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## SMOG-P short codes

In my previous post I talked about the FEC used by the SMOG-P and ATL-1. In there, I reverse-engineered the long frames transmitted by SMOG-P and found that they use the AO-40 FEC protocol.

After publishing that post I started reverse-engineering the short frames. Meanwhile, Peter Horvath pointed me to a Github repository containing an implementation of the FEC used for short frames and long frames. I hadn’t seen that repository before (it’s not easy to search for SMOG-P or ATL-1 in Google, as many unrelated results come up). Indeed this repository contains the source of a FEC decoder for the short frames, so there is no need to reverse-engineer it.

Timur Kristóf, the author of that repository, says that the team plans to release the source for the decoder, but that they are currently very busy with the early operations of the satellites. This is very good news.

I have studied the code in the Github repository and included a decoder for the short FEC frames in gr-satellites.

## Decoding SMOG-P and ATL-1

Last Friday, an Electron rocket from Rocket Lab was launched from Mahia Launch Complex, New Zealand, carrying the ALE-2 microsatellite and 6 PocketQubes into a 400km polar orbit. Two of these PocketQubes are SMOG-P and ATL-1 from Budapest University of Technology and Economics.

They transmit in the 70cm Amateur satellite band, and although they have beeen successfully coordinated with IARU (see here and here), documentation about the protocols they use has not been published. There is some groundstation software available here, but the interesting part is implemented in the atlgnd_x86_64 and smogpgnd_x86_64 binary executables, for which source code is not available. As far as I know both satellites transmit using the same (or very similar) protocols.

In this post I describe my first attempts at reverse-engineering the transmissions of SMOG-P, with successful results. Preliminary support for decoding SMOG-P and ATL-1 has been added to gr-satellites in the maint-3.8 branch.

Continue reading “Decoding SMOG-P and ATL-1”

## QO-100 BPSK beacon frequency measured at Bochum

The experiments about measuring the frequency stability of the local oscillator of the QO-100 NB transponder with a Vectron MD-011 GPSDO I made a few days ago indicated that the Allan deviation of the local oscillator was probably better than $$10^{-11}$$ for $$\tau$$ between 1 and 100 seconds. The next step in trying to characterize the stability of the local oscillator is to use a reference clock which is more stable than the Vectron.

I contacted Achim Vollhardt DH2VA asking him if it was possible to record the downlink of the BPSK beacon at Bochum, so as to have a recording referenced to the Z3801A GPSDO in Bochum, which is much more stable than the Vectron. He and Mario Lorenz DL5MLO have been very kind and they have taken the effort to make a recording for me. This post is an analysis of this recording made at Bochum.

Continue reading “QO-100 BPSK beacon frequency measured at Bochum”

## More frequency measurements of the QO-100 NB transponder

This post is a follow up to my experiments about measuring the stability of the QO-100 NB transponder local oscillator. I am now using the Vectron MD-011 GPSDO that Carlos Cabezas EB4FBZ has lent me to reference all my QO-100 groundstation (see more information about the Vectron GPSDO in this post).

The Vectron MD-011 has an Allan deviation of $$10^{-11}$$ at $$\tau = 1\,\mathrm{s}$$ and $$2\cdot10^{-11}$$ at $$\tau = 10\,\mathrm{s}$$ according to the datasheet, so it is an improvement of an order of magnitude compared to my DF9NP TCXO-based GPSDO. I have made more measurements with the Vectron MD-011 as in my previous experiments, measuring the phase of the BPSK beacon transmitted from Bochum and a CW tone transmitted with my station. This post summarizes my results and conclusions.

Continue reading “More frequency measurements of the QO-100 NB transponder”

## DSLWP-B crash site found

Back in August, I posted about my calculations of the site where DSLWP-B impacted with the lunar surface on July 31. The goal was to pass the results of these calculations to the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera team so that they could image the location and try to find the impact crater.

Yesterday, the LROC team published a post saying that they had been able to find the crash site in an image taken by the LRO NAC camera on October 5. The impact crater is only 328 metres away from the location I had estimated.

This is amazing, as in some way it represents the definitive end of the DSLWP-B mission (besides all the science data we still need to process) and it validates the accuracy of the calculations we did to locate the crash site. I feel that I should give due credit to all the people involved in the location of the impact.

Wei Mingchuan BG2BHC from Harbin Institute of Technology was the first to take the orbital information from the Chinese Deep Space Network, perform orbit propagation and compute the crash location assuming a spherical Moon, thus obtaining an approximate position in Van Gent X crater. Cees Bassa from ASTRON refined Wei’s calculations by including a digital elevation model. Phil Stooke from Western University first suggested to use a digital elevation model, helped us contact the LROC team, and filled in an observation request for the camera. And of course the LROC team and the Chinese DSN, since the quality of their ephemeris for DSLWP-B allowed us to make a rather precise estimate.

The LROC team has posted the images shown below, where in a comparison between an image taken in 2014 and the image taken in October the small crater can be seen.

The image of the crash is M1324916226L, an image taken by the left NAC camera. However, I can’t find this image yet in the LROC archive, so it seems this image hasn’t been made public yet.

The small crater, which the LROC team estimate to be 4×5 metres in diameter, is visible more clearly if we compute the difference between the before and after images (an idea of Phil Stooke). The figures below show this difference both as a signed quantity and as an absolute value.

Though my eye fails to see it, the LROC team says that the long axis of the crater is oriented in a southwest-northeast direction. This is consistent with the direction of the impact, since DSLWP-B was travelling towards the northeast.

For the comparison with the October 5 image, the LROC team has chosen an image taken with a similar illumination angle. In fact, the lunar phase in both images only differs in 10º, so the shadows are very similar, with the sun located towards the southwest. In fact, the newest image of the area was taken on 2018-10-16, but the one from 2014 probably gave the most similar illumination conditions.

In my post in August I included a link to Quickmap showing the estimated area of the impact. Now I have marked in red the location of the crash. For a sense of scale, the large crater northwest of the crash is some 50 metres in diameter. You can see both points in Quickmap here.

It is good to go back to all the simulations I did to have an idea of what the 328m error represents. My final simulation was done with the ephemeris from July 25, so they were 6 days old at the moment of impact. When I used the ephemeris from July 18, the position of the impact changed by 231m, while the ephemeris from June 28 yielded a change of 496m. Therefore, it seems that an error of 300m is well in line with what we could expect of the precision of the Chinese DSN ephemeris.

The impact location computed by Cees Bassa was 2786m away from my estimate. The main problem with Cees’s estimate is that the orbital model he used considered spherical gravity for the Moon, while my studies showed that it was important to consider non-spherical gravity.

I did most of my simulations with a 10×10 spherical harmonic model for the Moon gravity, but to assess whether this was enough, I also made a simulation with a 20×20 spherical harmonic model. This yielded an impact point which was 74m away from the impact computed with the 10×10 model.

According to my Monte Carlo simulations with a 1km ephemeris error, the 1-sigma ellipse semi-axes of the impact position were 876m in the northeast direction and 239m in the southeast direction. With this information, I gave an educated guess of the position error of 600m in the northeast direction and 200m in the southeasth direction. The actual impact point is 328m northwest of my estimate, so somewhat higher than my error estimate but still within the 2-sigma ellipse. This leaves me quite happy with the quality of my estimate.

## Can my station measure the QO-100 NB transponder LO stability?

Following a long discussion with Bernd Zoelgert DL2BZ about the frequency stability of the local oscillator of the QO-100 narrowband transponder, I have decided to try to measure the Allan deviation of the transponder. The focus here is on short-term stability, so we are concerned with observation intervals around $$\tau = 1 \mathrm{s}$$.

Of course, as with any measurement problem, the performance of the measurement equipment should be better than the “device under test”. In this case, to measure the QO-100 LO it is necessary to compare it against a reference clock which is more stable (ideally an order of magnitude better).

My whole station is locked to a DF9NP GPSDO, which is a 10MHz VCTCXO disciplined by a uBlox LEA-4S GPS receiver. That’s great to measure long-term stability, but for short-term measurements you are essentially relying on the stability of the VCTCXO, which is not so great. Therefore, the whole purpose of this experiment is first to determine whether my station is actually able to measure the QO-100 LO or not. Spoiler: it turns out the answer is “no”, as in most articles whose title is phrased as a question.

Continue reading “Can my station measure the QO-100 NB transponder LO stability?”

## Second alpha for gr-satellites 3

Following the first alpha, I have released today v3-alpha1, the second alpha for gr-satellites 3. As I introduced in September, gr-satellites 3 will be a large refactor of gr-satellites, bringing many UI and under-the-hood changes. I am releasing a series of alphas during the development to get feedback from users. Each of the alphas focuses on a different aspect.

The second alpha is focused on input and output formats. New functionality has been implemented to allow the user to choose the input and output in a flexible way. This post describes the main features added.

Continue reading “Second alpha for gr-satellites 3”

## First alpha for gr-satellites 3

In my last post, I introduced my plans to do a large refactor of gr-satellites, which when ready will originate a version 3.0.0 running on GNU Radio 3.8. During the development of this refactor, I intend to release alpha versions showing important new concepts or functionalities. The main goal of this is both to test if my ideas work well in practice and that interested people can start testing the new software and give feedback.

I have now published the first alpha release, which is called v3-alpha0. In this post I describe the functionality implemented in this alpha and how to use the software.

Continue reading “First alpha for gr-satellites 3”

In my talk at GRCon19 last week I presented the roadmap I have planned for gr-satellites for the next months and some longer term developments. The relevant slide can be seen below.

Here I will describe the roadmap in more detail, including how certain things will be done (or how to find your way among the different releases and branches in the Github repository), in order to get feedback from the community.

I have spoken about the Galileo incident that occurred in July in several posts already: here I took a look at the navigation message during the outage, here I used MGEX navigation RINEX files to look at the navigation message as the system was recovering, and here I did the same kind of study for the days preceding the outage. Other people, such as the NavSAS group from Politecnico di Torino, and Octavian Andrei from the Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, have made similar studies by looking at the $$\mathrm{IOD}_{\mathrm{nav}}$$, data validity and health bits of the navigation message.


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## Simulation of the engine and automobile driveability during a driving cycle

06. Február, 2013, Autor článku: Matej Juraj, Elektrotechnika
Ročník 6, číslo 2 Pridať príspevok

If it is necessary to determine the parameters driving the car during a specific driving cycle, needs to know the characteristics of the power unit, and the specific parameters of the vehicle driving cycle. If we know the characteristics of the vehicle and driving cycle, we can determine the course of fuel consumption, emissions output, depending on shifting gears while driving cycle and many others. We are able to optimize the technique of driving the automobile.

2. Driving forces calculation

Forces that must be overcome during driving a vehicle shall be equal to actual force of the driving wheels. Total force must therefore be equal to the force of the driving wheels, see equation (1). The same goes for vehicle’s power needed to overcome the driving forces. Vehicle’s power must be equal to power of the driving wheels and that must be equal to power of engine reduced by efficiency of transmission, see Equation (6).

As can be seen from equation (1), driving vehicle must overcome force of air, rolling, inertia and slope. These forces must be overcome by engine torque, the actual value of engine torque will vary depending on driving forces during driving cycle. In other words, what is the total road load power, so it must be the engine power through a gear ratio and transmission efficiency [1].

 $F_{wheels} = \frac{T_{engine}.i_{total}.\eta_{trans}}{r_d}=F_{total}=$
 $F_{air}+F_{rolling}+F_{interia}+F_{slope} (N)$ (1)

Where: Tengine – engine torgue (Nm), itotal – total gear ratio(-), ηtrans – efficiency of transmission (-), rd – Wheel dynamic radius (m), Fair – force of air (N), Frolling -force of tires rolling (N), Finertia – force of vehicle inertia, Fslope – force of slope road (N)

In order be able to calculate the total driving force and total driving power of which determine the engine power, we must calculate single running forces by means of the following equations (2), (3), (4), (5). Then we can calculate the actual fuel consumption during driving cycle.Calculation of driving forces:

Force of air

 $F_{air}=\frac{S.c_x.\rho_{air}.\nu^2}{2} (N)$ (2)

Where: S – frontal area of vehicle (m2), cx – drag coeficient (-), ρair – air density (kg/m3), v – vehicle speed (m/s)

Force of rolling

 $F_{rolling}=m.g.f_{rolling}.cos(\alpha) (N)$ (3)

Where: m – vehicle mass (kg), g – gravity acceleration (m/s2), frolling – coefficient of rolling force (-), α – angle slope road (°)

Force of inertia

 $F_{interia}=m.a.\upsilon (N)$ (4)

Where: a – vehicle acceleration (m/s2), ϑ – coefficient of inertia force (-)

Force of slope road calculated according to Equation (5), this force in our calculations are not considered because driving cycle in our simulation is without the slope road, and this force is equal to zero.

 $F_{slope}=m.g.sin(\alpha) (N)$ (5)

Once we have calculated all driving forces that must be overcome during the driving cycle, we can calculate the power required to overcome the driving forces and the required engine power, using the Equation (6).

 $P_{wheels}=P_{total}=\frac{F_{total}.\nu}{1000}=P_{engine}.\eta_{trans} (kW)$ (6)

If we calculated the engine power needed to overcome forces during driving cycle and know the engine map of brake specific fuel consumptions measured to a dynamometer, Figure 1, we can calculate the fuel consumption of driving vehicle, by equation (7) [2].

Figure 1: Maximum engine torque and brake specific fuel consumption

To calculate runway fuel consumption in liters per 100km is necessary to derive the relationship with specific fuel consumption in the following acts:

 $bsfc(g/kW.h) \to FC(l/100km)$

 $bsfc\left(\frac{g}{kW.h}\right) \to bsfc.P_{engine}\left(\frac{g}{h}\right) \to \frac{bsfc.P_{engine}}{1000} \left(\frac{kg}{h}\right) \to$

 $\to \frac{bsfc.P_{engine}}{1000.\rho_{fuel}} \left(\frac{m^3}{h}\right) \to \frac{bsfc.P_{engine}}{\rho_{fuel}} \left(\frac{l}{h}\right) \to$

 $\to \frac{bsfc.P_{engine}}{\rho_{fuel}.\nu} \left(\frac{l}{km}\right) \to \frac{100.bsfc.P_{engine}}{\rho_{fuel}.\nu} \left(\frac{l}{100km}\right) \to$

The resulting equation for the calculation of runway fuel consumption is:

 $FC = \frac{100.bsfc.P_{engine}}{\rho_{fuel}.\nu} \left(\frac{l}{100km}\right)$ (7)

Where: bsfc – brake specific fuel consumption (g/kW.h), Pengine – reguired engine power (kW), ρfuel – density of fuel (kg/m3), v – vehicle speed (km/h)

The calculated values should be applied to the driving cycle. Simulation to obtain the necessary amount of fuel injected every second of the driving cycle, and we will be able to optimize gear shifting and minimize the fuel consumption of the vehicle.

3. Required parameters of engine, vehicle and driving cycle

The simulation of a automobile during driving cycle is necessary to know the characteristics of the engine, vehicle and driving cycle. The next chapter focuses on the performance of the vehicle with a particular engine, the ride was simulated on a specific driving cycle.

3.1 Engine’s parameters

The following 4 figures are characterized an internal combustion engine. For our simulations, fuel consumption and emissions, it is sufficient to know the progress of torque, map of effective in a wide range of loads respectively map of the specific consumptions, emission production map CO, HC and NOx. On the figure 2 is a characteristic of the internal combustion engine provided with a map of efficiency. For a more accurate representation of the specific fuel consumption, we use the characteristics of the figure 1. In the area where the internal combustion engine a minimum specific consumption reaches a maximum overall efficiency, in this case 34%.

Figure 2: Engine efficiency characteritic

In order to simulate the process of production of emissions, it is necessary to know in addition to fuel consumption and emissions map of the internal combustion engine. Figures 3, 4, 5 define the internal combustion engine emissions. Figure 3 defines the course of production of CO throughout the load range of the internal combustion engine.

Figure 3: Engine CO characteristic

Figure 4 defines the course of production of HC emissions over the load range of the internal combustion engine.

Figure 4: Engine HC characteristic

Figure 5 defines the course of production of NOx emissions over the load range of the internal combustion engine.

Figure 5: Engine NOx characteristic

Based on these characteristics, the combustion engine can determine the course of fuel consumption and emissions production process during the driving cycle.

3.2 Vehicle’s paramters

The next chapter presents the performance of the vehicle, which was running at the simulated NEDC driving cycle. This is an automobile with a combustion engine with an output 41 kW and a maximum total efficiency of 34%. Gross vehicle weight is 950 kg. The car has a 5-speed manual transmission. All the necessary parameters needed for the required simulations are shown in Table 1

Tab.1 Simulated vehicle parameters

Maximum engine torque Total gear ratio Tengine 100 (Nm) itotal 1st. gear 13,8 (-) 2nd. gear 8 (-) 3rd. gear 5,3 (-) 4th. gear 3,9 (-) 5th. gear 3 (-) ηtrans 0,9 (-) rd 0,27 (m) S 1,735 (m2) cx 0,34 (-) ρair 1,22 (kg/m3) m 950 (kg) frolling 0,01 (-) ϑ 1st. gear 1,577 (-) 2nd. gear 1,212 (-) 3rd. gear 1,11 (-) 4th. gear 1,072 (-) 5th. gear 1,055 (-)

3.3 Driving cycle’s parameters

The course of the driving cycle (speed dependent on the time (s)) expresses Figure 6. It is a type of standardized driving cycle NEDC – New European Driving Cycle. The cycle is achieved precisely defined vehicle speed, gear shifting, acceleration, deceleration and off the clutch or in neutral. It includes urban, extra-urban and mixed driving. It is used to evaluate fuel consumption and emissions of european cars driving in the city, outside the city and in mixed traffic.

Figure 6: Driving cycle NEDC

Next Figure 7 illustrates the percentage evaluation speed vehicle during NEDC driving cycle.

Figure 7: Automobile speed during driving cycle

Specifically, shifting gears according to NEDC driving cycle shown in Figure 8. Note that the NEDC cycle prescribes shifting gears and 5 and in urban traffic only 3 gears.

Figure 8: Shifting during driving cycle

Figure 9 illustrates the distance with respect to time during the driving cycle NEDC.

Figure 9: The course distance driving cycle

4 Simulations results

The next chapter presents the results of simulation driving operational characteristics of a particular vehicle for a specific driving cycle. Figure 10 shows the course of the traction forces on the driving wheels, which is necessary to achieve the driving cycle. Of these forces is calculated required power to drive the wheels, which we can see in Figure 11 Identifying and evaluating these within about Chapter 2 Driving forces calculation of this publication.

Figure 10: Force on driving vheels during driving cycle

Figure 11: Power on driving wheels during driving cycle

From the parameters of the vehicle and driving cycle, we can calculate the speed of the internal combustion engine at automobile speed on the driving cycle, depending on the gear ratio. From the calculation of the total wheel force we can calculate the required torque of the combustion engine needed to achieve the driving cycle. So if we recalculate the vehicle speed to engine speed and power necessary for the wheels of the engine torque, we get exactly the internal combustion engine operating points. If these points we draw up to operating characteristics of the internal combustion engine, so we can determine exactly what specific consumption internal combustion engine worked, and how effectively engine work and what is its actual emissions. Figure 12 shows the current operating points of the combustion engine in its characteristics. Figure 13 also includes shifting gears.

Figure 12: Engine operating points during driving cycle

Figure 13: Engine operating points with shifting during driving cycle

From these operating points plotted in the engine characteristics (3.1 Engine’s parameters), we obtain efficiency of the combustion engine running, running fuel consumption and running CO, HC and NOx. Figure 14 shows the progress of the overall efficiency of the combustion engine when driving the car in the NEDC driving cycle.

Figure 14: Engine eficiency during driving cycle

Figure 15 shows the running car’s fuel consumption during the driving cycle. This course is derived from the readings of specific fuel consumption characteristics of the internal combustion engine by drawing the current operating points during the driving cycle. In the same way we obtained the production process emissions in Figure 16. It was necessary to have the characteristics of an internal combustion engine with the production of emissions which drew currently operating points and the values subtracted.

Figure 15: Fuel consumption during driving cycle

Figure 16: Emision production during driving cycle

Conclusion

To determine these simulations, it was necessary to calculate the needs driving forces and performance on the driving wheels of car traveling in after a particular driving cycle. It was necessary to have the characteristics of an internal combustion engine with maps of specific fuel consumption, efficiency and emissions. It was necessary to calculate the vehicle speed to engine speed and calculate the necessary power to the wheels the engine torque during the driving cycle. Thus we obtain accurate combustion engine operating points that we portray to the specific characteristics of the internal combustion engine and so we obtained waveforms efficiency, fuel consumption and emissions of CO, HC and NOx in every second during the driving cycle.

In Figures 17 and 18 we can see the energy balance of the car and its parts during the driving cycle. Note that the highest energy achieved by an internal combustion engine. When decelerating, the car is a big part of the energy consumed in the friction brakes. This is also the reason for the use of hybrid drive vehicle, which govern the work of the internal combustion engine with an electric motor/generator and to maintain its efficiency at higher levels. When braking, use regenerative braking and energy consumption is so greatly reduced.

Figure 17: Energy usage in power mode

Figure 18: Energy usage in braking mode

References

1. Vlk, F. Automobilová technická příručka, 1.vydanie, Brno 2003, ISBN 80-238-9681-4
2. Madarás, J- Ferencey, V- Bugár, M. – Goga, V.: The
Simulation of Starting Torque Impact of an Electric Motor for the Dynamic
Behaviour of the Electric Vehicle Transmission Mechanism. In: Strojnícky časopis = Journal of Mechanical engineering. – Bratislava:
Ústav materiálov a mechaniky strojov SAV. – ISSN 0039-2472 – Roč. 63, č. 2. –, 2012, s. 83-94

### 1 príspevok k článku “Simulation of the engine and automobile driveability during a driving cycle”

1. Rodrigo napísal:

Hello.
I am engineering student and I am completing my thesis.
I wonder how have obtained the sfc map. I have test data but can not get the maps.
Thanks for any response.

format: plain


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OpenStudy (anonymous):

I have another word problem to solve. I have to use the five-step process. can someone please show me how to do this..Use inequality and the five-step process. As a fule of thumb, dept payments (other than mortgages) should be less than 8% of a consumer's monthly gross income. Oliver makes $54,000 a year and has a$100 student-loan payment every month. What size car payment can he afford.

7 years ago


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# Calculating the Jacobian for a function containing a derivative

I have the equation

$$F(t) = \phi u + \frac{1}{2}\frac{d^2u}{dt^2} + u^3$$

and broadly speaking, my task is to calculate the $$\phi$$ and $$u(t)$$ such that $$F(t) = 0$$.

I am testing out a new algorithm to do this (and so there are no in-built ways to implement it). This requires calculating the Jacobian of the function.

I am implementing this on MATLAB.

I am unable to figure out how exactly I take the partial derivative with $$u$$ for the term with the derivative.

Here's what I have done so far -

Assuming $$\textbf{u}_3$$ is the row vector form of $$u$$ which has been cubed elementwise, I calculated the Jacobian as -

$$\textbf{J} = \phi\textbf{I} + \textbf{D} + \textbf{u}_3\textbf{I}$$

where D is the appropriate finite difference matrix and I is the identity matrix.

My first question is - is this correct?

If yes, my second question is, can the same thing be done for a different differentiation technique (like spectral differentiation) by simply replacing D by the appropriate matrix?

There are some unknowns in what you are doing but for simplicity, suppose we want to find $$u(t)$$ as discrete times $$t_1, t_2, \cdots, t_n$$. Let $$\textbf{F} = [F(t_1), F(t_2), \cdots, F(t_n)]^T$$ and $$\textbf{u} = [u(t_1), u(t_2), \cdots, u(t_n)]^T$$ be column vectors representing $$F$$ and $$u$$ evaluated at the desired times. From your problem statement, you wish to find $$\phi$$ and $$\textbf{u}$$ such that $$\textbf{F} = \textbf{0}$$. We can write out the vector equation as

\begin{align} \textbf{F} &= \underbrace{(\phi I + D)}_{A}\textbf{u} + \left(\textbf{u} \odot \textbf{u} \odot \textbf{u}\right) \end{align}

where $$D$$ is your appropriate finite difference matrix and $$\odot$$ corresponds to the Hadamard product. The jacobian you are after is going to have partial derivatives of the form $$\frac{\partial F_i}{ \partial u_j}$$, where $$F_i = F(t_i)$$ and $$u_j = u(t_j)$$. We can look at the above vector system elementwise and see that for a fixed $$i$$, we have that

$$F_i = u_i^3 + \sum_{j} A_{ij} u_j$$

If you take the partial derivative of $$F_i$$ with respect to some $$u_k$$, you get that \begin{align} \frac{\partial F_i}{\partial u_k} &= \frac{\partial}{\partial u_k} \left\lbrace u_i^3 + \sum_j A_{ij} u_j \right\rbrace \\ &= 3 \delta_{ik} u_i^2 + A_{ik} \end{align}

where $$\delta_{ij} = 1$$ if $$i = j$$ and is $$0$$ otherwise. This implies that your jacobian portion $$J = [\frac{\partial F_i}{\partial u_k}]$$ (where $$i$$ corresponds to rows and $$k$$ to columns) has the matrix form of

$$J = A + 3 \text{diag}\left(\textbf{u} \odot \textbf{u}\right)$$


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Search for Leptoquarks in mu nu jj at CDF with ~200pb¯¹ CDF Collaboration

 Contacts Simona Rolli, Dan Ryan, Sun Hao Abstract We report on a search for second generation scalar leptoquarks using 203pb¯¹ of Run II data taken at sqrt(s) = 1960 GeV/c². Leptoquarks are assumed to be pair produced and to decay into a lepton and a quark of the same generation. We focus on the signature represented by one energetic muon, missing energy and two jets and set an upper limit at 95% CL on the production cross section as a function of the mass of the leptoquark. By assuming ß = Br ( LQ \rightarrow \mu q) = 0.5 and using the NLO theoretical estimate we reject the existence of scalar leptoquarks with mass below 170 GeV/c². Introduction Leptoquarks are theoretical particles that couple to leptons and quarks. They are predicted by extensions of and models beyond the Standard Model, e.g. GUT's, Technicolor, SUSY, etc, however the basic premise of leptoquarks is the same regardless of the different theories that predict them. The fact that there are is a symmetry of 3 generations of both quarks and leptons suggests that at higher energies leptons and quarks could be coupled. Leptoquarks would be the mediators of the forces between quarks and leptons. The properties of leptoquarks vary depending on the theory that predicts them. In general, they are color-triplet scalar (spin=0) or vector (spin=1) bosons which carry both baryon and lepton quantum numbers. Their weak isospin and fractional electric charge are model dependent. They can be produced both singley and in pairs. However, due to experimental non-observation of flavor changing neutral currents (FCNC) and helicity-supress decays, it is assumed that leptoquarks couple uniquely among the 3 generations of leptons and quarks--hence the term, 1st generation leptoquark, 2nd generation leptoquark, etc. This analysis is a search for pair produced 1st generation scalar leptoquarks decaying 50% to a muon and quark and 50% to missing energy and quark. The experimental signature is thus one isolated high-Pt muon, missing energy and 2 isolated energetic jets. The background contributions are mainly from W+2jets, top, Z + 2 jets and fakes. Production At the Tevatron, leptoquark production is dominated by quark-antiquark annihilation and would be produced mainly in pairs. For scalar leptoquarks, their production cross-section is essentially independent of any parameters other than their mass due to gauge symmetries. In contrast, vector leptoquarks are characterized by 2 anomolous couplings which are real numbers and are related to the anomolous magnetic and electric moments. The scalar leptoquark production cross section has been calculated to NLO(1): Event Selection We require to have events with one tight central muon. We reject events with a second tight/central or loose (stubless) muon. After making a selection of the muon, we require the following kinematic constraints: Pt muon > 25 GeV Et(jet1) > 30 GeV, Et(jet2) > 30 GeV Missing energy > 60 GeV Delta Phi (MET-jet ) > 5 degrees, Delta Phi (MET-muon ) < 175 degrees Et(jet1)+Et(jet2) > 80 GeV Transverse mass e-nu > 120 GeV mass cut around the nominal LQ mass The kinematic acceptances are shown below: Searches We searched for signatures of 1st generation scalar leptoquarks in approximately 200pb¯¹ of data. The number of expected background events from W+2jets, Top, Z + 2 jets and QCD is reported in the table below. We observe a number of events surviving our selection which is consistent with the calculated background and compare the 95% CL cross-section lower limit with the theoretical estimate. We reject the existence of a scalar leptoquark with a mass lower than 170 GeV/c². References (1) Kramar, M. et al, "Pair Production of Scalar Leptoquarks at the TeVatron", Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (1997), 341 (2 ) Simona Rolli , "Searches for Second Generation Scalar Leptoquarks", CDF Public Note Last modified: Tue Jul 20 2004


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# Project BEAVER: A Budget-Effective Aquatic Vehicle for Environmental Research

Abstract

Within the past few centuries, human population growth and increasing urbanisation have led to the deterioration of many freshwater and marine habitats. To conserve aquatic ecosystems, it is essential to better understand the responses of the habitats to such factors. The purpose of this project was to construct an Unmanned Untethered Vehicle (UUV) for measuring factors affecting water quality. The vehicle was built out of cost-effective Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) material and programmed to be controlled wirelessly via a graphical user interface. After construction and calibration, the robot was field tested in local water bodies. It successfully took pictures and video of the environment it was exploring through user input. It was also able to take water samples as well as measure pH, turbidity, and temperature of the water. The robot was field-tested at Blue Springs, Fore Lake, De Leon Springs, and the Tomoka Basin and has further potential applications in investigating how water quality affects species diversity in an ecosystem.

Introduction

Aquatic ecosystems are the most abundant ecosystems on Earth.[1] Wetlands, rivers, lakes, and coastal estuaries are all aquatic ecosystems—critical elements of Earth’s dynamic processes and essential to human economies and health. The stability of these delicate systems depends on our knowledge of human impacts in the environment, but our ability to explore and research these factors is currently limited.

Utilising human divers to collect water quality and conduct species surveys in some aquatic environments is restricted by depth and time constraints and can be hazardous due to decompression sickness, nitrogen narcosis, environmental dangers, etc.[2] Using a robot to perform this job does not pose such safety risks. Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) are tethered underwater mobile devices which are one of the most effective tools for aquatic data collection due to their high manoeuvrability.[3] However, they are limited by the length of the tether, which can become tangled or caught in shallow, complex environments.[3] To counteract this limitation, the goal of this project was to build a cost-effective, untethered aquatic robot for collecting environmental data.

The robot, named Ridley as a reference to Kemp’s Ridley sea turtle, can explore and research aquatic ecosystems. It is controlled wirelessly via a graphical user interface and can record visual data of the environment it is exploring based on user command. Since wireless communication is severely limited underwater[4], Ridley can dive but must surface to receive signal commands, much like a sea turtle comes up for air.[5] The robot is capable of taking temperature, turbidity, and pH measurements and can take water samples for further lab analysis. This function is advantageous for analysing how the water quality in an ecosystem affects its residents.

Background Information

Unmanned submersible vehicles fall into a few categories. The simplest submersibles are those that are towed behind a ship and act as platforms for cameras and various sensors. The other submersible systems are Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs), Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), and Unmanned Untethered Vehicles (UUVs).

An ROV is essentially a tethered underwater robot that allows the vehicle’s operator to remain in a comfortable environment while the ROV works in the hazardous environment below.[6] ROVs vary widely in price and functionality. Deep-sea research ROVs are only accessible to organisations with considerable financial resources, but the last decade has seen the advent of “low cost” ROVs that range anywhere between $400 and$40,000.[7] The most popular recreational drones such as the Trident[8] and BlueROV2[9] cost only a few thousand dollars depending on the configuration.

AUVs are programmable robotic vehicles that, depending on their design, can drift, drive, or glide through the ocean without real-time control by human operators.[10] An AUV must contain its own power source and control itself while accomplishing a predefined task. Some AUVs communicate with operators periodically or continuously through satellite signals or underwater acoustic beacons to permit some level of control.[10] Others, such as gliders, require no human assistance while travelling. Underwater gliders achieve this by using small changes in buoyancy to profile vertically and move horizontally on wings.[11]

UUVs are vehicles that can operate underwater without a tether or human occupant.[10] The vehicle engineered in this research project falls under this broader category. While UUVs do require some level of human communication, they can navigate hazardous environments without the limitations of a tether. UUVs which employ real-time control are only found in high-level research applications because they require acoustic communication. Underwater acoustic channels are generally recognised as one of the most challenging communication media in use today. Acoustic propagation is best supported at low frequencies, and the bandwidth available for communication is minimal.[12] Because of these limitations, the robot in this project was designed to submerge for periods of time, and then resurface to receive further commands. Therefore, it cannot receive signals while underwater but does not require acoustic communication to function.

Engineering Goals

The robot must be able to be controlled wirelessly via a graphical user interface (GUI). The robot must also be able to take pictures and record video of the environment it is exploring based on user command. The robot should be able to measure water quality and collect water samples for further lab analysis. The total cost of the finished vehicle will be kept under $2000 so that it remains cost-effective. Method Mechanics The body of the robot (Figure 1) was designed and built using 4″ PVC pipes, and the joints were secured and waterproofed with PVC primer and cement. It was designed with a thruster on each side of the main compartment attached to a pipe that is detachable from the main body. Two more vertical thrusters are mounted to an open joint in each of the detachable side pipes. The inner chamber was waterproofed with rubber plugs in each of the four chamber openings. Each rubber plug has a hole in the middle with a connector bolt to loop thruster cables and sensors cables. The connector bolts were filled, and the cables were secured with marine epoxy. Inside the main compartment, a circular sliding tube holds the electronics such as the Arduino microprocessor, the stripboard, the electronic speed controllers (ESCs), and the battery. The water sampler, the latest addition to the robot, was held by a PVC pipe attached to the front of the robot. The servo that controls the sampler was fastened to one of the removable screw caps on top of the main compartment. The other removable screw cap held the wireless antenna in place. Electronics All the electronics were attached to the sliding compartment (Figure 2) of the robot interior with Velcro, and the wires were secured with electric tape and zip ties. The signal wires of the ESCs, sensors, and servo were connected to header pins soldered onto the stripboard. Jumper wires were also soldered onto the stripboard and directed to the respective signal pins on the Arduino microprocessor. Each of the electrical components was powered by a Lithium Polymer (LiPo) battery which was fastened to the sliding tray. The robot was controlled using XBees (wireless connectivity modules)[13] with cloverleaf antennas attached. The Xbee on the robot was soldered onto the bottom of the Arduino microprocessor, and the other XBee connected to the driver station laptop with a USB dongle. Camera, Sensors and Water Sampler One GoPro camera mount was attached to the back end of the robot. When the GoPro Session camera was placed in the mount, only the lens was in the water, which allowed the camera to be controlled by the GoPro app on a smartphone. This allowed the user to view the live video stream and take pictures wirelessly. Initially, another camera was suspended from the robot and submerged in the water for better recording quality, but this became unnecessary once the diving functionality was added. Ridley has three sensors which measure pH, turbidity, and temperature. The sensors were wired through the rubber plugs and waterproofed with marine epoxy. When the respective function was called, the GUI displays the pH, turbidity, and temperature of the environment the robot is exploring. In addition to taking measures of water quality, Ridley can also take water samples. The water sampler (Figure 3) is a novel design composed of a syringe encapsulated by a PVC pipe. A rubber band attached to the end of the syringe puts tension on the plunger, but a small piece of metal placed in the PVC pipe blocks the plunger from being pulled out. The water sampler was fastened to the front of the robot, and the metal piece was attached to a servo via a string. When the servo rotates, the blockage was removed, and the syringe sucked in water. Code The code to control the thrusters, sensors and water sampler was written in Arduino. Much of the thruster code was adapted from open sources such as Blue Robotics and Open ROV. Ridley was programmed to operate at varying levels of speed, test water quality, take water samples, and dive based on user input. Because wireless signals cannot travel through water, the robot cannot be controlled while underwater. The diving function allows the robot to dive for a set period of time and then stops the thrusters so that the robot automatically resurfaces due to its positive buoyancy. The code for the GUI was written in Java. It is a simple interface in which a number corresponds to a command. The user inputs numbers to control the robot’s sensors and actuators. Field Testing The robot was tested multiple times at first in a swimming pool to calibrate the thrusters. Ridley was then field-tested in various aquatic environments: Blue Springs, Fore Lake, De Leon Springs. The data collected were water temperature and video feed for species surveys. Videos from the GoPro cameras were downloaded to a computer and analysed. Fish and other aquatic organisms were identified to the lowest possible taxon, enumerated, and recorded each time they entered the field of view. Temperature and runtime were also recorded. Each data collection took place mid-afternoon, and the total run time for each location was approximately 45 minutes. Later, when the pH sensor, turbidity sensor, and water sampler were added, the robot’s water quality features were tested in the Tomoka River Basin (Figure 4). Results Table 1 displays the quantity and status of observed species from the video captured by Ridley at Blue Springs State Park. Striped Mullet were by far the most frequently observed animal species with 77 observations. Location 1: Blue Springs Runtime – 46 minutes Mean Water Temperature – 23.15 °C Table 1: Species List and Survey Results for Blue Springs State Park Figures 5-7 are static video frames taken from the Blue Springs data collection video. Figure 5 depicts a small group of striped mullet. Figure 6 depicts Florida spotted gar, and Figure 7 shows a group of west Indian manatees, including a mother and her calf. Location 2: Fore Lake in Ocala National Forest Table 2 displays the quantity and status of observed species from the video captured by Ridley at Fore Lake. Juvenile bluegill were the only observed animal species during this field test. Runtime: 40 minutes Mean Water Temperature: 22.42 °C Table 2: Species list and survey results for Fore Lake Location 3: De Leon Springs Table 3 displays the quantity and status of observed species from the video captured by Ridley at De Leon Springs. Runtime: 44 minutes Mean Water Temperature: 22.25 °C Table 3: Species list and survey results for De Leon Springs State Park Figure 8 depicts a clump of hydrilla at De Leon Springs. Hydrilla is classified as an invasive species in Florida. Location 4: Tomoka Basin in Sanchez Park No species were observed at the Tomoka Basin. Table 4 displays the water quality measurements taken by Ridley at the Tomoka Basin, including measures of turbidity, pH, and temperature. Runtime: 48 minutes Table 4: Tomoka Basin Water Quality Measurements *All turbidity and pH values were calculated in real time within the Arduino code according to the following conversions: turbidity = 100 – (voltage/vClear)(100)[14], where vClear is the voltage of the probe in distilled water. pH = (3.5)(voltage) + offset[15], where offset is the deviation in pH of the probe in a calibration solution with a pH of 7. Discussion Overall, the robot met the engineering goals and performed effectively in data collection. The vehicle was controlled wirelessly via a graphical user interface, and the live video stream allowed the user to take pictures of the environment that the robot was exploring based on user command. The diving functionality was successful as Ridley was able to dive for a set period of time, and its positive buoyancy allowed it to resurface once the thrusters stop moving. The total cost of the robot was$1472, which is 26.4% under the 2000 dollar budget and comparatively less expensive than ROVs of similar or lesser capabilities such as the BlueROV2. It was successfully field tested at Blue Springs State Park, Fore Lake in Ocala National Forest, De Leon Springs State Park, and Sanchez Park.

Blue Springs was high in biodiversity (Table 1), and the crystal clear water allowed species to be readily discernible. The first two attempts at data collection were unproductive due to battery malfunctions, difficulty with the live video stream, and leaking. The issues were addressed, and the third attempt was successful. The video playback showed various organisms such as striped mullet (Figure 5), Florida spotted gar (Figure 6), channel catfish, and manatees including a mother and calf (Figure 7). Striped mullet were by far the most numerous species identified within the video playback.

At De Leon Springs, species were also easily identifiable because of the high visibility (Table 3). The only fish recorded on video was a largemouth bass, but there were innumerable amphipods visible within the vegetation. The video captured submerged aquatic plants such as naiads and Hydrilla (Figure 8), an invasive species. The data collection at Fore Lake (Table 2) was also successful, though the area had a much lower biodiversity than De Leon Springs and Blue Springs. The only fish identified were young bluegills. While the video feed was clear at Blue Springs, De Leon Springs, and Fore Lake, the Tomoka Basin did not yield the same results due to low visibility conditions. However, the robot was able to measure water quality successfully (Table 4). The water sampler also worked as expected and sampled approximately 35 ml of lake water. Most aquatic ecosystems, especially those with healthy, diverse, and productive fish and macroinvertebrates communities, have a water pH between approximately 6.5 and 8.5 units.[16] The average pH of 7.63 at the Tomoka Basin indicates that the water is within the ideal range for aquatic life. The temperature and turbidity vary according to location, time of day, and season, so long term data would be necessary to assess the effect of these factors on water quality and species diversity.

Going forward, some modifications can be made to improve the capabilities of the robot. The live preview and user control of the front GoPro camera were unreliable. It would lose connection when the robot travelled any farther than approximately 10 meters away from the user or when it dived underwater. A waterproof camera integrated into the electrical circuit and programmed into the GUI would increase the flexibility and reliability of the visual feed. Furthermore, the cameras do not function well in low visibility environments, and this was made especially evident in the murky waters of the Tomoka Basin. The visibility can be improved upon the addition of a waterproof light-emitting diode (LED) light near the camera. This project can be further developed with the expansion of the robot’s autonomous capabilities. Currently, the vehicle dives for a few seconds and automatically resurfaces, but it could be programmed to measure factors affecting water quality and take water samples at specific depths. There is also potential for the addition of other water quality sensors such as dissolved oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential and salinity.

Conclusion

While it certainly had limitations, the robot met the budget requirement and was successfully field-tested at Blue Springs, Fore Lake, De Leon Springs, and the Tomoka Basin. There is potential for improvement regarding lighting, live video stream, and thruster efficiency, which will make the vehicle more suitable for data collection in harsher environments such as marine reefs. With its current limitations, the robot performs most effectively in environments with high visibility and high biodiversity such as freshwater springs. It can efficiently measure water quality, and the water sampler can also be utilised if further lab analysis is necessary. The water quality measurements in combination with the video data have promising applications in examining how water quality affects the species diversity and distribution in an area.

References

1. “Different Types of Ecosystems”, Ecosystem, accessed December 31, 2018, http://www.ecosystem.org/types-of-ecosystems.
2. Daniel McQueen, G. Kent, and A. Murrison, “Self-reported long-term effects of diving and decompression illness in recreational scuba divers”, British Journal of Sports Medicine 28, 2 (July 1994): 101-104, http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.28.2.101.
3. “Advantages and Disadvantages of Remote Sampling”, UK Marine SACs Project,  accessed December 31, 2018, http://www.ukmarinesac.org.uk/communities/seapens/sp6_1_1.htm.
4. Xi Zhang, Jun-Hong Cui, Santanu Das, Mario Gerla and Mandar Chitre, “Underwater wireless communications and networks: theory and application: Part 1 [Guest Editorial]”, IEEE Communications Magazine 53, 11 (November 2015): 40-41, http://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2015.7321969.
5. “How Long Can Sea Turtles Hold Their Breath?”, Olive Ridley Project, accessed December 31, 2018, https://oliveridleyproject.org/ufaqs/how-long-can-sea-turtles-hold-their-breath.
6. “Remotely Operated Vehicles”, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, accessed December 31, 2018, https://www.mbari.org/at-sea/vehicles/remotely-operated-vehicles/.
7. Jonathan Teague, Michael J. Allen, and Tom B. Scott, “The potential of low-cost ROV for use in deep-sea mineral, ore prospecting and monitoring”, Ocean Engineering 147, (January 1, 2018): 333-339, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.10.046.
8. “Trident Underwater Drone”, OpenROV Underwater Drones, accessed December 22, 2017, https://www.openrov.com/products/trident/.
9. “BlueROV2”, Blue Robotics, accessed December 22, 2017, https://www.bluerobotics.com/store/rov/bluerov2/.
10. D. Richard Blidberg, “The development of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV); a brief summary”, In Ieee Icra 4, 2001, http://wpressutexas.net/cs378h/images/d/de/ICRA_01paper.pdf
11. Daniel L. Rudnick, Russ E. Davis, Charles C. Eriksen, David M. Fratantoni and Mary Jane Perry, “Underwater Gliders for Ocean Research”, Marine Technology Society Journal 38, 2 (Summer 2004): 73-84, https://doi.org/10.4031/002533204787522703.
12. Milica Stojanovic and James Preisig, “Underwater acoustic communication channels: Propagation models and statistical characterization”, IEEE Communications Magazine 47, 1 (January 2009): 84-89, https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2009.4752682.
13. “Digi XBee Ecosystem”, Digi International Inc., accessed December 31, 2018, https://www.digi.com/xbee.
14. “Turbidity Sensor SKU: SEN0189”, DFRobot, last modified May 25, 2017, https://www.dfrobot.com/wiki/index.php/Turbidity_sensor_SKU:_SEN0189.


text:
# Definition:Graph (Graph Theory)

## Informal Definition

A graph is intuitively defined as a pair consisting of a set of vertices and a set of edges.

## Formal Definition

A graph is an ordered pair $G = \left({V, E}\right)$ such that:

$V$ is a set, called the vertex set;
$E$ is a set of 2-element subsets of $V$, called the edge set.

That is: $E \subseteq \left\{{\left\{{u, v}\right\}: u, v \in V}\right\}$.

$E$ can also be described as an antireflexive, symmetric relation on $V$.

### Vertex

Let $G = \left({V, E}\right)$ be a graph.

The vertices (singular: vertex) are the elements of $V$.

Informally, the vertices are the points that are connected by the edges.

In the above, the vertices (singular: vertex) are the points $A, B, C, D, E, F, G$ which are marked as dots.

### Edge

Let $G = \struct {V, E}$ be a graph.

The edges are the elements of $E$.

In the above, the edges are $AB, AE, BE, CD, CE, CF, DE, DF, FG$.

## Order

Let $G = \left({V, E}\right)$ be a graph.

The order of $G$ is the count of its vertices.

## Size

Let $G = \left({V, E}\right)$ be a graph.

The size of $G$ is the count of its edges.

## Notation

Let $G$ be a graph whose order is $p$ and whose size is $q$.

Then $G$ can be referred to as a $\left({p, q}\right)$-graph.

A wider category: a graph whose order is $n$ can be referred to as an $n$-graph.

## Also see

A graph which is not a multigraph nor a loop-graph nor a directed graph can be called a simple graph if this clarification is necessary.

## Also defined as

Many treatments of this subject require that $V$ is non-empty, and so do not recognise the concept of a null graph.


text:
A low-level PDF generator.

## Project description

pydyf is a low-level PDF generator written in Python and based on PDF specification 1.7.

Copyrights are retained by their contributors, no copyright assignment is required to contribute to pydyf. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion is licensed under the BSD 3-clause license, without any additional terms or conditions. For full authorship information, see the version control history.

## Project details

Uploaded source
Uploaded py3


text:
# Definition:Conditional/Semantics of Conditional

## Definition

Let $p \implies q$ where $\implies$ denotes the conditional operator.

$p \implies q$ can be stated thus:

• If $p$ is true then $q$ is true.
• $q$ is true if $p$ is true.
• (The truth of) $p$ implies (the truth of) $q$.
• (The truth of) $q$ is implied by (the truth of) $p$.
• $q$ follows from $p$.
• $p$ is true only if $q$ is true.

The latter one may need some explanation. $p$ can be either true or false, as can $q$. But if $q$ is false, and $p \implies q$, then $p$ can not be true. Therefore, $p$ can be true only if $q$ is also true, which leads us to our assertion.

• $p$ is true therefore $q$ is true.
• $p$ is true entails that $q$ is true.
• $q$ is true because $p$ is true.
• $p$ may be true unless $q$ is false.
• Given that $p$ is true, $q$ is true.
• $q$ is true whenever $p$ is true.
• $q$ is true provided that $p$ is true.
• $q$ is true in case $p$ is true.
• $q$ is true assuming that $p$ is true.
• $q$ is true on the condition that $p$ is true.

Further colloquial interpretations can often be found in natural language whose meaning can be reduced down $p$ only if $q$, for example:

• $p$ is true as long as $q$ is true
Example:
"Mummy, can I go to the pictures?"
"As long as you've done your homework. Have you done your homework? No? Then you cannot go to the pictures."
In other words:
"You can go to the pictures only if you have done your homework."
Using the full language of logic:
"If it is true that you are going to the pictures, it is true that you must have done your homework."

• $p$ is true as soon as $q$ is true
"Are we going to this party, then?"
"As soon as I've finished putting on my makeup."
The analysis is the same as for the above example of as long as.

## Examples

The statement:

If I pass this course, then (it shows that) I have studied hard for it.

may be rephrased as:

I will pass this course only if I have studied hard for it.
To prove that I have studied hard for this course, it is sufficient to know that I passed it.
For me to pass this course, it is necessary for me to study hard for it.


text:
# New avalanche triac design

M

#### m II

Jan 1, 1970
0

My 'GymyBobism' collection...updated daily:
=========================================
## some '#' bracketed text added for clarification ##
## all cut and paste, NO modifications of ANY kind ##
## 100 % Pure GymyBob. Accept no substitutes! ##

We need less morons like another clone of Moron II here.
## My fifteen minutes of FAME! ##

Your car alternator will charge your car batery up to 15.4 volts in
cold weather.

NTSC redefined it slightly off 60Hz so that power supply ripple
will move on the screen (two slightly black bands that scroll

You sure spent a lot of time trying to convince me you don't knwo what

Voltage does not indicate state of charge well.

At 11.6 volts a 12v battery is about 50-70% charged still.

Polish solar panels are what americans called "flashlights"

There should be subsidies for solar panels but control of prices to boot.

Propane will disapate and freeze when it evaporates.

Gasoline is not nearly as volatile as hydrogen.

When I use pot I imagine everythging is perfect.

Just another threading error creating confusion

Learn how to thread or sit back and watch for a few years.

Try to stay on topic and on thread too bean brain.

Perhaps try Outlook Express or another browser that knows how to

Bottom posting was the was in the 70s and 80s before threading
browsers were available cheap like OE

Another Forte Agent person that doesn't understand threading.

You use Mozzilla and haven't learned to thread.

Try Outlook Express so you can understand threading maybe.

I have been noticing many threading errors everywhere on Usenet lately.

People with OE don't seem to have the petty problems with subject
mixed posts, random pieces and many other problems all the nonOE
people have.

Bottom posting has been obsoletely by threading browsers.

Call your damn ISP and tell them your browser is multiple posting.

90% of the people in America have never operated a computer.

Let's say youre solar cell was trying to put out
14.3 volts DC and you stuck a 10 ohm meter in series with a charged
13.8 volt DC battery.

Your troll was too obvious. Try to engage the mark in conversation
first so there is, at least, some stake, like friendship for the
person listening. When the friendship is well developed then attack.
Not too obvious at first or you will lose your audience. This will

I think outside opinions are worth much more than sales hype from the
## Referring to *factory* charging specifications for the batteries
they make ##

This is power grid induction through capacitive proximity

You can get fooled with another ground in the house finding it's way
back to the transformer neutral.

A thought I have is rain water from a roof on a three story home
through a micro-turbine.

Setback thermostats only work efficiently for small differentials,
dependant on the time duration.

Breakers are good for one time usage of one fault and then they need
to be replaced for any warrantied usage.

If the breaker interupts a fault, it should be replaced.No warranty
will honoured after that.

I don't have a link at this time

There are no hydrogen molecules in water and the oxygen in water isn't
flammable either.

Water is inert and contains no energy to be used. Get some basic chemistry
first.

Quite simply put, for some of the boneheads here.

NiCads and NiMh batterries are designed to take a current charge forever.

Oh yeah, I can charge a battery and use it six months later fully
charged. The nicads will be cooked because you keep them on charge,
just in case you need them but when you remember them six months
later they are cooked and won't last 5 minutes in the camera.

It takes a complete idiot to deny they can short out all by
themselves. Three, loose in a bag can short themselves out.
## referring to AA batteries doing the physically impossible ##

Did they have electricity back in 1994?

I have been around so long with this stuff I believe I invented the
diode in 1941 but I am not familiar with the solar panel usage
requirements of them. (no P & N substrate explanations please. I wrote
the GE manual...LOL)

NOTE: do not pass ground wires through metal holes or cable clamps
with two screws on a metal surface.

There is **NOT*** enough energy in a lightning bolt to power your
house for more than an hour...if that. Do the math.
The figures escape me but let's say it puts out a roughly MWatt of
power for 100 nanoseconds?
100 x 10-9 x 1 x 106 / 3600 (sec/hr) = 0.0027 wH
oooops.... Wouldn't light your home for a 1/2 second.
OK..OK.. multiply the figures time 100 or 1000. Now it would light a
100W bulb for 1 second.

The IEEE-232 standards were never followed or known by many.

Fossil fuels are still renewable and being cxreated as we speak.

Children are venerially created.

If you want to discuss this then fine, otherwise go **** yourself like

Can you let go of my dick before it explodes on ya, goofball?

Petroleum is not related to Natural gas.

I would rather work at my $100/hour job than at chopping wood for hours to save$3/hour

I have no license, I wire and inspect other's wiring for a job and
work for a medium size electrical utility.

As a design engineer of transformers for 10 years I happen to know you
are full of shit.

I am a Protection & Control Tech by profession and have experience
with control systems

Try spelling "bus" correctly! Maybe your brain will start again.
Probaby not, you fucking loser.
## Referring to the correctly spelled word 'buss' as used in real
electrical terminology ##
## http://tinyurl.com/5ctml ##

X10 signals are transmitted just after the voltage waveform zero
crossing. This is in order to avoid conflicts with SCR and Triac peak
waveform switching spikes from load type devices such as lamp dimmers.
## control module misinformation ##

Besides when they on any line they will pull of the meter as a
disconnect point.
## speaking of power line guys miles away removing YOUR electrical
meter for THEIR safety ##

My workplace has been throwing out huge digitizing pallettes (like 24
x 36" units)
## in alt.sewing.mach-embroider ##

The majority prefers top posting.

Not one of your suggesters listened to what the OP requested...LOL

Get your tear ducts flushed by a knowledgeable optometrist.

Not many materials have the huge exponential resistance/heat curve
aluminum does. Overload doesn't make it glow like copper...it flashes
and explodes.

A bathroom fan motor would never push hot air down ten feet or cold up
ten feet.

Bathroom fans have a hard time pushing 55 cfm through a 3-4" pipe 20
horizontal feet. They are made to vent smells and humid air horizontally
only.

Why not spend the money on a contract with the grid company and get an
exclusive line to your house and never have brownouts.

Usenet rules dictate top posting for readability

Many cell modems are set up to filter bottom posts out.

Cell modems do not cut off anything.

What security flaws.
##referring to Outlook Express##

10 pounds per gallon Imperial. That gallon is totally unique to the
US....ooops..I think all gallons are unique to the US now.

The standard Imperial gallon the whole world used weighs 10 pounds
exactly.

The copper isn't worth more than 5 cents per pound. It is classed a
mixed copper and nobody wants it.

Hey moron! The copper is considered "mixed" copper and is worth about
$0.02 per pound, if he seperates it all. Just don't ever lose weight. Toxins are stored in your fat cells. Did you know, **NO***, I repeat ***NO*** death has ever been related to PCBs? Insulated square copper wires from a dry transformer are not 99% copper and take a lot of work to remove the insulation. I have tonnes of insulated copper wire if you want it. I think you could almost have for the picking it up. How many bins can you take per year 50 lbs? We have it by the bin full. Mostly #6 to 650 MCM. I beleive you would have to leave a bin and then pick it up full later to compete with the current scrapper. Can't this tranformer be used by somebody to generate a second 120V from a single phase 120V inverter? It sounds pretty beefy. BTW: once you knock the wedge out of the coil form the laminations will be easier to get out. This keeps them from buzzing until the varnish and other impregnations go into it. All you guys have a bad Christmas or Jewish and didn't see Santa or something? Run each signal twisted with a ground for noise. RD twisted with gnd as a pair, TD twisted around ground as a pair etc... This means signal/logic ground not power ground or case ground, if they are different. Do not connect the other ends of the ground conductors. Tar pitch in a flourescent ballast does ***NOT*** contain PCBs and probably never did. Religion is not genetic or even herodigious I believe the warmest part of the lake is just below the ice. As the water frezes it rises to the top and joins the other ice formations. Gel cell won't cut it when it comes to putting out 100A or more. They cook in one spot and the rest of the electrolyte doesn't circulate fast enough. There is nothing standard about USanian measurements. They changed their sizes to avoid trading with the rest of the world. This worked for a few centuries but the rest of the world moved on to the metric system to avert the confusion the US caused. Ever put your ohmmeter (do I need to explain an ohmmeter also?) across a capacitor? It measures infinity after charging to the supply voltage because the electrolyte is an insulator. Electrolytes are not conductors of electricity in a capacitor. If the electrolyte conducted it would be a resistor. I doubt they are 4 farads. More likely 4 microfarads uf. ## referring to 4000mfd caps ## Sometimes it is an ego boost to have these so-called "professionals" come and beg for information because they can't our toys do what the good guys can but I would never hire them given a choice. Do you measure altitude in degrees? Many aeronautical people would disagree with you. ## referring to solar azimuth/altitude thread ## My house is filled with motion detectors. They don't all operate lights. They mostly signal my house control computer and it decides what to do and when. Enlighten please (like it really matters...LOL) I will hand stitch my embroidery before I would pay that kind of money...LOL A 50Hz transformer needs double the iron a 60Hz transformer needs for the same VA capacity. Does it test CTs with real current or just voltage? It doesn't really matter where the secondary current comes from, secondary exciting or primary current exciting, the voltage developed or excited across it will be about the same. ## talking about an OPEN circuit CT transformer ## High voltage spikes want to keep going at the end and this is where your saturating core transformer core is located behind the fuse. Moving a kill-a-watt unit around is like using it on somebody else's house and telling the person's load. oooops. A flourescent with a filament? ## not knowing how most fluorescents start up ## You are a stupid basterd. Ever considered anxiety medication? Chest pains for a man is a classic symptom. When confronted with many websites stating the otherwise he won't address the issue but repeats his crap again like a child stamping his feet. ## Oh, the Irony! ## What are you doing up at this ungawdly hour? I just got finished embroidering about 10 items, including a flight bag for golf clubs. ## in alt.sewing.mach-embroider ## I just love women with front loading bobbins. ## in alt.sewing.mach-embroider ## I doubt a 6 needle machine would be faster than a 1 needle machine unless you do repetitive patterns. ## in alt.sewing.mach-embroider ## I had many problems with this and damaged my machine a few times. It was the needles. Find ones that have very little "hip" bump around the eye of the needle. ## in alt.sewing.mach-embroider ## I have found doctors absolutely ignorant and totally obstinet on these kind of issues. I put my first child on Ritalin for a year or so when quite young. It beat going to prison for beating him black and blue. I made a big mistake and should have "drugged" all of my children the same. I did the chem.cut medication stuff for a few years with my first child and then found Naturopathic Doctors using homeopathy to get more lasting relief. Homeopathics saved me thousands of dollars for operations I did not have on my children Accupunture worked for my 1 and two year old children for ailments after the medical doctors could do nothing for. Placebo is a completely natural cure for many ailments. Polio Vaccine? They stopped giving that one long before HIV was invented. You have no idea what you are talking about and either does anybody else here. See if you can replace it with a thermal acting unit. They have a rachet on a shaft that holds thew contacts closed. ## confusing motor overload with breaker ## What are you doing in my group? Milk is just plain poison for humans. I am not a chemist but I know that cow's milk calcium molecules are a huge irritant to human digestion and usually results in calcium deficiencies See an accupunturist for the pain and circulation See a chiropractor to keep the structure good. See a naturopathic doctor for the chemical imbalance. See a medical doctor for a some poison that will make her life shorter. Even an honest Doctor will take yoy they arte totally ignorant of nutrition. The medical doctors will play the time game and probably just let him die after removing half his organs because they may be a problem. Some things mankind should just not eat too much of and it isn't meat typically and this may not be consistent for all people. Do not listen to the stories of addiction. Yes, they are tough to stop but so is insulin for a diabetic. I have stopped taking mine and it wasn't that bad but after months of regressing I chose to return like the other half the population. Make sure your wrists are well warmed up before putting sudden jerky movements to them. Make up your mind before you mouth off like the usual Internet piece of shit. This is a rough group and if you had followed the usual recommendations you would have known that and have nothing to say about it. ## in misc.kids.health, alt.support.breast-implant, misc.health.alternative ## Bad practice to ground yourself when working on electronics. It increases the chance of injury or death by electrical shock and also increases the chance of static discharge to the circuit chips. Ground is a potential too. Oink...Oink...just take it out. What could be simpler? ## in soc.support.fat-acceptance, alt.support.big-folks ## No hyphen in the word multi-syllabic. ## Gymy Bob's endorsement of anal sex censored## ## sorry, I have my limits ## A complete fucking idiot spurted out his piehole: ## in misc.health.alternative ## I was born depressed and never realized until about 3 years ago. I am 52 and went for medication because of anxiety. The English can't stand each other, let alone other cultures. If you don't believe me brother just ask the rest of my family that I disowned. I find most Americans likeable and they find me likeable after they open their wallets far enough to make me that way. How many american dollars will it take to make you suck their dicks? ## in alt.support.attn-deficit, misc.health.alternative ## How much for a blow job? Believe me, "America" is so far behind on internet usage over many South American countries. They just don't happen to post in English and not many of you could possibly understand other languages even exist. WTF is CBT? Chekaslovakia Book Therapy? Try your left hand. It feels like somebody else's hand sometimes. ## pdaxs.services.massage, misc.health.alternative, alt.backrubs, alt.health.massage-therapy ## OK, you're not a moron. You are above average for Nova Scotia. Another tidbit for the brainless twit with the big mouth here Pehaps magnesium supplementation would allow these buffoons to utilize some of their already overloaded calcium intake. This guy is a total buffoon and has no knowledge of any part of his own sentence. Where should you shove it? Fish oil is mainly responsible for your placebo also. ## in misc.health.alternative## After disassembling Bill Gates' 6800 Basic back in the 70s I knew he was a dirty software scoundrel. The government makes more on the taxes than the tax rate when this is done. Be blabest tofart. ## ???? in alt.comp.periphs.dcameras ## Blood may be kept at a stable 7.4 pH but a piece of copper wire passes electricity through it even though the number of electrons remains constant. ## in misc.health.alternative ## I have had amazing effects from some homeopathic remedies and others did nothing. These homeopathic know-it-alls drive me crazy with their 1880 knowledge. Sorry, but testing has proven homeopathic remedies to be effective remedies. I have taken a few homeopathic remedies that taste like crap. Funny how pure water could do that. Homeopathic remedies are very toxic substances and used because of their toxic properties. Standard homeopathic science. Your ignorance of homeopathy does not mean it is useless. Everybody always follows the screaming, left-wing, maniac, tooting we are all going to die by doing another therapy. I have had achilles tendonitus for the past 2-3 years now. I got rid of it on one side by grinding out the bones spurs underneath with the side of a screwdriver blade and lots of oil. GET OFF THE WHEAT, CORN & OATS!!! It doesn't matter how well it works if the doctor doesn't say so (with his two years of college) then it just ain't so. Heat pumps are 300% efficient when the weather is fine but the compressor motors? hmmm about 60%. You are obviously a moron and you keep repeating it here. ## referring to my corrections of his postings ## mike M #### m II Jan 1, 1970 0 "m II" wrote in message http://groups.google.ca/groups/sear...group=&as_usubject=&as_uauthors=m+II&safe=off My 'GymyBobism' collection...updated daily: ========================================= ## some '#' bracketed text added for clarification ## ## all cut and paste, NO modifications of ANY kind ## ## 100 % Pure GymyBob. Accept no substitutes! ## We need less morons like another clone of Moron II here. ## My fifteen minutes of FAME! ## Your car alternator will charge your car batery up to 15.4 volts in cold weather. NTSC redefined it slightly off 60Hz so that power supply ripple will move on the screen (two slightly black bands that scroll up/down your screen You sure spent a lot of time trying to convince me you don't knwo what I am talking about...LOL Voltage does not indicate state of charge well. At 11.6 volts a 12v battery is about 50-70% charged still. Polish solar panels are what americans called "flashlights" There should be subsidies for solar panels but control of prices to boot. Propane will disapate and freeze when it evaporates. Gasoline is not nearly as volatile as hydrogen. When I use pot I imagine everythging is perfect. Many people have browsers that economize the download Just another threading error creating confusion Learn how to thread or sit back and watch for a few years. Try to stay on topic and on thread too bean brain. Perhaps try Outlook Express or another browser that knows how to thread posts. Bottom posting was the was in the 70s and 80s before threading browsers were available cheap like OE Another Forte Agent person that doesn't understand threading. You use Mozzilla and haven't learned to thread. Try Outlook Express so you can understand threading maybe. I have been noticing many threading errors everywhere on Usenet lately. People with OE don't seem to have the petty problems with subject lines changing, intermingled posts and downloading binary files with mixed posts, random pieces and many other problems all the nonOE people have. Bottom posting has been obsoletely by threading browsers. Forwarding does not include headers. Call your damn ISP and tell them your browser is multiple posting. 90% of the people in America have never operated a computer. Let's say youre solar cell was trying to put out 14.3 volts DC and you stuck a 10 ohm meter in series with a charged 13.8 volt DC battery. Your troll was too obvious. Try to engage the mark in conversation first so there is, at least, some stake, like friendship for the person listening. When the friendship is well developed then attack. Not too obvious at first or you will lose your audience. This will enhance your troll points. I think outside opinions are worth much more than sales hype from the company that made the product. ## Referring to *factory* charging specifications for the batteries they make ## This is power grid induction through capacitive proximity You can get fooled with another ground in the house finding it's way back to the transformer neutral. A thought I have is rain water from a roof on a three story home through a micro-turbine. Setback thermostats only work efficiently for small differentials, dependant on the time duration. Breakers are good for one time usage of one fault and then they need to be replaced for any warrantied usage. If the breaker interupts a fault, it should be replaced.No warranty will honoured after that. I don't have a link at this time There are no hydrogen molecules in water and the oxygen in water isn't flammable either. Water is inert and contains no energy to be used. Get some basic chemistry first. Quite simply put, for some of the boneheads here. NiCads and NiMh batterries are designed to take a current charge forever. Oh yeah, I can charge a battery and use it six months later fully charged. The nicads will be cooked because you keep them on charge, just in case you need them but when you remember them six months later they are cooked and won't last 5 minutes in the camera. It takes a complete idiot to deny they can short out all by themselves. Three, loose in a bag can short themselves out. ## referring to AA batteries doing the physically impossible ## Did they have electricity back in 1994? I have been around so long with this stuff I believe I invented the diode in 1941 but I am not familiar with the solar panel usage requirements of them. (no P & N substrate explanations please. I wrote the GE manual...LOL) NOTE: do not pass ground wires through metal holes or cable clamps with two screws on a metal surface. There is **NOT*** enough energy in a lightning bolt to power your house for more than an hour...if that. Do the math. The figures escape me but let's say it puts out a roughly MWatt of power for 100 nanoseconds? 100 x 10-9 x 1 x 106 / 3600 (sec/hr) = 0.0027 wH oooops.... Wouldn't light your home for a 1/2 second. OK..OK.. multiply the figures time 100 or 1000. Now it would light a 100W bulb for 1 second. The IEEE-232 standards were never followed or known by many. Fossil fuels are still renewable and being cxreated as we speak. Children are venerially created. If you want to discuss this then fine, otherwise go **** yourself like your mother did. Can you let go of my dick before it explodes on ya, goofball? Petroleum is not related to Natural gas. I would rather work at my$100/hour job than at chopping wood for
hours to save $3/hour I have no license, I wire and inspect other's wiring for a job and work for a medium size electrical utility. As a design engineer of transformers for 10 years I happen to know you are full of shit. I am a Protection & Control Tech by profession and have experience with control systems Try spelling "bus" correctly! Maybe your brain will start again. Probaby not, you fucking loser. ## Referring to the correctly spelled word 'buss' as used in real electrical terminology ## ## http://tinyurl.com/5ctml ## X10 signals are transmitted just after the voltage waveform zero crossing. This is in order to avoid conflicts with SCR and Triac peak waveform switching spikes from load type devices such as lamp dimmers. ## control module misinformation ## Besides when they on any line they will pull of the meter as a disconnect point. ## speaking of power line guys miles away removing YOUR electrical meter for THEIR safety ## My workplace has been throwing out huge digitizing pallettes (like 24 x 36" units) ## in alt.sewing.mach-embroider ## The majority prefers top posting. Not one of your suggesters listened to what the OP requested...LOL Get your tear ducts flushed by a knowledgeable optometrist. Not many materials have the huge exponential resistance/heat curve aluminum does. Overload doesn't make it glow like copper...it flashes and explodes. A bathroom fan motor would never push hot air down ten feet or cold up ten feet. Bathroom fans have a hard time pushing 55 cfm through a 3-4" pipe 20 horizontal feet. They are made to vent smells and humid air horizontally only. Why not spend the money on a contract with the grid company and get an exclusive line to your house and never have brownouts. Usenet rules dictate top posting for readability Many cell modems are set up to filter bottom posts out. Cell modems do not cut off anything. What security flaws. ##referring to Outlook Express## 10 pounds per gallon Imperial. That gallon is totally unique to the US....ooops..I think all gallons are unique to the US now. The standard Imperial gallon the whole world used weighs 10 pounds exactly. The copper isn't worth more than 5 cents per pound. It is classed a mixed copper and nobody wants it. Hey moron! The copper is considered "mixed" copper and is worth about$0.02 per pound, if he seperates it all.

Just don't ever lose weight. Toxins are stored in your fat cells.

Did you know, **NO***, I repeat ***NO*** death has ever been related
to PCBs?

Insulated square copper wires from a dry transformer are not 99%
copper and take a lot of work to remove the insulation.

I have tonnes of insulated copper wire if you want it. I think you
could almost have for the picking it up. How many bins can you take
per year

50 lbs? We have it by the bin full. Mostly #6 to 650 MCM. I beleive
you would have to leave a bin and then pick it up full later to
compete with the current scrapper.

Can't this tranformer be used by somebody to generate a second 120V
from a single phase 120V inverter? It sounds pretty beefy.

BTW: once you knock the wedge out of the coil form the laminations
will be easier to get out. This keeps them from buzzing until the
varnish and other impregnations go into it.

All you guys have a bad Christmas or Jewish and didn't see Santa or
something?

Run each signal twisted with a ground for noise. RD twisted with gnd
as a pair, TD twisted around ground as a pair etc... This means
signal/logic ground not power ground or case ground, if they are
different. Do not
connect the other ends of the ground conductors.

Tar pitch in a flourescent ballast does ***NOT*** contain PCBs and
probably never did.

Religion is not genetic or even herodigious

I believe the warmest part of the lake is just below the ice. As the
water frezes it rises to the top and joins the other ice formations.

Gel cell won't cut it when it comes to putting out 100A or more. They
cook in one spot and the rest of the electrolyte doesn't circulate
fast enough.

There is nothing standard about USanian measurements. They changed
their sizes to avoid trading with the rest of the world. This worked
for a few centuries but the rest of the world moved on to the metric
system to avert the confusion the US caused.

Ever put your ohmmeter (do I need to explain an ohmmeter also?) across
a capacitor? It measures infinity after charging to the supply voltage
because the electrolyte is an insulator.

Electrolytes are not conductors of electricity in a capacitor.

If the electrolyte conducted it would be a resistor.

## referring to 4000mfd caps ##

Sometimes it is an ego boost to have these so-called "professionals"
come and beg for information because they can't our toys do what the
good guys can but I would never hire them given a choice.

Do you measure altitude in degrees? Many aeronautical people would
disagree with you.
## referring to solar azimuth/altitude thread ##

My house is filled with motion detectors. They don't all operate
lights. They mostly signal my house control computer and it decides
what to do and when.

Enlighten please (like it really matters...LOL)

I will hand stitch my embroidery before I would pay that kind of
money...LOL

A 50Hz transformer needs double the iron a 60Hz transformer needs for
the same VA capacity.

Does it test CTs with real current or just voltage?

It doesn't really matter where the secondary current comes from,
secondary exciting or primary current exciting, the voltage developed
or excited across it will be about the same.
## talking about an OPEN circuit CT transformer ##

High voltage spikes want to keep going at the end and this is where
your saturating core transformer core is located behind the fuse.

Moving a kill-a-watt unit around is like using it on somebody else's
house and telling the person's load.

oooops. A flourescent with a filament?
## not knowing how most fluorescents start up ##

You are a stupid basterd.

Ever considered anxiety medication? Chest pains for a man is a classic
symptom.

When confronted with many websites stating the otherwise he won't
address the issue but repeats his crap again like a child stamping his
feet.
## Oh, the Irony! ##

What are you doing up at this ungawdly hour? I just got finished
embroidering about 10 items, including a flight bag for golf clubs.
## in alt.sewing.mach-embroider ##

## in alt.sewing.mach-embroider ##

I doubt a 6 needle machine would be faster than a 1 needle machine
unless you do repetitive patterns.
## in alt.sewing.mach-embroider ##

I had many problems with this and damaged my machine a few times. It
was the needles. Find ones that have very little "hip" bump around the
eye of the needle.
## in alt.sewing.mach-embroider ##

I have found doctors absolutely ignorant and totally obstinet on
these kind of issues.

I put my first child on Ritalin for a year or so when quite young. It
beat going to prison for beating him black and blue.

I made a big mistake and should have "drugged" all of my children the
same.

I did the chem.cut medication stuff for a few years with my first
child and then found Naturopathic Doctors using homeopathy to get more
lasting relief.

Homeopathics saved me thousands of dollars for operations I did not
have on my children

Accupunture worked for my 1 and two year old children for ailments
after the medical doctors could do nothing for.

Placebo is a completely natural cure for many ailments.

Polio Vaccine? They stopped giving that one long before HIV was invented.

You have no idea what you are talking about and either does anybody
else here.

See if you can replace it with a thermal acting unit. They have a
rachet on a shaft that holds thew contacts closed.
## confusing motor overload with breaker ##

What are you doing in my group?

Milk is just plain poison for humans.

I am not a chemist but I know that cow's milk calcium molecules are a
huge irritant to human digestion and usually results in calcium
deficiencies

See an accupunturist for the pain and circulation
See a chiropractor to keep the structure good.
See a naturopathic doctor for the chemical imbalance.
See a medical doctor for a some poison that will make her life shorter.

Even an honest Doctor will take yoy they arte totally ignorant of
nutrition.

The medical doctors will play the time game and probably just let him
die after removing half his organs because they may be a problem.

Some things mankind should just not eat too much of and it isn't meat
typically and this may not be consistent for all people.

Do not listen to the stories of addiction. Yes, they are tough to stop
but so is insulin for a diabetic. I have stopped taking mine and it
wasn't that bad but after months of regressing I chose to return like
the other half the population.

Make sure your wrists are well warmed up before putting sudden jerky
movements to them.

Make up your mind before you mouth off like the usual Internet piece
of shit. This is a rough group and if you had followed the usual
recommendations you would have known that and have nothing to say
## in misc.kids.health, alt.support.breast-implant,
misc.health.alternative ##

Bad practice to ground yourself when working on electronics. It
increases the chance of injury or death by electrical shock and also
increases the chance of static discharge to the circuit chips. Ground
is a potential too.

Oink...Oink...just take it out. What could be simpler?
## in soc.support.fat-acceptance, alt.support.big-folks ##

No hyphen in the word multi-syllabic.

## Gymy Bob's endorsement of anal sex censored##
## sorry, I have my limits ##

A complete fucking idiot spurted out his piehole:
## in misc.health.alternative ##

I was born depressed and never realized until about 3 years ago. I am
52 and went for medication because of anxiety.

The English can't stand each other, let alone other cultures.
If you don't believe me brother just ask the rest of my family that I
disowned.

I find most Americans likeable and they find me likeable after they
open their wallets far enough to make me that way.
How many american dollars will it take to make you suck their dicks?
## in alt.support.attn-deficit, misc.health.alternative ##

How much for a blow job?

Believe me, "America" is so far behind on internet usage over many
South American countries. They just don't happen to post in English
and not many of you could possibly understand other languages even exist.

WTF is CBT? Chekaslovakia Book Therapy?

Try your left hand. It feels like somebody else's hand sometimes.
## pdaxs.services.massage, misc.health.alternative, alt.backrubs,
alt.health.massage-therapy ##

OK, you're not a moron. You are above average for Nova Scotia.

Another tidbit for the brainless twit with the big mouth here

Pehaps magnesium supplementation would allow these buffoons to utilize
some

This guy is a total buffoon and has no knowledge of any part of his
own sentence.

Where should you shove it?

Fish oil is mainly responsible for your placebo also.
## in misc.health.alternative##

After disassembling Bill Gates' 6800 Basic back in the 70s I knew he
was a dirty software scoundrel.

The government makes more on the taxes than the tax rate when this is
done.

Be blabest tofart.
## ???? in alt.comp.periphs.dcameras ##

Blood may be kept at a stable 7.4 pH but a piece of copper wire passes
electricity through it even though the number of electrons remains
constant.
## in misc.health.alternative ##

I have had amazing effects from some homeopathic remedies and others
did nothing.

These homeopathic know-it-alls drive me crazy with their 1880 knowledge.

Sorry, but testing has proven homeopathic remedies to be effective
remedies.

I have taken a few homeopathic remedies that taste like crap. Funny
how pure
water could do that.

Homeopathic remedies are very toxic substances and used because of
their toxic properties.

Standard homeopathic science.

Your ignorance of homeopathy does not mean it is useless.

Everybody always follows the screaming, left-wing, maniac, tooting we
are all going to die by doing another therapy.

I have had achilles tendonitus for the past 2-3 years now. I got rid
of it on one side by grinding out the bones spurs underneath with the
side of a screwdriver blade and lots of oil.

GET OFF THE WHEAT, CORN & OATS!!!

It doesn't matter how well it works if the doctor doesn't say so (with
his two years of college) then it just ain't so.

Heat pumps are 300% efficient when the weather is fine but the

You are obviously a moron and you keep repeating it here.
## referring to my corrections of his postings ##

mike

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA1

That would be perfect if all I needed was the rpm. I want to use the rpm
reading to vary a servo, which will move the throttle linkage on a small
generator.

Something similar to this:

I need to use a reflector instead of a cogged wheel to direct the light
to the phototransistor.

I guess a hall effect setup, with a rotating magnet would be fine, but I

mike
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O
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Jeroen Belleman
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text:
# The sexagesimal system and its operations

The sexagesimal system is a system of numeration in which every unit is divided into 60 smaller units. In other words, the base used is 60.

This system is used to measure time and angles.

$$1h \rightarrow 60 \ \mbox{min} \rightarrow 60\cdot 60=3.600 \ \mbox{s}$$$$$1^\circ \rightarrow 60' \rightarrow 60\cdot 60=3.600''$$$

## Operations with sexagesimal numbers

### Sum

• Step 1

Write the numbers to be added as follows, and add them column by column:

$$\begin{eqnarray} & & 38^\circ \ 24' \ 55'' \\\\ &+ & \underline{40^\circ \ 49' \ 17''} \\\\ & & 78^\circ \ 73' \ 72'' \end{eqnarray}$$

• Step 2

If the sum of seconds is bigger than $$60$$, we must divide the result by $$60$$; the remainder will be the seconds and the quotient will be added to the minutes.

$$\dfrac{72}{60}=1+\dfrac{12}{60}$$

Namely, the remainder is a $$12$$ and the quotient $$1$$. Then, the result is written as:

$$78^\circ \ (73+1)' \ 12'' = 78^\circ \ 74' \ 12''$$

• Step 3

Repeat the same procedure for the minutes:

$$\dfrac{74}{60}=1+\dfrac{14}{60}$$

Then,

$$78^\circ \ 74' \ 12'' = 79^\circ \ 14' \ 12''$$

### Subtraction

• Step 1

Write the numbers one above the other, the hours above the hours (or the degrees above the degrees), the minutes above the minutes etc.

$$\begin{eqnarray} & & 52^\circ \ 23' \ 18'' \\\\ & - & \underline{43^\circ \ 49' \ 25''} \end{eqnarray}$$

If the subtraction of the seconds results in less than zero, add $$60''$$ to the seconds and $$1'$$ is reduced to minutes in the number on top,

$$52^\circ \ 23' \ 18'' = 52^\circ \ 22' \ 78''$$

$$\begin{eqnarray} & & 52^\circ \ 22' \ 78'' \\\\ & - & \underline{43^\circ \ 49' \ 25''} \\\\ & &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 23'' \end{eqnarray}$$

• Step 2

Repeat the same procedure with the minutes.

$$\begin{eqnarray} & & 51^\circ \ 82' \ 78'' \\\\ &- & \underline{43^\circ \ 49' \ 25''} \\\\ & & \ \ 8^\circ \ 33' \ 23'' \end{eqnarray}$$

Note: We must always substract the smallest number from the biggest. If we are working with angles, it is possible for us to calculate a negative angle (the subtraction is done with a value greater than zero and then the sign is changed).

If we are using temporary measurements, it does not make much sense to obtain negative times. Nevertheless, resolving a problem in which a time reference is defined $$t=0$$, it is possible to obtain a negative time for a previous moment.

### Multiplication by a number

• Step 1

Multiply seconds, minutes and hours (or degrees) by the number: $$\begin{eqnarray} & & 51^\circ \ \ \ 82' \ \ \ 78'' \\\\ & \times & \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 5 \\\\ & & \overline{255^\circ \ 410' \ 390''} \end{eqnarray}$$

• Step 2

If more than $$60$$ seconds are obtained, divide by $$60$$ and the remainder will be the seconds and the quotient will be added to the minutes

$$\dfrac{390}{60}=6+\dfrac{30}{60}$$

$$255^\circ \ 410' \ 390'' = 255^\circ \ 416' \ 30''$$

• Step 3

Repeat the same step for the minutes,

$$\dfrac{416}{60}=\fbox{6}+\dfrac{\fbox{56}}{60}$$

$$(255+\fbox{6})^\circ \ \fbox{56}' \ 30'' = 261^\circ \ 56' \ 30''$$

### Division by a number

We want to divide $$37^\circ \ 48' \ 25''$$ by $$5$$

• Step 1

Divide the hours (or degrees) by the number: $$\dfrac{37}{5}=7+\dfrac{2}{5}$$

The quotient, $$7$$, is the hours and the remainder, multiplied by $$60$$, $$(2\times60)$$, will be added to the minutes.

• Step 2

The same procedure with the minutes,

$$48'+120'=168'$$

$$\dfrac{168}{5}=33+\dfrac{3}{5}$$

$$33$$ will be the final minutes, and the remainder, multiplied by $$60$$ will be added $$(3\times60)$$ to the seconds.

• Step 3

Finally, the same procedure with the seconds,

$$25''+180''=205''$$

$$\dfrac{205}{5}=41$$

Then, the final result is:

$$7^\circ \ 33' \ 41''$$

Note: The last division might have a non empty remainder. In such a case, the seconds would be expressed with decimals.


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# How do you find the slope of the tangent line to the curve 4xy^3+3xy=7 at the point (1,1) by using imlicit differentiation?

Aug 20, 2015

I found: Slope$= - \frac{7}{15}$

#### Explanation:

First you need to derive implicitly (rememberin that $y$ will be a function of $x$) and get (using the Product Rule on the two terms on the left):
$4 {y}^{3} + 12 x {y}^{2} \frac{\mathrm{dy}}{\mathrm{dx}} + 3 y + 3 x \frac{\mathrm{dy}}{\mathrm{dx}} = 0$
collect $\frac{\mathrm{dy}}{\mathrm{dx}}$:
$\frac{\mathrm{dy}}{\mathrm{dx}} = \frac{- 4 {y}^{3} - 3 y}{12 x {y}^{2} + 3 x} =$Slope
Now use the coordinates of your point:
$x = 1$
$y = 1$
$\frac{\mathrm{dy}}{\mathrm{dx}} = \frac{- 4 - 3}{12 + 3} = - \frac{7}{15}$