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# I Differentials of order 2 or bigger that are equal to 0

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1. Dec 6, 2017

So I've seen in several lectures and explanations the idea that when you have an equation containing a relation between certain expressions $x$ and $y$, if the expression $x$ approaches 0 (and $y$ is scaled down accordingly) then any power of that expression bigger than 2 ($x^n$ where $n>1$) is equal to 0, leaving only the relation between the 1st order term $x$ and $y$.

For example in a Poisson process the chance of arrival in a time interval $δ$ where $δ→0$ , is $λδ$ (where $λ$ is the arrival frequency). The chances of no arrivals during said interval is $1-λδ$ and the chance of 2 arrivals or more is 0, because the chance of getting n arrivals in the interval $δ$ is $(λδ)^n=λ^nδ^n$ and $δ^n=0$ for $n>1$ when $δ→0$.

Now in the basic intuitive sense I can understand why this is the case, if a variable $x$ approaches 0 then the variable $x^2$ (or $x^n$ where n>1) becomes negligibly small, and it becomes more and more negligible as $x$ becomes smaller and smaller. The thing is we are already dealing with infinitesimals in cases like the Poisson process, so why do we decide that $x$ is not negligible and $x^2$ is when both are arbitrarily small?

I guess I'm asking for a mathematical basis for this claim, I'm sure there is one since it is so confidently used in many fields in math and physics.

Thanks in advance to all the helpers.

Last edited: Dec 6, 2017
2. Dec 6, 2017

### PeroK

If you take a Taylor series:

$f(x) = \sum_{n= 0}^{\infty}\frac{f^{(n)}(x_0)(x-x_o)^n}{n!} = f(x_0) + (x-x_0)f'(x_0) + \frac{(x-x_0)^2 f''(x_0)}{2} + \dots$

Then, if we assume the function $f$ is well-behaved - in the sense that all its derivatives are bounded - we have:

$f(x) \approx f(x_0) + (x-x_0)f'(x_0)$ (when $x-x_0 << 1$)

You can see that there will be exceptions to this for functions where the $n^{th}$ derivatives are unbounded, but for the sort of functions normally considered in physics this is not an issue.

Last edited: Dec 6, 2017
3. Dec 6, 2017

### StoneTemplePython

In general, having multiple representations of the same phenomenon, can be quite helpful, so with that in mind, I wrote the below.
- - - - -

note: if you have a function that is twice differentiable, you can write it as a Taylor Polynomial with a quadratic remainder (I'd suggest using Lagrange form). Being quadratic, the remainder is $O(n^2)$.

The linear approximation gives you the probability of one arrival. (In my view, the probability of zero arrivals is just an after thought -- it is the complement of total probability of at least one arrival). Your question really is: why is a linear approximation the best over a small enough neighborhood for a function that is (at least) twice differentiable.
- - - -
In Poisson process language: why is the linear approximation of the probability of positive arrivals (i.e. approximating it by looking at probability of only 1 arrival) arbitrarily close to the actual total probability of positive arrivals, in some small enough time neighborhood?

- - - -
Frequently fully worked examples help people a lot. So a more granular view is:

specific to the exponential function (whose re-scaled power series gives you the Poisson PMF), you may recall that one way to prove the series for the exponential function is absolutely convergent involves invoking a geometric series after a finite number of terms (to upper bound the remaining infinite series).

In the nice case of $0 \lt \delta \lt 1$, you have

$\delta \leq \exp\big(\delta\big) -1 = \delta + \big(\frac{\delta^2}{2!} +\frac{\delta^3}{3!} + \frac{\delta^4}{4!}+ ... \big) \leq \delta +\delta^2 + \delta^3 + \delta^4 + ... = g(\delta) = \frac{\delta}{1 - \delta}$

now consider that for small enough $\delta$, we have $\frac{\delta}{1 - \delta} \approx \delta$. Play around with some numbers and confirm this for yourself. E.g. what about $\delta = \frac{1}{100,000}$? This is a small number, but hardly "infinitesimal".

If you want to have some fun with it, consider what portion of the geometric series is represented by $\delta$. I.e. look at

$\frac{\delta}{\big(\delta + \delta^2 + \delta^3 + \delta^4 + ... \big)} = \frac{\delta }{\big(\frac{\delta}{1-\delta}\big)} = 1 - \delta$

This is why, when you look at $\delta = \frac{1}{100,000}$,

99.999% of the value of the $g(\delta)$ is in the very first term of the series.

Taking advantage of non-negativity, we can see that since the upper bound is well approximated by $\delta$, when $\delta$ is small enough, and since the $\Big(\exp\big(\delta\big) -1\Big)$ contains that term, it must be approximated by it as well. Put differently, we see that the value of $\big(\frac{\delta^2}{2!} +\frac{\delta^3}{3!} + \frac{\delta^4}{4!}+ ...\big)$ is irrelevant, for small enough $\delta$ .

Put one more way: you tell me what your cut off is / level of precision you want, and I can come up with a small enough real valued $\delta$ such that you can ignore all those higher, $O(n^2)$, terms. If you keep asking for ever finer levels of precision, this back and forth eventually results in a limit, but the idea of getting an extremely good approximation is the main idea here.

This isn't really true. A poisson process can be thought of as a limiting case of a shrinking Bernouli process. It can also be thought of as a counting process with exponentially distributed inter-arrival times. Infinitessimals aren't needed. While the limit of a bernouli is a good interpretation, don't over think it... the counting process interpretation can be quite enlightening.

4. Dec 6, 2017

### FactChecker

Linear approximations are so much easier to deal with than the higher order approximations, that it is worth considering using it as an estimate. It will give you the value of a function and tell you how the function changes locally in each direction. That is often enough. And the theory of linear functions (simple, simultanious, or multivariable) is reasonably deep and informative. Going one step higher to quadratic approximations opens a real can of worms.

5. Dec 17, 2017

Put in simple and general terms, given an expression containing both $\delta$ and higher orders of $\delta$, as $\delta$ becomes arbitrarily small, the $\delta$ portion takes up more and more "weight" of the overall expression and the contribution of the higher order terms to the value of the expression become negligible, and thus can be ignored.

Also I guess I should be careful with throwing the expression "infinitesimal" around and start thinking about calculus as a whole more in terms of arbitrarily small quantities instead of infinitesimal ones.

Thanks for the help!

6. Dec 22, 2017

### Stephen Tashi

Suppose we are trying to find $lim_{\delta \rightarrow a} f(g(\delta))$. If $lim_{\delta \rightarrow a} g(\delta) = L$ then for a continuous function $f$, this limit is equal to $f(L)$. If $h(\delta)$ is a function different than $g$ but also having $lim_{\delta \rightarrow a} h(\delta) = L$ then we could compute the same limit as $lim_{\delta \rightarrow a} f(h(\delta))$.

You described a situation where $a = 0$ and $g(\delta)$ is some function of the functions $x(\delta)$ and $y(\delta)$. In particular, $g$ is a polynomial in the variable $y(\delta)$ (which may or may not have coefficients involving functions of $x(\delta)$). The argument that we can replace $g$ by a simpler function $h(\delta)$ that sets the higher powers of $y(\delta)$ to zero depends on showing that $lim_{\delta \rightarrow 0} g(\delta) = lim_{\delta \rightarrow 0} h(\delta)$. This is not true as a generality. However, the examples you have seen in books are presumably special cases where the two limits are equal.

However $\lambda \delta$ also "=0" when $\delta \rightarrow 0$, so it isn't clear what that line of reasoning shows - except that the probability of 1,2,3,.. arrivals approaches 0 as $\delta$ approaches 0. Perhaps you are quoting part of an argument that concerns the value of the intensity parameter of a process composed of two independent Poission processes that happen simultaneously.


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# NUTRIENT UTILIZATION, GROWTH RATE AND BODY COMPOSITION OF CROSSBRED CALVES SUPPLEMENTED WITH UREA MOLASSES MINERAL BLOCK LICKS

• Garg, M.R. (Bio-technology Division, National Dairy Development Board) ;
• Gupta, B.N. (Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute)
Twenty male crossbred ($Sahiwal{\times}HF$) calves of about 6-9 months of age were divided into four groups of five animals each. All the animals were offered wheat straw ad lib. As the basal feed. However, animals in group I were fed concentrate mixture while the animals in groups II, III and IV had free access to urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) lick (I), (II) and (III) respectively as a partial substitute of concentrate mixture. The average concentrate offered (kg/day) to the animals was significantly (p<0.01) higher in group I ($2.69{\pm}0.18$) compared to groups II ($1.76{\pm}0.15$), III ($1.70{\pm}0.06$) and IV ($1.65{\pm}0.12$). The UMMB lick consumed was non-significantly different amongst groups I ($535.40{\pm}38.14$), II ($525.60{\pm}31.82$), III ($551.00{\pm}38.49$) and IV ($548.80{\pm}45.46$). Except ether extract, the digestibility coefficients of CP, ADF and NDF were non-significantly different in different groups. Similarly, N balance (g/day) and percent N retention of intake was not affected in different groups on supplementation of UMMB lick. Body composition of animals was similar in different groups supplemented with either concentrate mixture or concentrate mixture and UMMB licks. It may be concluded from these studies that UMMB lick can partially replace the concentrate mixture in the diet of growing calves without affecting the growth rate, nutrient utilization and body composition. The UMMB lick, thus, can form a part of the ration economically in the diet of growing ruminants especially in developing countries.

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# networkx.algorithms.reciprocity.overall_reciprocity¶

overall_reciprocity(G)[source]

Compute the reciprocity for the whole graph.

See the doc of reciprocity for the definition.

Parameters

G (graph) – A networkx graph


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# Problem: Indicate the number of significant figures in each of the following measured quantities: (d) 350.00 K

###### Problem Details

Indicate the number of significant figures in each of the following measured quantities:

(d) 350.00 K


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Troubleshooting¶

Ensure you are familiar with the following known issues and useful debugging strategies.

Errors¶

NCCL calls may return a variety of return codes. Ensure that the return codes are always equal to ncclSuccess. If any call fails and returns a value different from ncclSuccess, setting NCCL_DEBUG to “WARN” will make NCCL print an explicit warning message before returning the error.

Errors are grouped into different categories.

• ncclUnhandledCudaError and ncclSystemError indicate that a call to an external library failed.
• ncclInvalidArgument and ncclInvalidUsage indicates there was a programming error in the application using NCCL.

In either case, refer to the NCCL warning message to understand how to resolve the problem.

GPU Direct¶

NCCL heavily relies on GPU Direct for inter-GPU communication. This refers to the ability for a GPU to directly communicate with another device, such as another GPU or a network card, using direct point-to-point PCI messages.

Direct point-to-point PCI messages can fail or perform poorly for a variety of reasons, like missing components, a bad configuration of a virtual machine or a container, or some BIOS settings.

GPU-to-GPU communication¶

To make sure GPU-to-GPU communication is working correctly, look for the p2pBandwidthLatencyTest from the CUDA samples.

cd /usr/local/cuda/samples/1_Utilities/p2pBandwidthLatencyTest
sudo make
./p2pBandwidthLatencyTest

The test should run to completion and report good performance between GPUs.

GPU-to-NIC communication¶

GPUs can also communicate directly with a network card using GPU Direct RDMA. This requires to have a compatible network card and driver and load an extra kernel module. For Mellanox Infiniband/RoCE cards, the module is called nv_peer_mem and can be found at https://github.com/Mellanox/nv_peer_memory.

Refer to your vendor’s documentation for information on how to install and configure GPU Direct RDMA.

PCI Access Control Services (ACS)¶

IO virtualization (also known as, VT-d or IOMMU) can interfere with GPU Direct by redirecting all PCI point-to-point traffic to the CPU root complex, causing a significant performance reduction or even a hang. You can check whether ACS is enabled on PCI bridges by running:

sudo lspci -vvv | grep ACSCtl

If lines show “SrcValid+”, then ACS might be enabled. Looking at the full output of lspci, one can check if a PCI bridge has ACS enabled.

sudo lspci -vvv

If PCI switches have ACS enabled, it needs to be disabled. On some systems this can be done from the BIOS by disabling IO virtualization or VT-d. For Broadcom PLX devices, it can be done from the OS but needs to be done again after each reboot.

Use the command below to find the PCI bus IDs of PLX PCI bridges:

sudo lspci | grep PLX

Next, use setpci to disable ACS with the command below, replacing 03:00.0 by the PCI bus ID of each PCI bridge.

sudo setpci -s 03:00.0 f2a.w=0000

Topology detection¶

NCCL relies on /sys to discover the PCI topology of GPUs and network cards. When running inside a virtual machine or container, make sure /sys is properly mounted. Having /sys expose a virtual PCI topology can result in suboptimal performance.

Networking issues¶

IP Network Interfaces¶

NCCL auto-detects which network interfaces to use for inter-node communication. If some interfaces are in state up, however are not able to communicate between nodes, NCCL may try to use them anyway and therefore fail during the init functions or even hang.

For information about how to specify which interfaces to use, see NCCL Knobs section, particularly the NCCL_SOCKET_IFNAME knob.

IP Ports¶

NCCL opens TCP ports to connect processes together and exchange connection information. To restrict the range of ports used by NCCL, one can set the net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range property of the linux kernel.

This example shows how to restrict NCCL ports to 50000-51000:

echo 50000 51000 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range

Or to make this permanent, add a line to /set/sysctl.conf:

echo "net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 50000 51000" >> /etc/sysctl.conf

Restricting the port range can be useful to open a corresponding range in the firewall, for example on Google Cloud:

gcloud compute --project=myproject firewall-rules create ncclnet0-ingress --direction=INGRESS --priority=1 --network=ncclnet --action=ALLOW --rules=tcp:50000-51000,22,1024-1039 --destination-ranges=0.0.0.0/0 --target-tags=ncclnet

InfiniBand¶

Before running NCCL on InfiniBand, running low-level InfiniBand tests (and in particular the ib_write_bw test) can help verify which nodes are able to communicate properly.

A common issue seen with InfiniBand is the library not being able to register sufficient pinned memory. In such cases you may see an error like:

NCCL WARN Call to ibv_create_qp failed

or

NCCL WARN Call to ibv_reg_mr failed

The solution is to remove the user limits on registering pinned memory. This can be done by adding these lines:

* soft memlock unlimited
* hard memlock unlimited

To the /etc/security/limits.conf configuration file or equivalent on your Linux distribution.

Known Issues¶

Ensure you are familiar with the following known issues:

Sharing Data¶

In order to share data between ranks, NCCL may require shared system memory for IPC and pinned (page-locked) system memory resources. The operating system’s limits on these resources may need to be increased accordingly. Please see your system’s documentation for details. In particular, Docker containers default to limited shared and pinned memory resources. When using NCCL inside a container, it is recommended that you increase these resources by issuing:

–shm-size=1g –ulimit memlock=-1

in the command line to nvidia-docker run.


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## Mobile...

How not to buy a brick in a box off the back of a truck.
DrMatt
BANNED
Posts: 29811
Joined: Fri Jul 16, 2004 4:00 pm
Location: Location: Location!

### Mobile...

The latest spam to make it through the multilayered filters to one of my mailboxes has interesting characteristics.

Return-Path: <pugilant@hopdoanh.com>
X-Sieve: CMU Sieve 2.2
Received: FROM localhost (Unknown [12.159.168.172]) BY jeffrey.mr.itd.umich.edu ID 45CF08EA.52703.2610 ; 11 Feb 2007 07:15:38 -0500
Message-ID: <000001c74dd5$b1d13880$0100007f@localhost>
From: "Tigger Anderson" <pugilant@hopdoanh.com>
To: [suppressed]
Subject: Vista, MS Office & Acrobat 8 79$at Anita's supersoft Date: Sun, 11 Feb 2007 07:30:33 -0500 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.3416 Importance: Normal X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.150 12.159.168.172 appears to be an A T & T line leased by Marriott Hotel at Baltimore-Washington International Airport. If the sender is a guest who paid a couple dollars to connect, create a throwaway e-mail account, and use it to spam a few hundred thousand people, that guest might have checked out and flown to another country by the time I sent Marrriott the abuse report this morning, 40 minutes after the mail transfer event. Grayman wrote:If masturbation led to homosexuality you'd think by now I'd at least have better fashion sense. Pyrrho Posts: 29363 Joined: Sat Jun 05, 2004 2:17 am Title: Man in Black Location: Division 6 If he used the phone in his room, they'll have a record of it. Not that it will do any good. The flash of light you saw in the sky was not a UFO. Swamp gas from a weather balloon was trapped in a thermal pocket and reflected the light from Venus. DrMatt BANNED Posts: 29811 Joined: Fri Jul 16, 2004 4:00 pm Location: Location: Location! IF ISPs started charging each other for spam, and the sending ISP thus had a financial stake in charging the sending customer for spam, this sort of thing would shut down fairly quickly. Suppose our Marriott guest made a throwaway account and sent out one hundred thousand spams using a script for MS Outlook that he downloaded from a website. At$500 per spam, that' be fifty million US dollars, enough to justify going to the FBI to try to get the sender's assets frozen. The sender has enough resources to have a credit card with which to pay for hotel-based e-mail. If that card belongs to a corporation, that corporation's assets could be frozen. In this case, it should be fairly straightforward to find the real owner of what the message calls "Anita's Superstore", a group likely to be liable for a number of other crimes including tax evasion and intellectual-property thefts.

Estimated likelyhood of that happening, 0.0001. Congress has repeatedly been bought by spammers, for whom buying Congress is cheaper than paying for their own advertising.
Grayman wrote:If masturbation led to homosexuality you'd think by now I'd at least have better fashion sense.

ed
Posts: 38144
Joined: Tue Jun 08, 2004 11:52 pm
Title: G_D
DrMatt wrote:IF ISPs started charging each other for spam, and the sending ISP thus had a financial stake in charging the sending customer for spam, this sort of thing would shut down fairly quickly. Suppose our Marriott guest made a throwaway account and sent out one hundred thousand spams using a script for MS Outlook that he downloaded from a website. At \$500 per spam, that' be fifty million US dollars, enough to justify going to the FBI to try to get the sender's assets frozen. The sender has enough resources to have a credit card with which to pay for hotel-based e-mail. If that card belongs to a corporation, that corporation's assets could be frozen. In this case, it should be fairly straightforward to find the real owner of what the message calls "Anita's Superstore", a group likely to be liable for a number of other crimes including tax evasion and intellectual-property thefts.

Estimated likelyhood of that happening, 0.0001. Congress has repeatedly been bought by spammers, for whom buying Congress is cheaper than paying for their own advertising.
Not to be argumentitve but suppose the guy is a foreign national?

I also suspect that the card is stolen.

DrMatt
BANNED
Posts: 29811
Joined: Fri Jul 16, 2004 4:00 pm
Location: Location: Location!
Actually I suspect the guy is Alaskan... but indeed, international intelligence and Interpol may be the right place for stuff like that. Foreign nationals who are caught shoving advertising costs off on innocent bystanders ought to be subject to the same effects as foreign nationals caught counterfeiting currency or such.
Grayman wrote:If masturbation led to homosexuality you'd think by now I'd at least have better fashion sense.

Geni
Posts: 5883
Joined: Thu Jun 03, 2004 9:02 am
Location: UK
Or his computer has been hacked and he has no idea what is going on.


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To optimise the volatility surface visualisation, we can do two things: 1) smooth the volatility surface, and 2) add the data points on top of the surface plot. plot(x, y, 'r') axes. In some cases, researchers are inspired to produce a totally new type of plot for their data. Immediately below are a few examples of 3D plots. flow() Plot a trajectory of particles along a vector field described by three 3D arrays giving the u, v, w components on a grid. It seems odd to use a plot function and then tell R not to plot it. In game theory, it is often called a simplex plot. Create contour plots of 3 and 4-D data; Use data from a variety of sources; You can buy a single-user DPlot license for $195(US) or$205 for a CD sent by mail. predict(X). This is sometimes useful when the surface is shaded. This can be done in a number of ways, as described on this page. Related course Matplotlib Intro with Python. Plot3D initially evaluates each function at a grid of equally spaced sample points specified by PlotPoints. 3D Scatter Plot with Python and Matplotlib Besides 3D wires, and planes, one of the most popular 3-dimensional graph types is 3D scatter plots. It can be used to declare the input data frame for a graphic and to specify the. R is a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics. from here i want to do curve fitting in order to achieve the data points/coordinates of the moving ball in 3D. Matplotlib was initially designed with only two-dimensional plotting in mind. Wireframe 3-D surface Shown without color on the surface, a 3-D surface chart is called a wireframe 3-D surface chart. The x, y and z arrays are then supposed to have been generated by numpy. after this i want to plot the graph in 3D. Description. Hi all, Need to plot a 3D surface from X,Y,Z 1D arrays. The user-written program -spmap- (available from the Boston SSC Archive) can then be used to draw the corresponding 2D density plot. 101-102 1998 41 Commun. To make a 3D surface plot of a file called "data" type: gnuplot> splot 'data' You should now have a plot which looks something like the plot below: These plots usually don't look that good, it is better to use the lines option. NET and Visual Basic as the programming language. A scatter plot would be fine. Surface Plots. plotting 3d surface from 3 columns in data frame. When x matrix, y matrix, and z matrix are the same size, the Surface plot graphs values that correspond to each elements at the same location in all the matrices. A scatter plot would be fine. R is not only a good platform for experimenting with novel plots, but it is also a good way to deliver new plotting techniques to other researchers. Example of image overlay, and also of using several plot types in the same graph. fsurf(f) creates a surface plot of the function z = f(x,y) over the default interval [-5 5] for x and y. Very helpful post for preparing for NaNoWriMo… Chuck Hustmyre on August 11, 2012 12:51 pm. To use the application, you need Flash Player 6 or 7. The package is now part of the LLNL Python. This way the numeric variable is displayed along the x-axis and the factor is represented by separate lines on the plot. It can be used for simple plots, statistics, common calculations, coordinate conversions, and manipulating FITS images with World Coordinate System (WCS) information through PyWCSTools - a simple wrapping of WCSTools by Doug Mink. Theoretically normals are not really vectors, they are really best though of as bivectors, it just so happens that in 3D both vectors and bivector have three components so it is common to identify they two. Introduction R package plot3D provides functions for plotting 2-D and 3-D data, and that are either extensions of R's perspfunction or of R's imageand contourfunction. Reference surface 2 is an alternate seismic stratal surface positioned above the Channel 1 thin-bed target. Much like a sketch artist, Python uses techniques like perspective and shading to give the illusion of a three-dimensional object in space. This works when plotting as points but I want to form surfaces between the points. To smooth the surface, I re-adjusted the resolution and applied a ‘linear’ interpolation method in griddata(). 3D Scatter Plot with Python and Matplotlib Besides 3D wires, and planes, one of the most popular 3-dimensional graph types is 3D scatter plots. But the polar_plot function in sage gives me only 2d plot. opj and browse to the Stacked 3D Surface Plots folder in Project Explorer (PE). The surface mesh is plotted using shaded rectangles. For example, although ggplot2 is currently probably the most popular R package for doing presentation quality plots it does not offer 3D plots. Hello everyone, I need to plot a 3D surface with 2D projections like the one below using R. theta an phi control the various angles you can look display 3d plots; How to show the distribution of several data set t apply, with and. A scatter plot would be fine. New to Plotly? Plotly's R library is free and open source! Get started by downloading the client and reading the primer. I plotted in very easy way by Excel worksheet as shown in the attached. The order in which , , points are supplied to ListSurfacePlot3D does not affect the results. It lets you type down the x,y,z coordinates to generate scatter graphs. You may follow along here by making the appropriate entries or load the completed template Example 1 by clicking on Open Example Template from the File menu of the 3D Surface Plots window. Step 3: Construct a plot. 3D Surface plot. 0 or better. Both produce a 3D plot on the cortical surface. Creating three-dimensional surface plots In this recipe, we will use a special library to make a three-dimensional (3D) surface plot for the volcano dataset. A Picture is worth 3000 words!! 3D Visualization using SAS® Suhas R. Contour lines can be a bit difficult to understand, so if you are having trouble, you may find the 3D surface plotter useful to help visualise the actual shape of the 3D surface. Other commands a v ailable for 3-D graphics are: p color. 3D surface plot This example demonstrates just how easily interactive 3D function plots can be created using the F# for Visualization library. The solution is based on sampling the 3D space and computing a distance to the separating hyperplane for each sample. There are many options available in R for this. A introduction to level sets. A (finite, circular) conical surface is a ruled surface created by fixing one end of a line segment at a point (known as the vertex or apex of the cone) and sweeping the other around the circumference of a fixed circle (known as the base). 3D CHARTS FIGURE HIERARCHY Figure { DATA [ ] TRACE { } color, text, size [ ] colorscale ABC or [ ] MARKER { } color ABC symbol ABC LINE { } color ABC width 123 LAYOUT { } title ABC was, YAXIS { } SCENE { } was, YAXIS, ZAXIS { } GEO { } LEGEND { } ANNOTATIONS { } { } = dictionary = list ABC = string 123 = number 3D Surface Plots. 3D surface plots of the strikezone 2015/06/08 Over the past month, I've been working on plotly's R package ; and in particular, a new interface for creating plotly visualizations from R. Theoretically normals are not really vectors, they are really best though of as bivectors, it just so happens that in 3D both vectors and bivector have three components so it is common to identify they two. html Gaussian. Labels: 3D plot,excel barcode, histogram, wireframe plot. Plot iso-surfaces of volumetric data defined as a 3D array. Author: Thomas Breloff (@tbreloff) To get started, see the tutorial. The most basic way of plotting a function of two variables is DensityPlot: DensityPlot[f, {x, -2, 2}, {y, -2, 2}] After you enter this instruction, you should see a square-shaped plot with the rst variable (here x) along the horizontal axis and the second variable (here y) along the vertical axis. A surface plot is a two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional object. These plots are related to contour plots which are the two dimensional equivalent. They are typically used to show the strength of the gradient over the plane or a surface area. surf(X,Y,Z) creates a three-dimensional surface plot. Leaf area represents the surface area available for the interception of energy, the absorption of carbon dioxide, and the diffusion of water from the leaf to the atmosphere. To this purpose, it is advised to make use of -mylabels-, a Stata program written by Nicholas J. Isosurfaces and voxelgrams represent locations in 3D space where the scalar values are equal to some constant. Jones' method is implemented to approximate unsteady aerodynamics. Unfortunately, it is not (yet?) possible to add color keys to rgl plots, so we use plot3D to make publication-ready figures. NOT a ‘surface’. theta an phi control the various angles you can look display 3d plots; How to show the distribution of several data set t apply, with and. Because the contours are a subset of the surface, by simply changing the surface style you can present the surface in a wide variety of ways. In this 3D ternary plot I want to draw a surface of this calculated values, like a 3D landscape to show the highest density through a mountain. Is there any chance to bring the polar contour plot to 3D (to make cylindrical plot)? I work with computational chemistry and performed a potential energy surface scan of a small 3 atomic molecule, where I was stretching one bond at different angles. A Picture is worth 3000 words!! 3D Visualization using SAS® Suhas R. They are typically used to show the strength of the gradient over the plane or a surface area. Recently, I was trying to remember how to make a 3D scatter plot in R when it occurred to me that the documentation on how to do this is scattered all over the place. Plotting multiple datasets on a 3D plot. Once you change the colormap, it will keep that colormap for all subsequent 3D plots within the same figure or MATLAB session until you use close, or open a new figure window. Overview for 3D Surface Plot Learn more about Minitab 18 Use 3D Surface Plot to examine the relationship between a response variable (Z) and two predictor variables (X and Y), by viewing a three-dimensional surface of the predicted response. If TRUE (default), a plot is created, otherwise (for 3D plots) the viewing transformation matrix is returned (as invisible). The 3D plots use OpenGL so you can easily rotate, scale and shift them with the mouse. Given the Z height values on a (X,Y) grid, we can draw the perspective plots of this surface over the (X,Y) plane. We look at some of the ways R can display information graphically. Although we will not discuss it, plane waves can be used as a basis for. But I can't seem to find anything! 3d Surface fitting to N random points (Python recipe) 3d Surface fitting to N random points. I have written bestselling fiction and nonfiction books. I am thoroughly confused about the formation of the 2D Z matrix required by 3D plot surface helper. A scatter plot matrix is used to evaluate the correlation or cause-effect relationship (if any) between two or more variables (e. To this purpose, it is advised to make use of -mylabels-, a Stata program written by Nicholas J. NET and Visual Basic as the programming language. Notice that dragging a graph in the View 3D mode causes the motion of the graph may be slow if the interval between the lower and upper bounds is large. Check whether you want to plot in cylindrical coordinates or spherical coordinates (Blue) Enter z as a function of r. Try using Graphing Calculator 3D. When you hit the calculate button, the demo will calculate the value of the expression over the x and y ranges provided and then plot the result as a surface. Using Plot, I develop scripts and storyboards from initial outlines to final shot lists, collaborating with co-workers and contractors throughout the entire process. This function mainly takes in three variables, x, y and z where x and y are vectors defining the location along x- and y-axis. If TRUE (default), a plot is created, otherwise (for 3D plots) the viewing transformation matrix is returned (as invisible). If TRUE, then the points will be added to the current plot. Description. In game theory, it is often called a simplex plot. However,a small amount of code allows us to draw one using the identities between Cartesian and polar coordinate systems:. It is possible to plot any plot by passing the corresponding Series class to Plot as argument. Choose from over 80 different graph types and communicate your message to any audience with Grapher's extensive graphing abilities. Once you change the colormap, it will keep that colormap for all subsequent 3D plots within the same figure or MATLAB session until you use close, or open a new figure window. pyplot and Axes3D for mpl_toolkits. In my published work, I have conducted response surface analyses using SYSTAT. Creating the plot by specifying objectives like the data that is to be represented at each axis of the plot, most appropriate plot type (like histogram, boxplots, 3D surfaces), color of data points or line in the plot and other features. Hence, this short organizational note that you may find useful. To be a valid surface, the data must contain only a single row for each unique combination of the variables mapped to the x and y aesthetics. If r(u;v) is the parameterization of a surface, then the surface unit normal is de–ned n = r u r v jjr u r vjj The vector n is also normal to the surface. If you buy DPlot for your department, we offer multi-user discounts. over a 2-D rectangular region in the x-y plane. This function is a simpliﬁed front-end to the workhorse function prp, with only the most useful arguments of that function. Afterwards, I derived the isosurface at distance 0 using the marching cubes implementation in scikit-image. pdf db/journals/cacm/ArocenaM98. Values of shade close to one yield shading similar to a point light source model and values close to zero produce no shading. If FALSE a new plot is started. If 1k by 1k arrays are passed in. Change point colors and remove the regression surface:. 3d surface plots with RStudio and Plotly Published March 24, 2015 January 4, 2016 by chelsea in R Recently you may have seen how to build a 3d surface plot with Plotly and IPython notebook. data in Bioinformatics , Biostatistics , Python , R Creating interactive SVG tables in R. arch candidate 2015. Options; Clear All; Save. Jones' method is implemented to approximate unsteady aerodynamics. 6] Curves and Surfaces Goals • How do we draw surfaces? – Approximate with polygons – Draw polygons • How do we specify a surface? – Explicit, implicit, parametric • How do we approximate a surface? – Interpolation (use only points) – Hermite (use points and tangents). This is another area where the capabilities of AutoCAD Civil 3D far exceed Land Desktop. It creates a spinning 3D scatterplot that can be rotated with the mouse. R has a special function for creating three dimensional scatter plots, called scatterplot3d. When you hit the calculate button, the demo will calculate the value of the expression over the x and y ranges provided and then plot the result as a surface. axes indicates whether both axes should be drawn on the plot. I am looking for (preferably free) software to: 1) plot 3d points read from a file. This same code worked fine with type="box" and "histogram". As of version 0. By default it will be colored in shades of a solid color, but it also supports color mapping by supplying the cmap argument. Moreover, the quality of the 3D chart made with python are currently limited. You can right-click the 3D graph and select Render Window from the shortcut menu to view the 3D graph in a stand-alone window. 3 times bigger than the default (where cex = 1). Simple rules for plotting points. It features a 3D density plot, something easy to do in R using plotly, for example. The best I've found is this example, but it uses Python instead of R. The section on useful matrix commands still includes valuable material, but it is not possible to do surface plots without understanding that material. Now let’s perform a linear regression using lm() on the two variables by adding the following text at the command line:. 3d density plot python. More about these commands later. Notice that dragging a graph in the View 3D mode causes the motion of the graph may be slow if the interval between the lower and upper bounds is large. Using the rgl package, rglplot plots a graph in 3D. Karline Soetaert NIOZ-Yerseke The Netherlands Abstract Rpackage plot3D (Soetaert 2013b) contains functions for plotting multi-dimensional data. Scatter plots represent an arbitrary distribution of positions in 3D space. In other words, the shallow slope on the lefthand face of the plot is the marginal effect of x1 when x2==0. Use the base package functions for surface plotting • Using the persp function From Google Maps and heightmaps to 3D Terrain - 3D Map Generator Terrain - Photoshop - Duration: 11:35. Find more Mathematics widgets in Wolfram|Alpha. mplot3d下Axes3D绘制3D图形Axes3D：可以在2Dmatplotlib图形上绘制3D对象1. This page is updated each month by an automatic procedure. Plots a surface object in several different ways to give 3-d information e. Solution: Use the function below by handing it a matrix of numbers. This scatter plot takes multiple scalar variables and uses them for different axes in phase space. In Interactive_3D_Surface_Plot. Command: vpoint Rotate/ <-0. Let's start by estimating predicted values. Sherpa is a modeling and fitting application for Python. qi = Licking R. 3D Cone Plots. Programs for Comprehensive Slope Stability. "Plot is a game changer for storyboarding. When x matrix, y matrix, and z matrix are the same size, the Surface plot graphs values that correspond to each elements at the same location in all the matrices. Surface and mesh plots. This Y value is a weighted average of all data values that are “near” this grid point. Hi there; I have used gnuplot for years, but now I want to plot a 3D *curve* – that is, a curve thru 3D space. The ggplot2 package is extremely flexible and repeating plots for groups is quite easy. The data can be available from R:. txt for a list of stations. Readers who have studied calculus will recognize the image generated using the surface plot. Almost everything in Plots is done by specifying plot attributes. The result can be a bit disappointing since each marker is represented as a dot, not as a sphere. The process involved 3D solid modelling to design, 3D printin g with coated adhesive applied on the printing platform, warping deformation measurement and statistical analysis. Click here for minimal script to generate this plot # # Demonstrate use of 4th data column to color a 3D surface. Plotly is a platform for data analysis, graphing, and collaboration. The slope of the surface on each edge of the plot is a marginal effect. ggplot2 can not draw true 3d surfaces, but you can use geom_contour and geom_tile() to visualise 3d surfaces in 2d. This function mainly takes in three variables, x, y and z where x and y are vectors defining the location along x- and y-axis. Parametric surfaces are wireframe or filled shapes where the surface definition is a function of external parameters. plot_points - (default: “automatic”, which is 75 for curves and [40,40] for surfaces) initial number of sample points in each parameter; an integer for a curve, and a pair of integers for a surface. In this post, I describe how you can control the lighting of a surface plot. # create matplotlib 3d axes: fig = plt. The list of colors, point markers, and line styles are summarized below. You'll want to start up GNUPLOT (by typing 'gnuplot') and follow along. Participants will get a brief hands-on introduction to the R platform, followed by hands-on walkthrough for creating several different popular plots, graphs and maps like scatter plots, density plots, correlation plots, pca plots, surface plots, dot plots, star plots, circular plots, trees, heatmaps, panel graphs, 3D graphs, network graphs. The R language is often used by data scientists. 3-D surface plots are created using persp(). Could you please any one help me to do this. Top 50 ggplot2 Visualizations - The Master List (With Full R Code) What type of visualization to use for what sort of problem? This tutorial helps you choose the right type of chart for your specific objectives and how to implement it in R using ggplot2. $\begingroup$ PLOTZ - you choose a grid of values for the betas and evaluate $\text{SS}_\text{reg}$ at each grid point. When you hit the calculate button, the demo will calculate the value of the expression over the x and y ranges provided and then plot the result as a surface. Math 259 Winter 2009 Recitation Handout 5: Sketching 3D Surfaces If you are simply given an equation of the form z = f(x, y) and asked to draw the graph, producing the graph can be a very complicated and difficult operation even for relatively simple functions. Another approach is to click and then enter the title directly on the plot interface. It compiles and runs on a wide variety of UNIX platforms, Windows and MacOS. Matplotlib is usually used for 2D plots rather than 3D plots; ggplot and Bokeh have similar use cases. Example Refer to the 3D Surface Graph VI in the labview\examples\Controls and Indicators\Graphs and Charts\Math Plots - 3D directory for an example of using the 3D Surface Plot Helper VI. Get the free "Surface Plot in R3" widget for your website, blog, Wordpress, Blogger, or iGoogle. This video is a demo done to demonstrate the capability of rgl package for creating basic 3d plots, surface plots and animations in R. plotting 3d surface from 3 columns in data frame. arange(-5, 5, 0. Graphs provide means to convey information efficiently in a concise manner and three dimensional (3D) graphs are even better. An Excel sheet with both the data and the results can be downloaded by clicking on the button below:. The meshgrid command is vital for 3D surfaces! Defining the domain here is even trickier than for 2D. Let's start by estimating predicted values. You can use ggplot2, Plotly's R API, and Plotly's web app to make and share interactive plots. Variables and. A contour is a line through all contiguous points with equal height (or other) values. surf3 Moreover, n is often considered to be a function n(u;v) which assigns a normal unit vector to each point on the surface. For those of you unfamiliar with polar plots, a point on a plane in polar coordinates is located by determining an angle θ and a radius r. A great example of a well-prepared dataset can be seen here for the comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko, although the preceding steps in creating the shape file are not provided. You don't want too few points in the "grid" or it will appear jagged, but too many and the computer will slow down or even hang!. … Additional arguments passed to the plotting methods. The easiest way to plot a tree is to use rpart. Around the time of the 1. It tells R to plot the Y1 variable as a function of the X variable from a data table named d. Readers who have studied calculus will recognize the image generated using the surface plot. Connelly had previously discovered non-convex polyhedra which are flexible (can move through a continuous family of shapes without bending or otherwise deforming any faces); these authors prove that in any such. Building the program in functions makes easier to debug and understand since the code is simpler, and since each surface is a different function, different elements can be easily constructed. If FALSE a new plot is started. The code runs successfully with Matlab versions 2012b and 2013a and should also work on older versions. NET This application focusses on the basic concepts and power of graphics using Visual Studio. Note that most of the customisations presented in the Scatterplot section will work in 3D as well. This works when plotting as points but I want to form surfaces between the points. 3d surface plots with RStudio and Plotly Published March 24, 2015 January 4, 2016 by chelsea in R Recently you may have seen how to build a 3d surface plot with Plotly and IPython notebook. R is not only a good platform for experimenting with novel plots, but it is also a good way to deliver new plotting techniques to other researchers. The surface mesh is plotted using shaded rectangles. Contour lines can be a bit difficult to understand, so if you are having trouble, you may find the 3D surface plotter useful to help visualise the actual shape of the 3D surface. Load basic HTML. data in Bioinformatics , Biostatistics , Python , R Creating interactive SVG tables in R. Please refer. Multiple surfaces can be drawn by wireframe using the groups argument (although this is of limited use because the display is incorrect when the surfaces intersect). View source: R/geom-contour. Taken from R Data Visualization - Word Clouds and 3D Plots By Atmajit Singh Gohil Published by Packt Publishing, 2017. Worksheet Data Sets A worksheet data set is an object consisting of a one-dimensional array that can contain numeric and/or text values. 0 include: Create SigmaPlot graphs using Microsoft Excel You can use SigmaPlot. 3-D surface plots are created using persp(). Download this app from Microsoft Store for Windows 10, Windows 8. Estimating the surface area of foliage supported by a coniferous forest canopy is critical for modeling its biological properties. For math, science, nutrition, history. Examine the fitted model plot, interaction plots, and ANOVA statistics (R 2, adjusted R 2, lack-of-fit test, etc. Wireframe 3-D surface Shown without color on the surface, a 3-D surface chart is called a wireframe 3-D surface chart. You wish you could plot all the dimensions at the same time and look for patterns. Mayavi2, as jorgeca suggested, is good for 3D plotting. Although we will not discuss it, plane waves can be used as a basis for. So draw a few of them as in the ﬁgure below. fsurf( f , xyinterval ) plots over the specified interval. You don't want too few points in the "grid" or it will appear jagged, but too many and the computer will slow down or even hang!.


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## Tuesday, November 4, 2014

### How to Rasterize text NatureFootstep

Större bild? Klicka på den! - Click to enlarge!
Rasterized text  NatureFootstep
This is posted on : NatureFootstep

EOS_36833 skugga ÖV Orange colored pencil
This was the image I worked with.

I have seen this being done before so I wanted to figure it out. I worked in CS5 and wrote my logo on a new layer above the orange one. Then the text has to be rasterized. The program askes if you want to do that if you try to use a pencil on it. When that is done you can select the black text and then use the selection to copy the text from the colored image and paste it someplace else.

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# Efficient local model-checking for fragments of the modal $\mu$-calculus

 Title Efficient local model-checking for fragments of the modal $\mu$-calculus Publication Type Journal Articles Year of Publication 1996 Authors Bhat G, Cleaveland R Journal Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems Pagination 107 - 126 Date Published 1996///


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# How do i graph the exponential function f(x)=5^(x+1) on a TI-84?

Jul 19, 2015

Use Y1=5^(x+1)

#### Explanation:

It will take some time to find the right 'window', but then it will show on 'trace'.


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# How to convert a gaussian distributed rnd sequence to uniform dist and viceversa

1. Dec 11, 2012

### dexterdev

Hi PF,
I have a device (with a microcontroller) which generates random numbers. when I analyzed those numbers using Matlab software I found that it is following a uniform distribution. How can I mathematically (any algorithm?) convert this random output to a gaussian one. Also I would like to know the reverse case ie gaussian to uniform one.

-Devanand T

2. Dec 11, 2012

### DrDu

If F is the cdf of the Gaussian distribution, and x is a point from your uniform distribution 0<=x<=1, then $y= F^{-1} (x)$ has a Gaussian distribution.


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# Recent questions tagged boundary-layer

An incompressible fluid flows over a flat plate with zero pressure gradient. The boundary layer thickness is $1$ mm at a location where the Reynolds number is $1000$. If the velocity of the fluid alone is increased by a factor of $4$, then the boundary layer thickness at the same location, in mm will be $4$ $2$ $0.5$ $0.25$
The velocity profile inside the boundary layer for flow over a flat plate is given as $\dfrac{u}{U_{\infty }}= \sin \left ( \dfrac{\Pi }{2}\dfrac{y}{\delta } \right )$, where $U_{\infty}$ is the free stream velocity and $\delta$ is the local boundary layer thickness. If $\delta^{*}$ is the local ... $\dfrac{2}{\Pi } \\$ $1-\dfrac{2}{\Pi } \\$ $1+\dfrac{2}{\Pi } \\$ $0$
Consider laminar flow of water over a flat plate of length 1 m. If the boundary layer thickness at a distance of $0.25$ $m$ from the leading edge of the plate is $8$ $mm$, the boundary layer thickness (in $mm$), at a distance of $0.75$ $m$, is _______


text: Newton's Third Law of Motion explains that forces always come in action-reaction pairs. What Is the Rest Cure in The Yellow Wallpaper? However, you move, so a force must act on you, too. Thread one string through one straw and the other through the other straw. Contextual translation of "law of interaction examples" into Tagalog. Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. When the action and reaction occur, the ball flies forward in the direction it was hit. First, hold it with the opening downward and let go. Sort by: Top Voted. Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree, Identifying Action and Reaction Force Pairs, Newton's Second Law & Uniform Circular Motion, Overview of Newton's Second Law of Motion, Newton's Third Law of Motion: Examples of the Relationship Between Two Forces, Acceleration: Definition, Equation and Examples, How The Earth is Shaped: Earthquakes, Faults & Tsunamis, Practice Applying Force & Acceleration Formulas, Uniform Circular Motion: Definition & Mathematics, Newton's Second Law of Motion: The Relationship Between Force and Acceleration, General Studies Health Science: Help & Review, AP Environmental Science: Help and Review, Prentice Hall Biology: Online Textbook Help, High School Chemistry Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, High School Physical Science: Tutoring Solution, AP Environmental Science: Homework Help Resource, National Eligibility Test (AIPMT): Study Guide, ScienceFusion Earth's Water & Atmosphere: Online Textbook Help, High School Physics Curriculum Resource & Lesson Plans. This interaction results in a simultaneously exerted push or pull upon both objects involved in the interaction. 2. Sometimes, an interaction pair is called an action-reaction pair. 1. Then carefully, without letting the balloons go, secure the other side of the string to a wall, desk or chair on the other side of the room with masking take. Determine the reactions on member ABC at B and C. The slender 12 kg bar has a CW angular velocity of \omega = 2 rad/s when it is in the position shown. Get access risk-free for 30 days, Some examples of action-reaction pairs are mentioned below: 1) A swimmer pushes the water backward by his/her hands and in return the water pushes the swimmer forwards, thus enabling him to go forward during swimming. Law of Attraction Affirmations can take the form of internal thoughts or spoken words, but they can also be represented visually. If an object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal but opposite force on the first. Forces are either pushes or … Forces always act in pairs. The action force exerted on the board by the diver causes a reaction force by the board on the diver. Examples of Interaction force pairs. This law signifies a particular symmetry in nature: forces always occur in pairs, and one body cannot exert a … 's' : ''}}. Law of inertia examples. When a rocket shoots a jet of gas in one direction, the rocket goes in the other direction. Human translations with examples: freegiving, batas ng lids, batas ng buto, batas ng moses. This law signifies a particular symmetry in nature: forces always occur in pairs, and one body cannot exert a … This action and reaction force in pairs gives birds the ability to fly. To recall our earlier paraphrase of John Donne, no one is an island. You 'feel' the ground because you sense the reaction force pressing on your foot. The Third Law states that for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. All rights reserved. The wings of a bird push air downwards. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. Proof of praise for the Laws of Attraction can be uncovered throughout the ages; all recorded and taught in different ways, but still there for all of humanity to find. To complete this activity, you'll need two straws, masking tape, two balloons, and two 2m pieces of string. This means in every interaction, there are always two forces at play on the body. In every interaction (with no exception), there are forces acting upon the two interacting objects that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Interaction is a pretty hot topic in our field and for good reason. This is the action. Select a subject to preview related courses: Also consider what happens when a diver jumps on a diving board? Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one another. The table exerts an equal upward force on the books. The pin at point C fits into a smooth slot cut into member AC. What are the action and reaction forces for a real rocket. The two forces either exist together or not at all. And it facilitates social interaction and connection. Well if the crew members do not work together, their own forces will balance each other, decreasing the overall unbalanced force they are trying to achieve. Example Problems 5.2 Hooke’s Law Example 1: \$ PRQNH\ VWUHWFKHV D VSULQJ IURP LWV UHVWLQJ SRVLWLRQ D GLVWDQFH RI P ,I WKH VSULQJ FRQVWDQW LV N 1 P ZKDW LV WKH IRUFH EHLQJ H[HUWHG RQ WKH UXEEHU EDQG" What are the givens and unknowns? The law of interaction is also Newton’s third law of motion, stating that each action brings an equal and opposite reaction. You can use arrows to represent force and the direction of the force. Are there any interaction pairs? Create an account to start this course today. Let’s take an example. Draw each object apart from the other. The boat moves because the forces against it are unbalanced. You feel the same kind of reaction when you hold a water hose and turn the water on quickly. In the below examples I have used some examples which are already explained earlier in the first law. Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school. We then present an example of the use of Fitts' law and ISO 9241-9 for measuring human performance. Law of Action and Reaction examples Jump . Thus, the longer the distance and the smaller the target’s size, the longer it takes. Law of interaction - SlideShare The Law of InteractionThe Law of Interaction Newton's Third Law of MotionNewton's Third Law of Motion 2. How it compares to how a real rocket ship works? The force of the expelled water moves the animal in the opposite direction. A tort is simply a civil wrong Examples law of interaction. 3. This is the reaction force. More on Newton's third law. When you are on the golf course, you swing the club down upon the golf ball. This action and reaction force in pairs gives birds the ability to fly. Newton's first law of motion is also known as the law of inertia, and his second law of motion is the law of momentum. A good example that illustrates the law of acceleration is a car's increasing velocity. The Equal and Opposite Reactions: Newton’s Third Law learning objective — based on NGSS and state standards — delivers improved student engagement and academic performance in your classroom, as demonstrated by research. For component directions, use x positive. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. A rotating water sprinkler is another example of action and reaction forces. Seatbelts hold dummies (and passengers) down, protecting them from their own inertia. forces always act in pairs and always act in opposite directions You can see the law of interaction in your daily life as well. Normal force and contact force. Kicking a ball, and the ball rolling in direction of the force. This lesson addresses the HS-PS2-1 and HSA-REI.A.1 standards because it asks students to use their understanding of the forces to solve a series of problems in a step by step manner. 1) A swimmer pushes the water backwards by his/her hands and in return the water pushes the swimmer forwards, thus enabling him to go forward during swimming. ACTION-REACTION Joy U. Fulgar THIRD LAW OF MOTION: NEWTON’S 2. The forces described by Newton's third law are either pushes or pulls resulting from an object's interactions. For example, the force of the boy pulling on the toy doesn't cause the toy to pull on the boy. Thus, every force produced on a given body is always accompanied by an equal and opposite force exerted on the different body that is the interacting partner. However, the directions are opposite. The computer EXERCISE 2. Pushing down the speed pedal of a car, and it accelerating. Some examples of action-reaction pairs are mentioned below: Some examples of action-reaction pairs are mentioned below: 1) A swimmer pushes the water backward by his/her hands and in return the water pushes the swimmer forwards, thus enabling him to go forward during swimming. Newton's Third Law of Motion states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Practice: All of Newton's laws of motion. Property Ownership & Conveyance Issues in Washington, Zeroes, Roots & X-Intercepts: Definitions & Properties, Manufactured Housing Rules in New Hampshire, Quiz & Worksheet - A Rose for Emily Chronological Order, Quiz & Worksheet - Analyzing The Furnished Room, Quiz & Worksheet - Difference Between Gangrene & Necrosis, Quiz & Worksheet - Nurse Ratched Character Analysis & Symbolism, Flashcards - Real Estate Marketing Basics, Flashcards - Promotional Marketing in Real Estate, What is Project-Based Learning? The greater the force exerted upon the diving board, the higher the dive will be. In this case, the interaction pair is the force of the book on the hand and the force of the hand on the book. In equation: FIn equation: FAonBAonB = … Forces are either pushes or pulls resulting from the interactions between objects. The law of interaction is also Newton’s third law of motion, stating that each action brings an equal and opposite reaction. Scroll down for a preview of this learning objective’s games and the concepts they drive home. In other words, considering only the Sun and Earth (ignoring, for example, all the other planets), if… Secure one end of the string to the wall or a desk with masking tape. Next, blow up two balloons, one smaller than the other, but don't tie them off. 2 and 2. If one object pushes on another, the second pushes back on the first object. The hose is forced backward when the water leaves it. When a person pushes down the gas pedal, the car has positive acceleration. Some interactions come from contact, while others come from forces that act over distance, such as magnetism, electricity or gravity. Log in here for access. To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. Show how the units can be worked out by rearranging the original equation. You will only attract what you believe in. succeed. When you push on an object, the object pushes back with an equal force. But a push on the water will only serve to accelerate the water. But what are some other action-reaction examples? Since forces result from mutualinteractions, the water must also be pushing the fish forwards, propelling the fish through the water. However, there is also an opposite force of the ball hitting the club. In civil law, torts are grounds for lawsuits to compensate a grieving party for any . Contextual translation of "examples law of interaction motion" into Tagalog. Write the formula and show your work À F = À k = À 6x = Example 2: :KDW IRUFH LV QHFHVVDU\ WR VWUHWFK DQ LGHDO … Here, we're going to be building model rockets using balloons and looking at the relationship between action and reaction forces. The two forces create an interaction pair on different objects and are equal in strength and opposite in direction. When the brakes are applied over a period of time, the vehicle accelerates in the negative direction. “For every action, is an equal and reaction” 4. Advantages of Self-Paced Distance Learning, Advantages of Distance Learning Compared to Face-to-Face Learning, Top 50 K-12 School Districts for Teachers in Georgia, Those Winter Sundays: Theme, Tone & Imagery. Newton's third law of motion describes the nature of a force as the result of a mutual and simultaneous interaction between an object and a second object in its surroundings. Forces always come in pairs - known as "action-reaction force pairs." Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force, An action-reaction pair diagram is sometimes useful to determine the action and reaction force, Explain the relationship between action and reaction forces, Give an example of an action-reaction pair. These forces are the mutual interactions. Law of interaction 1. What forces act on each of the two systems? The law of action-reaction (Newton's third law) explains the nature of the forces between the two interacting objects. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 83,000 Nature holds many examples of the law of interaction. Newton's laws, including this Law of Inertia, in addition to the Law of Interaction and Force, and the Law of Action and Reaction - and which together form the laws of Newton's Dynamics - came to explain Scientifically how objects and bodies with mass act and react to the presence or not of forces exerted on them. Already registered? Once you've finished, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Action-reaction pairs can be seen in all parts of life, from baseball and skateboarding to sea animals and rocket ships. When the tiger runs forward, its paws exert a backward motion force upon the ground. When sorting out action and reaction forces, it is helpful to draw diagrams. Regardless of how you choose to use them, you can design them to reflect your vision of how you want your life to change. Now that you know about Newton's third law, it's time to put your knowledge to work. Drag the balloons to one side and carefully let them fly. We've gone through some examples already. In what direction does the balloon move? There is a force from the boy on the dog's toy, and there is a force from the dog's toy on the boy. Observe which balloon went farther. The reaction pushes the rocket upward and off the ground. “For every action, is an equal and reaction” 4. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. 33rdrd LawLaw For every action force, there isFor every action force, there is an equal and opposite reactionan equal and opposite reaction force.force. When an oar is put into the water, the water exerts an equal force on both sides of the oar. Hick’s Law (or the Hick-Hyman Law) states that the more stimuli (or choices) users face, the longer it will take them to make a decision. Isaac Newton was a legendary scientist and inventor of the 17 th century. He laid the foundation of modern mechanics with this Three Laws of Motion. It sets the strength of the gravitational interaction in the sense that if it were doubled, so would all the gravitational forces. From the below examples, you’ll know the exact difference between balanced forces and action-reaction forces. Assume that E=30x1, (a) Assume that the structure is held in equilibrium by a support at C that provides a reaction force and a reaction couple (moment). Is a Law Degree a Master's Degree or a Professional Degree? When a car’s wheels push backwards against the street, the car moves forward. An error occurred trying to load this video. For the beam shown, determine the reaction at the roller support when \omega_0 = 16 kN/m. Picture the boy pulling on a toy and the toy being pulled from the boy. The direction of motion is opposite the direction of the escaping air. Water is forced from the sprinkler. As previously discussed, The Law Of Attraction and its values have been seen throughout history. Newton's 3rd Law: the Law of Interaction. 2 Exercises 2. There are the immediate contact interactions, in which interactions between objects have direct contact. Determine the x, y , z components of reaction at the ball supports B and C and the ball and the socket A for uniformly loaded plate. The reaction force is what makes you move because it acts on you. The gases exert an equal and opposite force on the rocket. The force(F) of A(the bat) on B(the ball) is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction of the force of B on A: F(A on B) = - F(B on A). Example of this is the Microsoft Office paperclip (see Chapter 11), which attempts to motivate users by making getting help a novel social interaction, was actually irritating to users and was eventually dropped. The feet push the pedals, which exerts a force upon the chain to make the wheels roll. The law of interaction is the name given to Sir Isaac Newton's third law of motion, which holds that an "interaction" between two objects brings creates an equal and opposite reaction. imaginable degree, area of You can test out of the Think about the way the force of the diving board affects the diver's performance. Why did one balloon travel farther than the other? credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. 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# Speed up mosaicing using only a part

Hi all! I'ma writing a program that make a mosaic from aerial videos. The obvious problem is that when the mosaic became larger, it takes more time to calculate feature. I've let run the program for 3 hour, but at a certain point an error comes out (like IDxONE and INTMAX stuff). So I though to take just a part of the mosaic for doing the calculation for speed it up and for avoid memory-based errors. I can extract the ROI with the instruction current_frame=Mat(mosaic,Rect(x,y,w,h)) and do the calculation, but the question is: How can I remap the point in the global mosaic coordinates?

Thanks!

I'm using visual studio 2013 and c++

EDITI'm using this code http://answers.opencv.org/question/60...

edit retag close merge delete


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# mathlibdocumentation

algebra.char_p.char_and_card

# Characteristic and cardinality #

We prove some results relating characteristic and cardinality of finite rings

## Tags #

characterstic, cardinality, ring

theorem is_unit_iff_not_dvd_char_of_ring_char_ne_zero (R : Type u_1) [comm_ring R] (p : ) [fact (nat.prime p)] (hR : 0) :

A prime p is a unit in a commutative ring R of nonzero characterstic iff it does not divide the characteristic.

theorem is_unit_iff_not_dvd_char (R : Type u_1) [comm_ring R] (p : ) [fact (nat.prime p)] [finite R] :

A prime p is a unit in a finite commutative ring R iff it does not divide the characteristic.

theorem prime_dvd_char_iff_dvd_card {R : Type u_1} [comm_ring R] [fintype R] (p : ) [fact (nat.prime p)] :
p

The prime divisors of the characteristic of a finite commutative ring are exactly the prime divisors of its cardinality.

theorem not_is_unit_prime_of_dvd_card {R : Type u_1} [comm_ring R] [fintype R] (p : ) [fact (nat.prime p)] (hp : p ) :

A prime that does not divide the cardinality of a finite commutative ring R is a unit in R.


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# Reconstruction of information stored in an evaporating black hole from the emission spectrum?

For simple setups, where the radiation field deviates not too far from thermodynamic equilibrium (< 10 %), corrections to the Planckian thermal emission spectrum can be calculated (and measured) from the statistical operator method, using the heat flux and the photon flux as additional constraints in the entropy maximazation procedure:

http://einstein.iec.cat/jellebot/documents/articles/PA_99.pdf

Now I am courious if similar considerations could be applied to the situation of an evaporating black hole. Can the information, orignally stored in an evaporating black hole, in principle be reconstracted from analyzing its nonequilibrium emission spectrum (obtained from including a sufficient larger number of additional relevant parameters as constraints in the statistical operator method)?

Clarification

Im pondering if one could describe an evaporating black hole applying nonequilibrium statistical mechanics such that the global mean temperature is not sufficient to describe its thermodynamic state and additional (microscopic) degrees of freedom (which are important to store the information of infalling objects too) must be taken into account. My question then is: Are these deviations from thermodynamic equilibrium translated to deviations of the spectrum of the Hawking radiation from Planck s law? And if so, can this in principle be used to reconstract the information stored in the microscopic degrees of freedom of the black hole?

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The deviations from thermal equilibrium for a black hole are negligible. The outgoing radiation still encodes the exact state. These are not contradictory statements, because a thermal state has a maximum number of microstates which can produce it, so that the microstate doesn't have to leave a macroscopic imprint.

I heard a classical example of this from Sidney Coleman in the early 1990s. Consider heating a lump of coal at absolute zero with a perfectly coherent laser until it glows red hot, emitting photons until it cools down to absolute zero again. The incoming photons are in a pure state, the outgoing photons are thermal. In principle, all the information about the incoming photons are contained in the outgoing photons, but it can be shown that the reduced density matrix of even 50% of all the photons is essentially perfectly random and thermal. You need to look at nearly all the photons to get the density matrix to reveal the substructure.

Any way of experimentally demonstrating the nonthermalness of a black hole will require an impossible measurment of an observable which combines nearly all the photons. The only reasonable way out is to consider a nearly extremal black hole absorbing a tiny amount of matter, and reemitting it. Within string theory, such a process is not thermal at all but is described (in model black holes) by a brane-matter interaction whose output is reasonably calculable. Gubser and others performed this calculation for D-branes scattering gravitons in string theory in 1995, and this method of coherent model black hole incoming/outgoing scattering was one of the major inputs leading to AdS/CFT.

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Thanks a log @Ron Maimon, the last (for me a little bit too commpact) paragraph contains a lot of useful information about nonthermal black holes (I was some kind of up to I think). Maybe I`ll come up with follow up comments or questions about it later... – Dilaton Dec 18 '11 at 11:06
@Ron Maimon Can you point to a reference where I can read Coleman's calculations. It would be very nice to see you posting again. – Prathyush Mar 25 '13 at 20:41
@Prathyush: Coleman didn't publish this, he just explained it to me pedagogically. It's a reference to Page's results, which can be read by googling Page time. – Ron Maimon Mar 26 '13 at 1:03

Take all the outgoing Hawking radiation, evolve it backward in time, then evolve it forward again along an infalling trajectory. Sure, go ahead. Capture all the outgoing Hawking radiation with all the quantum coherence preserved intact including all the relative phases, feed it into a quantum computer which doesn't make a single error and evolve it backward exactly. If you can fight the second law of thermodynamics this way, you can do it.

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Thanks @Ursecker for this answer, however my question did not aim at evolving things backward against the second law of thermodynamics. – Dilaton Dec 18 '11 at 9:41
@Uresecker: also, extracting the wavefunction of the outgoing photons violates no-cloning. You would need a physical reverser which can coherently reverse the photon's motion. – Ron Maimon Dec 18 '11 at 10:13