text:
# Tikz Tick Mark

You can choose the layout that better suits your document, even if the equations are really long, or if you have to include several equations in the same line. They have been extracted from the reference manuals. fig, unusable elsewhere), and include those in a bigger PDF (given the number of figures, they had to be generated separately and then included because the memory usage was just too high). By leaving the back of the check blank, and thus failing to endorse it, you automatically endorse the check with a restricted endorsement (similar to "For Deposit Only"). The highest risk of being bitten by a dog tick occurs during the spring and summer. If you do not want tick labels to show, then specify an empty cell array {}. Graphviz support is an integral part of the DiagrammeR package. If you use axis y line=middle, axis x line=bottom instead of axis lines=middle, you get the desired tick mark:. Flexibility rules. Tikz is probably the most complex and powerful tool to create graphic elements in L a T e X. de about drawing a y axis without any tics and any axis labels. GitHub Gist: star and fork windstriver's gists by creating an account on GitHub. How do I control axis tick labels, limits, and Learn more about axis, axes, tick, ticklabel, mode, manual, location, limit, limits, xticklabel, yticklabel MATLAB. Of course, the de nitive reference is theTikz & PGF Manual. Command line utilities to check, sort, merge Bib T e X files. tick mark (plural tick marks) A mark (often one of a series). For over 15 years, our Textbooks and Online School have been the cornerstone of the mathematical training of many of the top students in the world. mark size=2. #3 hakims, September 18, 2010 at 1:34 p. This example sets the major tick marks for the value axis on Chart1 to be outside the axis. For today’s edition of Dear Mark, I’m answering a few questions from recent comment boards. Check out our Premium Features pack to take advantage of unlimited sketches, images and functions, iCloud sync, the Isometric and Polar geometry systems, and more great features. Is is also possible to draw the legend outside of the diagram? For exemple above in the center, below the title? #8 Anas, March 21, 2013 at 11:13 p. LEDs are like small light bulbs and are available in different sizes and colours. If you are looking for something similar for LaTeX latexdiff is the answer. I am attempting to use the axis environment to build a simple plot line. Axes examples. 50 TUGboat,Volume31(2010),No. mark= to override the default mark; choose from * (discs), x, +, or more via \usetikzlibrary{plotmarks} in the preamble. specific: The commands should be classified if possible. Process Flow Diagram Symbols - Valves. They have been extracted from the reference manuals. Position a T-square or framing square on the line so the corner of the square is on the center mark and the short leg of the square is perfectly aligned with chalk line. I also could not eliminate the space between the two graphics. OK, I Understand. Axes examples. mark=halfcircle* The kind of mark to use on each point, check the reference guide for a list of possible values. The LED (Light Emitting Diode) is exactly what it name suggests – a diode that emits light. TikZ: How to draw a world map with timezone lines and mark locations/cities using latitude and longitude values? tikz-pgf Updated October 02, 2019 08:23 AM. TikZ / LaTeX problem for ticks labels on axis in plot. I am using Microsoft Outlook 2010 and whe. vim [[[1 980 " Title: Vim library for ATP filetype plugin. Hugo is a content strategist's dream. It should (obviously) be constant zero, for values bigger than pi/2, but it does not look like that in the plot. Trzeciak 1; Juan Luis Varona 1; Olivier Verdier 1; Hugues Vermeiren 6; Vilson Vieira 1; Vilson Vieira 1; Rafael Villarroel 1; Robert Vollmert 1; Jakob Voß 1; Jason Waskiewicz 2; Dawid Weiss 1; Juergen Werber 1; Mark Wibrow 7. 4 Extras 6 Whereas only marks omits the line joining the data points. "Tick Tock Clocks!" is the fifth episode from the fourth season of Barney & Friends. Gluck Department of Mathematics, University of Florida PGF and TikZ are packages in LATEX that allow for programming gures into documents. In this free version you can access all drawing tools to create up to 2 sketches. For Filetype plugins; the plugin will not be found in paint. Learn more about plot, marker size, string symbol, deep learning vs machine learning. Specify the labels using a cell array of character vectors. TikZ / LaTeX problem for ticks labels on axis in plot. // Minor tick marks are half of the length of major // tick marks. (continued from previous page) \textbullet a ª \textordfeminine \textcapitalcompwordmark o º \textordmasculine \textcelsius ¶ \textparagraph ¢ \textcent · \textperiodcentered. 50 TUGboat,Volume31(2010),No. mark= to override the default mark; choose from * (discs), x, +, or more via \usetikzlibrary{plotmarks} in the preamble. " Vimball Archiver by Charles E. If you use a non-specified command in the editor, the syntaxchecker will mark it as unkown. I found that it is not easy (but it is possible!) to make curved edges in GeoGebra, so if you can make your graphs look nice using only straight edges I would recommend that. Multilingual typesetting is discussed, with examples, in the article Multilingual typesetting on Overleaf using polyglossia and fontspec. QuickLaTeX is free online service which allows LaTeX usage on the web pages. Trzeciak 1; Juan Luis Varona 1; Olivier Verdier 1; Hugues Vermeiren 6; Vilson Vieira 1; Vilson Vieira 1; Rafael Villarroel 1; Robert Vollmert 1; Jakob Voß 1; Jason Waskiewicz 2; Dawid Weiss 1; Juergen Werber 1; Mark Wibrow 7. Get an overview of DiagrammeR, learn the syntax, check out some examples. The output of tikzplotlib is in PGFPlots, a LaTeX library that sits on top of PGF/TikZ and describes graphs in terms of axes, data etc. They generally impose a limit on capacity per passenger and on top of this disallow checking them in, so you must take them into your hand luggage. % % Version 3. Post by drgz » Mon Jan 18, 2010 10:54 pm. Below each tick mark is a node with the horizontal coordinate; anchor=north tells TikZ to position the label so that the bottom end of the tick mark (at (x, -0. , electrical, hydraulic. Hi Almut! Fixing the text surrounding is easy, just add an empty line before the align environment or some of the solutions provided here. Etymology. 04 using the command sudo apt-get install bison, the version 3 is installed. OK, I Understand. I would like to have a tick mark at every 4th data point, which would be in increments of 20,000 time points, rather than 50,00 as shown here. ear" the tick labels, taking the size of tick labels into account. This example sets the major tick marks for the value axis on Chart1 to be outside the axis. mark size=2. この記事とこの記事とこの記事の続き. 01]); to try and at least set a numerical value for the tick lengths but it didn't work. Then you can check the triplets in bruteforce also as it will not take more than O[1000000] time. Turn your analyses into high quality documents, reports, presentations and dashboards with R Markdown. If there is a tick mark on the box next to "Continuous Mode", after complete execution of the "Automatic" sequence, it is automatically restarted from the beginning again provided the handling unit is in the initial position. You are encouraged to use \usepackage{pgfplots} \pgfplotsset{compat=newest}. warn if a math command is used outside of a math environment or check references and citations. csv files in LaTeX. In this first post we'll start with the basics, showing how to draw simple shapes, with subsequent posts introducing some of the interesting things you can do using the tikz package. In this article some of the basics will be explained: lines, dots, curves, circles, rectangles, etc by means of simple examples. Check tikZ graphics support as one of the examples above. Returns or sets the type of major tick mark for the specified axis. I'm trying to create a piecewise function on a colored background with TikZ that has tick marks on the coordinate axes every 2 units but a grid that intersects the axes every 1 unit. Info: If you want create images with up to 800 dpi, you need to be a member of the L4t-community. Bézier curves. PGFPlots Gallery The following graphics have been generated with the LaTeX Packages PGFPlots and PGFPlotsTable. In each area of expertise the syntax is designed to be as simple and intuitive as possible. Why would having higher powers of 2 any better?. Older versions used xlabel absolute, i. By continuing to use Pastebin, you agree to our use of cookies as described in the Cookies Policy. Adding line numbers to the equations is more tricky. 50 TUGboat,Volume31(2010),No. In this first post we'll start with the basics, showing how to draw simple shapes, with subsequent posts introducing some of the interesting things you can do using the tikz package. TikZ / LaTeX problem for ticks labels on axis in plot. First, with all the scary tick-related news coming out lately, are there any non-toxic tick repellents that actually work? Are there essential oils that repel and/or kill ticks? Is there a safer way to. Web resources about - TikZ and circuit library - comp. To produce the tick labels in the way I want them, you have to work on a lower level of pgf. Do you need any html coding knowledge to make your own blog? Any help would be greatly appreciated! Adding comments is currently not enabled. Yesterday, we had two guys at a table note that their translations of Mark 1:41 said very different things. At <1 ms per page, the average site builds in less than a second. Contents[show] Plot A pleasant afternoon of play is interrupted by unhappy grumbling sounds coming from the treehouse. If you use a non-specified command in the editor, the syntaxchecker will mark it as unkown. What's modern about waiting for your site to build? Hugo is the fastest tool of its kind. If you do not want tick labels to show, then specify an empty cell array {}. Graphviz support is an integral part of the DiagrammeR package. - Is there a way to change the position of the y label? I tried "right", "xshift" and "at={}" but nothing seem to work here. mark size=2. Make figures out automatically which files it needs to update, based on which source files have changed. If you need to include simple diagrams or figures in your document, the picture environment may be helpful. The Markdown Syntax Guide at Daring Fireball is an excellent resource for a detailed explanation of standard markdown. For example, people will say that demos are recorded in 16 tick, that servers run in 64 tick, but really good servers will run in 128 ticks. tick + mark. A minimal brand mark can be incredibly useful when it comes to creating a brand identity. I used \usepackage{bbding} package and \checkmark but it doesnt work,. {"categories":[{"categoryid":387,"name":"app-accessibility","summary":"The app-accessibility category contains packages which help with accessibility (for example. As for tikz, I've used pgfplot and tickz + matlab2tikz[0] to produce TeX PDFs from MATLAB figures (it can only export figures as raster or MATLAB. I want 10 examples of intersecting lines #3 Gilda, March 31, 2013 at 12:44 a. Network Flow Problems Jaehyun Park CS 97SI Stanford University June 29, 2015. mark=halfcircle* The kind of mark to use on each point, check the reference guide for a list of possible values. Math Help Boards is a online community that gives free mathematics help any time of the day about any problem, no matter what the level. XlTickMark can be one of the XlTickMark constants. I don't exactly understand what's a tick exactly. "day off" meaning "not present this day" Either scheduled break or due to dishonesty, illness or other emergency. Modify code for tick marks to be on the outside?. The initial setting keeps backwards compatibility. #7 Jakob, October 16, 2012 at 6:51 p. The Plans Unfolding software provides a complete, convenient user interface to arrange and maintain your organizer data. For Filetype plugins; the plugin will not be found in paint. Mark text with grey background or change bar. Both are free and both have their pros and cons. I would like to downgrade bison to use the version 2. These include Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish. User can insert tikZ code snippets directly on the page (in WordPress editor) between \begin{tikzpicture} \end{tikzpicture} commands. Keys for Nodes, Vectors, and Matrices TikZ has a ode command which is used to draw nodes at a specified point. Word's insert shapes feature is great but I can't find a tick symbol anywhere. pgfplots - Create normal/logarithmic plots in two and three dimensions PGFPlots draws high-quality function plots in normal or logarithmic scaling with a user-friendly interface directly in T e X. Axes examples. What is a tick? I have heard many instances of tick being used. Turn your analyses into high quality documents, reports, presentations and dashboards with R Markdown. Some # never worked. I would like to have a tick mark at every 4th data point, which would be in increments of 20,000 time points, rather than 50,00 as shown here. Customizing the tick values and labels along an axis can help highlight particular aspects of your data. , electrical, hydraulic. Stack Exchange network consists of 175 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. What is Bode Plot. 9pt The size of each mark, different units can be used. Having (a) never seen that symbol used to mark the end of a proof before, and (b) never even considered the possibility of - let alone known of - any symbol to mark contradiction, despite its position at the end of the proof of the claim in that answer, my brain's first theory about its meaning was that it must be there to mark contradiction. TikZ: How to draw a world map with timezone lines and mark locations/cities using latitude and longitude values? tikz-pgf Updated October 02, 2019 08:23 AM. Not sure whether this is a "problem" related to TikZ, or if it's. The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List Scott Pakin ∗ 19 January 2017 Abstract This document lists 14283 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them. What's the difference between a single and a double quotation mark in English? I've heard that it only depends on where you live US (for double quotation mark) or UK and Australia (for single quota. Check out our Premium Features pack to take advantage of unlimited sketches, images and functions, iCloud sync, the Isometric and Polar geometry systems, and more great features. Dog ticks are responsible for spreading Rocky Mountain spotted fever and certain types of tularemia. L&T Hydrocarbon. We have hundreds of options when it comes to such templates, and you could choose any of them. I apologize for the long list of data, but the number of data points being graphed appears to be relevant to my issues in tick. The initial setting keeps backwards compatibility. Instead, the plugin will add the new file extension to the drop-down lists in the load and save dialogs. Code Check Languages. an absolute distance between the axis and axis labels (now matter how large or small tick labels are). Some # never worked. Info: If you want create images with up to 800 dpi, you need to be a member of the L4t-community. If you are looking for something similar for LaTeX latexdiff is the answer. I also could not eliminate the space between the two graphics. Dog ticks are responsible for spreading Rocky Mountain spotted fever and certain types of tularemia. By continuing to use Pastebin, you agree to our use of cookies as described in the Cookies Policy. Check mark Computer Icons Desktop Wallpaper Clip art - Accept Tick Icon png download - 512*512 - Free Transparent Check Mark png Download. Learn more about plot, marker size, string symbol, deep learning vs machine learning. Length // Marker returns the tick marks. Any tick marks // returned by. I'm trying to create a piecewise function on a colored background with TikZ that has tick marks on the coordinate axes every 2 units but a grid that intersects the axes every 1 unit. To have only one footnote without number mark, the above command has to be placed between { }. Web resources about - TikZ and circuit library - comp. When creating images for slides or papers, I quite often use PGF/TikZ. This code was written by Jake on TeX. Trzeciak 1; Juan Luis Varona 1; Olivier Verdier 1; Hugues Vermeiren 6; Vilson Vieira 1; Vilson Vieira 1; Rafael Villarroel 1; Robert Vollmert 1; Jakob Voß 1; Jason Waskiewicz 2; Dawid Weiss 1; Juergen Werber 1; Mark Wibrow 7. When creating images for slides or papers, I quite often use PGF/TikZ. Some # never worked. The easiest way appears to google for a tikz example of a specific type of diagram, and modify it to our own needs. , electrical, hydraulic. For double quotes, simply double the symbols, and LaTeX will interpret them. This way, if the < mark code > draws a little circle around the origin, little circles will be drawn at each point of the plot. You can include the point value of each question (or part, or subpart, or subsubpart), with your choice of having the point values printed at the beginning of the text of the. I would like to have a tick mark at every 4th data point, which would be in increments of 20,000 time points, rather than 50,00 as shown here. #7 Jakob, October 16, 2012 at 6:51 p. MajorTickMark. Make figures out automatically which files it needs to update, based on which source files have changed. " The puzzling thing is that both guys were reading an NIV. For single quotes, a grave accent,  (on American keyboards, this symbol is found on the tilde key; adjacent to the number 1 key on most keyboards) gives a left quote mark, and an apostrophe, ' gives a right. For Filetype plugins; the plugin will not be found in paint. Etymology. To create this post we've adapted and simplified an example found in chapter six of the TikZ documentation, so if you want to go into greater detail on this topic, make sure you check out the extensive documentation. Why would having higher powers of 2 any better?. By continuing to use Pastebin, you agree to our use of cookies as described in the Cookies Policy. If I see in piano sheet music, say, "mp" mark between bass and treble staves, which staff should be played in "mp" dynamics? Reverse question: if I want to apply a dynamic mark to a specified staf. Dog ticks are responsible for spreading Rocky Mountain spotted fever and certain types of tularemia. mark=halfcircle* The kind of mark to use on each point, check the reference guide for a list of possible values. It allows using native LaTeX markup and extensions relying on complete LaTeX distribution on a server side. " Vimball Archiver by Charles E. Hi, it is truewith PGF plots you can do it much better but i think that the purpose of this post is to show the new data visualization ability of PGF/TikZ 2. Without specifying a unit (1,2), the standard one is cm (1cm,2cm). As for tikz, I've used pgfplot and tickz + matlab2tikz[0] to produce TeX PDFs from MATLAB figures (it can only export figures as raster or MATLAB. Plots in LaTeX - Visualize data with pgfplots The pgfplots package from tikz/pgf enabled you to plot data directly from. Returns or sets the type of major tick mark for the specified axis. Heya are using Wordpress for your site platform? I'm new to the blog world but I'm trying to get started and create my own. L&T Hydrocarbon. Position a T-square or framing square on the line so the corner of the square is on the center mark and the short leg of the square is perfectly aligned with chalk line. The middle option for the axis lines assumes that the axis lines intersect, so the 0 ticks aren't shown. They have been extracted from the reference manuals. Ask\ for\ the\ Output\ Directory g:askfortheoutdir :let g:askfortheoutdir=" menu 550. TikZ is a LaTeX package that allows you to create high quality diagrams—and often quite complex ones too. pgfplots - Create normal/logarithmic plots in two and three dimensions PGFPlots draws high-quality function plots in normal or logarithmic scaling with a user-friendly interface directly in T e X. Is it possible for tick labels to be renamed as text? Instead of numbers I would like the month on the x-axis, and in addit. Math Help Boards is a online community that gives free mathematics help any time of the day about any problem, no matter what the level. I used \usepackage{bbding} package and \checkmark but it doesnt work,. These examples show some common customizations, such as modifying the tick value placement, changing the tick label text and formatting, and rotating the tick labels. md lists using - [ ] (for unchecked checkbox) - [x] (for checked checkbox) But this is not working in table. I experimented a bit and tried to use options. Login or register for free, it takes less than a minute!. Ask\ for\ the\ Output\ Directory g:askfortheoutdir : let g:askfortheoutdir=" " imenu 550. In this free version you can access all drawing tools to create up to 2 sketches. Otherwise, we just set the TikZ marks and let pgfplots determine how to display them (which is base-10. Flexibility rules. For over 15 years, our Textbooks and Online School have been the cornerstone of the mathematical training of many of the top students in the world. Without specifying a unit (1,2), the standard one is cm (1cm,2cm). A minimal brand mark can be incredibly useful when it comes to creating a brand identity. This article describes circles, lines, and other graphic elements created with L a T e X. Do you need any html coding knowledge to make your own blog? Any help would be greatly appreciated! Adding comments is currently not enabled. Specify the labels using a cell array of character vectors. I'm trying to create a piecewise function on a colored background with TikZ that has tick marks on the coordinate axes every 2 units but a grid that intersects the axes every 1 unit. I want to render with tikz something like : The surrounding big box should behave somehow like a minipage : the width is fixed, and the height should grow if we add sufficiently small boxes inside. Black-legged tick nymphs are the size of a poppy seed and adults are the size of a sesame seed. Download the contents of this package in one zip archive (16. Command line utilities to check, sort, merge Bib T e X files. This document leveraged heavily from the Markdown-Cheatsheet. I am attempting to use the axis environment to build a simple plot line. Gate valve is a device used to control the flow of liquids and gases. Value of 1<=A[i]<=100, so you can easily create a frequency array of size 100 and then count all the numbers. Use a productive notebook interface to weave together narrative text and code to produce elegantly formatted output. you should first try your best and if you have further questions i will try to answer them asap. \near" the tick labels, taking the size of tick labels into account. First, with all the scary tick-related news coming out lately, are there any non-toxic tick repellents that actually work? Are there essential oils that repel and/or kill ticks? Is there a safer way to. For single quotes, a grave accent,  (on American keyboards, this symbol is found on the tilde key; adjacent to the number 1 key on most keyboards) gives a left quote mark, and an apostrophe, ' gives a right. Axes examples. XlTickMark can be one of the XlTickMark constants. Set\ Error\ File:SetErrorFile : SetErrorFile cmenu 550. TikZ is extensively documented all over the web. The amsmath package provides a handful of options for displaying equations. Turn your analyses into high quality documents, reports, presentations and dashboards with R Markdown. What should. OK, I Understand. TikZ is a LaTeX package that allows you to create high quality diagrams—and often quite complex ones too. PGF is an acronym for 'Portable Graphics Format' and TikZ is a recursive acronym for 'TikZ ist kein Zeichenprogramm'. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts Using a tikz directed graph to depict a NFA. I apologize for the long list of data, but the number of data points being graphed appears to be relevant to my issues in tick. What happens on behind the scenes is that if XTickLabelMode is manual (which is set by MATLAB when you set the tick labels yourself), then we carry over those values to the output. The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List Scott Pakin ∗ 19 January 2017 Abstract This document lists 14283 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them. The Tick is the only trinket that passively changes Isaac's appearance. 4), we should only use equation (and no other environment) to produce a single equation. L&T Hydrocarbon. 's reviews, photos and other recent activity on Yelp - a fun and easy way to find, recommend and talk about what's great (and not so great) in your location. Learn more about tick marks, axis, plot. Is it possible for tick labels to be renamed as text? Instead of numbers I would like the month on the x-axis, and in addit. How can I change the spacing of tick marks on the axis of a plot? What parameters should I use with base plot or with rgl?. Basically I try to plot a Gauss CDF, but the graph sits on the right margin on the page and a good chunk is not visible at all due to being outside. - Is there a way to change the position of the y label? I tried "right", "xshift" and "at={}" but nothing seem to work here. dat}; Here the table command tells latex that the data to be plotted is in a file. Set\ Error\ File:SetErrorFile : SetErrorFile cmenu 550. you are correct, the word "off" like many small english words has a large number of meanings, some of them are even opposites. Turn your analyses into high quality documents, reports, presentations and dashboards with R Markdown. When you want to include an image or a table that’s wider than the text width, you will notice that even when \centering or the center-environment is used this wide object will not be centered in relation to the surrounding text. you are correct, the word "off" like many small english words has a large number of meanings, some of them are even opposites. How do I change the marker size for a plot?. % Copyright 2006 by Till Tantau % % This file may be distributed and/or modified % % 1. PGF is an acronym for ‘Portable Graphics Format’ and TikZ is a recursive acronym for ‘TikZ ist kein Zeichenprogramm’. How can I change the font size of ticks of axes object in matplotlib [duplicate] This is a better solution if you don't want to have to respecify the tick labels. Solved: I need to be able to SCALE at different rates in the X and Y directions. %%%% %%% swig shapes %%% code for creating multi-part nodes corresponding to split ellipses with a gap %%% %%% swig hsplit : ellipse split horizontally %%% swig. Trzeciak 1; Juan Luis Varona 1; Olivier Verdier 1; Hugues Vermeiren 6; Vilson Vieira 1; Vilson Vieira 1; Rafael Villarroel 1; Robert Vollmert 1; Jakob Voß 1; Jason Waskiewicz 2; Dawid Weiss 1; Juergen Werber 1; Mark Wibrow 7. (continued from previous page) \textbullet a ª \textordfeminine \textcapitalcompwordmark o º \textordmasculine \textcelsius ¶ \textparagraph ¢ \textcent · \textperiodcentered. Box and whisker plot [] [] [Open in OverleafIntersecting lines [] [] [Open in OverleafLine Plot Example [] [] [Open in OverleafParabola plot. Take this bar branding by Simon McWhinnie for example. TikZ / LaTeX problem for ticks labels on axis in plot. Ask\ for\ the\ Output\ Directory g:askfortheoutdir :let g:askfortheoutdir=" menu 550. Older versions used xlabel absolute, i. What's modern about waiting for your site to build? Hugo is the fastest tool of its kind. I used set(gca,'TickLength',[0. Otherwise, we just set the TikZ marks and let pgfplots determine how to display them (which is base-10. I have put a cross sign using\times\$ but I really don't know how to write a checkmark in latex. # # Note 7: if you see a strange command check my. PGF is an acronym for ‘Portable Graphics Format’ and TikZ is a recursive acronym for ‘TikZ ist kein Zeichenprogramm’. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary. In this article some of the basics will be explained: lines, dots, curves, circles, rectangles, etc by means of simple examples. Evaluate a function and assign to a constant to use as tick markin Tikz/pgfplots. Upon browsing through the TikZ manual I found the description of a library called folding. Mark this halfway point on the line. Box and whisker plot [] [] [Open in OverleafIntersecting lines [] [] [Open in OverleafLine Plot Example [] [] [Open in OverleafParabola plot. symbolic coordinates with the command in axis defintion: symbolic x coords = {} but its not super easy to configure, which is why i wont be able to tell in a short comment here. Graphviz support is an integral part of the DiagrammeR package. My go-to is GeoGebra, but I have also used GraphTea. Adding line numbers to the equations is more tricky. an absolute distance between the axis and axis labels (now matter how large or small tick labels are). Learn more about tick marks, axis, plot. 1 Plotting experimental data using pgfplots JosephWright Abstract CreatingplotsinTEXismadeeasybythepgfplots package, but getting the best. L&T Hydrocarbon. I shouldn't be surprised by this, given how y'all like to mark as off-topic questions that are clearly on-topic. Next we check the format is set to LaTeX article class and then click the generate button: Now if we hit Copy to Clipboard we can then paste it into an empty tex file. bashrc even when not interactive (like in ssh host cmd where bash is the login shell of the user on host, or bash --login -c 'some code' where the. warn if a math command is used outside of a math environment or check references and citations. I used set(gca,'TickLength',[0. Nevertheless, in that case, the current footnote counter is still incremented, so for instance you'd get footnote 1, unnumbered, and 3. The Plans Unfolding software provides a complete, convenient user interface to arrange and maintain your organizer data. It's backed by the powerful LaTeX typesetting engine coupled with the TikZ vector drawing package to create professional-quality letter-size or A4 output. If you use a non-specified command in the editor, the syntaxchecker will mark it as unkown. To produce the tick labels in the way I want them, you have to work on a lower level of pgf. Hold the square firmly so it doesn't move, and trace along the long leg of the square, starting at the center mark. Or, buy Isosceles+ on the App Store, which includes all upgrades from this app. A Tool for Students (like you) Desmos can be helpful to YOU as a math student, either for evaluating/visualizing concepts or for generating images for your homework. pgfplots – Create normal/logarithmic plots in two and three dimensions PGFPlots draws high-quality function plots in normal or logarithmic scaling with a user-friendly interface directly in T e X. an absolute distance between the axis and axis labels (now matter how large or small tick labels are). " Vimball Archiver by Charles E. Etymology. If you are looking for something similar for LaTeX latexdiff is the answer. Dog ticks are responsible for spreading Rocky Mountain spotted fever and certain types of tularemia. Note : This program is the "authentic" Texmaker editor and there is strictly no relationship between this original program developed since 2003 and another latex editor, not compatible with Texmaker, which pretends to be based on Texmaker to trick users. In this way, the numbering is switched off globally. Command line utilities to check, sort, merge Bib T e X files. sourceforge. [email protected] I want to render with tikz something like : The surrounding big box should behave somehow like a minipage : the width is fixed, and the height should grow if we add sufficiently small boxes inside. Note that a shell can be interactive without stdout being a terminal, and a shell can be non-interactive with a terminal on stdout (like anytime you run a script within a terminal without redirecting/piping its output), and bash can read. How do I change the marker size for a plot?. %%%% %%% swig shapes %%% code for creating multi-part nodes corresponding to split ellipses with a gap %%% %%% swig hsplit : ellipse split horizontally %%% swig. I shouldn't be surprised by this, given how y'all like to mark as off-topic questions that are clearly on-topic. ear" the tick labels, taking the size of tick labels into account. Track changes is a popular tool in Word. Outline Network Flow Problems Ford-Fulkerson Algorithm Mark all nodes reachable from s. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Why would having higher powers of 2 any better?. The easiest way appears to google for a tikz example of a specific type of diagram, and modify it to our own needs.


text:
# state

A state $\Psi$ on a $C^{*}$-algebra $A$ is a positive linear functional $\Psi\colon A\to\mathbb{C}$, $\Psi(a^{*}a)\geq 0$ for all $a\in A$, with unit norm. The norm of a positive linear functional is defined by

 $\|\Psi\|=\sup_{a\in A}\{|\Psi(a)|:\|a\|\leq 1\}.$ (1)

For a unital $C^{*}$-algebra, $\|\Psi\|=\Psi(\mathord{\mathrm{1\!\!\!\>I}})$.

The space of states is a convex set. Let $\Psi_{1}$ and $\Psi_{2}$ be states, then the convex combination

 $\lambda\Psi_{1}+(1-\lambda)\Psi_{2},\quad\lambda\in[0,1],$ (2)

is also a state.

A state is pure if it is not a convex combination of two other states. Pure states are the extreme points of the convex set of states. A pure state on a commutative $C^{*}$-algebra is equivalent to a character.

A state is called a tracial state if it is also a trace.

When a $C^{*}$-algebra is represented on a Hilbert space $\mathord{\mathcal{H}}$, every unit vector $\psi\in\mathord{\mathcal{H}}$ determines a (not necessarily pure) state in the form of an expectation value,

 $\Psi(a)=\langle\psi,a\psi\rangle.$ (3)

In physics, it is common to refer to such states by their vector $\psi$ rather than the linear functional $\Psi$. The converse is not always true; not every state need be given by an expectation value. For example, delta functions (which are distributions not functions) give pure states on $C_{0}(X)$, but they do not correspond to any vector in a Hilbert space (such a vector would not be square-integrable).

## References

• 1 G. Murphy, $C^{*}$-Algebras and Operator Theory. Academic Press, 1990.
Title state State 2013-03-22 13:50:18 2013-03-22 13:50:18 mhale (572) mhale (572) 8 mhale (572) Definition msc 46L05 ExtensionAndRestrictionOfStates AlgebraicQuantumFieldTheoriesAQFT pure state tracial state

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# [Tugindia] any software for figure and Greek symbols

Kapil Hari Paranjape kapil at imsc.res.in
Thu Sep 16 04:25:36 CEST 2004

Hello,

On Wed, Sep 15, 2004 at 05:12:08PM +0530, Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana wrote:
> I want to know is there any linux base free software which can draw figures as
> well as supports greek symbols like \alpha, letters which we used for maths.
>
> And which exports file to .eps.
>
> I tried xfig but it is complicated. Dr. Geo is easy but Greek symbols not
> possible.

Other than sketch and eukleides there is tgif (but this is rather
similar to xfig so you may not like it).

The application depends on the nature of the figures:

1. Figures specified by plotting --- gnuplot, grace, xmgr.
(output is often pixel-based)

2. Figures specified mathematically --- xypic, metapost, pstricks.

3. Figures drawn mathematically --- xfig, tgif, sketch, xeukleides.
(keyword Vector Graphics)

4. Drawings as in sketching and painting --- xpaint, gimp.
(keyword Pixel-based graphics)

All these are only for 2-D for 3-D you would have to go elsewhere.
Here is a general resource: www.linuxartist.org.

My own preferences (though I almost never need (1)) are gnuplot,
metapost, xfig and gimp.

Almost all the above programs can write EPS files that can be included
in TeX. Xfig and the tools listed in (2) can do better and include the
actual TeX symbols in the figure so that the notation in the figure
corresponds to the notation in the accompanying text precisely. Also
note that pixel-based graphics generally do not scale well and take up
much more space than any other format.

Regards,

Kapil.

P.S. If you learned Mathematics and TeX then (2) and (3) should be easy!
--


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# mean square error predictor Cobden, Illinois

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Note that MSE can equivalently be defined in other ways, since t r { E { e e T } } = E { t r { e e T } Subtracting y ^ {\displaystyle {\hat σ 4}} from y {\displaystyle y} , we obtain y ~ = y − y ^ = A ( x − x ^ 1 ) + Thus we can re-write the estimator as x ^ = W ( y − y ¯ ) + x ¯ {\displaystyle {\hat σ 4}=W(y-{\bar σ 3})+{\bar σ 2}} and the expression

For sequential estimation, if we have an estimate x ^ 1 {\displaystyle {\hat − 6}_ − 5} based on measurements generating space Y 1 {\displaystyle Y_ − 2} , then after The basic idea behind the Bayesian approach to estimation stems from practical situations where we often have some prior information about the parameter to be estimated. Is it legal to bring board games (made of wood) to Australia? Prentice Hall.

What could make an area of land be accessible only at certain times of the year? This can happen when y {\displaystyle y} is a wide sense stationary process. The usual estimator for the mean is the sample average X ¯ = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n X i {\displaystyle {\overline {X}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}X_{i}} which has an expected Though there is no consistent means of normalization in the literature, common choices are the mean or the range (defined as the maximum value minus the minimum value) of the measured

Bibby, J.; Toutenburg, H. (1977). Addison-Wesley. ^ Berger, James O. (1985). "2.4.2 Certain Standard Loss Functions". Adaptive Filter Theory (5th ed.). acid-base reaction A type of chemical process typified by the exchange of one or more hydrogen ions, H +, between species that may be neutral (molecules, such as water, H 2

Springer. This means, E { x ^ } = E { x } . {\displaystyle \mathrm σ 0 \{{\hat σ 9}\}=\mathrm σ 8 \ σ 7.} Plugging the expression for x ^ Technometrics Vol. 26, No. 2, May, 1984 Estimators of the Me... CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Coastal Inlets Research Program (CIRP) Wiki - Statistics".

The initial values of x ^ {\displaystyle {\hat σ 0}} and C e {\displaystyle C_ σ 8} are taken to be the mean and covariance of the aprior probability density function In order to preview this item and view access options please enable javascript. MSE is also used in several stepwise regression techniques as part of the determination as to how many predictors from a candidate set to include in a model for a given education Discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g.,...

Contents 1 Motivation 2 Definition 3 Properties 4 Linear MMSE estimator 4.1 Computation 5 Linear MMSE estimator for linear observation process 5.1 Alternative form 6 Sequential linear MMSE estimation 6.1 Special Loading Processing your request... × Close Overlay This page may be out of date. Come back any time and download it again. For example, when measuring the average difference between two time series x 1 , t {\displaystyle x_{1,t}} and x 2 , t {\displaystyle x_{2,t}} , the formula becomes RMSD = ∑

Learn about this topic in these articles: Related Topics sampling decision theory statistics cliometrics Monte Carlo method distribution function estimation inference law of large numbers mathematics use in prediction in doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2006.03.001. Statistical decision theory and Bayesian Analysis (2nd ed.). In simulation of energy consumption of buildings, the RMSE and CV(RMSE) are used to calibrate models to measured building performance.[7] In X-ray crystallography, RMSD (and RMSZ) is used to measure the

Another approach to estimation from sequential observations is to simply update an old estimate as additional data becomes available, leading to finer estimates. Why do people move their cameras in a square motion? human ear Organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes noises by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance... In terms of the terminology developed in the previous sections, for this problem we have the observation vector y = [ z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ] T

This also is a known, computed quantity, and it varies by sample and by out-of-sample test space. ISBN0-387-98502-6. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wiley.

Page Thumbnails 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 Technometrics © 1984 American Statistical Association Request Permissions JSTOR Home About Search Browse Terms and Conditions Privacy Policy Applied Groundwater Modeling: Simulation of Flow and Advective Transport (2nd ed.). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Both linear regression techniques such as analysis of variance estimate the MSE as part of the analysis and use the estimated MSE to determine the statistical significance of the factors or

Optimization by Vector Space Methods (1st ed.). The MSEP is a function of unknown parameters and good estimates of it are of interest. Suppose an optimal estimate x ^ 1 {\displaystyle {\hat − 0}_ ¯ 9} has been formed on the basis of past measurements and that error covariance matrix is C e 1 Since C X Y = C Y X T {\displaystyle C_ ^ 0=C_ σ 9^ σ 8} , the expression can also be re-written in terms of C Y X {\displaystyle

New York: Springer-Verlag. In structure based drug design, the RMSD is a measure of the difference between a crystal conformation of the ligand conformation and a docking prediction. Submissions for the Netflix Prize were judged using the RMSD from the test dataset's undisclosed "true" values. Thus, we can combine the two sounds as y = w 1 y 1 + w 2 y 2 {\displaystyle y=w_{1}y_{1}+w_{2}y_{2}} where the i-th weight is given as w i =


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# Likelihood function when only $\max_{1\le i\le N}X_i$ is observed and $N$ is parameter

Let $$X_1,X_2,\ldots,X_N$$ be i.i.d random variables having $$\text{Exp}(1)$$ distribution where $$N$$ is unknown. Suppose only $$T=\max\{X_1,X_2,\ldots,X_N\}$$ is observed.

I have to derive a most powerful test for testing $$H_0:N=5$$ versus $$H_1:N=10$$.

So $$N$$ is my parameter of interest. The joint distribution of $$X_1,\ldots,X_N$$ is of the form

$$f_N(x_1,\ldots,x_N)=\exp\left({-\sum_{i=1}^N x_i}\right)\mathbf1_{{x_1,\ldots,x_N>0}}$$

But this cannot be my likelihood function since $$x_1,\ldots,x_N$$ is not observed.

I am not sure how to express the above joint density as a function of $$t$$, the observed value of $$T$$. If I can write the joint density as some $$f_N(t)$$, then that would be my likelihood function given $$t$$.

I understand that the test is of the form $$\varphi(t)=\mathbf1_{\lambda(t)>k}$$

, where $$\lambda$$ is the likelihood ratio $$\lambda(t)=\frac{f_{H_1}(t)}{f_{H_0}(t)}$$

Any hint would be much appreciated.

As an aside to the actual question, I am curious if it is possible to find MLE of $$N$$.

• Your joint distribution does not depend on the individual $x_i:$ it depends only on their sum, which is observed.
– whuber
Dec 21 '18 at 16:09
• @whuber Yes it depends only on the sum. So $0<x_1,\ldots,x_N\le t\implies 0<\sum_{i=1}^N x_i\le Nt$. Does this imply $\sum_{i=1}^N x_i$ is observed? It only bounds the sum. Dec 21 '18 at 16:25
• There's a missing step here: under your model assumptions, you can easily derive the distribution of $T.$
– whuber
Dec 21 '18 at 16:49
• @whuber Somehow did not realize that I am supposed to use the distribution of $T$. That makes it a standard problem. Dec 21 '18 at 17:28

Hint: the likelihood for $$T$$ is $$f_{T}(t ; N) = N(1-e^{-t})^{N-1}e^{-t}.$$ To verify this, first find the cdf of $$T$$, and then differentiate. \begin{align*} F_T(t) &= P(T \le t)\\ &= [F_{X_i}(t)]^N. \end{align*}

Regarding your other question as to whether there is an MLE estimate for this: yes there is, but the likelihood is only defined on $$\mathbb{N}^{+}$$. This means that you cannot take a derivative and set it equal to zero.

If $$N=5$$ then $$\Pr(X_1 \le x\ \&\ \cdots \ \&\ X_N\le x) = \left( 1-e^{-x} \right)^5,$$ so you have a density function $$\frac d {dx} \left( \left( 1-e^{-x} \right)^5 \right) = 5\left( 1 - e^{-x} \right)^4 \cdot e^{-x}.$$ And similarly if $$N=10.$$ So the likelihood function is $$\begin{cases} L(5) = 5(1-e^{-x})^4 \cdot e^{-x} \\[8pt] L(10) = 10(1-e^{-x})^9 \cdot e^{-x} \end{cases}$$ where $$x$$ is the observed maximum value, and the ratio is $$\frac{L(5)}{L(10)} = \frac 1 {2(1-e^{-x})^5}.$$ A small value of this ratio favors the alternative hypothesis $$N=10.$$ Equivalently, a large value of the observed maximum favors the alternative. Given the probability distribution of the maximum assuming the null hypothesis $$N=5,$$ you can find the critical value as a function of the level of the test.

As an aside to the actual question, I am curious if it is possible to find MLE of $$N$$.

This is quite straightforward, and simply requires you to derive the log-likelihood function and then use standard (discrete or continuous) calculus techniques to maximise. Using rules for the distribution of order statistics, the sampling distribution for $$T$$ is:

$$f_T(t) = N e^{-t} (1-e^{-t})^{N-1}.$$

The log-likelihood is:

$$\ell_t(N) = \ln N - t + (N-1)\ln(1-e^{-t}).$$

Now, maximising this function can be done either by using discrete calculus (i.e., using difference operators), or it can be done by treating $$N$$ as continuous and maximising using continuous calculus, and then discretising the result. For simplicity, we will do the latter. Taking $$N$$ as a real variable, the log-likelihood has corresponding score function and Fisher information (essentially the first and second derivatives, but with the sign reversed on the second) given by:

\begin{aligned} s_t(N) &\equiv \frac{d \ell_t}{dN}(N) = \frac{1}{N} + \ln(1-e^{-t}), \\[12pt] I_t(N) &\equiv - \frac{d^2 \ell_t}{dN^2}(N) = \frac{1}{N^2} >0. \\[12pt] \end{aligned}

Since $$I_t(N) > 0$$ the likelihood function is a strictly concave function, so this means it has a unique MLE at its sole critical point $$s_t(\hat{N}(t)) = 0$$. This gives you the continuous MLE:

$$\hat{N}(t) = \frac{1}{\ln(1-e^{-t})}.$$

This will generally not be an integer value, so you obtain the corresponding discrete MLE by looking at the two integers either side of this value; the bigger one is the discrete MLE (which is almost surely unique).


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# How do I prove that frequencies that are irrationally related lead to quasi-periodic motion?

Consider the equation: $$\dot{x} = Mx,$$ where $$M = \begin{pmatrix} i\omega_1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & i\omega_2 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & i\omega_n \end{pmatrix}.$$

I have seen it stated that if the fraction $\frac{\omega_i}{\omega_j}$ is rational for all $i$ and $j$ then the trajectory is periodic. If any of these quotients are irrational then the trajectory is quasi-periodic. (Quasi-periodic motion wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiperiodic_motion)

What is the proof of this?

$${\bf x}(t) = \left(\begin{matrix} A_0 e ^{i\omega_0t} \\ A_1 e ^{i\omega_1t} \\ A_2 e ^{i\omega_2t} \\ ... \end{matrix} \right)$$
So it's basically a whole lot of simple harmonic oscillators. Periodic motion means there must be some time $\tau$ where all the different oscillators have completed an integral number of cycles i.e.
\begin{align} \omega_0\tau = n_0 2\pi \\ \omega_1\tau = n_1 2\pi \\ \omega_2\tau = n_2 2\pi \\ ... \end{align}
for some integers $n_0$, $n_1$, etc. The ratio $\omega_i/\omega_j$ is just $n_i/n_j$, and since we've decided all the $n$s are integers the ratio must be a rational number.
Conversely, if there were any $\omega_i/\omega_j$ that was irrational there would never be a time when the $i$th and $j$th oscillators had bioth completed an integral number of cycles so there can't be any periodic motion.


text:
1

# Question about variables being defined in events and used in different scopes?

Asked by 15 days ago
Edited 15 days ago

Okay so Let's say I had code like this:

game.Workspace.ChildAdded:Connect(function(added)
-- some code
end)

added.Transparency = 1* -- if I tried to run this it would say (unknown global "added") or something

I'm not asking about that code in specific I'm more of asking if I wanted for whatever reason to use "added" which was defined in the event in a different scope, how would I do that if possible?

also do variables defined in that line like "added" have an actual name for them or is it just variable.

Let me know if that's hard to understand, and thank you!

2
Answered by 15 days ago
Edited 15 days ago

## Solution (don't do this)

If you want to access the parameter values of callback functions outside of the callback function (which is what you're doing in your example code), you can simply declare a local variable outside of the callback and assign it to whatever the function argument is within the callback:

local added

end)

However, there is a big problem with using this as a solution to your problem and you should not do it this way.

## Why shouldn't you do this?

#### 1) Flow

The flow of your program is incompatible with a solution like this because events execute code in their own threads which are asynchronous and separate from the main thread. Other threads will only have a chance to execute once the main thread is done executing, or while the main thread is yielding (waiting) for other threads to finish executing. You can think of a thread as a chunk of code that is scheduled to run some time in the future, instead of immediately. In other words, the time of execution for any given thread is unknown at runtime.

This is a problem because our main thread is executing top to bottom, and if we have some code near the bottom that relies on some code near the top (and it's running in another thread), we cannot guarantee that we will have that data by the time we need it.

For example, in your sample code you're using the ChildAdded event. This means the handler function for that event won't execute until a new instance is added to the workspace, which means we will not have access to that instance until it is added.

Ex. 1: So, consider the ramifications of the solution:

-- declare local variable

-- create event listener (a new thread)
-- assign local variable
end)

-- use local variable

The event listener thread won't have a chance to execute until the main thread has finished executing, or until we manually wait for a response from the ChildAdded event. Therefore, the added variable will never be assigned by the time we try to print it to the output console.

One solution to this could be to wait for the event to fire before executing the rest of the main thread, like this:

Ex. 2:

local added

end)

-- hault main thread execution until a ChildAdded event fires

print(added) -- now it prints the instance

But this is at best, only a conditionally good solution. Most of the time haulting your main thread execution while waiting for some kind of response or event in your program yields a bad user experience due to continously waiting for things to happen. This is called code blocking, or synchronous code.

#### 2) Namespaces

This solution will also clutter namespaces. You should aim to minimize the amount of globally-scoped variables in your code as much as possible. This isn't as big of an issue as the first one mentioned, because you can fix this by creating your own namespaces with tables or do-end blocks for local variables. However, this will only result in cluttering your program with new tables and scopes which leaves you with the same problem as before.

For example, you could create a table which stores variables whos values are generated from event callbacks, like such:

local eventVariables = {}

end)

end)

-- first prints nil

-- wait for event handler threads

-- now print the instances

Note that this is just a more organized version of the same solution in Flow-Ex. 2 by getting rid of the namespace problem, but this is still just as bad as the original solution.

## The good solution

Finally, the good solution is just to use functions to pass around data to wherever you deem necessary. You can think of a function as a passageway, or a tunnel between threads and other code execution contexts for communicating.

If you need to use added outside of your event handler, then create a function that reads or mutates that value in some way and pass it to that function as an argument.

For example:

local function printAdded(added)
end

end)

This may seem like a redundant example since you could also just do the following:

local function printAdded(added)
end

However, the first example implies that you can create multiple functions of which you can pass the same argument to, if you need to use the variable in different places for different reasons.

For example:

local function printAdded(added)
end

end

end)

Now, whenever a new instance is added to the workspace you will get the following output:

(Original Name)

"NewName"

Let me know if this helped. If you have any questions, feel free to ask.

0
Thank you so much for going so in-depth with answering this, I really appreciate this asmetics 26 — 15d


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# Math Help - Master Lock Combination

1. ## Master Lock Combination

Ok, I have this lock and can't remember the combination. It's the standard Master Lock with 3 numbers in the combination and the numbers are 0 - 39. However, I do remember all three of the numbers are either 10,15,20,25,30, or 35. And none of the numbers are repeated. Can anyone think of good way to go about going through all the possibilities?

2. Originally Posted by cowmoonrock
Ok, I have this lock and can't remember the combination. It's the standard Master Lock with 3 numbers in the combination and the numbers are 0 - 39. However, I do remember all three of the numbers are either 10,15,20,25,30, or 35. And none of the numbers are repeated. Can anyone think of good way to go about going through all the possibilities?

I don't know if there is a good way to approach this...for there are 720 different combinations!

--Chris

3. Hello, cowmoonrock!

I have this lock and can't remember the combination.
It has 3 numbers in the combination and the numbers are 0 - 39.
However, I do remember all three of the numbers are either 10,15,20,25,30, or 35.
And none of the numbers are repeated.
Can anyone think of good way to go about going through all the possibilities?
There are: . $6\cdot5\cdot4 \:=\:120$ possible choices.

To crank through all the combinations . . . call the six numbers: $a,b,c,d,e,f$

Use the first two: . $a\,b\,\_$
For the third, cycle through the other four numbers: . $\begin{array}{c}ab{\color{blue}c} \\ ab{\color{blue}d} \\ ab{\color{blue}e} \\ ab{\color{blue}f}\end{array}$

Change the second number: . $a\,c\,\_$
For the third, cycle through the other four numbers: . $\begin{array}{c}ac{\color{blue}b} \\ ac{\color{blue}d} \\ ac{\color{blue}e} \\ ac{\color{blue}f} \end{array}$

Similarly, we have: . $\begin{array}{c}adb\\adc\\ade\\adf\end{array} \quad \begin{array}{c}aeb \\aec \\ aed \\ aef \end{array}\quad \begin{array}{c}afb \\ afc \\ afd \\ afe \end{array}$

And we have the 20 that begin with $a.$

To find the 20 that begin with $b$ . . .

Begin with: . $b\,a\,\_$
Cycle through the other four numbers: . $\begin{array}{c}ba{\color{blue}c} \\ ba{\color{blue}d} \\ ba{\color{blue}e} \\ ba{\color{blue}f} \end{array}$
Then: . $\begin{array}{c}bca\\bcd\\bce\\bcf\end{array} \quad\begin{array}{c}bda\\bdc\\bde\\bdf \end{array}\quad\begin{array}{c}bea\\bec\\bed\\bef \end{array}\quad\begin{array}{c}bfa\\bfc\\bfd\\bfe \end{array}$

And so on . . .


text:
# Multiple regression - how to deal with mixed linear and non-linear variables

Say I have a bunch of explanatory variables to predict a continuous independent variable. Below, a simple toy example:

I think it would be easiest to do a log-log transform and proceed with linear regression. Looks like that the explanatory variables are relatively highly correlated, and there might be a high collinearity between them. This, I would take care of later via e.g.,

• Lasso regression (or Ridge)
• feature selection algos
• Partial Least Squares
• Decision trees and feature importance
• Dimensionality reduction via principal component analysis

But back to the log-log-transform; now, the data looks like this:

To me, it looks like that x2, x3, and x4 are now better suited for a linear regression. However, x1 does not look "very linear" anymore. How would I best deal with x1 before I proceed?

I'm not sure what your plots are of since the axes are not properly labeled. However, if your goal is simply to predict $y$ and get the best predictions are possible, and there is no need to interpret the coefficients, why not simply fit the the model with all your variables and then validate the data with a holdout sample. Select the one with the smallest predicted error. Don't worry about your model assumptions so much if your only goal is to predict. It would be good to get a better idea of exactly what you want to do with your model, however, before a "correct" answer could be given to your question.
• You could try using a quadratic term for $x_1$ (i.e. $x_1^2$). – StatsStudent Jan 31 '15 at 6:21
• BTW, $R^2$ can be improved by simply adding additional terms to your model. – StatsStudent Jan 31 '15 at 6:27
Actually the first plot didn't quite look linear in $x_1$ to me (though it's hard to tell from marginal plots anyway; you would get better information from partial plots).
If the relationship is not linear, you could consider either transforming $x_1$ (particularly in instances where that has a nice interpretation), or fitting a nonlinear form of relationship in $x_1$.


text:
# Fastest modular exponentiation

The challenge is to write code in any open source, available on linux, language of your choice to perform modular exponentiation. The input will be two randomly chosen 2048 bit positive integers numbers x and y and a 2048 bit prime z. Here is a sample snippet of python to compare to.

def pow_mod(x, y, z):
n = 1
while y:
if y & 1:
n = n * x % z
y >>= 1
x = x * x % z
return n

The code should accept a file with each of the three numbers on separate lines and output the result to standard out. You may not use any libraries for modular exponentiation of course.

The code that runs the fastest on average over 100 runs on my computer wins.

For those who want really accurate timing, the best way may be for the timing code to actually be in the code you provide and for your code to simply repeat 100 times (without cheating :) ). This avoids any problems with start up overheads.

• A good solution will probably use some addition-chain or addition-subtraction chain wizardry. For example (I don't know if this particular approach is good, but...) cr.yp.to/ecdh/diffchain-20060219.pdf – boothby Oct 4 '13 at 16:53
• @Ray Ubuntu 64 bit 13.04 on amd fx8350 with 8GB RAM. – user9206 Oct 6 '13 at 7:56

## C++/asm

Runs in about 7ms on my laptop. Less than a factor of 2 away from GMP, which is heavily optimized for this task.

Uses Montgomery reduction to compute the modular reductions quickly. Uses a python script to generate x86 assembly to do the 2048 bit ops (multiply, add, etc.) in great swathes of straightline code.

Though it's simple, it should be pretty fast if built with GHC:

{-# OPTIONS_GHC -O2 #-}
{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns #-}

module Main where

import Data.Bits

seqI :: Integer -> Integer
seqI x = seq x x

seqB :: Bool -> Bool
seqB x = seq x x

getInteger :: IO Integer
getInteger = fmap (seqI . read) getLine

modExp' :: Integer -> Integer -> Integer -> Integer -> Integer
modExp' r b p m = let nextR = seqI $mod (seqI$ r*b) m
nextB = seqI $mod (seqI$ b*b) m
nextP = seqI $shiftR p 1 incl = seqB$ testBit p 0
cont  = seqB $nextP /= 0 in if incl then if cont then modExp' nextR nextB nextP m else nextR else if cont then modExp' r nextB nextP m else r modExp :: Integer -> Integer -> Integer -> Integer {-# INLINE modExp #-} modExp !b !p !m = modExp' 1 b p m main = do b <- getInteger p <- getInteger m <- getInteger print$ modExp b p m

### Prime modulus optimization

If the modulus is guaranteed to be a prime, but the exponent might be greater than or equal to the modulus, the last line should be changed to:

          print \$ modExp b (mod p (m - 1)) m

### Handling multiple inputs

If you'd like it to handle multiple inputs per run, add import System.IO under the other import and the following two lines just under the print line:

          isDone <- isEOF
if isDone then return () else main

### Running

Once it's compiled, it can be run as modexp < file.

• I compiled it with ghc -O2. It takes about 0.02 seconds but maybe it makes more sense to have the timing in the code itself. – user9206 Oct 4 '13 at 18:22
• It might have issues with startup time. I've added a section on how to get it to run, taking 3 lines at a time, all the way until the file ends. You can use cat *.whatever | modexp if you have the test inputs separated into many files. – Olathe Oct 4 '13 at 19:13