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# Sylwester's 'Everlasting theory'

Discussion in 'Alternative Theories' started by Sylwester Kornowski, Oct 5, 2011.

1. ### Sylwester KornowskiNeutrinos are nonrelativisticRegistered Senior Member

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703
AlphaNumeric, discussion with you is useless and all thinking readers can see it.

I am writing my new paper concerning the basic wrong interpretations in particle physics and cosmology. It will concern following problems:
1.
The formula E = mcc
2.
Redshift
3.
Dark energy and Einstein spacetime
4.
Higgs mechanism and electroweak interactions;
Transition from inertial to gravitational mass
5.
The exiting from inflation
6.
Up and down quarks
7.
Quantum mechanics based on superluminal entanglement and confinement
8.
Simultaneous flatness and curvature of spacetime
9.
Gravity and quantum physics
10.
Gravitational waves
11.
Shape of rotating black holes
12.
The double beta decay
13.
Can neutrinos acquire their masses due to the Higgs mechanism that leads to the sham Higgs boson 125 GeV?
14.
Information
15.
Where is the antimatter?
16.
Is complete unification possible?
17.
Higher dimensions
18.
Dark matter
19.
Oscillations of neutrinos and their “disappearance”

There are much more basic problems in particle physics and cosmology starting from wrong assumptions and containing wrong interpretations. It causes that many mainstream theories are very messy.

Physicists write about phase transitions that break the symmetries but, generally, only in the Lacking Part of ultimate theory, i.e. the Everlasting Theory, there is the comprehensive mathematical description of the possible phase transitions. They lead to the internal structure of the bare fermions, bosons, Einstein spacetime, dark matter and dark energy and lead to the correct Higgs mechanism.

Since AlphaNumeric is dishonest, I will describe above problems after the publication. It will take some two weeks.

Undefined, it is true that the Everlasting Theory leads to the physical constants and hundreds results consistent or very close to experimental data. See my book and 15 papers.

3. ### UndefinedBannedBanned

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1,695
Hi Sylwester Kornowski.

Thank you for your response. Now, in the continuing interests of impartial observers, we should all await AN, or anyone else who may dispute that, to make their considered response, complete with supporting counter-evidence (if any) to your own.

Good luck and good thinking all. Play nice! Gotta go. Bye for now.

5. ### Sylwester KornowskiNeutrinos are nonrelativisticRegistered Senior Member

Messages:
703
Here

http://rxiv.org/author/sylwester_kornowski ,

you can find my newest paper (16 pages) titled

The Ultimate Picture of Particle Physics and Cosmology

The string/M theory, cosmology, General Theory of Relativity and Quantum Physics are the approximate descriptions of Nature so there appear many incorrect assumptions and wrong interpretations. Here I pointed the limitations for the basic method applied in the Quantum Physics associated with the action of orthogonal groups on column vector representing a spinor. Unification of the 6(7) different interactions is possible only via the theory of succeeding phase transitions and the atom-like structure of baryons described within the Everlasting Theory.

Paragraph 2
There is the geometrical interpretation of the spinors that follows from the succeeding phase transitions of the modified Higgs field described within the Everlasting Theory, from the classification of the Clifford algebras and the double-covers/spin-groups that are the Lie groups.

Paragraph 3
Here I described the Higgs mechanism that shows the transformation from the gravitationally massless volumes to the Principle of Equivalence applied in the General Theory of Relativity.

Paragraph 4
Here I described the Mexican-hat mechanism that leads to the confinement of the Einstein-spacetime components. It leads to the scalar fields applied in the electroweak interactions. The Mexican-hat mechanism concerns both the weak and electromagnetic interactions. It leads to the upper limit of electrons in atoms i.e. 110.

Paragraph 5
Here I calculated the exact values of the free parameters applied in the electroweak theory. The obtained results are perfect. I calculated the masses of the Z and W bosons, the vacuum expectation value and the coupling constant of the electromagnetic interactions for energy equal to the vacuum expectation value.

Paragraph 6
Here I described the hierarchy problem.

Paragraph 7
We cannot define the exact masses of the up and down quarks because in the Standard Model we neglect the existence of the spinor in the centre of baryons and the atom-like structure that follows from the symmetrical decays of some bosons.

Paragraph 8
Theory of relativistic redshift is incorrect so it leads to the shocking conclusion that expansion of our Universe accelerates.

Paragraph 9
Here I described some basic problems.
Why we must apply the orthogonal groups in physics?
Why the zero-spin pions are responsible for the strong interactions?
Why massless gluons and photons have different properties?
Why a gauge of the electric potential and a gauge of the vector potential cannot change electric charge?
Can the dark energy be detected?
Is possible simultaneous flatness and curvature of spacetime?
What is shape of rotating black hole?
Are gravitational waves in existence?
Is the interpretation of the formula E = mcc correct?

Paragraph 10
Here I wrote the most sophisticated column vector (the most sophisticated spinor). From it follows that unification of quantum physics and cosmology is impossible within the mathematical method applied in the quantum physics i.e. the method that follows from the action of orthogonal groups on column vectors (spinors). Such action leads to the famous spin representations. Here I showed the other limitations of the above method that cause that a complete coherent description of Nature is impossible.

We can unify partially all the possible interactions only via the phase transitions (see formula (280) in the Everlasting Theory).

7. ### originHeading towards oblivionValued Senior Member

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11,098
Sylwester, you should really change your signature and take out "Neutrino speed is 1.00005c > c". It is like you are waving a big red flag and saying, "Pay no attention to anything I write, I am a crank!".

8. ### Sylwester KornowskiNeutrinos are nonrelativisticRegistered Senior Member

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703
Origin, I have no time for nonsensical discussion you present. At first, you should read my posts. The superluminal neutrinos are produced in the weak interactions INSIDE THE STRONG FIELDS. Such neutrinos were eliminated in the many experiments. But the observational facts concerning the SN 1987 A supernova lead to conclusion that the superluminal neutrinos are in existence.
Your posts prove that you are a dunce.

9. ### originHeading towards oblivionValued Senior Member

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11,098
Your posts prove you are an idiot living a fantasy and certainly not worth my (or anyone elses) time.

10. ### Sylwester KornowskiNeutrinos are nonrelativisticRegistered Senior Member

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703
Only idiots do not understand that statements need scientific arguments.
Is there ultimate experiment that proves that superluminal neutrinos cannot be in existence? No, a dunce.

11. ### AlphaNumericFully ionizedRegistered Senior Member

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6,702
No, I'm afraid it is you who shows that. Let's do a little bit of basic logic here. We have some observation X. Someone puts forward a proposition A which has the property A => X, A implies X. X=>A is not a necessarily implication of this system. This can be seen particularly if we have B which also has the property B => X. Given A=>X and B=>X then X cannot imply one over the other, ie the logical system {X,A=>X,B=>X} does not lead to A : {X,A=>X,B=>X} !=> A

In this case X = SN1987A neutrino data. A is your explanation, B is the mainstream. Both provide an explanation of the data and therefore the data cannot serve as proof of one over the other.

Let's go a bit further. Suppose !B, ie B is false. Now we have the logical system {X,A=>X,B=>X,!B}. Can we conclude A now? No.

Putting that back in context, if we were to concede the mainstream is wrong, !B, that does not make your claims right.

Let's go further still. How might we add a postulate so that the system implies A? Well if we add $A \cup B$ , $!(A \cap B)$, in other words A and B form a disjoint dichotomy, $A \cup B$ says at least one of them is true, $!(A \cap B)$ says they are not simultaneously true. Therefore $\{X,A=>X,B=>X,A \cup B,!(A \cap B)\}$ leads us to conclude that given X either A or B is true. $\{X,A=>X,B=>X,A \cup B,!(A \cap B),!B\}$ says it is A which is true.

Back into context, this means the only way the observation of the SN1987A data can prove your work is right is if you should all possible alternatives are false. That's how the scientific method works, matching experiment doesn't confirm but not matching experiment refutes.

Given how you claimed the neutrino experiments at CERN confirmed your model, which then turned out to be an experimental error, I'd say that refutes your work, !A. Amongst other things.

12. ### Sylwester KornowskiNeutrinos are nonrelativisticRegistered Senior Member

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703
I know that you are a mathematician. But you neglect that the mainstream explanation leads to a remnant i.e. neutron star whereas my explanation shows that we should not observe such remnant. My result is consistent with the observational facts.

Of course, you can claim that there are very dense matter clouds so we cannot see the neutron star. But today we can see the centre of our Galaxy. So my explanation is more convincing.

It as well is non-logic. I TENS times wrote that generally the neutrinos are moving with the speed of light c. The superluminal neutrinos are produced in the weak decays INSIDE THE STRONG FIELDS. Such neutrinos were eliminated in many, especially in the last, experiments. I know that in the future experiments, in which the superluminal neutrinos will not be eliminated, the superluminal neutrinos will be detected (you know, as the 1.93 predicted within my theory). The time distance between the neutrino and photon fronts observed for the SN 1987A supernova suggests that I can be right.

13. ### Sylwester KornowskiNeutrinos are nonrelativisticRegistered Senior Member

Messages:
703
Here

http://rxiv.org/author/sylwester_kornowski ,

you can find my newest paper (4 pages) titled

The Complete Mass Spectrum of the Higgs Boson with a Mass of 125 GeV

The complete mass spectrum of the Higgs Boson with a mass of 125 GeV consists of five components. The theoretical results are consistent with experimental data.
In the CMS experiment we obtained smaller central value of the mean mass of Higgs boson than in the ATLAS experiment because percentage of decays of one component (126 GeV) of the spectrum was lower.
I calculated as well the possible vacuum expectations values, Weinberg angles, masses of the Z bosons and the coupling constants of the electromagnetic interactions at the VEVs. These theoretical results are consistent with experimental data as well.

14. ### AlphaNumericFully ionizedRegistered Senior Member

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6,702
I find it funny how you always fall on the slightest discrepancy in any piece of the mainstream and you always predict precisely what the experiments say after the experiments have been done. This retro-active fitting is blatant, given how you supposedly perfectly predicted the neutrino super-luminal speeds at the LHC, only for it to be a mistake at CERN. The mistake was with the wiring of a component, which was a random factor in the measurements. Odd that your work should somehow get the same result as a mistaken experiment with a random error in it. Almost like all you did was "curve fit" to whatever the experiment said, that why you can proclaim you're superior to the mainstream. Upon correction of the error the results have been consistent with the mainstream, showing how all you do is fit to data.

I don't care what your BS interpretation/fabricated narrative is, simply throwing around buzzwords does not a theory make. Funny how you jump on things like the 1987A neutron star (or lack thereof), its neutrino measurements, superluminal neutrinos at CERN or the Higgs search when it seems to suit you, using them as a "Look, look at the error in the mainstream model! Look, I'm more accurate!" but when new data comes to light which results in an altering of the data understanding which goes against you suddenly you start making excuses and it isn't so important.

You whined about the Higgs, it was found. You whined about superluminal neutrinos at CERN, the data was corrected, the mainstream vindicated and you refuted. You whined about superluminal neutrinos from the supernova, the mainstream completely explains them as is. You whine about the neutron star which the supernova may or may not have created, numerous explanations are possible, including some in line with mainstream understanding.

The supernova neutron star "problem" is as yet an open question. There are many phenomena within the mainstream understanding of astrophysics which could explain it, it is not like the mainstream models say "This will create a neutron star which will definitely be visible.". It may say "likely to be visible" but that's an entirely different thing and it is what is driving current observation programs. It may well turn out our understanding of supernova processes is wrong but that doesn't make you right. It's the whole "false dichotomy" thing I mentioned in my previous post, which you obviously didn't understand.

Fundamental problems with your claims have already been pointed out, as far back as the beginning of this thread years ago. You not only do not retort those issues, you clearly do not even understand them, showing you have a fundamental gap in your understanding of the role experiments play in physics and how they are incorporated into model data. You've shown you do not understand the mainstream enough to avoid misrepresenting it when you try to attack it, as seen in the whole conflation of asymptotic freedom and confinement I had to correct you on. I've seen you claim you understand quantum field theory, you do not. And whenever new experiments come to light which contradict you you respin your claims, referring to things like the Higgs as the "sham Higgs" or say that you are right about superluminal neutrinos, we just didn't detect them. This back peddling you have to do is an artefact of the dishonest way you go about things, jumping on new experiments immediately, not having the patience to wait for them to be checked and validated by other experiments before you proclaim your work definitely predicts them as is.

The proof is always just around the corner with you. And when we go around the corner and the evidence is against you you make excuses. Suddenly the "everlasting theory" gets a modification...

15. ### Sylwester KornowskiNeutrinos are nonrelativisticRegistered Senior Member

Messages:
703
As usually you are liar. I never “start making excuses”. I never changed my theory. It is obvious that experimentalists make many mistakes, THEY CHANGE THEIR RESULTS – I never will do it because my correct and complete theory is indeed the lacking part of ultimate theory. It concerns the phase transitions.

It is obvious that the real Higgs mechanism must lead to the Planck energy i.e. energy about 17 powers of ten times greater than the mass of the detected sham Higgs boson 125 GeV. This means that the Higgs mechanism is not DIRECTLY associated with the production of the sham Higgs boson 125 GeV. It is the reason why I refer to such boson as the sham boson.

AlphaNumeric, you proved that you completely do not understand the problems associated with the Higgs mechanism. The real Higgs mechanism shows how gravitationally massless field transforms into gravitational field. I described such mechanism. It was possible ONLY during the inflation. Today, the scalar condensates acquire their gravitational mass due to my confinement that follows from the Mexican-hat mechanism. I described such mechanism as well.

Your sentences prove that you do not understand that there must be in existence some mechanism leading to the upper limit for masses of the scalar particles. Such mechanism is described within the Everlasting Theory. Within the mainstream theories we cannot do it. You should read my papers and the most important mainstream papers. Have you time to do it?

Very funny….Ha, ha, ha….Confinement….Do you remember that you were both contrary and pro? Should I cite you once more? You wrote the nonsensical posts about the confinement – I proved it.

On the other hand, you can find in my papers the description of the Mexican-hat mechanism that shows origin of the confinement and I calculated the range of the confinement for the Einstein-spacetime components – it leads, for example, to the complete mass spectrum of the sham Higgs boson 125 GeV.

You and others completely do not understand the confinement because it is directly associated with the internal structure of the Einstein-spacetime components and depends on how it interacts with the modified Higgs field – it follows directly from the phase transitions described within the Everlasting Theory that I described in 1997.

The experimentalists associated with MINOS and OPERA changed their results at once after the attack. They changed the applied methods. I claim that they once more will change the conclusions. Just SOME NEUTRINOS ARE SUPERLUMINAL.

Your sentences are non-logic. You wrote something like this: The mainstream interpretation of the SN 1987A facts can be incorrect but then scientists will change it and then it will be correct whereas my interpretation never will be correct. It is beautiful hypocrisy.

I claim that some next supernova explosion will show that the time-distance between the neutrino and photon fronts is directly proportional to distance. It will prove that I am right. Then, experimentalists will correctly plan the neutrino experiments. They will select the neutrinos that appear in the weak decays inside the baryons. Such neutrinos appeared in the first MINOS and OPERA experiments. Next, there were the experiments in which the superluminal neutrinos were totally eliminated.

I never will reject from my book the Chapter concerning the superluminal neutrinos because I know that I am right. You know, the SAME FORMULA leads to the central values obtained in the first MINOS and OPERA experiments and in the supernova SN 1987A observation.

Emphasize, the same formula leads to the three central values. A coincidence? No!

You still write the untrue.
All my posts are correct. You are unable to show some mistakes so you write the nonsensical posts. My correct knowledge follows from the Everlasting Theory. It is based on following foundations.
The lacking part of ultimate theory is based on two fundamental axioms. There are the phase transitions of the fundamental spacetime composed of the superluminal and gravitationally massless pieces of space (tachyons). The phase transitions follow from the saturated interactions of the tachyons and lead to the superluminal binary systems of closed strings (entanglons) responsible for the entanglement, lead to the binary systems of neutrinos i.e. to the Einstein-spacetime components, to the cores of baryons and to the cosmic objects (protoworlds) that appeared after the era of inflation but before the observed expansion of our Universe. The second axiom follows from the symmetrical decays of bosons that appear on the surface of the spinor/core of baryons. It leads to the Titius-Bode law for the strong interactions i.e. to the atom-like structure of baryons. The two first phase transitions are associated with the Higgs mechanism that leads from the modified non-gravitational Higgs field to the Principle of Equivalence and the initial conditions applied in the General Theory of Relativity (GR). The three first phase transitions concern the particle physics whereas the structure and evolution of the most sophisticated spinor, i.e. the cosmic spinor/object, defined by the four phase transitions leads to the new cosmology.

The mainstream QCD has one fundamental weak point that suggests that this theory is partially incorrect. Just since 1964 scientists cannot calculate the fundamental masses, i.e. masses of proton and neutron, from initial conditions. Why? The Everlasting Theory shows that the mainstream QCD is totally wrong at very low energies. And it will be forever if scientists will neglect the lacking part of ultimate theory i.e. the phase transitions described within the Everlasting Theory.

You were and you are big liar. I never modified my theory. The succeeding papers (the book plus the 18 papers) follow from the phase transitions of the modified Higgs field (the Newtonian spacetime) that is in my short book published in 1997. I never make excuses because my theory is indeed the lacking part of ultimate theory.

You once more proved that you are dishonest and you are liar. I have no time for nonsensical discussion. If you still will write the nonsensical posts then I will cite once more and once more what you wrote about confinement, asymptotic freedom and so on. Then once more all will see who is a dunce. You know, many PhD are dunces. They have no time to read the important articles. You proved many times that you as well have no time to read such articles.

You are a permanent liar so you should be banned. You write the stupid sentences without any justifications. You cannot prove that you are right. Can you?

AlphaNumeric, your posts are such messy as a few mainstream theories, for example, the QCD at very low energy i.e. the quarks up…down, up….down, up….down and it will be the end i.e. the “down”. It is incredible that they do not change the QCD within which we cannot calculate fundamental masses from the initial conditions. The needed changes you can find in my theory – just the phase transitions.

16. ### Sylwester KornowskiNeutrinos are nonrelativisticRegistered Senior Member

Messages:
703
Here

http://rxiv.org/author/sylwester_kornowski ,

you can find my newest paper (8 pages) titled

General Relativity in Quantum Physics and Chaos Theory

The abstract is as follows.
The Kasner solutions of the Einstein equations within the General Relativity, i.e. (0, 0, 1) and (2/3, 2/3, -1/3), concern the gravitationally massless superluminal entanglement of the Einstein-spacetime components. For entanglement are responsible the superluminal zero-helicity vector particles/entanglons. The new interpretation of the Einstein formula E = mcc leads to conclusion that Nature using the matter, i.e. the Einstein-spacetime components, “copies” the non-gravitational objects in bigger scales so there appear the cores of baryons, electrons and new cosmology. In such phase transitions appear the spinors applied in the Quantum Physics. The entanglons appeared during the inflation in the first phase transition of the modified Higgs field and both fields, i.e. the modified Higgs field and the field composed of the exchanged entanglons in some structure satisfy all initial conditions for the Kasner solutions. The Kasner solutions define many properties of the spinors. The Kasner solution (0, 0, 1) describes spinning loop composed of the exchanged entanglons that entangle the Einstein-spacetime components whereas the generalized Kasner solution (2/3, 2/3, -1/3) describes binary system of tori composed of the exchanged entanglons. The two tori have parallel spins and the directions of spin overlap but their internal helicities are opposite. We can partially unify the gravity and quantum physics via the Kasner solutions. The basic mathematical method applied in Quantum Physics, i.e. the action of some orthogonal groups on column vector that leads to the spin representations, is some generalization of action of matrix of rotation of a circle around the z-axis on circle on xy plane defined parametrically and written as a column – such action leads to the parametric equations for torus. The Kasner solutions as well lead to the holography. The symmetrical decays of multi-loops lead to the Theory of Chaos.

The book and the 18 papers it is now 274 pages. The last page looks as follows.

A. Ultimate Conclusions

It is obvious that Quantum Physics (QP) and Freewill must have classical and statistically deterministic interpretation. Just A. Einstein was right. So the most important question is as follows: Why we cannot observe/detect the phenomena associated with the classical and statistically deterministic interpretation of QP and Freewill? And the answer follows from the lacking part of ultimate theory i.e. follows from the Everlasting Theory, especially from the phase transitions of the modified Higgs field. Just the first phase transition leads to the superluminal gravitationally massless objects (entanglons). The Einstein-spacetime (Es) components consist of such objects and entanglons are exchanged so there appears the superluminal entanglement of the smallest gravitational bricks i.e. the Es components. Such gravitationally massless superluminal entanglement can carry the massless photons between the Es components but the resultant speed of the photons cannot be higher than the speed of the Es components i.e. must be equal to the speed of light c. It follows from the fact that the photons are the rotational energies of the Es components whereas the period when they are carried by the entanglons is infinitesimally small in comparison with the period when they are the rotational energies of the Es components.
The entanglons, due to their properties, cannot be detected similarly as photons but their spin is unitary i.e. the exchanges of entanglons change spin of objects that exchange the entanglon. It is the reason that in the QP appears the Uncertainty Principle. It is the reason that we cannot solve within QP exactly the equations dependent on time. We must apply new methods to fully understand the QP. The new methods lead to spatial and time-independent distributions of mass/energy density (density of Lagrangian). And the theory of tori, the Kasner solutions and the phase transitions described within the Everlasting Theory show how such new methods should look.
The General Relativity (GR) is the more fundamental theory than QP. Applying the Kasner solutions within the GR, we can describe many properties of the spinors applied in the QP but not all. The lacking part is in the Everlasting Theory.
Freewill follows from the fact that some defined energy can create many different distributions of matter each in the same energetic state. Such situation is, for example, in many-electron states in atoms. Some energy, using the senses, can create simultaneously different distribution states carrying the same energy. The choice of one defined distribution state follows from interactions of the different distribution states with a mind. The choice follows from the state of the mind (it depends on time) and the choice is due to some increase in entropy of the environment. Using other words, since the global symmetry of our Cosmos must be conserved so due to the produced entangled loops composed of the Es components, the antichoices are coded on surface of our Cosmos.
The fundamental phenomena are as follows. The global symmetry must be conserved and since the tachyons are moving and rotating so produced closed strings have spin and internal helicity. To obtain zero-internal-helicity objects, there must be two closed strings with parallel spins and opposite internal helicities. To obtain zero-spin objects, there must be two binary systems with antiparallel spins i.e. four closed strings. Nature using matter, i.e. the Es components, “copies” such objects at bigger scales (they are quantized). It concerns the choice-antichoice pairs as well. The choice can be bound whereas the antichoice, due to the Kasner solution, can be coded on surface of our Cosmos.

17. ### Sylwester KornowskiNeutrinos are nonrelativisticRegistered Senior Member

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703
The speed of light in vacuum c is not the upper limit for speed. It is the upper limit for speed in the gravitational/Principle-of-Equivalence World described within the General Relativity. It concerns the particles composed of the Einstein-spacetime components.

In reality, the c, due to the weak interactions, can be a little broadened and it is the “boundary” that separates the gravitationally massless World from the Principle-of-Equivalence World. The formula for the gravitationally massless World can be derived within the General Relativity and shows that such World is non-local i.e. such World leads to the Quantum Physics. Emphasize once more that the General Relativity leads to the Quantum Physics i.e. the GR is more fundamental theory than the QP.

The Kasner solutions concern the non-Principle-of-Equivalence World and the “boundary”.

On the other hand, the succeeding phase transitions described within the Everlasting Theory describe the internal structure of the superluminal objects, luminal objects and the subluminal bare particles.

Due to the superluminal entanglons, there can be created ghostly loops in the ground state of the Einstein spacetime (the Goldstone bosons?). The ghostly loops can create entangled systems/solitons/thoughts that if unbounded can, due to the superluminal entanglons, “expand” (in reality, there expand only the distributions of the entanglons using the Einstein spacetime) and reach the size of our Cosmos – it is the cosmic holography. Such expansion is superluminal but it cannot carry energetic information (for example photons). Such “big” thoughts could be red by mind that fills whole our Cosmos, of course, if such mind exists (God).

18. ### Sylwester KornowskiNeutrinos are nonrelativisticRegistered Senior Member

Messages:
703
Here

http://www.rxiv.org/pdf/1310.0094v1.pdf

you can find my newest paper (7 pages) titled:

The Different Sequels to the Higgs Mechanism”.

I present the different sequels to the classical Higgs mechanism described within the Everlasting Theory. I calculated the mass of the ground-state Higgs boson and masses of the sham Higgs bosons produced in the nucleon-nucleon collisions. The size of the ground-state Higgs boson separates the superluminal gravitationally massless World from the subluminal Principle-of-Equivalence World. The both Worlds we can describe within the phase transitions of the modified Higgs field. Also within the General Relativity it is possible to describe the both Worlds. On base of the Everlasting Theory I formulated the ultimate conclusions.

19. ### Sylwester KornowskiNeutrinos are nonrelativisticRegistered Senior Member

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703
Higgs mechanism

There are the three long-distance interactions:
1.
Gravity: It is invisible since the superluminal carriers have not gravitational mass. Gravitational “fields” are the gradients produced by masses in the gravitationally massless “field”/perfect-gas i.e. in the Higgs field (Newtonian spacetime).
2.
Entanglement: It is due to the only exchanged the invisible, gravitationally massless and superluminal binary systems of closed strings. It leads to the non-local but real quantum mechanics. With this interaction is not associated a spacetime.
3.
Electromagnetism: It is due to the photons and electron-positron pairs produced in the Einstein spacetime that components ALREADY have gravitational mass. It is the real spacetime, it is the real field.

In reality, the truthful Higgs mechanism should show how the gravitationally massless Newtonian spacetime transforms into the Principle-of-Equivalence Einstein spacetime.

The Standard-Model (SM) Higgs mechanism is NOT the truthful Higgs mechanism. The SM Higgs mechanism describes how are produced the condensates from the Einstein-spacetime components that already have the gravitational mass. Such condensates appear due to the Mexican-hat mechanism (confinement) characteristic for the Einstein-spacetime components. There increases the local mass density of the Einstein spacetime i.e. there appear the SM Higgs bosons (the sham Higgs bosons) that are not the truthful Higgs bosons. The discovered Higgs boson 125 GeV is the sham Higgs boson.

There are needed the additional conditions to show why masses of the sham Higgs bosons are quantized.

So once more: The SM Higgs mechanism shows how condensates/sham-Higgs-bosons are produced from the Einstein-spacetime components THAT ALREADY HAVE GRAVITATIONAL MASS. It is not the truthful Higgs mechanism which is described within the Everlasting Theory. It is the reason that in the sham SM Higgs mechanism there appears the vacuum expectation value (VEV) that according to the Einstein formula E = mcc is associated already with the expectation mass. Just without the VEV the SM Higgs mechanism does not lead to the massless photon and the three gauge bosons W(+,-) and Z.

Recapitulation
The 2013 Nobel Prize is for the (sham) SM Higgs mechanism (this mechanism is indeed realized by Nature and leads to the sham Higgs boson 125 GeV) but it is not the truthful Higgs mechanism that transforms the gravitationally massless Newtonian spacetime into the Principle-of-Equivalence Einstein spacetime - such mechanism was realized during the inflation and today is impossible. Such mechanism leads to the Planck critical energy and to the internal structure of the Einstein-spacetime components.

We cannot unify the Gravity with Quantum Mechanics because methods needed to describe the excited states of the Newtonian spacetime and the Einstein spacetime differ very much. The gravity is associated with the inverse square law whereas quantum mechanics with the number e=2.718…introduced by Euler in 1736. Origin of such difference is described within the Everlasting Theory.

Existence of quantum mechanics follows from following mathematical formula:
e^iπ + 1 = -1 + 1 = 0. But it is the new story.

20. ### Sylwester KornowskiNeutrinos are nonrelativisticRegistered Senior Member

Messages:
703
Here

http://vixra.org/pdf/1304.0081v4.pdf

you can find the extended version (6 pages) of the previous paper [12].
The new title is

Derivation of the Pauli Exclusion Principle and Meaning Simplification of the Dirac Theory of the Hydrogen Atom”.

I added new paragraph in which I formulated the very simple semiclassical analog to the Dirac and Sommerfeld theories of the hydrogen atom. The constancy of the base of the natural logarithm for the quantum fields is the reason that the three theories are equivalent.

The inverse square law is typical for interactions of the gravitational masses with the modified Higgs field whereas distribution of the virtual particle-antiparticle pairs in the quantum fields describes the exponential function where the base is the base of the natural logarithm e = 2.7182818... I described origin of this number in physics. Due to the essential differences in the interactions we cannot unify the gravity with quantum physics.

21. ### Sylwester KornowskiNeutrinos are nonrelativisticRegistered Senior Member

Messages:
703
Here

http://www.rxiv.org/pdf/1311.0050v1.pdf

you can find my paper (8 pages) titled:

The Big Answers in Cosmology and Particle Physics

Abstract: Here, on base of the lacking part of ultimate theory i.e. the Everlasting Theory, I answered the big questions that cannot be answered within the mainstream theories. What is origin of the dark matter and dark energy? What is the cause of the exit of our Universe from the black-hole state? What is origin of the VEVs (the vacuum expectation values)? Can we show physical meaning of the mathematical analogy between the real Higgs mechanism and the electroweak theory? Can we prove that the mainstream electroweak theory and the real Higgs mechanism are the parts of the Everlasting Theory? Why renormalization does not act in the General Relativity? What is origin of the “spontaneously” broken symmetries? Why equations can be symmetrical whereas their solutions are not? Why all energies are so low in comparison with the Planck energy? Why the string/M theory is useless? What is origin of the physical constants and mathematical constants applied in physics? All these questions can be answered within the phase transitions of the fundamental spacetime.

Moreover, here

http://www.rxiv.org/pdf/1304.0081v6.pdf

I added in the paper “Derivation of the Pauli Exclusion Principle” new Chapter “Meaning Simplification of the Dirac Theory of the Hydrogen Atom”. The additional abstract is as follows.

Abstract: I formulated the very simple semiclassical analog to the Dirac and Sommerfeld theories of the hydrogen atom. The constancy of the base of the natural logarithm for the quantum fields is the reason that the three theories are equivalent.

Renormalization
My theory is based on the phase transitions of the fundamental spacetime. It causes that we can eliminate the renormalization so my theory is mathematically very simple and gives much better results than the mainstream theories and shows origin of the physical and mathematical constants applied in physics.

To renormalize any theory we eliminate the infinite terms by introducing the counterterms. Each such counterterm is the product of a constant and infinite term. When number of such counterterms is finite then we say that theory is renormalized. The product of the substraction is the renormalization mass. To obtain the observable mass we add to the renormalization mass the bare mass of particle. Within a renormalized perturbation theory we cannot calculate the bare mass of a particle so the observable mass is the free parameter taken from experiment. Now we can calculate the bare mass. Within such theory we can calculate other physical quantities, for example, magnetic moments. But what is the weak point of the renormalized perturbation theories?

Such theories say nothing about the internal structure of the bare particles. Just the infinite counterterms concern the region OCCUPIED by a bare particle. On the other hand, the phase transitions described within the Everlasting Theory DIRECTLY lead to the internal structure of the bare particles so in the Everlasting Theory renormalization is NOT NEEDED. It causes that the Everlasting Theory is mathematically very simple and there are not needed the FREE PARAMETERS. For example, the observable mass of electron is calculated within the Everlasting Theory. It is 0.510998906 MeV (see my book, formulae (18) – it is the bare mass, and (69) – it leads to the observable mass of electron).

22. ### Sylwester KornowskiNeutrinos are nonrelativisticRegistered Senior Member

Messages:
703
For a half of century there is assumed that masses of protons and neutrons follow from the relativistic masses of three valence quarks. But within such model we cannot calculate exact masses, magnetic moments and spins of the nucleons (for 50 years!)! And we teach this nonsense in universities. Of course, there are produced the quark-antiquark pairs but they appear only in the descriptions of interactions.

There were the superluminal neutrinos and then they disappeared….

There was the excess in Higgs decays to photons and then it disappeared, and so on….

Is such “physics” credible? Is there an end of honest particle physics?

Why the theories that were formulated after the World War II are such messy i.e. why theoretical physicists to fit their theoretical results to very frequently changing experimental data apply many approximations, many mathematical tricks and many free parameters? Who is responsible for such reality in the today scientific journals? The answer is very simple. There are three or four following reasons:
1.
The separation of the classical and quantum descriptions is a science fiction - in reality, Nature is the inseparable mixture of classical and quantum structures and it concerns a single particle as well.
2.
Assumption that there is only one definition of time for quantum effects or classical effects is wrong - in reality, different components of a particle “produce” simultaneously different definitions of time. The same concerns the creations and annihilations of pairs.
3.
It is not true that spacetime is continuous - I have written it in Internet since 2006.
4.
Corruption?

23. ### Beer w/StrawTranscendental Ignorance!Valued Senior Member

Messages:
5,745
OK. Do you still maintain these assertions from the OP?

I got that far and stopped.


text:
# How can I use functions in file paths?

I'm very new to Mathematica and I'm trying to write into a file. I want to have a function in my file path. For Example:

s = OpenWrite["/Users/Home/Desktop/file[i].doc"]

Obviously in this format it will read it as it exactly appears above. How can I get it to open the file with the result for file[i]?

i.e. If file[i] = 1 then the program will compute:

s = OpenWrite["/Users/Home/Desktop/1.doc"]

Just another way, with Templates so only for V10+:

The following can be done without FileNameJoin but it is a good habit to use it:

file[i] = 1;

TemplateApply @ FileNameJoin[{\$HomeDirectory, "Desktop", "<*file[i]*>.doc"}]

...Desktop\1.doc

"<**>" is TemplateExpression

I'm sure this is a duplicate but to give you a quick answer here's a community wiki post:

Use ToString and StringJoin to form your argument:

file[i] = 1;

"/Users/Home/Desktop/" <> ToString @ file[i] <> ".doc"

"/Users/Home/Desktop/1.doc"

Also look at FileNameJoin.

At the risk of betraying how long I've been using Mathematica, the method I'm accustomed to uses StringForm[] (in conjunction with ToString[] since the output of that function, nonintuitively, is not a string):

file[i] = 1;

OpenWrite[ToString[StringForm["/Users/Home/Desktop/1.doc", file[i]]]]

format: plain


text:
## Current Articles

column

Display Method:          |

2023, 47(1)
[Abstract](263) [PDF 517KB](19)
Abstract:
2023, 47(1)
[Abstract](241) [FullText HTML] (42) [PDF 619KB](15)
Abstract:
2023, 47(1) :1-10. doi: 10.7541/2022.2021.0217
[Abstract](863) [FullText HTML] (445) [PDF 1084KB](45)
Abstract:
Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) is an important limiting factor affecting the healthy cultivation of shrimp in recent years, which has brought huge economic losses to the global shrimp industry. In order to explore the relationship between the occurrence of AHPND and environment, pathogen and shrimp immunity factors, the pond cultured Litopenaeus vannamei systems were continuously monitored. Based on the 35 days continuously monitoring showed that, the air temperature, water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, salinity, ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) and nitrite (NO2-N) were fluctuated in the range of 21—29℃, 24.8—31℃, 1.4—8.32 mg/L, 8—8.91, 34—50, 0.01—0.26 mg/L and 0.005—0.212 mg/L, respectively; the culturable bacteria and Vibrio sp. in water and shrimp hepatopancreas were fluctuated in the range of 3×103—2.4×105 CFU/mL, 2×102—1.8×104 CFU/mL, 9.8×104—8.8×106 and 3.9×103—3.61×106 CFU/g, respectively; 135 isolates of Vibrio sp. were detected based on 16S rDNA, and the main Vibrio species was V. owensii, V. campbellii, V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi; the activities of ACP, AKP, SOD, LZM and PO were 7.5—75, 1.0—8.5, 2.4—11.07, 1.3—43 and 23—28 U/mg, respectively. Combined the physical and chemical factors before and after the occurrence of AHPND, the results showed that, water temperature, culturable bacteria and Vibrio sp. in hepatopancreas, DO, LZM and PO could be used as the early warning candidate factors for the occurrence of AHPND in pond culture. The results provide a scientific basis for the healthy culture of L. vannamei and the prevention and control of AHPND disease.
2023, 47(1) :11-24. doi: 10.7541/2022.2021.0291
[Abstract](573) [FullText HTML] (262) [PDF 2352KB](27)
Abstract:
In order to investigate the mechanism about the regulation of immune response by miRNAs mediating feed vitamin D3 in the JAK-STAT pathway of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), three diets with vitamin D3 content at 1120, 3950 and 16600 IU/kg were designed for juvenile Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. The growth trial was carried out over a 12-week period, following by an Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge experiment. Illumina high-throughput sequencing of head kidney and spleen after bacteria challenge identified differentially expressed miRNAs. The target genes of miR-194a was enriched in the JAK-STAT pathway. The relationship between miR-194a and the possible target genes jak2a and tyk2 had been verified by a dual luciferase reporter gene assay, which indicated the inhibitory role of miR-194a on jak2a and tyk2. In vitro, miR-194a was also found to respond with different concentrations of vitamin D3, inhibiting the expression of the target genes of jak2a and tyk2. With the activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, the expression of anti-inflammatory response (AIR) factors and the target genes were also activated, the NF-κB pathway was inhibited, with significant decrease in expression of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and the transformation of macrophages from M1-type to M2-type polarization was accelerated with the increasing of vitamin D3 concentration (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that miR-194a could respond to different concentration of vitamin D3 in vivo and in vitro experiments. Dietary vitamin D3 up-regulated the expression of miR-194a, which negatively regulated the target genes of jak2a and tyk2, and exerted indirect effects towards the downstream genes in the JAK-STAT pathway, illuminating the mechanism of miR-194a-mediated regulation of immune response by dietary vitamin D3 through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco.
2023, 47(1) :25-36. doi: 10.7541/2022.2021.0167
[Abstract](1078) [FullText HTML] (552) [PDF 3255KB](76)
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different water velocities on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, energy metabolism and tissue structure of Micropterus salmoides kept in an in-pond recirculation aquaculture (IPRA) system. 192 well-fed, healthy and uniformly sized largemouth bass [average weight: (8.13±0.82) g] were randomly assigned to 4 simulation tanks with 3 duplicates containing 16 fish each. The experiment was set up with a control group (a stagnant water group) and three water flow rate groups, namely, a low flow rate group (0.2 m/s), a medium flow rate group (0.4 m/s) and a high flow rate group (0.6 m/s), respectively, with a culture period of 154 days. The results were as follows: (1) WGR and SGR of largemouth bass in the medium flow rate group were significantly higher than those of the other three groups (P<0.05), while the SGR of the high flow rate group was significantly lower than that of the other three treatment groups. The CF was significantly lower in the medium and high flow rate groups than that in the stagnant water and low flow rate groups. The visceral adiposity index (VAI) of largemouth bass decreased significantly with the increasing of flow rate (P<0.05). (2) The crude protein levels of muscle were significantly higher in the medium flow rate group than that in the other three groups. The crude fat content of muscle was significantly higher in the stagnant water and low flow rate groups than that in the medium and high low rate groups. The amount of crude fat in the specimens decreased significantly with an increased flow rate of water (P<0.05). (3) Serum triglycerides and the total amount of cholesterol in the specimens were significantly lower in the medium and high flow rate groups than that in the stagnant water and low flow rate groups (P<0.05). The concentration of free fatty acids and total amount of protein were significantly lower in the high flow rate group than that in the other three groups (P<0.05). (4) SOD and CAT increased with the increasing of the water flow rate, with the highest SOD level in the livers of the specimens in the medium flow rate group and there was a significantly higher concentration of serum CAT in the high flow rate group than the other three groups (P<0.05). Serum and liver tissue MDA levels were significantly lower in the medium flow rate group than that in the other three groups (P<0.05). The AOC of serum and liver tissues were significantly higher in the medium flow rate group than that in the other three groups (P<0.05). (5) LPS activity increased significantly in the specimens tested with an increased flow rate (P<0.05). AMS and PTS activities were the highest in the medium flow rate group. Hepatic LPS activity was the highest in the medium flow rate group, which was significantly higher than that in the stagnant water and low flow rate groups (P<0.05). PTS activity was significantly higher in the medium and high flow rate groups than that in the low flow rate groups. GDH increased significantly with the increased flow rate in both the muscles and liver (P<0.05). (6) The diameter of muscle fibres in the low flow rate group was significantly higher than that in the other three treatment groups (P<0.05). The density of muscle fibres increased significantly with an increase of water velocity. The medium flow group improved the tissue structure, while the high flow group caused some damage to their liver cells. In conclusion, the medium flow rate group with a flow rate of 0.4 m/s can promote the growth of largemouth bass, boost the immune systems, improve the functioning of their metabolisms, increase the crude protein content and inhibit fat deposition, and should be used as the optimal water flow rate for IPRA.
2023, 47(1) :37-44. doi: 10.7541/2022.2021.0315
[Abstract](655) [FullText HTML] (265) [PDF 791KB](42)
Abstract:
Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) is a kind of carnivorous fish that feeds on live prey fish. Recent research has shown that it could be domesticated by artificial diet. However, the effects of artificial diet feeding after domestication on the nutritional value and flesh quality were lacking. The present study compared nutritional composition, amino acid component and its nutritional evaluation, fatty acid profiles, and texture properties between mandarin fish fed with live prey fish and artificial diet. The results showed that no significant differences were observed in the protein levels of the two groups, while the lipid levels were significantly higher in fish fed the artificial diet (P<0.05). The amino acid score (AAS), chemical score (CS), essential amino acid index (EAAI) and F value did not vary between groups. However, Met+Cys were both the first-limiting amino acids in mandarin fish under the two feeding modes, which could provide information to improve diet formulation. The levels of unsaturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were extremely significantly higher in mandarin fish fed an artificial diet (P<0.01), especially for the levels of C20﹕5 (EPA) and C22﹕6 (DHA), which indicated that artificial diet feeding could provide better fatty acid profiles than live prey fish by balanced diet formulation. The firmness, chewiness, gumminess, and resilience in the muscle of mandarin fish fed with artificial diet were extremely higher than the live prey fish group (P<0.01), whereas the stickiness showed the opposite levels (P<0.01), suggesting the improvement on texture of flesh quality. Overall, we found no variations in protein levels and amino acid evaluations in mandarin fish fed the artificial diet, but the fatty acid profiles showed superior results as indicated by higher levels of EPA and DHA. Therefore, our findings evaluated the flesh quality properties of mandarin fish by feeding an artificial diet, showing the potential of the use of an artificial diet in mandarin fish and the sustainable development of its industry.
2023, 47(1) :45-54. doi: 10.7541/2022.2021.0261
[Abstract](634) [FullText HTML] (330) [PDF 3102KB](21)
Abstract:
Ammonia nitrogen, as one of the main pollutants, have toxicity to organisms under high concentration in aquatic ecosystem. It has been widely reported about the negative impacts of ammonia on the behavior, growth and reproduction of organisms. However, the previous studies were mainly focused on fish, rarely studies were conducted with zoobenthos and limited to small scale experiments. To explore the toxicity of ammonia on zoobenthos, we conducted a one-year semi-natural experiment in 6 ponds (ca. 600 m2 in surface area; ca. 1.5 m in depth) located in Hubei Province and analyzed the difference of zoobenthos (mollusc) community under 6 ammonia concentrations [N25>N20>N15>N10>N5>N0 (control; 0.2—33.7 mg/L]. The result showed that: (1) the mollusc identified during the experiment was mainly Bellamya aeruginosa; (2) N0, N5, N10 and N15 treatments had similar B. aeruginosa density [28(0—85) ind./m2], which were significantly higher than that in N20 and N25 treatments [5(0—29) ind./m2] (P<0.05); (3) N0, N5, N10, N15 and N20 treatments had similar B. aeruginosa biomass [40.0(0—85.5) g/m2], which were significantly lower than that in N25 treatment [0.8(0—4.0) g/m2] (P<0.05); (4) shell length, shell width and body mass of B. aeruginosa were the lowest in N0 treatment, while which were the highest in N20 or N25 treatment; (5) B. aeruginosa density and biomass were negatively correlated with ammonia concentration significantly (P<0.05), and decreased with the increasing non-ionized ammonia concentration; (6) shell length, shell width and body mass of B. aeruginosa were positively correlated with non-ionized ammonia concentration significantly (P<0.05), and increased with the increasing nonionized ammonia concentration. The results suggested that ammonia concentration higher than 21.7 mg/L and non-ionized ammonia concentration higher than 0.18 mg/L (annual mean value in N15 treatment) had significantly negative impact on mollusc, especially for its reproduction, while no negative impact was found on the growth of individuals. More phytoplankton induced by ammonia loading may provide more food for mollusc which was advantageous for the accumulation of carbohydrate and help to detoxify the body. The shelter from sediments might have released B. aeruginosa from ammonia exposure as the non-ionized ammonia concentration was lower at the bottom layer near the water-sediment interface compared with that at the surface layer. This study could help to develop the understanding of ammonia toxicity to mollusc and may improve scientific basis for nitrogen management in aquatic ecosystems to a certain extent.
2023, 47(1) :55-60. doi: 10.7541/2022.2021.0329
[Abstract](566) [FullText HTML] (302) [PDF 863KB](29)
Abstract:
Nitrogen and phosphorus are limiting and essential macronutrients to maintain the growth of phytoplankton, and monitoring their changes are fundamental to lake management. The relationship of TN and phytoplankton chlorophyll a (Chl. a) was reported in some research; however, TN may be underestimated in some research due to measurement errors in bloom-occurring water bodies. The alkaline potassium persulfate digestion-UV spectrophotometry method is widely used for water quality determination for TN. The organic nitrogen in cyanobacterial cells may be difficult to be completely degraded, which should result in the underestimation of TN. However, there is no detailed study on TN determination of bloom water containing high-density algal cells.The TN was underestimated by directly measuring the samples from Taihu Lake, although the TN was within the allowable concentration range of the standard method (<7.0 mg/L, HJ636-2012). In order to explore the effect of cell densities on TN determination, the lab-cultured cyanobacterium and green algae was measured. The results showed that TN of high-density cells was significantly underestimated. The density of cells must be less than 108/L to meet the requirements of accurate TN determination. We measured several samples from natural blooms to estimate the TN in the Microcystis blooms. The TN value obtained from the original water sample was underestimated by 26.59%—40.42% compared to the measured value of the water sample diluted 10—30 times. Our results demonstrated that sufficient dilution is necessary for the TN measuring of cyanobacterial blooms.In order to estimate the contribution of Microcystis biomass to TN, the TN and Chl. a in four bloom samples collected from Taihu Lake were measured. The mean value was 0.15 mg N/μg Chl. a (spiked recovery rate was 98.84%—109.39%). The average nitrogen content of dry Microcystis blooms from Taihu Lake was about 16%. These data should be useful for the ecological research of and the control of Microcystis blooms.
2023, 47(1) :61-70. doi: 10.7541/2022.2021.0297
[Abstract](547) [FullText HTML] (383) [PDF 1417KB](12)
Abstract:
Microcystis blooms are common in eutrophic water bodies in China. Some Microcystis species can produce microcystins (MCS), which pose a serious threat to the safety of humans and ecosystems. The anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), as a kind of widespread organic pollutant in eutrophic water bodies, its potential effects on the succession of toxic and non-toxic Microcystis and its influence on the toxicity of toxic Microcystis are often ignored. The effects of different LAS concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L) on the growth, photosynthetic characteristics, interspecific competition and toxin synthesis of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa and non-toxic Microcystis wesenbergii were studied in the present study. The results showed that the biomass, mcyD expression and MCs content of the toxic Microcystis increased significantly after 12 days of culture at 0.05—5.0 mg/L LAS. The concentrations of intracellular and extracellular MCs in toxic Microcystis were 0.069, 0.052, 0.061, 0.038, 0.037 fg/fg chl.a and 107.1, 103.7, 127.1, 99.6 and 113.7 ng/L, respectively. 0—0.2 mg/L LAS had no significant effect on the biomass of Microcystis wesenbergii, while a higher concentration of LAS (0.5—5.0 mg/L) significantly inhibited the growth of non-toxic Microcystis wesenbergii. When two Microcystis strains were co-cultured, the expression of mcyD in Microcystis aeruginosa responded quickly to LAS, the proportion of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa in the total Microcystis up to 60%—80%. But the synthesis and release of MCs were slow. A large number of MCs were synthesized and released after 12 days of co-culture. The intracellular MCs content was 0.098, 0.184, 0.201, 0.216, 0.168 and 0.241 fg/fg chl.a, respectively. In general, this research showed that LAS could promote the growth and toxin synthesis of toxic Microcystis. Therefore, the potential role of LAS pollution on the dominance formation of toxic Microcystis and toxin of blooms in eutrophic water can not be ignored.
2023, 47(1) :71-79. doi: 10.7541/2022.2021.0339
[Abstract](1481) [FullText HTML] (676) [PDF 2353KB](51)
Abstract:
To investigate the effect of LED light on the photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria, the photosynthetic activity of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 was examined after 2h of LED treatment with different light quality and intensity using 25 μmol photons/(m2·s) of white fluorescent light as control. When compared to the control, results indicated that the cell photosynthetic activity (Fv/Fm) soared significantly under 25—50 μmol photons/(m2·s) LED red and blue light, and 25—100 μmol photons/(m2·s) LED white and green light treatments. LED red and blue light significantly inhibited cell photosynthetic activity at 100 μmol photons/(m2·s), whereas this intensity was more than 200 μmol photons/(m2·s) for the LED white light and 500 μmol photons/(m2·s) for the LED green light, and the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) Fv/Fm, the electron transfer rate ETR (Ⅱ) and light quantum yield Y (Ⅱ); the photosystem Ⅰ (PSⅠ) electron transfer rate ETR(Ⅰ), and the light quantum yield Y(Ⅰ) decreased with increasing light intensity; with increasing light intensity, the degree of electron transfer blockage between \begin{document}${\text{Q}}_{\text{A}}^{{-}}$\end{document} and QB, the proportion of PSⅡ inactive reaction centers (PSⅡx) and the energy flux absorbed by a single active reaction center (ABS/RC), the total energy dissipated by a single active reaction center (DI0/RC), the energy absorbed by the cell per unit area of algae (ABS/CS0), and the energy dissipated by heat per unit area of algae (DI0/CS0) were increased. Although the flux of electrons transferred by a single active reaction center (ET0/RC), the flux of energy captured per unit area of algal active reaction center (TR0/CS0), and the flux of energy transferred per unit area of algal electrons (ET0/CS0) were all decreased under the action of increasing light intensity (P<0.05), the flux of excitation energy captured by a single active reaction center (TR0/RC) was not changed significantly (P>0.05). Under the action of different light qualities of the identical light intensity, the decline degree of Fv/Fm, ETR (Ⅱ), Y (Ⅱ), ETR (Ⅰ), Y (Ⅰ), the degree of electron transfer blockage between \begin{document}${\text{Q}}_{\text{A}}^{{-}}$\end{document} and QB, the increased degree of PSⅡx, ABS/RC, DI0/RC, ABS/CS0, DI0/CS0, and the decline degree of ET0/RC, TR0/CS0, ET0/CS0 manifested most when subjected to red light therapy and least when subjected to green light treatment. These study results demonstrated that at low light intensities, the four LED light qualities significantly increased the photosynthetic activity of Microcystis aeruginosa and ensured the balance of energy distribution; high light intensities decreased the photosynthetic activity of Microcystis aeruginosa by affecting the PSⅡ reaction center and inhibiting electron transfer on the receptor side of the PSⅡ electron transfer chain, while the large amount of light energy absorbed by the cells protects and alleviates the stress of intense light stress by increasing heat dissipation and reducing the quantum yield of electron transfer. The mechanism of photosynthetic activity of Microcystis aeruginosa in response to LED light was revealed in this study, and it was confirmed that high light intensity LED light can suppress photosynthetic activity of algal cells, which is a feasible technical way to prevent and control the explosive proliferation of Microcystis aeruginosa.
2023, 47(1) :80-91. doi: 10.7541/2022.2021.0309
[Abstract](589) [FullText HTML] (374) [PDF 1843KB](11)
Abstract:
2023, 47(1) :92-103. doi: 10.7541/2023.2022.0083
[Abstract](1092) [FullText HTML] (1158) [PDF 1887KB](22)
Abstract:
Chromochloris zofingiensis can achieve ultra-high cell density and simultaneously accumulate astaxanthin under heterotrophic conditions, however, the relatively low cellular astaxanthin content of C. zofingiensis hinders its commercial application. With the aim to improve the ellular astaxanthin content of C. zofingiensis, this study screened a mutant 12C10 with enhanced astaxanthin content from the mutant library established by using ethylmethylsulfone mutagenesis. The astaxanthin content of 12C10 was 74% higher than that of the wild type under the heterotrophic normal conditions, and 25% higher than that of the wild type at day 4 under the nitrogen deficiency conditions. Additionally, the results of the widely targeted metabolomics analysis revealed the differences in the metabolites level between 12C10 and wild type under the normal conditions. Specifically, the contents of fatty acids and amino acids except glutamate generally decreased, but the content of glutamate significantly increased in 12C10 compared to wild type. Reduced synthesis of amino acids and fatty acids in 12C10 can provide more carbon skeleton, NADPH, and ATP for astaxanthin synthesis. The accumulation of glutamate on the one hand may stimulate the activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in pentose-phosphate pathway to produce more NADPH, and cause production of reactive oxygen species to trigger astaxanthin synthesis. The metabolome analysis also showed that the enhanced astaxanthin synthesis in 12C10 may be related to the enhanced ethylene synthesis. This study lays the foundation for improving C. zofingiensis astaxanthin content through metabolic regulation in the future, and is of great significance for guiding the development of the new processes of C. zofingiensis astaxanthin accumulation.
2023, 47(1) :104-112. doi: 10.7541/2023.2022.0076
[Abstract](842) [FullText HTML] (625) [PDF 1289KB](11)
Abstract:
As an important raw material for the extraction of natural astaxanthin, Haematococcus pluvialis is usually harvested by natural sedimentation or centrifugation. However, these harvesting methods either take a long time or consume a lot of energy. This study proposed an efficient method for the harvesting H. pluvialis using pH-induced induced dissolved air flotation (DAF). Harvesting efficiency and solid content, as well as their kinetic curves, were adopted to investigate the influence of pH on the pH-induced DAF harvesting. In addition, the harvesting performances of pH-induced DAF was compared with those of pH-induced sedimentation, chemical coagulant (aluminum sulfate)- and biological coagulant (chitosan)-induced DAF, based on the efficiency and residual metal contents in the harvested biomass. Whether pH treatment affects the astaxanthin content in the harvested biomass was also evaluated, comparing with the content in centrifugation harvested biomass. The results showed that auto-flocculation occurred when the pH of the media was decreased or increased, facilitating the flotation harvesting and sedimentation harvesting of H. pluvialis. pH-induced DAF obtained higher harvesting efficiency and required less separation time, comparing with pH-induced sedimentation. When pH was adjusted to less than 3 or greater than 11.5, the harvesting efficiency of 95% was achieved in 2min using pH-induced DAF, while that took 30min for pH-induced sedimentation to achieve 80%—90% harvesting efficiency. When the initial concentration was 3.2 g/L, the solid content of biomass harvested by pH-induced DAF can reach 17%, realizing 53 times concentration, which was much higher than those harvested by pH-induced sedimentation. Most importantly, pH-induced DAF performed as well as aluminum sulfate and chitosan coagulants induced DAF, while avoiding the impurity of biomass caused by chemical such as Al3+. The astaxanthin contents in H. pluvialis biomass harvested by pH-induced DAF were not affected by the pH treatment. Therefore, harvesting H. pluvialis by pH-induced DAF proved to be a rapid, efficient and environmental sustainable technique, which shed a light on the process development of mass production of H. pluvialis biomass.
2023, 47(1) :113-120. doi: 10.7541/2023.2022.0079
[Abstract](1108) [FullText HTML] (842) [PDF 1463KB](25)
Abstract:
Euglenaria Karnkowska, Linton & Kwiatowski is a new genus isolated from Euglena Ehrenberg in 2010. Currently, there are 4 species reported in the world. In China’s existing algal taxonomic data, the species of Euglenaria are still classified in Euglena, and their morphological description is vague, making it difficult to distinguish them from some species of Euglena. It is difficult to identify Euglenaria and Euglena, and there is no obvious difference between Euglenaria and some species of Euglena in morphology. With the development of molecular biology, new technical means have been brought for the identification of euglenoid. While further research on the systematic classification of euglenoid has been carried out, the classification status of many euglenoid species has been revised, and Euglenaria is a new genus separated from Euglena at this stage. Our study found that the cells of Euglenaria are generally fusiform without mucocysts, and the Chloroplasts are disc-shaped with pyrenoids and edges irregular with deep grooves. The morphological differences among the species of Euglenaria are mainly reflected in the shape, number of chloroplasts and size of cells. The cells morphology of Eu. clepsydroides are hourglass shaped. The cells of Eu. caudata [length (58.95±12.38) μm, width (28.57±5.82) μm] were the largest. The chloroplast number of Eu. anabaena and Eu. clavata was significantly different. Eu. anabaena contained fewer chloroplasts (only 4±1), while Eu. clavata cells contained 10±3 chloroplasts. The morphological differences among species of Euglenaria are very subtle, and it is difficult to correctly identify them. The phylogenetic tree showed that with the closely related Eutreptiaceae as the outgroup, the results indicated that the rest of the euglenoids were divided into two major clades, the Euglenaceae clade and the Phacaceae clade. Euglenaceae (0.96/597) included Euglenaformis, Strombomonas, Trachelomonas, Cryptoglena, Euglena, Monomorphina, Euglenaria and Colacium. Each genus formed a well-supported evolutionary clade, respectively. The genus Euglenaria is located in the branch of Euglenaceae (0.84/-), consisting 28 strains of Euglenaria, which are divided into 3 subbranches, and the support rate of each subbranch exceed 99%. Eu1 clade contained 13 strains of Eu. anabaena, Eu2 (1.00/998) contained 8 strains Eu. caudata, and Eu3 (1.00/1000) contained 6 strains Eu. clavata. Eu. anabaena and Eu. caudata were sister branches. However, there are great difference in cell size and chloroplast number between the two species. In morphology, Eu. anabaena and Eu. clavata were more similar, with similar cell size and large difference in chloroplast number. There were significant differences in cell size between Eu. caudata and Eu. clavata, but the number of chloroplasts was similar. This suggests that the relationship between morphology and molecular phylogeny may be inconsistent. At present, there are only 4 species of Euglenaria and 162 species of Euglena, and 80% species of Euglena have no molecular data. It is unknown whether there are still Euglena species belonging to Euglenaria among these species without molecular data, and further research is still needed. In this study, 12 strains of Euglenaria collected from China were used as materials to study the phylogeny of Euglenaria based on morphological and molecular biological methods. We provide the Euglenaria species in morphological characters and molecular data and discusse the phylogenetic position of Euglenaria. In order to improve the taxonomic description of this group in China, we revised the taxonomic description of Euglenaria.
2023, 47(1) :121-132. doi: 10.7541/2022.2021.0314
[Abstract](588) [FullText HTML] (334) [PDF 2168KB](42)
Abstract:
In order to assess the current situation of fish resources in the Provincial Nature Reserve for Yangtze Cetacean of Zhenjiang, a simultaneous survey of fish resources was carried out in spring (April) and autumn (September) in 2020 by using hydroacoustic frequency difference technology and net survey method, and the temporal and spatial characteristics of fish resources in the surveyed river section were evaluated. Based on the analysis of fish echo image data of 200 and 333 kHz, the acoustic assessment of fish resources was carried out by frequency difference technique. The results of hydroacoustic survey showed that the average density of fish resources was (0.094±0.183) ind./m2, and the average target strength (TS) of fish was (–57.33±5.69) dB, mainly distributed in the range of –62.5 to –50.5 dB. In addition, TS increases with increasing water depth. The results of net survey showed that 758 fishes (53.53 kg) were collected in the river section and a total of 48 species were identified, of which Cypriniformes dominated. The proportion of pelagic fish population quantity and mass was 36.15% and 66.12%, respectively. The proportion of the quantity and mass of fish (pelagic fish with body length less than 20 cm, body height less than 6 cm and body weight less than 100 g) fed on the Yangtze finless porpoise was 23.22% and 8.72%, respectively. In terms of time characteristics, there was no significant difference in fish resource density between April and September (P>0.05), and the average TS in April was smaller than that in September, and the average size of fish in April was smaller than that in September. In terms of spatial characteristics, the fish resources were mainly distributed in the waters near the north branch of He Changzhou and Jiaobei Beach, and the pelagic fish resources were relatively large, and the fish resources were more concentrated in April. Underwater acoustic frequency difference technology can effectively eliminate plankton signals and background noise signals in the water environment, which is of reference significance for fishery acoustic evaluation in the Yangtze River Basin. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the accurate assessment of the bait fish resources of the Yangtze finless porpoise in the reserve, support the conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise in situ, and provide a scientific basis for the conservation of fish resources in the lower Reaches of the Yangtze River.
2023, 47(1) :133-146. doi: 10.7541/2022.2021.0300
[Abstract](619) [FullText HTML] (387) [PDF 1377KB](54)
Abstract:
In the middle-lower reach of the Yangtze River, there are many lakes with intensive fish biodiversity, which are connected with the Yangtze mainstream historically. Since the 1950s, most of these lakes have experienced river-lake disconnection by anthropogenic impacts, leading to remarkable biodiversity decline of fish in these lakes. Based on the published literatures about fish assemblages in lakes, the taxonomic distinctness and temporal changes of fish communities in the connected lakes and disconnected lakes were examined by using two taxonomic diversity indices (average taxonomic distinctness, Δ+ and variation in taxonomic distinctness, Λ+), to assess the impact of river-lake disconnection. The results indicated that disconnected lakes showed significantly lower species richness and Δ+ values (average values of 48.47±14.64 and 74.02±3.093, respectively) than connected lakes (average values of 76.22±14.40 and 78.31±0.98, respectively; P<0.001), indicating the loss of fish diversity. On the contrary, the disconnected lakes showed significantly higher Λ+ values (average values 736.89±33.80) than connected lakes (average values of 697.31±25.53; P=0.002), indicating the increasing unevenness of taxonomic distinctness. Our analysis of temporal changes showed that species richness and Δ+ generally declined, and Λ+ generally increased through time within representative connected and disconnected lakes. However, the species richness, Δ+ and Λ+ values of the connected lake fluctuated over time, and the Λ+ increased significantly over time. These mean that connected lakes were also affected by various disturbances, which led to the decline of taxonomic diversity and the distribution of fish in disconnected lakes was more concentrated in some taxa resulting high unevenness and low stability in the community. Based on our results, we suggested to restore the fish diversity in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River by recovering the connection between the lakes and the Yangtze mainstream, improving the quality of fish habitat through water environment management, and scientifically adjusting the fish community structure.
2023, 47(1) :147-155. doi: 10.7541/2023.2022.0163
[Abstract](624) [FullText HTML] (294) [PDF 2771KB](43)
Abstract:
Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China, and a typical natural lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Different habitat season landscapes can meet the needs of fish in different life history stages, so that fish resources show dynamic distribution characteristics. The 10-year fishing ban have been implemented in the Yangtze River basin, including Poyang Lake since Jan 1, 2021, to conserve the aquatic organism of the Yangtze River. In this study, we applied hydroacoustic analysis with Simrad EY60 split-beam echo sounder, to detect the spatial-temporal distribution of fish in Poyang Lake from 2020 to 2021. The results showed that more than half of the fish were 10—30 cm of body length in all three seasons, deduced from the fish target strength (TS) signal. However, the TS varied significantly among seasons (P<0.05), with the highest TS in winter (–51.0±14.13) dB and the lowest (52.71±9.95) dB in autumn. The horizontal distribution of fish density was not homogeneous, and also significantly different among seasons (P<0.01). The maximum density was 440.22, 169.19, and 554.18 ind./1000 m3 in autumn, spring, and winter, respectively. Vertically, the fish density decreased gradually from the bottom to the surface in autumn and winter, while the fish density in the surface and middle layers was higher than that in the bottom in spring. The fish density varied significantly in the same water layer among seasons (P<0.01). This study obtained the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of fish in Poyang Lake by using hydroacoustic method at the beginning of fishing ban, and provided a reference for the study of fish resource in the region at a macro spatial scale under natural conditions. The results can also support for the evaluation of the fishing ban effect and the evaluation of biological integrity during the ten-year fishing ban in Poyang Lake.
2023, 47(1) :156-167. doi: 10.7541/2023.2022.0047
[Abstract](969) [FullText HTML] (780) [PDF 1404KB](16)
Abstract:
In order to elucidate the changes in the components and contents of fatty acid of female Coilia nasus in the Yangtze River during spawning migration process, the components and contents of various fatty acid in the hepatopancreas, muscle and ovary of Coilia nasus were determined from three aspects of migration distance, ovarian development and body length. The results showed that 28 kinds of fatty acids were detected in the three tissues of 62 female Coilia nasus, including 8 saturated fatty acids (SFA), 6 monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and 14 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Among all the fatty acids, MUFA were the most abundant, accounting for more than 56.23% of the total fatty acids in each tissue. Specific fatty acids with higher levels included C18﹕1, C16﹕0, C16﹕1, DHA and EPA. During migration, the total amount of fatty acids in the hepatopancreas of Coilia nasus increased from (526.61±38.50) mg/g in Chongming to (587.21±124.72) mg/g in Anqing, but decreased by 33.03% and 57.09% in muscle and ovary respectively. The total amount of fatty acids, SFA, MUFA and PUFA in muscle were positively correlated with body length (P<0.05), but the contents of total fatty acids and fatty acids components in hepatopancreas and ovary had no significant correlation with body length (P>0.05). During the ovarian development from stages Ⅱ to Ⅳ, the contents of total fatty acids in hepatopancreas and muscle decreased by 47.56% and 22.40%, respectively, but increased from 364.17 to 418.95 mg/g in ovary. The contents of C18﹕1, EPA and C16﹕1 in hepatopancreas and muscle decreased, but increased by 1.21, 1.36 and 1.31 times in ovary (stages Ⅱ to Ⅲ), respectively, indicating that these fatty acids were also significantly transferred during ovarian development. The present study also found that there were more fatty acids in muscle of large size Coilia nasus, the abundance of SFA and MUFA in each tissue, and EPA and DHA in the ovaries, which provided sufficient nutrition for migration activities and gonad development.
2023, 47(1) :168-176. doi: 10.7541/2023.2022.0016
[Abstract](1125) [FullText HTML] (654) [PDF 1486KB](22)
Abstract:
The Yangtze River estuary is the major production regions of larval eels in China, and it is also the most important place for feeding and nursing place for fishes. In order to clarify the species diversity and damage rate of fishes by-catch in elver nets in the Yangtze Estuary, this article analyzed 11870 fish samples collected by elver nets during the eel fry flood season from 2017 to 2019. The results showed that 43 samples contained 114388 fishes by-catch in elver nets, 54 species were identified, belonging to 13 orders, 27 families and 46 genera. Among them, Perciformes accounted for 40.74% of the total species, and marine, carnivorous, demersal and small fishes accounted for 44.44%, 74.07%, 70.37% and 48.15%, respectively. Odontamblyopus lacepedii was the first dominant species, accounting for 77.07%; Cynoglossus joyneri, Coilia nasus and Konosirus punctatus were also the dominant species in individual years. According to the difference of fish assemblage, March and April, January and February can each be combined into one group. The major characteristic species of two groups were 5 and 6, and the major divergent species were 10. The average body length was (73.77±38) mm of 54 species. Fish resources of the early life history stages account for 96.65% of the total samples, many of which are larvae of local economic fishes. There were 16470 eel elvers in the sample, and the average damage rate of fishes by-catch in 3 years was 7.58, which was higher than 6 years ago. Attention should be paid to the damage caused by fishing eel elvers to other fishes’ larvae.
2023, 47(1) :177-194. doi: 10.7541/2023.2022.0244
[Abstract](505) [FullText HTML] (237) [PDF 2700KB](38)
Abstract:
Cyanobacterial blooms worldwide pose severe threat to aquatic ecosystem functions and even human health. Due to environmental-friendliness and high selectivity, allelochemicals have put forward a promising option for inhibiting cyanobacterial overgrowth and therefore mitigating blooms in a short term. This study overviewed the algicidal effects of four types of allelochemicals, i.e., polyphenolics, nitrogen-containing compounds, fatty acids/esters and terpenoids, as well as underlying mechanisms and specific target sites against cyanobacteria, and further evaluated the application potential based on economic costs of highly effective cyanobacterium-inhibiting allelochemicals. The results demonstrated distinctive algicidal characteristics among each type of allelochemicals: Fatty acids/esters were the most cost-effective in algicidal activity, which induced extremely strong toxicity to cyanobacteria at low doses due to various action targets and suppressed target cyanobacterial growth by 50% in concentration range of 0.015—52.95 mg/L; Polyphenolics as the most abundant allelochemicals generally exhibited high algicidal activity with median effect concentration (EC50) ranging from 0.05 to 162.53 mg/L, and could restrain cyanobacterial growth by multiple mechanisms such as inhibiting photosynthesis, disrupting cellular oxidative stress balance and damaging cell wall/membrane structure. However, the theoretical costs vastly differed among highly effective algicidal polyphenolics, whose cost-efficiencies were inferior to fatty acids and thus ranked as 2nd place following fatty acids; N-containing compounds generally exhibited specific and evenly effective algicidal effect against cyanobacterial growth, with EC50 varying from 0.3 to 8.14 mg/L, and induced irreversible cell damage by mainly disrupting cyanobacterial photosynthesis, blocking electron transfer, and destroying cellular structures (including ultrastructure). However, N-containing compounds involved high costs and lowest effectiveness that hindered their wide application. Terpenoids exhibited relatively weak algicidal effect as compared to other three types of allelochemicals, which exerted algicidal effect through multi-routes to mainly disrupt photosynthetic function of cyanobacterial cells, with higher EC50 reaching up to 25.3—228 mg/L that limited their actual application. Consequently, this review summarized joint action effect modes and characteristics of same type and different types of allelochemicals on cyanobacterial (mainly Microcystis aeruginosa) growth to decrease applying dosages of allelochemicals, diminish economic costs and achieve more efficient algicidal effects, and pointed out that allelochemicals number in mixture, action target sites, each allelochemical proportion in mixture and mixture dosage were key factors to determine joint action effect of mixed allelochemicals. This review also proposed that different allelochemicals with diverse and complementary action target sites (referred as ‘multi-target mixture’) could exert synergistic effects, and that proportions of allelochemicals with high algicidal activity should be increased in mixture (referred as ‘new-barrel effect’ synergistic effect). Moreover, this review also proposed that multiple allelochemicals were more likely to arouse synergistic algicidal effects when they were mixed based on their inherent types, contents and proportions actually excreted by plants, which provided novel insights for scientific, comprehensive and reasonable choice, application and optimally mixing of allelochemicals, in controlling cyanobacterial blooms.

### Journal Introduction

• Establishment Time：1955  Monthly
• Competent unit：Chinese Academy of Sciences
• Host unit：Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Society for Oceanology and Limnology
• Editor-in-Chief：YIN Zhan
• ISSN 1000-3207
• CN 42-1230/Q