hand Grinder < $100 +$30/mo for good coffee = \$460 for first year. You should see the un-glittered side of foam for both the red and gold piece. That they are concentric does not mean they are coplanar. I am trying to plot six concentric circles using meshgrid() and plot(). Ellipse A circle patch. ggplot2-Style Axis. about me: good manners, nice, open, communicative, hard-working Any qestions? Please contact if interested via email olga. But when i used the code into an app designer, insted of ploting the circles into the image where the centers are marked its ploting the circle in a different figure. pdf), Text File (. sfdp - multiscale version of fdp for the layout of large graphs. geom_curve draws a curved line. A year ago we looked at Global Trends 2025, a 2008 report by the National Intelligence Commission. Sure, there are other more cumbersome ways to articulate data. 1 quantifying the relationships among habitat, behavior and performance of gag, mycteroperca microlepis by zy biesinger a dissertation presented to the graduate school of the university of florida in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy university of florida 2011 page 2 2 2011 zy biesinger page 3. ggalt examples Bob Rudis 2017-02-14. The syntax took some getting used to … but overall I found the package to be quite useful. Only shapes 21 to 25 are filled (and thus are affected by the fill color), the rest are just drawn in the outline color. Again, as with the moons test problem, you can control the amount of noise in the shapes. Bases: matplotlib. You can vote up the examples you like or vote down the ones you don't like. At first, I thought I made a mistake in my plot. 基于相关性的检测器 Correlation Based Detectors One of the earliest point detectors was designed using the correlation of concentric circles intensities of tw 2018-06-27 22:56:00 阅读数 9. a sunburst graph: "used to visualize hierarchical data, depicted by concentric circles" "Disk usage (Boabab)" by w:Baobab (software). Are you looking for a hostess in Poznan for international fair MTP? Professional and experienced hostess is offering to you her help in Support the stand, representing the company, translation. pl Only serious offers!. the correlations between each variable and the selected components (see References), are plotted as pairwise scatter plots, with concentric circles of radii given by radii. I have been using bdvis package (version 0. The greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a pest of a wide range of vegetable and ornamental crops in greenhouses around the world. 5,885 graphics of Concentric Circles on GoGraph. Rings, circles, and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology Article in Oikos 104(2):209-229 · February 2004 with 1,125 Reads How we measure 'reads'. But when i used the code into an app designer, insted of ploting the circles into the image where the centers are marked its ploting the circle in a different figure. Basically, you have to clear all charts, then iterate through ea. Our approach encodes time dimension using concentric circles (Daassi et al. chart w/ your decision to have or not have a dataLabel, placing it back in that dashboard; but I wanted to avoid this as it might. Also, it provides radial layouts, where the root node is placed at the centre, whereas the remaining nodes are placed on a sequence of concentric circles centred on the root node. sfdp - multiscale version of fdp for the layout of large graphs. The circles' radii vary between 0. This is the tenth tutorial in a series on using ggplot2 I am creating with Mauricio Vargas Sepúlveda. Introduction. In this tutorial we will demonstrate some of the many options the ggplot2 package has for creating and customising boxplots. Made in R using reshape & ggplot2. Introduction by Conference Chair: Alisdair Gunn, Director, Framewire, &. Visualisation (with audio) of tweets from around the world containing many of Father Jack Hackett's shouts. The circles' radii vary between 0. about me: good manners, nice, open, communicative, hard-working Any qestions? Please contact if interested via email olga. 1 and I would like. Squares with Several Concentric Circles is another common name for this famous painting. the former, the figure-in-figure is a nice touch; as to the latter, I am curious to know how you translated distance in km to the size parameters of the graph (par(“usr”)) for plotting the corresponding concentric circles (and the arrow indicating the radius) on top of your map. plotVar produces a "correlation circle", i. Great circles on a recentered worldmap, in ggplot March 19, 2012 Noteworthy Bits ggplot2 , gis , hivetalkin , mapping , R cengel Even though several examples of great circle visualizations exist by now, I had not seen the code of one made with ggplot2. Any help would be appreciated. 20 using ggplot2 2. Tutorials Corel Draw Select another guard and you’ll have to deal with considerably more policemen, with carriages much farther away. The ANPRs mostly come in in-out pairs, and in 4 "radial groups": basically one a long way out, then 3 concentric circles. ggmap is a new tool which enables such. library (ggplot2) library (gridExtra) library (ggalt) library (scales) # current verison packageVersion ("ggalt") ## [1] '0. Vocabulary: Concentric Circles – circles that are on top of each other, changing in size as you draw another but always having the same center axis. ggplot2-Style Axis. Mar 24, 2018 - No te pierdas infinidad de DIBUJOS para DESCARGAR, IMPRIMIR y COLOREAR como lo deseen. Path coefficients are unstandardized partial regression coefficients. Eckert-Greifendorff. The Two Sources of Morality and Religion--Bergson - Free ebook download as PDF File (. Each circle has exactly one radius, which is a number. In Part 14, let's see how to create pie charts in R. ggmap is a new tool which enables such. The LSA workflows are constructed and executed with the software monads LSAMon-WL, [AA1, AAp1], and LSAMon-R, [AAp2]. R help archive by author. Provide details and share your research! But avoid … Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. ppt), PDF File (. The actual problem is to plot a circle with 40 miles in diameter on a map with a lat/lon projection (typically EPSG:4326), because native map units are degrees. source node), moving broader before moving deper into the graph in the initial gif:. Graph Rollup. html을 R의 ggplot2로 다시 그려. layout_with_focus() for instance allows you to focus the network on a specific character and order all other nodes in concentric circles (depending on distance) around it. 25 AMAZING DATA SCIENTISTS F O R E W O R D. Digital Scotland 2018 – Liveblog. ·集じん容量(L):5 ·吸水量(L):4 ·最大風量(立米/min):3. You are dealing with Karla Gerard, Maine Folk Art/Abstract Artist, Originator/Creator of concentric circles/flowers in trees paintings and in landscapes. K L A M K A. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. In contrast to using ggplot2::geom_point(), the size of the circles are related to the coordinate system and not to a separate scale. This note demonstrates how to create concentric circles in an Excel XY Scatter chart. Baby & children Computers & electronics Entertainment & hobby. Geographic Heatmaps with Concentric Circles by Distance? I'm looking to generate a geographic heatmap (using 'ggmap') that overlays some dimension (to start, housing prices) over the lat/lon near a city center. Concentric vs eccentric circles: Always doing something wrong: Winchester 35 sl: Google dft engineer interview questions: 1 : Northwest armory scottsdale arizona: 1: Alick macheso mp3 2003: Cyqb atis freq: Mississauga police news: Bokeh full jpg to pdf: Kostnad uttag utomlands swedbank: Copy and paste zodiac symbols not emoji: Painful period. Create and download customized Venns. ppt - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. No matter what you’re looking for or where you are in the world, our global marketplace of sellers can help you find unique and affordable options. report that the LFA-1 ring is composed of nanoclusters embedded in the actin cytoskeleton and identify the pivotal role of WASP in LFA-1 topography. show() is your friend. Predictions were smoothed using inverse distance weighting and the centers of hexagons were taken as the concentrations used as the fill aesthetic of geom_hex. Eckert-Greifendorff. It is not explored for any more general use, so use with caution! Usage. pdf), Text File (. Clickstream. circo - circular layout, after Six and Tollis 99, Kauffman and Wiese 02. 524f4fcde9f1a572fcb6. Pie charts encode continuous variables primarily using the angles made in the center of the circle. In the case of the space‐filling diagram approach, Graphviz can draw the tree as a squarified treemap 115 or as a packed cluster structure using the pack layout. Sure, there are other more cumbersome ways to articulate data. DATA SCIENCE HANDBOOK. read_csv ('outlier. For example, an early idea led us to explore using concentric circles to represent the tree of geographic categories (Hemisphere, Continent, Country, Region, County, City), and then filling an arc of a circle with a scatter plot to show individual grants. Note that this didn't change the x axis labels. , 2004), and circle segments (Ankerst et al. The distance markers are combine with an inline barplot and table to reveal more data. See more ideas about Steampunk, Steampunk book and Steampunk house.


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Confidence Intervals for Incidence rate

HELENH

New Member
Hello, I am completing a dissertation for a BSc and I really need some help. Is there any way I can calculate confidence intervals from an incidence rate when the only information I have it the rate itself, in this case, the rate is 740/100 000. ? If so how do I do it?? Thank you!

fed2

Member
I'm pretty sure you need to know the actual number of person-years, or whatever the denominator is, and not just a point estimate of the rate. If you got that, then there are standard "poisson" confidence intervals that can be used for the mortality rate. You have to look them up on google and report back.

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# Rwin configuration

0th

Percentile

##### R for Windows Configuration

The file Rconsole configures the R GUI (Rgui) console under MS Windows and loadRconsole(*) loads a new configuration.

The file Rdevga configures the graphics devices windows, win.graph, win.metafile and win.print, as well as the bitmap devices bmp, jpeg, png and tiff (which use for type = "windows" use windows internally).

Keywords
utilities
##### Usage
loadRconsole(file)
##### Arguments
file

The file from which to load a new Rconsole configuration. By default a file dialog is used to select a file.

##### Details

There are system copies of these files in R_HOME\etc. Users can have personal copies of the files: these are looked for in the location given by the environment variable R_USER. The system files are read only if a corresponding personal file is not found.

If the environment variable R_USER is not set, the R system sets it to HOME if that is set (stripping any trailing slash), otherwise to the Windows ‘personal’ directory, otherwise to {HOMEDRIVE}{HOMEPATH} if HOMEDRIVE and HOMEDRIVE are both set otherwise to the working directory. This is as described in the file rw-FAQ.

##### Value

Each of the files contains details in its comments of how to set the values.

At the time of writing Rdevga configured the mapping of font numbers to fonts, and Rconsole configured the appearance (single or multiple document interface, toolbar, statusbar on MDI), size, font and colours of the GUI console, and whether resizing the console sets options("width").

The file Rconsole also configures the internal pager. This shares the font and colours of the console, but can be sized separately.

Rconsole can also set the initial positions of the console and the graphics device, as well as the size and position of the MDI workspace in MDI mode.

loadRconsole is called for its side effect of loading new defaults. It returns no useful value.

##### Note

The GUI preferences item on the Edit menu brings up an dialog box which can be used to edit the console settings, and to save them to a file.

This is only available on Windows.

##### Chinese/Japanese/Korean

Users of these languages will need to select a suitable font for the console (perhaps MS Mincho) and for the graphics device (although the default Arial has many East Asian characters). It is essential that the font selected for the console has double-width East Asian characters -- many monospaced fonts do not.

windows

##### Aliases
• Rconsole
• Rdevga
library(utils) # NOT RUN { if(.Platform\$OS.type == "windows") withAutoprint({ ruser <- Sys.getenv("R_USER") cat("\n\nLocation for personal configuration files is\n R_USER = ", ruser, "\n\n", sep = "") ## see if there are personal configuration files file.exists(file.path(ruser, c("Rconsole", "Rdevga"))) ## show the configuration files used showConfig <- function(file) { ruser <- Sys.getenv("R_USER") path <- file.path(ruser, file) if(!file.exists(path)) path <- file.path(R.home(), "etc", file) file.show(path, header = path) } showConfig("Rconsole") }) # }


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# Clustering with Noise Points Detection¶

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import genieclust

Let’s load an example data set that can be found the on hdbscan package’s project site:

dataset = "hdbscan"
X = np.loadtxt("%s.data.gz" % dataset, ndmin=2)
labels_true = np.loadtxt("%s.labels0.gz" % dataset, dtype=np.intp)-1
n_clusters = len(np.unique(labels_true[labels_true>=0]))

Here are the “reference” labels as identified by an expert (of course, each dataset might reveal many different clusterings that a user might find useful for whatever their goal is). Labels -1 denote noise points (light grey markers).

genieclust.plots.plot_scatter(X, labels=labels_true, alpha=0.5)
plt.title("(n=%d, true n_clusters=%d)" % (X.shape[0], n_clusters))
plt.axis("equal")
plt.show()

Reference labels.

## Smoothing Factor¶

The genieclust package allows for clustering with respect to a mutual reachability distance, $$d_M$$, known from the HDBSCAN* algorithm [CMZS15]. It is parameterised with a smoothing factor, M, which controls how eagerly we tend to classify points as noise.

Here are the effects of playing with the M parameter (we keep the default gini_threshold):

Ms = [2, 5, 10, 25]
for i in range(len(Ms)):
g = genieclust.Genie(n_clusters=n_clusters, M=Ms[i])
labels_genie = g.fit_predict(X)
plt.subplot(2, 2, i+1)
genieclust.plots.plot_scatter(X, labels=labels_genie, alpha=0.5)
plt.title("(gini_threshold=%g, M=%d)"%(g.gini_threshold, g.M))
plt.axis("equal")
plt.show()

Labels predicted by Genie with noise point detection.

For a more natural look-and-feel, it can be a good idea to first identify the noise points with Genie, remove them from the data set (or at least temporarily disable), and then apply the clustering procedure once again (did we mention that our algorithm is fast?) but now with respect to the original distance (here: Euclidean):

# Step 1: Noise point identification
g1 = genieclust.Genie(n_clusters=n_clusters, M=50)
labels_noise = g1.fit_predict(X)
non_noise = (labels_noise >= 0) # True == non-noise point
# Step 2: Clustering of non-noise points:
g2 = genieclust.Genie(n_clusters=n_clusters)
labels_genie = g2.fit_predict(X[non_noise, :])
# Replace old labels with the new ones:
labels_noise[non_noise] = labels_genie
# Scatter plot:
genieclust.plots.plot_scatter(X, labels=labels_noise, alpha=0.5)
plt.title("(gini_threshold=%g, noise points removed first; M=%d)"%(g2.gini_threshold, g1.M))
plt.axis("equal")
plt.show()

Labels predicted by Genie when noise points were removed from the dataset.

However, contrary to an excellent implementation of HDBSCAN* that is featured in the hdbscan package [MHA17] and which also relies on a minimum spanning tree w.r.t. $$d_M$$, here we still have the hierarchical Genie [GBC16] algorithm under the hood. This means we can ask for any number of clusters and get what we asked for. Moreover, we can easily switch between partitions of finer or coarser granularity.

ncs = [5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15]
for i in range(len(ncs)):
g = genieclust.Genie(n_clusters=ncs[i])
labels_genie = g.fit_predict(X[non_noise, :])
plt.subplot(3, 2, i+1)
labels_noise[non_noise] = labels_genie
genieclust.plots.plot_scatter(X, labels=labels_noise, alpha=0.5)
plt.title("(n_clusters=%d)"%(g.n_clusters))
plt.axis("equal")
plt.show()

Labels predicted by Genie when noise points were removed from the dataset.

## A Comparision with HDBSCAN*¶

Here are the results returned by hdbscan with default parameters:

import hdbscan

h = hdbscan.HDBSCAN()
labels_hdbscan = h.fit_predict(X)
genieclust.plots.plot_scatter(X, labels=labels_hdbscan, alpha=0.5)
plt.title("(min_cluster_size=%d, min_samples=%d)" % (
h.min_cluster_size, h.min_samples or h.min_cluster_size))
plt.axis("equal")
plt.show()

Labels predicted by HDBSCAN*.

By tuning min_cluster_size and/or min_samples (which corresponds to our M parameter; by the way, min_samples defaults to min_cluster_size if not provided explicitly), we can obtain a partition that is even closer to the reference one:

mcss = [5, 10, 25]
mss = [5, 10]
for i in range(len(mcss)):
for j in range(len(mss)):
h = hdbscan.HDBSCAN(min_cluster_size=mcss[i], min_samples=mss[j])
labels_hdbscan = h.fit_predict(X)
plt.subplot(3, 2, i*len(mss)+j+1)
genieclust.plots.plot_scatter(X, labels=labels_hdbscan, alpha=0.5)
plt.title("(min_cluster_size=%d, min_samples=%d)" % (
h.min_cluster_size, h.min_samples or h.min_cluster_size))
plt.axis("equal")
plt.show()

Labels predicted by HDBSCAN*.

Neat.


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pt Write the general formula for following alternating series in the form n 1 a

# Pt write the general formula for following

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8.(1 pt) Write the general formula for following alternatingseries in the formn=1an.98-99+910911+···an= - Answer(s) submitted: 9/(n+7)*(-1)ˆ(n+1) (correct) 9.(1 pt) Determine whether the following alternating se-ries areabsolutely convergent,conditionally convergent,ordivergent.Answer ”Absolutely Convergent”, ”ConditionallyConvergent”, or ”Divergent”. Note:You only have two attempts at this problem. 10.(1 pt) Determine whether the following series isn=1(-1)n+115n1.1 C. divergentAnswer(s) submitted:B(correct)Correct Answers:B 11.(1 pt) Determine whether the following series convergesor diverges.n=1(-1)nsin9nInputCfor convergence andDfor divergence: Note: You have only one chance to enter your answer. Answer(s) submitted: C (correct) Correct Answers: 12.(1 pt) How many terms of the series do we need to add inorder to find the sum to the indicated accuracy?n=1(-1)n-1n2,error0.001. 13.(1 pt) Consider the seriesanwherean=(3n+2)n


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# Rule of twelfths

Rule of twelfths

The Rule of Twelfths[1] is a rule of thumb for estimating the height of the tide at any time, given only the time and height of high and low water.[2] This is important when navigating a boat or a ship in shallow water, and when launching and retrieving boats on slipways on a tidal shore.

The rule assumes that the rate of flow of a tide increases smoothly to a maximum halfway between high and low tide before smoothly decreasing to zero again and that the interval between low and high tides is approximately six hours. The rule states that in the first hour after low tide the water level will rise by one twelfth of the range, in the second hour two twelfths, and so on according to the sequence - 1:2:3:3:2:1.[3]

## Example calculation

If a tide table gave us the information that tomorrow's low water would be at noon and that the water level at this time would be two metres above chart datum and further, that at the following high tide the water level would be 14 metres. We could work out the height of water at 3:00 p.m. as follows:

• The total increase in water level between low and high tide would be: 14 - 2 = 12 metres.
• In the first hour the water level would rise by 1 twelfth of the total (12 m) or: 1 m
• In the second hour the water level would rise by another 2 twelfths of the total (12 m) or: 2 m
• In the third hour the water level would rise by another 3 twelfths of the total (12 m) or: 3 m
• This gives us the increase in the water level by 3:00 p.m. as 6 metres.

This represents only the increase - the total depth of the water (relative to chart datum) will include the 2 m depth at low tide: 6 m + 2 m = 8 metres.

Obviously the calculation can be simplified by adding twelfths together and reducing the fraction beforehand i.e.

Rise of tide in three hours $=\left({1\over12}+{2\over12}+{3\over12}\right)\times 12 \ \mathrm{m}=\left({6\over12}\right)\times12 \ \mathrm{m}=\left({1\over2}\right)\times12 \ \mathrm{m}=6 \ \mathrm{m}$

## Caveats

The rule is a rough approximation only and should be applied with great caution when used for navigational purposes. Officially produced tide tables should be used in preference whenever possible.

The rule assumes that all tides behave in a regular manner, this is not true of some geographical locations, such as Poole Harbour[4] or the Solent[5] where there are "double" high waters or Weymouth Bay[6] where there is a double low water.

The rule assumes that the period between high and low tides is six hours but this is an underestimate and can vary anyway.

## References

1. ^ Rule of Twelfths for quick tidal estimates
2. ^ The Outboard Boater's Handbook: Advanced Seamanship and Practical Skills, written by David R. Getchell, published by International Marine, page 195, ISBN 978-0-07-023053-8
3. ^ The weekend navigator: simple boat navigation with GPS and electronics, written by Robert J. Sweet, page 162, ISBN 978-0-07-143035-7
4. ^ www.shrimperowners.org/sitefiles/Poole%20Tides.pdf
5. ^ English Channel Double Tides


text:
355 articles – 411 references  [version française]
 HAL: hal-00705796, version 1
 Journal of machine Learning Research W&CP 22 (2012) 264-272
 Wilks' phenomenon and penalized likelihood-ratio test for nonparametric curve registration
 Olivier Collier 1, 2, 3, Arnak Dalalyan 1, 2
 (2012-04-20)
 The problem of curve registration appears in many different areas of applications ranging from neuroscience to road traffic modeling. In the present work, we propose a nonparametric testing framework in which we develop a generalized likelihood ratio test to perform curve registration. We first prove that, under the null hypothesis, the resulting test statistic is asymptotically distributed as a chi-squared random variable. This result, often referred to as Wilks' phenomenon, provides a natural threshold for the test of a prescribed asymptotic significance level and a natural measure of lack-of-fit in terms of the p-value of the $\chi^2$-test. We also prove that the proposed test is consistent, i.e., its power is asymptotically equal to 1. Finite sample properties of the proposed methodology are demonstrated by numerical simulations.
 1: IMAGINE CSTB – Ecole des Ponts ParisTech – Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne (UPEC) 2: Laboratoire d'Informatique Gaspard-Monge (LIGM) Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEMLV) – ESIEE – Ecole des Ponts ParisTech – Fédération de Recherche Bézout – CNRS : UMR8049 3: Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique (CREST) INSEE – École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique
 Subject : Statistics/Machine Learning
 hal-00705796, version 1 http://hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00705796 oai:hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr:hal-00705796 From: Arnak Dalalyan <> Submitted on: Friday, 8 June 2012 11:55:44 Updated on: Friday, 8 June 2012 11:55:44


text:
The first is the Pontryagin-Thom construction, which exhibits an isomorphism between the $k$th stable homotopy group $\pi_{n+k}(S^n)$ and the framed cobordism group of smooth $k$-manifolds. This is even interesting (though more elementary) in the case $k = 0$, where it recovers the basic degree theory that you learn in your first course on topology. This was originally developed by Pontryagin to compute homotopy groups of spheres, but now it is regarded as a tool in manifold theory. These matters are discussed in Chapter 3 of Luck's book on Surgery theory, for example.
The second application is to physics. Unfortunately I don't understand this story very well at all, so I'll begin with what I more or less DO understand (which may or may not be well-known). The basic idea begins with the problem of situating electromagnetism in a quantum mechanical framework. Dirac began this process by imagining a "magnetic monopole", i.e. a particle that would play the role for magnetic fields that the electron plays for electric fields. The physical laws for a charged particle sitting in the field determined by a magnetic monopole turn out to depend on a choice of vector potential for the field (the choice is necessarily local), and Dirac found that changing the vector potential corresponds to multiplying the wave function $\psi$ for the particle by a complex number of modulus 1 (i.e. an element of U(1)). If we think of the magnetic monopole as sitting at the origin, then these phases can naturally be regarded as elements of a principal $U(1)$-bundle over $M = \mathbb{R}^3 \ 0$. - {0}$. But$M$is homotopy equivalent to$S^2$, and principal$U(1)$-bundles over$S^2$are classified by$\pi_1(U(1)) = \mathbb{Z}$. Proof: think about the Hopf fibration. The appearance of the integers here corresponds exactly to the observation of Dirac (the Dirac quantization condition) that the existence of a magnetic monopole implies the quantization of electric charge. It is remarkable to note that Hopf's paper on the Hopf fibration and Dirac's paper on magnetic monopoles were published in the same year, though neither had any clue that the two ideas were related! The story goes on. The so-called "Yang-Mills Instantons" correspond in a similar way to principal$SU(2)$bundles over$S^4$, which are classified by$\pi_3(SU(2)) = \mathbb{Z}$. Again, the integers have important physical significance. So these two classical examples motivate the computation of$\pi_1(S^1)$and$\pi_3(S^3)$, but as is always the case this is just the tip of an iceberg. I am not familiar with anything deeper than the tip, but I have it on good authority that physicists have become interested in homotopy groups of other spheres as well, presumably to classify other principal bundles (it seems like a bit of a coincidence that the groups which came up in these examples are spheres, but maybe one reduces homotopy theory for other spaces to homotopy theory for spheres). People who know more about physics and/or the classification of principal bundles should feel free to chime in. A great reference for the mathematician who wants to learn something about the physics that I discussed here is the book "Topology, Geometry, and Gauge Fields: Foundations" by Naber. 1 I used to think that the entire theory was intellectual masturbation, but two examples in particular completely changed my mind. The first is the Pontryagin-Thom construction, which exhibits an isomorphism between the$k$th stable homotopy group$\pi_{n+k}(S^n)$and the framed cobordism group of smooth$k$-manifolds. This is even interesting (though more elementary) in the case$k = 0$, where it recovers the basic degree theory that you learn in your first course on topology. This was originally developed by Pontryagin to compute homotopy groups of spheres, but now it is regarded as a tool in manifold theory. These matters are discussed in Chapter 3 of Luck's book on Surgery theory, for example. The second application is to physics. Unfortunately I don't understand this story very well at all, so I'll begin with what I more or less DO understand (which may or may not be well-known). The basic idea begins with the problem of situating electromagnetism in a quantum mechanical framework. Dirac began this process by imagining a "magnetic monopole", i.e. a particle that would play the role for magnetic fields that the electron plays for electric fields. The physical laws for a charged particle sitting in the field determined by a magnetic monopole turn out to depend on a choice of vector potential for the field (the choice is necessarily local), and Dirac found that changing the vector potential corresponds to multiplying the wave function$\psi$for the particle by a complex number of modulus 1 (i.e. an element of U(1)). If we think of the magnetic monopole as sitting at the origin, then these phases can naturally be regarded as elements of a principal$U(1)$-bundle over$M = \mathbb{R}^3 \ 0$. But$M$is homotopy equivalent to$S^2$, and principal$U(1)$-bundles over$S^2$are classified by$\pi_1(U(1)) = \mathbb{Z}$. Proof: think about the Hopf fibration. The appearance of the integers here corresponds exactly to the observation of Dirac (the Dirac quantization condition) that the existence of a magnetic monopole implies the quantization of electric charge. It is remarkable to note that Hopf's paper on the Hopf fibration and Dirac's paper on magnetic monopoles were published in the same year, though neither had any clue that the two ideas were related! The story goes on. The so-called "Yang-Mills Instantons" correspond in a similar way to principal$SU(2)$bundles over$S^4$, which are classified by$\pi_3(SU(2)) = \mathbb{Z}$. Again, the integers have important physical significance. So these two classical examples motivate the computation of$\pi_1(S^1)$and$\pi_3(S^3)\$, but as is always the case this is just the tip of an iceberg. I am not familiar with anything deeper than the tip, but I have it on good authority that physicists have become interested in homotopy groups of other spheres as well, presumably to classify other principal bundles (it seems like a bit of a coincidence that the groups which came up in these examples are spheres, but maybe one reduces homotopy theory for other spaces to homotopy theory for spheres). People who know more about physics and/or the classification of principal bundles should feel free to chime in.


text:
# hdu——Ignatius and the Princess IV

“OK, you are not too bad, em… But you can never pass the next test.” feng5166 says.
“I will tell you an odd number N, and then N integers. There will be a special integer among them, you have to tell me which integer is the special one after I tell you all the integers.” feng5166 says.
“But what is the characteristic of the special integer?” Ignatius asks.
“The integer will appear at least (N+1)/2 times. If you can’t find the right integer, I will kill the Princess, and you will be my dinner, too. Hahahaha…..” feng5166 says.
Can you find the pecial integer for Ignatius?
Input
The input contains several test cases. Each test case contains two lines. The first line consists of an odd integer N(1<=N<=999999) which indicate the number of the integers feng5166 will tell our hero. The second line contains the N integers. The input is terminated by the end of file.
Output
For each test case, you have to output only one line which contains the special number you have found.
Sample Input
5
1 3 2 3 3
11
1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5
7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sample Output
3
5
1

#include <cstdio>
#include <algorithm>
#include <map>
const int MAXN=1000050;
int t[MAXN];
using namespace std;
int main(void){
int n;
while(~scanf("%d",&n)){
map<int,int> m;
for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
scanf("%d",&t[i]);
}
for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
if(m.count(t[i])==0){
m.insert(make_pair(t[i],1));
}
else{
if(m.find(t[i])->second==n/2){
printf("%d\n",t[i]);
break;
}
m.find(t[i])->second++;
}
}
}
return 0;
}

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text:
DCP-LETT-2949

To Daniel Oliver   14 October [1860]1

Oct. 14th

My dear Sir

I am much obliged to you for so kindly telling me about the Australian Orchids, (a subject which interests me greatly, & I have now examined nearly all the British kinds);2 but I cannot quite understand the description, & without examining the live plants, with reference to visits of insects, I believe their means of fertilisation can never be understood. Even Hooker was led into considerable error, not of facts, but of purpose in his curious description of Listera.3

I want to consult you on one point, as you have so much knowledge: I have consulted Prof. Henslow, but he knows nothing like it.—4 The elongated cells in the hairs of Drosera are filled, when expanded, with homogeneous pink fluid: after inflection this fluid always separates into colourless fluid & into thick, viscid, dark red fluid. This latter fluid undergoes a slow, never ceasing, endless changes of form. The enclosed diagrams (1, 2, 3 &c)5 represent the same cell full of colourless fluid, with the shaded dark red viscid matter: the outlines were done at the interval of about 1$\frac{1}{2}$ minute; & you will see the changes of form & position of the two original masses; they divide, coalesce, leave threads behind them; these threads change into necklaces, & one or more of the beads swell & enlarge, then often divide, coalesce & so on ad infinitum— I have never seen the same changes twice, they are infinitely varied. It is not due to endosmose, for it takes place in Hair cut off & placed dry between two slips of glass.—   Has anything like this been described? A very weak solution of C. of Ammonia instantly sets the process at work.—

I hope that you will like to hear a little about Dionæ a,—the examination of which I have much enjoyed owing to your kindness.— I have made out but very little. The sensitive Hairs, have no gland, or spiral vessel or stomata, & so differ greatly from the Hairs of Drosera; but I have hardly any doubt that the spirally arranged cells are before the contraction of the leaf filled with homogeneous red fluid; for many cells were in the contracted specimens sent by you thus filled    And I saw the same, but very slow, movements, as in Drosera, & the red viscid matter was much excited by C. of Ammonia. This seems an important point of agreement with Drosera.

On upper or inside of leaf, the whole surface is studded with minute projections on footstalks, just like the back of a tortoise; & in the cells or compartments, there is pink fluid, which with gf/C. of Ammonia acts as the matter in cells of Drosera. From analogy of Drosera I infer that these tortoises are the secreting & absorbing glands.—6 One thing surprises me, viz under each footstalk of the tortoise-shells there is what appears a stoma.

[DIAG]

These tortoises do not occur on insides of marginal spikes. On back of spikes & on back of leaf, there are many petaloid or star-like little projections on footstalks;

[DIAG]

& beneath these there are apparently stomata.7 The brown matter within these stars is not acted on by C. of Ammonia. The marginal spikes have spiral vessels; & I suspect may be looked at as the extreme marginal hairs of Drosera in a functionless condition.

Now these few observations would lead me to try the following experiments, if I had living plants; but I beg you not to try, unless you feel some little interest on the subject.—8

Firstly & chiefly, to gather one more leaf very quietly, (or look at growing leaf) put it under simple microscope & observe whether the sensitive Hairs are uniformly coloured; then touch Hair with needle, & observe whether the colour does not become very soon (how soon?) mottled from the action of segregation, as described, of red viscid matter from red fluid.

Drop weak C. of Ammonia on inside of marginal spikes,—on disc of leaf,, on back of leaf & on sensitive Hairs, but in in latter case so small a drop as not to run down on to the disc, if this be possible.—   These experiments could tell much.—

In how many seconds or minutes does leaf close?

Lastly can you tell me, whether the stomata are ever covered by reticulated cells?

[DIAG]

Have stomata & spiral vessels any connection? or relation

First try disc & sensitive Hair; if these do not act, other trials would be useless.—

I have as yet tried only 2 experiments on D. spathulata.—9

at 9o A.M put on one leaf $\frac{1}{2}$ minim of solution of Nitrate of Ammonia (3 gr to 1 oz, so that I gave the leaf $\frac{1}{320}$ of a grain which is much too strong), in 6 hours, hairs incurved; in 7 hours hairs met; in 9 hours edges of the leaf itself much incurved; so that leaf became semi-cylindrical.—

Gum has produced no effect—

I am in complete muddle about effect of various salts; & I am deeply indebted to you (in main part) for having made me try more experiments.—   God forgive me, for having written you so long a letter.—   You will soon find out that I can be troublesome with a vengeance.—

With cordial thanks, Yours very truly | C. Darwin

(It has been ridiculous in me, from my ignorance, taking up this subject; but it was purely accidental.)

Do please touch the sensitive Hair; though my fear is whether with simple microscope you could perceive change from uniform to broken colour: yet I felt sure that colour was broken when I first saw through simple lens the Hairs.— I expect the change to be almost instantaneous. It would be very curious if disc alone was sensitive to Ammonia; & the Hairs only to touch, but Heaven knows how it would be.

Perhaps action of C. of Ammonia on the disc would not be rapid (as from a touch on Hair).—

Footnotes

1
The year is given by CD’s stay in Eastbourne (see ‘Journal’; Appendix II).
2
In Orchids, CD thanked Oliver, along with many other botanists and gardeners, for his help in supplying information about foreign orchids (Orchids, p. 158 n.).
3
Hooker 1854b. Joseph Dalton Hooker did not regard the curious modifications of the sexual organs of Listera as adaptations for insect pollination.
4
See letters to J. S. Henslow, 28 [September 1860] and 11 October [1860].
5
The drawings have not been found. For later drawings illustrating the phenomenon of aggregation, see Insectivorous plants, pp. 40–1.
6
The structure of the glands of Dionaea muscipula is described in Insectivorous plants, pp. 287–90.
7
Stomata are openings in the epidermis through which gases can pass into the internal tissue of plants and water and oxygen pass to the outside.
8
Oliver had only sent CD some leaves of Dionaea, not a complete plant. See letters to Daniel Oliver, 11 September [1860], [29 September 1860], and 12 [October 1860].
9
Oliver had sent a specimen of Drosera spathulata from Kew at the end of September. See first letter to Daniel Oliver, 12 [October 1860].

Summary

Has examined nearly all British orchids.

Hooker’s error on Listera.

Change in colour and consistency of Drosera hair glands after leaf inflection. Analogous structures in Dionaea. Requests Oliver confirm these observations on live plants, of which he has none.

In a muddle over the effects of salts on insectivorous plants.

Letter details

Letter no.
DCP-LETT-2949
From
Darwin, C. R.
To
Oliver, Daniel
Sent from
Eastbourne
Source of text
Down House (MS 10: 17)
Physical description
8pp


text:
# Characteristic of a product ring?

Let A and B be commutative rings with unity where char(A)=n and Char(B)=m s.t. n,m ∈ ℤ (and n,m ≠ 0). Prove or give counter example: if k ∈ ℤ+ and n,m both divide k, then Char (A x B)| k.

Here was my thinking but I don't know if it is true: Char(A x B) = gcd(n,m) . I know that if n|k and m|k, we want to show that gcd(n,m)|K. However, I don't know if my initial assumption that Char(A x B) = gcd(n,m) is actually correct.

I know that a characteristic of a ring with unity is the smallest such n st 1*n≡ 0 where 1 is the multiplicative identity. I tried to use an easy example:

Char(ℤ12) = 12, Char(ℤ6)=6, Char(ℤ12 x ℤ6) = 3 or does it equal 6???

• It's the lcm, not the gcd. – Qiaochu Yuan May 6 '16 at 1:24

As you were told in the comments, $\mathrm{char}(A\times B)=\mathrm{lcm}(m,n)$. (To see why take a look at Group Order and Least Common Multiple.) So the property you are looking for holds true.


text:
Just nuked my ~/.config

@torresjrjr Are you feeling okay? Do you need to sit down for a bit? 😰 💉 🚑

@Weetile Im good now. Was nice to debloat.

@torresjrjr This afternoon, I accidentally created a directory called ~ on my local machine (full of useless files). So of course I did rm -rf ~

@joegrimer

@torresjrjr I Ctrl-C'd within 3 seconds, but I lost many . files. luckily it didn't touch the non-hidden files (and everything was backed up except some photos

@joegrimer
I guess the universe is telling me to make backups.

Farewell to those few photos which succumbed to the entropy of space!

QOTO: Question Others to Teach Ourselves. A STEM-oriented instance.

An inclusive free speech instance.
All cultures and opinions welcome.
Explicit hate speech and harassment strictly forbidden.
We federate with all servers: we don't block any servers.


text:
# The magnitude of dip at the equator is:

This question was previously asked in
UPPCL JE CE 2016 Offical Paper
View all UPPCL JE Papers >
1. 0°
2. 22.50°
3. 90°
4. 180°

Option 1 : 0°
Free
CT 1: Network Theory 1
11095
10 Questions 10 Marks 10 Mins

## Detailed Solution

Magnetic inclination or Angle of dip:

• The angle made by the earth’s total magnetic field, B with the horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian is called as the magnetic inclination at that place
• It is the angle by which the total intensity of the earth’s magnetic field dips or comes out of the horizontal plane; It is different at different places and measured using a “Dip Circle”
• At the magnetic equator, the dip needle rests horizontally at an angle of zero degrees while, at the magnetic poles, the magnetic needle rests vertically, at an angle of 90 degrees.
• At all the other places, the angle of dip is between 0 and 90 degrees.


text:
# An isentropic process is

This question was previously asked in
CGPSC Civil Official Paper 2 (Held on April 2014 - Shift 2)
View all CGPSC AE Papers >
3. reversible and isothermal
5. any frictionless process

Option 2 : adiabatic and frictionless
Free
ST 1: Solid Mechanics
1443
20 Questions 40 Marks 20 Mins

## Detailed Solution

Concept:

In thermodynamics, an isentropic process is an idealized thermodynamic process that is both adiabatic and reversible. The work transfers of the system are frictionless, and there is no transfer of heat or matter.

$$dS = \frac{{d{Q_{rev}}}}{T}$$

If the process is reversible and adiabatic: dQrev = 0 ⇒ dS = 0

$${Q_{rev}} = \smallint TdS$$

Entropy analysis for a closed system:

$$ds=(\frac{\delta Q}{T} )+ (\delta S)_{gen}$$

Case 1: For internally reversible process (δs)gen = 0

• When heat is added to the system ⇒ (δQ) = +ve ⇒ ds = +ve
• When heat is rejected from the system ⇒ (δQ) = -ve ⇒ ds = -ve
• For adiabatic process ⇒ (δQ) = 0 ⇒ ds = 0 (ISENTROPIC)

Case 2: For internally irreversible process (δs)gen ≠ 0 ⇒ (δs)gen = +ve

• When heat is added to the system ⇒ (δQ) = +ve ⇒ ds = +ve
• When heat is rejected from the system ⇒ (δQ) = -ve ⇒ ds = -ve or +ve or zero
• Since (δs)gen = +ve and (δQ) = -ve so change in entropy, ds can be zero is (δQ/T) = δs)gen, In this case, the process will be ISENTROPIC
• For adiabatic process ⇒ (δQ) = 0 ⇒ ds = +ve

Thus for a process to be isentropic there are two cases: