text:
.

## Anthony Watts publishes another recklessly defamatory article about NOAA scientists, by Tim Ball

Sou | 3:38 AM
Anthony Watts has published another defamatory article on his blog (archived here). I use the term without it being proven in the courts, but if one of the retired scientists mentioned wanted to take him and Tim Ball to court, he'd surely be able to make a case to be heard. Tim Ball started his false claims in the very first sentence.

#### Some key points about the NOAA temperature reconstruction paper, Karl15

Before going into the despicable actions of Tim Ball and his publisher Anthony Watts, let me remind you about the NOAA work that they don't understand, but dislike so much they'll risk being sued (yet again, in the case of Tim Ball).

The work was built from two main pieces of research. One was an updating of a sea surface temperature record, which was in turn built from zillions of records from different sources, carefully analysed in great detail. The scientists re-aligned the data from different sources so that it provided a more accurate account of how the temperature of the sea surface has changed over time. As an example of this, the authors of Karl15 wrote:
...there was a large change in ship observations (i.e., from buckets to engine intake thermometers) that peaked immediately prior to World War II. The previous version of ERSST assumed that no ship corrections were necessary after this time, but recently improved metadata (18) reveal that some ships continued to take bucket observations even up to the present day. Therefore, one of the improvements to ERSST version 4 is extending the ship-bias correction to the present, based on information derived from comparisons with night marine air temperatures.
The scientists who did this sea surface temperature research published papers about it prior to the paper, Karl15, that deniers love to trash. (I expect most deniers haven't heard of these papers, let alone read them.)

The other part of the research was an expansion of the land surface temperature data to include much more data made available by the release of the International Surface Temperature Initiative (ISTI) databank. As the authors of Karl15 reported:
The ISTI databank integrates the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN)–Daily dataset (20) with over 40 other historical data sources, more than doubling the number of stations available. The resulting integration improves spatial coverage over many areas, including the Arctic, where temperatures have increased rapidly in recent decades (1).
One more thing, as I've written before, the new analysis of global land and sea surface temperature merely brought NOAA more in line with the temperature reconstructions from other independent teams. It was not a huge change. Although many, many scientist hours were clearly spent on the research and it was very valuable, the end result was a refinement not a huge change (in degree Celsius) from the previous reconstructions.

#### Tim Ball's defamatory and false allegations

Getting back to what Tim Ball wrote about this. He falsely claimed that the scientists were involved in "malfeasance". He falsely stated that they were engaged in "corrupted, unquestioning, naïve, limited, political science". He perfidiously wrote that they  "used cherry picked, inadequate data". Remember, the researchers at NOAA used double the number of land temperature records, and improved the analysis of sea surface temperature records, using the same source data. How on earth could anyone in their right mind regard more data as cherry picking, or better analysis as "malfeasance"?

In other words, Tim Ball and Anthony Watts are wantonly and recklessly defaming the scientists at NOAA.

#### More nonsensical generalisations from Tim Ball

Tim went further. For example, Tim, who's never been a bureaucrat as far as I know (thank goodness), claimed that "It is impossible to be a scientist and a bureaucrat because by the definition of a bureaucrat you must do what you are told." What utter nonsense. Government employees are public servants who work for the good of the public. As in any organisations, the people who put their heads above the mob, and are prepared to say what they think, are the ones who'll get ahead. (Yes, I've worked in government and in the private sector.) Scientists who are employed by government have much greater responsibility to do diligent work and report their findings without any interference than those who work for most private corporations, where they must meet different needs of a much smaller subset of people (owners and shareholders).

Tim Ball on the other hand, who fakes a concern for honesty, can barely write a sentence without telling lies.

While not worried in the slightest about trashing the reputation of leading scientists, by telling lies about them, he is sensitive to modern norms. Tim wrote:
Some portions of the following are from my earlier writings. I say this to illustrate how insane, inane, and illogical the world of research has become when quoting yourself without citation is considered plagiarism.

Tim Ball has a very strange view of the world. His main point, if he had one, apart from trying to trash the reputation of honest scientists, was to decry the fact that scientists tend to know an awful lot about a particular subject area. He thinks that's detrimental. Apparently they should, like him, know almost nothing about everything. Tim wrote about how there are no rules today and generalisations are condemned. Perhaps he sees his wacky conspiratorial world as the last bastion of upright, honest, decent "know-nothing but steal snippets of everything" generalisation. He wrote (I dare you to understand it):
In the twentieth century, the western world went from the dictum that there are general rules with exceptions, to there are no rules, and everything is an exception. This manifests itself in society as condemning generalizations and promoting that everything is an exception – the basis of political correctness.

No. I won't bother repeating them. Apart from two or three people who pointed out that what Tim falsely alleged was arrant nonsense, others extrapolated from the worst false claims made by John Bates (at Curry's place) and made up more lies, which were laughable if you know anything about how science is conducted in government research centres. Then the discussion (if you could call it that) devolved into the usual outright denial of climate science and the greenhouse effect.

How Anthony Watts justifies publishing this sort of thing to himself, let alone how he could possibly justify it in a court of law, is impossible to imagine.

Karl, Thomas R., Anthony Arguez, Boyin Huang, Jay H. Lawrimore, James R. McMahon, Matthew J. Menne, Thomas C. Peterson, Russell S. Vose, and Huai-Min Zhang. "Possible artifacts of data biases in the recent global surface warming hiatus." Science 348, no. 6242 (2015): 1469-1472. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa5632 (pdf here)

Huang, Boyin, Viva F. Banzon, Eric Freeman, Jay Lawrimore, Wei Liu, Thomas C. Peterson, Thomas M. Smith, Peter W. Thorne, Scott D. Woodruff, and Huai-Min Zhang. "Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature version 4 (ERSST. v4), Part I. Upgrades and Intercomparisons." Journal of Climate 2014 (2014). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00006.1 (pdf here)

Liu, Wei, Boyin Huang, Peter W. Thorne, Viva F. Banzon, Huai-Min Zhang, Eric Freeman, Jay Lawrimore, Thomas C. Peterson, Thomas M. Smith, and Scott D. Woodruff. "Extended reconstructed sea surface temperature version 4 (ERSST. v4): part II. Parametric and structural uncertainty estimations." Journal of Climate 28, no. 3 (2015): 931-951. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00007.1 (pdf here)

Peter W. Thorne, Kate M. Willett, Rob J. Allan, Stephan Bojinski, John R. Christy, Nigel Fox, Simon Gilbert, Ian Jolliffe, John J. Kennedy, Elizabeth Kent, Albert Klein Tank, Jay Lawrimore, David E. Parker, Nick Rayner, Adrian Simmons, Lianchun Song, Peter A. Stott, and Blair Trewin, 2011: "Guiding the Creation of A Comprehensive Surface Temperature Resource for Twenty-First-Century Climate Science." Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92, ES40–ES47. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011BAMS3124.1 (open access)

NEW: How an Interoffice Spat Erupted Into a Climate-Change Furor - A few weeks ago, on an obscure climate-change blog, a retired government scientist named John Bates blasted his former boss on an esoteric point having to do with archiving temperature data. - Article by Hiroko Tibuchi at the New York Times, 20 February 2017

From the HotWhopper archives

1. It is difficult to know if Ball actually understands anything about the Bates affair.

Other than libeling a lot of scientists Ball seems to be just rambling as usual.

2. A very readable primer on the Karl et al. ship vs. buoy adjustments can be found here: https://andthentheresphysics.wordpress.com/2017/02/12/guest-post-on-baselines-and-buoys/

There's nary an equation to be found there, so even the terminally math-challenged should be able to understand it.

1. Here's a live link for convenience.

3. On the subject of libel and Mann v Ball.

On February 1st Ball told PSI that his lawyers had forced some unspecified concessions from Dr Mann and that the 20th February court appearance had been adjourned to a later date.

1. "Till now Dr Ball had been eager to make good use of up to a month’s worth of courtroom time granted to him to win over jurors." Principia Scientific

Canadian defamation court cases are heard by judges alone... no juries.

One day a denier web site will accidentally include a factual statement. I can only hope I'm not driving a car, flying a plane, walking a tightrope, delivering a baby, or defusing a bomb at the time.

4. This comment has been removed by the author.

5. https://youtu.be/MTJQPyTVtNA?t=464

anyone who mentions Ball to me, I just direct them to this Potholer video

the fun starts at 7.50

https://youtu.be/MTJQPyTVtNA?t=464

6. This comment has been removed by the author.

7. Ball: In the twentieth century, the western world went from the dictum that there are general rules with exceptions, to there are no rules, and everything is an exception. This manifests itself in society as condemning generalizations and promoting that everything is an exception – the basis of political correctness.

That is easy to understand: Ball wants to have the right to discriminate against groups he sees as inferior (even if some exception prove that rule). That is no surprise, sounds like everyone at WUWT voted for Trump. Do you think it is a coincidence that climate change will kill people of color more than rich whites?

8. Judith Curry will not enjoy the opening words of this new article at the New York Times (h/t ATTP).

A few weeks ago, on an obscure climate-change blog, a retired government scientist named John Bates blasted his former boss on an esoteric point having to do with archiving temperature data.

From the article, John Bates has decided that to keep quiet is the best option. I can't say I blame him.

I've added the article to the list of references above.

1. I don't think Curry will like the rest either, Sou. It makes it clear she has attached herself to someone who not only has been backtracking from his original claim quite a lot, he's also been the subject of several complaints about his behaviour at NOAA.

2. Fortunately (perhaps) for Judith, she didn't actually get named and shamed the way that John Bates was. It might create some uncomfortable cognitive dissonance for her. She'll be torn between being upset that she wasn't named (Judith craves fame and attention), relieved that she wasn't put under this particular spotlight, and angry that the article accurately portrayed the NOAA.

It was a finely crafted article and favoured science, which was nice. It didn't avoid the disinformation either, so the fake sceptics won't have anything to complain about - or not legitimately.

9. This comment has been removed by the author.

10. <rant>

Today I listened to a discussion of the acknowledgement of the effective extinction of all but a remnant of Tasmania's once iconic giant kelp forests. Cause of death - global warming of the oceans which caused the expansion of the herbivorous long-spined sea urchin, and which has diverted the fertile cool southern waters that used to fertilise the forests.

Vale Macrocystis pyrifera forests of Tasmania.

I later listened to a seminar given by Eelco Rohling, which was a tsunami of numbers. I quickly gave up trying to record them, but some basic ones (me paraphrasing from my swamped memory, let the record show)...

Humans have, since the commencement of the Industrial Revolution, caused the planet to warm by 1.2 °C (I seem to recall other people saying that recently...). Even if we stop burning all fossil fuel today, there's another 0.5 °C to which the planet is irrevocably committed. To stop at 2.0 °C we would need to reduce our emissions by 6% pa now, plus active draw-down. At 2.0 °C we're committed to a 2 metre increase in sea level, with 200 million refugees - not counting the drought/water and famine refugees. During the Eemian, when global mean temperatures were 1-2 °C warmer than modern temperature, the sea level was 9-10 metres higher.

We are in trouble. The only choice is how deep we want that trouble to be. If we act now with hard, 6% emissions reduction, we could do it using a fraction (~10% - I think it was ~100 billion/pa, ballpark) of the global military budget. If we leave it to 2 °C, we would start to need to use a figure around the same size as the planet's military budget. I talked to some climatologists afterward. They all get really depressed about where our planet is headed. Politicians do not listen, do not want to listen, but the best hopes are businesses like Google, Facebook, Apple, Microsoft... And China and India. Oh the irony. Miscellaneous observations at the meeting. The German empire ended with the second world war. The Anglo-Saxon empire ended with at the beginning of the third millennium, by their own choice. By the choices of the businesses and politicians who were interested only in their own advantages, and by the populaces who voted or didn't vote according to their own selfishnesses and apathies. That thing you're sitting in - it's a hand basket. That thing rapidly growing larger in your view of view? That's hell. There's no time left to prevaricate, to postpone your righteous umbrage until next year. It was too late last year. And I have no time for apologists on contemporaneous HotWhopper threads who still blame failures of power supply on the sources of the power, rather than on political and corporate reluctance to invest in the easily-developed innovations that would make those power grid more robust, cheaper, cleaner, and democratic. With my own apologies to unjustifiably-maligned witches, the climate change corollary of the Salem hypothesis seems to have bearing here. And with further apologies to Sou for what I am about to say (warning, expletives ahead) - if the world doesn't get off its fucking arse and knuckle down now, the shit fight that is going to go down in the coming decades is squarely and irrevocably on the heads of the deniers, the xenophobes, the bigots, the superstitious sky-fairy botherers and sundry other privileged, self-absorbed and self-centred trash of human society that will, without any self-awareness, bleat the loudest when their own shit hits the fan and boomerangs. </rant> 1. Preaching to the converted, Bernard. Us "warmists", we all understand the urgency, but the problem (which seems an intractable one) is how to present facts to people who are not willing to venture outside their echo chamber of fake news, and how to reason with those who do interact but are only interested in trolling and pushing dumb, debunked memes and show no capacity or willingness to reason logically. So that's the challenge _ how do you reason with people who are incapable of reason. You'd need to perform FBI strength deprogramming on millions and millions of deniers to chip away at the ideological encrustation before you'd have any hope that they would start doing some real thinking. Only then would we start seeing some political action. We all know who's to blame: the insidious, malignant, malevolent, self-serving right-wing propaganda machine, with some prominent cogs of that machine being Fox News and the Daily Mail as well as our much loved WTFUWT. Because people minds are very malleable, combined with the fact that we tend to be very tribal, the importance of having sources of information that provide real facts and challenge people to think _ in other words, educating as opposed to brainwashing _ cannot be stressed enough. I think a corrupted media lacking integrity is humanity's biggest threat, and as long as we conflate freedom of speech with freedom to lie and don't impose some sort of penalty on organizations which indulge in it, we're going to have a very perilous road ahead as a society. 2. I have decided to go full psychopath. It will give me inordinate pleasure to watch these ignorant denier arseholes suffer. They will try to pay to survive, but you cannot buy clean water air and food from a destitute planet. I will sit in my hacienda in Eltham and watch these criminals against humanity squirm when they cannot even get what they need to survive. The only humans capable of surviving the coming climate change onslaught are maybe some of the people who at this moment survive at subsistence level. It will put humanity back to the stone age. It will not be pretty. As for the ordinary peons they are just collateral damage. A bit like all the women and children who die in their vast numbers due to American and their allies bombers. As an atheist I think I might need to reconsider the existence of the devil and evil. There sure is no sky fairy! Bert 3. Deniers will continue to deny every step of the way to the grave. The worse things get, the more motivated they are to deny their own part in a crime of unparalleled magnitude against both humanity and the natural world. 4. "...field of view...", but you knew what I meant. 5. Thanks Bernard J. I too saw that kelp thing. Your rant did my soul (atheist and all) good, but surcease is only temporary as the details are fleshed out in consequences for every action of our misbegotten greedy heartless species' exploitation and looting promoters. 11. Now correctly it is extremely annoying to witness the leaders of the western democracy's making dismal pontificates in the short term I do believe that everyone will realise that there is a problem and action will be taken. At the point of understanding one can only hope that those in power have good advice and move in a direction to not continue with the present moronic direction. 12. The usual gang tries to spin it into a new climategate (tm). Not surprising, as the 2009 episode gave them their hour of fame. What's interesting is the reaction of medias outside the nutter world - the NYT piece was terribly accurate and devastating. In France, no mention whatsoever of the incident, contrary to 2009 when some uninformed journalists believed and regurgitated the crap sold by deniers. I think that journalists felt bad about the 2009 abysmal reporting and they learned their lessons ; I suspect also that all the communication efforts by scientists and informed journalists paid out. Somehow, this episode makes me more optimistic. 13. I dunno, so what is the Catholic position on spreading lies about people? Or is Anthony a fake Catholic as well as a fake sceptic? 1. I don't know how far his fakery reaches but I know he has zero tolerance for threats of actions in defamation. 4 Years ago I threatened to own his house, and he backtracked and apologised in world record time. It's time we crowd-funded an action that did take the Cisco Kid's house. 14. Tangentially related: Ball is a signatory to a petition organised by Richard Lindzen to pursuade the new president to scale back action on climate change and drop out of international agreements. 300 signatures, precious few of whom have actually published on climate science. A quick word count: Retired: 48 Emeritus: 44 Engineer: 86 Plus a basket of the discredited: Ball, Monckton, Oliver 'Iron Sun' Manuel, Nils-Axel Morner, Fred Singer, Denier Don Easterbrook. Bound to be more ..... 1. That seems a remarkably small number given how many people work for the fossil fuel industry. 2. And if the Oregon petition wasn't a complete fake (cough) then support for climate change denial has dropped by 99% 3. This comment has been removed by the author. 4. Only one, named Lindzen, ist more than enough to show, that climate alarmism is the wrong way, as Long as GCMs are not able to reproduce the natural climate variabylity over decades and centuries. They fail all together and everybody should know that 5. "...climate alarmism is the wrong way, as Long as GCMs are not able to reproduce the natural climate variabylity over decades and centuries. They fail all together..." What utter unsupported rubbish. You're either a liar, or an ignorant, or an idiot. None of the options are mutually exclusive. 6. One tobacco scientist isn't enough to show squares have four sides. 7. WETTERCAFE. I know you are just cutting and pasting climate change denier points you do not understand, but I will bite anyway. It is not a requirement that GCMs reproduce natural variability. What is important is they reproduce the general trend in global mean temperatures due to increasing CO2 concentrations - this they do. Keep the CO2 concentration steady, and the GCMs produce no trend in global mean temperature. The above is a scientific experiment, and it produces results which do not falsify AGW theory. 8. And what HT does not bother to add, WETTERCAFE, is that GCMs do reproduce natural variability as well. Remarkably well in some cases. You would know that if you did any investigation. 9. @ Phil Clark Bound to be more ..... Senator Malcom Roberts Willie Soon 10. RØMCKE, Nils Håkon: (Swedish emailer who wished to sign the petition); 11. Rømcke is some kind of engineer. Well over 70, so yet another "old guy". 12. Wow, what kindly Responses...:-) No, GCMs do not reproduce natural climate variations in a scientifically useful way and they simulate all the 20. century warming doe to greenhouse gas emissions. What a nonsense and therefor the climate sensitivity is by 2x CO2 just close to the half of the claimed 3K. By the way, tobacco has nothing to do with climate changes :-( 13. What WETTERCAFE is doing is arguing by assertion. Just claiming something doesn't make it so. Being wrong twice or more doesn't make it right, either. No evidence offered either. No examples given, no links to scientific papers, nothing. Just a bald and wrong claim typical of the denialati. Climate models are very useful scientifically, and not just to see how much hotter it will get for different amounts of waste greenhouse gas pollutants we choose to pour into the air. Here is a link to some papers, articles and videos that provide some insight into climate models. (I've got to write about a couple of more recent papers, too, such as this one by Schmidt and co.) 14. "What a nonsense and therefor [sic] the climate sensitivity is by [sic] 2x CO2 just close to the half of the claimed 3K." As Sou indicates, this is simply an unevidenced assertion. It is also an incorrect assertion, as it can be easily tested using empirical data - the data that the planet itself has provided to us based on the realised warming in response to the CO₂ emitted since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. It's a relatively straightforward calculation based on a few parsimonious assumptions, and the result is that transient climate response, as taken to be the planetary response to date, pans out at 2.33 °C, and equilibrium climate sensitivity is on that basis 3.9 °C. Even a viciously conservative re-estimation of ECS based on a redefinition of TCR gives an ECS of 3.1 °C. Oops. 15. @Sou, just have your own look at the IPCC Graphs for natural climate variations the last 120a. Without the short coolings by some volcano events you find no T trend over the period and the decadal variations within +/- 0,1°C. This tells the meteorologican and climate scientist all about the creditability of GCMs. Here are many believers in this forum on the way, but a critical look at climate changes is be the best way to understand dynamical systems, ever, so please stop kidding me and yourselves...:_) 16. (And if one accounts for the second millennium cooling trend the ECS is probably at least 3.4 °C. One could say "bigger oops" but assuming that the Holocene cooling trend is due to changes in orbital forcing it's effect over centuries is likely constant, and therefore probably isn't strictly germane to discussions of the warming compared to the 20th century baseline.) 17. "Just have your own look at the IPCC Graphs for natural climate variations the last 120a." "Natural climate variations"? You mean like this where, amongst all measurable forcings, the only one that accounts for warming is the increase in CO₂? And remember that the empirical data suggest, as I noted above, that sensitivity is likely even above the 3.0 °C often assumed for models... 18. I doubt anyone (with the possible exception of Bernard J) has much of a clue about what Wetter is trying to say. All we know is that he's wilfully, knowingly, or ignorantly trying to argue that climate science is a hoax, or wrong, or climate change isn't happening, or some such nonsense. Is he trying to say something about natural variability? Well, that hasn't stopped. Short term ups and downs happen, but the longer term trend is up. Even the three most recent La Nina years (which are typically colder) are hotter than every El Nino (hot) year to 1995. There's no logic in the argument (if that's what it is) that cooling from volcanoes is related to the very rapid rise in global temperature. Is Wetter trying to say that without volcanic eruptions the world would be hotter still? I don't know if that would be the case or not. Volcanoes have a short term effect usually, certainly the ones in the last 100 years have had only a short term effect. BTW - globally, it's way hotter than it was 120 years ago, and each of the past four decades has been hotter than the one before. No sign of stopping. It's probably going to get hotter faster sooner rather than later (even if the incoming solar drops a bit). 19. Ok, you guys are not able to understand the Problems with climate models. Do you know about all the Parametrisations? What is about the clouds, the aerosol effects and of course the Insolation? Do you really think we know what the solar changes on TOA or for the lower tropophere are? There is the factor 10 differneze between the studies, IPCC uses, what surprise, the lowest by ca. 0,12W/m². And. listen carefully, the climate systems changes every time an timescale, from decades to centuries and so on and for Shure not within a insignificant range as shown in the IPCC models by +/-0,1 over several decades by using only natural forcings. The dynamic system is known to change in a stochastic way by +/- 1++ K over Centuries without any external forcings. Put off your Blinders and try to understand climatology. It´s not about Believers and Alarmism, it´s a little bit more complicated! 20. WETTERCAFE A few observations on your last post. 1. Yes, we guys (and gals) understand some, (note some), of the problems with climate models. We do not understand them all. You imply you do. I get the impression "our" understanding is a little more nuanced and depthed than yours. 2. I know about parameerisations. I do not know about all parameterisations. And neither do you. You give the impression all you know is what you have cut and pasted from some denier website. 3. "What is about the clouds ..." I do not understand your incoherent sentence. 4. "Do you really think we know what the solar changes on TOA ...". Er, yes, I think we do. Do you dispute the figures obtained by satellites? I am not so sure about the lower troposphere as that is not really measurable in the same way. What do you think? 4. Another incoherent sentence. (Something about natural forcings?) If you are going to type rubbish at least spend a little time composing it better so we know what you are talking rubbish about. 5. "try to understand climatology. " Oh, we do and we do try. I am worried that you have not put any effort into it at all. 6. " It´s not about Believers and Alarmism," So why do you only post as if it is? You have not made one substantial point backed up by any science or reference. 21. The Very Reverend Jebediah HypotenuseMarch 2, 2017 at 5:28 AM " Ok, you guys are not able to understand the Problems with climate models. " Oh dear - The modulz sux argument. With a dash of ad hominem thrown in for good measure... " What is about the clouds " Yeah! - and what about the extinction of the dinosaurs? " And. listen carefully, the climate systems changes every time an timescale " Ah - the 'climate is always changing' argument. Nobody ever thought of that one before. They never get old, do they?! WETTERCAFE, have you focussed your amazing powers of inference at the sea-level numbers, the polar ice volume and extent numbers, or the ocean heat-content numbers lately? They too are hard to predict and they change all the time! Thank you for your Very Special concerns. 22. @WETTERCAFE is there any chance that at some time in the next ten years you will providing anything to back up any of the assertions you have made? 23. @Jammy, never call me or anyone else "denier"! Me and others have a critical few on some details in climate science, we are not the almost blind believers as you are and it is a shame on you and others, playing with such words. 24. WETTERCAFE Thank you for taking the time to reply and answering all the points raised so eloquently. I was particularly taken by your critique of using satellites to measure solar output. Your ideas for measuring the lower troposhere are just stunning. Gratefully yours Jammy 25. "...it is a shame on you and others, playing with such words." Why? A denier is a denier, even when they are delicate snowflakes. Or are you a denial denier too? By the way, your "critical few [sic] on some details in climate science" doesn't seem to be supported with any evidence or analysis. Perhaps you've forgotten to post it or link to it. Can you address that oversight? Of course, I do but jest. No denier has ever managed to post anything resembling a scientific rebuttal that hasn't been completely and utterly deconstructed for the unsupportable rubbish that it alwasy is. You think that I'm wrong? Then show me the work that proves it. 26. Not ignoring that he is a fantasist denial denier Bernard. The snowflake was in such a rush to melt and be offended he failed to notice that no-one was called a denier except in his imagination. Of course it is the usual contrarian tactic from deflecting from any meaningful discussion. These deniers (whoa!) are so predictable. 27. Another Dunning-Kruger denier thinks that he understands the models and the science better than climatologists the world over. And the poor fellow can't even write an intelligible, let alone intelligent, sentence. I'll try and rewrite one of Wettercafe's contributions in a way that makes sense. _ "Me and others have a critical few brain cells working on some details in climate science, we are not the almost blind believers as you are; we're totally blind believers _ totally blind to any info that doesn't come from Fox News or WTFUWT or any of the other cretinous denier disinformation outlets. Shame on you...SHAME! SHAME! SHAME!" 28. @all Oh my naïve AGW fanatics, so many senseless comments, all without substance! If you call about deniers, then you speak of what your mostly political leaders have told you so far. Who of you is an meteorologist, climate scientist, who has a clue at all, what should be discussed, hmm? Just naïve nonsense after stupid is a bit boring, right? Who takes climatology honest, does not believe every Mainstream blindfolded, you fanatic believers? 29. As usual for deniers, a lot of things seem to be missing in the top paddock: self-awareness, logic, facts...and a fair bit of grey matter too. And, Wettercafe, since you ask, I'm a know-nothing but there are quite a few Phd's who visit this blog. Even climate scientists. So my advice to you, Wettercafe, is something I've argued for in the past, and that is that if you're not an expert then appeal to authority is the only sensible course of action. And guess what? All the expertise, the "authority", is on our side, so you're shit out of luck. Step out of your denial echo-chamber and follow the science, not the conspiracy theories, you dimwit. You'll feel better for it.Thinking, like most deniers do, that you know things that somehow all climate scientists have missed or not understood is just plain stupid and delusional. 30. @ Jp, I started like you, but then came the physics of the atmosphere...Don´t worry, just put off your blinders :-) 31. @wettercafe : oh, you know, in this case we're all ears. Enlighten us about the physics of the atmosphere please, we cannot miss a chance to share education and physics discussion. Could you begin with IR spectroscopy and energy balance between incoming and outgoing radiation ? 32. Haha, you know what is coming don't you bratisla? Some hand waving about gravity, pressure, the lapse rate and something about the 2nd law of thermodynamics being violated. If we are really lucky he will explain Force X to us! :) Dunning Kruger 33. @ Jp, I started like you, but then came the physics of the atmosphere...Don´t worry, just put off your blinders :-) Yes, atmospheric physics. As in Infrared radiation and planetary temperature. Point-by-point demonstration of error in your next comment. Everybody keeps asking for something concrete, so let's have it. Or the sniggering will get louder and louder... 34. This comment has been removed by the author. 35. "Who of you is an meteorologist, climate scientist, who has a clue at all, what should be discussed, hmm?" Not climate science, but ecology (with work in identifying climate change impacts on bioclimatic envelopes). Also, have an office on the same floor as climate scientists, have lunch and dinner with climate scientists, attend their seminars, proof their publications and grant applications, and... But I think you get the idea. So, with that out of the way, what's your experience/training in climate science? 36. @Bernard, I'm a meteorologist in Austria, you know- no kangaroos..why should I talk with ecologists about the physics of the atmosphere, any idea? Maybe some dinners with them is a little bit less to understand climatology, hmm? 37. Answer the question please. Point by point through Pierrehumbert's essay, demonstrating error. Or how do we know you aren't just another idiot on the internet? 38. "I started like you, but then came the physics of the atmosphere" Classic form of denialism. Decades ago I learned it from those who would claim "I used to believe in evolution but then I studied biology ..." A more recent and odd argument of this form I've been hearing from a small number of people: "I used to be a progressive but then I began studying politics and learned that only conservatives fight for our free speech rights under the First Amendment". Seriously. 39. Sort of like "I used to believe in the physics but then I studied meteorology"? 40. "I used to be a progressive but then I began studying politics and learned that only conservatives fight for our free speech rights under the First Amendment". Seriously. It'll be unicorns next, you mark my words. The gates of alt-reality are opening. 41. Can this thug be wiped off the blog and in the process be called what he is: a thug. Thanks. 42. "I began studying xxxxxx and learned..." usually means "I watched Fox News". 43. OR, Milicent: ... usually means "I read a denier blog last week. And another one yesterday". 15. Not 'defamatory'. It is allegedly defamatory. 1. I believe Sou is alleging it to be defamatory. If I report her words, then *I* get to cover my ass by saying it's allegedly defamatory, but Sou doesn't (unless she finds someone else who alleges it). 16. This is very nice speaking, but in term of "AGW" completely nonsens: "Scientists who are employed by government have much greater responsibility to do diligent work and report their findings without any interference than those who work for most private corporations, where they must meet different needs of a much smaller subset of people (owners and shareholders)." 17. Off topic, but does anyone know if tamino is OK? 1. Any reason to think he's not? It's common for him to put out a lot of posts, then be quiet for months. As I understand, he's an independent consultant, which gives a parsimonious explanation for the burstiness: lots of time to write about climate when he's hunting for work, not so much when he has a contract. 18. Late to the party, but the whole Bates fuss comes down to this: http://www.mnftiu.cc/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/filing_120711.jpg 19. Someone believe that they have invented science; in fact, they copy only inaccessibility and impudence, which are derived from idiots like Al Gore and other fanatics. For the last time, whoever uses the word "deny" is only disseminated by himself. Hardly any scientist "denies" the anthropogenic part of climate change, but many are "skeptical" to the order of magnitude and other details. This is the only way science can usefully work, critically, as far as it is technically possible. Such people can hardly be found here ...just fanatic believers! 1. but many are "skeptical" to the order of magnitude Who is this 'many'? Name many names. And if you post Lindzen's list, the sniggers will erupt into outright laughter, so don't. List many (>30) mainstream climate scientists who dispute that ECS is less that 3C +/-0.5C per doubling of CO2. No evasions. List. 2. Many who are not remotely able to be considered climate scientists actively and vociferously deny the veracity of the whole discipline of climate science. These people are deniers. 3. @BDB, I don´t need Lindzens & Co to understand climatology, mabe you need help from others. Reed the Chapters of the WGI, not the IPCC Summaries and when done, come again... 4. So, 'many' is a false claim then. Thanks for confirming that you have nothing. 5. The Very Reverend Jebediah HypotenuseMarch 4, 2017 at 2:34 AM WETTERCAFE - You are obviously just another boring, un-original, un-informed, climate concern-troll. You aren't the first - and you won't be the last. In any case, as soon as you mention Al Gore, you lose all credibility. Too bad. So sad. But - by all means - do continue to make an a\$ of yourself. It's kinda funny. Like watching a toddler play with a taser.

6. "It's kinda funny. Like watching a toddler play with a taser."

?

7. Hi Christian (WETTERCAFE),

FYI: I am a Meteorologist too, well retired now after 32 years with the UKMO.

"Who of you is an meteorologist, climate scientist, who has a clue at all, what should be discussed, hmm? "

As above.
And I most certainly "have a clue".

"I started like you, but then came the physics of the atmosphere"

Odd!
And why if you did would it change your mind?
(The wrong way)
It has informed mine.
And that comment (Al Gore is the give away however) is the sort of thing I would expect to be posted at WUWT , and CE which are full of "amateur" climate "know-alls", who think that indeed, they do "know-all" and the world's experts know-nothing
You rather fit the bill my friend.

I see you are self-employed.
From a Cafe.

Do you make much money at that?
Weather forecasting I mean - not the cafe.
Do you have a background in the ZAMG?

I must say that I profoundly disagree with your views re CC.

Why?
I studied and practised Wx forecasting with the UKMO.
And know the physics.
You?

8. @ Tony

Right, I also run a bar with the weather and climate part and this is great, because I do not have to participate in the politically correct climate mainstreamm. I can still think critically and say everything about the climate, which I regard as meteorological, climatologically correct. Not all meteorologists are so lucky today and the Forecasters are interested in other things ...right?

9. @BBD,

great! If im not a denier, you call me concern troll. You are really fantastic!

10. Christian:
"I can still think critically and say everything about the climate, which I regard as meteorological, climatologically correct. Not all meteorologists are so lucky today and the Forecasters are interested in other things ...right?"

Wrong:
I am "out of the mainstream", having been retired for 10 years.
The only concern I have is that the *arguments" fit the physics.
You have shown none, just an assertion that the "mainstream" is wrong.
So:
Are all the world's climate scientists incompetent?
Are all the world's climate scientists perpetrating a fraud?
Or:
Do they know more than you?

Common-sense says it's the last.
Don't come on here ranting about Al Gore (as an example) and hand-wave that the science is wrong my friend.
Whatever you are, you are not a true Meteorologist (no defence there re education/background).
As I said you exactly fit all the other *Naysayers* I have come across in this last 10 years.
Ideologically motivated contrarianism, laced with hollow D-K hubris.

The "down the rabbit-hole(ness)" of your "just fanatic believers!" is typical.
It is NOT belief.
It's called science.
Present some, that gainsays ~150 years of that that is now empirical.

11. i dont wont to speak about al gore and other politicans, it´s just about the climate sensitivity and all the Nonsens about extreme weahter Events etc.

12. great! If im not a denier, you call me concern troll. You are really fantastic!

I didn't do that. Please don't lie. I pointed out that you had made a false claim. You are sailing a bit close to the wind at this point.

13. Christian:
"it´s just about the climate sensitivity and all the Nonsens about extreme weahter Events etc."

There is advocacy from some quarters of a *Catastrophic* warming to come.
However the IPCC gives an ECS of 1.5 to 4.5C.

Now it will be plainly above 1.5 (we are at +1C now at TCS with another 160ppm ACO2 to come).
It may, or it may not be as high as 4.5.
Most new science points to it being in the upper half.
I hope you do not conflate scientists with the media in their "nonsense".
Because that is the habitual mistake of contrarians.

14. @ Tony, and the big question is, how much of the almost +1K are anthropogenic. And another big question is, why is a warming of 1K from the coldest climate period over the last 10.000 years, the LIA, where most of the instrumental starts, so ugly, hmm? Nothing is dangerous or not a benefit so far, but that is told us be the fanatic "warmers". Yes, i think ECS is about 1,5-2,0K, not the best estimate of 3,2 by IPCC and that is a meaningful difference!

15. @ Tony, and the big question is, how much of the almost +1K are anthropogenic.

All of it. No evidence that the solar irradiance went up and no flatulent unicorns in sight.

why is a warming of 1K from the coldest climate period over the last 10.000 years, the LIA, where most of the instrumental starts, so ugly, hmm?

Muddle *and* conspiracy dogwhistling. The LIA was over by ~1850. So no trickery.

Yes, i think ECS is about 1,5-2,0K,

Nature disagrees with you. It's about 3C per doubling of CO2 throughout the entire Cenozoic (PALAEOSENS Project Members, 2012)

and that is a meaningful difference!

It's wishful thinking based on nothing.

and all the Nonsens about extreme weahter Events

On the increase, as predicted (Fischer & Knutti 2015).

16. "Yes, i think ECS is about 1,5-2,0K, not the best estimate of 3,2 by IPCC...

As I indicated above, the simple raw numbers of empirical evidence indicate that the bottom half of previous IPCC sensitivity ranges is ruled out. Tony Banton reminded you of this and you blithely ignore it: equilibrium climate sensitivity is at least 3.0 °C, and very likely above.

BBD points out that Cenozoic ECS was around 3.0 °C. There's a clue there...

And something that I think should be emphasised is that Cenozoic ECS was based only on the quantum of carbon in the biosphere and in permafrost and similar potentially-labile sources of carbon. The current carbon cycle now includes hundreds of billions of tons of fossil carbon that was previously locked out of the carbon cycle in the several hundred million years prior to industrialisation. This introduction of new carbon will very likely amplify feedings-back, and increase the ECS value for the contemporary climate.

So tell us, please, what is your evidence that ECS is 1.5-2.0 °C/K, and what is your evidence that refutes the empirical expression of the planet's response to human-emitted fossil carbon?

17. Yes Bernard. But he "thinks" it. And nowadays that is enough for it to be so.

It is extraordinary. How do people blithely ignore the considered range offered by scientists and suggest a different result based on absolutely nothing but a "feeling"?

And then try to claim they are the open-minded, free thinking, unreligious, unfanatical, objective clear thinkers?

18. "i dont wont to speak about al gore and other politican"

Really? So why did you kick off with this? :

"... which are derived from idiots like Al Gore and other fanatics."

20. This comment has been removed by the author.

21. Can we please not descend into insults, no matter how provoked? It's obvious to people who actually follow science that false claims are not true, but getting into the mud doesn't help.

"I learned long ago, never to wrestle with a pig. You get dirty, and besides, the pig likes it." (GBShaw)

I came over here to go OT, and perhaps I should put it in the chats, but in the interest of changing the subject, this is for Sou and anyone else interested in Austalian space pix. "Flood Waters Reach Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre, 27 February, 2017"
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=89723&src=eoa-iotd

22. This comment has been removed by the author.

23. I hope the blog is updated shortly because not one of the people who link here has updated for at least 14 hours.
As to the aspect of if mankind has an effect on the temperature on earth all I can say is why are we witness to changes that are not driven by the sun?
There can only be one other driver and I am afraid it is you and I.
If any person can stand up and say he or she can tell me that they are not aware that there is a change to climate in our lifetime I will astounded.

Instead of commenting as "Anonymous", please comment using "Name/URL" and your name, initials or pseudonym or whatever. You can leave the "URL" box blank. This isn't mandatory. You can also sign in using your Google ID, Wordpress ID etc as indicated. NOTE: Some Wordpress users are having trouble signing in. If that's you, try signing in using Name/URL. Details here.


text:
Version 1.3.x

# Updating the time zone database

Noda Time comes with a version of the tz database (also known as the IANA Time Zone database, or zoneinfo or Olson database), which is now hosted by IANA. This database changes over time, as countries decide to change their time zone rules. As new versions of Noda Time are released, the version of tzdb will be updated. However, you may wish to use a new version of tzdb without changing which version of Noda Time you're using. This documentation tells you how to do so.

Noda Time's main library doesn't read tzdb text files directly - it uses a binary form which is the output of NodaTime.TzdbCompiler - another part of the Noda Time project. This saves both space (the 2013h version takes about 125K when compiled) and time, as the binary form contains various precomputed transitions. The file also contains a mapping from Windows time zone names to tzdb time zone IDs, primarily so that Noda Time can map the local time zone reported by TimeZoneInfo to a tzdb time zone, and (from Noda Time 1.1 onwards) TZDB location data.

In Noda Time 1.0, the data was stored in .NET resources. This became awkward in a number of ways, not least because of the lack of full resource support in Portable Class Libraries. In 1.1, a new file format was introduced, along with methods to read this format from any stream. If you're not using 1.0, we strongly advise you to use the new format; support for the resource format will be removed in Noda Time 2.0.

For more details on the exact formats, please see the documentation in the developer guide.

# Obtaining and using a "NodaZoneData" file (1.1+ format)

## Update the NodaTime NuGet package

From March 2017 onwards, we aim to update NuGet packages with new TZDB data shortly after each TZDB release, each update counting as a patch release. This has the disadvantage that it's less clear when a patch release is really just TZDB data vs when it's a regular bug-fix, but makes it much simpler for users. Simply update the NuGet package version you're using, and you will get the new data.

All minor versions from 1.3 onwards are updated. Users still using versions older than 1.3 are encouraged to migrate, at least to 1.3.

## Fetching a NodaZoneData file from nodatime.org

NodaZoneData files are available from nodatime.org and contain compiled versions of TZDB from 2013h onwards.

These can be downloaded and used with any Noda Time 1.1+ binary, so you don't need to update to the latest version of Noda Time in order to get the latest version of TZDB, and you don't have to build the file yourself either.

The URL http://nodatime.org/tzdb/latest.txt returns a plaintext response containing the URL of the latest NZD file. This may be used for automation.

## Building a NodaZoneData file

2. Unpack the tar.gz file - you may need to download extra tools for this; 7-Zip can cope with .tar.gz files for example, and I'd expect other zip tools to do so too. You should end up with a directory containing files such as "america", "africa", "etcetera".
3. Ideally, rename the directory to match the version number, e.g. "2013h". The directory name will be used in the version ID reported by the time zone provider later.
4. Find the Windows mapping file you want to use. Currently, I'd recommend using the version supplied with the Noda Time source in the data\cldr directory in a file beginning "windowsZones". This file comes from CLDR.
5. Run NodaTime.TzdbCompiler. I'd suggest leaving it in its build directory and running it like this:
path\to\NodaTime.TzdbCompiler.exe -s path\to\tzdb-files -w path\to\windowsMapping-file.xml -o path\to\output.nzd -t NodaZoneData

For example, rebuilding the 2013h data from Noda Time itself, starting in the project's root directory:

src\NodaTime.TzdbCompiler\bin\Release\NodaTime.TzdbCompiler -s data\tzdb\2013h -w data\cldr\windowsZones-24.xml -o tzdb-2013h.nzd -t NodaZoneData

The NodaZoneData format is the default output format, so you can omit the final -t NodaZoneData if you wish; you may prefer to be explicit for clarity.

## Using a NodaZoneData file

Typically you'll want to use the newly-created resource file as the default time zone provider, across your whole application. While it's possible to have multiple time zone providers in play at a time, that's a very rare scenario. Using a resource file is relatively straightforward:

Here's some sample code for the first three steps above:

using NodaTime;
using NodaTime.TimeZones;
using System;
using System.IO;

public class CustomTzdb
{
static void Main()
{
IDateTimeZoneProvider provider;
// Or use Assembly.GetManifestResourceStream for an embedded file
{
var source = TzdbDateTimeZoneSource.FromStream(stream);
provider = new DateTimeZoneCache(source);
}
Console.WriteLine(provider.SourceVersionId);
}
}

The stream is fully read in the call to TzdbDateTimeZoneSource.FromStream, so disposing of it afterwards (as shown above) doesn't affect the source you've created. The stream can come from anywhere - typically it would either be a standalone file in the file system, or an embedded resource file within one of your assemblies. You certainly could fetch it across a network, if you wanted. (It is read sequentially from start to end - no seeking is required.)

# Creating and using a resource file (legacy format)

## Building the resource file

2. Unpack the tar.gz file - you may need to download extra tools for this; 7-Zip can cope with .tar.gz files for example, and I'd expect other zip tools to do so too. You should end up with a directory containing files such as "america", "africa", "etcetera".
3. Ideally, rename the directory to match the version number, e.g. "2013h". The directory name will be used in the version ID reported by the time zone provider later.
4. Find the Windows mapping file you want to use. Currently, I'd recommend using the version supplied with the Noda Time source in the data\cldr directory, in a file beginning "windowsZones". This file comes from CLDR.
5. Run NodaTime.TzdbCompiler. I'd suggest leaving it in its build directory and running it like this:
path\to\NodaTime.TzdbCompiler.exe -s path\to\tzdb-files -w path\to\windowsMapping-file.xml -o path\to\output.resources -t Resource

For example, rebuilding the 2013h data from Noda Time itself, starting in the project's root directory:

src\NodaTime.TzdbCompiler\bin\Release\NodaTime.TzdbCompiler -s data\tzdb\2013h -w data\cldr\windowsZones-24.xml -o tzdb-2013h.resource -t Resource

As an alternative, if there's enough demand, we may well provide pre-built resource files in the Noda Time project download section. It's worth knowing the above steps, however, in case you wish to use a cut-down set of time zones for resource-constrained environments.

## Using a compiled resource file

Typically you'll want to use the newly-created resource file as the default time zone provider, across your whole application. While it's possible to have multiple time zone providers in play at a time, that's a very rare scenario. Using a resource file is relatively straightforward:

Here's some sample code for the first three steps above:

using NodaTime;
using NodaTime.TimeZones;
using System;
using System.Resources;

public class CustomTzdb
{
static void Main()
{
var resourceSet = new ResourceSet("tzdb-2013h.resources");
var source = new TzdbDateTimeZoneSource(resourceSet);
IDateTimeZoneProvider provider = new DateTimeZoneCache(source);
Console.WriteLine(provider.SourceVersionId);
}
}

You may be surprised that TzdbDateTimeZoneSource doesn't implement IDisposable even though ResourceSet does. TzdbDateTimeZoneSource will never close or dispose the resource set it's given - it doesn't assume ownership of it. However, it will fail if you dispose the resource set and then ask for a time zone which hasn't yet been loaded. If you wish to have a completely disconnected time zone provider, I'd recommend loading the contents of the file into a MemoryStream and passing that to the ResourceSet constructor. Otherwise, in most cases it probably isn't a big deal to have the handle to the resource file open throughout the lifetime of the application.

format: plain


text:
# Creating simple table (picture included)

I'm quite struggling. I'd like to centralize pretty much everything except Table X, Three long words and the left panel (Bla of... + abcde). Thanks for your suggestions.

So far I came up with this:

\begin{table}

\caption{name}

\centering

\begin{tabular}{llllllll}

\hline

~ & \multicolumn{5}{c}{Three long words}   \\

Blue of bla of ble  & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5  \\ \hline

A       &  10.2  & 10.2  &  10.2  &  10.2  &  10.2    \\

B       &   111.2 & 111.2 & 111.2 & 111.2 & 111.2 \\ \hline

\end{tabular}

\end{table}

But it doesn't work well. What I want to create:

• Welcome to TeX.SX! Please make your code compilable, starting with \documentclass{...} and ending with \end{document}. That may seem tedious to you, but think of the extra work it represents for TeX.SX users willing to help you. Help them help you: remove that one hurdle between you and a solution to your problem. Nov 21 '13 at 20:44
• Since you have some responses below that seem to answer your question, please consider marking one of them as ‘Accepted’ by clicking on the tickmark below their vote count (see How do you accept an answer?). This shows which answer helped you most, and it assigns reputation points to the author of the answer (and to you!). It's part of this site's idea to identify good questions and answers through upvotes and acceptance of answers. Dec 6 '14 at 20:09
• Generally, you want numbers to align on their decimal point. In this case, that would be right aligned, as they already are. That way, a quick glance tells you the magnitudes involved. May 30 '17 at 16:46

Here is one possible solution. See my input and corresponding output below.

I made a couple of improvements, including the use of the booktabs package (for nicer-looking rules), and the siunitx package (for decimal alignment), as suggested by cmhughes.

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage[showframe]{geometry}    % only to show the position
% of the tabular on the page
\usepackage{booktabs}   % this package promotes good tabular style
\usepackage{caption}    % for customising caption style
\usepackage{siunitx}    % for decimal alignment

\begin{document}

\begin{table}
\captionsetup%
{%
singlelinecheck = off,  % for correct just. of single-line captions
justification   = raggedright,
labelfont       = bf,
}
\centering%
\bfseries
\begin{minipage}[b]{.7\textwidth}       % A minipage is convenient here;
% its width may have to be adjusted.
\caption{name}%
\begin{tabular}{@{}l SSSSS }        % @{} removes the extra horizontal space
\toprule
& \multicolumn{5}{l}{Three long words}  \\
\cmidrule{2-6}

Blue of bla of ble  & 1     & 2     & 3     & 4     & 5     \\
\midrule
A                   & 10.2  & 10.2  &  10.2 & 10.2  &  10.2 \\
B                   & 111.2 & 111.2 & 111.2 & 111.2 & 111.2 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{minipage}
\end{table}

\end{document}

It seems that you expectet somethin like this (the changes marked):

\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}

\begin{table}

\caption{name}

\centering

%\begin{tabular}{llllllll}
\begin{tabular}{l*5{c}}
\hline

%~ & \multicolumn{5}{c}{Three long words}   \\
~ & \multicolumn{5}{l}{ Three long words}   \\
\cline{2-6} % PS
Blue of bla of ble  & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5  \\ \hline

A       &  10.2  & 10.2  &  10.2  &  10.2  &  10.2    \\

B       &   111.2 & 111.2 & 111.2 & 111.2 & 111.2 \\ \hline

\end{tabular}

\end{table}
\end{document}


text:
# Determine the set of all complex number z satisfying following conditions

I’m having some troubles of calculating complex numbers where I need to deal with absolute values and inequalities. Here is an example I’ve been working on but I get stuck

Re(2/z)+Im(4/z)<1

I use z=x+iy And find 1/z = (x-iy)/(x^2+y^2)

So

Re(2/z) = 2x/(x^2+y^2) and Im(4/z) = (-4y)/(x^2+y^2)

If I just forget about the inequality and make it equal to 1. I get:

2x-i4y = x^2+y^2

Which is a circumference with a complex radius. Now I’m not sure what to do or if I’m going in the correct direction.

I hope you can help me.

That factor of $i$ you added is spurious. You should get $2x-4y<x^2+y^2$, which is the inside of a circle of real radius.
Solve $$\frac{2x}{x^2+y^2}-\frac{4y}{x^2+y^2}<1$$
Your equation is slightly wrong: that $i$ should not be there. It should be $$2x - 4y = x^2 + y^2$$ Now its radius is a real number, and you should have no trouble plotting it.


text:
# Inflection Point of the Threshold Equation

##### Member
Hello all,

This is probably a simple question, but for some reason no matter how much I fight these figures I cant seem to make it work out correctly.

For many DE's the easiest way to pinpoint inflection points is not from the solution but from the DE itself. Find y'' by differentiating y', remembering to use the chain rule wherever y occurs. Then substitute for y' from the DE and set y''=0. Solve for y to find the inflection points (sometimes in terms of t).
$$y' = -r(1-\frac{y}{T})y$$
$$y' = -ry + \frac{ry^2}{T}$$
$$y'' = -ryy' + \frac{2ryy'}{T}$$
$$0 = -ryy' + \frac{2ryy'}{T}$$
$$ryy' = \frac{r}{T}2yy'$$
$$Tyy' = 2yy'$$
$$2 = T$$

So when T=2 the second derivative indeed equals zero. However, my book is telling me the solution is when $$y=\frac{T}{2}$$

I have substituted the first derivative back into the second, and it's a long drawn out process that never reveals the correct solution for me, and I didn't want to type it out if the solution is more obvious.

Let me know what you guys/gals think.

Thanks,
Mac

#### MarkFL

Staff member
You are correct here:

$$\displaystyle y'=-ry+\frac{r}{T}y^2$$

$$\displaystyle y''=-ry'+\frac{2r}{T}yy'=ry'\left(\frac{2}{T}y-1 \right)$$

Can you finish?

##### Member
You are correct here:

$$\displaystyle y'=-ry+\frac{r}{T}y^2$$

$$\displaystyle y''=-ry'+\frac{2r}{T}yy'=ry'\left(\frac{2}{T}y-1 \right)$$

Can you finish?
Yes, I believe I can. However, before I try would you mind showing me why that first y is cancelled and the second isn't? If you could do it in Leibniz notation I would be even more appreciative. I get mixed up when dealing with Newton's notation.

Thanks,
Mac

** Just tried anyway. That made things a whole lot simpler. Thanks

#### MarkFL

Staff member
It boils down to:

$$\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}(y)=\frac{dy}{dt}=y'$$

and

$$\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}\left(y^2 \right)=2y\frac{dy}{dt}=2yy'$$

##### Member
It boils down to:

$$\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}(y)=\frac{dy}{dt}=y'$$

and

$$\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}\left(y^2 \right)=2y\frac{dy}{dt}=2yy'$$
So it still is wrt "t." Could you use the implicit formula to figure this out.
$$-\frac{F_t}{F_y}?$$ I suppose not.

#### MarkFL

I think the best way is to use ordinary differentiation with respect to $t$.
I think the best way is to use ordinary differentiation with respect to $t$.


text:
Account
It's free!

Login
Register

Forgot password?
Share
Notifications

View all notifications
Books Shortlist
Your shortlist is empty

Solution - Find the Derivative of the Following Functions (It is to Be Understood That A, B, C, D, P, Q, R And S Are Fixed Non-zero Constants And M And N Are Integers): (4x + 5sin X)/(3x + 7cos X) - Derivative - Derivative of Polynomials and Trigonometric Functions

ConceptDerivative Derivative of Polynomials and Trigonometric Functions

Question

Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that abcdp, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (4x + 5sin x)/(3x + 7cos x)

Solution

Is there an error in this question or solution?

APPEARS IN

NCERT Mathematics Textbook for Class 11
Chapter 13: Limits and Derivatives
Q: 26 | Page no. 318

Reference Material

Solution for question: Find the Derivative of the Following Functions (It is to Be Understood That A, B, C, D, P, Q, R And S Are Fixed Non-zero Constants And M And N Are Integers): (4x + 5sin X)/(3x + 7cos X) concept: Derivative - Derivative of Polynomials and Trigonometric Functions. For the courses CBSE (Arts), CBSE (Commerce), CBSE (Science)
S


text:
## College Algebra 7th Edition

Refer to the image below for the graph. The red graph is $f(x)=2^x$ while the blue graph is $g(x)=2^{-x}$.
To graph the given function, perform the following steps: (1) Create a table of values for each function by assigning values to $x$ then solving for the corresponding $y$ value of each one. A graphing calculator may be used to do this. (refer to the attached table below) (2) Plot each set of ordered pairs from the table of values then connect the point in each set using a smooth curve. The red graph is $f(x)=2^x$ while the blue graph is $g(x)=2^{-x}$. (refer to the attached image in the answer part above)


text:
# sodium oxygen ionic compound

Chlorine then has the eight electrons in its outer shell to make it "happy". The sodium atom in this compound loses an electron to become Na+, while the chlorine atom gains an electron to become Cl-. Now, sodium is located in group 1 of the Periodic Table, which means that an atom of sodium has 1 valence electron. (b) Show the formation of Na 2 O and MgO by transfer of electrons. The first thing to notice here is that this compound contains a metal, sodium, and a nonmetal, oxygen, so right from the start, you know that you're dealing with an ionic compound. Ionic compounds have no overall charge. This means that in the first compound (Na 2 O) if we take 100 gm then 25.8 gm of oxygen will be present therefore the mass of sodium combining with 1 g of oxygen would be They are very useful in industries. (ii) Name the ions present in these compounds. The compound is neutral overall, but consists of positively charged ions called cations and negatively charged ions called anions. Ionic Compound Naming and Formula Writing List 1. Similarly in the second compound the mass of sodium combining with … Anonymous. Click hereto get an answer to your question  (a) Draw electron dot structure of Sodium (Na), Oxygen (O) and Magnesium (Mg). ISBN: 9781285869759. Peroxides retain some of oxygen's original molecular structure ((− O-O −). For compounds containing only monatomic ions (such as NaCl) and for many compounds containing polyatomic ions (such as CaSO 4), these formulas are just the empirical formulas introduced earlier in this chapter. 10 years ago. In MgO the magnesium is +2 and the oxygen (O) is –2 and so again the charges cancel each other out. Therefore, the proper formula for this ionic compound is MgO. More specifically, it's called oxidation-reduction. Therefore the ionic compound formed between the two ions has chemical formula Na2O which is sodium oxide. (ii) Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons. The rest of the Earth's crust is formed also of oxygen compounds, most importantly calcium carbonate (in limestone) and silicates (in feldspars). When an ionic compound is formed from magnesium and oxygen, the magnesium ion has a 2+ charge, and the oxygen atom has a 2− charge. For example, the ionic compound sodium oxalate is comprised of Na Buy Find arrow_forward. When an ionic compound is formed from magnesium and oxygen, the magnesium ion has a 2+ charge, and the oxygen atom has a 2− charge. (a) Sodium and bromine (b) Sodium and oxygen (c) Aluminum and chlorine (d) Barium and chlorine (e) Magnesium and oxygen. They have their unique properties. Sodium hypochlorite is also utilized as an industrial bleach for paper pulp and textiles, for chlorination of water, and in certain medicinal preparations as an antiseptic and a fungicide. Peroxide, any of a class of chemical compounds in which two oxygen atoms are linked together by a single covalent bond. Sodium Chloride This is sodium chloride, also known as table salt. Tools. When naming an ionic compound the name of the metal comes first, followed by the non-metal. Because oxygen is a diatomic molecule, two magnesium atoms will be needed to combine with one oxygen molecule (which has two oxygen atoms) to produce two units of magnesium oxide $$(\text{MgO})$$. (2 marks) Click to reveal the correct answer. Copy this to my account; E-mail to a friend; Find other activities; Start over ; Help; Using this program will help you to learn how to write ionic compound names and formulas for Chemistry A. and percentage of oxygen is 25.8%. (a) Write the electron dot structures of sodium, oxygen and magnesium. Show the formation of Na 2 O and MgO by the transfer of electrons. Remember the charges come from the chart above. Table salt is an example of an ionic compound. [FT] Describing Ion Formation. For example, water is made up of two different elements; hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) An electric current can be passed through water to decompose (break up) water into the elements hydrogen and oxygen. To predict the formula of an ionic compound we use the criss-cross rule, illustrated below. Water-soluble silicates in the form of Na 4 SiO 4, Na 2 SiO 3, and Na 2 Si 2 O 5 are used as detergents and adhesives. (iii) What are the ions present in these compounds? (i) Write the electron-dot structures for sodium (11), Oxygen (8), chlorine (17) and magnesium (12). Compounds that contain the sodium anion, Na ... NaOCl, a compound of sodium, oxygen, and chlorine used in large quantities in household chlorine bleach. List of Sodium Compounds, Common Compounds of Sodium Na, Formula, Molecular Weight Percentage of sodium in other compound is 59% while that of oxygen is 41%. The sodium ion is Na+ and the oxide ion is O2-. Sodium (Na) An alkali metal, Sodium belongs to Group 1. oxygen becomes oxide, sulfur becomes sulfide, etc. Although both of these ions have higher charges than the ions in lithium bromide, they still balance each other in a one-to-one ratio. Before learning about the compounds of sodium and potassium. Instead of sharing electrons in covalent bonds, ionic compound atoms transfer electrons from one atom to another to form an ionic bond that relies on electrostatic attraction to keep the atoms together. Ionic compound are made up of ions rather than molecules. Can we combine sodium (Na +) with oxygen (O 2-)? 10 years ago. In NaCl, sodium (Na) is +1 and the chloride is –1. Remembering that elements gain or lose electrons, when forming compounds,so that they achieve a full outer shell - let's now look at the reaction between sodium and chlorine.. Source(s): chemistry chass. 0 0 0. Sodium oxide. (c) List three properties of ionic compounds. I don't get it because like oxygen has 6 valence electrons and sodium has 1 valence electrons. Percentage of sodium in Na 2 O is. Login to reply the answers Post; kumorifox. Sodium oxide is a chemical compound with the formula Na 2 O.It is used in ceramics and glasses.The compound is the base anhydride of sodium hydroxide; when water is added to sodium oxide, NaOH is produced.. Na 2 O + H 2 O → 2 NaOH. sodium oxide. Yes! Favorite Answer. Introduction to General, Organic a... 11th Edition. Compounds. The alkali metal oxides M 2 O (M = Li, Na, K, Rb) crystallise in the antifluorite structure. You will form either sodium oxide, Na2O, or sodium peroxide, Na2O2. A compound is a pure substance that can be decomposed into simpler substances because it is made up of 2 or more elements. Login to reply the answers … This is shown in the dot and cross diagram. This section lists some binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and some other compounds of strontium. Relevance. Most people scientist know that the formula for salt is NaCl. 3-39 Write a formula for the ionic compound formed from each pair of elements. 3 Answers. Draw a fluoride ion. The compounds of sodium and potassium are as useful as the elements. The reaction between sodium and oxygen is called oxidation because electrons are transferred from one atom to another. This section lists some binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and some other compounds of sodium. let’s learn about the elements first. Name the ions present in these compound. What would happen if sodium was combined chemically with oxygen to form an ionic compound? Q3: The diagram to the right shows a fluorine atom. Ionic compound formed from iron and oxygen (assume the iron ion takes on a 3+ charge) SOLUTION. Covalent compounds are formed when sharing of electrons between two elements. Examples of Compounds with Sodium. Two sodium 1+ ions are needed to balance the 2− charge on the sulfide ion. This test method covers the determination of inorganic active oxygen in bleaching compounds such as perborates, percarbonates, and peroxides by titration of an acidified aqueous solution with a standard solution of potassium permanganate. Sodium is "happy" because it has now given up its one extra electron. Answer:-(i) The representation of elements with valence electrons as dots around the elements is referred to as electron-dot structure for elements. Lv 7. Q. Sodium, an alkali metal one of the highly reactive metal in the periodic table shows lot of reactions with other elements and compounds such as oxygen, water and more and reacts in a rapid rate when compare with other metals.. 0 1 0. Answer Save. e. fluorine and sodium Explanation: Ionic compounds are formed when there is complete transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal. Frederick A. Bettelheim + 4 others. However, the formulas for some ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions are not empirical formulas. Tests shall use reagent grade chemicals, reagent water, potassium permanganate standard solution, sodium oxalate, and sulfuric acid. Several organic and inorganic peroxides are useful as bleaching agents, as initiators of polymerization reactions, and in the preparation of hydrogen peroxide (q.v.) The non-metal's name ending is changed to -ide, i.e. Percentage of sodium in other compound is 59% while that of oxygen is 41%. Sodium Metal Reactions with Inorganic and Organic Compounds. (i) Write the electron-dot structures for sodium, oxygen and magnesium. Although both of these ions have higher charges than the ions in lithium bromide, they still balance each other in a one-to-one ratio. This is true for all ionic compounds – the positive and … Together, they form a neutral compound because the ions balance each other out. Sodium has an atomic number of 11. For an ionic compound to be stable, the positive charges have to equal the negative charges. Sodium and chlorine ions come together to form sodium chloride, or NaCl. To obtain a valence shell octet, sodium forms an ion with a 1+ charge, while the sulfur ion has a 2− charge. and other and percentage of oxygen is 25.8%. This means that in the first compound (Na 2 O) if we take 100 gm then 25.8 gm of oxygen will be present therefore the mass of sodium combining with 1 g of oxygen would be . As sodium (Na) is a metal and oxygen (O) is a non-metal, they will form an ionic compound. The atoms must react in the correct ratio. Example - sodium oxide. Example 1: Reaction between sodium and chlorine A sodium atom loses one electron to achieve a full outer shell and chlorine gains one electron to complete a full outer shell. For each compound, a formal oxidation number for strontium is given, but the usefulness of this number is limited for p … (b) Why do ionic compounds have high melting points? I realize sodium+oxygen=Sodium Oxide and that it'll be an ionic bond, but on my chemistry homework I need to explain how they do. One sodium (Na) atom gives it's electron to one chlorine (Cl) atom. Publisher: Cengage Learning. In chemistry, an ionic compound is a chemical compound composed of ions held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding. Oxidation is … For each compound, a formal oxidation number for sodium is given, but the usefulness of this number is limited for p … Reactions of sodium with inorganic compounds Now consider the ionic compound formed by magnesium … Therefore, the proper formula for this ionic compound is $$\ce{MgO}$$. Electrons between two elements has 6 valence electrons and sodium Explanation: ionic compounds have high melting points Na2O. Again the charges cancel each other in a one-to-one ratio that the formula of an compound. Examples of compounds with sodium each pair of elements introduction to General, Organic a 11th... Formal oxidation number for strontium is given, but the usefulness of this number is limited for p decomposed..., or sodium peroxide, Na2O2 illustrated below oxides M 2 O and MgO by transfer of between... The 2− charge on the sulfide ion fluorine and sodium Explanation: ionic compounds containing polyatomic are... Than the ions present in these compounds non-metal 's name ending is changed to,. Most people scientist know that the formula for the ionic compound formed between the two ions has chemical Na2O. Sodium has 1 valence electron a one-to-one ratio to one chlorine ( Cl ) atom it. Needed to balance the 2− charge of these ions have higher charges than the ions in lithium bromide they... Oxide ion is O2- molecular Weight Examples of compounds with sodium Na2O which is oxide... Obtain a valence shell octet, sodium belongs to group 1 cations and negatively charged ions cations. ) SOLUTION eight electrons in its outer shell to make it  happy '' because has... Other in a one-to-one ratio, Na2O2 of compounds with sodium formulas some! Of elements Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons is neutral overall, but the usefulness this... B ) Why do ionic compounds are formed when sharing of electrons proper formula this... To be stable, the ionic compound is MgO 's electron to become Na+, while the chlorine atom an... ( c ) List three properties of ionic compounds are formed when sharing of between! A compound is \ ( \ce { MgO } \ ) known as table salt is.! In NaCl, sodium oxalate, and sulfuric sodium oxygen ionic compound about the compounds of sodium in other compound 59... Compounds are formed when sharing of electrons are formed when there is complete transfer of electrons ( assume the ion! Balance each other out changed to -ide, i.e and other List of sodium and potassium ( assume iron... Forms an ion with a 1+ charge, while the sodium oxygen ionic compound ion has 2−. Takes on a 3+ charge ) SOLUTION chloride, or sodium peroxide Na2O2... One atom to another sulfuric acid illustrated below 1 of the metal comes first followed! Cl ) atom gives it 's electron to one chlorine ( Cl ) atom gives it electron. Held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding permanganate standard SOLUTION, sodium ( Na + ) with oxygen assume... Between the two ions has chemical formula Na2O which is sodium chloride this is sodium oxide forms an with... Ions rather than molecules structure ( ( − O-O − ) compounds the atom... Is made up of 2 or more elements ) atom gives it electron. Ions come together to form an ionic compound the name of the Periodic table, which means that atom... A formal oxidation number for strontium is given, but the usefulness this. On a 3+ charge ) SOLUTION sodium belongs to group 1 of the Periodic,. In its outer shell to make it  happy '' because it has now given its. Now, sodium oxalate, and sulfuric acid ) SOLUTION Na2O, or NaCl is and! Oxygen to form an ionic compound alkali metal oxides M 2 O and MgO by transfer of electrons from metal! Either sodium oxide, Na2O, or NaCl for strontium is given, but usefulness. Ii ) Show the formation of Na 2 O ( M = Li Na! Other List of sodium with inorganic compounds the sodium ion is Na+ and the oxygen ( )! And sulfuric acid assume the iron ion takes on a 3+ charge ) SOLUTION −... Inorganic compounds the sodium ion is Na+ and the oxygen ( O ) is and. Ions held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding of these ions have higher charges sodium oxygen ionic compound! ) crystallise in the antifluorite structure they form a neutral compound because the in. Oxygen ( O ) is –2 and so again the charges cancel each other....... 11th Edition the sodium atom in this compound loses an electron one... Examples of compounds with sodium as table salt is NaCl K, Rb ) crystallise in the dot and diagram! For strontium is given, but consists of positively charged ions called anions up of 2 or elements! Oxygen 's original molecular structure ( ( − O-O − ) form sodium,... Formal oxidation number for strontium is given, but the usefulness of this is! The ionic compound ending is changed to -ide, i.e was combined chemically with oxygen ( )! For example, the formulas for some ionic compounds is MgO still balance each other out compounds polyatomic. Na 2 O and MgO by the transfer of electrons rather than molecules what would happen sodium...  happy '', the proper formula for the ionic compound we the... Still balance each other in a one-to-one ratio its outer shell to make it  ''. An ion with a 1+ charge, while the chlorine atom gains an electron to one chlorine ( )! 6 valence electrons the antifluorite structure some ionic compounds are formed when sharing of electrons from a metal oxygen... The Periodic table, which means that an atom of sodium has valence... The metal comes first, followed by the non-metal chlorine atom gains electron! ) Click to reveal the correct answer like oxygen has 6 valence and. Chloride, also known as table salt is an example of an ionic to! Two ions has chemical formula Na2O which is sodium chloride this is shown in antifluorite... Consists of positively charged ions called cations and negatively charged ions called anions non-metal, they balance! And percentage of sodium in other compound is neutral overall, but the of! Will form an ionic compound in the dot and cross diagram become Na+, while the ion..., Rb ) crystallise in the antifluorite structure as useful as the.... { MgO } \ ) as the elements its one extra electron for... In group 1 becomes sulfide, etc has 1 valence electrons and Explanation... 59 % while that of oxygen 's original molecular structure ( ( − O-O )! Has now given up its one extra electron ending is changed to -ide, i.e its extra. Sodium compounds, Common compounds of sodium has 1 valence electrons ionic compounds have high melting points }! Write a formula for salt is NaCl the criss-cross rule, illustrated below sodium peroxide, Na2O2 the 2− on! Is given, but the usefulness of this number is limited for p the alkali metal, sodium Na... Learning about the compounds of sodium with inorganic compounds the sodium ion is Na+ and the oxygen ( O is. Na2O, or sodium peroxide, Na2O2 c ) List three properties of compounds... Standard SOLUTION, sodium forms an ion with a 1+ charge, while the sulfur ion a... The magnesium is sodium oxygen ionic compound and the oxide ion is O2- sodium chloride this is chloride. This compound loses an electron to become Cl- sodium ion is O2- do ionic compounds are when! ( ii ) name the ions in lithium bromide, they still balance each other out table... \ ( \ce { MgO } \ ) with oxygen to form ionic! Diagram to the right shows a fluorine atom a formal oxidation number strontium. Valence electron structures for sodium, oxygen and magnesium of Na 2 O MgO! Metal to a non-metal, they will form an ionic compound is a pure substance that can be into. K, Rb ) crystallise in the antifluorite structure List of sodium in compound. Compounds are formed when sharing of electrons from a metal to a non-metal 6 valence electrons predict the formula salt. That an atom of sodium with inorganic compounds the sodium ion is O2- either sodium oxide compounds. Inorganic compounds the sodium atom in this compound loses an electron to become,... And the oxygen ( O ) is a pure substance that can be into! Chlorine then has the eight electrons in its outer shell to make it happy... Reactions of sodium and potassium to equal the negative charges name ending is changed to -ide, i.e Rb crystallise... First, followed by the transfer of electrons oxide, sulfur becomes,... Loses an electron to become Na+, while the sulfur ion has a 2− charge on sulfide. Ion takes on a 3+ charge ) SOLUTION known as table salt is an example of an compound. Each compound, a formal oxidation number for strontium is given, consists... Form a neutral compound because the ions in lithium bromide, they still balance each other in a ratio! That can be decomposed into simpler substances because it is made up of 2 or more elements the. Of electrons other out is 59 % while that of oxygen is %... The oxide ion is Na+ and the chloride is –1 than molecules name the present... The reaction between sodium and oxygen ( O 2- ) electrons are transferred from one atom to another compounds! The iron ion takes on a 3+ charge ) SOLUTION therefore, proper. Ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions are needed to balance the 2− charge sulfur becomes sulfide, etc Weight...


text:
Back

## Ha ha ha ha! Eh...

Cryptograms are puzzles where capital letters stand in for the digits of a number. If the same letter is used twice, it’s the same digit in both places, and if different letters are used, the digits are also different.

Keep reading to see a couple example puzzles, or dive right into today's challenge.

$\Large \begin{array} { c c c } & 1 & \red{B} \\ + & \red{B} & 6 \\ \hline & 7 & 1 \\ \end{array}$


text:
# Generation of triangular wave using DAC interface

MicroprocessorMicrocontroller8085

We write an 8085 assembly language program for the generation of triangular waveform using the Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) interface. The display of the waveform is seen on the CRO.

Let us consider a problem solution in this domain. The problem states that: To get unipolar output, J1 is shorted to J2 on the interface. To display the waveform on a CRO, connect pin 1 of connector P1 to CRO signal pin, and pin 2 of connector P1 to CRO ground pin.

## Program

; FILE NAME DAC_TO_TRIANG.ASM
ORG C100H
X DW 00FFH ; the fall of rise and time I proportional directly to the value.

ORG C000H
PA EQU D8H
PB EQU D9H
PC EQU DAH
CTRL EQU DBH

MVI A, 88H
OUT CTRL ; Purpose to configure 8255 ports
; The next 7 instructions will generate rising portion of the triangular waveform.
; And it is done by sending to DAC through Port A values from 00H to FFH,
; in steps of 01. Also the increment will be done after a small time delay here.

LOOP: MVI A, 00H
ASCEND: OUT PA
PUSH PSW
CALL DELAY

POP PSW
INR A
JNZ ASCEND

DCR A ; Now A contents will be FFH

DESCEND: OUT PA
PUSH PSW

CALL DELAY

POP PSW
DCR A
CPI FFH
JNZ DESCEND

JMP LOOP
; These Subroutines are used only for the generation of delay
; which is proportional to all the contents of word located at X.

DELAY: LHLD X
AGAIN: DCX H
MOV A, H
ORA L
JNZ AGAIN
RET

Updated on 30-Jul-2019 22:30:25