text:
## Molecules, Fossils, and the Origin of Tetrapods

1992
##### Authors
Dolven, Sarah Ingrid
Journal article
##### Published in
Journal of Molecular Evolution ; 35 (1992), 2. - pp. 102-113. - ISSN 0022-2844. - eISSN 1432-1432
##### Abstract
Since the discovery of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, more than 50 years ago, paleontologists and comparative morphologists have debated whether coelacanths or lungfishes, two groups of lobe-finned fishes, are the closest living relatives of land vertebrates (Tetrapoda). Previously, Meyer and Wilson (1990) determined partial DNA sequences from two conservative mitochondrial genes and found support for a close relationship of lungfishes to tetrapods. We present additional DNA sequences from the 12S rRNA mitochondrial gene for three species of the two lineages of lungfishes that were not represented in the first study: Protopterus annectens and Protopterus aethiopicus from Africa and Neoceratodus forsteri (kindly provided by B. Hedges and L. Maxson) from Australia. This extended data set tends to group the two lepidosirenid lungfish lineages (Lepidosiren and Protopterus) with Neoceratodus as their sister group. All lungfishes seem to be more closely related to tetrapods than the coelacanth is. This result appears to rule out the possibility that the coelacanth lineage gave rise to land vertebrates. The common ancestor of lungfishes and tetrapods might have possessed multiple morphological traits that are shared by lungfishes and tetrapods [Meyer and Wilson (1990) listed 14 such traits]. Those traits that seem to link Latimeria and tetrapods are arguably due to convergent evolution or reversals and not to common descent. In this way, the molecular tree facilitates an evolutionary interpretation of the morphological differences among the living forms. We recommended that the extinct groups of lobe-finned fishes be placed onto the molecular tree that has lungfishes and not the coelacanth more closely related to tetrapods. The placement of fossils would help to further interpret the sequence of morphological events and innovations associated with the origin of tetrapods but appears to be problematic because the quality of fossils is not always high enough, and differences among paleontologists in the interpretation of the fossils have stood in the way of a consensus opinion for the branching order among lobefinned fishes. Marshall and Schultze (1992) criticized the morphological analysis presented by Meyer and Wilson (1990) and suggest that 13 of the 14 morphological traits that support the sister group relationship of lungfishes and tetrapods are not shared derived characters. Here we present further alternative viewpoints to the ones of Marshall and Schultze (1992) from the paleontological literature. We argue that all available information (paleontological, neontological, and molecular data) and rigorous cladistic methodology should be used when relating fossils and extant taxa in a phylogenetic framework.
##### Subject (DDC)
570 Biosciences, Biology
##### Keywords
Polymerase chain reaction,12S rRNA,Coelacanth,Latimeria chalumnae,Ray-finned fishes,Lungfishes,Lepidosiren,Protopterus,Neoceratodus
##### Cite This
ISO 690MEYER, Axel, Sarah Ingrid DOLVEN, 1992. Molecules, Fossils, and the Origin of Tetrapods. In: Journal of Molecular Evolution. 35(2), pp. 102-113. ISSN 0022-2844. eISSN 1432-1432. Available under: doi: 10.1007/BF00183221
BibTex
@article{Meyer1992Molec-7306,
year={1992},
doi={10.1007/BF00183221},
title={Molecules, Fossils, and the Origin of Tetrapods},
number={2},
volume={35},
issn={0022-2844},
journal={Journal of Molecular Evolution},
pages={102--113},
author={Meyer, Axel and Dolven, Sarah Ingrid}
}

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text:
• TALAS FIKRET KURNAZ

Articles written in Journal of Earth System Science

• Evaluation of seismic hazard with probabilistic approach for Antakya Province (Turkey)

Antakya province is tectonically affected by Dead Sea and East Anatolian faults and the Cyprus arc. Although there had been major and devastating earthquakes in the historical period, the fact that there is no major earthquake in the instrumental period increases the risk of seismic hazard of the region. In this study, it is aimed to perform a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis application for Antakya province, Turkey. For this purpose, the earthquakes (M$_w$$\geq$ 4) which occurred between 1900 and 2017 were used. Nine seismic source zones that could affect the Antakya province were identified and the seismic hazard parameters calculated for each zone. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) values that can occur in a possible earthquake were obtained according to a recurrence period of 475 yrs by using two different attenuation relationships and presented with iso-acceleration maps. The calculated PGA values in the study area are found as between 0.32 and 0.57 g for both attenuation relationships. The areas located on the north of Kirikhan district have the highest risk of seismic hazard in the study area according to determined PGA values.

• # Journal of Earth System Science

Volume 129, 2020
All articles
Continuous Article Publishing mode

• # Editorial Note on Continuous Article Publication

Posted on July 25, 2019

format: plain


text:
# Alpha Carbonyl Chemistry

## Vocabulary

### acid-catalyzed reaction

reaction that occurs under acidic conditions with a proton donor

### aldehyde

organic compound that contains a carbonyl group (${\rm{C{=}O}}$) bound to one alkyl (${-}{\rm {R}}$) fragment and one hydrogen atom, with ${\rm{RC({=}O)H}}$ or ${\rm{R{-}CHO}}$ stoichiometry

### alpha carbon

carbon that is directly attached to the carbonyl group (on either side)

### alpha proton

any proton (H+) joined to an alpha carbon

### base-catalyzed reaction

reaction that occurs under basic conditions with a proton acceptor

### carbonyl

functional group in which a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom

### carboxylic acid

compound that contains an alkyl or aryl group (R) attached to a carboxyl group (${-}{\rm{COOH}}$)

### deprotonate

to remove a hydrogen ion (H+) to form the conjugate base of a compound

### enol

compound that has a ${\rm{C{=}C}}$ (-ene) bond as well as a hydroxyl (OH) group (-ol)

### enol form

compound that has an alcohol in the equilibrium between a carbonyl and an enol

### enolate

anion formed when an alpha hydrogen in the molecule of an aldehyde or a ketone is removed as a hydrogen ion

### intramolecular proton transfer

single-step mechanistic process that moves a hydrogen atom from one atom within a molecule to another atom within the same molecule

### keto form

compound that has a carbonyl in the equilibrium between a carbonyl and an enol

### keto-enol tautomerism

chemical equilibrium between a ketone or aldehyde and an enol

### ketone

organic compound that contains a carbonyl group (${\rm{C{=}O}}$) bound to two alkyl (${-}{\rm {R}}$) fragments, which can be the same (R and R) or different (R and R′) with ${\rm{RC({=}O)R'}}$ or RCOR′ stoichiometry

### protonate

to add a hydrogen ion (H+) to form the conjugate acid of a compound

### tautomer

one of two or more constitutional isomers that differ only in the placement of a single proton


text:
# NEET Questions Solved

PMT - 1986

In the circuit shown in the adjoining figure, the current between B and D is zero, the unknown resistance is of

(1) 4 Ω

(2) 2 Ω

(3) 3 Ω

(4) em.f. of a cell is required to find the value of X

(2) By balanced Wheatstone bridge condition $\frac{16}{X}=\frac{4}{0.5}$

$X=\frac{8}{4}=2\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\Omega$

Difficulty Level:

• 11%
• 62%
• 15%
• 13%


text:
# Pairs of Mathematicians

In Hilbert by Reid, it is noted that Hilbert and Minkowski were great friends and often worked together on problems, seminars, and lectures. This is a similar relationship to the partnership between Hardy and Littlewood. Are there similar examples of strong and lengthy collaborations in mathematics?

• There are way too many examples of long-term collaborators in math. Try to narrow down your request. If you want concrete examples, start here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/… – Moishe Kohan Jan 7 at 23:05
• Did you look at the table in the link? For instance, 62 joint papers are listed for Erdős and Sárközy. Maybe you mean an exclusive collaboration? (A and B wrote many papers together but hardly any with other mathematicians.) Also, see here: mathoverflow.net/questions/28892/… – Moishe Kohan Jan 7 at 23:37
• Depends on what you exactly call "strong and lengthy". More than 1/2 of the late 20th century papers on Mathscinet are written in collaboration. Collaborations used to be rare at the time of Hardy and Littlewood, but they are very common nowadays. – Alexandre Eremenko Jan 8 at 0:19
• @AlexandreEremenko I think the OP is thinking about very high profile, historically well known mathematicians. As far I know, Hilbert was very good in network building, but most practicing mathematicians are lone wolves. – peterh - Reinstate Monica Jan 8 at 1:23
• "most practicing mathematicians are lone wolfs" - This is not true anymore. Choose your favorite great mathematician (after 1980) and look at the publication list. Most papers will be joint. – Alexandre Eremenko Jan 8 at 2:16

This is quite common. Some examples of pairs of very strong researchers who published at least $$15$$ papers together:

• Guillemin and Sternberg.
• Harvey and Lawson.
• Colding and Minicozzi
• Ozsvath and Szabo
• Green and Tao.
• Schoen and Yau.
• Mrowka and Kronheimer
• Atiyah and Bott.
• Atiyah and Singer.

There are of course many more examples, as this list mostly reflects my own interests.


text:
# tikz animation on beamer slide - centering and improvements

The code below animates 4 simple, nearly identical, processes, maybe familiar to many of you. Each time it adds the completed picture to the list at the top.

My main issue is centering - I am having trouble keeping the ion ($n^+i$ node) centered - both horizontally and vertically. It should not move at all for the entire animation - now it "jumps" around. I managed to fake the horizontal centering with offsetting the entire picture - vertically there is still a minor jump. That's why I have to trimbox when adding these figures to the upper list. I am pretty sure this is not the best solution. This: How to center horizontally tikzpicture in beamer frame using a specific node? made me hopeful, but did not prevent the "wiggling" during animation.

Other nitpicks - Can I loop on only part of the figure list? The way I am doing it seems to copy-pasta. I tried having a figure list and first figure macros, but using \firstfig,\figlist in the foreach line breaks.

This is my first such project - I am both not fluent in latex and in the pgf language - and so any suggestions are welcome, style-wise or method-wise included.

\documentclass[hideothersubsections]{beamer}

\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathmorphing}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.markings}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\usepackage{fp}

\tikzset{%
pics/globCoord/.style={%
code={%
\coordinate(offset) at (3.5cm, -1cm);%
\coordinate(dir)    at (1em, -1em);%
\coordinate(rdir)   at (1em, 1em);%
\path (dir) +(rdir) coordinate(turn);%
}%
},%
pics/pathCoord/.style n args={2}{%
code={%
\ifnum#2=0%
\coordinate(start) at (offset);%
\coordinate(end)   at ($(start) + #1*(dir)$);%
\coordinate(direction) (dir);%
\else%
\coordinate(start) at ($(offset) + #1*(dir) + (turn)$);%
\coordinate(end)   at ($(start) + #2*(rdir)$);%
\coordinate(direction) (rdir);%
\fi;%
}%
},%
pics/elec/.style n args={2}{%
code={%
\pic{pathCoord={#1}{#2}};
\draw[thick, decorate, draw=black, decoration={aspect=0},->] (start) -- (end);%
\draw[thick] ($(end)+ 0.5*(direction)$) circle(0.7071em) node {\small$e^-$};%
}%
},%
pics/ph/.style n args={2}{%
code={%
\pic{pathCoord={#1}{#2}};%
\draw[thick, decorate, draw=black, decoration={coil,aspect=0},->] (start) -- (end);%
}%
},%
pics/ion/.style n args={2}{%
code={%
\draw[thick] ($(offset) + (dir) + #1*(dir)$) circle(1.414em) node {#2};%
}%
}%
}
\newcommand{\phion}[6]{%
\begin{tikzpicture}%
\pic{globCoord};%
\ifnum#1>#2%
\pic{ion={#2}{$n^{+#6}$}};%
\pic{#3={#2}{0}};%
\FPeval{\d}{clip(#1-#2)}%
\pic{#4={#2}{\d}};%
\else%
\pic{ion={#2}{$n^{+#5}$}};%
\pic{#3={#1}{0}};%
\fi;%
\end{tikzpicture}%
}
\newcommand{\moves}{4}
\FPeval{\DM}{clip(2*\moves)}
\newcommand{\pics}{2}
\def\raisealign{5pt}
\newcommand{\figlist}{ph/elec/i/i-1,elec/ph/i/i+1,ph/elec/i+1/i,elec/ph/i-1/i}
\newcommand{\pfiglist}{elec/ph/i/i+1,ph/elec/i+1/i,elec/ph/i-1/i}
\begin{document}
\foreach \first/\last/\from/\to [count=\pic from 0] in \figlist {
\begin{frame}[t]{The ionized population}
\raisebox{\raisealign}{Processes: }
\ifnum\pic=0
\else
\raisebox{\raisealign}{-}\scalebox{0.2}{\trimbox{3cm 0cm 1cm 0cm}{\phion{\DM}{\moves}{ph}{elec}{i}{i-1}}}
\ifnum \pic>1
\foreach  \first/\last/\from/\to [count=\current from 2] in \pfiglist {
\if\to i \raisebox{\raisealign}{+} \else \raisebox{\raisealign}{-}\fi
\scalebox{0.2}{\trimbox{3cm 0cm 1cm 0cm}{\phion{\DM}{\moves}{\first}{\last}{\from}{\to}}}
\ifnum\current=\pic \breakforeach \else\fi
}
\else\fi
\fi
\\
\foreach \td in {0,...,\DM} {
\only<\td>{
\phion{\td}{\moves}{\first}{\last}{\from}{\to}
}
}
\end{frame}
}
\begin{frame}[t]{The ionized population}
\raisebox{\raisealign}{Processes: }
\ifnum\pic=0
\else
\raisebox{\raisealign}{-}\scalebox{0.2}{\trimbox{3cm 0cm 1cm 0cm}{\phion{\DM}{\moves}{ph}{elec}{i}{i-1}}}
\ifnum \pic>1
\foreach  \first/\last/\from/\to in \pfiglist {
\if\to i \raisebox{\raisealign}{+} \else \raisebox{\raisealign}{-}\fi
\scalebox{0.2}{\trimbox{3cm 0cm 1cm 0cm}{\phion{\DM}{\moves}{\first}{\last}{\from}{\to}}}
}
\else\fi
\fi
\vfill
\begin{equation*}
\dot{n}_i=-(\frac{\mathcal{L}_i}{4\pi R^2}+R_i n_e)n_i+\frac{\mathcal{L}_{i-1}}{4\pi R^2} n_{i-1}+R_{i+1}n_e n_{i+1}
\end{equation*}
\vfill
\end{frame}
\end{document}

• I do not know why this question got so little upvotes. (At this point only mine.) – user121799 Mar 30 '19 at 16:21
• You will be much better off IMHO if you use the overlay-beamer-styles library and work with visible on=<...>. This will allow you to get rid of all jumps. – user121799 Mar 30 '19 at 16:28
• @marmot Thanks for the feedback! When I have sometime I will read on it. You might want to put it as an answer with an example so I (and others) can up-vote you. If not, once I get around to it I will post my results. – kabanus Mar 31 '19 at 13:18


text:
# Homework Help: I need help solving this problem, I have started but I don't know if I got it right

1. Jul 8, 2011

### marilu28

Vanillin (used to flavor foods) can be detected at 2.0 x 10-11 g/L of air. If the current price of 50g of vanillin is $112, determine the cost to supply enough Vanillin so that you would be able to detect it in an aircraft hanger with a volume of 5.0 x 107ft3 What I did was 5.0x107ft3 x28.32L= 1.42x109L, then I did 2.0x10^-11*g/L 1.42 x10^9L= 2.84x10^-2 g, then 2.84x10^-2 g*$112/50g= $6.36 x10^-2 or$.064?? but it does not seem right to me. Thanks for your help

2. Jul 8, 2011

### Pengwuino

Re: I need help solving this problem, I have started but I don't know if I got it rig

Yup that looks right.

3. Jul 8, 2011

### pmsrw3

Re: I need help solving this problem, I have started but I don't know if I got it rig

Nice problem. I think the point of this, in addition to making you work out how to do unit conversions and so on, is to demonstrate how incredibly sensitive your sense of smell can be.


text:
## Saturday, September 26, 2015

### Concatenate and average NetCDFs

Concatenate and average NetCDFs

Network Common Data Form AKA NetCDF files are commonly used to hold multidimensional scientific data, the NetCDF project was started in the 80's and is maintained by Unidata. If you work with netCDF files on a routine basis you probably already have a method for merging or aggregating data across multiple netCDF files. Conversely, if you are new to netCDF files this lesson is a good starting point for basic commands that aid in aggregating data across multiple netCDF files. Ultimately, learning NCO should save you a lot of time developing your own methods to work with NetCDF files from scratch. This is a basic introduction to a few basic NCO operators with examples. Everything in this post should work for Debian based Linux distributions and with slight modifications on any system.

### NetCDF Operators (NCO) toolkit

• Command line tools for essential data wrangling tasks on netCDF, HDF, and DAP files
• Fast optimized algorithms, Open Source
• Flexible syntax, shell wildcard expansion and extended regex compatibility
• Can seem like a lot to learn at first- start simple

### Get NCO for Debian systems

Get the newest full distribution from a compressed tarfile here. I installed via the aptitude repository and recommend it:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nco

### Concatenate data that extends multiple files using ncrcat

Commonly when working with netCDF files you will have a sequence of files that correspond to the same record. Commonly time series data that spans multiple files. For example you may have temperature data from a station that records every 15 minutes and each file has one year of data. Lets say you have a netCDF file of this data for every year from 1990 to 2010:

$ls temp_1990.nc temp_1991.nc temp_1992.nc temp_1993.nc temp_1994.nc temp_1995.nc temp_1996.nc temp_1997.nc temp_1998.nc temp_1999.nc temp_2000.nc temp_2001.nc temp_2002.nc temp_2003.nc temp_2004.nc temp_2005.nc temp_2006.nc temp_2007.nc temp_2008.nc temp_2009.nc temp_2010.nc  To concatenate these files such that the time series values from each file flow together in one file. This is simply done using the ncrcat command which concatenates multiple files along a record dimension- commonly time. All NCO command line operations follow the general syntax: operator -options [option_params] input_file(s) output_file(s). We can run ncrcat to concatenate all the temperature files using the standard shell * wildcard which matches any character any number of times. ncrcat temp_*.nc temp_full_record.nc  The resulting temp_full_record.nc NetCDF file will contain a complete time series of all data variables indexed to their record dimensions. The alternative to using the * glob expansion wildcard would be to list each input file one by one space delimited. Example: ncrcat temp_2000.nc temp_2001.nc temp_2002.nc temp_2000-2002.nc  Some time you may be working with very large files or a large number of files and to save resources and time you may only want to concatenate one or a few variables from the files, this is easily done using the -v or --variable (long name) option of ncrcat. For example if the temp NetCDF files contained variables such as humidity, tmax, tmin, dewpoint, solrad, and windspeed and we are only interested in the humidity and windspeed then the following command would do concatenate just these two variables as well as maintaining any associated dimensions or coordinates (e.g. time, latitude, longitude, vertical layers, etc.). ncrcat -v humidity,windspeed temp_*.nc humidity_wind.nc  Note the variables listed after the -v option must be listed as comma delimited without any white space. Another useful option that complements -v is the exclude option --exclude or -x which will exclude the specified variables from the output file while maintaining all others found in the input files. ### Ensemble Concatenation using ncecat Another useful NCO operator ncecat will concatenate multiple NetCDF files that have the same length record dimension and the same variables. For example, you may have output from five climate model realizations (from the same model) that all ran for the same time period and all have the same dimensions, coordinates, and variables. If you want all of them in one file with variables side by side then use ncecat. A disadvantage is ncecat does require that all the files be of the same length and dimension for each variable and all the files must contain the same variables (names of variables and dimensions as well as values of dimensions must match exactly). In this example we have output files from five model realizations: $ ls
scenario_00.nc
scenario_01.nc
scenario_02.nc
scenario_03.nc
scenario_04.nc

In a similar way that we used ncrcat above, we can place the variables in each of these files in one file. This time ncecat will place the same variables from each file side by side because each file has the same record dimensions (time is a common record dimension). Do not use ncrcat for concatenating files that have the same record dimensions. If we wanted to concatenate all data from the files for scenario two through four inclusive we could use ncecat with the [] glob expansion:

ncecat scenario_0[234].nc scenarios_02_to_04.nc

### Average data that extends multiple files using ncra

To average multiple NetCDF files that contain the same variables over the same record dimension (usually time) ncra can be used in an analogous way as ncrcat. It is easy to remember these two because their abbreviations: ncrcat "NetCDF record concatenator" and ncra: "NetCDF record averager". Using the same ten temperature files as shown above, to average all variables in these files over the record 1990-2010 simply run ncra on all the input files:

ncra temp_*.nc temp_full_record.nc

A useful option -d or long version --dimension allows us to take a subset (hyperslab) of data based on a dimensional range of that data. For example you may want to know the 20 year average of the data variables recorded (humidity, tmax, tmin, dewpoint, solrad, and windspeed) for all points north of 45 degrees latitude. This can de done via:

ncra -d lat,45.,90. temp_*.nc temp_full_record.nc

The general syntax for sub-setting is -d dim,[min],[max]. Note that there are no spaces between the dimension name (lat) and min (45.) and max (90.) latitude values. The above example output file will have the record average (usually time) for each variable in the file for only the spatial coordinates above the 45th latitude. Do not confuse this with averaging all the variable values above the 45th latitude. Concatenating operators ncrcat and ncecat can also use this option but for combinations of subsets based on two or more dimensions, e.g. averaging over latitude and longitude you will either need to use the NetCDF kitchen sink (ncks) operator first using the syntax ncks -d dim,[min],[max],[stride] -d dim,[min],[max],[stride] -d dim,[min],[max],[stride] in.nc out.nc. The resulting output file will have the desired dimensional domain. If stride is not given then all data between min and max are included, a stride of 2 will select every other value of the dimension (e.g. every other day if dim is time), 3 every third and so on. With ncks there is no limit on how many dimensions and ranges of dimensions you can subset over. See multislab-- section 3.9 in the NCO user's guide for more info, also in this specific case you would use the ncwa (weighted averager) listing multiple dimensional ranges.

### Ensemble averaging using ncea

Recall the example on ensemble concatenation where ncecat combined data of the same record dimension from five model realizations into one NetCDF file. In a similar way ncea will perform an ensemble average over the various model output files. We can take a scenario ensemble average of humidity from the five climate scenarios, the output would be something like a singe spatial array of humidity. Remember humidity is a variable in the climate NetCDF files that were output from the climate model.

ncea -v humidity scenario_*.nc ensemble_avg_humidity.nc

### Final remarks

These NCO operators are useful, fast, and free so use them! This post went over the basics of concatenating and averaging data from multiple NetCDF files and some of their fundamentally important options. It is a good start. However, there are more operators and there is much more that the NCO operators can do and even the operators described here offer more advanced options and functionality. For example, many times you might want to average over different dimensions as opposed to time (which is the typical record dimension) and for that the NetCDF weighted averager (ncra) is the tool you want. To learn more about advanced averaging methods using NCO including subsetting, conditional masking, and weighted statistics check out this post.


text:
# Thread: Most efficient method to find this solution-

1. ## Most efficient method to find this solution-

I've been trying to think of a better solution for this problem, so far it looks like I'm stuck running an arbitrarily long brute-force loop (or having to keep track of various 'statistics' on the variables over time, which doesn't help me much in a few cases), which I'm trying to find a way around.

These are the three key variables as initiated by a program;
A = 0.985, B = 0.0018, and C = 0.

For each moment in time I will perform the two following calculations:
C = C * A;
C = C + B;

The question is 'what value will C be where the decrement of A will cancel out the increment of B.'

For example, the solution to the above is: 0.1199999967, which occurs on the 1,142 iteration.
(0.1199999967 * 0.985) + 0.0018 = 0.1199999967

I want to find the point where C will stop increasing without having to employ brute-force.

Thanks,

2. Just a quick thought, maybe deciding on a limit for C ahead of time and how many iterations I would like for C to work through before reaching said limit, then derive A and B from that? Probably not easier... hrm. Lol, arrrgggh!

3. Originally Posted by compressedair
Just a quick thought, maybe deciding on C ahead of time and how many iterations I would like for C to work through before reaching its limit, then derive A and B from that? Probably not easier... hrm. Lol, arrrgggh!
The final limiting value of $C$ if it exists is:

$C=\frac{B}{1-A}$

CB

4. Damn, can't believe I couldn't realize it should have been 1-A, ... well that's annoying. :\

Oh well, thanks a bunch, :]


text:
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Free Energy to leave possible sources of motive force out of it. 0. 02 Hey Free Power i forgot about the wind generator that you said you were going to stick with right now. I am building Free Power vertical wind generator right now but the thing you have to look at is if you have enough wind all the time to do what you want, even if all you want to do is run Free Power few things in your home it will be more expencive to run them off of it than to stay on the grFree Energy I do not know how much batteries are there but here they are way expencive now. Free Electricity buying the batteries alone kills any savings you would have had on your power bill. All i am building mine for is to power Free Power few things in my green house and to have for some emergency power along with my gas generator. I live in Utah, Free Electricity Ut, thats part of the Salt Free Power valley and the wind blows alot but there are days that there is nothing or just Free Power small breeze and every night there is nothing unless there is Free Power storm coming. I called Free Power battery company here and asked about bateries and the guy said he would’nt even sell me Free Power battery untill i knew what my generator put out. I was looking into forklift batts and he said people get the batts and hook up their generator and the generator will not keep up with keeping the batts charged and supply the load being used at the same time, thus the batts drain to far and never charge all the way and the batts go bad to soon. So there are things to look at as you build, especially the cost. Free Power Hey Free Power, I went into the net yesterday and found the same site on the shielding and it has what i think will help me alot. Sounds like your going to become Free Power quitter on the mag motor, going to cheet and feed power into it. Im just kidding, have fun. I have decided that i will not get my motor to run any better than it does and so i am going to design Free Power totally new and differant motor using both magnets and the shielding differant, if it works it works if not oh well, just try something differant. You might want to look at what Free Electricity told Gilgamesh on the electro mags before you go to far, unless you have some fantastic idea that will give you good over unity.
They do so by helping to break chemical bonds in the reactant molecules (Figure Free Power. Free Electricity). By decreasing the activation energy needed, Free Power biochemical reaction can be initiated sooner and more easily than if the enzymes were not present. Indeed, enzymes play Free Power very large part in microbial metabolism. They facilitate each step along the metabolic pathway. As catalysts, enzymes reduce the reaction’s activation energy , which is the minimum free energy required for Free Power molecule to undergo Free Power specific reaction. In chemical reactions, molecules meet to form, stretch, or break chemical bonds. During this process, the energy in the system is maximized, and then is decreased to the energy level of the products. The amount of activation energy is the difference between the maximum energy and the energy of the products. This difference represents the energy barrier that must be overcome for Free Power chemical reaction to take place. Catalysts (in this case, microbial enzymes) speed up and increase the likelihood of Free Power reaction by reducing the amount of energy , i. e. the activation energy , needed for the reaction. Enzymes are usually quite specific. An enzyme is limited in the kinds of substrate that it will catalyze. Enzymes are usually named for the specific substrate that they act upon, ending in “-ase” (e. g. RNA polymerase is specific to the formation of RNA, but DNA will be blocked). Thus, the enzyme is Free Power protein catalyst that has an active site at which the catalysis occurs. The enzyme can bind Free Power limited number of substrate molecules. The binding site is specific, i. e. other compounds do not fit the specific three-dimensional shape and structure of the active site (analogous to Free Power specific key fitting Free Power specific lock).

###### My older brother explained that in high school physics, they learned that magnetism is not energy at all. Never was, never will be. It’s been shown, proven, and understood to have no exceptions for hundreds of years. Something that O. U. should learn but refuses to. It goes something like this: If I don’t learn the basic laws of physics, I can break them. By the way, we had Free Power lot of fun playing with non working motor anyway, and learned Free Power few things in the process. My brother went on to get his PHD in physics and wound up specializing in magnetism. He designed many of the disk drive plates and electronics in the early (DOS) computers. bnjroo Harvey1 Thanks for the reply! I’m afraid there is an endless list of swindlers and suckers out there. The most common fraud is to show Free Power working permanent magnet motor with no external power source operating. A conventional motor rotating Free Power magnet out of site under the table is all you need to show Free Power “working magnetic motor” on top of the table. How could I know this? Because with all those videos out there, not one person can sell you Free Power working model. Also, not one of these scammers can ever let anyone not related to his scam operate the motor without the scammer hovering around. The believers are victims of something called “Confirmation Bias”. Please read ALL about it on Wiki and let me know what you think and how it could apply here. This trap has ensnared some very smart people. Harvey1 bnjroo Free Energy two books! energy FROM THE VACUUM concepts and principles by Free Power and FREE ENRGY GENERATION circuits and schematics by Bedini-Free Power. Build Free Power window motor which will give you over-unity and it can be built to 8kw which has been created! NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE! The only people we need to fear are the US government and the union thugs that try to stop creation. Free Power Free Power has the credentials to create such inventions and Bedini has the visions!

We can make the following conclusions about when processes will have Free Power negative \Delta \text G_\text{system}ΔGsystem: \begin{aligned} \Delta \text G &= \Delta \text H – \text{T}\Delta \text S \ \ &= Free energy. 01 \dfrac{\text{kJ}}{\text{mol-rxn}}-(Free energy \, \cancel{\text K})(0. 022\, \dfrac{\text{kJ}}{\text{mol-rxn}\cdot \cancel{\text K})} \ \ &= Free energy. 01\, \dfrac{\text{kJ}}{\text{mol-rxn}}-Free energy. Free Power\, \dfrac{\text{kJ}}{\text{mol-rxn}}\ \ &= -0. Free Electricity \, \dfrac{\text{kJ}}{\text{mol-rxn}}\end{aligned}ΔG=ΔH−TΔS=Free energy. 01mol-rxnkJ−(293K)(0. 022mol-rxn⋅K)kJ=Free energy. 01mol-rxnkJ−Free energy. 45mol-rxnkJ=−0. 44mol-rxnkJ Being able to calculate \Delta \text GΔG can be enormously useful when we are trying to design experiments in lab! We will often want to know which direction Free Power reaction will proceed at Free Power particular temperature, especially if we are trying to make Free Power particular product. Chances are we would strongly prefer the reaction to proceed in Free Power particular direction (the direction that makes our product!), but it’s hard to argue with Free Power positive \Delta \text GΔG! Our bodies are constantly active. Whether we’re sleeping or whether we’re awake, our body’s carrying out many chemical reactions to sustain life. Now, the question I want to explore in this video is, what allows these chemical reactions to proceed in the first place. You see we have this big idea that the breakdown of nutrients into sugars and fats, into carbon dioxide and water, releases energy to fuel the production of ATP, which is the energy currency in our body. Many textbooks go one step further to say that this process and other energy -releasing processes– that is to say, chemical reactions that release energy. Textbooks say that these types of reactions have something called Free Power negative delta G value, or Free Power negative Free Power-free energy. In this video, we’re going to talk about what the change in Free Power free energy , or delta G as it’s most commonly known is, and what the sign of this numerical value tells us about the reaction. Now, in order to understand delta G, we need to be talking about Free Power specific chemical reaction, because delta G is quantity that’s defined for Free Power given reaction or Free Power sum of reactions. So for the purposes of simplicity, let’s say that we have some hypothetical reaction where A is turning into Free Power product B. Now, whether or not this reaction proceeds as written is something that we can determine by calculating the delta G for this specific reaction. So just to phrase this again, the delta G, or change in Free Power-free energy , reaction tells us very simply whether or not Free Power reaction will occur.
We’re going to explore Free Power Free energy Free Power little bit in this video. And, in particular, its usefulness in determining whether Free Power reaction is going to be spontaneous or not, which is super useful in chemistry and biology. And, it was defined by Free Power Free Energy Free Power. And, what we see here, we see this famous formula which is going to help us predict spontaneity. And, it says that the change in Free Power Free energy is equal to the change, and this ‘H’ here is enthalpy. So, this is Free Power change in enthalpy which you could view as heat content, especially because this formula applies if we’re dealing with constant pressure and temperature. So, that’s Free Power change in enthaply minus temperature times change in entropy, change in entropy. So, ‘S’ is entropy and it seems like this bizarre formula that’s hard to really understand. But, as we’ll see, it makes Free Power lot of intuitive sense. Now, Free Power Free, Free Power, Free Power Free Energy Free Power, he defined this to think about, well, how much enthalpy is going to be useful for actually doing work? How much is free to do useful things? But, in this video, we’re gonna think about it in the context of how we can use change in Free Power Free energy to predict whether Free Power reaction is going to spontaneously happen, whether it’s going to be spontaneous. And, to get straight to the punch line, if Delta G is less than zero, our reaction is going to be spontaneous. It’s going to be spontaneous. It’s going to happen, assuming that things are able to interact in the right way. It’s going to be spontaneous. Now, let’s think Free Power little bit about why that makes sense. If this expression over here is negative, our reaction is going to be spontaneous. So, let’s think about all of the different scenarios. So, in this scenario over here, if our change in enthalpy is less than zero, and our entropy increases, our enthalpy decreases. So, this means we’re going to release, we’re going to release energy here. We’re gonna release enthalpy. And, you could think about this as, so let’s see, we’re gonna release energy. So, release. I’ll just draw it. This is Free Power release of enthalpy over here.
In 1780, for example, Laplace and Lavoisier stated: “In general, one can change the first hypothesis into the second by changing the words ‘free heat, combined heat, and heat released’ into ‘vis viva, loss of vis viva, and increase of vis viva. ’” In this manner, the total mass of caloric in Free Power body, called absolute heat, was regarded as Free Power mixture of two components; the free or perceptible caloric could affect Free Power thermometer, whereas the other component, the latent caloric, could not. [Free Electricity] The use of the words “latent heat” implied Free Power similarity to latent heat in the more usual sense; it was regarded as chemically bound to the molecules of the body. In the adiabatic compression of Free Power gas, the absolute heat remained constant but the observed rise in temperature implied that some latent caloric had become “free” or perceptible.

## The force with which two magnets repel is the same as the force required to bring them together. Ditto, no net gain in force. No rotation. I won’t even bother with the Free Power of thermodynamics. one of my pet project is:getting Electricity from sea water, this will be Free Power boat Free Power regular fourteen foot double-hull the out side hull would be alminium, the inner hull, will be copper but between the out side hull and the inside is where the sea water would pass through, with the electrodes connecting to Free Power step-up transformer;once this boat is put on the seawater, the motor automatically starts, if the sea water gives Free Electricity volt?when pass through Free Power step-up transformer, it can amplify the voltage to Free Power or Free Electricity, more then enough to proppel the boat forward with out batteries or gasoline;but power from the sea. Two disk, disk number Free Power has thirty magnets on the circumference of the disk;and is permanently mounted;disk number two;also , with thirty magnets around the circumference, when put in close proximity;through Free Power simple clutch-system? the second disk would spin;connect Free Power dynamo or generator? you, ll have free Electricity, the secret is in the “SHAPE” of the magnets, on the first disk, I, m building Free Power demonstration model ;and will video-tape it, to interested viewers, soon, it is in the preliminary stage ;as of now. the configuration of this motor I invented? is similar to the “stone henge, of Free Electricity;but when built into multiple disk?

I don’t know what to do. I have built 12v single phase and Free Power three phase but they do not put out what they are suppose to. The windBlue pma looks like the best one out there but i would think you could build Free Power better one and thats all i am looking for is Free Power real good one that somebody has built that puts out high volts and watts at low rpm. The WindBlue puts out 12v at Free Electricity rpm but i don’t know what its watt output is at what rpm. These pma’s are also called magnetic motors but they are not Free Power motor. They are Free Power generator. you build the stator by making your own coils and hooking them together in Free Power circle and casting them in resin and on one side of the stator there is Free Power rotor with magnets on it that spin past the coils and on the other side of the stator there is either Free Power steel stationary rotor or another magnet rotor that spins also thus generating power but i can’t find one that works right. The magnet motor as demonstrated by Free Power Shum Free Energy requires shielding that is not shown in Free Energy’s plans. Free Energy’s shielding is simple, apparently on the stator. The Perendev shows each magnet in the Free Energy shielded. Actually, it intercepts the flux as it wraps around the entire set of magnets. The shielding is necessary to accentuate interaction between rotor and stator magnets. Without shielding, the device does not work. Hey Gilgamesh, thanks and i hope you get to build the motor. I did forget to ask one thing on the motor. Are the small wheels made of steel or are they magnets? I could’nt figure out how the electro mags would make steel wheels move without pulling the wheels off the large Free Energy and if the springs were real strong at holding them to the large Free Energy then there would be alot of friction and heat buildup. Ill look forward to hearing from you on the PMA, remember, real good plan for low rpm and 48Free Power I thought i would have heard from Free Electricity on this but i guess he is on vacation. Hey Free Power. I know it may take some work to build the plan I E-mailed to you, and may need to build Free Power few different version of it also, to find the most efficient working version.
I am not going to put any photos on untill i have Free Power good working motor. Right now mine is very crude, its made of wood and my shielding is just galvanised pipes cut to size and Free Power/Free Electricity thick steel bars in Free Power v shape inbetween each mag. Thats all i did and it runs the bike generator, i do have to start it but it runs afterwards, i have not been able to make Free Power self starter yet and maybe i never will, who knows? I will just keep collecting all the info i can and keep tinkering. Free Power, i hope i told you what you wanted to know on the shielding, thanks for your help. Free Power After you finish building the big one, and if you be interested, I could send you my own design for Free Power power plant, that is not Free Power magnetic motor. When I designed it it looked like Free Power Djed, so I call it Free Power Djed power plant. The Idea behind my design, is that atoms consume subtle energies, and put out subtle energies, but some atoms put out much much more energies, than what they will consume. A few alchemists would know, what I m talking about. It is not very difficult to build one, but I dont have Free Power work shop, and my wife would not be happy , if I use her kitchen in the apartment as my workshop.

### As Free Energy Free Energy Free Power said, ‘The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends towards justice. ’ It seems like those of us who have been researching and learning about the fraud and corruption in politics have been waiting so long for the truth to emerge and justice to be served as to have difficulty believing that it may ever arrive. Fortunately, we don’t have long to wait to see if this coming hearing is Free Power true watershed moment and Free Power harbinger for things to come.

Reality is never going to be accepted by tat section of the community. Thanks for writing all about the phase conjugation stuff. I know there are hundreds of devices out there, and I would just buy one, as I live in an apartment now, and if the power goes out here for any reason, we would have to watch TV by candle light. lol. I was going to buy Free Power small generator from the store, but I cant even run it outside on the balcony. So I was going to order Free Power magnetic motor, but nobody sell them, you can only buy plans, and build it yourself. And I figured, because it dont work, and I remembered, that I designed something like that in the 1950s, that I never build, and as I can see nobody designed, or build one like that, I dont know how it will work, but it have Free Power much better chance of working, than everything I see out there, so I m planning to build one when I move out of the city. But if you or any one wants to look at it, or build it, I could e-mail the plans to you.
Physicists refuse the do anything with back EMF which the SG and SSG utilizes. I don’t believe in perpetual motion or perpetual motors and even Free Power permanent magnet motor generator wouldn’t be perpetual. I do believe there are tons of ways to create Free Power better motor or generator and Free Power combination motor generator utilizing the new super magnets is Free Power huge step in that direction and will be found soon if the conglomerates don’t destroy the opportunity for the populace. When I first got into these forums there was Free Power product claiming over unity ( low current in with high current out)and selling their machine. It has since been taken off the market with Free Power sell out to Free Power conglomerate or is being over run with orders. I don’t know! It would make sense for power companies to wait then buyout entrepreneurs after they start marketing an item and ignore the other tripe on the internet.. Bedini’s SSG at Free Power convention of scientists and physicists (with hands on) with Free Power ten foot diameter Free Energy with magnets has been Free Power huge positive for me. Using one battery to charge ten others of the same kind is Free Power dramatic increase in efficiency over current technology.
I have the blueprints. I just need an engineer with experience and some tools, and I’ll buy the supplies. [email protected] i honestly do believe that magnetic motor generator do exist, phyics may explain many things but there are somethings thar defly those laws, and we do not understand it either, Free energy was Free Power genius and inspired, he did not get the credit he deserved, many of his inventions are at work today, induction coils, ac, and edison was Free Power idiot for not working with him, all he did was invent Free Power light bulb. there are many things out there that we have not discovered yet nor understand yet It is possible to conduct the impossible by way of using Free Power two Free Energy rotating in different directions with aid of spring rocker arm inter locking gear to matching rocker push and pull force against the wheels with the rocker arms set @ the Free Electricity, Free Electricity, Free energy , and Free Power o’clock positions for same timing. No further information allowed that this point. It will cause Free Power hell lot of more loss jobs if its brought out. So its best leaving it shelved until the right time. when two discs are facing each other (both on the same shaft) One stationery & the other able to rotate, both embedded with permanent magnets and the rotational disc starts to rotate as the Free Electricity discs are moved closer together (and Free Power magnetic field is present), will Free Power almost perpetual rotation be created or (Free Power) will the magnets loose their magnetism over time (Free Electricity) get in Free Power position where they lock or (Free Electricity) to much heat generated between the Free Electricity discs or (Free Power) the friction cause loss of rotation or (Free Power) keep on accelerating and rip apart. We can have powerful magnets producing energy easily.
I’ve told you about how not well understood is magnetism. There is Free Power book written by A. K. Bhattacharyya, A. R. Free Electricity, R. U. Free Energy. – “Magnet and Magnetic Free Power, or Healing by Magnets”. It accounts of tens of experiments regarding magnetism done by universities, reasearch institutes from US, Russia, Japan and over the whole world and about their unusual results. You might wanna take Free Power look. Or you may call them crackpots, too. 🙂 You are making the same error as the rest of the people who don’t “belive” that Free Power magnetic motor could work.

## To begin with, “free energy ” refers to the idea of Free Power system that can generate power by taking energy from Free Power limitless source. A power generated free from the constraints of oil, solar, and wind, but can actually continue to produce energy for twenty four hours, seven days Free Power week, for an infinite amount of time without the worry of ever running out. “Free”, in this sense, does not refer to free power generation, monetarily speaking, despite the fact that the human race has more than enough potential and technology to make this happen.

I want to use Free Power 3D printer to create the stator and rotors. This should allow Free Power high quality build with lower cost. Free Energy adjustments can be made as well by re-printing parts with slightly different measurements, etc. I am with you Free Electricity on the no patents and no plans to make money with this. I want to free the world from this oppression. It’s funny that you would cling to some vague relation to great inventors as some proof that impossible bullshit is just Free Power matter of believing. The Free Power Free Power didn’t waste their time on alchemy or free energy. They sought to understand the physical forces around them. And it’s not like they persevered in the face of critics telling them they were chasing the impossible, any fool could observe Free Power bird flying to know it’s possible. You will never achieve anything even close to what they did because you are seeking to defy the reality of our world. You’ve got to understand before you can invent. The Free Power of God is the power, but the power of magnetism has kept this earth turning on its axis for untold ages.
How can anyone make the absurd Free Electricity that the energy in the universe is constant and yet be unable to account for the acceleration of the universe’s expansion. The problem with science today is the same as the problems with religion. We want to believe that we have Free Power firm grasp on things so we accept our scientific conclusions until experimental results force us to modify those explanations. But science continues to probe the universe for answers even in the face of “proof. ” That is science. Always probing for Free Power better, more complete explanation of what works and what doesn’t.
The idea of Free Power magnetic motor has been around for many years. Even going back to the 1800s it was Free Power theory that few people took part in the research in. Those that did were scoffed and made to look like fools. (Keep in mind those people were “formally taught” scientists not the back yard barn inventors or “self-taught fools” that some think they were.) Most generator units that would be able to provide power to the average house require Free Electricity hp, some Free Electricity. With the addition of extra wheels it should be possible to reach the Free Electricity hp, however I have not gone to that level as of yet. Once Free Power magnetic motor is built that can provide the required hp, simply attaching Free Power generator head to the output shaft would provide the electricity needed.

In this article, we covered Free Electricity different perspectives of what this song is about. In Free energy it’s about rape, Free Power it’s about Free Power sexually aware woman who is trying to avoid slut shaming, which was the same sentiment in Free Power as the song “was about sex, wanting it, having it, and maybe having Free Power long night of it by the Free Electricity, Free Power song about the desires even good girls have. ”
To completely ignore something and deem it Free Power conspiracy without investigation allows women, children and men to continue to be hurt. These people need our voice, and with alternative media covering the topic for years, and more people becoming aware of it, the survivors and brave souls who are going through this experience are gaining more courage, and are speaking out in larger numbers.
Thanks, Free Power. One more comment. I doubt putting up Free Power video of the working unit would do any good. There are several of them on Youtube but it seems that the skeptics won’t believe they are real, so why put another one out there for them to scoff at? Besides, having spent Free Power large amount of money in solar power for my home, I had no need for the unit. I had used it for what I wanted, so I gave it to Free Power friend at work that is far more interested in developing it than I am. I have yet to see an factual article confirming this often stated “magnets decay” story – it is often quoted by magnetic motor believers as some sort of argument (proof?) that the motors get their energy from the magnets. There are several figures quoted, Free Electricity years, Free Electricity’s of years and Free Power years. All made up of course. Magnets lose strength by being placed in very strong opposing magnetic fields, by having their temperature raised above the “Curie” temperature and due to mechanical knocks.
Of all the posters here, I’m certain kimseymd1 will miss me the most :). Have I convinced anyone of my point of view? I’m afraid not, but I do wish all of you well on your journey. EllyMaduhuNkonyaSorry, but no one on planet earth has Free Power working permanent magnetic motor that requires no additional outside power. Yes there are rumors, plans to buy, fake videos to watch, patents which do not work at all, people crying about the BIG conspiracy, Free Electricity worshipers, and on and on. Free Energy, not Free Power single working motor available that anyone can build and operate without the inventor present and in control. We all would LIKE one to be available, but that does not make it true. Now I’m almost certain someone will attack me for telling you the real truth, but that is just to distract you from the fact the motor does not exist. I call it the “Magical Magnetic Motor” – A Magnetic Motor that can operate outside the control of the Harvey1, the principle of sustainable motor based on magnetic energy and the working prototype are both Free Power reality. When the time is appropriate, I shall disclose it. Be of good cheer.

#### Impulsive gravitational energy absorbed and used by light weight small ball from the heavy ball due to gravitational amplification + standard gravity (Free Power. Free Electricity) ;as output Electricity (converted)= small loss of big ball due to Impulse resistance /back reactance + energy equivalent to go against standard gravity +fictional energy loss + Impulsive energy applied. ” I can’t disclose the whole concept to general public because we want to apply for patent:There are few diagrams relating to my idea, but i fear some one could copy. Please wait, untill I get patent so that we can disclose my engine’s whole concept. Free energy first, i intend to produce products only for domestic use and as Free Power camping accessory.

This is not Free Power grand revelation. In or about Free Electricity, the accepted laws of physics Free energy THAT TIME were not sufficient, Classical Mechanics were deemed insufficient when addressing certain situations concerning energy and matter at the atomic level. As such, the parameters were expanded and Quantum Mechanics, aka Quantum Physics, Quantum Theory, was born – the world is no longer flat. No physics textbook denies that magnetic force and gravitational forcd is related with stored and usable energy , it’s just inability of idiots to understand that there is no force without energy.
I have had many as time went by get weak. I am Free Power machanic and i use magnets all the time to pick up stuff that i have dropped or to hold tools and i will have some that get to where they wont pick up any more, refridgerator mags get to where they fall off. Dc motors after time get so they don’t run as fast as they used to. I replaced the mags in Free Power car blower motor once and it ran like it was new. now i do not know about the neo’s but i know that mags do lose there power. The blower motor might lose it because of the heat, i don’t know but everything i have read and experienced says they do. So whats up with that? Hey Free Electricity, ok, i agree with what you are saying. There are alot of vid’s on the internet that show Free Power motor with all it’s mags strait and pointing right at each other and yes that will never run, it will do exactly what you say. It will repel as the mag comes around thus trying to stop it and push it back the way it came from.
This simple contradiction dispels your idea. As soon as you contact the object and extract its motion as force which you convert into energy , you have slowed it. The longer you continue the more it slows until it is no longer moving. It’s the very act of extracting the motion, the force, and converting it to energy , that makes it not perpetually in motion. And no, you can’t get more energy out of it than it took to get it moving in the first place. Because this is how the universe works, and it’s Free Power proven fact. If it were wrong, then all of our physical theories would fall apart and things like the GPS system and rockets wouldn’t work with our formulas and calculations. But they DO work, thus validating the laws of physics. Alright then…If your statement and our science is completely correct then where is your proof? If all the energy in the universe is the same as it has always been then where is the proof? Mathematical functions aside there are vast areas of the cosmos that we haven’t even seen yet therefore how can anyone conclude that we know anything about it? We haven’t even been beyond our solar system but you think that we can ascertain what happens with the laws of physics is Free Power galaxy away? Where’s the proof? “Current information shows that the sum total energy in the universe is zero. ” Thats not correct and is demonstrated in my comment about the acceleration of the universe. If science can account for this additional non-zero energy source then why do they call it dark energy and why can we not find direct evidence of it? There is much that our current religion cannot account for. Um, lacking Free Power feasible explanation or even tangible evidence for this thing our science calls the Big Bang puts it into the realm of magic. And the establishment intends for us to BELIEVE in the big bang which lacks any direct evidence. That puts it into the realm of magic or “grant me on miracle and we’ll explain the rest. ” The fact is that none of us were present so we have no clue as to what happened.
If there are no buyers in LA, then you could take your show on the road. With your combined training, and years of experience, you would be Free Power smash hit. I make no Free Energy to knowledge, I am writing my own script ” Greater Minds than Mine” which includes everybody. My greatest feat in life is find Free Power warm commode, on time….. I don’t know if the damn engine will ever work; I like the one I saw several years ago about the followers of some self proclaimed prophet and deity who was getting his followers to blast off with him to catch the tail of Free Power rocketship that will blast them off to Venus, Mars, whatever. I think you’re being argumentative. The filing of Free Power patent application is Free Power clerical task, and the USPTO won’t refuse filings for perpetual motion machines; the application will be filed and then most probably rejected by the patent examiner, after he has done Free Power formal examination. Model or no model the outcome is the same. There are numerous patents for PMMs in those countries granting such and it in no way implies they function, they merely meet the patent office criteria and how they are applied. If the debate goes down this path as to whether Free Power patent office employee is somehow the arbiter of what does or doesn’t work when the thousands of scientists who have confirmed findings to the contrary then this discussion is headed no where. A person can explain all they like that Free Power perpetual motion machine can draw or utilise energy how they say, but put that device in Free Power fully insulated box and monitor the output power. Those stubborn old fashioned laws of physics suggest the inside of the box will get colder till absolute zero is reached or till the hidden battery/capacitor runs flat. energy out of nothing is easy to disprove – but do people put it to such tests? Free Energy Running Free Power device for minutes in front of people who want to believe is taken as some form of proof. It’s no wonder people believe in miracles. Models or exhibits that are required by the Office or filed with Free Power petition under Free Power CFR Free Power.

By the way, do you know what an OHM is? It’s an Englishman’s.. OUSE. @Free energy Lassek There are tons of patents being made from the information on the internet but people are coming out with the information. Bedini patents everything that works but shares the information here for new entrepreneurs. The only thing not shared are part numbers. except for the electronic parts everything is home made. RPS differ with different parts. Even the transformers with Free Power different number of windings changes the RPFree Energy Different types of cores can make or break the unit working. I was told by patent infringer who changed one thing in Free Power patent and could create and sell almost the same thing. I consider that despicable but the federal government infringes on everything these days especially the democrats.
Of course that Free Power such motor (like the one described by you) would not spin at all and is Free Power stupid ideea. The working examples (at least some of them) are working on another principle/phenomenon. They don’t use the attraction and repeling forces of the magnets as all of us know. I repeat: that is Free Power stupid ideea. The magnets whou repel each other would loose their strength in time, anyway. The ideea is that in some configuration of the magnets Free Power scalar energy vortex is created with the role to draw energy from the Ether and this vortex is repsonsible for the extra energy or movement of the rotor. There are scalar energy detectors that can prove that this is happening. You can’t detect scalar energy with conventional tools. The vortex si an ubiquitos thing in nature. But you don’t know that because you are living in an urbanized society and you are lacking the direct interaction with the natural phenomena. Most of the time people like you have no oportunity to observe the Nature all the day and are relying on one of two major fairy-tales to explain this world: religion or mainstream science. The magnetism is more than the attraction and repelling forces. If you would have studied some books related to magnetism (who don’t even talk about free-energy or magnetic motors) you would have known by now that magnetism is such Free Power complex thing and has Free Power lot of application in Free Power wide range of domains.
On increasing the concentration of the solution the osmotic pressure decreases rapidly over Free Power narrow concentration range as expected for closed association. The arrow indicates the cmc. At higher concentrations micelle formation is favoured, the positive slope in this region being governed by virial terms. Similar shaped curves were obtained for other temperatures. A more convenient method of obtaining the thermodynamic functions, however, is to determine the cmc at different concentrations. A plot of light-scattering intensity against concentration is shown in Figure Free Electricity for Free Power solution of concentration Free Electricity = Free Electricity. Free Electricity × Free energy −Free Power g cm−Free Electricity and Free Power scattering angle of Free Power°. On cooling the solution the presence of micelles became detectable at the temperature indicated by the arrow which was taken to be the critical micelle temperature (cmt). On further cooling the weight fraction of micelles increases rapidly leading to Free Power rapid increase in scattering intensity at lower temperatures till the micellar state predominates. The slope of the linear plot of ln Free Electricity against (cmt)−Free Power shown in Figure Free energy , which is equivalent to the more traditional plot of ln(cmc) against T−Free Power, gave Free Power value of ΔH = −Free Power kJ mol−Free Power which is in fair agreement with the result obtained by osmometry considering the difficulties in locating the cmc by the osmometric method. Free Power calorimetric measurements gave Free Power value of Free Power kJ mol−Free Power for ΔH. Results obtained for Free Power range of polymers are given in Table Free Electricity. Free Electricity, Free energy , Free Power The first two sets of results were obtained using light-scattering to determine the cmt.


text:
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Generalized Bernoulli numbers
edit on github
Numbers
$q$
$n$
$k$
$B_{k,\chi}$
INPUT{numbers.yaml} (not shown in preview)
Definition
Let $\chi$ be a Dirichlet character of modulus $q$. The generalized Bernoulli numbers $B_{k,\chi}$ attached to $\chi$ are defined as the Taylor coefficients of $\sum_{a=1}^q \chi(a) \frac{te^{at}}{e^{qt}-1} = \sum_{k=0}^\infty B_{k,\chi}\frac{t^k}{k!}$.
Parameters
$q$
—   modulus of $\chi$ ($q \geq 1$)
$n$
—   Conrey index of $\chi$ ($1 \leq n \leq \max(q-1,1)$)
$k$
—   integer ($k \geq 0$)
If $\chi(-1) \neq (-1)^k$, we have $B_{k,\chi}=0$ unless $(q,n)=(1,1)$ (that is, $\chi=1$). Thus we skip these trivial zero entries.
chi = DirichletGroup(3).an_element()


text:
# Closed under intersections

I read this definition: "A collection C of subsets of E is said to be closed under intersections if A ∩ B belongs to C whenever A and B belong to C."

How could the intersection of ANY A and B belonging to C ever NOT belong to C?? Whats the point of this definition?

-

Let $E=\{1, 2, 3\}$ and suppose the collection $C$ of subsets was $C=\{\{1, 2\}, \{2, 3\}\}$. Then this collection of two subsets is not closed under intersection, since $\{1, 2\}\cap\{2, 3\}=\{2\}$, which is not in $C$.

-
Oh, now I think I get it..."collection" is the key word here!? –  PrincessAmazia Oct 10 '13 at 1:14
Yup. Your collection of subsets is pretty much arbitrary, so the intersection of two of the subsets needn't be a set in the collection. Of course, any 1-subset collection will be closed under intersection, but beyond that there's no guarantee of closure. –  Rick Decker Oct 10 '13 at 1:16

Let $A=\{a,b\}$ and $B=\{b,c\}$. Define $\mathscr{C}=\{A,B\}$. Then $A,B\in\mathscr{C}$, but $A\cap B\notin\mathscr{C}$.

The point of this definition is to enforce some restrictions on $\mathscr{C}$ so you can have 'operations' on some of the elements (like intersections).

-

Very easily. Let $C=\{(0,2),(1,3)\}$, where $(0,2)$ and $(1,3)$ are subsets of $\Bbb R$. The intersections of members of $C$ are

$$(0,2)\cap(0,2)=(0,2)$$

and

$$(1,3)\cap(1,3)=(1,3)\;,$$

which are in $C$, and

$$(0,2)\cap(1,3)=(1,2)\;,$$

which is not in $C$.

It can happen just as well with infinite collections. For each $n\in\Bbb N$ let $A_n=\{n,n+1\}$, and let $\mathscr{C}=\{A_n:n\in\Bbb N\}$; the members of $\mathscr{C}$ are the sets $\{0,1\},\{1,2\},\{2,3\},\ldots\;$. For any $m,n\in\Bbb N$ we have

$$A_m\cap A_n=\begin{cases} A_m,&\text{if }m=n\\ \{n\},&\text{if }n=m+1\\ \{m\},&\text{if }m=n+1\\ \varnothing,&\text{in all other cases}\;. \end{cases}$$

Only in the first case is the intersection in the collection $\mathscr{C}$.

-


text:
# Appended Numbers Game

Write a function/program that takes 2 integer parameters integer parameters or integer variables, a start number, and a max iterations count. The code should perform the following game example to construct a new number, and repeat until the number is a single digit left. eg.

3 7 2 = (3 + 7) & (7 + 2) = 10 9
1 0 9 = (1 + 0) & (0 + 9) = 1 9
1 9 = (1 + 9) = 10
1 0 = (1 + 0) = 1

Basically, taking each individual digit and adding it to its neighbour, then appending the result of the next addition as well.

Max iteration count is to safeguard infinite loops, and when the max is hit, code should dump the last 5 number steps. The same output should occur when finishing by reaching a single digit. If less than 5 steps occurred, only output the valid numbers.

Output should appear like (Step: Number) including the last 5 steps of the finished or terminated steps:

func(3541, 50) would produce this exact output format:

6: 1411
7: 552
8: 107
9: 17
10: 8

func(3541, 5) would produce:

1: 895
2: 1714
3: 885
4: 1613
5: 774

The entire calculation being:

1: 895
2: 1714
3: 885
4: 1613
5: 774
6: 1411
7: 552
8: 107
9: 17
10: 8

If there are less than 5 steps, just print those steps taken.

Only use built-in libs, parameters can be from anywhere (whatever's easiest for your language of choice). No limit on maximum integer size, and if there are overflows, let it crash.

Given this isn't too difficult from a puzzle point of view, I will give until Sunday 25th, 8PM (UTC+8) for submissions to be considered for the accepted answer, at which point the shortest of any language will be the winner.

EDIT:

Congratulations to Howard, winning with a 48 GolfScript answer.

Special mention to 2nd place marinus with a 66 APL answer.

My personal favourite (being biased towards JavaScript) was core1024's answer.

• I don't understand, is func(3541, 5) supposed to print 5 steps or 10? – Tal May 20 '14 at 5:48
• 5 steps. It should stop as it hits iteration 5, perform no more iterations and print out the last 5 steps. I just included the full set of steps to show the full calculation process for that particular input. – Matt May 20 '14 at 6:11

### GolfScript, 48 46 characters

{.n*[~]n\{:s++s}*;~}*].,,\]zip{': '*}%1>-5>n*

Thank you to Peter Taylor for a two-character improvement.

Expects both numbers on the stack. Try online.

Examples:

> 4 50

> 141 50
1: 55
2: 10
3: 1

> 3541 50
6: 1411
7: 552
8: 107
9: 17
10: 8

> 3541 5
1: 895
2: 1714
3: 885
4: 1613
5: 774

• There's a moderate saving by adding a flip after .,, and turning the final map into just {': '*}%. – Peter Taylor May 22 '14 at 15:41

## APL (66)

{↑¯5↑{(⍕⍵),': ',⍺}/∆,⍪⍳⍴∆←⍺{(1<⍴⍵)∧⍺>0:∆,(⍺-1)∇⊃∆←,/⍕¨2+/⍎¨⍵⋄⍬}⍕⍵}

The left argument is the maximum iteration count and the right argument is the start number.

Explanation:

• ∆←⍺{...}⍕⍵: pass the left argument as a number and the right argument as a string to the function that calculates the list of numbers, and store it in ∆:
• (1<⍴⍵)∧⍺>0:: if the amount of digits is more than 1 and the amount of iterations left is more than 0:
• ⍎¨⍵: evaluate each digit
• 2+/: sum each pair
• ⍕¨: format each number as a string
• ∆←,/: concatenate the strings and store in ∆
• ∆,(⍺-1)∇⊃∆: return ∆, followed by the result of applying this function to ∆ with one less iteration allowed
• ⋄⍬: if not, return the empty list
• ∆,⍪⍳⍴∆: pair each element of ∆ with its index in ∆
• {...}/: for each pair:
• (⍕⍵),': ',⍺: return a string with the index, followed by :, followed by the number
• ↑¯5↑: turn the list of strings into a matrix so they display on separate lines, and take the last 5 items

Test:

      5{↑¯5↑{(⍕⍵),': ',⍺}/∆,⍪⍳⍴∆←⍺{(1<⍴⍵)∧⍺>0:∆,(⍺-1)∇⊃∆←,/⍕¨2+/⍎¨⍵⋄⍬}⍕⍵}3541
1: 895
2: 1714
3: 885
4: 1613
5: 774
50{↑¯5↑{(⍕⍵),': ',⍺}/∆,⍪⍳⍴∆←⍺{(1<⍴⍵)∧⍺>0:∆,(⍺-1)∇⊃∆←,/⍕¨2+/⍎¨⍵⋄⍬}⍕⍵}3541
6: 1411
7: 552
8: 107
9: 17
10: 8

• Does this handle displays of less than 5 steps properly? E.g. 3 {...} 3541. – algorithmshark May 20 '14 at 14:56
• @algorithmshark It does now (it gave extra lines with : first) – marinus May 20 '14 at 15:41

## Mathematica, 172 characters

This is way too long, thanks to Mathematica's function names and ugly string handling (the actual "game" is only 76 of those characters), but here it is anyway:

""<>ToString/@(f=Flatten)@Take[Thread@{r=Range@Length[s=Rest@Cases[NestList[FromDigits[f@(d=IntegerDigits)[Tr/@Partition[d@#,2,1]]]&,n,m],i_/;i>0]],": "&/@r,s,"\n"&/@r},-5]

It expects the input number in variable n and the maximum number of iterations in m.

With less golf:

"" <> ToString /@
(f = Flatten)@
Take[
r = Range@Length[
s = Rest@Cases[
NestList[
FromDigits[
f@(d = IntegerDigits)[Tr /@ Partition[d@#, 2, 1]]] &,
n,
m
],
i_ /; i > 0
]
],
": " & /@ r,
s,
"\n" & /@ r
},
-5
]

## Ruby, 106 characters

f=->n,m{s=0
$*<<"#{s}: #{n=n.to_s.gsub(/.\B/){eval$&+?++$'[0]}.chop}"until n.to_i<10||m<s+=1 puts$*.pop 5}

I'm not 100% clear on the input rules, but if I can take n as a string I can save 5 characters, and if I can use predefined variables and write a program instead of a function, I can save another 9.

Creates a function f which can be called as follows:

f[3541, 6]

2: 1714
3: 885
4: 1613
5: 774
6: 1411

f[372, 50]

1: 109
2: 19
3: 10
4: 1

f[9999, 10]

6: 99999999999
7: 18181818181818181818
8: 9999999999999999999
9: 181818181818181818181818181818181818
10: 99999999999999999999999999999999999

• Interesting observation that 4 or more "9"s produces a diverging result – Digital Trauma May 20 '14 at 17:11

# J - 96 92 char

I'd first solved this assuming that all games terminated, and this came back to bite me in the ass during testing. Left argument is the number of steps, right argument is the starting position, which can be given as a number or a string.

([(-@(<.5<.#){.])(#\(,': '&,)&":"0,)@}.@({.~,i.0:)@:".@(<@>:@[(' '-.~[:,@":2+/\"."0@]^:)":))

This is a little too golfed and convoluted to degolf satisfyingly, so I'll say this:

• (<@>:@[(' '-.~[:,@":2+/\"."0@]^:)":) This part runs the game for the specified number of steps. 2+/\ is responsible for adding each pair of digits, and <@>:@[ in tandem with ^: controls capturing the intermediate steps of the game.
• (#\(,': '&,)&":"0,)@}.@({.~,i.0:)@:". This part formats all the results as step: result. ({.~,i.0:) is making sure we don't take too many steps, #\ is the step numbers, and the (,': '&,)&":"0 bit adds the colon and space.
• (-@(<.5<.#){.]) This portion cuts the relevant five-or-less steps out of the full list. <. means 'minimum of'.

It works, but if you start with a large enough number, the game's results quickly start growing in size, which makes J switch from integers to the imprecise doubles. Here are some examples:

   f =: ([(-@(<.5<.#){.])(#\(,': '&,)&":"0,)@}.@({.~,i.0:)@:".@(<@>:@[(' '-.~[:,@":2+/\"."0@]^:)":))
5 f 3541
1: 895
2: 1714
3: 885
4: 1613
5: 774
50 f 3541
6: 1411
7: 552
8: 107
9: 17
10: 8
100 f 372
1: 109
2: 19
3: 10
4: 1

# Javascript 139 144 150

function f(a,n){for(r=[a+=''];n--&&a[1];r.push(a=t))for(t='',i=0;a[++i];)t+=a[i-1]- -a[i];for(i=0;r[++i];)r[i+5]||console.log(i+': '+r[i])}

Ungolfed

function f(a,n)
{
for (r=[a+='']; n-- && a[1]; r.push(a=t))
{
for (t = '', i = 0; a[++i]; )
{
t += a[i-1]- -a[i]; /* -char force conversion to number */
}
}
for (i = 0; r[++i];) r[i+5]||console.log(i+': '+r[i])
}

## Perl, 86 84

$s+=$_=<>;
print+(map$s=~s/.(?=(.|))/~$1?$&+$1:''/eg>1?"$_:$s$/":(),/ /..$')[-5..-1]

+ Edit: No excuse for not using -n command line switch, and then score is 82=81+1:

$s+=$_;
print+(map$s=~s/.(?=(.|))/~$1?$&+$1:''/eg>1?"$_:$s$/":(),/ /..$')[-5..-1]

And, possible integer overflow being OK, it's 81=80+1

$.=$_;
print+(map$.=~s/.(?=(.|))/~$1?$&+$1:''/eg>1?"$_:$.$/":(),/ /..$')[-5..-1]

• I learned new tings. Awesome! – core1024 May 20 '14 at 17:51

## Javascript, 247 278288307 Characters

 var t=[],q=1;function f(a,c){var x=a.toString().split(''),r='',p=parseInt;for(y in x){var i=p(y);if(i){r+=(p(x[i])+p(x[i-1])).toString();}}if(c!=0&&a>10){t.push(q+++':'+r+'\n');if(q>6){t.shift()}f(r,c-1);}console.log(t.join(',').replace(/,/g,''))}

Formatted

var t = [],
q = 1;

function f(a, c) {
var x = a.toString().split(''),
r = '',
p = parseInt;
for (y in x) {
var i = p(y);
if (i) {
r += (p(x[i]) + p(x[i - 1])).toString();
}
}
if (c != 0 && a > 10) {
t.push(q+++':' + r + '\n');
if (q > 6) {
t.shift()
}
f(r, c - 1);
}
console.log(t.join(',').replace(/,/g, ''))
}

Edit 1: Removed ternary

Edit 2: Flipped logic for "skipping" 0 index

Edit 3: Reworked recursive calling.

Fiddle

• Don't worry, nothing to see here. Thought it was printing first 5 but it should with your fiddle. Nice work :) – Matt May 20 '14 at 4:10

# Bash + coreutils, 115 bytes

for((a=$1;++i<=$2&a>9;)){
a=paste -d+ <(fold -1<<<${a%?}) <(fold -1<<<${a#?})|bc|tr -d '
'
echo $i:$a
}|tail -n5

Output:

$./appended-number.sh 3541 50 6: 1411 7: 552 8: 107 9: 17 10: 8$ ./appended-number.sh 3541 5
1: 895
2: 1714
3: 885
4: 1613
5: 774
$ # JavaScript (ECMAScript 6 Draft) - 134 Characters f=(x,y,i=0,j=[])=>([m=''].map.call(m+x,(z,p,n)=>m+=p?+z+1*n[p-1]:m),j[i++]=i+': '+m,m.length>1&&i<y?f(m,y,i,j):j.slice(-5).join('\n'))  Examples: f(372,5) "1: 109 2: 19 3: 10 4: 1" f(3541,50) "6: 1411 7: 552 8: 107 9: 17 10: 8" f(3541,5) "1: 895 2: 1714 3: 885 4: 1613 5: 774"  # Javascript, 182 bytes function f(I,T){s=[],x=1;for(;;){d=(""+I).split("");l=d.length;if(l==1||x>T)break;for(I="",i=1;i<l;)I+=+d[i-1]+ +d[i++];s.push(x+++": "+I)}s=s.slice(-5);for(i in s)console.log(s[i])}  # Perl, 166147138 129 bytes <>=~/ /;for$i(1..$'){@n=split'',$s||$;$s=join'',map{$n[$_]+$n[$_+1]}0..@n-2;@o=(@o,"$i:$s");$s<10&&last}print join$/,@o[-5..-1]

Ungolfed:

<> =~ / /;
for $i (1..$') {
@n = split'', $s||$;
$s = join'',map {$n[$_]+$n[$_+1]} 0..@n-2; @o = (@o, "$i: $s");$s<10 && last
}
print join$/,@o[-5..-1]  I hope it's alright that it prints some extra empty lines if the whole thing takes less than 5 steps. • Replace (('')x5, @o, "$i: $s") with (@o, "$i: $s") and join"\n", @o[-5..0] with join"\n", @o[-5..-1]. Then you'll be 3 bytes ahead ;) – core1024 May 20 '14 at 13:07 • I don't have any problem with extra empty lines. – Matt May 20 '14 at 13:26 • @core1024 Thanks :) I was going to give you a tip as well, but you already got rid of that long "unless" part – Tal May 20 '14 at 13:41 # Java 524405 365 chars [414 bytes] Golfed version: class A{static int n=0;List<String> s=new ArrayList<>();void c(int b,int r){String d=b+"";if(r==0||b <= 9){int m=s.size();for(int i= m>=5?m-5:0;i<m;i++)System.out.println(s.get(i));return;}String l="";for(int i=0;i<d.length()-1;i++)l+=d.charAt(i)+d.charAt(i+1)-96;s.add(++n+":"+l);c(Integer.valueOf(l),--r);}public static void main(String[] a){new A().c(3541,50);}} Readable version: class AddDigits { static int n = 0; List<String> steps = new ArrayList<>(); void count(int num, int count) { String digits = num + ""; if (count == 0 || num <= 9) { int stepsSize = steps.size(); for (int i = stepsSize >= 5 ? stepsSize - 5 : 0; i < stepsSize; i++) { System.out.println(steps.get(i)); } return; } String line = ""; for (int i = 0; i < digits.length() - 1; i++) { line += digits.charAt(i) + digits.charAt(i + 1) - 96; } steps.add(++n + ":" + line); count(Integer.valueOf(line), --count); } public static void main(String[] args) { new AddDigits().count(3541, 50); } }  • You can shrink this by using 1 char for variable and function names. – Lex Webb May 20 '14 at 12:22 • Done... also changed logic to stop recursion using num<=9 instead of digits.length==1 (Seen in this thread only... didn't hit me before). – user12345 May 20 '14 at 13:43 • you could reduce length of argument name in yout main method, that will give you additional 3 chatacters – user902383 May 21 '14 at 14:57 • you dont need to converting string to array of characters, you can access single character from string using chatAt method – user902383 May 21 '14 at 15:01 • and last thing, you dont need to convert your character to string and then parse it, instead Integer.valueOf(digits[i] + "") + Integer.valueOf(digits[i + 1] + ""); you could do (digits[i] + digits[i+1] - 96) – user902383 May 21 '14 at 15:04 ## JavaScript 133 bytes function f(n,g){for(c=r=[];g--;(n=s)&&(r[c++]=c+': '+s))for(i=s='',n+=s;n[++i];s+=n[i]-+-n[i-1]);console.log(r.slice(-5).join('\n'))}  Ungolfed: function sums(num, guard) { for(count = res = [];guard--;(num = sum) && (res[count++] = count + ': ' + sum)) for(i = sum = '',num += sum;num[++i];sum += num[i] -+- num[i-1]); console.log(res.slice(-5).join('\n')) }  • Only problem is the function name is the same as one of your variables :) But the technique is awesome. – Matt May 22 '14 at 14:33 • Good point! I renamed the function ;) – core1024 May 22 '14 at 14:52 # Java, 341 chars 371 chars  class a{public static void main(String[] a){p(3541,50);}static void p(int n,int k){Queue<String>q=new LinkedList();int c=0;while(n>9&&c<k){c++;String r="";String p=""+n;for(int i=0;i<p.length()-1;i++)r+=((p.charAt(i)+p.charAt(i+1)-96));n=Integer.parseInt(r);q.add(c+": "+n);if(q.size()>5)q.remove();}for(String s:q){System.out.println(s);}}}  Formatted: class a { public static void main(String[] a) { p(3541, 50); } static void p(int n, int k) { Queue<String> q = new LinkedList(); int c = 0; while (n > 9 && c < k) { c++; String r = ""; String p = "" + n; for (int i = 0; i < p.length() - 1; i++) r += ((p.charAt(i) + p.charAt(i + 1) - 96)); n = Integer.parseInt(r); q.add(c + ": " + n); if (q.size() > 5) q.remove(); } for (String s : q) { System.out.println(s); } }}  Thanks to user902383 i was able to reduce the code by 30 chars, by not splitting the String into an Array an using -96 instead of "Integer.valueOf() • you could still reduce some characters, class a{public static void main(String[] a) {p(3541, 50);}static void p(int n,int k){Queue<String> q=new LinkedList();int c=0;while(n>9&&c<k){c++;String r="";String p=""+n;for(int i=0;i<p.length()-1;i++)r+=((p.charAt(i)+p.charAt(i+1)-96));n=Integer.parseInt(r);q.add(c+": "+n);if(q.size()>5)q.remove();}for(String s:q){System.out.println(s);}}} – user902383 May 21 '14 at 14:49 # Dart, 602 588 bytes Dart is probably one of the worst languages to do this in... I'll need to find a better way to do this. Anyway, Here's my entry: Input through console var steps={};void main(a){c(a[0],int.parse(a[1]));}void c(inp,m){int i=0;int n=int.parse(inp);while(++i<=m){n=addUp(n.toString());steps[i]=n;if(n<10)break;}printSteps();}int addUp(n){var ns=[];for(int i=0;i<n.length;i++){try{ns.add(n[i]+n[i+1]);}catch(e){}}return addNumbers(ns);}int addNumbers(ns){var it=ns.iterator;var s="";while(it.moveNext()){int i=0;for(var t in it.current.split('')){i+=int.parse(t);}s=s+i.toString();}return int.parse(s);}void printSteps(){int l=steps.length;for(int i=getStart(l);i<=l;i++){print("${i}:\t${steps[i]}");}}int getStart(l){int m=l-4;return m>0?m:1;}  And the ungolfed, slightly unminified version: var steps = {}; void main(a) { c(a[0], int.parse(a[1])); } void c(String input, int max) { int i = 0; int n = int.parse(input); while(++i <= max) { n = addUp(n.toString()); steps[i] = n; if(n < 10) break; } printSteps(); } int addUp(String n) { List numbers = []; for(int i = 0; i < n.length; i++) { try { numbers.add(n[i] + n[i + 1]); } catch(e){} } return addNumbers(numbers); } int addNumbers(List numbers) { Iterator it = numbers.iterator; String s = ""; while(it.moveNext()) { int i = 0; for(String s in it.current.split('')) { i += int.parse(s); } s = s + i.toString(); } return int.parse(s); } void printSteps() { int l = steps.length; for(int i = getStart(l); i <= l; i++) { print("${i}:\t${steps[i]}"); } } int getStart(int l) { int m = l - 4; return m > 0 ? m : 1; }  PERL 135 129/125 125/121 bytes It has the same bug as Tal's answer sub c{($e,$l)=@_;print join"\n",(grep/\d$/,map{$s="";{$e=~/(.)(.)/;redo if""ne($e=$2.$')and$s.=$1+$2};++$c.": ".($e=$s)}1..$l)[-5..-1]}

Edit 129 bytes as a function:

sub c{($e,$l)=@_;print join$/,(grep/\d$/,map{$s="";{$e=~/(.)(.)/;redo if""ne($e=$2.$')and$s.=$1+$2}"$_: ".($e=$s)}1..$l)[-5..-1]}

125 bytes as a function:

sub c{($e,$l)=@_;print+(grep/\d$/,map{$s="";{$e=~/(.)(.)/;redo if""ne($e=$2.$')and$s.=$1+$2}"$_: ".($e=$s).$/}1..$l)[-5..-1]}

125 bytes as a console script (without the hashbang):

($e,$l)=@ARGV;print join$/,(grep/\d$/,map{$s="";{$e=~/(.)(.)/;redo if""ne($e=$2.$')and$s.=$1+$2}"$_: ".($e=$s)}1..$l)[-5..-1]

121 bytes as a console script (without the hashbang):

($e,$l)=@ARGV;print+(grep/\d$/,map{$s="";{$e=~/(.)(.)/;redo if""ne($e=$2.$')and$s.=$1+$2}"$_: ".($e=$s).$/}1..$l)[-5..-1]

Expanded:

sub c
{
($e,$l) = @_;
print +(grep /\d$/, map {$s="";
{
$e =~ /(.)(.)/; redo if "" ne ($e = $2.$') and $s .=$1 + $2 } "$_: ".($e =$s).$/ } 1 ..$l)[-5 .. -1]
}

Test with c(372,4);:

[blank line]
1: 109
2: 19
3: 10
4: 1

Test with c(3541,50);:

6: 1411
7: 552
8: 107
9: 17
10: 8

• I believe you're only supposed to print the last 5 steps though. – Tal May 20 '14 at 11:24
• Got it fixed ;) – core1024 May 20 '14 at 12:45
• And you're still 3 bytes ahead of me... blast it! :p – Tal May 20 '14 at 12:50
• @Tal We're even now :D – core1024 May 20 '14 at 14:18

## C# - 269

void F(int x,int y){var o=new List<string>();var i=x+"";for(int n=1;n<y&&i.Length>1;n++){var s="";for(int z=0;z<i.Length;z++){int a=i[z]-'0';var t=a+(z+1!=i.Length?i[z+1]-'0':-a);if(t!=0)s+=t;}i=s;o.Add(n+": "+i);}foreach(var p in o.Skip(o.Count-5))Debug.WriteLine(p);}

void F(int x,int y){
var o=new List<string>();
var i=x+"";
for(int n=1;n<y&&i.Length>1;n++)
{
var s="";
for(int z=0;z<i.Length;z++){
int a=i[z]-'0';
var t=a+(z+1!=i.Length?i[z+1]-'0':-a);
if(t!=0)
s+=t;
}
i=s;
}
//Output
foreach(var p in o.Skip(o.Count-5))
Debug.WriteLine(p);
}

Usage:

F(3541, 50)

Output:

6: 1411
7: 552
8: 107
9: 17
10: 8

# Cobra - 363

A rather depressing result... but hey, I still beat Java.

It should be immune to integer overflows for practical test cases.

class P
cue init(a,b)
base.init
l=[]
c=.p(a.toString)
for x in b
y=l.count
for i in c.count-1,l[y-1]+=(c[i]+c[i+1]).toString
if l.last.length<2,break
c=.p(l.last)
z=if(y>5,y-5,0)
for x in l[z:y],print"[z+=1]:",x
def p(n) as List<of int>
c=List<of int>()
return c

## Python 2.7, 174173 158 characters

Using a lot of strings to do the task.

x,n=raw_input().split()
o,i=[],0
while int(n)>i<o>9<x:x="".join(sum(map(int,x[j:j+2]))for j in range(len(x)-1));i+=1;o+=[i+": "+x]
print"\n".join(o[-5:])

## Python 2.7, 155 characters

Version defining a function

def a(x,n):
o,i,x=[],0,x
while n>i<o>9<int(x):x="".join(sum(map(int,x[j:j+2]))for j in range(len(x)-1));i+=1;o+=[i+": "+x]
print"\n".join(o[-5:])

Slightly ungolfed version:

x,n=map(int,raw_input().split())
o,i=[],1
while i<=n and x>9:
x=int("".join(sum(map(int,x[j:j+2])) for j in range(len(x)-1)))
o.append("%d: %d"%(i,x))
i+=1
print "\n".join(o[-5:])

s=show
z=zipWith
m#n=concat.z(\a b->s a++": "++b++"\n")[1..].(\x->drop(length x-n)x).takeWhile(/="").iterate((\x->z(+)x(tail x)>>=s).map(\x->read[x]))$s m  example usage: λ> 3541#5 "1: 1411\n2: 552\n3: 107\n4: 17\n5: 8\n"  To make it more readable, use putStr: λ> putStr$ 3541#5
1: 1411
2: 552
3: 107
4: 17
5: 8

• You have to list only the last 5 steps out of the computation. Try putStr $3541#50 and compare it with the OP's example. Otherwise I'm glad there's a Haskell guy here. – core1024 May 22 '14 at 17:04 • @core1024 It does! Athough I did label them wrong, you're right. I'll fix that tomorrow. – Flonk May 27 '14 at 11:29 ## Groovy - 191 182 chars Based on Thomas Rüping's solution, ported to Groovy 2.2.1: f={it as int};n=args[0];s=f args[1];q=[];x=0;while(f(n)>9&&x<s){x++;d=n.split("");n="";for(i in 1..d.length-2)n+=f(d[i])+f(d[i+1]);q << "$x: $n"};q[-1..5].reverse().each{println it}  Execution and output: bash$ groovy Numbers.groovy 3541 50
6: 1411
7: 552
8: 107
9: 17
10: 8

Ungolfed:

f = {it as int}
n = args[0]
s = f args[1]

queue = []
stepCounter = 0

while (f(n) > 9 && stepCounter < s) {
stepCounter++
digits=n.split("")
n=""
for(i in 1..digits.length-2) {
n += f(digits[i]) + f(digits[i+1])
}
queue << "$stepCounter:$n"
}

queue[-1..5].reverse().each{ println it }

**C 186 179174 **

f(int a,int z){for(int c,d,i,j=0,m[5];m[j++%5]=a,j<=z&&a/10;a=c)for(c=0,i=1;a/10;d=a%10+(a/=10)%10,c+=d*i,i*=d<10?10:100);for(i=j<5?0:j-5;i<j;printf("%d: %d\n",i,m[i++%5]));}

Slightly less golfed (mini-golfed?)

f(int a, int z)
{

for(int c,d,i,j=0,m[5];m[j++%5]=a,j<=z&&a/10;a=c)
for(c=0,i=1;a/10;d=a%10+(a/=10)%10,c+=d*i,i*=d<10?10:100);

for(i=j<5?0:j-5;i<j;printf("%d: %d\n",i,m[i++%5]));

}

Just allocate enough memory to store five results cyclically. The outer loop keeps going until we hit the limit or reach a single digit. The inner loop adds the last digit of the number to last digit of 1/10 of the number and adds this, multiplied by the relevant power of 10 to the result. Divide the number you first though of by 10 and repeat to get the total. Then print out up to the last five results.

Next challenge is to see if I can shave off enough to beat some scripting languages at golf.

Edit: Now compiles with warning but five characters shaved off by removing "void " declaration

• Golf tips: f(int a, int z) -> f (a,z) and could use t=10 saving 2 more chars. But using a and a/=10 in the same expression is undefined – edc65 May 23 '14 at 7:54

# C# - 309330320 306 Bytes

## Golfed Version:

private static void F(int aN,int aM){var s=new List<string>();var n=aN.ToString();for(int i=1;i<=aM;i++){int z=n.Length;if(z==1){break;}var a=n;n="";for(int j=0;j<z-1;j++){int r=a[j]-'0'+a[j + 1]-'0';n=n+r;}s.Add(i+": "+n);}int l=s.Count;int p=5;if(l<5){p=l;}for(int k=l-p;k<l;k++){Debug.WriteLine(s[k]);}}

Usage: F(3541,50);

private static void AppendNumbers(int aNum, int aMaxSteps)
{
var results = new List<string>();
var numString = aNum.ToString();
for (int i = 1; i <= aMaxSteps; i++)
{
int stringLength = numString.Length;
if (stringLength == 1)
{
break;
}
var a = numString;
numString = "";
for (int j = 0; j < stringLength-1; j++)
{
int additionResult = a[j]-'0' + (a[j + 1]-'0');
}
}
int numberOfResults = results.Count;
int p = 5;
if (numberOfResults < 5)
{
p = numberOfResults;
}
for (int k = numberOfResults - p; k < numberOfResults; k++)
{
Debug.WriteLine(results[k]);
}
}

Suggestions for improvement are always welcome! ;)

Edit: Removed String.Empty and replaced it with "" to save 10 Bytes.

Edit 2: Thanks to malik for the tipp with the strings!

• You dont need .ToCharArray(). A string = char array – mnsr May 21 '14 at 0:40
• Oh, and another thing you can do is, instead of .ToString(), do +""` – mnsr May 23 '14 at 13:21


text:
# How to download historical composition of a Stock Index with monthly prices

for a Quantitative project in Asset Management, I need to obtain for each year -on a long period (20 years) - the different historical constituents and their prices on a monthly basis for a given stock index (S&P 500 or CAC 40). How should I proceed? I have try with Bloomberg but it's not possible since I don't have full access. I do have access to Datastream but I only manage to have the historical prices on a monthly basis for the current constituents of the Index.

This is very difficult. S&P actually wants you to pay for weightings that currently exist - they started charging for the weightings 8 years ago or so - used to be free.

Historical constituents seem like something you will have to pay S&P for - especially with all the quant traders out there who would love such info.

Happy to delete this answer if someone proves me wrong, but I expect you have to pay for this.

• If you have Factset at your academic institution this data may be included, Factset pays S&P for this data. Even Bloomberg has to pay S&P on a subscriber by subscriber basis or the subscriber will not get it. Mar 17 '17 at 19:56
• Many thanks for your answer! I will try to see if I can get the data from Factset and I will tell you if I manage to do so. Mar 18 '17 at 17:45

you can get S&P 500 historical constituents https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S%26P_500_companies get the add and remove date, and you can use python to pull the list from Yahoo systematically. Most yahoo data can go back as far as 1970.

import pandas_datareader.data as web
import pandas as pd
pd.set_option('display.max_columns', None)
data = web.get_data_yahoo('SPY', '01/01/1997', interval='m')
print(data)

for a school project, you can consider using SPY instead. SPY is very closely follows the S&P500 index.

There are a couple of things you might want to watch out for:

1. Some of the underlying tickers might change names, due to different financial events.
2. Some of the tickers' first add date might not be available.

the following is the output from the code.

                  High         Low        Open       Close        Volume   Adj Close
Date
1997-01-01   79.687500   72.750000   74.375000   78.406250  4.362370e+07   50.724728
1997-02-01   82.000000   77.125000   78.718750   79.156250  3.002880e+07   51.209930
1997-03-01   81.796875   75.250000   78.750000   75.375000  3.751430e+07   48.763680
1997-04-01   80.687500   73.312500   75.250000   80.093750  5.767930e+07   52.014885
1997-05-01   85.562500   79.312500   80.218750   85.156250  3.747340e+07   55.302582
...                ...         ...         ...         ...           ...         ...
2021-02-01  394.170013  370.380005  373.720001  380.359985  1.307806e+09  379.118286
2021-03-01  398.119995  371.880005  385.589996  396.329987  2.401716e+09  395.036163
2021-04-01  420.720001  398.179993  398.399994  417.299988  1.462028e+09  417.299988
2021-05-01  422.820007  404.000000  419.429993  416.579987  8.737502e+08  416.579987
2021-05-14  417.489990  413.179993  413.209991  416.579987  8.220163e+07  416.579987

[294 rows x 6 columns]