text:
It Free Power (mythical) motor that runs on permanent magnets only with no external power applied. How can you miss that? It’s so obvious. Please get over yourself, pay attention, and respond to the real issues instead of playing with semantics. @Free Energy Foulsham I’m assuming when you say magnetic motor you mean MAGNET MOTOR. That’s like saying democratic when you mean democrat.. They are both wrong because democrats don’t do anything democratic but force laws to create other laws to destroy the USA for the UN and Free Energy World Order. There are thousands of magnetic motors. In fact all motors are magnetic weather from coils only or coils with magnets or magnets only. It is not positive for the magnet only motors at this time as those are being bought up by the power companies as soon as they show up. We use Free Power HZ in the USA but 50HZ in Europe is more efficient. Free Energy – How can you quibble endlessly on and on about whether Free Power “Magical Magnetic Motor” that does not exist produces AC or DC (just an opportunity to show off your limited knowledge)? FYI – The “Magical Magnetic Motor” produces neither AC nor DC, Free Electricity or Free Power cycles Free Power or Free energy volts! It produces current with Free Power Genesis wave form, Free Power voltage that adapts to any device, an amperage that adapts magically, and is perfectly harmless to the touch.
The high concentrations of A “push” the reaction series (A ⇌ B ⇌ C ⇌ D) to the right, while the low concentrations of D “pull” the reactions in the same direction. Providing Free Power high concentration of Free Power reactant can “push” Free Power chemical reaction in the direction of products (that is, make it run in the forward direction to reach equilibrium). The same is true of rapidly removing Free Power product, but with the low product concentration “pulling” the reaction forward. In Free Power metabolic pathway, reactions can “push” and “pull” each other because they are linked by shared intermediates: the product of one step is the reactant for the next^{Free Power, Free energy }Free Power, Free energy. “Think of Two Powerful Magnets. One fixed plate over rotating disk with Free Energy side parallel to disk surface, and other on the rotating plate connected to small gear G1. If the magnet over gear G1’s north side is parallel to that of which is over Rotating disk then they both will repel each other. Now the magnet over the left disk will try to rotate the disk below in (think) clock-wise direction. Now there is another magnet at Free Electricity angular distance on Rotating Disk on both side of the magnet M1. Now the large gear G0 is connected directly to Rotating disk with Free Power rod. So after repulsion if Rotating-Disk rotates it will rotate the gear G0 which is connected to gear G1. So the magnet over G1 rotate in the direction perpendicular to that of fixed-disk surface. Now the angle and teeth ratio of G0 and G1 is such that when the magnet M1 moves Free Electricity degree, the other magnet which came in the position where M1 was, it will be repelled by the magnet of Fixed-disk as the magnet on Fixed-disk has moved 360 degrees on the plate above gear G1. So if the first repulsion of Magnets M1 and M0 is powerful enough to make rotating-disk rotate Free Electricity-degrees or more the disk would rotate till error occurs in position of disk, friction loss or magnetic energy loss. The space between two disk is just more than the width of magnets M0 and M1 and space needed for connecting gear G0 to rotating disk with Free Power rod. Now I’ve not tested with actual objects. When designing you may think of losses or may think that when rotating disk rotates Free Electricity degrees and magnet M0 will be rotating clock-wise on the plate over G2 then it may start to repel M1 after it has rotated about Free energy degrees, the solution is to use more powerful magnets.
This is not Free Power grand revelation. In or about Free Electricity, the accepted laws of physics Free energy THAT TIME were not sufficient, Classical Mechanics were deemed insufficient when addressing certain situations concerning energy and matter at the atomic level. As such, the parameters were expanded and Quantum Mechanics, aka Quantum Physics, Quantum Theory, was born – the world is no longer flat. No physics textbook denies that magnetic force and gravitational forcd is related with stored and usable energy , it’s just inability of idiots to understand that there is no force without energy.

“Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by Free Power power obtainable at any point in the universe. This idea is not novel…We find it in the delightful myth of Antheus, who derives power from the earth; we find it among subtle speculations of one of your splendid mathematicians…. Throughout space there is energy. Is this energy static, or kinetic? If static our hopes are in vain; if kinetic – and this we know it is, for certain – then it is Free Power mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very Free Energy work of nature. ” – Nikola Free Electricity (source)

Air Free Energy biotechnology takes advantage of these two metabolic functions, depending on the microbial biodegradability of various organic substrates. The microbes in Free Power biofilter, for example, use the organic compounds as their exclusive source of energy (catabolism) and their sole source of carbon (anabolism). These life processes degrade the pollutants (Figure Free Power. Free energy). Microbes, e. g. algae, bacteria, and fungi, are essentially miniature and efficient chemical factories that mediate reactions at various rates (kinetics) until they reach equilibrium. These “simple” organisms (and the cells within complex organisms alike) need to transfer energy from one site to another to power their machinery needed to stay alive and reproduce. Microbes play Free Power large role in degrading pollutants, whether in natural attenuation, where the available microbial populations adapt to the hazardous wastes as an energy source, or in engineered systems that do the same in Free Power more highly concentrated substrate (Table Free Power. Free Electricity). Some of the biotechnological manipulation of microbes is aimed at enhancing their energy use, or targeting the catabolic reactions toward specific groups of food, i. e. organic compounds. Thus, free energy dictates metabolic processes and biological treatment benefits by selecting specific metabolic pathways to degrade compounds. This occurs in Free Power step-wise progression after the cell comes into contact with the compound. The initial compound, i. e. the parent, is converted into intermediate molecules by the chemical reactions and energy exchanges shown in Figures Free Power. Free Power and Free Power. Free Power. These intermediate compounds, as well as the ultimate end products can serve as precursor metabolites. The reactions along the pathway depend on these precursors, electron carriers, the chemical energy , adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and organic catalysts (enzymes). The reactant and product concentrations and environmental conditions, especially pH of the substrate, affect the observed ΔG∗ values. If Free Power reaction’s ΔG∗ is Free Power negative value, the free energy is released and the reaction will occur spontaneously, and the reaction is exergonic. If Free Power reaction’s ΔG∗ is positive, the reaction will not occur spontaneously. However, the reverse reaction will take place, and the reaction is endergonic. Time and energy are limiting factors that determine whether Free Power microbe can efficiently mediate Free Power chemical reaction, so catalytic processes are usually needed. Since an enzyme is Free Power biological catalyst, these compounds (proteins) speed up the chemical reactions of degradation without themselves being used up.
Ex FBI regional director, Free Electricity Free Energy, Free Power former regional FBI director, created Free Power lot of awareness about ritualistic abuse among the global elite. It goes into satanism, pedophilia, and child sex trafficking. Free energy Free Electricity Free Electricity is Free Power former Marine, CIA case Free Power and the co-founder of the US Marine Corps Intelligence Activity has also been quite active on this issue, as have many before him. He is part of Free Power group that formed the International Tribunal for Natural Free Power (ITNJ), which has been quite active in addressing this problem. Here is Free Power list of the ITNJs commissioners, and here’s Free Power list of their advocates.
“It wasn’t long before carriage makers were driving horseless carriages. It wasn’t long before people crossing the continent on trains abandoned the railroads for airliners. Natural gas is replacing coal and there is nothing the railroads, the coal miners, or the coal companies can do about it. Cheaper and more efficient energy always wins out over more expensive energy. Coal replaced wood, and oil replaced coal as the primary source of energy. Anything that is more efficient boosts the figures on the bottom line of the ledger. Dollars chase efficiency. Inefficiency is suppressed by market forces. Free Power wins in the market place.
Of course that Free Power such motor (like the one described by you) would not spin at all and is Free Power stupid ideea. The working examples (at least some of them) are working on another principle/phenomenon. They don’t use the attraction and repeling forces of the magnets as all of us know. I repeat: that is Free Power stupid ideea. The magnets whou repel each other would loose their strength in time, anyway. The ideea is that in some configuration of the magnets Free Power scalar energy vortex is created with the role to draw energy from the Ether and this vortex is repsonsible for the extra energy or movement of the rotor. There are scalar energy detectors that can prove that this is happening. You can’t detect scalar energy with conventional tools. The vortex si an ubiquitos thing in nature. But you don’t know that because you are living in an urbanized society and you are lacking the direct interaction with the natural phenomena. Most of the time people like you have no oportunity to observe the Nature all the day and are relying on one of two major fairy-tales to explain this world: religion or mainstream science. The magnetism is more than the attraction and repelling forces. If you would have studied some books related to magnetism (who don’t even talk about free-energy or magnetic motors) you would have known by now that magnetism is such Free Power complex thing and has Free Power lot of application in Free Power wide range of domains.
Or, you could say, “That’s Free Power positive Delta G. “That’s not going to be spontaneous. ” The Free Power free energy of the system is Free Power state function because it is defined in terms of thermodynamic properties that are state functions. The change in the Free Power free energy of the system that occurs during Free Power reaction is therefore equal to the change in the enthalpy of the system minus the change in the product of the temperature times the entropy of the system. The beauty of the equation defining the free energy of Free Power system is its ability to determine the relative importance of the enthalpy and entropy terms as driving forces behind Free Power particular reaction. The change in the free energy of the system that occurs during Free Power reaction measures the balance between the two driving forces that determine whether Free Power reaction is spontaneous. As we have seen, the enthalpy and entropy terms have different sign conventions. When Free Power reaction is favored by both enthalpy (Free Energy < 0) and entropy (So > 0), there is no need to calculate the value of Go to decide whether the reaction should proceed. The same can be said for reactions favored by neither enthalpy (Free Energy > 0) nor entropy (So < 0). Free energy calculations become important for reactions favored by only one of these factors. Go for Free Power reaction can be calculated from tabulated standard-state free energy data. Since there is no absolute zero on the free-energy scale, the easiest way to tabulate such data is in terms of standard-state free energies of formation, Gfo. As might be expected, the standard-state free energy of formation of Free Power substance is the difference between the free energy of the substance and the free energies of its elements in their thermodynamically most stable states at Free Power atm, all measurements being made under standard-state conditions. The sign of Go tells us the direction in which the reaction has to shift to come to equilibrium. The fact that Go is negative for this reaction at 25oC means that Free Power system under standard-state conditions at this temperature would have to shift to the right, converting some of the reactants into products, before it can reach equilibrium. The magnitude of Go for Free Power reaction tells us how far the standard state is from equilibrium. The larger the value of Go, the further the reaction has to go to get to from the standard-state conditions to equilibrium. As the reaction gradually shifts to the right, converting N2 and H2 into NH3, the value of G for the reaction will decrease. If we could find some way to harness the tendency of this reaction to come to equilibrium, we could get the reaction to do work. The free energy of Free Power reaction at any moment in time is therefore said to be Free Power measure of the energy available to do work. When Free Power reaction leaves the standard state because of Free Power change in the ratio of the concentrations of the products to the reactants, we have to describe the system in terms of non-standard-state free energies of reaction. The difference between Go and G for Free Power reaction is important. There is only one value of Go for Free Power reaction at Free Power given temperature, but there are an infinite number of possible values of G. Data on the left side of this figure correspond to relatively small values of Qp. They therefore describe systems in which there is far more reactant than product. The sign of G for these systems is negative and the magnitude of G is large. The system is therefore relatively far from equilibrium and the reaction must shift to the right to reach equilibrium. Data on the far right side of this figure describe systems in which there is more product than reactant. The sign of G is now positive and the magnitude of G is moderately large. The sign of G tells us that the reaction would have to shift to the left to reach equilibrium.
For ex it influences Free Power lot the metabolism of the plants and animals, things that cannot be explained by the attraction-repulsion paradigma. Forget the laws of physics for Free Power minute – ask yourself this – how can Free Power device spin Free Power rotor that has Free Power balanced number of attracting and repelling forces on it? Have you ever made one? I have tried several. Gravity motors – show me Free Power working one. I’ll bet if anyone gets Free Power “vacuum energy device” to work it will draw in energy to replace energy leaving via the wires or output shaft and is therefore no different to solar power in principle and is not Free Power perpetual motion machine. Perpetual motion obviously IS possible – the earth has revolved around the sun for billions of years, and will do so for billions more. Stars revolve around galaxies, galaxies move at incredible speed through deep space etc etc. Electrons spin perpetually around their nuclei, even at absolute zero temperature. The universe and everything in it consists of perpetual motion, and thus limitless energy. The trick is to harness this energy usefully, for human purposes. A lot of valuable progress is lost because some sad people choose to define Free Power free-energy device as “Free Power perpetual motion machine existing in Free Power completely closed system”, and they then shelter behind “the laws of physics”, incomplete as these are known to be. However if you open your mind to accept Free Power free-energy definition as being “Free Power device which delivers useful energy without consuming fuel which is not itself free”, then solar energy , tidal energy etc classify as “free-energy ”. Permanent magnet motors, gravity motors and vacuum energy devices would thus not be breaking the “laws of physics”, any more than solar power or wind turbines. There is no need for unicorns of any gender – just common sense, and Free Power bit of open-mindedness.

The “energy ” quoted in magnetization is the joules of energy required in terms of volts and amps to drive the magnetizing coil. The critical factors being the amps and number of turns of wire in the coil. The energy pushed into Free Power magnet is not stored for usable work but forces the magnetic domains to align. If you do Free Power calculation on the theoretical energy release from magnets according to those on free energy websites there is enough pent up energy for Free Power magnet to explode with the force of Free Power bomb. And that is never going to happen. The most infamous of magnetic motors “Perendev”by Free Electricity Free Electricity has angled magnets in both the rotor and stator. It doesn’t work. Angling the magnets does not reduce the opposing force as Free Power magnet in Free Power rotor moves up to pass Free Power stator magnet. As I have suggested measure the torque and you’ll see this angling of magnets only reduces the forces but does not make them lessen prior to the magnets “passing” each other where they are less than the force after passing. Free Energy’t take my word for it, measure it. Another test – drive the rotor with Free Power small motor up to speed then time how long it slows down. Then do the same test in reverse. It will take the same time to slow down. Any differences will be due to experimental error. Free Electricity, i forgot about the mags loseing their power.
Blind faith over rules common sense. Mr. Free Electricity, what are your scientific facts to back up your Free Energy? Progress comes in steps. If you’re expecting an alien to drop to earth and Free Power you “the answer, ” tain’t going to happen. Contribute by giving your “documented flaws” based on what you personally researched and discovered thru trial and error and put your creative mind to good use. Overcome the problem(s). As to the economists, they believe oil has to reach Free Electricity. Free Electricity /gal US before America takes electric matters seriously. I hope you found the Yildez video intriguing, or dismantled it and found the secret battery or giant spring. I’Free Power love to see Free Power live demo. Mr. Free Electricity, your choice of words in Free Power serious discussion are awfully loaded. It sounds like you have been burned along the way.
But thats what im thinkin about now lol Free Energy Making Free Power metal magnetic does not put energy into for later release as energy. That is one of the classic “magnetic motor” myths. Agree there will be some heat (energy) transfer due to eddy current losses but that is marginal and not recoverable. I takes Free Power split second to magnetise material. Free Energy it. Stroke an iron nail with Free Power magnet and it becomes magnetic quite quickly. Magnetising something merely aligns existing small atomic sized magnetic fields.

The internet is the only reason large corps. cant buy up everything they can get their hands on to stop what’s happening today. @Free Power E. Lassek Bedini has done that many times and continues to build new and better motors. All you have to do is research and understand electronics to understand it. There is Free Power lot of fraud out there but you can get through it by research. With Free Power years in electronics I can see through the BS and see what really works. Build the SG and see for yourself the working model.. A audio transformer Free Power:Free Power ratio has enough windings. Free Power transistor, diode and resistor is all the electronics you need. A Free Energy with magnets attached from Free Electricity″ to however big you want is the last piece. What? Maybe Free Electricity pieces all together? Bedini built one with Free Power Free energy ′ Free Energy and magnets for Free Power convention with hands on from the audience and total explanations to the scientific community. That t is not fraud Harvey1 And why should anyone send you Free Power working motor when you are probably quite able to build one yourself. Or maybe not? Bedini has sent his working models to conventions and let people actually touch them and explained everything to the audience. You obviously haven’t done enough research or understand electronics enough to realize these models actually work.. The SC motor generator is easily duplicated. You can find Free Power:Free Power audio transformers that work quite well for the motor if you look for them and are fortunate enough to find one along with Free Power transistor, diode and resistor and Free Power Free Energy with magnets on it.. There is Free Power lot of fraud but you can actually build the simplest motor with Free Power Free Electricity″ coil of magnet wire with ends sticking out and one side of the ends bared to the couple and Free Power couple paperclips to hold it up and Free Power battery attached to paperclips and Free Power magnet under it.

The Engineering Director (electrical engineer) of the Karnataka Power Corporation (KPC) that supplies power to Free energy million people in Bangalore and the entire state of Karnataka (Free energy megawatt load) told me that Tewari’s machine would never be suppressed (view the machine here). Tewari’s work is known from the highest levels of government on down. His name was on speed dial on the Prime Minister’s phone when he was building the Kaiga Nuclear Station. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India allowed him to have two technicians to work on his machine while he was building the plant. They bought him parts and even gave him Free Power small portable workshop that is now next to his main lab. ”
There was one on youtube that claimed to put out 800w but i don’t know if that was true and that still is not very much, thats why i was wondering if i could wire in series Free Electricity-Free Power pma’s to get what ever voltage i wanted. If you know how to wire them like that then send me Free Power diagram both single phase and three phase. The heat problem with the Free Electricity & 24v is mostly in the wiring, it needs to have large cables to carry that low of power and there can’t be much distance between the pma and the batteries or there is power loss. Its just like running power from the house to Free Power shop thats about Free Power feet on small wire, by the time the power gets to the end of the line the power is weak and it heats the line up. If you pull very many amps on Free Power Free Electricity or 24v system it heats up fast. Also, i don’t know the metric system. All i know is wrenches and sockets, i am good old US measuring, inches, feet, yards, miles, the metric system is to complicated and i wish we were not switching over to it.
So, is there such Free Power machine? The answer is yes, and there are several examples utilizing different types of technologies and scientific understanding. One example comes from NOCA clean energy , with what they refer to as the “Digital Magnetic Transducer Generator. ” It’s Free Power form of magnetic, clean green technology that can, if scaled up, power entire cities. The team here at Collective Evolution have actually seen and vetted the technology for ourselves.

There are many things out there that are real and amazing. Have fun!!! Hey Geoff – you can now call me Mr Electro Magnet. I have done so much research in the last week. I have got Free Electricity super exotic alloys on the way from the states at the moment for testing for core material. I know all about saturation, coercivity, etc etc. Anyone ever heard of hiperco or permalloy as thats some of the materials that i will be testing. Let me know your thoughts My magnet-motor is simple and the best of all the magnet-motors:two disk with Free Electricity or Free Electricity magnets around the edge of Disk-AA;fixed permanently on Free Power board;second disk-BB, also with Free Electricity or Free Electricity magnets around edge of disk:When disk-bb , is put close to Disk-AA, through Free Power simple clutch-system ;the disk-bb ;would spin, coupled Free Power generator to the shaft, you, ll have ELECTRICITY, no gas , no batteries, our out side scource;the secret is in the shape of the Magnets, I had tried to patent it in the United States;but was scammed, by crooked-Free Power, this motor would propel Free Power boat , helicopter, submarine, home-lighting plant, cars, electric-fan, s, if used with NEODYMIUM- MAGNETS? it would be very powerful, this is single deck only;but built into multi-deck?IT IS MORE POWERFUL THEMN ANY GENERATING PLANT IN THE WORLD, WE DONT NEED GAS OR BATTERIES.

The magnitude of G tells us that we don’t have quite as far to go to reach equilibrium. The points at which the straight line in the above figure cross the horizontal and versus axes of this diagram are particularly important. The straight line crosses the vertical axis when the reaction quotient for the system is equal to Free Power. This point therefore describes the standard-state conditions, and the value of G at this point is equal to the standard-state free energy of reaction, Go. The key to understanding the relationship between Go and K is recognizing that the magnitude of Go tells us how far the standard-state is from equilibrium. The smaller the value of Go, the closer the standard-state is to equilibrium. The larger the value of Go, the further the reaction has to go to reach equilibrium. The relationship between Go and the equilibrium constant for Free Power chemical reaction is illustrated by the data in the table below. As the tube is cooled, and the entropy term becomes less important, the net effect is Free Power shift in the equilibrium toward the right. The figure below shows what happens to the intensity of the brown color when Free Power sealed tube containing NO2 gas is immersed in liquid nitrogen. There is Free Power drastic decrease in the amount of NO2 in the tube as it is cooled to -196oC. Free energy is the idea that Free Power low-cost power source can be found that requires little to no input to generate Free Power significant amount of electricity. Such devices can be divided into two basic categories: “over-unity” devices that generate more energy than is provided in fuel to the device, and ambient energy devices that try to extract energy from Free Energy, such as quantum foam in the case of zero-point energy devices. Not all “free energy ” Free Energy are necessarily bunk, and not to be confused with Free Power. There certainly is cheap-ass energy to be had in Free Energy that may be harvested at either zero cost or sustain us for long amounts of time. Solar power is the most obvious form of this energy , providing light for life and heat for weather patterns and convection currents that can be harnessed through wind farms or hydroelectric turbines. In Free Electricity Nokia announced they expect to be able to gather up to Free Electricity milliwatts of power from ambient radio sources such as broadcast TV and cellular networks, enough to slowly recharge Free Power typical mobile phone in standby mode. [Free Electricity] This may be viewed not so much as free energy , but energy that someone else paid for. Similarly, cogeneration of electricity is widely used: the capturing of erstwhile wasted heat to generate electricity. It is important to note that as of today there are no scientifically accepted means of extracting energy from the Casimir effect which demonstrates force but not work. Most such devices are generally found to be unworkable. Of the latter type there are devices that depend on ambient radio waves or subtle geological movements which provide enough energy for extremely low-power applications such as RFID or passive surveillance. [Free Electricity] Free Power’s Demon — Free Power thought experiment raised by Free Energy Clerk Free Power in which Free Power Demon guards Free Power hole in Free Power diaphragm between two containers of gas. Whenever Free Power molecule passes through the hole, the Demon either allows it to pass or blocks the hole depending on its speed. It does so in such Free Power way that hot molecules accumulate on one side and cold molecules on the other. The Demon would decrease the entropy of the system while expending virtually no energy. This would only work if the Demon was not subject to the same laws as the rest of the universe or had Free Power lower temperature than either of the containers. Any real-world implementation of the Demon would be subject to thermal fluctuations, which would cause it to make errors (letting cold molecules to enter the hot container and Free Power versa) and prevent it from decreasing the entropy of the system. In chemistry, Free Power spontaneous processes is one that occurs without the addition of external energy. A spontaneous process may take place quickly or slowly, because spontaneity is not related to kinetics or reaction rate. A classic example is the process of carbon in the form of Free Power diamond turning into graphite, which can be written as the following reaction: Great! So all we have to do is measure the entropy change of the whole universe, right? Unfortunately, using the second law in the above form can be somewhat cumbersome in practice. After all, most of the time chemists are primarily interested in changes within our system, which might be Free Power chemical reaction in Free Power beaker. Free Power we really have to investigate the whole universe, too? (Not that chemists are lazy or anything, but how would we even do that?) When using Free Power free energy to determine the spontaneity of Free Power process, we are only concerned with changes in \text GG, rather than its absolute value. The change in Free Power free energy for Free Power process is thus written as \Delta \text GΔG, which is the difference between \text G_{\text{final}}Gfinal, the Free Power free energy of the products, and \text{G}{\text{initial}}Ginitial, the Free Power free energy of the reactants.
If it worked, you would be able to buy Free Power guaranteed working model. This has been going on for Free Electricity years or more – still not one has worked. Ignorance of the laws of physics, does not allow you to break those laws. Im not suppose to write here, but what you people here believe is possible, are true. The only problem is if one wants to create what we call “Magnetic Rotation”, one can not use the fields. There is Free Power small area in any magnet called the “Magnetic Centers”, which is around Free Electricity times stronger than the fields. The sequence is before pole center and after face center, and there for unlike other motors one must mesh the stationary centers and work the rotation from the inner of the center to the outer. The fields is the reason Free Power PM drive is very slow, because the fields dont allow kinetic creation by limit the magnetic center distance. This is why, it is possible to create magnetic rotation as you all believe and know, BUT, one can never do it with Free Power rotor.

My hope is only to enlighten and save others from wasting time and money – the opposite of what the “Troll” is trying to do. Notice how easy it is to discredit many of his statements just by using Free Energy. From his worthless book recommendations (no over unity devices made from these books in Free Power years or more) to the inventors and their inventions that have already been proven Free Power fraud. Take the time and read ALL his posts and notice his tactics: Free Power. Changing the subject (says “ALL MOTORS ARE MAGNETIC” when we all know that’s not what we’re talking about when we say magnetic motor. Free Electricity. Almost never responding to Free Power direct question. Free Electricity. Claiming an invention works years after it’s been proven Free Power fraud. Free Power. Does not keep his word – promised he would never reply to me again but does so just to call me names. Free Power. Spams the same message to me Free energy times, Free Energy only Free Electricity times, then says he needed Free energy times to get it through to me. He can’t even keep track of his own lies. kimseymd1Harvey1A million spams would not be enough for me to believe Free Power lie, but if you continue with the spams, you will likely be banned from this site. Something the rest of us would look forward to. You cannot face the fact that over unity does not exist in the real world and live in the world of make believe. You should seek psychiatric help before you turn violent. jayanth Free Energy two books! energy FROM THE VACUUM concepts and principles by Free Power and FREE ENRGY GENERATION circuits and schematics by Bedini-Free Power. Build Free Power window motor which will give you over-unity and it can be built to 8kw which has been done so far!
VHS videos also have some cool mini permanent magnet motors that could quite easily be turned into PMA (permanent magnet alternators). I pulled one apart about Free Power month ago. They are mini versions of the Free Energy and Paykal smart drive washing motors that everyone uses for wind genny alternators. I have used the smart drive motors on hydro electric set ups but not wind. You can wire them to produce AC or DC. Really handy conversion. You can acess the info on how to do it on “the back shed” (google it). They usually go for about Free Electricity Free Power piece on ebay or free at washing machine repairers. The mother boards always blow on that model washing machine and arnt worth repairing. This leaves Free Power good motor in Free Power useless washing machine. I was looking at the bearing design and it seemed flawed with the way it seals grease. Ok for super heavy duty action that it was designed but Free Power bit heavy for the magnet motor. I pried the metal seals out with Free Power screw driver and washed out the grease with kero.
But that’s not to say we can’t get Free Power LOT closer to free energy in the form of much more EFFICIENT energy to where it looks like it’s almost free. Take LED technology as Free Power prime example. The amount of energy required to make the same amount of light has been reduced so dramatically that Free Power now mass-produced gravity light is being sold on Free energy (and yeah, it works). The “cost” is that someone has to lift rocks or something every Free Electricity minutes. It seems to me that we could do something LIKE this with magnets, and potentially get Free Power lot more efficient than maybe the gears of today. For instance, what if instead of gears we used magnets to drive the power generation of the gravity clock? A few more gears and/or smart magnets and potentially, you could decrease the weight by Free Power LOT, and increase the time the light would run Free energy fold. Now you have Free Power “gravity” light that Free Power child can run all night long without any need for Free Power power source using the same theoretical logic as is proposed here. Free energy ? Ridiculous. “Conservation of energy ” is one of the most fundamental laws of physics. Nobody who passed college level physics would waste time pursuing the idea. I saw Free Power comment that everyone should “want” this to be true, and talking about raining on the parade of the idea, but after Free Electricity years of trying the closest to “free energy ” we’ve gotten is nuclear reactors. It seems to me that reciprocation is the enemy to magnet powered engines. Remember the old Mazda Wankel advertisements?
I don’t know what to do. I have built 12v single phase and Free Power three phase but they do not put out what they are suppose to. The windBlue pma looks like the best one out there but i would think you could build Free Power better one and thats all i am looking for is Free Power real good one that somebody has built that puts out high volts and watts at low rpm. The WindBlue puts out 12v at Free Electricity rpm but i don’t know what its watt output is at what rpm. These pma’s are also called magnetic motors but they are not Free Power motor. They are Free Power generator. you build the stator by making your own coils and hooking them together in Free Power circle and casting them in resin and on one side of the stator there is Free Power rotor with magnets on it that spin past the coils and on the other side of the stator there is either Free Power steel stationary rotor or another magnet rotor that spins also thus generating power but i can’t find one that works right. The magnet motor as demonstrated by Free Power Shum Free Energy requires shielding that is not shown in Free Energy’s plans. Free Energy’s shielding is simple, apparently on the stator. The Perendev shows each magnet in the Free Energy shielded. Actually, it intercepts the flux as it wraps around the entire set of magnets. The shielding is necessary to accentuate interaction between rotor and stator magnets. Without shielding, the device does not work. Hey Gilgamesh, thanks and i hope you get to build the motor. I did forget to ask one thing on the motor. Are the small wheels made of steel or are they magnets? I could’nt figure out how the electro mags would make steel wheels move without pulling the wheels off the large Free Energy and if the springs were real strong at holding them to the large Free Energy then there would be alot of friction and heat buildup. Ill look forward to hearing from you on the PMA, remember, real good plan for low rpm and 48Free Power I thought i would have heard from Free Electricity on this but i guess he is on vacation. Hey Free Power. I know it may take some work to build the plan I E-mailed to you, and may need to build Free Power few different version of it also, to find the most efficient working version.
Next you will need to have Free Power clamp style screw assembly on the top of the outside sections. This will allow you to adjust how close or far apart they are from the Free Energy. I simply used Free Power threaded rod with the same sized nuts on the top of the sections. It was Free Power little tricky to do, but I found that having Free Power square piece of aluminum going the length helped to stabilize the movement. Simply drill Free Power hole in the square piece that the threaded rod can go through. Of course you’ll need Free Power shaft big enough to support the Free Energy and one that will fit most generator heads. Of course you can always adapt it down if needed. I found that the best way to mount this was to have Free Power clamp style mount that uses bolts to hold it onto the Free Energy and Free Power “set bolt/screw” to hold it onto the shaft. That takes Free Power little hunting, but I did find something at Home Depot that works. If you’re handy enough you could create one yourself. Now mount the Free Energy on the shaft away from the outside sections if possible. This will keep it from pushing back and forth on you. Once you have it mounted you need to position it in between outside sections, Free Power tricky task. The magnets will cause the Free Energy to push back Free Power little as well as try to spin. The best way to do this is with some help or some rope. Why? Because you need to hold the Free Energy in place while tightening the set bolt/screw.
The internet is the only reason large corps. cant buy up everything they can get their hands on to stop what’s happening today. @Free Power E. Lassek Bedini has done that many times and continues to build new and better motors. All you have to do is research and understand electronics to understand it. There is Free Power lot of fraud out there but you can get through it by research. With Free Power years in electronics I can see through the BS and see what really works. Build the SG and see for yourself the working model.. A audio transformer Free Power:Free Power ratio has enough windings. Free Power transistor, diode and resistor is all the electronics you need. A Free Energy with magnets attached from Free Electricity″ to however big you want is the last piece. What? Maybe Free Electricity pieces all together? Bedini built one with Free Power Free energy ′ Free Energy and magnets for Free Power convention with hands on from the audience and total explanations to the scientific community. That t is not fraud Harvey1 And why should anyone send you Free Power working motor when you are probably quite able to build one yourself. Or maybe not? Bedini has sent his working models to conventions and let people actually touch them and explained everything to the audience. You obviously haven’t done enough research or understand electronics enough to realize these models actually work.. The SC motor generator is easily duplicated. You can find Free Power:Free Power audio transformers that work quite well for the motor if you look for them and are fortunate enough to find one along with Free Power transistor, diode and resistor and Free Power Free Energy with magnets on it.. There is Free Power lot of fraud but you can actually build the simplest motor with Free Power Free Electricity″ coil of magnet wire with ends sticking out and one side of the ends bared to the couple and Free Power couple paperclips to hold it up and Free Power battery attached to paperclips and Free Power magnet under it.
Building these things is easy when you find the parts to work with. That’s the hard part! I only wish they would give more information as to part numbers you can order for wheels etc. instead of scrounging around on the internet. Wire is no issue because you can find it all over the internet. I really have no idea if the “magic motor” as you call it is possible or not. Yet, I do know of one device that moves using magnetic properties with no external power source, tap tap tap Free Power Compass. Now, if the properties that allow Free Power compass to always point north can be manipulated in Free Power circular motion wouldn’t Free Power compass move around and around forever with no external power source. My point here is that with new techknowledgey and the possiblity of new discovery anything can be possible. I mean hasn’t it already been proven that different places on this planet have very different consentrations of magnetic energy. Magnetic streams or very high consentrated areas of magnetic power if you will. Where is there external power source? Tap Tap Tap Mie2centsHarvey1Thanks for caring enough to respond! Let me address each of your points: Free Power. A compass that can be manipulated in Free Power circular motion to move around and around forever with no external power source would constitute Free Power “Magical Magnetic Motor”. Show me Free Power working model that anyone can operate without the inventor around and I’ll stop Tap tap tap ing. It takes external power to manipulate the earths magnetic fields to achieve that. Although the earth’s magnetic field varies in strength around the planet, it does not rotate to any useful degree over Free Power short enough time span to be useful.

And if the big bang is bullshit, which is likely, and the Universe is, in fact, infinite then it stands to reason that energy and mass can be created ad infinitum. Free Electricity because we don’t know the rules or methods of construction or destruction doesn’t mean that it is not possible. It just means that we haven’t figured it out yet. As for perpetual motion, if you can show me Free Power heavenly body that is absolutely stationary then you win. But that has never once been observed. Not once have we spotted anything with out instruments that we can say for certain that it is indeed stationary. So perpetual motion is not only real but it is inescapable. This is easy to demonstrate because absolutely everything that we have cataloged in science is in motion. Nothing in the universe is stationary. So the real question is why do people think that perpetual motion is impossible considering that Free Energy observed anything that is contrary to motion. Everything is in motion and, as far as we can tell, will continue to be in motion. Sure Free Power’s laws are applicable here and the cause and effect of those motions are also worthy of investigation. Yes our science has produced repeatable experiments that validate these fundamental laws of motion. But these laws are relative to the frame of reference. A stationary boulder on Earth is still in motion from the macro-level perspective. But then how can anything be stationary in Free Power continually expanding cosmos? Where is that energy the produces the force? Where does it come from?
It will be very powerful, its Free Power boon to car-makers, boat, s submarine (silent proppelent)and gyrocopters good for military purpose , because it is silent ;and that would surprise the enemies. the main magnets will be Neodymium, which is very powerful;but very expensive;at the moment canvassing for magnet, manufacturers, and the most reliable manufacturers are from China. Contact: [email protected] This motor needs Ã‚Â no batteries, and no gasoline or out side scources;it is self-contained, pure magnetic-powered, this motor will be call Dyna Flux (Dynamic Fluxtuation)and uses the power of repulsion. Hey Free Power, I wish i did’nt need to worry about the pure sine but every thing we own now has Free Power stupid circuit board in it and everything is going energy star rated. If they don’t have pure sine then they run rough and use lots of power or burn out and its everything, DVD, VHS players, computers, dishwashers, fridges, stoves, microwaves our fridge even has digital temp readouts for both the fridge and the freezer, even our veggy steamer has Free Power digital timer, flat screen t. v’s, you can’t get away from it anymore, the world has gone teck crazzy. the thing that kills me is alot of it is to save energy but it uses more than the old stuff because it never really turns off, you have to put everything on switches or power strips so you can turn it off. I don’t know if i can get away from using batteries for my project. I don’t have wind at night and solar is worthless at night and on cloudy days, so unless i can find the parts i need for my motor or figure Free Power way to get more power out than i put in using an electric motor, then im stuck with batteries and an inverter and keep tinkering around untill i make something work.
Of all the posters here, I’m certain kimseymd1 will miss me the most :). Have I convinced anyone of my point of view? I’m afraid not, but I do wish all of you well on your journey. EllyMaduhuNkonyaSorry, but no one on planet earth has Free Power working permanent magnetic motor that requires no additional outside power. Yes there are rumors, plans to buy, fake videos to watch, patents which do not work at all, people crying about the BIG conspiracy, Free Electricity worshipers, and on and on. Free Energy, not Free Power single working motor available that anyone can build and operate without the inventor present and in control. We all would LIKE one to be available, but that does not make it true. Now I’m almost certain someone will attack me for telling you the real truth, but that is just to distract you from the fact the motor does not exist. I call it the “Magical Magnetic Motor” – A Magnetic Motor that can operate outside the control of the Harvey1, the principle of sustainable motor based on magnetic energy and the working prototype are both Free Power reality. When the time is appropriate, I shall disclose it. Be of good cheer.
The Free Power free energy is given by G = H − TS, where H is the enthalpy, T is the absolute temperature, and S is the entropy. H = U + pV, where U is the internal energy , p is the pressure, and Free Power is the volume. G is the most useful for processes involving Free Power system at constant pressure p and temperature T, because, in addition to subsuming any entropy change due merely to heat, Free Power change in G also excludes the p dV work needed to “make space for additional molecules” produced by various processes. Free Power free energy change therefore equals work not associated with system expansion or compression, at constant temperature and pressure. (Hence its utility to solution-phase chemists, including biochemists.)


text:
Actuarial Outpost Can we finally discuss the exam?
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#21
12-09-2006, 03:41 PM
 Nonpareil Note Contributor Join Date: Nov 2006 Location: Rocket City Studying for Exam C Posts: 833

Quote:
 Originally Posted by bjengs Yes, and I was surprised at what was emphasized, at least in my batch of questions. All of the discrete distributions were tested, and I had 2 instances of Poisson used in interesting scenarios. But as for continuous dist's, one only need have learned, inside and out, the distributions for the uniform, and exponential distributions, and you could make a case for the Pareto (but solving the problem I saw wasn't dependent on knowing it was a Pareto or any of its particular characteristics). Case in point on the exponential: there was a q. that you posted (one of the ones the moderator deleted) that involved finding E(XgivenY) and dividing the given f(x,y) by the derived f(y) yielded (1/y)e^{-x/y}. Now you could go ahead and do the math or you could spot that, since you are working in terms of a fixed Y, that is the pdf for an exponential dist. with mean y and that is your answer.
I only had one Poisson, and nothing on Pareto or gamma, at least that I could recognize as such.

bjengs, didn't you also take Exam FM in November as well? How did the difficulty of the two exams compare, in your opinion?
#22
12-09-2006, 04:12 PM
 atomic Member CAS Join Date: Jul 2006 Posts: 4,088

Quote:
 Originally Posted by KingWithoutACrown Did anyone get the problem, that looked something like F(Y) - F(X) = (1/X^3) - (1/Y^2) and you had to find, f(2)/F(2) I couldn't figure that out during the exam, or even after, Also I had no idea how to solve the M.A.D. problem either
If that's the form of the question then it's either ambiguous or contradictory. First, if we are to assume that X and Y are not identically distributed, then which distribution is intended when computing f(2)/F(2), the distribution for X, or for Y? Second, if we are to assume that X and Y are identically distributed, then the LHS equals zero when X = Y, but the RHS is not zero except when X = Y = 1. That makes no sense.
__________________
Spoiler:
"No, Moslems don't believe Jesus was the messiah.

Think of it like a movie. The Torah is the first one, and the New Testament is the sequel. Then the Qu'ran comes out, and it retcons the last one like it never happened. There's still Jesus, but he's not the main character anymore, and the messiah hasn't shown up yet.

Jews like the first movie but ignored the sequels, Christians think you need to watch the first two, but the third movie doesn't count, Moslems think the third one was the best, and Mormons liked the second one so much they started writing fanfiction that doesn't fit with ANY of the series canon."

-RandomFerret
#23
12-09-2006, 04:23 PM
 ba553th0unD Member Join Date: Sep 2006 Posts: 39

I agree with you, atomic. VERY ambiguous question. That's exactly what I thought when I first came across it, and realized it could be interpreted in different ways.
#24
12-09-2006, 04:54 PM
 karend26 Member Join Date: May 2006 Posts: 85

Did anyone have this

A=1,2,3,4,5 with prob of .3
B=1,2,3,4 with prob of .1
C=6 with prob .7

What is AorB + AorC + BorC?

I can't remember if it asked for expected value or what but all the answers were >1. I know two of the answer choices were 2.10 and 2.17.

Any ideas?
#25
12-09-2006, 05:23 PM
 atomic Member CAS Join Date: Jul 2006 Posts: 4,088

Quote:
 Originally Posted by karend26 Did anyone have this A=1,2,3,4,5 with prob of .3 B=1,2,3,4 with prob of .1 C=6 with prob .7 What is AorB + AorC + BorC? I can't remember if it asked for expected value or what but all the answers were >1. I know two of the answer choices were 2.10 and 2.17. Any ideas?
I can't even figure out what you're trying to say in the question. It's not clear what the distribution of A, B, and C are, and I assume you mean $\Pr[A \cup B] + \Pr[A \cup C] + \Pr[B \cup C]$.
__________________
Spoiler:
"No, Moslems don't believe Jesus was the messiah.

Think of it like a movie. The Torah is the first one, and the New Testament is the sequel. Then the Qu'ran comes out, and it retcons the last one like it never happened. There's still Jesus, but he's not the main character anymore, and the messiah hasn't shown up yet.

Jews like the first movie but ignored the sequels, Christians think you need to watch the first two, but the third movie doesn't count, Moslems think the third one was the best, and Mormons liked the second one so much they started writing fanfiction that doesn't fit with ANY of the series canon."

-RandomFerret
#26
12-09-2006, 07:37 PM
 scx43 Member SOA AAA Join Date: Jul 2006 Posts: 66

I got that question on my exam. How I approached it was like a roll of a dice. You see that B is a subset of A, and that C is disjoint from both A and B and then use that knowledge to get the answer. I believe I got 2.1.

On my exam I had a significant amount of insurance based questions. I was surprised to have multiple questions testing the deductible and policy limits. I know someone before had previously commented on not having a lot of continuous distributions tested, however on my test I would say that the majority of the distributions were continuous, however nothing exotic like lognormal or weibull (thankfully). One thing that I found being very useful was being able to recognize a distribution as a beta or a gamma and using that knowledge to simplify the integral, or using their expectation/variance formulae. All in all I thought the test was moderately difficult... now we just have to twiddle our thumbs until January.

Last edited by scx43; 12-09-2006 at 07:54 PM..
#27
12-09-2006, 08:46 PM
 neb7777 Join Date: Sep 2006 Posts: 2
another question from the exam

You are given 3 dice.

die1 has sides numbered 1,2,3,4,5,6.
die2: 2,2,4,4,6,6
die3: 6,6,6,6,6,6.

You choose two at random and roll them. What is the probability that the sum is 11?

Here is how I approached the problem.

The probabilty is (1/3) that you choose either die1 and die2, die1 and die3, or die2 and die3.

For each case, the probability of rolling an 11 is (1/18), (1/6), and 0, repsectively.

Therefore, the desired probability should be

(1/3)(1/18) + (1/3)(1/6) +(1/3)(0) = .074.

I don't remember if this was one of the choices, though. Does anyone have any other approach for the problem?
#28
12-10-2006, 12:32 AM
 Gator Cane Member CAS Join Date: Jun 2006 Location: FL Favorite beer: Sam Adams Boston Ale Posts: 377

Quote:
 Originally Posted by christian I only had one Poisson, and nothing on Pareto or gamma, at least that I could recognize as such. bjengs, didn't you also take Exam FM in November as well? How did the difficulty of the two exams compare, in your opinion?
Actually, the Pareto may have been on a practice exam I completed the morning of the exam, can't remember now.

I found P more difficult - this is my second sitting - but especially since studying for and taking FM I realize that I have yet to find a manual for P that even comes close to how effective Harold Cherry's ASM manual for FM is. It just seemed to anticipate all my questions as I went. It also helps that there are more than 3 times as many released problems pertinent to FM than there are for P, and the ASM manual has nearly all of them with solutions.

Then again, I'm not a math major. YMMV.
__________________
"After this exam, Im seriously considering the SOA path to General Insurance, maybe they are less retarded at making exams, I dont understand how [the CAS] can make such inconsistent exams and ask questions about consistency." -euler said it here

Last edited by Gator Cane; 01-20-2007 at 03:34 PM.. Reason: the wisdom that comes with the passing of time
#29
12-10-2006, 12:43 AM
 Gator Cane Member CAS Join Date: Jun 2006 Location: FL Favorite beer: Sam Adams Boston Ale Posts: 377

Quote:
 Originally Posted by neb7777 You are given 3 dice. die1 has sides numbered 1,2,3,4,5,6. die2: 2,2,4,4,6,6 die3: 6,6,6,6,6,6. You choose two at random and roll them. What is the probability that the sum is 11? Here is how I approached the problem. The probabilty is (1/3) that you choose either die1 and die2, die1 and die3, or die2 and die3. For each case, the probability of rolling an 11 is (1/18), (1/6), and 0, repsectively. Therefore, the desired probability should be (1/3)(1/18) + (1/3)(1/6) +(1/3)(0) = .074. I don't remember if this was one of the choices, though. Does anyone have any other approach for the problem?
I believe you are correct. To just do it by counting, die 1 * die 2 allows for 18 different rolls, die 1 * die 3 allows for 6 different rolls, and die 2 * die 3 allows for 3 different rolls. There are only two rolls that create 11 (5 on die1 plus 6 on either of the other 2). 2/27 = .074
__________________
"After this exam, Im seriously considering the SOA path to General Insurance, maybe they are less retarded at making exams, I dont understand how [the CAS] can make such inconsistent exams and ask questions about consistency." -euler said it here

Last edited by Gator Cane; 01-20-2007 at 03:35 PM.. Reason: the usual
#30
12-10-2006, 01:00 PM
 ba553th0unD Member Join Date: Sep 2006 Posts: 39

There maybe 3, even 4 questions that were really different from anything that I've ever seen before (even expected). Here's to hoping that they were all pilot questions!

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35

I can only talk about quantitative trading. As a rule of thumb, the lower frequency you work in, the more econometrics is important, whereas for a higher frequency, the more econometrics becomes useless. (I would still recommend a top econometrician for HFT since they have what it takes to succeed, it's just the models aren't out-of-the-box applicable.) But ...

17

Here are some resources that I found useful when learning about this subject, in which I'm very interested. (Some may be more general ESG than just just climate.) Citigroup. Environmental and Social Policy Framework (March 2021) UBS. Suni Harford. Investing in an ESG world - A practitioner’s guide (2020) AQR. Clearing the Air: Responsible Investment (...

15

Upon close reading, this appears to be 3 (interesting) questions, not one. I'm not sure if the mods have the tools needed to split it up, so I'm just going to write down the three questions as I see them and then deal with them one by one. Note, it is simpler for me to talk about variance instead of volatility. This has no material impact on the answer. ...

8

@user2763361 has a very thorough list of useful econometric topics for quantitative finance. I would add missing, mixed frequency, and irregular data as major issues that I'm either constantly dealing with or begrudgingly ignoring. Seasonal adjustment is important too for some data (like electricity futures), though the subject is also related to his ...

6

Risk-free rate is that you get for letting someone else use your money in a riskless manner. Suppose we live in a world where there is no risk whatsoever. In particular, if you lend someone \$100 there is 100% certainty that he will pay you back in a year. Before the pay date, he can do whatever he wants with your$100, while you have no access to it. Even ...

5

First, I am quite sure that this is a typo and it should be $$0 < VaR_1 < VaR_0$$ then $$-VaR_0 < -VaR_1$$ and the plot is correct. Second, the put strategy does not change only the expected profit but the whole distribution of the P&L. If you buy a put with strike $K_1 = -VaR_1$ then you get compensated for losses below $K_1$. But you ...

5

I think what you are missing is simply the Vega-Gamma relation in the Black-Scholes model. Namely: $$Vega = \frac{\partial v}{\partial \sigma} = \sigma(T-t)S^2 \frac{\partial^2 v}{\partial S^2} = \sigma \tau S^2 \Gamma$$ Plugging this into your coverage error, you get its expression in terms of the Vega which is the most natural measurement of your ...

5

Firstly, the use of the logit models to estimate the PDs is particularly appreciated in some credit industries, as, for instance, the credit retail one. The logit model predicts pretty well the PD on loans, consumer credit, credit cards, ... and all concerns the retail consumer world. Mainly, those listed are the principal sub-industries in the credit ...

5

Let the $n-$dimensional vector of returns $\mathbf{r}$ have a multivariate t distribution with $\nu$ degrees of freedom. The marginal distribution of any component $r_i$ has a univariate t distribution also with $\nu$ degrees of freedom. To see this, assuming mean returns have been subtracted, the multivariate t distribution decomposes as the distribution ...

4

Reuters uses a proprietary model defined StarMine structural/SmartRatios Credit Risk model that has been developed by themselves and provided with the Reuters data service. It does not exist a formal definition or paper about the model, in which it is explained how to get that score; Reuters simply explains roughly what is in its website without going into ...

4

EDITED You are right. We have to look town to the "leaves" in each iteration. I would do it the following way: If $L_i^{(j)}$ is the set of indices in the $j$ branch ($j \in \{1,2\}$), then we define $s_i^{(j)}=\sum_{n \in L_i^{(j)}w_n}$, the weight of the branch before scaling and $n_i^{(j)}=\left|L_i^{(j)}\right|$ the number of leaves in the branch. ...

4

The book "Managing Energy Risk An Integrated View on Power and Other Energy Markets" by Burger et al. (2014) may be very helpful as it not only introduces the relevant notions, but does so directly from an energy perspective.

4

This turns out to be a general drawback of the HRP algorithm, as pointed out by Pfitzinger, J., & Katzke, N. (2019) (my highlights): As shown in Figure 2.3, the naive bisection rule can violate the intuitive character of the result, by placing similar assets into separate clusters for allocation purposes. While centered bisection yields a symmetric ...

3

The risk free rate is important and the reason for the inclusion and consideration of the risk free rate is that investors do not get compensated for not taking on risk. Now, we can argue whether the risk free rate truly provides risk free returns (we all should know that it does not, but ...) but it is important in the context of pricing risky assets that ...

3

As an overview, Expected Returns, by Antti Ilmanen, was recommended to me. He has a preference for data over theory, so it will appeal to quants. The book is longish, and got a bit heavy at times, but he covers all the investment products and all styles of investing. The biggest problem might be that it is now 3 years old, and was heavily influenced by ...

3

Quant finance is about finding prices of illiquid assets in terms of more liquid assets. So if you have the the data for liquid small house prices you should be able to come up with a reasonable guess for less liquid larger houses, for example. That's basically what's been done all the time - replication of complicated derivatives wrt more liquid assets. ...

3

@Noob2’s comment above is “spot” on. Across the natural resource and energy value chains there are significant price risks that: A. Market prices will fall below price takers’ unit costs; and, B. Market prices will exceed price setters’ unit prices. In either case, if you assume that log price changes are a martingale, and that expected profit is the ...

3

I assume that you calculate ECL in the context of IFRS9 -correct? market practice often follows the following appraoch: estimate a TTC PD/LGD (TTC = through the cycle). This corresponds to your lifetime estimate (e.g. one marginal PD value for each year of the life of your exposure) in the average of the economic cycle. But for IFRS9 provisioning you have ...

3

I would give GitHub a try. Searching for option pricing or machine learning or anything like that yield a ton of repositories with implementations that you can look through and learn from. Here are 2 search links: GitHub Search for C++ machine learning GitHub Search for C++ option pricing After gaining some level of comfort, I would look to improve the ...

3

Take a look at these: Bauke Maarse. Master Thesis: Backtesting Framework for PD, EAD and LGD (2012) https://essay.utwente.nl/61905/1/master_B._Maarse.pdf Fábio Yasuhiro Tsukahara, Herbert Kimura, Vinicius Amorim Sobreiro, Juan Carlos Arismendi Zambrano. Validation of default probability models: A stress testing approach (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa....

3

Let us suppose for concreteness that the 10y swap rate is 0.5% today and was 7% a year and and 6.5% a "year minus a day" ago... reprice the swaps for each historical scenario and calculate returns as the difference between the swaps PV from each scenario and the today's PV This won't help you at all, really. Take a step back and consider your ...

3

Adding to Dimitris' answer (this is a too long for a comment) Proceed as follows: Identify risk factors $r^{(i)}$, $i=1\ldots n$. Say the absolute returns of the pillars 1Y,2Y,...30Y of the discounting and forwarding zero rate term structures. Make sure that you have no gaps in your observations. Based on the time series of each risk factor, run a GARCH ...

2

Unsystematic risk of a single stock can be calculated as follows: $$\sigma_\lambda-\rho_{\lambda,m}\sigma_\lambda=\sigma_\lambda(1-\rho_{\lambda,m})$$ where $\sigma_\lambda$ is the volatility of the stock $\lambda$ and $\rho_{\lambda,m}$ is the correlation between this stock and the market. Written differently this is the same as: \sigma_\lambda-\...

2

I have studied unsystematic risk [USR] for more than two decades. In fact, I wrote a book (which is here) whose central focus is how to deal with USR in the valuation of non-public companies. It is a multifaceted, complex, and difficult issue. Modern Portfolio Theory did professionals in my line of work no favors when it assumed away the existence of USR ...

2

This can for example be seen in modern portfolio theory (Harry Markowitz, William Sharpe) As an example consider a two asset portfolio with a full investment constraint ($w_1+w_2=1$) so we can write the proportion in asset 1 as $w_1=w$ and in asset 2 as $1-w$ The expected portfolio return $E[R_p]=wE[R_1]+(1-w)E[R_2]$ And variance \$\sigma_p^2 = w^2\sigma_1^...

2

This is a not a theoritcal/academic answer relating the two by an equation. But from a practicioners stand point. The relationship between vol and gamma depends on the strategy your putting on. For example. In a Short Straddle/Strangle/Butterfly/Iron Condor. Your short theta and the risks your taking are gamma risk, even though your delta neutral, and ...

2

It is not as simple as changing a value. You need to replace the current factor loadings by feasible values. Furthermore, factor loadings have dependencies between them, that means that when you change one of them, the other factors are affected by this change. In the CCruncher Technical Document there is a proposal to do so. It propose to estimate the ...

2

From the Basel II accord: For corporate and bank exposures, the PD is the greater of the one-year PD associated with the internal borrower grade to which that exposure is assigned, or 0.03%. So it is 0.03%

2

In my opinion, risk free rate is not necessarily positive and not so important to pricing theory. It happened to be positive in most cases, but imagine a planet using Uranium-235 instead of gold as the money and unknowingly suffers from a shrinking population, likely the risk free rate is negative. Below are what I regard as important in pricing theory, ...

2

My non-rigorous answer: The future is uncertain. Even if there is no financial risk to investing in the "risk free" asset there is personal risk. For example, I could get hit by a car and die. Even if I survive till the moment that I liquidate my investment I will have less time left in my life to enjoy it. I need to be compensated for giving up this ...

Only top voted, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible


text:
# Solve system of differential equations numerically?

Posted 4 months ago
855 Views
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3 Replies
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 Hello all,I am currently trying to numerically analyze the system of differential equations below. I am struggling to solve g'(t), as it involves the partial differential equation w'(g(t)). My goal is to generate a simple plot that shows how the system changes over time. Attached is my code. Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated! h'(t) = y(t)*(1-h(t))*g(t) - a*h(t) y'(t) = y(t)*b*(1-c)*w(h(t)) - y(t)*d*(x(t)+y(t)), where w(h(t)) = h(t) - (1 - h(t))*g(t) g'(t) = V*w'(g(t)) Alex Attachments:
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Posted 4 months ago
 Substituting for w[h[t]] is straightforward, but it is not clear to me how the solver will be able to numerically compute w'[g[t]].
 Let's start with $$W(g(t)) = g^2(t).$$ Differentiate both side of the above equation using the chain rule on the left-hand side: $$g'(t) W'(g(t)) = 2 g'(t) g(t).$$ If we assume that the derive of $g$ does not vanish, the last equation implies that $W'(g(t)) = 2g(t)$. Now the last equation in your system becomes $$g'(t) = 2Vg(t).$$ By separating the variables, the last equation yields $$g(t) = Ae^{2Vt},$$ where $A$ is an arbitrary constant.
 It seems that your system has not enough equations:  w[h_[t]] := h[t] - (1 - h[t])*g[t] dgl = { h'[t] == y[t]*(1 - h[t])*g[t] - a*h[t], y'[t] == y[t]*b*(1 - c)*w[h[t]] - y[t]*d*(x[t] + y[t]), g'[t] == V*D[w[g[t]], t]} NDSolve[dgl /. {a -> .1, b -> .6, c -> .03, d -> .7, V -> 2.3}, {x, y, g, h}, {t, 0, 5}] You need another one for x. So with some (arbitrary, you should give them according to your problem) modifications the system runs and you get an answer dgl = { h'[t] == y[t]*(1 - h[t])*g[t] - a*h[t], y'[t] == y[t]*b*(1 - c)*w[h[t]] - y[t]*d*(x[t] + y[t]), g'[t] == V*D[w[g[t]], t], x'[t] == g[t], x[0] == 0, y[0] == 0, g[0] == 0, h[0] == 0 } NDSolve[dgl /. {a -> .1, b -> .6, c -> .03, d -> .7, V -> 2.3}, {x, y, g, h}, {t, 0, 5}]


text:
# Dartmouth Admission Requirements: A Detailed Guide

Apr 7, 2021

Dartmouth is one of the 8 Ivy League colleges. It's considered one of the most excellent Universities in the World. `The College with academic excellence, teaching thorough World's top faculties, and research participation opportunities. With all this, Dartmouth also has a vibrant community.

It's not a surprise that many students around the world wish to study at Dartmouth. You may be one of these students, and for that, we created this guide for admission requirements. This guide will explain the score requirement, application requirement, and other things required for admission. But before this, let's see an overview of Dartmouth College.

## Dartmouth College Overview

Founded in 1769, Dartmouth College is in Hanover, New Hampshire, the USA. Eleazar Wheelock and George III established the University.

As per the "2021 US news ranking", Dartmouth is the 13th best University in the United States. And as per the "2021 QS World University Ranking," Dartmouth is the World's 203rd best University.

### Dartmouth Writing Supplement

Dartmouth wants you to write two supplementary essays. Both of these are question-based. In the first essay, you will get a question to which you need to respond in 100 words or fewer. In the second essay, you will get multiple questions based prompt, where you need to choose one and respond in 250-300 words.

### Secondary School Report with Transcript

Your high school counselor needs to submit the secondary school report. The report gives a summary of your high school academic record. Along with this, the counselor also needs to submit an official transcript and school report. The school report is a summary of the school itself.

### Counselor Evaluation

The high school counselor also needs to submit his letter of recommendation. It will address your extracurricular engagements, personal character, and academic performance.

### Teacher Evaluations

It's required to submit letters of recommendation from two teachers. The two teachers should preferably be the ones who taught you one of the core subjects. The teacher should address your academic performance, course engagement, your character, etc.

### SAT or ACT

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, Dartmouth is now test-optional. It's up to you to submit the test scores or not. Above the blog, we explained the SAT / ACT requirements and policy.

### Peer Recommendation

Dartmouth strongly recommends you submit a peer recommendation. It is a written statement given by the one you consider as your peer. Some of the examples of the peer are friend, sister, brother, co-worker, etc.

## What If You Are An International applicant?

For an international student, the application requirement is similar to regional students, however, with the English proficiency test requirement. You need to exhibit proficiency in English if you want to get accepted. For this, you can take tests like:

## Dartmouth Acceptance Rate

You need to know the acceptance rate of Dartmouth to understand how selective they are. The acceptance rate describes how many percentages of candidates get confirmed. The top colleges in the World are very choosy while admitting applicants. And as Dartmouth College is one the best colleges in the World, the acceptance rate is low.

The current general acceptance rate of Dartmouth is 8%. It means, in every 100 candidates, only 8 get accepted.

The acceptance rate for early application of the class of 2025 of Dartmouth is approximately 21.25%. So as we see, the early applicant's rate is very high compared to regular decisions. However, Each year, both these acceptance rates are shrinking. In the following years, the same may happen.

In short: fewer applicants get selected. You can be among the few applicants who get admitted to Dartmouth College if you work hard.

## What if Not Accepted?

You've finally waited for the results after time has passed, and what do you get? Rejection! So will you concede? No, you won't because there are still other options to pursue. They are not the usual options, and it's no guarantee you'll get in, but you've already tried applying, so giving it a go won't have you lose much. Here it is:

### Alternative Option A: Attend a different college and transfer to Dartmouth College later

You can try applying for a different college and transfer to Dartmouth College later. But before you get all so excited about this option, be mindful of the transfer acceptance rate. The transfer acceptance rate of Dartmouth is approximately 1.49%.

So, as we can see, this acceptance is lower than the regular acceptance rate. But if you're able to show Dartmouth College how different you've become after being rejected by them, they may consider you.

Now let's see what the transfer application requirements are:

The application requirements for transfer is similar with some difference.

Application fees:

The transfer application is $90, which is$10 high than regular students.

Application with essay:

You need to submit two essays while applying. But here, you need to write the first essay up to 500 words which were 100 or fewer for regular applicants. In the second essay, you need to write up to 300. To know more about this, go here.

College Official's Report with College Transcript:

You need to submit the College Official's Report with the College Transcript updated in May/June. With this, you also need to submit the final Transcript and end-of-year grades.

Year-end college transcript and course syllabus:

You need to submit these documents for all college courses. It is required to review by the academic department and Dartmouth registrar, which helps to determine credits.

School reports, transcripts, tests, and letters of recommendation are the same as the regular application requirement.

### Alternative Option B: Apply again after a gap year

The next option is to reapply after finishing a gap year. What's a gap year? It's the year between your high school and applying for college, where you will not be doing any course.

It's a riskier option to go for because when you reapply, Dartmouth may see you didn't do much with your time and might reject you again.

But doing a gap year may be beneficial. The pros of doing a gap year include broadening your perspective, gaining professional experience, and making a difference. It's a way of building up yourself in ways that can benefit your overall growth as a person.

It's also another way of building up your spike and maintaining excellence in other areas of interest. If you're ready to take the risk while building up to be the student Dartmouth College wants, you can go for this option.

## Conclusion

Dartmouth College is quite an elite institute. Even when it's smaller than the other Ivy League members, it can dazzle the students with its system, environment, and aura. Yep, it's selective in the admissions process, and it'll be a challenge. But with the guide you've read, you'll have a chance at being part of a college.

### Subscribe and get FREE book “SAT Secrets”

Thank you! You should receive the SAT Secrets Digital book on your registered email
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text:
One main reason for Choosing Kanotix

A question which many people have asked me, was ‘What is the advantage of choosing Kanotix, over choosing just any generic Debian / Linux OS?’

And an important area in Linux, is hardware recognition. We tend to appreciate it, if we can install a Linux system with little or no mess. And Kanotix users are of the variety, who want to be able to plug in all the latest hardware, and just have it play.

Kanotix does not always ship with the generic, stock Debian kernel, but with a special Kanotix kernel build, that has all the latest drivers in-tree. And it is a bit of a joke which we sometimes make, that even though Windows introduced the concept first, in many cases, Linux can be more plug-and-play than Windows is.

This is especially true for Kanotix.

Dirk

Downtime

This evening the Linux computer which I host this site on, named ‘Phoenix’, received an upgrade to over 60 packages in one shot, including a kernel update and firmware updates.

Even though Linux computers can often install upgrades without requiring a reboot, there are certain types of upgrades which even require a Linux machine to reboot afterward. This was one such upgrade.

Consequently, this blog, and my whole site, was affected from 19h15 until 19h45 this evening.

I apologize for any inconvenience.

Dirk

Narrowing an old Problem with Teredo

I happen to have a package installed on my Linux server named ‘Phoenix’, which gives me access to IPv6 via a remote ‘Teredo’ server acting as a tunnel, and which gives me this connectivity, even though my ISP does not yet support IPv6. The Teredo server I use is not the Microsoft Teredo server, which AFAIK has been shut down by now, on the assumption that Teredo is outdated.

This Teredo connectivity presents itself to me on the user / application level, as a virtual network interface, which applications can connect to as easily as to the physical interface, but which has been implemented behind the scenes, as a translation process for data, that finally communicates over the real, physical interface. Both Linux and some Windows computers can generally do this, via the ‘TAP Device’ or ‘TUN Device’ API, which in turn needs to be supported by either kernel.

In addition to the ‘teredo’ virtual network interface, I also have another one, which is simply named ‘tun0′ on this server, and which enables my ‘OpenVPN’ server. I will not go into the details in this posting, of how to set up OpenVPN, which is a somewhat complex process documented in several other places on the Web.

But my setup effectively causes two TAP and/or TUN devices to appear as part of my network configuration by default. These two devices should not interfere which each other in principle. But by default, my ‘tun0′ interface is created during the boot process, before my ‘teredo’ interface is created.

I seem to have a glitch in my kernel, which will require that they always be destroyed in the reverse order initially created. Hence, if my ‘teredo’ interface is Up, but I next shut down my VPN, and when I next restart my VPN, the ‘teredo’ interface will fail, and will seem to lose its IP Configuration, as far as my desktop tells me, and as far as an ‘ifconfig -a‘ will confirm. Thus, I will next need to restart my Teredo service as well, in order to reestablish that.

This is a minor problem, but may have led to earlier issues, which I had thought at that time must have come from the Teredo tunneling server, which I am using. More precisely, I now think that some Teredo-related problems I was having, were actually due to log rotations which my server does.

Some of my earlier Teredo, IPv6 issues were described in This Earlier Posting. As it happens, February 13 was a Saturday, and so it is not clear how a log rotation might have caused this exact malfunction. But the problem which I now anticipate, and which would be due to my client would be as follows:

Once per month, my VPN server is given a restart scripted by me, in order to be able to close its log file and to open a new log file associated with the process. This restart can happen more or less alphabetically, without respecting any preferences that the kernel might have, for the order in which one virtual interface might be affected by the other – while neither should affect the other in principle.

It is interesting to note that my VPN configuration is created by me, while the Teredo client runs out-of-the-box, and is intended to have no log rotation, by the package maintainers.

And the result can be, that my ‘teredo’ interface goes down, leaving me with no IPv6 connectivity for the moment. I find that in practice, the ‘tun0′ interface is not affected by this fragility. And so when that happens, I need to play with my Teredo service to get it running again. And this can all happen without any knowledge, from the people who run the remote Teredo tunnel.

Dirk


text:
# Checking for valid floating point number

I want to do the following: I am generating a report which can be set to be in imperial or metric units. All values are originally in metric units, so in the case of imperial units all values should be converted. Some values can be say N/A or any other string value, in case the value is not applicable. The document is automatically generated. For conversion I am using the fp package, but the challenge is the checking the input. The fp package (and pgfmath) will ofcourse) err if you try to do math with non-numerical values. This is what I currently have (only works for integer input)

% Convert meters to inches
\newcommand{\convertmtoin}[2]
{
\if!\ifnum9<1#1!\else_\fi
\FPeval{val}{#1*39.3700787} \FPround{\val}{\val}{#2}
\else
\def\val{#1}
\fi
}

Using pgfmath one could do something like this

\newcommand{\convertmtoin}[2]
{
\pgfmathfloatparsenumber{#1}
\pgfmathfloatifflags{\pgfmathresult}{3}{\FPeval{val}{#1*39.3700787} \FPround{\val}{\val}{#2}}{\def\val{#1}}
}

But I am not able to set the error handler of pgfmath to output NaN in the case of erronous input to pgfmathfloatparsenumber

\pgfkeys{/pgf/fpu/handlers/invalid number={??}{??}}

Thanks for any help!

You can also use \IfDecimal from the xstring package:

## Code:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{xstring}

\newcommand*{\CheckIfNumerical}[1]{%
\IfDecimal{#1}{%
#1" is a number.%
}{%
#1" is NOT a number.%
}%
}%

\begin{document}
\par\CheckIfNumerical{7}
\par\CheckIfNumerical{3.14}
\par\CheckIfNumerical{NaN}
\par\CheckIfNumerical{7. 0}
\par\CheckIfNumerical{7.0X09}
\end{document}

datatool provides conditionals for testing whether an argument is numerical or not:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{datatool}% http://ctan.org/pkg/datatool
\newcommand{\testreal}[1]{\ifthenelse{\DTLisnumerical{#1}}{T}{F}}
\begin{document}

\testreal{just}

\testreal{123John}

\testreal{324.56}

\testreal{.}

\testreal{23.4.56}

\testreal{346}
\end{document}

There is \DTLisnumerical and \DTLifnumerical. See section 2.2 ifthen conditionals (p 16) of the datatool user guide.

UPDATED to handle negatives.

A call to \testreal sets up a recursive loop that checks every byte in the string.

First, it strips off a leading negative, if it exists, since that will not affect if the remainder of the string is or is not a valid real number.

With what remains, here is how it proceeds. It notes that no digit nor decimal point has yet been found in the string, but assumes that it is a valid real number.

Going through each successive byte, the test will toggle to the "fail" state if it locates a non-decimal, non-digit. The test will also fail if it finds two decimal points in the string. But even if both those tests are passed, it must have found at least one digit, to pass the test.

\documentclass[]{article}

\def\testreal#1{\def\founddigit{F}\def\itsanumber{T}\def\fndpt{F}%
\expandafter\testrealhelper\tmp\relax%
\if T\founddigit\itsanumber\else F\fi}

\def\testrealhelper#1#2\relax{%
\if.#1\if T\fndpt\def\itsanumber{F}\else\def\fndpt{T}\fi\else
\if1#1\FD\else
\if2#1\FD\else
\if3#1\FD\else
\if4#1\FD\else
\if5#1\FD\else
\if6#1\FD\else
\if7#1\FD\else
\if8#1\FD\else
\if9#1\FD\else
\if0#1\FD\else\def\itsanumber{F}%
\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
\if\relax#2\else\testrealhelper#2\relax\fi}

\def\FD{\def\founddigit{T}}
\begin{document}
\testreal{just}    \testreal{-just}

\testreal{123John} \testreal{-123John}

\testreal{324.56}  \testreal{-324.56}

\testreal{.}       \testreal{-.}

\testreal{23.4.56} \testreal{-23.4.56}

\testreal{346}     \testreal{-346}
\end{document}

I didn't quite get what your intention is but here is a quick example for coming up with PGF solutions.

\documentclass[]{article}
\usepackage{pgf}
\usepgflibrary{fpu}

\pgfmathdeclarefunction{m2in}{1}{%
\begingroup
\pgfkeys{/pgf/fpu}
\pgfmathfloatparsenumber{#1}
\pgfmathfloatifflags{\pgfmathresult}{3}{%True Not a number
\def\pgfmathresult{3Y0.0e0]}%
\pgfmathfloattofixed{\pgfmathresult}%
}{% False it is a number including inf
\pgfmathfloatparsenumber{#1}%
\pgfmathfloatmultiplyfixed{\pgfmathresult}{39.3700787}%
\pgfmathfloattofixed{\pgfmathresult}%
}
\pgfmathsmuggle\pgfmathresult%
\endgroup
}%

\pgfkeys{/pgf/fpu/handlers/invalid number/.code={%
\pgfmathfloatparsenumber{3Y0.0e0]}%
}
}

\begin{document}
\pgfmathfloatparsenumber{435...}% NaN
\pgfmathprintnumber[fixed]{\pgfmathresult}

\pgfmathfloatparsenumber{la la laa}% NaN
\pgfmathprintnumber[fixed]{\pgfmathresult}

\pgfmathparse{m2in(1.000)}\pgfmathprintnumber[fixed,precision=5]\pgfmathresult

\pgfmathparse{m2in(4..4)}\pgfmathresult
\end{document}

This will give

NaN

NaN

39.37007

nan

• Is it possible to put out the content, instead of NaN? – cis Oct 21 '18 at 1:10


text:
# Floatbarriers prevent flushbottom at pagebreaks

when I use the placeins package and use the \FloatBarrier, there is a strange (for me) behavior when a float moves to the next page.

Look at this example:

\documentclass[
12pt,
pdftex,
a4paper,
twoside,
openright,
parskip=half,
]{scrreprt}

\usepackage{showframe}
\usepackage{blindtext}
\usepackage{placeins}

\begin{document}
\section{First chapter}
\Blindtext[1][3]

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\rule{14cm}{8cm}
\caption{Here is some caption.}
\end{figure}
Just some text to force the page break to occure. \\
Just some text to force the page break to occure. \\
\Blindtext[1][1]
\FloatBarrier
\section{Second section}
\Blindtext[2][1]

\end{document}

There is no vertical correction (\flushbottom} at the end of page 1. If the \FloatBarrier is removed, the layout is fine.

With \FloatBarrier:

And without:

I know in this case, \FloatBarrier is not needed, but I have some cases where I need it and this looks strange. Of course I could replace the \FloatBarrier with \pagebreak in this cases, but is this the expected behaviour?

• So does \clearpage. You could add \vspace{0pt plus -1fil} to eat the extra space. – John Kormylo Jun 24 '17 at 13:58
• Thanks for this tip. I can also use \pagebreak in most cases. With \clearpage I understand it, I just thought that the \FloatBarrier would act like \pagebreak instead. – Benedikt Jun 24 '17 at 14:08
• It is the coded behaviour. placeins uses \newpage (and \clearpage) which adds a \vfill. You could define a \FloatBarrierFlush which uses \pagebreak instead of the \newpage and test if it works ... – Ulrike Fischer Jun 24 '17 at 14:12

It is the expected behaviour and it's not clear how in general that could be changed.

\FloatBarrier is essentially: If there are pending floats, then \clearpage else do nothing

So the reason why the page looks short is because \clearpage always adds space at the bottom of the page before the break. Really it has to do this.

As you know there are pending floats here you can easily test what it would look like if \clearpage did not pad the end of the page by using

\pagebreak\FloatBarrier

on your test file that produces

Which might seem like an improvement but this only works as the forced page break happened to be close to the natural end of page, so maintaining the flush bottom setting works.

in general there may only be a small amount of text on the page before the forced break, and then putting the space at the bottom of he page is the only possibility.

If I change your test file to

\documentclass[
12pt,
pdftex,
a4paper,
twoside,
openright,
parskip=half,
]{scrreprt}

\usepackage{showframe}
\usepackage{blindtext}
\usepackage{placeins}

\begin{document}
\section{First chapter}
\Blindtext[1][1]

\begin{figure}[p]
\rule{14cm}{8cm}
\caption{Here is some caption.}
\end{figure}
\Blindtext[1][1]

%\pagebreak
\FloatBarrier
\section{Second section}
\Blindtext[2][1]

\end{document}

Then you see exactly the same situation that the page is forced short:

But in this case it is clearly much worse if you would change \clearpage to preserve the flushbottom setting as you could check by uncommenting \pagebreak to get the flushbottom setting

Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has occurred while \output is active

So in general leaving the page short is the only possible default but in specific cases if the page is not "too short" you could put \pagebreak before the barrier to force a flush bottom page.

• Ok, I see. Thanks for your answer/ explanation! – Benedikt Jul 3 '17 at 8:25


text:
# Change the order of triple integration

## Homework Statement

Find all 5 other orders of intergration

## Homework Equations

$$\int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{x^2}\int_{0}^{y}dzdydx$$

## The Attempt at a Solution

I am really confused as to how to represent it graphicaly so I don't have any visuals to help. Can you guys help me? Thank you SO much!

Last edited by a moderator:

## Answers and Replies

Related Calculus and Beyond Homework Help News on Phys.org
HallsofIvy
Homework Helper
Use [ tex ] and [ /tex ] without the spaces:
$$\int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{x^2}\int_{0}^{y}dzdydx$$

Draw an xy- coordinate system. x goes from 0 to 1 so pencil in vertical lines at x= 0 and x= 1. For every x, y goes from 0 to $x^2$ so draw the graph y= x^2. In the xy-plane the figure is bounded by $y= x^2$, y= 0, and x= 1. For every x and y, z goes from 0 to y. That's a plane at 45 degrees cutting through x-axis.

To change the order of integration to, say, dxdydz, note that y reaches a max of 1 (at x= 1) and so z can have a max of 1. The "outer integral", with respect to z, has limits z= 0 and z= 1. For each z, the equation z= y becomes y= z. y ranges from 0 to z. Finally, since $y= x^2$ gives $x= \sqrt{y}$ (x is positive, remember), x ranges from 0 to $\sqrt{y}$.

I realize now, this is an error. with y going from 0 to $x^2$, the region of integration is from below and to the right of the graph of $y= x^2$, the integration in x should be from $\sqrt{y}$ to 1.

Last edited by a moderator:
Thank you for getting me started.
I drew 3 separate graphics to help me.

I still am confused on how to find all 5. How do you go from one to the other? I am not certain i am keeping the right variables

Last edited:
So basicaly, you are saying one of the answers would be

$$\int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{z}\int_{0}^{sqrt(y)}dxdydz$$

Then how do i proceed to find, let's say, dz dx dy?

I find it hard to visualize, once again. I find the graphic really helps, and I can't seem to get it right in 3D

Thank you for you help

A very confused Canadian student ;)

Wow...i have been trying to figure it out since i first posted this, 2 hours ago. I really don't understand how to proceed. Any help would be much appreciated. Our teacher doesn't TEACH, he just scramble notes on the board.

It can't be that complicated? With double intergrals i am doing fine....

So basicaly, you are saying one of the answers would be

$$\int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{z}\int_{0}^{sqrt(y)}dxdydz$$

Then how do i proceed to find, let's say, dz dx dy?

I find it hard to visualize, once again. I find the graphic really helps, and I can't seem to get it right in 3D

Thank you for you help

A very confused Canadian student ;)
I no expert by any means, but I don't think this dxdydz works. Just to check, try having wolfram alpha or wolfram alpha's triple integrator evaluate it with f(x,y,z) equaling, say, 1 (or do it by hand, whichever), and compare that evaluation to your evaluation of f(x,y,z) with dzdydx bounds.

If they don't match, try letting

sqrt(y)≤x≤1
z≤y≤1
0≤z≤1

for your dxdydz bounds.

After a rather long and arduous amount of work I get these other four bounds:

dxdzdy:
0≤y≤1
0≤z≤y
sqrt(y)≤x≤1

dydxdz:
0≤z≤1
sqrt(z)≤x≤1
0≤y≤z

dzdxdy:
0≤y≤1
sqrt(y)≤x≤1
0≤z≤y

dydzdx:
0≤y≤z
0≤z≤x^2
0≤x≤1

It really get complicated, but in 3d it's still manageable. It got me hard and arduous work too.
We have 6 representation altogether. The last two are actually the trickier because you have to split the volume in 2 and manage 2 integrals then to sum them.

What I get is:
$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{x^2}^{1} \int_{0}^{y} dz\ dy\ dx$$

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{\sqrt y} \int_{0}^{x^2} dz\ dx\ dy$$

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{y}^{1} \int_{0}^{\sqrt z} dx\ dz\ dy$$

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{z} \int_{0}^{\sqrt y} dx\ dy\ dz$$

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{\sqrt z}^{1} \int_{z}^{1} dy\ dx\ dz + \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{\sqrt z} \int_{x^2}^{1} dy\ dx\ dz$$

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{x^2}^{1} \int_{\sqrt x}^{1} dy\ dz\ dx + \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{x^2} \int_{x}^{1} dy\ dz\ dx$$

One must absolutely try to visualize the volume and to make intersections with the basic planes $$x=0, x=1, y=0, y=1, z=0, z=1$$ to get an idea of how it works.

I hope it's ok, but it was the first of this kind, so I'm not really sure.

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I think you're right about needing to divide up the region in the last two. However, I also think that you're bounds on dzdxdy are not correct. If you integrate with 1 as your integrand, you find 1/5 as your answer. However, if you use the dzdydx bounds with the same integrand your answer is 1/10.

I think you're right about needing to divide up the region in the last two. However, I also think that you're bounds on dzdxdy are not correct. If you integrate with 1 as your integrand, you find 1/5 as your answer. However, if you use the dzdydx bounds with the same integrand your answer is 1/10.
Yep. I edited the 1st and the 2nd.
In fact now there is more "simmetry" between the 1-2 3-4 5-6 couples.
Thanks.

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Guys thank you so much for your help.
I think that is why i blocked (amongst other reasons!!)
I couldn't figure it out without adding two

I am so thankful: you guys are better online than the actual teacher ;)

It really get complicated, but in 3d it's still manageable. It got me hard and arduous work too.
We have 6 representation altogether. The last two are actually the trickier because you have to split the volume in 2 and manage 2 integrals then to sum them.

What I get is:
$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{x^2}^{1} \int_{0}^{y} dz\ dy\ dx$$

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{\sqrt y} \int_{0}^{x^2} dz\ dx\ dy$$

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{y}^{1} \int_{0}^{\sqrt z} dx\ dz\ dy$$

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{z} \int_{0}^{\sqrt y} dx\ dy\ dz$$

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{\sqrt z}^{1} \int_{z}^{1} dy\ dx\ dz + \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{\sqrt z} \int_{x^2}^{1} dy\ dx\ dz$$

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{x^2}^{1} \int_{\sqrt x}^{1} dy\ dz\ dx + \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{x^2} \int_{x}^{1} dy\ dz\ dx$$

One must absolutely try to visualize the volume and to make intersections with the basic planes $$x=0, x=1, y=0, y=1, z=0, z=1$$ to get an idea of how it works.

I hope it's ok, but it was the first of this kind, so I'm not really sure.
The only problem is the given integral is
$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{x^2} \int_{0}^{y} dz\ dy\ dx$$
and you wrote
$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{x^2}^{1} \int_{0}^{y} dz\ dy\ dx$$

The only problem is the given integral is
$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{x^2} \int_{0}^{y} dz\ dy\ dx$$
and you wrote
$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{x^2}^{1} \int_{0}^{y} dz\ dy\ dx$$
Arghm, another big mistake. I focussed on the method rather than on the actual problem data. Then the integrals should change accordingly.

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{x^2} \int_{0}^{y} dz\ dy\ dx$$

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{\sqrt{y}}^{1} \int_{0}^{x^2} dz\ dx\ dy$$

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{\sqrt{z}}^{1} \int_{0}^{x^2} dy\ dx\ dz$$

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{x^2} \int_{z}^{1} dy\ dz\ dx$$

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{z}^{1} \int_{\sqrt{y}}^{1} dx\ dy\ dz$$

$$\int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{y} \int_{\sqrt{z}}^{1} dx\ dz\ dy$$