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# Template:Cite news

Template documentation

This template is used to cite sources in Wikipedia. It is intended specifically for news sources. For citing journals/magazines and websites, see {{Cite journal}} and {{Cite web}}, respectively.

## Usage

All parameter names must be lower case.

Copy a blank version to use. Remember to use the "|" (pipe) character between each field. Please delete any unused fields to avoid clutter in the edit window.

Citations within a page should use consistent formats. However, there is no consensus about which format is best.

Common form with author(s) in a single parameter
{{cite news |title= |author= |newspaper= |date= |url= |accessdate=}}
Common form with first and last
{{cite news |title= |first= |last= |newspaper= |date= |url= |accessdate=}}
All parameters, horizontal format (delete parameters you don't need)
{{cite news |title= |author= |first= |last= |authorlink= |authorlink2= |author2= |author3= |author4= |author5= |author6= |author7= |url= |format= |agency= |newspaper= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date= |page= |pages= |at= |accessdate= |language= |trans_title= |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |ref= }}
All parameters, vertical format
{{cite news
| title =
| author =
| first =
| last =
| author2 =
| author3 =
| author4 =
| author5 =
| author6 =
| author7 =
| url =
| format =
| agency =
| newspaper =
| publisher =
| location =
| isbn =
| issn =
| oclc =
| pmid =
| pmd =
| bibcode =
| doi =
| id =
| date =
| page =
| pages =
| at =
| accessdate =
| language =
| trans_title =
| quote =
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
| ref =
}}

#### Essential parameters

• title: Title of the article. Note that title must be on one line in order for the hyperlink (if there is one) to display properly. Do not enclose it in quotations marks, italics or other formatting, though it may be wikilinked. Reduce "all capitals" to some other title case.
• newspaper: Name of the publication that ran the item, e.g., The Miami Herald or The Scotsman. Can also be used for the name of a column or subpart of an issue. Do not italicize; the software will do so automatically. (You may also use journal, magazine, periodical, or work, but do not use publisher for this.)
• date: Date of publication. To avoid ambiguity, write out the month in words, using the same date format as in the main text of the article. When this information is absent for an online source consider using {{cite web}} instead.

#### Optional parameters

• author: Author.
• last works with first to produce last, first as name of author.
• authorlink works either with author or with last & first to link to the appropriate Wikipedia article. Does not work with URLs.
• author2, author3, ... author9: Allows additional authors. Numbers must be used consecutively. author9 is not actually displayed, but causes et al. to appear. Can also use lastn, firstn, and authorlinkn.
• coauthors: Equivalent to author2.
• url: Link to the news item if available online (note this is not for a link to the main web page of the work of publisher, but only to a copy of the item specified in title). Start the url with the communications protocol e.g., http://. Do not post urls of Google hosted AP content, that content is transient. Use MSNBC, Yahoo, or another provider that keeps AP archives.
• accessdate: Date when the news item was accessed, if it was found online. Should be in the same format as the rest of the article. Must not be wikilinked.
• format: Format, e.g. PDF. Don't specify for HTML (implied as default). This parameter is sometimes used for completely different purposes, with values such as "fee required" and "reprint", but its original intent was to warn readers of file formats that their browsers might have trouble with.
• agency: The news agency (wire service) that provided the content, if any, e.g. Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse, etc.
• location: Place of publication, e.g., Toronto for The Globe and Mail. Should be included if the city of publication is not part of the name of the newspaper. For student newspapers, include the name of the school.
• publisher: The company or organization that publishes the news source (not to be used for the name of the news source itself; see the newspaper parameter). Can be (but need not be) omitted for major publications like The New York Times, but may add credibility for local papers that are part of a family of publications like The McClatchy Company.
• isbn, issn, oclc, pmid, pmd, bibcode, doi Unique object identifiers, if applicable. Will automatically generate an appropriately wikilinked link to the object in question. Most ordinary newspaper articles will not have one of these.
• id: Identifier of a type not listed above. Remember, if you use this parameter, you must specify the kind of identifier, not just give a number.
• page or pages: The page(s) on which the article is found. page inserts the abbreviation "p." before the number; pages inserts "pp." Use only one of these parameters. If numbers are entered for both, pages overrides page.
• at: Position within the newspaper when page/pages is unsuitable, e.g. |at=p. 2, col. 3, |at=p. 2, para. 4 (when the page number is not sufficiently specific), |at=section C, p. 2 (when the newspaper has several sections, each starting their page numbering at 1), or |at=no. 456 (something in a numbered list). This parameter is ignored if either page/pages is specified.
• language: The language in which the source is written. If English (the default) do not use this parameter. See also the 'trans_title' parameter.
• trans_title: A translated title of the article, if the original title is in a foreign language. Would normally be used in conjunction with the 'language' parameter.
• quote: Relevant quotation. Adding a quotation can help locate online copies of the item using a text search, especially if the original link goes dead.
• archive parameters (if used, must be used both of them together)
• archiveurl: The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if (or in case) the URL becomes unavailable. Typically used to refer to services like WebCite and Archive.org.
• archivedate: Date when the item was archived. Should not be wikilinked. If not given, one might look up all available archive versions from URL http://web.archive.org/web/*/ (append the full original URL) to determine an appropriate date.
• ref: ID for anchor. By default, no anchor is generated. The ordinary nonempty value |ref=ID generates an anchor with the given ID; such a linkable reference can be made the target of wikilinks to full references, especially useful in short citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The special value |ref=harv generates an anchor suitable for the {{harv}} template; see anchors for Harvard referencing templates.
• postscript: if specified, over-rides the default behaviour of terminating the citation with a full stop. Leave blank to suppress the full stop. This may be useful when using a quote which ends in punctuation, or when generating an output consistent with other templates. It is preferred to manually adding ending punctuation, as the punctuation occurs within the <cite> tag, so will appear before any icons added by browser plugins.

## Examples

Using first and last for author's name
• {{cite news | first=Cassandra | last=Jardine | title=The return of the secondary modern | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/3621779/The-return-of-the-secondary-modern.html | location = London | agency= | newspaper=The Daily Telegraph | date=5 August 2004 }}
Jardine, Cassandra (5 August 2004). The return of the secondary modern. London.
No author but sourced to a news agency
• {{cite news | first= | last= | title=Drugs: Chips trader gets 15 years, 10 strokes | url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=48660 | newspaper=Daily Express | location=Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia | date=29 March 2007 | agency=Bernama }}
Drugs: Chips trader gets 15 years, 10 strokes. Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. 29 March 2007.
• {{cite news | first=George | last=Monbiot | authorlink=George Monbiot | title=From toxic waste to toxic assets, the same people always get dumped on | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2009/sep/21/global-fly-tipping-toxic-waste | newspaper=The Guardian | location=London | date=22 September 2009 }}
Using "format" parameter when not HTML. No need to use "location" parameter because "New York" is already in name of paper.
• {{cite news | newspaper=The New York Times | title=State Prison Treatment | date=4 February 1883 | url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9503E3D71631E433A25757C0A9649C94629FD7CF | format=PDF }}
Using page to identify the reference by page; news item in library but not on line
• {{cite news | first=Arthur | last=Reed | title=Four-rate plan in air-fare 'jungle' | page=3 | date=9 December 1976 | newspaper=The Times | location = London }}
Reed, Arthur (9 December 1976). Four-rate plan in air-fare 'jungle'. London. p. 3.
A foreign-language news article
• {{cite news |author=Joliet, François |title=Honni soit qui mal y pense |date=30 April 2005 |language=French |newspaper=Le Figaro |location=Paris |trans_title=Shame on those who think evil }}
Joliet, François (30 April 2005). "[Shame on those who think evil]" (in French). Honni soit qui mal y pense. Paris.
Using archiveurl and archivedate to refer to items that disappeared from newspaper's own website but are now available from an archive site
• {{cite news | author=Achenbaum, Emily S. | title=Freedom lost, without a trial | newspaper=The Charlotte Observer | url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/109/story/47573.html | date=11 March 2007 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070419112159/www.charlotteobserver.com/109/story/47573.html | archivedate=19 April 2007 }}
Achenbaum, Emily S. (11 March 2007). Freedom lost, without a trial. Archived from the original on 19 April 2007.

## COinS

This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.


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# Which one of the following equations has a root in common with

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Which one of the following equations has a root in common with [#permalink]

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21 May 2017, 00:45
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Which one of the following equations has a root in common with $$x^2 -6x + 5 =0$$ ?

A) $$x^2+1=0$$

B) $$x^2 - x -2=0$$

C) $$x^2 -10x -5 =0$$

D) $$2x^2 - 2=0$$

E) $$x^2 -2x - 3=0$$
[Reveal] Spoiler: OA

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Re: Which one of the following equations has a root in common with [#permalink]

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21 May 2017, 00:49
carcass wrote:
Which one of the following equations has a root in common with $$x^2 -6x + 5 =0$$ ?

A) $$x^2+1=0$$

B) $$x^2 - x -2=0$$

C)$$x^2 -10x -5 =0$$

D) $$2x^2 - 2=0$$

E) $$x^2 -2x - 3=0$$

Discussed here: https://gmatclub.com/forum/which-of-the ... 08787.html

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Re: Which one of the following equations has a root in common with   [#permalink] 21 May 2017, 00:49
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## US Congress Passes $8 Billion Highway Trust Fund Bill ##### 12 September 2008 The US House of Representatives voted 376-29 to give final approval to a measure that would immediately appropriate US$8.017 billion of general revenue to the Highway Trust Fund, sending the bill to President Bush for his expected signature.

The House originally passed the bill, HR 6532, on July 23. Senators approved it by voice vote Wednesday evening, amending the legislation to make it effective upon the president's signature rather than on Sept. 30. The House today concurred with the Senate amendment and sent the bill to the White House.

Rep. James Oberstar, D-MN and chairman of the House Transportation & Infrastructure Committee, said approval of the bill restores to the Highway Trust Fund $8.017 billion that was siphoned off in a budget deal 10 years ago. Following Bush’s expected approval of the bill, states will be able to restart hundreds of millions of dollars of construction projects that were put on hold this week as a result of the announcement last Friday by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) that it will not only reduce the distribution of payments to the states from twice daily to once a week, it will also proportionately reduce the amount of those payments, based upon available revenue. US Department of Transportation (DOT) officials said states may receive only 70% reimbursement of their claims, or less. According to DOT officials, the FHWA on an average day transfers$185 million to the states, increasing to $250 million a day in the busy summer construction season. Under the FHWA’s plan, transfers would decrease by$55 million daily, or $277.5 million per week. Secretary of Transportation Mary Peters had urged Congress to appropriate more money to resolve the crisis by the end of this week. She said the trust fund faces a zero balance sooner than originally expected because Americans have sharply reduced driving and gas purchases this year because of high prices at the pump. That in turn has led to a drop in gas-tax collections because the fee is assessed per gallon purchased. ### Comments If fuel Fed Taxes are not enough to finance road works, why not raise them to the level required. That may have trible barrel positive effects; reduce oil imports, reduce trade deficits and lower GHG. Going deeper in debt will not do any of it. Taxing our children with more and more debts is not the best way to treat them. You said it HarveyD. Taxes on the use of cars should pay for the infrastructure cars need. If you don't like the taxes, drive less (and use the infrastructure less). Of course it's the trucks that do the lion's share of the damage... they should really pay for most of highway maintenance. The fuel taxes in the US must be adjusted to much higher values and at least keep pace with inflation. In fact fuel taxes in the US should be an increasing percentage of world crude oil prices. All imported crude oil should be taxed at 50% now and steeply rise to a hundred percent and greater as the speculative price goes to$130 and beyond. These taxes can support coal-to-liquid conversion plants and create a permanent price advantage for coal liquids. It is far better that the money goes into the hands of US workers and corporations than foreign hands. The worries about any additional CO2 released for Coal-to-liquids is over blown as it is not a substantial part of the CO2 already released. The US already ships CO2 over a hundred miles to a Canadian oil field to double its production, and many coal mines are near US oil fields.

CANDU power plants, bought from Canada, can use up the US used fuel rods in storage as well as reduce CO2 by replacing coal fired power plants and free up the coal to be used for gasoline and produce electricity for plug-in-hybrid cars. They can also provide heat and steam for ethanol and Coal-to-liquid conversion.

When, due to speculation and US government actions and inactions, the price of energy in crude oil is ten times that of coal it is long past time to start using coal for vehicles and even prohibit the use of oil in the US that arrives from other continents. Nafta should continue to allow the import of oil from Canada or Mexico if they wish to sell it. The US government's and populace's and politician's willingness, to allow the high oil prices, has caused the demise by nutritional deficiencies of many humans above and below the age of 8 both in the US and in many countries of the world.

All trucks should pay a mileage charge that more than covers the repair of additional wear that heavy vehicles cause. Both trailers and containers can be transported at less cost by rail. Walmart has distribution centers with many trucks far distant from any rail lines. Distribution centers should be relocated to rail lines.

HG & Good Cheer:

Agree with you that one large truck driving up to 300 000 Km/yr can do as much road wear and damage as 25 to 50 mid-size diesel or gas cars. It is not certain that trucks are paying their fair share.

However, locomotives using much the same fuel do not use or damage roads.

It would be difficult to use direct fuel taxes equitably. Truck Fed. yearly registration fees based on max. weight x distance travelled may be a fair way to do it.

Make the gasoline tax a percentage of price per gallon. If it is 10% then it would be 30 cents on a $3 gallon of gasoline at the retail level. If the$150 billion that was borrowed and given out for the "stimulus" package had been allocated for bridges and roads, we would have seen a much longer expansion of the economy. Instead people took the $600 and bought imported big screen TV sets at Walmart. Now that is over and there is no more gain to the economy and no improvement to the aging infrastructure. If people are driving less, then that should mean highways wouldn't need as much funding. The only crisis is that many jobs in the department of transportation have become obsolete but nobody's willing to hand out the pink slips. You guys miss the point. If money meant for the infrastructure actually went to the infrastructure this would not have happened. But money was "siphoned off" years ago, typical back room politics. In my state (MA) we have tolls for the Mass pike, but the road is in shambles because that money goes elsewhere. It's amazing this is legal. Problem is that even though people drive less and wear down the roads less they also lose the tax money...then you have the big rigs which do not drive less taking up a larger percentage share of road use -> does their fuel economy induced tax rate (they get crap gas mileage and pay more in taxes as a result) make up for their increased wear on roads compared to passenger vehicles? Though we may be driving less, we have still spread out our housing areas more and the trucks are having to drive even greater numbers of miles to reach all of those locations...just can't telecommute goods into a store and increases in taxation will probably be passed onto the consumers which hits the poor people hardest. [and to think...a few politicians were advocating suspending the federal gas tax - as small as it is]. In the US only on-road diesel is taxed for the road fund. There is a separate grade of diesel fuel used in generators, construction equipment, farm tractors, trains, etc., which is not taxed, and is dyed red to signify the difference. Truckers occasionally are checked to see that the diesel in their tanks isn't red. Unfortunately this off-road only "red dye diesel" has much higher sulfur content limits. If you keep your eyes peeled in rural areas, you will occasionally see a gas station with a pump for off-road diesel, and it's always cheaper than regular diesel. Farmers put it into tanks on their trucks to carry back to the farm for their equipment. "appropriate US$8.017 billion of general revenue to the Highway Trust Fund".
General revenue?

Gasoline tax covers about half the highway maintenance cost.
Taxing gasoline is highly regressive in the sense that it affects low income families more than prosperous citizens.
Wouldn't it be sensible to raise the additional $8B from a luxury showroom tax on new gas guzzlers? For comparison, even China has raised sales tax on new cars with the largest engines from 20% to 40%. Surely appropriating$8B of general revenue for highway maintenance is another hidden subsidy for America's gas guzzlers causing our gasoline addiction.

No politician has the cohones to raise taxes to pay for roads so instead they appropriate money which will only serve to increase the national debt. Nobody cares because no one will be impacted immediately by this irresponsible bill.

The problem from the start has been that alot of non roads and bridges funding has been siphoning out money from this fund for a very long time and now that times are harder and funds alot less easy to get... the system has started to fail because of it.

Its like funding health care on smoking... ya sure makes sense at first.. until times get hard and alot of people cut back or quit... Then your trapped with a spiraling rev stream and no way to switch to new taxes any time soon as EVERYONE is hurting.. or at least everyone you can tax;/

They REALY should have been taxing large cities with bad transit systems to get the money to actualy fix the transit system problems... when those cities had money... too late now.

Absolutely, the burden of cost for transportation and roads should be squarely on those using it the most. Double the gas tax! This is certainly not a burden on the urban poor, unlike the rich suburbs and ultra-rich exurbs, usable public transportation still exists in our cities. The cry for public transportation between towns would grow, if the cost of fuel was higher and the middle class would move closer to work. Maybe we could even build free electric trolleys like the good old days, before Big Oil and Big Auto bought them and destroyed them in the 1930s.

Even though semi trucks create 300x more damage to the road surface than cars, I don't think it makes sense to tax diesel fuel more heavily. After all, trucks carry goods and services for hundreds of people at a time, much more efficiently than everyone driving their SUV further to get the things they need.

There are many rural poor like me who live 6 miles to the nearest grocery store and 4 miles to the nearest gas station. Their low paying jobs are sometimes 30 to 50 miles away but they can't afford to live close to work.
There is plenty of money out there to be taxed to pay for infrastructure and many other needs but the folks with the money own one of the political parties.

Well, lets just get our congress-critters to mandate that trucks 3-axles and over must use non-dyed diesel fuel. Then start selling green dyed diesel at stations that cars and 2-axles trucks used. Eliminate any per-mile taxes beyond the fuel but keep the Heavy Vehicle sales taxes.

In the same bill require that the non-dyed diesel tax be increased at a rate of 5% annually. This would let the current politicians get out of office before the gains begin to hit.

There would be large savings in accounting that would offset the initial 5% increases. Cap the maximum trailer length to 53' or 57' where it exists but make it clear that 53' zones will not be expanded.

Require the investor owned freight railroads to agree to use the additional capital resulting from this move on the stock market to expand fast-freight capacity in intermodal and carload lanes.

Freight diesel use would then decline into perpetuity as most rail hauls are 3 to 4 times as efficient.

I'm with tom deplume.

Jobs in the country are more difficult to find, pay less and you have to drive longer distances. 40 miles to the closest Wal-Mart. Why should we spend more taxes to support 'mass transit riders' in big cities? They don't pay the actual cost for their transit ride. They pay one dollar when the actual cost is three dollars. Our gas taxes are used to subsidize their commute! That's how the 'highway trust fund' (is that something like the 'social security trust fund'?) is raided!

All things being equal, increase the 'mass transit' fares to reflect real costs and leave 'highway taxes' for 'highway construction and maintenance', as reflected in the name!

The comments to this entry are closed.


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# 간흡충 감염 햄스터의 담관암발생에서 small cell과 oval cell의 역할

This study was carried out to examine the role of small cells and oval cells in cholangiocarcinogenesis in the hamsters infected with Clonorchis(C) sinensis. Forty two female Syrian golden hamsters were divided into two groups. Group I was for the induction of the cholangiocarcinoma, which was infected orally with C sinensis and given dimethylnitrosamine(15ppm) in drinking water for 4 weeks. Group II was served as control. More than 5 heads of hamsters in each group were sacrificed at 4, 7, 11 and 15 weeks after the beginning of the experiment. The livers were examined histopathologically, electron microscopically and immunohistochemically. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Cholangiocarcinomas were occurred in 1 of 6 animals at 11 weeks and in 4 of 6 animals at 15weeks after the beginning of the experiment. 2. Small cells and oval cells were proliferated around the portal triads from 4 weeks and peaked at 11 weeks, and slightly decreased after then. 3. The strong positive reaction to the $\alpha$-fetoprotein was shown in many of small cells and oval cells. But ductlike oval cells, which were arranged rosette form, showed week positive reaction to the $\alpha$-fetoprotein. 4. Most of small cells and oval cells showed negative reaction to the cytokeratin. But weak positive reaction in ductlike oval cells, and moderate positive reaction in cholangiocarcinoma cells were observed. These results suggested that cholangiocarcinoma induced by infection of C sinensis was believed to originate from the proliferated small cells around the portal triads which would be able to differentiate to the oval cells, ductlike oval cells, and cholangiocarcinoma cells gradually.


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By mean free path?

mean free path, average distance an object will move between collisions. The actual distance a particle, such as a molecule in a gas, will move before a collision, called free path, cannot generally be given because its calculation would require knowledge of the path of every particle in the region. In physics, mean free path is the average distance over which a moving particle travels before substantially changing its direction or energy, typically as a result of one or more successive collisions with other particles.And now for the solution you’ve been waiting for. A collection of relevant questions and answers that you may require on occasion.

Contents

• What do you mean by mean free path Class 11?

The mean free path is the average distance traveled by a moving particle (such as an atom, a molecule, a photon) between successive impacts (collisions), which modify its direction or energy or other particle properties.
• Mean free path refers to the…

Mean free path refers to the average distance that a moving particle travels between successive collisions or impacts. Furthermore, the successive collisions result in modification of the moving particle’s energy or direction or any other particle properties.
• In the kinetic theory of gases,…

In the kinetic theory of gases, the mean free path of a particle, such as a molecule, is the average distance the particle travels between collisions with other moving particles.

Explore By mean free path? with tags: Mean free path Calculator, Mean free path derivation, Mean free path – Chemistry, Mean free path Formula JEE, Mean free path Pdf, Mean free path example, Mean free path units

Useful articles on By mean free path?

Mean free path – Wikipedia

• Summary: Mean free path In physics, mean free path is the average distance over which a moving particle (such as an atom, a molecule, or a photon) travels before substantially changing its direction or energy (or, in a specific context, other properties), typically as a result of one or more successive collisions with other particles. Scattering theory Slab of target Imagine a beam of particles being shot through a target, and consider an infinitesimally…
• Author: en.wikipedia.org
• Rating: 4.43 ⭐
• Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_free_path

Mean Free Path, Molecular Collisions – HyperPhysics Concepts

• Summary: Mean Free Path, Molecular Collisions The mean free path or average distance between collisions for a gas molecule may be estimated from kinetic theory. Serway’s approach is a good visualization – if the molecules have diameter d, then the effective cross-section for collision can be modeled by using a circle of diameter 2d to represent a molecule’s effective collision area while treating the “target” molecules as point masses. In time t, the circle would…
• Author: hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
• Rating: 3.49 ⭐
• Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/menfre.html

Concept of mean free path – Byju's

• Summary: Mean Free Path and Derivation of Mean Free Path – BYJU’S In a gaseous system, the molecules never move in a straight path without interruptions. This is because they collide with each other and change speed and direction. Between every two collisions, a molecule travels a path length. The mean free path is the average of all path lengths between collisions. In…
• Author: byjus.com
• Rating: 2.75 ⭐
• Source: https://byjus.com/physics/mean-free-path/

Mean Free Path, Mean Free Time, & Root Mean Square …

Mean Free Path – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

• Summary: Mean Free Path – an overviewInteraction of radiation with matterSyed Naeem Ahmed, in Physics and Engineering of Radiation Detection (Second Edition), 20152.1.C Mean free pathAs particles pass through a material, they undergo collisions that may change their direction of motion. The average distance between these collisions is therefore a measure of the probability of a particular interaction. This distance, generally known as the mean free path, is inversely proportional to the cross section and the density of the material,…
• Author: sciencedirect.com
• Rating: 4.48 ⭐
• Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/mean-free-path

Mean Free Path – Definition, Factors, Solved Problems – Turito

• Summary: Mean Free Path – Definition, Factors, Solved Problems – Turito BlogMean Free Path The speed of molecules of a gas is rather higher than that of sound. Still, when gas leaks from a cylinder in a kitchen, it takes some time to diffuse the molecules from one corner of the kitchen to the other corner of the room. Similarly, it takes smoke clouds to hold together for a few hours. It ensues…
• Author: turito.com
• Rating: 2.51 ⭐
• Source: https://www.turito.com/blog/physics/mean-free-path

Mean free path & collision frequency (derivation) – tec-science

• Summary: Mean free path & collision frequency (derivation) – tec-science The mean free path is the average distance a particle travels without colliding with other particles! Introduction In the article Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution it was shown that the mean speed (average speed) of the particles of an ideal gas can be determined with the following formula: \begin{align}\label{v}&\boxed{ \bar{v} = \sqrt{\frac{8 k_B T}{\pi…
• Author: tec-science.com
• Rating: 2.95 ⭐
• Source: https://www.tec-science.com/thermodynamics/kinetic-theory-of-gases/mean-free-path-collision-frequency/
Hi, I'm Johnny Duong - an expert in the field of Q&A. I built this website to help you find the best answers to your questions! Have a nice day


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# Chapter 9 Energy Test Answers

010 - Abiogenesis. Chapter 8 Review Test. Biology Chapter 9 Respiration Test. [Download Links Of PDF Of Each Chapter Is Given At The End Of Every Chapter] Chapter 1 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS. Review for Test 3 (Chapter 7, 8, 9_Periodic Table and Bonding I & II) Ky100, page 2 ____ 7. They initiate various stages of the cell cycle. 7 g to a mass of 9. Chapter 09 Multiple Choice Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Industry veterans will lead in-depth discussions about today's uncertain business environment during this dynamic, virtual event on Wednesday, May 13, from 9:30 a. Forces and Motion Review Quiz - vocabulary, true/false, and multiple choice (Grades 2-3) Customize Printables Grades 4-5 Forces and Motion Review Quiz - vocabulary, true/false, and multiple choice (Grades 4-5) Customize Printables Grades 6-8 Forces and Motion Review Quiz - vocabulary, true/false, and multiple choice (Grades 6-8). 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It also provides a review on energy-related environmental problems which include acid rain, ozone layer depletion, and global climate change. Urry, Michael L. It also develops skills for miscellaneous questions which are generally neglected by students. - Kinetic energy is the energy associated with motion. chemical 14. CH 11 Section Review 11-1 - 11-3. Chapter 2 IS MATTER AROUND US PURE. Chapter Test Read the questions carefully and choose the best answer. We hope the given Physics MCQs for Class 12 with Answers Chapter 9 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments will help you. Holt Physical Science Chapter 9: Energy and Energy Resources Chapter Exam Instructions. EXAM WITH ANSWERS & QUESTIONS. Density via Comparison. radio wave. Need a Hint? A) Home > > Unit 2 > Chapter 8 > Standardized Test Practice-English. Δp = F t ____ 2. Test Corrections Policy. Physical Science Chapter 9 Test Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 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Tests are in general given at the end of a each chapter; although announced, you should know when they are coming by our progress in class. 2020-00021 Farmdale Water District. Name Date Oceans After You Read Identify three important ideas you learned in the chapter. 9 rotations/s− after that its speed remains constant as long as the switch is “on. Chapter 3 Genetics 5 Chapter 4 Ecology 8 Chapter 5 Evolution and biodiversity 11 Chapter 6 Human physiology 12 Chapter 7 Nucleic acids 14 Chapter 8 Metabolism, cell respiration and photosynthesis 16 Chapter 9 Plant biology 18 Chapter 10 Genetics and evolution 20 Chapter 11 Animal physiology 22 Practice test markscheme. •The personification shows the Ocean's positive response to the Sirens' song. Played 50 times. Shed the societal and cultural narratives holding you back and let free step-by-step Physics: Principles and Problems textbook solutions reorient your old paradigms. Table of Contents. 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text:
# Implementing a generic and covariant Set in Scala

I'm struggling with manually implementing a simple purely functional Set that's also generic and covariant on its type parameter:

• Set must be a trait, allowing for multiple implementations.
• it must be covariant on the type of the element it contains.
• an implementation's type must not be lost when calling methods that return a new Set.

The first two points are fairly trivial and simply mean that the trait should look something like:

trait Set[+A] {
def isEmpty: Boolean
def insert[B >: A](b: B)(implicit order: Ordering[B]): Set[B]
def contains[B >: A](b: B)(implicit order: Ordering[B]): Boolean
}

The problem with this implementation is that insert, for example, will always return an instance of Set. If I were to write a specialised implementation of Set with useful helper methods, its type would be lost as soon as an element was inserted in it.

This is what I've come up with, which seems to work but I still find confusing and can't help but feel is over-complicated (recursive higher kinded types!):

trait Set[+A, Repr[+X] <: Set[X, Repr]] {
this: Repr[A] =>

def isEmpty: Boolean
def insert[B >: A](b: B)(implicit order: Ordering[B]): Repr[B]
def contains[B >: A](b: B)(implicit order: Ordering[B]): Boolean
}

Here's a sample implementation using a simple binary tree:

sealed trait CustomSet[+A] extends Set[A, CustomSet]

case class Node[A](value: A, left: CustomSet[A], right: CustomSet[A]) extends CustomSet[A] {
override def isEmpty = false

override def insert[B >: A](b: B)(implicit order: Ordering[B]) =
if(order.lt(b, value))      Node(value, left.insert(b), right)
else if(order.gt(b, value)) Node(value, left, right.insert(b))
else                        this

override def contains[B >: A](b: B)(implicit order: Ordering[B]) =
if(order.lt(b, value))      left.contains(b)
else if(order.gt(b, value)) right.contains(b)
else                        true
}

case object Leaf extends CustomSet[Nothing] {
override def isEmpty                                        = true
override def insert[B](b: B)(implicit order: Ordering[B])   = Node(b, Leaf, Leaf)
override def contains[B](b: B)(implicit order: Ordering[B]) = false
}

The questions that I have are:

• I don't believe the self-type is strictly necessary here. Are there good reasons to leave it? to remove it?
• is this the correct / best / simplest way to implement what I'm trying to write? Are there any alternatives?
-

## migrated from programmers.stackexchange.comJul 29 '14 at 10:04

This question came from our site for professional programmers interested in conceptual questions about software development.

It might help to add the name of the programming language you're using to the question somewhere if it isn't a C-style language. I'm sure whoever sees this will know based on the syntax what you're talking about, but there's no reason for us to click on this if we don't use this language. –  Trixie Wolf Jul 28 '14 at 20:30
My apologies - I tagged the question as Scala, but that's obviously less clear than I thought. I changed the question's title to be more precise. –  Nicolas Rinaudo Jul 28 '14 at 20:33
Thank you! (I'm kind of a n00b here so the tag might be sufficient for most members--if that is the case I apologize for the request.) –  Trixie Wolf Jul 28 '14 at 20:34
Ah, crap, not half the noob I am apparently. I meant to post that in codereview, where it makes much more sense. Any kind soul around with enough privilege to do so? –  Nicolas Rinaudo Jul 29 '14 at 7:20
why do you want your set to be covariant? To me a contravariant Set makes a lot more sense. –  Martijn Oct 23 '14 at 9:52

1. The this: Repr[A] is not absolutely necessary, but it you omit it, you're encoding a sort of weird type constraint: that the class is not necessarily a Repr, but its insert[B] must produce a Repr[B] (who's insert[C] produces a Repr[C], and so on). I can't think of a realistic situation where having or not having the self-type would prevent or lead to a bug, so IMO it doesn't actually matter much.

2. Your recursive higher-kinded type signature is absolutely fine, and in fact very closely mirrors that of SetLike from the standard collection library.

There is at least one alternative: making it a typeclass. Here's what it might look like:

trait CovariantSet[S[+_]] {
def isEmpty[A](xs: S[A]): Boolean
def contains[A, B >: A](b: B)(xs: S[A])(implicit order: Ordering[B]): Boolean
def insert[A, B >: A](b: B)(xs: S[A])(implicit order: Ordering[B]): S[B]
}

sealed trait CustomSet[+A]
case object Leaf extends CustomSet[Nothing]
case class Node[+A](value: A, left: CustomSet[A], right: CustomSet[A]) extends CustomSet[A]

object CustomSet {
implicit val customSetIsCovariantSet: CovariantSet[CustomSet] = new CovariantSet[CustomSet] {
override def isEmpty[A](xs: CustomSet[A]): Boolean = xs == Leaf

override def insert[A, B >: A](b: B)
(xs: CustomSet[A])
(implicit order: Ordering[B]): CustomSet[B] = xs match {
case Leaf => Node(b, Leaf, Leaf)
case Node(v, l, r) => order.compare(b, v) match {
case 0 => xs
case i if i < 0 => Node(v, insert(b)(l), r)
case _ => Node(v, l, insert(b)(r))
}
}

@tailrec
override def contains[A, B >: A](b: B)
(xs: CustomSet[A])
(implicit order: Ordering[B]): Boolean = xs match {
case Leaf => false
case Node(v, l, r) => order.compare(b, v) match {
case 0 => true
case i if i < 0 => contains(b)(l)
case _ => contains(b)(r)
}
}
}
}

The idea is that the data structure (the CustomSet) can be defined separately from the evidence that it has an instance for the CovariantSet typeclass (customSetIsCovariantSet). Whether or not you think it's simpler is a matter of opinion, but it does at least avoid the recursive type.

You can then enrich CovariantSets for convenience:

object CovariantSet {
implicit class Ops[S[+_], A](xs: S[A])(implicit ev: CovariantSet[S]) {
def isEmpty: Boolean = ev.isEmpty(xs)
def contains[B >: A](b: B)(implicit order: Ordering[B]): Boolean = ev.contains(b)(xs)
def insert[B >: A](b: B)(implicit order: Ordering[B]): S[B] = ev.insert(b)(xs)
}
}

I would also probably make the Node constructor private, so users can't construct a malformed (out of order) tree.

Your larger and more fundamental design problem is that the data structure doesn't make sense unless the Ordering is fixed (or at least its compare operation doesn't change its mind about values already in the Set).

Here are a couple problematic examples of where this can go wrong:

Leaf.insert(1).insert(2).contains(2) // true. great, working as expected

Leaf.insert(1).insert(2).contains(2)(Ordering.Int.reverse) // false. your data structure is broken

Leaf.insert(1).insert(2)(Ordering.Int.reverse).contains(2) // false. your data structure is broken

There are a couple ways around this I can think of, the first more practical than the second:

• Implement a covariant HashSet instead. Every object in Scala has a hashCode: Int and an equals(other: Any): Boolean method, which is all you need.

• Store an Ordering[A] in the Set. Whenever you implicitly pass in a new Ordering[B], also implicitly pass in an object that proves that the new Ordering[B] agrees with every decision the old Ordering[A] has already made.

-


text:
# Ubuntu – How to re-install Samba

file-sharingnetworkingsambawindows

I recently followed a guide to configure Samba but I couldn't get it configured properly. After realizing that the guide was six years out of date I thought I should start again.

I reinstalled samba by first using these commands:

sudo apt-get purge samba
sudo apt-get install samba

But after reading my configuration file (/etc/samba/smb.conf) I noticed that it was the same file, containing the same edits I had made. I then proceeded to delete the directory and then re-install samba again.

However, the directory is not replaced after re-instillation and now I don't appear to have a configuration file. How do I get it back? Or install Samba correctly?

Purging should indeed remove the configuration files as well, yet the configuration of the Samba server is tracked by the package samba-common, not samba. Yes, it's a bit confusing.
sudo apt-get purge samba samba-common


text:
# Isometry group of Minkowski Space

from the book "Quantum Field theory and The Standard Model - Schwartz M.D":

"The group of translations and Lorentz transformations is called the Poincare group $ISO(1,3)$ (the isometry group of Minkowski space)."

I understand that Poincare group consists of translations and Lorentz transformation, but what is $ISO(1,3)$? What does isometry group of Minkowski space means?

There are two questions. First $ISO(1,3)$ as a notation for the Poincare group is confusing/misleading and should normally be avoided. The "I" is meant for "inhomogenous" because in the time of Wigner and Bargmann, the Poincare group was called the "inhomogenous Lorentz group"

As you should know, there are three Lorentz groups, $O(1,3)$ - the full Lorentz group, this is traditionally denoted by $\mathcal L$, then $SO(1,3)$ - the Lorentz group of transformations with det =1, this is traditionally denoted by $\mathcal L_+$, then the so-called restricted Lorentz group, $SO^\uparrow (1,3)$, also denoted by $\mathcal L_{+}^{\uparrow}$. To each of the three groups, one defines their action on the $\mathbb R^4$ manifold of the abelian translations group and from here forms 3 semidirect products.

In physics, the isometry group of Minkowski spacetime is obviously the full Poincare group $\mathcal P = \mathbb R^4 \rtimes \mathcal L$, but this is too big for our purposes (Standard Model) because this contains the discrete PT transformations which can be individually broken. Therefore, the isometry group whose representations define the fundamental particles is only the subgroup $\mathcal P_{+}^{\uparrow} = \mathbb R \rtimes \mathcal L_{+}^{\uparrow}$.

The second question: read the Wiki on the "isometry group". This is typically the group of transformations which leave invariant the norm of vectors and the distance between points. Actually, the definition itself of the Poincare group starts from this part. If you know a little bit of differential geometry, you can read these notes: http://www.physics.usu.edu/Wheeler/GenRel2013/Notes/GRKilling.pdf

$ISO(3,1)$ is not named after the word isometry. Rather it stands for inhomogeneous $O(3,1)$ or inhomogeneous Lorentz group, i.e. the group of inhomogeneous Lorentz transformations, aka. the Poincare group. It is the group of spacetime transformations that respect the Minkowski metric.

A more direct (and transparent) answer is this. SO(3,1) is the group that leaves the quadratic form

dx² + dy² + dz² ‒ dw²

invariant. The most general linear transform that does so is given infinitesimally by:

Δdx = ω_y dz ‒ ω_z dy + ψ_x dw,
Δdy = ω_z dx ‒ ω_x dz + ψ_y dw,
Δdz = ω_x dy ‒ ω_y dx + ψ_z dw,
Δdw = ψ_x dx + ψ_y dy + ψ_z dz,

and has 6 parameters comprising the vectors 𝞈 = (ω_x,ω_y,ω_z), 𝞇 = (ψ_x,ψ_y,ψ_z).

In physical applications, where 𝐫 = (x,y,z) is the position vector and w = ct, with c being light speed and t the time, and rewriting 𝞇 as the vector 𝞄 = (υ_x,υ_y,υ_z) ≡ ‒𝞇c, and setting α = 1/c² these transforms may be written

Δd𝐫 = 𝞈×d𝐫 ‒ 𝞄 dt,
Δdt = ‒α 𝞄·d𝐫.

In that case, the transforms are equivalently chracterized as those which preserve the ‟proper time” invariant:

ds² ≡ dt² ‒ α(dx² + dy² + dz²),

and the parameters are interpreted as

𝞈: Infinitesimal Spatial Rotations,
𝞄: Infinitesimal Boosts.

Since the transforms involve coordinate differentials, then they may be integrated to yield the transforms for the coordinates themselves:

Δ𝐫 = 𝞈×𝐫 ‒ 𝞄 t + 𝝴,
Δt = ‒α 𝞄·𝐫 + τ.

The resulting constants of integration, 𝝴 = (ε_x, ε_y, ε_z) and τ are then interpreted as:

𝝴: Infinitesimal Spatial Translations,
τ: Infinitesimal Time Translations.

Defining ε_w = cτ, and restoring w, the original transforms can be written:

Δx = ω_y z ‒ ω_z y + ψ_x w + ε_x,
Δy = ω_z x ‒ ω_x z + ψ_y w + ε_y,
Δz = ω_x y ‒ ω_y x + ψ_z w + ε_z,
Δw = ψ_x x + ψ_y y + ψ_z z + ε_w,

the result now having 10 parameters, comprising the 6-vector ω̅ ≡ (𝞈, 𝞇) and the 4-vector ε̅ ≡ (ε_x,ε_y,ε_z,ε_w). This is the inhomogeneous form of SO(3,1): ISO(3,1).

One can derive the finite forms of the respective infinitesimal transforms by Taylor expanding the transform as

(𝐫,t) → (1 + λΔ + (λΔ)²/2! + (λΔ)³/3! + ⋯)(𝐫,t).

I'll describe this in more detail here, in terms of the physical units, appealing to the physical interpretation.

For translations, one has

Δ(𝐫,t) = (𝝴,τ),
Δ²(𝐫,t) = Δ(𝝴,τ) = (𝟎,0) ⇒ Δⁿ(𝐫,t) = (𝟎,0), for n = 2,3,4,⋯

Thus

(𝐫,t) → (𝐫 + λ𝝴, t + λτ) = (𝐫 + 𝐚, t + b),

where (𝐚,b) = (λ𝝴,λτ).

For rotations, one has

Δt = 0
Δ𝐫 = 𝞈×𝐫
Δ²𝐫 = 𝞈×Δ𝐫 = 𝞈×(𝞈×𝐫)
Δ³𝐫 = 𝞈×(𝞈×𝐫) = 𝞈×(𝞈×(𝞈×𝐫)) = ‒|𝞈|²𝞈×𝐫 = ‒|𝞈|²Δ𝐫
⇒ Δ²⁺ⁿ𝐫 = ‒|𝞈|²Δⁿ𝐫, for n = 1,2,3,⋯.

Thus

(𝐫,t) → (𝐫 + S𝞈×𝐫 + E𝞈×(𝞈×𝐫)),

where we define the functions

e₀(χ,λ) = 1 + χ λ²/2! + χ² λ⁴/4! + ⋯
e₁(χ,λ) = λ + χ λ³/3! + χ² λ⁵/5! + ⋯
e₂(χ,λ) = λ²/2! + χ λ⁴/4! + χ² λ⁶/6! + ⋯

define (S,E) = (e₁(-|𝞈|²,λ), e₂(-|𝞈|²,λ)) and note the identities

e₀ ‒ χe₂ = 1,
(e₁)² = e₂(e₀ + 1) ⇒ (e₀)² ‒ χ(e₁)² = 1.

For χ = ‒|𝞈|², (S,E) resolve into trigonometric functions

S = sin(λ|𝞈|)/|𝞈|, E = (1 ‒ cos(λ|𝞈|))/|𝞈|².

So, defining the angle θ = λ|𝞈|, and the angle vector 𝝷 = λ𝞈, we may write the finite form of the transform as:

(𝐫,t) → (𝐫 + sin(θ)/θ 𝝷×𝐫 + (1 ‒ cos θ)/θ² 𝝷×(𝝷×𝐫)).

For boosts, we have

Δ(𝐫,t) = (‒𝞄t, ‒α𝞄·𝐫),
Δ²(𝐫,t) = (‒𝞄Δt, ‒α𝞄·Δ𝐫) = (α𝞄𝞄·𝐫, α|𝞄|²t) = (α𝞄𝞄·𝐫, α|𝞄|² t),
Δ³𝐫 = α𝞄𝞄·Δ𝐫 = ‒α|𝞄|²𝞄t = α|𝞄|² Δ𝐫 ⇒ Δⁿ⁺²(𝐫,t) = α|𝞄|² Δⁿ(𝐫,t), for n = 1,2,3,⋯

and write

(𝐫,t) → (𝐫 ‒ S𝞄t + Eα𝞄𝞄·𝐫, Ct ‒ Sα𝞄·𝐫),

where now with χ = α|𝞄|²

(C,S,E) = (e₀(χ,λ), e₁(χ,λ), e₂(χ,λ)),

which reduce to hyperbolic functions

e₀(χ,λ) = cosh(√αu), e₁(χ,λ) = sinh(√αu)/u, e₂(χ,λ) = (cosh(√αu) ‒ 1)/u².

The parameter u ≡ |𝞄|λ is called the rapidity of the boost. The speed associated with the boost is given by

v ≡ tanh(√αu)/√α = c tanh(u/c)

and the corresponding velocity is given by the vector 𝐯 ≡ v 𝞄/|𝞄|, so that one can express the transform as (using the identity χE = C ‒ 1):

(𝐫,t) → (𝐫 ‒ S𝐯t + (C ‒ 1)𝐯𝐯·𝐫/v², C(t ‒ α𝐯·𝐫)),

where

C = cosh(√αu) = 1/√(1 ‒ tanh²(√αu)) = 1/√(1 ‒ αv²) = 1/√(1 ‒ v²/c²).

That's the boost associated with the Lorentz transform. It is usually resolved, for 𝐫, in terms of components, setting the x component parallel to the boost direction 𝐯 and the y and z components perpendicular to it. In that case, the transforms reduce to:

t → C(t ‒ αvx) = (t ‒ vx/c²)/√(1 ‒ v²/c²),
x → x ‒ Svt + (C-1)x = Cx ‒ Svt = (x ‒ vt)/√(1 ‒ v²/c²),
y → y,
z → z.

The transforms generated by Taylor expansions from the identity transform comprise the ‟connected” part of the groups SO(3,1) and ISO(3,1) respectively. As Lorentz, himself, noted in his writings c. 1900, one also has the following two transforms which preserve the invariant:

T: (𝐫,t) → (𝐫,‒t):      Time Reversal,
P: (𝐫,t) → (‒𝐫,t):      Space Reversal.

So a general element of SO(3,1) and ISO(3,1) is of the form Λ Tⁿ⁰ Pⁿ¹, consisting of a transform Λ from the connected part of the respective group, and powers (n₀,n₁) ∈ {0,1} respectively of the T and P.


text:
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics

Two new classes of chromatically unique graphs. (Chinese. English summary) Zbl 1268.05080
Summary: As usual, $$P_n$$ and $$C_n$$ denote the path and cycle of order $$n$$, respectively. Let $$D_n$$ be the graph obtained by identifying a vertex of $$K_3$$ with a 1-degree vertex of $$P_{n-2}$$. In the present article, the coloring of two classes of graphs, $$\overline {(D_{m_1}\cup \cdots \cup D_{m_k})\cup (P_{n_1}\cup \cdots \cup P_{n_t})}$$ and $$\overline {(D_{m_1}\cup \cdots \cup D_{m_k})\cup (C_{n_1}\cup \cdots \cup C_{n_t})}$$, is investigated, and their chromatic uniqueness under certain conditions is proved.

##### MSC:
 05C15 Coloring of graphs and hypergraphs 05C38 Paths and cycles
path; cycle


text:
# Understanding the TensorFlow implementation of the policy gradient method

I was trying to understand the implementation of a basic policy gradient (REINFORCE) method using TensorFlow. I think I got almost everything. The only thing that still bothers me is the loss function implementation.

From the theory, we have that after all the manipulation the gradient of the score function is

$$\nabla_{\theta}J(\theta)=\mathop{\mathbb{E}}\left[\nabla_{\theta}(log(\pi(s,a,\theta)))R(\tau) \right]$$

In this Cartpole example the part relative to the loss function is

    neg_log_prob = tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits_v2(logits = NeuralNetworkOutputs, labels = actions)
loss = tf.reduce_mean(neg_log_prob * discounted_episode_rewards_)

At this point, I do not understand how the definition from above translates into code.

As far as I understood, the functions

tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits_v2(logits = NeuralNetworkOutputs, labels = actions)

returns

log(softmax(NeuralNetworkOutputs))*actions

Which is then multiplied by the discounted returns

log(softmax(NeuralNetworkOutputs))*actions*discounted_episode_rewards_

Within this expression, I do not understand why should we multiply, an expression which looks like the loss function we want, by the value of the action.

• It's not a value of action it's probably one hot vector with 1 on the place where the action you took is placed. You only consider output element of the neural network which represents action that you took. – Brale Apr 30 at 15:37


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# What does final generated models with TM-score of DMPfold signify in "sequence.ema.txt" file?

So, my runs have finished and got 5 final models. I predicted TM-score of one model to understand the result. The output of "predict-tmscore.sh" for "final_1.pdb" is:

1 models read from PDB file
1 models read from PDB file
nres is 377
neff is 15423
dpscore is -300.599030
dpscorenorm is -0.082424
Probability of each TM-score bin (cols 1-10), estimated TM-score (col 11) and prob TM > 0.5 (col 12) written to sequence.ema.txt
Estimated TM-score of ../final_1.pdb is 0.5

    nres is 377
neff is 15423
dpscore is -300.599030
dpscorenorm is    -0.082424

and it also generates a "sequence.ema.txt" file with below value:

2.0308916646172293e-05 2.0682286958617624e-06 0.04564645141363144 0.14857041835784912 0.27177685499191284 0.31814685463905334 0.19150513410568237 0.022412151098251343 0.001872337656095624 4.743059980683029e-05 0.5036169363265117 0.5339840054512024

Please let me know what these above values signify?

And,I would really appreciate your comments on what does "rawdistpred.1" file mean? There are total 9 such files. When predicitng TM-score, do I need to use "rawdistpred.1" file for all final models or I can use any "rawdistpred.*" file?

thanks!

• Excellent question and answers on two core structure prediction programs
– M__
Sep 24, 2019 at 10:50

• nres is the sequence length.
• neff is an effective sequence count, or how deep the alignment was.
• dpscore is how well the final model matches the initial distance prediction.
• dpscorenorm is a normalised version of the above.
Don't worry too much about directly interpreting these. They are only given for completion. The important line is Estimated TM-score of ../final_1.pdb is 0.5, indicating that DMPfold just about thinks this is a decent model.


text:
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#### Probability Distributions Three Marks Questions

12th Standard EM

Reg.No. :
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•
•
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Maths

Time : 00:45:00 Hrs
Total Marks : 39
13 x 3 = 39
1. Suppose two coins are tossed once. If X denotes the number of tails,
(i) write down the sample space
(ii) find the inverse image of 1
(iii) the values of the random variable and number of elements in its inverse images

2. Suppose a pair of unbiased dice is rolled once. If X denotes the total score of two dice, write down
(i) the sample space
(ii) the values taken by the random variable X,
(iii) the inverse image of 10, and
(iv) the number of elements in inverse image of X.

3. An urn contains 2 white balls and 3 red balls. A sample of 3 balls are chosen at random from the urn. If X denotes the number of red balls chosen, find the values taken by the random variable X and its number of inverse images

4. Two balls are chosen randomly from an urn containing 6 white and 4 black balls. Suppose that we win Rs.30 for each black ball selected and we lose Rs.20 for each white ball selected. If X denotes the winning amount, then find the values of X and number of points in its inverse images.

5. Find the constant C such that the function $f(x)=\begin{cases} \begin{matrix} { Cx }^{ 2 } & 1 is a density function, and compute (i) P(1.5 < X < 3.5) (ii) P(X ≤2) (iii) P(3 < X ) . 6. If X is the random variable with probability density functionf(x)given by, \(f(x)=\begin{cases} \begin{matrix} x-1 & 1\le x<2 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} -x+3 & 2\le x<3 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 0 & Otherwise \end{matrix} \end{cases}$
find (i) the distribution function F (x)
(ii) P(1.5 ≤ X ≤ 2.5)

7. If X is the random variable with distribution function F(x) given by,
$F(x)=\begin{cases} \begin{matrix} 0 & x<0 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} x & 0\le x<1 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 1 & 1\le x \end{matrix} \end{cases}$
then find (i) the probability density function f (x) (ii) P(0.2≤ X ≤0.7)

8. Let X be a random variable denoting the life time of an electrical equipment having probability density function
$f(x)=\begin{cases} \begin{matrix} { ke }^{ -2x } & forx>0 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} 0 & forx\le 0 \end{matrix} \end{cases}$
Find
(i) the value of k
(ii) Distribution function
(iii) P(X < 2)
(iv) calculate the probability that X is at least for four unit of time
(v) P(X = 3)

9. Suppose that f (x) given below represents a probability mass function

 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 f(x) c2 2c2 3c2 4c2 c 2c

Find
(i) the value of c
(ii) Mean and variance.

10. Find the binomial distribution function for each of the following.
(i) Five fair coins are tossed once and X denotes the number of heads.
(ii) A fair die is rolled 10 times and X denotes the number of times 4 appeared.

11. A multiple choice examination has ten questions, each question has four distractors with exactly one correct answer. Suppose a student answers by guessing and if X denotes the number of correct answers, find (i) binomial distribution (ii) probability that the student will get seven correct answers (iii) the probability of getting at least one correct answer

12. The mean and variance of a binomial variate X are respectively 2 and 1.5. Find
(i) P(X = 0)
(ii) P(X =1)
(iii) P(X ≥1)

13. On the average, 20% of the products manufactured by ABC Company are found to be defective. If we select 6 of these products at random and X denote the number of defective products find the probability that (i) two products are defective (ii) at most one product is defective (iii) at least two products are defective.


text:
# How do you normalize  (2i -3j + 4k)?

Dec 26, 2015

If you have a vector $\vec{a}$ with coordinates (x,y,z) then the normalized vector $\vec{n}$ is

$\vec{n} = \frac{\vec{a}}{\left\mid a \right\mid} = \frac{\left\langlex \text{,"y",} z\right\rangle}{\left\mid a \right\mid}$

where $\left\mid a \right\mid = \sqrt{{x}^{2} + {y}^{2} + {z}^{2}}$

Hence for $x = 2 , y = - 3 , z = 4$ we have that

$\left\mid a \right\mid = \sqrt{{2}^{2} + {3}^{2} + {4}^{2}} = \sqrt{4 + 9 + 16} = \sqrt{29}$

Thus the normalized vector is

$\vec{n} = \textcolor{b l u e}{\left\langle\frac{2}{\sqrt{29}} , - \frac{3}{\sqrt{29}} , \frac{4}{\sqrt{29}}\right\rangle}$


text:
# Question on work done by x machines in some days?

May 27, 2017

Option C

#### Explanation:

Given that the initial estimated count of machines be $x$
Given that the adjusted count of machines is $x + 3$
Given that the new count of days to complete the task is 12 days.

Let the amount of work be measured in 'machine days'.

$\textcolor{b l u e}{\text{Initial condition}}$

So the amount of work to complete the work is:

$12 \left(x + 3\right)$ machine days.

Set $12 \left(x + 3\right) \text{ machine days } =$ the amount of work for 1 job

$12 \left(x + 3\right) = 1 \text{ } \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots . . E q u a t i o n \left(1\right)$

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
$\textcolor{b l u e}{\text{Changed condition}}$

Not 3 but only 1 additional machine is used.

The total amount of work still needs to be done to complete the task.

Let the new count of days be $d$

$d \left(x + 1\right) = 1 \text{ } \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots . E q u a t i o n \left(2\right)$

Using $E q u a t i o n \left(1\right)$ substitute for 1 in $E q u a t i o n \left(2\right)$

$d \left(x + 1\right) = 12 \left(x + 3\right) \text{ } \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots . . E q u a t i o n \left({2}_{a}\right)$

Divide both sides by $\left(x + 1\right)$

$d = \frac{12 \left(x + 3\right)}{x + 1}$
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
$\textcolor{b l u e}{\text{Determine the number of days more than originally estimated}}$

$d - 10 \text{ "=" } \frac{12 \left(x + 3\right)}{x + 1} - 10$

Set the value of $1 \equiv \frac{x + 1}{x + 1} \text{ }$so $\text{ } 10 \equiv \frac{10 \left(x + 1\right)}{x + 1}$

Thus we have:

$d - 10 \text{ "=" } \frac{12 \left(x + 3\right)}{x + 1} - 10$

$\text{ "=" } \frac{12 \left(x + 3\right)}{x + 1} - \frac{10 \left(x + 1\right)}{x + 1}$

$\text{ "=" } \frac{12 x + 36 - 10 x - 10}{x + 1}$

$\text{ "=" } \frac{2 x + 26}{x + 1}$

This matches option C