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# How To Interpret Anova Results In Spss Pdf

The steps for interpreting the SPSS output for post hoc tests with ANOVA In the Multiple Comparisons table, look under the Sig. The independent variable included a between-subjects variable, the. 056---Signif. Topics include t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and understanding the statistical measurements behind academic research. The usual assumptions of Normality, equal variance, and independent errors apply. The continuous data are summarised by mean and standard deviation (SD). Conducting a Two-Way ANOVA in SPSS This video demonstrates how to conduct a two-way ANOVA in SPSS. View SPSS Series 3 repeated measure ANOVA and MANOVA PDF. Note that these tests are identical to the two separate univariate one-way ANOVAs we would have performed if we opted not to do the MANOVA – provided that there are no missing data. Unlike the setup for a between-subjects ANOVA, you cannot use dummy variables to distinguish between groups for a repeated measures ANOVA. It shows the results of the 1 Way Between Subjects ANOVA that you conducted. Though initially dealing with agricultural data[1], this methodology has been applied to a vast array of other fields for data analysis. (In future tutorials, we'll look at some of the more complex options available to you, including multivariate tests and polynomial contrasts). Reading the Output for a Two-Way ANOVA The results of the Two-Way ANOVA are presented in Figures 13. In SPSS, we need to conduct the tests of simple main-effects in two parts. How to Use SPSS-Hierarchical Multiple Regression. TwoWay ANOVA – A very useful statistical test, because it’s the only one. Calculate the appropriate statistic: SPSS assumes that the independent variables are represented numerically. The process of performing a multi-variable ANOVA in SPSS, including the selection of the proper command and the identification of fixed factors, involves the following steps. Now let's plot meals again with ZRE_2. The corresponding F -statistics are for testing the significance of the linear terms and higher-order terms as separate groups. (In future tutorials, we'll look at some of the more complex options available to you, including multivariate tests and polynomial contrasts). Note that our F ratio (6. Conclude that the mean GPA is different for males vs. 0 This section covers steps for testing the difference between three or more group means using the SPSS ANOVA procedures found in the Compare Means analyses. As described in the research question we want to test, the math test score is our dependent variable and the exam result is our independent variable. Hence, researchers obtaining estimates of eta squared from SPSS are at risk of reporting incorrect values. Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA A repeated measures test is what you use when the same participants take part in all of the conditions of an experiment. Putting it all together, we can write up the results of our analysis like so (new parts in bold font): Partner ratings were analyzed with a 2 (Attractiveness: Low versus High) x 2 (Commitment: Low versus High) between-subjects ANOVA. A detour into the murky world of covariance CD 6. In those cases, the results of the MANOVAs only were reported. Multiple Comparison Output The output for the Tukey post hoc test combines the output formats of the LSD and S-N-K post hoc tests. We want a breakdown of purchases by sex, so drag "Sex" to the "Rows" graphic in the right-hand box. Note that it is not strictly necessary that the sample sizes be equal in the one-way ANOVA, and when they are unequal, the Tukey HSD procedure uses the harmonic mean of. Three-way ANOVA Divide and conquer General Guidelines for Dealing with a 3-way ANOVA • ABC is significant: – Do not interpret the main effects or the 2-way interactions. The guide will also explain how to perform post-hoc tests to investigate significant results further. Observe that each level of. This example discusses a 2 ANOVA model. Complete the following steps to interpret a one-way ANOVA. Multiple regression can find the line of best fit for polynomials consisting of two or more variables. 38-39 in the note pack. Interpreting SPSS ANOVA Output Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests for differences in the mean of a variable across two or more groups. We may also need to compare Read more…. It is clear the authors have worked to write in a way that learners of all levels can understand and benefit from the content. Inferential Statistics in SPSS log of the steps you’ve completed and the results you generated included tables or graphs you Interpret ANOVA Output 1. One-Way ANOVA Example Test of homogeneity (for assumptions): Test of Homogeneity of Variances Days Healing. Requirements: Model must be balanced, which means that the sample size in each population should be the same. So far, so good: we ran and interpreted an ANOVA with post hoc tests. Each level corresponds to the groups in the independent measures design. For ease of interpretation, let's assume that the data confirm the researchers' hypotheses. Give specific SPSS commands. Entering the data: To do a repeated-measures ANOVA (also called a within-subjects ANOVA), you have to enter the data in a different format to that used for independent-measures ANOVA's (between-subjects ANOVAs). , whether or not some variable has an effect, whether variables are related, whether differences among groups of observations. Excel will generate the p values for you. If the P Value is less than 0. Data Analysis with SPSS One-way ANOVA 2. values of the dependent vari - able (self-esteem in this case) with each of the predictors. LAYERED LEARNING. In SPSS, this is simply done throug. The first step to make your SPSS adjustment is to produce an initial table for editing. If you remember from earlier labs, we must use SPSS syntax to do this. One of the most recognized statistical programs is SPSS, which generates a variety of test results for sets of data. Correlations. The following should help you analyze your data. Open Training. Research Methods II: Spring Term 2002. For simplicity we have taken the variable hemoglobin for explaining the output. For example, if you have questionnaire data which includes reverse-scored questions. If the p -value is LESS THAN. Applying the rule above to the data we have here we are going to need to create 2 different coding variables (seeField, 2013, Chapter 3) in the data editor. The videos for this chapter are Ch 06 - ANOVA. I do so using two Interpreting the ANOVA Results Table This video is about Interpretting the ANOVA Results Table. This is how the data is entered into SPSS. example this test is available in SPSS and Minitab. How to write the Results part 1 - Duration: Interpret SPSS output for a paired t-test - Duration: 002 Interpreting and Reporting SPSS Output The Two Way ANOVA - Duration: 6:27. For this assessment, you will complete an SPSS data analysis report using a one-way ANOVA for assigned variables. So we've got a row. Correlation & Regression Jeff Sinn, Winthrop University, SPSS Guide – Correlation & Regression (rev 9/6) Scatterplot & Regression (using the same data) 5. That means that all variables are forced to be in the model. lesion condition=temporal lobe lesion Tukey HSDa Subset for alpha = 0. The independent variable included a between-subjects variable, the. SPSS, saving datasets, creating and formatting variables, creating new variables, changing variable names and properties, descriptive statistics, frequency distributions, measuring central tendencies, comparing means, univariate analysis, one-way ANOVA, multiple linear regressions, multivariate analysis, principle. The major difference is that ANOVA tests for one-way analysis with multiple variations, while a t-test compares a paired sample. 2017 my mother was diagnosed of herpes/ known as genital warts ,i spent a lot of money on her medication till a point i even lost hope,because my mother was gradually dying and lost her memory too, i was so desperate to get my mother back to normal, one day my uncle who lives in london united kingdom told me about dr oliha. Notes to help clarify the meaning of each column are below the table. My post about using Excel to perform t-tests shows how to install the Data Analysis ToolPak. We proceed by explaining how to run a One-Way ANOVA using SPSS's dedicated procedure. In the GLM procedure dialog we specify our full-factorial model. You might even discuss how this corresponds with expected results based on the. ANOVA using SPSS Open the SPSS software. Repeated measures MANOVA with SPSS. Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA A repeated measures test is what you use when the same participants take part in all of the conditions of an experiment. Conclude that the mean GPA is different for males vs. This requires the Data Analysis Add-in: see Excel 2007: Access and Activating the Data Analysis Add-in The data used are in carsdata. 001 Xi3 + ei (where Yi is weight and Xi is age). This factor loads onto reported level of difficulty in understanding and interpreting assignment questions, understanding and. In general, the Shapiro Wilk Normality Test is used for small samples of less than 50 samples, while for large samples above 50 samples it. How To Run Statistical Tests in Excel Microsoft Excel is your best tool for storing and manipulating data, calculating basic descriptive statistics such as means and standard deviations, and conducting simple mathematical operations on your numbers. The One-Way ANOVA procedure produces a one-way analysis of variance for a quantitative dependent variable by a single factor (independent) variable. From reading Gotelli's Ecological Statistics book, I have figured out more or less that the F-ratio is a step in getting the P value. Step 3: Determine how well the model fits your data. Thus, in a mixed-design ANOVA model, one factor (a fixed effects factor) is a between-subjects variable and the other (a random. C8057 (Research Methods II): One-Way ANOVA Exam Practice Dr. Association's (APA) publication manual. 02, P=7 x 10-5). I compared the linear regression, t-test, ANOVA tests results in IBM SPSS and Number Analytics. column under. In some sense ANCOVA is a blending of ANOVA and regression. If there are higher-order terms in the regression model, anova partitions the model SumSq into the part explained by the higher-order terms and the rest. This problem is addressed by performing an analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the logistic regression. Conduct and interpret ANOVA. The SPSS command syntax is: Analysis Exercise - July 22-23, 2005 Page 1 Practical Meta-Analysis. Step 4: Find the LC50. Addition information is that if there are only two groups for one way ANOVA F-test, the equation will be (in the below equation, t means the sample’s statistic), F = t2 This F-test is made primarily by one of the greatest mathematician and statistician Sir Ronald A. Now that we have a row to read from, it is time to look at the results for our T-test. If you select an analysis, the results immediately appear in the output window. Descriptives movement N Mean Std. Either way is an excellent way to compare multiple means SPSS, but then again the variance tests that the One-Way ANOVA menu provides are usually better anyway. In this review, we'll look at significance testing, using mostly the t-test as a guide. How to interpret SPSS outputs. Key output includes the p-value, the group means, R 2, and the residual plots. Often, ANOVA results may be reported in a table format as well. This is true for this data set. For example, if you have questionnaire data which includes reverse-scored questions. Don't do any Post Hoc tests to find the differences in the means because there aren't any. Below is the result of a Oneway ANOVA on movement for the independent variable drug, along with Tukey’s post-hoc test. Note, however, that you do have some …. A One-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference among the means for the 3 assignments, F (2, 38) = 9. It's free! Related post: Use the F-Test to Assess Variances in Excel. Comparing the effects of 3 different teaching methods (A, B & C – 3 levels of the IV ‘teaching method’) on exam results. Module 6 SPSS Data Interpretation Review the SPSS output file which reports the results of the between-group (independent group) one-way ANOVA to see if the mean alcohol by volume (%) of the beer differs as a function of quality of the brand as rated by a beer expert (in 2012). Additionally, how to plot your data using some of the statistical graphics options in SAS® 9. In SPSS, the statistical program often used to calculate statistics, output is not provided in APA format. (a) ANOVA Summary Table SPSS ANOVA Results: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: achievement Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Vijay Gupta, “Regression Explained in Simple Terms: Interpreting Linear Regression Analysis in SPSS”, Vijay Gupta Publication, 2000 (most of the above notes came from this publication) 2. Using SPSS: One-way Repeated-Measures ANOVA. SPSS One-Way ANOVA - Beginners Tutorial. After two-way ANOVA analysis of my data, I get confused about making graphs and describing those results. • Know when and how to run and interpret the Kruskal-Wallis test. The experimental design is a full factorial, in which each level of one treatment factor occurs at each level of the other treatment factor. Write the results of this analysis in APA format including means and standard deviations, the effects of the post-hoc test, and the effect size. Note that our F ratio (6. manova commands conduct ANOVA. This book is an excellent supplement to data analysis textbooks that include using the SPSS program, or this book may be used alone as a guide through the data analysis and write-up process. What is regression? Regression is a statistical technique to formulate the model and analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Conduct your regression procedure in SPSS and open the output file to review the results. You would use a Two-Way Independent ANOVA when you have the following: one dependent variable two independent variables participants are only assigned to one condition for each of your IVs This tutorial will show you how to run and interpret the output of a two-way independent ANOVA using SPSS. SPSS is short for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, and it’s used by various kinds of researchers for complex statistical data analysis. At the request of the authors, I reviewed samples from the text Design and Analysis in Educational Research: ANOVA Designs in SPSS. Observe how we handle the raw data and convert it into three treatments in order to analysis it using ANOVA. PROC GLM may be used with either balanced or unbalanced designs. 18706440 NA linear. The results reflect statistically significant p-value i. How to recode data in SPSS Sometimes it’s necessary to change several values in your data set. ” The slope is given in the “B” column to the right of the name of the X variable. Find the standard deviation values and relate them to the data sets. Interpreting Chi Square Results in. However, since over fitting is a concern of ours, we want only the variables in the model that explain a significant amount of additional variance. Perform Fisher's Exact Test in SPSS. LAYERED LEARNING. Reporting Results of Common Descriptive and Inferential Statistics in APA Format The Results sections of any manuscript (APA format or non-APA format) are intended to report the quantitative (SPSS, R, Minitab), that is, the a posteriori probability that the result obtained or one more extreme is consistent with the null hypothesis. Loughborough University Mathematics Learning Support Centre Student Before mark After mark Diff 1 18 22 4 2 21 25 4 3 16 17 1. within subjects anova - how to check just main effects in spss Dear all! I have a problem with a within-subjects anova - language: english/spanish and word type: negative/neutral as within subjects factors. MANOVA is a variant of ANOVA that is applied when one wishes to analyse several dependent variables at the same time. Two independent variables 2. Rubinfeld, Econometric Models and Forecasts , : Interpreting Linear Regression Analysis in SPSS ” (Second edition. Analysis of variance is used to test the hypothesis that several means are equal. sav' Female = 0. Dependent variable is Math Test with Independent variables Exam and Gender. The two basic procedures are PROC ANOVA and PROC GLM, for General Linear Model. Interpreting SPSS ANOVA Output Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests for differences in the mean of a variable across two or more groups. • Often, we wish to study 2 (or more) factors in a single experiment - Compare two or more treatment protocols - Compare scores of people who are young, middle-aged, and elderly • The baseline experiment will therefore have two factors as Independent Variables - Treatment type - Age Group. NB: ANOVA and linear regression are the same thing – more on that tomorrow. View SPSS Series 3 repeated measure ANOVA and MANOVA PDF. See the related handouts for the underlying theory and formulas. It only tells us that at least one is significantly different from at least one other. p = anova2 (y,reps) returns the p -values for a balanced two-way ANOVA for comparing the means of two or more columns and two or more rows of the observations in y. SPSS One-Way ANOVA Output. We can run a much better table with the CTABLES syntax below. Keywords: MANCOVA, special cases, assumptions, further reading, computations. How to interpret the 'P-value' of Two-Factor Anova. ANOVA Box. → Look at the estimates of sphericity (ε) in the SPSS handout. 02, P=7 x 10-5). ! The null hypothesis stated that the means for Assignment 1, Assignment 2, and Assignment 3 are equal. Customers use SPSS products in corporate, academic and government settings for all types of research and data analysis. deter) Analysis of Variance Table Response: wash Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) deter 1 20. This is true for this data set. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique that is used to check if the means of two or more groups are significantly different from each other. Math and Science 236,009 views. The dependent (Y) variable is always ordinal or ratio data while the independent (X) variable is always nominal data (or other data that's converted to be nominal). The next table, Tests of Within-Subjects Effects, presents the ANOVA results for the main effect of our within-groups factor, time, and the time x gender interaction effect (Figure 14. ANOVA Overall ANOVA. Putting it all together, we can write up the results of our analysis like so (new parts in bold font): Partner ratings were analyzed with a 2 (Attractiveness: Low versus High) x 2 (Commitment: Low versus High) between-subjects ANOVA. Once your table is produced ( ), right click on the table and click on "Edit Content" and then either "In Viewer" or "In. The ANOVA procedure is designed to handle balanced data (that is, data with equal numbers of observations for every combination of the classiﬁcation factors), whereas the GLM procedure can analyze both balanced and unbalanced data. Many people think of this test being used with 3 or more groups, but it is fine to use it for two groups as well. Each tool has guidelines on how it should be used and you can feed in all the options to get the most accurate results. Oneway ANOVA - SPSS (part 1) In this video, I demonstrate how to perform and interpret a oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS. It is clear the authors have worked to write in a way that learners of all levels can understand and benefit from the content. Rubinfeld, Econometric Models and Forecasts , : Interpreting Linear Regression Analysis in SPSS " (Second edition. For a 2-way ANOVA, the descriptives table it is recommended to provide a breakdown of one IV in the columns and the other IV in the rows, such as illustrated in the following. In those cases, the results of the MANOVAs only were reported. PROC ANOVA should be used only with balanced designs. 1 Student Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter, the student should be able to: Interpret the F probability distribution as the number of groups and the sample size change. Correlations. Written for communication students, Quantitative Research in Communication provides practical, user-friendly coverage of how to use statistics, how to interpret SPSS printouts, how to write results, and how to assess whether the assumptions of various procedures have been met. 05), investigators should also report the observed sample means to facilitate interpretation of the results. We have three ecosystems (s = 3), each with a sample size of ten hunter-gatherer groups (n = 10). example this test is available in SPSS and Minitab. → When ε < 0. Interpreting results of regression with interaction terms: Example. For example, you might measure a response to three different drugs in both men and women. o Look at p-value / sig. In the ANOVA dialog we need to specify our model. Anova Examples. A repeated measures ANOVA must meet the assumption of sphericity. Then you must ask JMP to analyze the data according to specifications that will yield the results you desire. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is simply an ANOVA with several dependent variables. SPSS Output 2 The Main ANOVA Table SPSS Output 3 is the most important part of the output because it tells us whether any of the independent variables have had an effect. anova, and. (In future tutorials, we’ll look at some of the more complex options available to you, including multivariate tests and polynomial contrasts). All effects were statistically significant. Key output includes the p-value, graphs of groups, group comparisons, R 2, and residual plots. 05 alpha level. Friedman's ANOVA is considered non-parametric because the outcome is not measured at a continuous level. Table of Contents Overview 11 Key Concepts 15 Why testing means is related to variance in analysis of variance 15 One-way ANOVA 16 Simple one-way ANOVA in SPSS 16 Simple one-way ANOVA in SAS 20 Two-way ANOVA 23 Two-way ANOVA in SPSS 24 Two-way ANOVA in SAS 27 Multivariate or n-way ANOVA 29. ANOVA - Tukey’s HSD Test Application: One-way ANOVA – pair-wise comparison of means. ANOVA for Randomized Block Design I. Paired Samples T Test in SPSS. For more details on checking normality, see the Checking normality in SPSS resource. ANOVA is a statistical process for analysing the amount of variance that is contributed to a sample by different factors. PROC GLM may be used with either balanced or unbalanced designs. The interaction effect, F (3, 15687) = 2. SPSS calls a the “constant. It is identical to the one-way ANOVA test, though the formula changes slightly: y=x1+x2. For help carrying out a Kruskall-Wallis test, refer to the Kruskall-Wallis in SPSS resource. Press the OK. 05, we would have read from the second row. xlsx ' , go to the worksheet 'Data in 3 Columns', click on Data/Data Analysis/ANOVA:Single Factor, select Input Range A1:C26, Grouped by Columns, check Labels in First Row Box. If one is unwilling to assume that the variances are equal, then a Welch’s test can be used instead (However, the Welch’s test does not support more than one explanatory factor). When conducting a statistical test, too often people immediately jump to the conclusion that a finding "is statistically significant" or "is not statistically significant. To determine whether any of the differences between the means are statistically significant, compare the p-value to your significance level to assess the null hypothesis. The next table, Tests of Within-Subjects Effects, presents the ANOVA results for the main effect of our within-groups factor, time, and the time x gender interaction effect (Figure 14. A paired samples t-test is a test that is useful when you have two interval/ratio variables from the same people in a sample that are measured exactly the same way. Pre-Requisites for R Studio Anova Techniques Course. Once a student obtains output from SPSS, he or she needs to take the output and format it in APA style when writing a statistical results section. Because the MANOVA was significant, we will now examine the univariate ANOVA results. The output window is. 75 then use the Huynh‐Feldt correction. (c) Now we have to tell SPSS which columns contain the data needed for the repeated-measures variable in our ANOVA. SPSS style output. 03”) If p-value on SPSS output says “. To run a One-Way ANOVA in SPSS, click Analyze > Compare Means > One-Way ANOVA. 9 (around 65%) of all the variability in the dataset. This is a bad thing, but SPSS takes this into account by giving you slightly different results in the second row. TWO-WAY ANOVA Two-way (or multi-way) ANOVA is an appropriate analysis method for a study with a quantitative outcome and two (or more) categorical explanatory variables. Examine whether the test is significant overall 2. Studentsʼ grades on. Aside from Microsoft Excel, Minitab, GraphPad PRISM and SPSS. > (b) If the sample size is very large, tests of heterogeneity of. Calculate the appropriate statistic: SPSS assumes that the independent variables are represented numerically. PSPP is a free alternative to SPSS. sav file, select females (gender = 1) who give more than the average amount of. For the moment, the main point to note is that you can look at the results from aov() in terms of the linear regression that was carried out, i. When you create a new file, one column will automatically appear. It should help you run the tests we covered. Look at the value of the two sample means and you can even state which mean GPA is larger. 0) as the first distribution, the Standard Deviation is higher. Testing Hypotheses using SPSS Page4. The important things to look at in the table are the significance values of the independent variables. Data Analysis with SPSS One-way ANOVA 2. Conjoint Analysis Interpretation of the results ¾ The term “Averaged importance score” under the box with the importance values tells us that a Combined Conjoint Analysis has been performed. In the ANOVA dialog we need to specify our model. Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA A repeated measures test is what you use when the same participants take part in all of the conditions of an experiment. Overview of ANOVA B. 03”) If p-value on SPSS output says “. 05, the null hypothesis is rejected. As with previous assignments, the Aspelmeier and Pierce text does a wonderful job of explaining how actually run the test in Chapter 9. In SPSS, this is simply done throug. If you've worked with Excel, you're probably used to seeing all your work on one page, charts, data, and calculations. Example: We want to examine whether there are significant differences in the monthly salary of employees from different age groups. It only tells us that at least one is significantly different from at least one other. For simplicity we have taken the variable hemoglobin for explaining the output. anova2 performs two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with balanced designs. If you run the above example, you will see that SPSS determines an optimal solution after 18 iterations. 268 CHAPTER 11. For this assessment, you will complete an SPSS data analysis report using a one-way ANOVA for assigned variables. 18706440 NA linear. Additionally, how to plot your data using some of the statistical graphics options in SAS® 9. Stepwise linear regression is a method of regressing multiple variables while simultaneously removing those that aren't important. When reporting through a thesis or dissertation, use the APA or Harvard referencing. These data take the form of a range of number, and may or may not have decimals, e. 000” then write as “p <. Inferential Statistics in SPSS log of the steps you've completed and the results you generated included tables or graphs you created. SPSS Tutorial 01 Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) A MANOVA test is used to model two or more dependent variables that are continuous with one or more categorical predictor vari - ables. • Same interpretation as barplot (bar chart). Chi-Square. After choosing "ANOVA: Single Factor" you will see. As described in the research question we want to test, the math test score is our dependent variable and the exam result is our independent variable. The ratio obtained when doing this comparison is known as the F -ratio. 25109107 144. This is the next box you will look at. I didn't find it too difficult in STATA and was happy interpreting the results. How to interpret SPSS outputs. - Divide the 3-way analysis into 2-way analyses. The differences between our mean weights -ranging from 51 to 57 grams- are statistically significant. The data are shown in a table and then read into a SAS data. In this lecture, the one-way between subjects ANOVA is covered. For example, you might measure a response to three different drugs in both men and women. 05 which is the case here. Aside from reporting the one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test results, you have described “effect sizes”. If you are in a University or similar environment perhaps you can find someone taking classes that use SPSS and can go through the menus and generate the code. Pallant This document provides a brief overview of how to prepare a journal article or research paper following the guidelines detailed in the 6th edition (2009) of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 0 Proportion Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 D-penicillamine Placebo 0. If you remember from earlier labs, we must use SPSS syntax to do this. My post about using Excel to perform t-tests shows how to install the Data Analysis ToolPak. The most relevant portions of this table are the F-values, significance levels and effect sizes. PROC GLM and PROC ANOVA both have the same syntax and will give identical results when the design is orthogonal. c (Factor B) If testing for factor A, the null hypothesis is equivalent to. The default method for the multiple linear regression analysis is 'Enter'. It aims to check the degree of relationship between two or more variables. † It is also possible to work with SPSS in syntax mode , where the user types code in a syntax window. The interaction effect, F (3, 15687) = 2. Note: The SPSS data files for the entire course are located here. There are three groups with seven observations per group. Comparing the effects of 3 different teaching methods (A, B & C – 3 levels of the IV ‘teaching method’) on exam results. However, it currently lacks data manipulation and advanced statistical analysis like structural equations. Key output includes the p-value, graphs of groups, group comparisons, R 2, and residual plots. SPSS LSD's post hoc comparisons output, illustrative data. The steps for interpreting the SPSS output for post hoc tests with ANOVA In the Multiple Comparisons table, look under the Sig. Although we concentrate largely on how to use SPSS to get results and on how to correctly interpret these results, the basic theoretical background of many of the techniques used is also described in separate boxes. Two-Way ANOVA Overview & SPSS interpretation 1. How to interpret SPSS outputs. Pre-Requisites for R Studio Anova Techniques Course. 05, we would have read from the second row. That means that all variables are forced to be in the model. 093243e-02 0. The one-way ANOVA procedure calculates the average of each of the four groups: 11. You can use a paired samples t-test to compare the scores on the two variables. SPSS calls a the “constant. The samples taken in each population are called replicates. SPSS Tutorial Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - Between Groups 01 A two-way ANOVA is used to test the equality of two or more means when there are two factors of interest. [A third column could include participant numbers]. While interpreting the ANOVA results, the Bonferroni post-hoc analysis results will be used. You would use a Two-Way Independent ANOVA when you have the following: one dependent variable two independent variables participants are only assigned to one condition for each of your IVs This tutorial will show you how to run and interpret the output of a two-way independent ANOVA using SPSS. This kind of analysis is similar to a repeated-measures (or paired samples) t-test, in that they are both tests which are used to analyse data collected from a within participants design study. William Divale 150,459 views. Using the SPSS Output given below, interpret the data in the table for the within-subjects effect, the between-subjects effect, and the. 056---Signif. Better ways to present logit results "Other things equal, someone with a college degree is 9-12% more likely to vote than someone with only a high school education. We proceed by explaining how to run a One-Way ANOVA using SPSS's dedicated procedure. sav' Female = 0. SPSS is not freeware, and besides Windows, you can download the Linux version, as well. You can also check interpretation of anova results spss and get understanding chi square, regression and anova outputs from spss. In this section, we show you only the main tables required to understand your results from the one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. anova2 performs two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with balanced designs. spss file. If one is unwilling to assume that the variances are equal, then a Welch’s test can be used instead (However, the Welch’s test does not support more than one explanatory factor). Conducting a Two-Way ANOVA in SPSS This video demonstrates how to conduct a two-way ANOVA in SPSS. SPSS Guide: Tests of Differences I put this together to give you a step-by-step guide for replicating what we did in the computer lab. We are often confronted with a need to compare the means of more than two groups. Continuous data. ANOVA and Multiple Comparisons in SPSS STAT 314 Three sets of five mice were randomly selected to be placed in a standard maze but with different color doors. 010 Xi2 – 0. SPSS also gives the standardized slope (aka ), which for a bivariate regression is identical to the Pearson r. How to interpret the 'P-value' of Two-Factor Anova. Effect Size helps us estimate how large any difference we find may be. The first three tables are not so difficult, but the last one may be challenging. The first step to make your SPSS adjustment is to produce an initial table for editing. View SPSS Series 3 repeated measure ANOVA and MANOVA PDF. The strengths and limitations of several estimates of effect size used in ANOVA are discussed, as are the impli-. α, and the results of the ANOVA test for independent samples will be displayed for you (Compare up to 6 groups. The factorial ANOVA is part of the SPSS GLM procedures, which are found in the menu Analyze/General Linear Model/Univariate. The GLM procedure can perform simple or complicated ANOVA for balanced or unbalanced data. The samples taken in each population are called replicates. Comparing the effects of 3 different teaching methods (A, B & C – 3 levels of the IV ‘teaching method’) on exam results. Module 6 SPSS Data Interpretation Review the SPSS output file which reports the results of the between-group (independent group) one-way ANOVA to see if the mean alcohol by volume (%) of the beer differs as a function of quality of the brand as rated by a beer expert (in 2012). Practical Regression and Anova using R Julian J. Non Parametric Data Analysis. When reporting through a thesis or dissertation, use the APA or Harvard referencing. SPSS: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 7 The Division of Statistics + Scientific Computation, The University of Texas at Austin If you have continuous data (such as salary) you can also use the Histograms option and its suboption, With normal curve, to allow you to assess whether your data are normally distributed, which is an assumption of several inferential statistics. Prepare a standard table for your ANOVA results, including a row for every sample type and columns for samples, sum of the squares, Degrees of Freedom, F values and P values. This is easily done by sorting the data file on a , then splitting the file by a , running the ANOVA, and finally turning off the split file. These models are commonly used to look for “causal relationships”, although the results must always be. In SPSS, the statistical program often used to calculate statistics, output is not provided in APA format. R FUNCTIONS FOR REGRESSION ANALYSIS Here are some helpful R functions for regression analysis grouped by their goal. ICC (direct) via Scale – reliability-analysis Required format of data-set Persons obs 1 obs 2 obs 3 obs 4 1,00 9,00 2,00 5,00 8,00. One-way ANOVA (contʼd) ! Step 6: Write up your results. 1 operating system to analyze data for this article. 000” then write as “p <. One-way ANOVA (contʼd) ! Step 6: Write up your results. 001097 ** Residuals 5 1. Of course, it’s good if you understand all numbers in the table, but at least understand this ‘P-Value’ well in Column AG. independent variable categories remain constant for the one-way ANOVA as well, SPSS uses the simpler terminology for the one-way test. To run a One-Way ANOVA in SPSS, click Analyze > Compare Means > One-Way ANOVA. Based on the SPSS output in the Test of Homogeneity of Variance table above, the value Based on Mean Sig is 0. • Analyze interaction – Similar to interpreting as a one-way ANOVA with ab levels; use Tukey to compare means; contrasts and estimate can also be useful. Write the results of this analysis in APA format including means and standard deviations, the effects of the post-hoc test, and the effect size. In some sense ANCOVA is a blending of ANOVA and regression. But looking at the means can give us a head start in interpretation. b)Equality of the Variance-Covariance Matrix across treatment levels of Between Groups Factor- Tells you if the variance/covariance matrices associated with each Between-groups factor is the same. TWO-WAY ANOVA Two-way (or multi-way) ANOVA is an appropriate analysis method for a study with a quantitative outcome and two (or more) categorical explanatory variables. Often, ANOVA results may be reported in a table format as well. Once a student obtains output from SPSS, he or she needs to take the output and format it in APA style when writing a statistical results section. There was a significant effect of Difficile on the level of libido, F(2,12)= 5. SPSS produces a lot of output for the one-way repeated-measures ANOVA test. A monograph on univariate general linear modeling (GLM), including ANOVA and linear regression models. If you are in a University or similar environment perhaps you can find someone taking classes that use SPSS and can go through the menus and generate the code. My post about using Excel to perform t-tests shows how to install the Data Analysis ToolPak. Moderation implied an interaction effect, where introducing a moderating variable changes the direction or magnitude of the relationship between two variables. The factorial ANOVA is part of the SPSS GLM procedures, which are found in the menu Analyze/General Linear Model/Univariate. The "ANOVA" table has a p-value of 0. We might count the incidents of something and compare what our actual data showed with what we would expect. ANOVA Example. SPSS procedure for mixed between-within subjects ANOVA Click on Plots Click on within-group factor (time) and move it into Horizontal Axis box Click on between-group factor (TypCrim) and move it into Separate Lines box Click on Add Continue and OK. Print results. SPSS is short for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, and it’s used by various kinds of researchers for complex statistical data analysis. Hence, researchers obtaining estimates of eta squared from SPSS are at risk of reporting incorrect values. The first row that compares group 1 to each of the remaining groups shows that there is no. The function summary shows the ANOVA table. First, we begin by running the ANOVA for both levels of a. The test is more complex to run than a single ANOVA, and your results can be more ambiguous. The following window will appear: Click Paste and the SPSS Syntax Editor will appear:. 137, means homogeneous. Data Analysis for Marketing Research - Using SPSS Introduction In this part of the class, we will learn various data analysis techniques that can be used in marketing research. sav' Female = 0. ANOVA is a statistical process for analysing the amount of variance that is contributed to a sample by different factors. that's it for this tutorial. Conduct and interpret ANOVA. If it was not true, we would have to convert the independent variables from a string variable to a numerical variable. How to interpret SPSS outputs. t-tests, normality checks should be carried out separately for each group: put the appropriate grouping variable in the Factor List. If the residuals are very skewed, the results of the ANOVA are less reliable. Steps in SPSS (PASW): Data need to be arranged in SPSS in a particular way to perform a two-way ANOVA. For more details on checking normality, see the Checking normality in SPSS resource. When reporting this finding - we would write, for example, F(3, 36) = 6. Select the Average Daily Discharges [discharge] variable in the left box, and then click the transfer arrow button to move it to the Frequency Variable box. GLM: Multiple Predictor Variables We have already seen a GLM with more than one predictor in Chapter 9. Depending on what you want to analyse, you can give desired commands in the SPSS software. Medical Statistics: A Guide to SPSS, Data Analysis and Critical Appraisal PDF Free Download. 1 Compare means - One-way ANOVA. independent variable categories remain constant for the one-way ANOVA as well, SPSS uses the simpler terminology for the one-way test. The ANOVA procedure is one of several procedures available in SAS/STAT software for analysis of variance. A repeated measures ANOVA must meet the assumption of sphericity. View SPSS Series 3 repeated measure ANOVA and MANOVA PDF. These dependent variables should be conceptuallyrelated to the hypothesis and. anova2 performs two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with balanced designs. Introduction ANOVA compares the variance (variability in scores) between different groups with the variability within each of the groups An F ratio is calculated - variance between the groups divided by the variance within the groups Large F ratio = more variability between groups than within each group. For our purposes, a simple frequency does the trick (in the SPSS drop-down menus, navigate to: Analyze>descriptives>frequencies). Here's a sample ANOVA question and its source table:. Vijay Gupta, “Regression Explained in Simple Terms: Interpreting Linear Regression Analysis in SPSS”, Vijay Gupta Publication, 2000 (most of the above notes came from this publication) 2. In SPSS, this is simply done throug. In this lecture, the one-way between subjects ANOVA is covered. The GLM procedure can perform simple or complicated ANOVA for balanced or unbalanced data. , and was later acquired by IBM in 2009. In general, the Shapiro Wilk Normality Test is used for small samples of less than 50 samples, while for large samples above 50 samples it. It can also run the five basic Statistical Tests. The best way to get familiar with these techniques is just to play around with the data and run tests. Two-Way ANOVA Overview & SPSS interpretation 1. The key thing to understand is that, when trying to identify where differences are between groups, there are different ways of adjusting the probability estimates to reflect the fact that multiple comparisons are being made. Hi, I am having a hard time with these questions. Total SST=SSb+SSw N - 1 The above table shows 3 rows relating to different sources of variation and a number of columns containing calculated values related to each source of variance. The results of this procedure will now appear in an SPSS Output Viewer window (Figure 3. The output window is. Key output includes the p-value, graphs of groups, group comparisons, R 2, and residual plots. Pearson correlation (Analyze > Correlate > Bivariate) is used to assess the strength of a linear relationship between two continuous numeric variables. The usual assumptions of Normality, equal variance, and independent errors apply. Lecture Notes #7: Residual Analysis and Multiple Regression 7-7 Dealing with the equality of variance assumption is tricky. 05 which is the case here. In this course, Yash Patel dives into SPSS, focusing on how to run and interpret data for the most common types of quantitative tests. The two basic procedures are PROC ANOVA and PROC GLM, for General Linear Model. My SPSS is very rusty but someone may be able to help with SPSS to SAS code. 52207894 quadr. There are three groups with seven observations per group. Chi-square Test of Independence. After knowing the comparisons, you can now report the results of the assumption tests. Start IBM SPSS Statistics 23, and then open the Chi-hospital. control) and our repeated measure was Initial Flexion vs. p = anova2 (y,reps) returns the p -values for a balanced two-way ANOVA for comparing the means of two or more columns and two or more rows of the observations in y. Click Define. A PDF file contains both formatted text and graphics, so any PDF you output from your SPSS data will look very much like the original data displayed in SPSS Statistics Viewer. Requirements: Model must be balanced, which means that the sample size in each population should be the same. The strengths and limitations of several estimates of effect size used in ANOVA are discussed, as are the impli-. Each value in the data table is transformed by subtracting from it the median of that column, and then taking the absolute value of that difference. Using an $$\alpha$$ of 0. As described in the research question we want to test, the math test score is our dependent variable and the exam result is our independent variable. 05, the null hypothesis is rejected. Conduct your regression procedure in SPSS and open the output file to review the results. Equivalence of ANOVA and Regression 4 Compare this F value to the F from the one-way ANOVA test. , t-test, ANOVA, MANOVA). Repeated measures MANOVA with SPSS. Univariate GLM:. lists the Pearson. It aims to check the degree of relationship between two or more variables. ~~~ Thank you ~~~ [Search Keyword: How to Levene's Statistic Test of Homogeneity of Variance Using SPSS, Step. dev In Summary R2 Statistic Where’s the Difference?. Multicollinearity. A One-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference among the means for the 3 assignments, F (2, 38) = 9. (Note: There are methods of approximating this. For more details on checking normality, see the Checking normality in SPSS resource. → Look at the estimates of sphericity (ε) in the SPSS handout. Two-way ANOVA. 05) and shows that the difference between the course taken is significantly related to mean. One-Way ANOVA Example ANOVA Table ANOVA Days Healing 33. Key output includes the p-value, the group means, R 2, and the residual plots. In order to use it, you must first fill the columns with your data. Note that these tests are identical to the two separate univariate one-way ANOVAs we would have performed if we opted not to do the MANOVA - provided that there are no missing data. You should be able to have easy access to the computer and a data set to analyze. 75, or nothing is known about sphericity at all, then use the Greenhouse‐ Geisser correction. A two way ANOVA essentially does three different hypothesis test. values of the dependent vari - able (self-esteem in this case) with each of the predictors. There was a significant effect of Difficile on the level of libido, F(2,12)= 5. Multicollinearity. When reporting this finding - we would write, for example, F(3, 36) = 6. We will now approach it using Stata. Click "Continue. SPSS – Mean Differences One-Sample z-test One-Sample t-test Independent Samples t-test Paired Samples t-test One-Way ANOVA (Between-Groups) #2 One-way ANOVA (Repeated Measures) Mixed-Design ('Split-Plot') ANOVA Levene's Test Dealing with Unequal Variances/Samples Two-Way ANOVA (Between-Groups). By Hui Bian Office for Faculty Excellence 1 Repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS One-way. It is clear from Table 1 that these six items all relate to difficulty students reported in knowing what to write. On the left side of the dialog box you will see a list of all the dependent variables In the same way move the independent variable in the left side list to. The two-way ANOVA will either test for the main effects of factor A or factor B, namely. An experiment was conducted to assess the effect on yield in a chemical reaction at four temperatures (100°C, 120°C, 140°C and 160°C). Goodness-of-Fit and generalized pooled t tests such as ANOVA. The two-way ANOVA has two factors and one response variables. All of the variables in your dataset appear in the list on the left side. What will this chapter tell me? CD 6. Homogeneity (equality) of. The process of performing a multi-variable ANOVA in SPSS, including the selection of the proper command and the identification of fixed factors, involves the following steps. That is to say, ANOVA tests for the. As described in the research question we want to test, the math test score is our dependent variable and the exam result is our independent variable. Applying the rule above to the data we have here we are going to need to create 2 different coding variables (seeField, 2013, Chapter 3) in the data editor. As you read educational research, you'll encounter t-test and ANOVA statistics frequently. One column. How to write the Results part 1 - Duration: Interpret SPSS output for a paired t-test - Duration: 002 Interpreting and Reporting SPSS Output The Two Way ANOVA - Duration: 6:27. In SPSS, this is simply done throug. For example, if you have questionnaire data which includes reverse-scored questions. Conducting the Analysis in SPSS Similar to mediation, moderation can also be checked and tested using the regular linear regression menu item in Then the results from a regression model are displayed which includes the interaction effect between the independent variable and the moderator. Be sure to include the labels (row 1) and click on "Labels in First Row. The dependent variable (battery life) values need to be in one column, and each factor needs a column containing a code to represent the different levels. " Specify your critical level (see Step 2). Standard deviation divided by square root of N; One-way ANOVA •SPSS output 14 The Levene's test is about the equal variance across the groups. 03”) If p-value on SPSS output says “. In SPSS, the statistical program often used to calculate statistics, output is not provided in APA format. SPSS produces a table listing Levene's test for each level of the repeated-measures variables in the Data Editor, and we need to look for any variable that has a significant value. This webpage will take you through doing this in SPSS. 771 999 a Predictors: (Constant), education, calorie, income, exercise b Dependent Variable: BMI Coefficients(a) Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized. A PDF file contains both formatted text and graphics, so any PDF you output from your SPSS data will look very much like the original data displayed in SPSS Statistics Viewer. The company’s primary businesses are: SPSS (for business analysis, including market research and data mining, academic and government research); SPSS Science for scientiﬁc research; and SPSS Quality for quality improvement. pdf - Free download Thumbnails Document Outline Attachments. 05, we have \(F_{0. For more details on checking normality, see the Checking normality in SPSS resource. The first three tables are not so difficult, but the last one may be challenging. The strengths and limitations of several estimates of effect size used in ANOVA are discussed, as are the impli-. We can use ANOVA to prove/disprove if all the medication treatments were equally effective or not. In this course, Yash Patel dives into SPSS, focusing on how to run and interpret data for the most common types of quantitative tests. A monograph on univariate general linear modeling (GLM), including ANOVA and linear regression models. For example, you may conduct a 2-way analysis (AB) at each level of C. anova The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is used to explore the relationship between a continuous dependent variable, and one or more categorical explanatory variables. In addition, this book and its companion, IBM SPSS for Intermediate Statistics , are useful as guides/reminders to faculty and professionals regarding the specific steps to take to use SPSS and/or how to use and interpret parts of SPSS with which. It was initially derived by R. Data Analysis for Marketing Research - Using SPSS Introduction In this part of the class, we will learn various data analysis techniques that can be used in marketing research. Data entry procedures, variable naming, and step-by-step instructions for all analyses are provided in addition to IBM SPSS point-and. > summary(d. Then in cell C1 give the the heading CUBED HH SIZE. Select the Average Daily Discharges [discharge] variable in the left box, and then click the transfer arrow button to move it to the Frequency Variable box. We can run a much better table with the CTABLES syntax below. How does it work. You should be able to have easy access to the computer and a data set to analyze. I do so using two Interpreting the ANOVA Results Table This video is about Interpretting the ANOVA Results Table. After 24 hours you collect the results and run a One way ANOVA on the following null hypothesis: H o: O R = O Y = O B …where O stands for mean oxygen output (red vs. The mean results for the dependent variable Analytical_Result_g obtained by the 3 different methods differ significantly since the p value denoted by Sig = 0. 05) and shows that the difference between the course taken is significantly related to mean. fit) Interpretation: Makes an ANOVA table of the data set d, analysing if the factor TR has a signi cant e ect on v. Reporting the Results: A mixed-groups factorial ANOVA with follow-ups using the LSD procedure (alpha =. Give specific SPSS commands. We proceed by explaining how to run a One-Way ANOVA using SPSS’s dedicated procedure. For more details on checking normality, see the Checking normality in SPSS resource. Mixed-Model ANOVA Conceptual Background of the Mixed-Model ANOVA Computing the Mixed-Model ANOVA Using SPSS A Closer Look: Testing the Assumptions of the Mixed-Model ANOVA Interpreting the Output of the Mixed-Model ANOVA Plotting the Results of the Mixed-Model ANOVA in SPSS Making the Most of Syntax: Custom Contrast Tests in Mixed-Model ANOVA. The important things to look at in the table are the significance values of the independent variables. DSS Data Consultant. ANOVA methods produce an optimum estimator (minimum variance) for balanced designs, whereas ML and REML yield asymptotically efficient estimators for balanced and unbalanced designs. The strengths and limitations of several estimates of effect size used in ANOVA are discussed, as are the impli-. 25109107 144. Key output includes the p-value, the group means, R 2, and the residual plots.
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Next: Commutators Up: Groups, Mappings, 'Morphisms Previous: Characteristic and Fully Invariant

# Transitivity

Unlike normality, being characteristic or fully invariant subgroups is transitive. If and A is characteristic or fully invariant in B and likewise B is characteristic or fully invariant in Cthen A is characteristic or fully invariant in C. By definition an automorphism of C maps B to itself (in the characteristic case), and is thus in turn an automorphism of B, which by definition maps A to itself. Similarly an endomorphism of C maps a fully invariant B into itself, which is an endomorphism of B, which will map A into itself.

The reason this does not work for normal subgroups is that while a conjugation of C maps a normal B to itself, this mapping of B is only known to be an automorphism of B, not a conjugation of C, and thus A normal in B may not be preserved by the automorphism, and thus not be preserved by the conjugation of C.

For example Z2 is normal in D2 which is normal in D4, but Z2 is not normal in D4.

Damien R. Sullivan
2002-12-22

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# How to prove that $C=\{x: Ax\le 0\}$ has at most one extreme point?

Show that $C=\{x: Ax\le 0\},$ where $A$ is an $m\times n$ matrix, has at most one extreme point, the origin.

I tried to do the proof by contradiction but I don't know how to continue.

Let's suppose $C$ has more than 1 extreme point, i.e. 2 extreme points, let's say $x,y\in C$ are such that

if $x=\lambda x_1+(1-\lambda)x_2,x_1,x_2\in C,\lambda\in(0,1),$ then $x=x_1=x_2$.

Similarly, $y=\lambda y_1+(1-\lambda)y_2,y_1,y_2\in C,\lambda\in(0,1),$ then $y=y_1=y_2$, by definition.

Also we have that $Ax\le0,Ay\le0$ and the same happens for $x_i$ and $y_i$.

What can I do from here?

Take $x\in C$ non zero. We will show that $x$ is not an extreme point.
Since $Ax\leq 0$ it implies that $A(2x)\leq 0$ therefore $2x \in C$. Also $0\in C$.
Now, notice that $$x= \frac{1}{2} \cdot 2x+\frac{1}{2} 0.$$
Hence, $x$ is not an extreme point.


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Question
The laser system tested for inertial confinement can produce a 100-kJ pulse only 1.00 ns in duration. (a) What is the power output of the laser system during the brief pulse? (b) How many photons are in the pulse, given their wavelength is 1.06 μm? (c) What is the total momentum of all these photons? (d) How does the total photon momentum compare with that of a single 1.00 MeV deuterium nucleus?
1. $1.00 \times 10^{14}\textrm{ W}$
2. $5.34 \times 10^{23} \textrm{ photons / pulse}$
3. $3.34 \times 10^{-4}\textrm{ kg} \cdot \textrm{m/s}$
4. The total photon momentum is greater than the momentum of a deuterium nucleus by a factor of $1.02 \times 10^{16}$.
Solution Video


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# How to make a parallel auto-generated .wl package from a .nb notebook

As we know, owing to the set of SetOptions[InputNotebook[], AutoGeneratedPackage -> Automatic], a .m file will be generated automatically by the Mathematica front end.

• But in Mathematica 11 we use .wl file rather than .m file.
• Also, the function AutoGeneratedPackage has not been fully integrated into the long-term Wolfram Language, and is subject to change.

So, it comes a question how to make a parallel auto-generated .wl package from a .nb notebook rather than using AutoGeneratedPackage

• "WL" is not even in the Listing of All Formats. The Package format documentation only talks about .m files. – Karsten 7. Dec 6 '16 at 5:54
• "But in Mathematica 11 we use .wl file rather than .m file." <- This is not true. You can use the .wl extension if you want to. But you can also use .m. I see no disadvantage to using .m, but I do see advantages, e.g. backwards compatibility. All files in the installation directory still use .m. Why would you inconvenience yourself by using hacks like in the answer below just to have .wl? What do you expect to gain? – Szabolcs Dec 6 '16 at 18:48

### UPDATE 2.0

I just discovered this wonderful answer by Mr. Wizard on saving as a package via FrontEndTokenExecute and so this is an even more trivial task now:

simply call

FrontEndTokenExecute[
FrontEndInputNotebook[], "SaveRename", {StringReplace[
NotebookFileName[], ".nb" -> ".wl"], "Package"}]

in your {"MenuCommand","Save"} binding and use PassEventsDown->True. Note that this preserves constructs like "Input" cells and whatnot so Karsten7's idea is the definite winner if you're looking for the direct AutoGeneratedPackage analog. On the other hand, the ability to gather the data from the notebook in a more compressed package format is pretty useful.

### UPDATE

Per Karsten7's comment, it suffices to copy a newly generated .m to a .wl so assuming AutoGeneratePackage is set the code could be as simple as

SetOptions[
EvaluationNotebook[],
NotebookEventActions -> {
(
NotebookSave[];
RenameFile[
StringReplace[NotebookFileName[],".nb"->".m"],
StringReplace[NotebookFileName[],".nb"->".wl"]
]
)
}
]

Note that we really do have to call NotebookSave[] rather than just using PassEventsDown because this event is called before the save event would have been called. This can lead to issues with Save As... but assuming one simply saves the thing normally, it is really this easy.

I'm keeping the original code below as it does give a mechanism to save things other than just IntializationCell and InitializationGroup constructs which is potentially useful.

### ORIGINAL

Using the copy-as-plaintext scheme here one can write a custom save as package function and bind it to the {"MenuCommand","Save"} event and have this do the exporting. The following will do this for all "Code" cells. One could tweak it to work for all cells with InitializationCell set. The real difficulty is getting it to work for InitializationGroup cells, too, but that should really just be a matter of getting all the child cells of InitializationGroup cells.

If all your code is in "Code" cells, though, this should work for you:

getCodeString[cellStyles__] :=
First@
FrontEndExecute[
FrontEndExportPacket[
Cases[
First@
NotebookToolsFlattenCellGroups@
NotebookGet@EvaluationNotebook[],
Cell[_, Alternatives@cellStyles, ___]
], "PlainText"]
];
SetOptions[
EvaluationNotebook[],
NotebookEventActions -> {
With[{
file =
OpenWrite@FileNameJoin@{
NotebookDirectory[],
FileBaseName@NotebookFileName[] <> ".wl"
},
dnu =
DynamicUpdating /.
AbsoluteOptions[EvaluationNotebook[], DynamicUpdating]},
SetOptions[EvaluationNotebook[],
DynamicUpdating -> False
];
WriteString[
file,
getCodeString["Code"]
];
Close@file;
SetOptions[EvaluationNotebook[], DynamicUpdating -> dnu]
]
}
]

Interestingly enough ".wl" seems not to be recognized as an export type in Export.

• Wouldn't renaming the .m file to a .wl file be enough? mathematica.stackexchange.com/q/98981/18476 – Karsten 7. Dec 6 '16 at 5:58
• It doesn't works. NotebookTools is not exist in my environment(Windows 10,Mathematica 11.0) – xiang Dec 6 '16 at 7:26
• @Karsten7 That would certainly be enough, although it still requires a little bit of hackiness, I'll add an update to the answer. I was simply going off the top of my head. – b3m2a1 Dec 6 '16 at 10:10
• @xiang I believe there is no package with that name, but that function ought to exist. I have Mathematica 11.0 as well. The function will appear not to be there but it in fact is. Try running Names@"NotebookTools*" and my guess is that you'll see a long list of functions you didn't know were in Mathematica. – b3m2a1 Dec 6 '16 at 10:13


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# Thread: Differentiability implies continuity question

1. ## Differentiability implies continuity question

Hi,

So I'm trying to fully understand the theorem that suggests if "f" is differentiable at "a", then "f" is continuous at "a".

The issue that i'm facing with this definition is when I'm dealing with function which have holes in them, such as f(x) = (x^2-4)/(x-2) which then simplify's to f(x) = x+2, such that x does not equal 2.

So even though f(x) is differentiable, the function is not continuous given that it has a hole at x = 2. Can someone please let me know whether or not my logic is right about this? This is the only idea that is getting in the way of me understanding the relationship between differentiability and continuity. Really what I'm doing here is disproving the theorem that I stated above (I believe), and I would really appreciate someone to explain why or why not I may be wrong.

Olivia

2. ## Re: Differentiability implies continuity question

The function is not differentiable at $x=2$ either (the function does not exist to be able to take the derivative). The definition of the derivative at $x=2$ is:

$\displaystyle \lim_{x\to 2} \dfrac{f(x)-f(2)}{x-2}$

But $f(2)$ does not exist, so the limit does not exist.

3. ## Re: Differentiability implies continuity question

Got it, thanks!

4. ## Re: Differentiability implies continuity question

Originally Posted by otownsend
if "f" is differentiable at "a", then "f" is continuous at "a".
This question has nagged at me for some. Because I read the rest of the post as well as the reply.

I went to my library to find a textbook that I had written a pre-publication review. I found it is a box that had not looked at for twenty-five years. The text is Foundation of Analysis by Belding & Mitchell.
Their definition of continuity is: a function $f$ is continuous as $x=a$ provided $\large\displaystyle\lim_{h\to 0}f(a+h)=f(a)$. I remember think that is a clever reduction. Then several sections later it was applied brilliantly to your question.

Suppose that the function $f$ is such that $f'(a)$ exists then the function $f$ is continuous at $x=a$.

$\displaystyle \lim_{h\to 0}f(a+h)-f(a)=$
$\displaystyle \lim_{h\to 0}\left(\dfrac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h}\cdot h\right) =$
$\displaystyle \lim_{h\to 0}\left(\dfrac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h}\right)\cdot \lim_{h\to 0} h =f'(a)\cdot 0 =0$

So we have $\displaystyle \lim_{h \to 0}f(a+h)-f(a)=0$ which is the definition of continuity.

5. ## Re: Differentiability implies continuity question

Plato ... tried to fix the Latex ... see if I screwed it up. Sorry.


text:
Courses

# Test: Electric Dipole

## 10 Questions MCQ Test Physics For JEE | Test: Electric Dipole

Description
This mock test of Test: Electric Dipole for JEE helps you for every JEE entrance exam. This contains 10 Multiple Choice Questions for JEE Test: Electric Dipole (mcq) to study with solutions a complete question bank. The solved questions answers in this Test: Electric Dipole quiz give you a good mix of easy questions and tough questions. JEE students definitely take this Test: Electric Dipole exercise for a better result in the exam. You can find other Test: Electric Dipole extra questions, long questions & short questions for JEE on EduRev as well by searching above.
QUESTION: 1

### Which of the following molecule has permanent dipole moment?

Solution:

Ionic behavior implies dipole moment.

HCl is an ionic compound (H+Cl-)
CO2, CH4 and BF3  is a covalent compound

QUESTION: 2

### A dipole is said to be in stable equilibrium when angle between electric field and dipole moment is:

Solution:

Stable equilibrium is attained when potential energy of the dipole system is minimum which is possible at an inclination of 0°.

QUESTION: 3

### What is the angle between the electric dipole moment and the electric field on the equatorial line of the dipole?

Solution:

On equatorial line, the direction of electric field is reversed to that of angle of axial line. Therefore, the angle between dipole moment and electric field is 180°.

QUESTION: 4

An electric dipole is

Solution:

An electric dipole is a separation of positive and negative charges. The simplest example of this is a pair of electric charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign, separated by some (usually small) distance. A permanent electric dipole is called an electret.

QUESTION: 5

How does electric field strength change with distance from a short dipole?

Solution:

Electric Field Intensity due to a short dipole is given by

E = K2P/r^3

where K is the proportionality constant

P is the electric dipole moment

So electric field intensity is inversely proportional to r^3

QUESTION: 6

An electric dipole consists of a positive and negative charge of 4 µC. Each placed at a distance of 5 mm. The dipole moment for the system is

Solution:

q= 4μc = 4 x 10-6c
2l = 5mm = 5 x 10-3m
Dipole moment  P = q.2l
= 4 x 10-6 x 5 x 10-3
= 20 x 10-9
= 2 x 10 x 10-9
= 2 x 10-8 c.m

its direction is toward the positive charge.

QUESTION: 7

Which of the following quantity is a scalar?

Solution:

Electric flux is a scalar quantity. It is a scalar because it is the dot product of two vector quantities, electric field and the perpendicular differential area.

QUESTION: 8

For forming an electric dipole between two point charges separated by a small distance, the two point charges are of

Solution:

By definition of Electric Dipole

QUESTION: 9

Positive and negative point charges of equal magnitude are kept at locations ( 0,0,a/2) and (0,0,-a/2) respectively. The work done by the electric field when another positive point charge is moved from (-a,0,0) to (0,a,0) is

Solution:

+Q charge is moving on equatorial line of dipole as shown in figure, since on equatorial line V=0,
Hence the potential difference is zero. So, W=0

QUESTION: 10

An electric dipole is placed at an angle of 30° with an electric field intensity 2 × 105 N/C. It experiences a torque equal to 4 N m. The charge on the dipole, if the dipole length is 2 cm, is

Solution:

Torque on a dipole kept in external electric field is given by the expression,


text:
location:  Publications → journals → CMB
Abstract view

# Tensor Square of the Minimal Representation of $O(p,q)$

In this paper, we study the tensor product $\pi=\sigma^{\min}\otimes \sigma^{\min}$ of the minimal representation $\sigma^{\min}$ of $O(p,q)$ with itself, and decompose $\pi$ into a direct integral of irreducible representations. The decomposition is given in terms of the Plancherel measure on a certain real hyperbolic space.


text:
# Simulation control¶

## Trajectory¶

class l2l.utils.trajectory.Trajectory(**keyword_args)[source]

Bases: object

The trajectory is a class which holds the history of the parameter space exploration, defines the current parameters to be explored and holds the results from each execution. Based on the pypet trajectory concept: https://github.com/SmokinCaterpillar/pypet

f_add_parameter_group(name, comment='')[source]

Adds a new parameter group :param name: name of the new parameter group :param comment: ignored for the moment. Kept to match pypet interface.

f_add_parameter_to_group(group_name, key, val)[source]

Parameters: group_name – Name of the group where the parameter should be added key – Name of the parameter to be added val – Value of the parameter

Throws an exception if the group does not exist

f_add_result(key, val, comment='')[source]

Adds a result to the trajectory :param key: it identifies either a generation params result group or another result :param val: The value to be added to the results TODO: verify where is the generation_params call performed

f_add_parameter(key, val, comment='')[source]

Adds a parameter to the trajectory :param key: Name of the parameter :param val: Value of the parameter :param comment

f_add_derived_parameter(key, val, comment='')[source]

Adds a derived parameter to the trajectory. Match the previous pypet interface. :param key: Name of the parameter :param val: Value of the parameter :param comment:

f_expand(build_dict, fail_safe=True)[source]

The expand function takes care of adding a new generation and individuals to the trajectory This is a critical function to allow the addition of a new generation, called by the optimizer from the postprocessing function :param build_dict: The dictionary containing the new generation id and its individuals :param fail_safe: Currently ignored

## Individual¶

class l2l.utils.individual.Individual(generation=0, ind_idx=0, params=[])[source]

This class represents individuals in the parameter search. It derives from a Parameter group. The main elements which make an individual are the ID of its generation, its individual ID and the params specific for its run.

## ParamterGroup¶

class l2l.utils.groups.ParameterGroup[source]

Bases: object

This class is a Dictionary which can be used to store parameters. It is used to fit the pypet already existing interface with the trajectory

f_add_parameter(key, val, comment='')[source]

Adds parameter with name key and value val. The comment is ignored for the moment but kept for compatibility with the pypet groups :param key: Name of the parameter :param val: Value of the parameter :param comment: Ignores for the moment