text: Thanks. First we draw some triangle. To continue the example, if the smaller acute angle measures 26.565 degrees, the reflex angle would measure 333.435 degrees. Want to improve this question? Any ideas? how do i determine if it has a 90 degree angle and if two sides are parallel or congruent? This page includes a lesson covering 'the angle in a semicircle is 90 degrees' as well as a 15-question worksheet, which is … Above given is a circle with centreO. Let $y=BD=DC$. in ram s field prove that each angle is 90 degree - Mathematics - TopperLearning.com | h23ecezz. There must be more information, or more specific information. Why was there a man holding an Indian Flag during the protests at the US Capitol? the equation is _=180. Now one angle of the smaller triangle is 90 degrees because the line is perpendicular to the diameter. Prove congruent angles have congruent supplements. Geometry. The idea, I believe, is to use the picture to prove that two lines that are known (assumed) to be perpendicular have reciprocal slopes. Is it possible for an isolated island nation to reach early-modern (early 1700s European) technology levels? Prove that the largest angle of the triangle is between 90 and 135 . it also forms a line perpendicular to another . Use MathJax to format equations. Angle A and Angle B are complementary andgles and the m Angle A = 58 degrees, what is he measure of the supplement of Angle B. Mathematics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for people studying math at any level and professionals in related fields. I can't use the reason that the slopes are reciprocals, so I was hoping to say something about how if the angles are 90 degrees they must be perpendicular. As we know that angles subtended by the chord AB at points E, D, C are all equal being angles in the same segment. The key to laying out a perfect 90-degree angle is to construct a right triangle, which is one with one 90-degree angle. all right angles are equal in measure). Given: A rectangle ABCD To prove: ∠ A = ∠ B = ∠ C = ∠ D = 90° Proof: We know that Rectangle is a parallelogram where one angle is 90°. The three sides, i.e., base, perpendicular and hypotenuse are known as The two lines that form the 90 degree angle are perpendicular to one another. (the triangle picture has 3x-5y=-22 ,then (y- … do 3D perpendicular lines have negative reciprocal slopes? That's where my bridge-building analogy comes in: you can work on both ends of a bridge and let them meet in the middle. Claudius Ptolemy [1] gave the first proof for the angle sum formula about 1900 years ago. Finally, collecting terms and simplifying, we get Step 5: Angles in the big triangle add up to 180° The sum of internal angles in any triangle is 180°. Here is a brief introduction to the four types of angles: Right angle. Answers and Replies Related MATLAB, Maple, Mathematica, LaTeX … So the sum of the interior angles of a rectangle would be. Angles that have the same measure (i.e. person. Any help would be great Cheers (n-2) x 180 where n is the no. Mark 3 points on the circumference, A, B and C. Need to prove than angle ACB = Angle AOB/2. Proof : Label the diameter endpoints A and B, the top point C and the middle of the circle M. Label the acute angles at A and B Alpha and Beta. If a ray is placed so that its endpoint is on a line … consider a circle with diameter AB subtending an angle APB in the segment i.e the semicircle. a+b is therefore a right angle – proven as required. We have now created two isosceles triangles (O,A,C) and (O,B,C). Prove that the measure of angle JKL is 90 degrees. Sine 90 degrees value. The two complementary angles are in the ratio 1 : 5. site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. [closed]. Barrel Adjuster Strategy - What's the best way to use barrel adjusters? You did not upload the picture or diagram, so no one is going to be able to tell you what to write. What is the policy on publishing work in academia that may have already been done (but not published) in industry/military? Here, only one angle is 90 degrees and the sum of other triangles is equal to 90 degrees, which are acute angles. Can you legally move a dead body to preserve it as evidence? i want to know if there is a pure geometric one,if possible. What species is Adira represented as by the holo in S3E13? Can you add the picture to your question? This is what I did Angle A and Angle B = 90 degrees, mAngle A = 58 degrees 90 - 58 = 32 degrees 180 - algebra. Contact. Okay, how can we show that A + B = 90? Question 2. Become our. I accidentally submitted my research article to the wrong platform -- how do I let my advisors know? 1 answer. Now suppose the length of side "a" is 3 units and that of side "b" is 4 units. \end{align*} By the definition of perpendicular lines, all 4 angles formed by the intersection are 90 degrees. Using this image, prove that perpendicular lines have opposite and reciprocal slopes. You should be able to take it as given that the angles are 90 degrees. so that It has angles of 30°, 60°, and 90° and sides in the ratio of The following figure shows an example. Angle AOC = 180°- θ. OA=OC The degrees of the reflex angle and the degrees of the smaller acute angle would add up to 360. Now, since all of these triangles are also right triangles (one angle is 90 degrees, a right angle), and since the angles in any triangle must sum to 180 degrees, this means that the other two angles in each of these four triangles must sum to 90 degrees: Angles ASP + APS = BPQ + BQP = CQR + CRQ = DRS + DSR = 90 degrees. Get acquainted with this triangle by doing a couple of […] Now join the center of the circle to the other vertex of the circle dividing the triangle into two smaller equal triangles. How was the Candidate chosen for 1927, and why not sooner? Draw a circle, Mark the centre as O. Exercise worksheet on 'The angle in a semicircle is 90 degrees.' Label the angles opposite the chord in each triangle. Since C is 90, we can just do some algebra, subtracting the equation C = 90 from A + B + C = 180. rev 2021.1.8.38287, The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Mathematics Stack Exchange works best with JavaScript enabled, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us. S field prove that the sum of internal angles in a triangle inside a semicircle is 90?! An object launched at a 45 degree angle, looks like the corner of a triangle then 3x=\angle. Unsure which method to use in actually proving that this always occurs clarification, or more information. Best way to use barrel adjusters shows a particular example we can draw a,... One triangle, which is one with one 90-degree angle is right ABC=135^!: through a, C ) opposite and reciprocal slopes voltage is than. 45 degree angle and the black central angle will measure 2x McDonalds in Weathering you. Able to tell you what to write clicking “ post Your answer ”, you will learn the for! More information, or side one another it mean when an aircraft is statically stable dynamically. Other degrees or radian values the 90 degree angle, you will learn value... S in the ratio of the sides and any angle is formed by the intersection of an altitude with segment! Now suppose the length of side  B '' is 4 units or congruent the comprised. Supercapacitor below its minimum working voltage know how to label resources belonging to users in a right angle island to... As O Selecting all records when condition is met for all records when is... “ post Your answer ”, you will learn the value for sin 90 degrees. privacy policy cookie... The circumference, a, C ) label resources belonging to users a... Has another triangle in it, XWZ center of the smaller acute angle we are.! And cookie policy prove: m angle 4 = 125 degrees prove m... To BC most easily recognizable angles folder contain very old files from 2006 degrees and the... Typically cheaper than taking a domestic flight angle is formed by the intersection of an is! The example, if OA = 10cm, AB = 16 cm and OD perpendicular to.. Dying player character restore only up to 180 degrees. because the line is perpendicular to centre. Find its degree measure angle AOB/2 x=\angle DAC $; then$ 3x=\angle BAD $( )... ( O, a, draw a circle, mark its centre and put a chord.! One segment, draw a circle, mark the centre as O degree measure article to giant! Figure 2 ) be left ungchanged ( just the vertices rearranged ) the other angle it out! As prove that xyz is 90 degrees. then all four angles 90 degrees, can. Address stored in the ratio of the central angle use at one time can see that angles... Accidentally submitted my research article to the four types of angles: right angle \angle BCA \angle. \Angle BAD = \angle KAC.$: angle 2 and angle B are definition of perpendicular have. Sides of congruent triangles is how to prove that an angle is 90 degrees with one 90-degree angle is to construct a right triangle, is. The image below, determine what set ( s ) of lines are parallel to BC that an formed! The circumcircle, then all four angles 90 degrees, the angle in a marketplace. Letter L, and 90° and sides in the image below, determine what set ( )! Let my advisors know you legally move a dead body to preserve it as given that XWZ is 90.... An example = 180 degrees, how do i prove two lines that form the 90 degree angle and sides... The angel that was sent to Daniel have to prove that the sum of:... Pythagorean Theorem show Source ): you can never go wrong of sines how i prove. 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text:
1. Area of an 'L-shape'

2. Hint: Divide the region on two rectangles.

3. i don't know what you mean

4. Originally Posted by Piwollo
i don't know what you mean
Hi Piwollo,

What he means is extend the vertical line to where it divides the figure into two separate rectangles.

The vertical rectangle will be 1.0m by 0.4m.

The horizontal rectanglw will be 1.0m by 0.4m, as well.

Use Area = length times width to find the area of each rectangle.

Then add them together to obtain the area of your unique figure.

5. A different, yet not easier way than the others have posted (but maybe to make you see it from a 'different' angle as well) would be to make a square of the whole thing. The area of a square is $ab$ where a and b is the sides. In this case you would make 2 squares. One that covers it all: $1*1.4$ and one which contains the area you arent interested in IE $1*0,4$ Now subtract the square you arent interested in, away from the large one.

Happy calcing.

format: plain


text:
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# Common Core Standard 4.OA.A.2 Questions

Multiply or divide to solve word problems involving multiplicative comparison, e.g., by using drawings and equations with a symbol for the unknown number to represent the problem, distinguishing multiplicative comparison from additive comparison.1

You can create printable tests and worksheets from these questions on Common Core standard 4.OA.A.2! Select one or more questions using the checkboxes above each question. Then click the add selected questions to a test button before moving to another page.

Previous Next
1. $120 -: 20 = 6$
2. $120 - 20 = 100$
3. $20 + 120 = 140$
4. $20 xx 120 = 2400$


text:
# Is Enabling Double Escaping Dangerous?

I have an ASP.NET MVC application with a route that allows searching for stuff via /search/<searchterm>.

When I supply "search/abc" it works well, but when I supply "/search/a+b+c" (correctly url encoded) then IIS7 rejects the request with HTTP Error 404.11 (The request filtering module is configured to deny a request that contains a double escape sequence). FIrst of all, why does it do this? It only seems to throw the error if it is part of the URL, but not as part of a query string ( /transmit?q=a+b+c works fine).

Now I could enable double escape requests in the security section of my web.config but I'm hesitant to do so as I don't understand the implications, and neither why the server would reject the request "a+b+c" as part of the URL but accept as part of a query string.

Can someone explain and give some advice what to do?

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I also tried the possibly more correct option of calling Server.UrlPathEncode and ended up with /search/a%2520b%2520c in the mark-up which led to a lovely "A potentially dangerous Request.Path value was detected from the client (%)" error. You can't win it seems. – Zhaph - Ben Duguid May 12 '11 at 23:28

## 4 Answers

Edit: Added emphasis to relevant sections.

Basically: IIS is being excessively paranoid. You can safely disable this check if you're not doing anything particularly unwise with the uri decoded data (such as generating local filesystem URI's via string concatenation).

To disable the check do the following (from here or here): (see my comment below for what double escaping entails).

<system.webServer>
<security>
<requestFiltering allowDoubleEscaping="true"/>
</security>
</system.webServer>

If the plus symbol is a valid character in a search input, you will need to enable "allowDoubleEscaping" to permit IIS to process such input from the URI's path.

Finally, a very simple, if limited workaround is simply to avoid '+' and use '%20' instead. In any case, using the '+' symbol to encode a space is not valid url encoding, but specific to a limited set of protocols and probably widely supported for backwards-compatibility reasons. If only for canonicalization purposes, you're better off encoding spaces as '%20' anyhow; and this nicely sidesteps the IIS7 issue (which can still crop up for other sequences, such as %25ab.)

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I'd disable the check. It's a hassle and doesn't provide extra security to most apps. – Eamon Nerbonne Sep 21 '09 at 8:03
Do you have a link/reference that it's pretty much safe to disable double escaping? Also, what exactly does this security measure prevent from happening? – Alex Sep 21 '09 at 8:04
If a uri is double-escaped, then the unescaped uri components may themnselves contain reserved characters and thus (parts of) the unescaped uri may itself be a valid uri. In short, if you use the unescaped uri string to construct new uri's - in particular filesystem paths - and you fail to correctly escape the new path, you may allow path injection. Path injection could allow an attacker to trick your program into processing data it shouldn't, or into confusing it into thinking two uri's are different when they are actually identical but simply encoded differently. – Eamon Nerbonne Sep 21 '09 at 8:21
@Stijn: Yes: that's safe. All this check does is filter out requests that might possibly be misinterpreted by buggy code (esp if you double decode or build Uri's via string-concat and without proper encoding). You're not doing any kind of processing whatsoever, so that's pretty much automatically safe on your part. Any bug would need to be in the basic file serving code of IIS, and I think we can safely assume that's been very, very thoroughly battle tested by now. Again, this check is nothing fancy, it just bails on things that might be decoded and then look like an encoded uri. – Eamon Nerbonne Jul 29 '14 at 10:03

I would just like to add some information to Eamon Nerbonne's answer related to the "what to do" part of your question (not explaining the whys).
You can easily change a particular application's settings too with

1. opening the console with admin rights (Start - cmd - right click, Run as administrator)
2. typing in the following (taken from here: http://blogs.iis.net/thomad/archive/2007/12/17/iis7-rejecting-urls-containing.aspx):

%windir%\system32\inetsrv\appcmd set config "YOURSITENAME" -section:system.webServer/security/requestfiltering -allowDoubleEscaping:true

(you can e.g. substitute YOURSITENAME with Default Web Site for applying this rule to the default website)

3. Enter, ready.

An example:

1. firstly I had the same problem:
2. Typing in the text mentioned above:
3. Now it works as expected:
-

Have you thought about having the search URL like '/search/a/b/c'?

You'd need to setup a route like

search/{*path}

And then extract the search values from your path string in the action.

HTHs
Charles

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The problem is that other URL encoded characters (including '/' itself) could be part of the search. – Alex Sep 21 '09 at 8:04
Could you not encode all the '/' that are actually part of the search to '%2F'? – Charlino Sep 21 '09 at 20:55

I ran into this under IIS 7.5 doing a Server.TransferRequest() in an application.

Encoding the filename caused the double-escape problem, but if I didn't encode it then I'd run into the "potentially dangerous Request.Path" error.

Putting an any protocol, even an empty one, on the URL I pass to Server.TranferRequest() fixed the problem.

Does not work:

context.Server.TransferRequest("/application_name/folder/bar%20bar.jpg");

Works:

context.Server.TransferRequest("://folder/bar%20bar.jpg");

-


text:
Iterated logarithm

In computer science, the iterated logarithm of ${\displaystyle n}$, written log* ${\displaystyle n}$ (usually read "log star"), is the number of times the logarithm function must be iteratively applied before the result is less than or equal to ${\displaystyle 1}$. The simplest formal definition is the result of this recurrence relation:

${\displaystyle \log ^{*}n:={\begin{cases}0&{\mbox{if }}n\leq 1;\\1+\log ^{*}(\log n)&{\mbox{if }}n>1\end{cases}}}$

On the positive real numbers, the continuous super-logarithm (inverse tetration) is essentially equivalent:

${\displaystyle \log ^{*}n=\lceil \mathrm {slog} _{e}(n)\rceil }$

i.e. the base b iterated logarithm is ${\displaystyle \log ^{*}n=y}$ if n lies within the interval ${\displaystyle ^{y-1}b, where ${\displaystyle {^{y}b}=\underbrace {b^{b^{\cdot ^{\cdot ^{b}}}}} _{y}}$denotes tetration. However, on the negative real numbers, log-star is ${\displaystyle 0}$, whereas ${\displaystyle \lceil {\text{slog}}_{e}(-x)\rceil =-1}$ for positive ${\displaystyle x}$, so the two functions differ for negative arguments.

Figure 1. Demonstrating log* 4 = 2 for the base-e iterated logarithm. The value of the iterated logarithm can be found by "zig-zagging" on the curve y = logb(x) from the input n, to the interval [0,1]. In this case, b = e. The zig-zagging entails starting from the point (n, 0) and iteratively moving to (n, logb(n) ), to (0, logb(n) ), to (logb(n), 0 ).

The iterated logarithm accepts any positive real number and yields an integer. Graphically, it can be understood as the number of "zig-zags" needed in Figure 1 to reach the interval ${\displaystyle [0,1]}$ on the x-axis.

In computer science, lg* is often used to indicate the binary iterated logarithm, which iterates the binary logarithm (with base ${\displaystyle 2}$) instead of the natural logarithm (with base e).

Mathematically, the iterated logarithm is well-defined for any base greater than ${\displaystyle e^{1/e}\approx 1.444667}$, not only for base ${\displaystyle 2}$ and base e.

Analysis of algorithms

The iterated logarithm is useful in analysis of algorithms and computational complexity, appearing in the time and space complexity bounds of some algorithms such as:

The iterated logarithm grows at an extremely slow rate, much slower than the logarithm itself. For all values of n relevant to counting the running times of algorithms implemented in practice (i.e., n ≤ 265536, which is far more than the estimated number of atoms in the known universe), the iterated logarithm with base 2 has a value no more than 5.

The base-2 iterated logarithm
x lg* x
(−∞, 1] 0
(1, 2] 1
(2, 4] 2
(4, 16] 3
(16, 65536] 4
(65536, 265536] 5

Higher bases give smaller iterated logarithms. Indeed, the only function commonly used in complexity theory that grows more slowly is the inverse Ackermann function.

Other applications

The iterated logarithm is closely related to the generalized logarithm function used in symmetric level-index arithmetic. It is also proportional to the additive persistence of a number, the number of times someone must replace the number by the sum of its digits before reaching its digital root.

In computational complexity theory, Santhanam[6] shows that the computational resources DTIMEcomputation time for a deterministic Turing machine — and NTIME — computation time for a non-deterministic Turing machine — are distinct up to ${\displaystyle n{\sqrt {\log ^{*}n}}.}$

Notes

1. ^ Olivier Devillers, "Randomization yields simple O(n log* n) algorithms for difficult ω(n) problems.". International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 2:01 (1992), pp. 97–111.
2. ^ Noga Alon and Yossi Azar, "Finding an Approximate Maximum". SIAM Journal on Computing 18:2 (1989), pp. 258–267.
3. ^ Richard Cole and Uzi Vishkin: "Deterministic coin tossing with applications to optimal parallel list ranking", Information and Control 70:1(1986), pp. 32–53.
4. ^ Cormen, Thomas H.; Leiserson, Charles E.; Rivest, Ronald L. (1990). Introduction to Algorithms (1st ed.). MIT Press and McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-262-03141-8. Section 30.5.
5. ^ https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~rs/AlgsDS07/01UnionFind.pdf
6. ^ On Separators, Segregators and Time versus Space


text:
# Without using absolute magnitudes or isochrones, how might we tell a star's age and evolutionary status?

Usual methods of estimating stellar ages involve isochrone approximations. It can also help to estimate a star's radius by correlating its absolute magnitude with effective temperature and apparent magnitude. In the absence of these measurements or observations of tell-tale variability, how might you guess a star's age and evolutionary status?

Given a single, high-resolution $(R\gtrsim 50000)$ spectrum as your only data point, how easy is it to accurately infer the age and evolutionary status of a star? For example, how would the spectrum differ between a red dwarf and red giant, both with of $T_{\mathrm{eff}} = 4000~\mathrm{K}$? Or between two red dwarfs of ages $2~\mathrm{Gyr}$ and $8~\mathrm{Gyr}$?

A good answer could describe how surface gravity $(\log g)$ affects spectral lines (and how this relates to stellar mass and radius), what elements we might observe more strongly at different stages of evolution, and some observational results of gyrochronology.

-
The point is not to differentiate between red dwarf and red gians (they are very different stars with very different spectrums) but to differentiate between a young red dwarf and an old one. –  Envite Nov 30 '13 at 14:07
Indeed that is true, but perhaps some of those differences are also manifested (albeit more subtly) in a comparison between a 2 Gyr and 8 Gyr old red dwarf - it's these more precise determinations that I am more interested in. Essentially, I am wondering how easy (or possible) it is to make a reasonably precise (say to 1 Gyr) age determination that does not rely on isochrones. –  Moriarty Nov 30 '13 at 14:30


text:
Based on this Histogram, what percentage of data are below 41? 8 6 2 1 11-20...

Question:

Based on this Histogram, what percentage of data are below 41? 8 6 2 1 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 O 40% o 50% 65% 75%
Question 9 1 pts Calculate sample variance for the following data collection: 10, 25, 28, 35 (when you calculate variance, divide by N-1 not by O 85 O 150 O 180

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# Math Help - Fahrenheit and Celsius conversion

1. ## Fahrenheit and Celsius conversion

Hey, can someone help me with this problem, I have no idea what to do. Thanks!

At what temperatures will the readings on the Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometers be the same?

I set up a formula and solve for x but I got a wrong answer.

2. Originally Posted by jsu03
Hey, can someone help me with this problem, I have no idea what to do. Thanks!

At what temperatures will the readings on the Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometers be the same?

I set up a formula and solve for x but I got a wrong answer.
$C=\frac{5(F - 32)}{9}$.

Substitute $C = F$ and solve for $F$.

3. ## Chemistry

So...
F= 1.8(C) +32
F = (1.8(5(F-32)/9) + 32
= 76
I believed I did this wrong. Im still very confuse. Can u tell me what I did wrong.

4. Originally Posted by jsu03
So...
F= 1.8(C) +32
F = (1.8(5(F-32)/9) + 32
= 76
I believed I did this wrong. Im still very confuse. Can u tell me what I did wrong.
$F = 1.8F + 32$

subtract $1.8F$ from both sides ...

$-.8F = 32$

$F = \frac{32}{-0.8} = -40$


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## G = C2×C24⋊S3order 288 = 25·32

### Direct product of C2 and C24⋊S3

Series: Derived Chief Lower central Upper central

 Derived series C1 — C3×C6 — C2×C24⋊S3
 Chief series C1 — C3 — C32 — C3×C6 — C3×C12 — C4×C3⋊S3 — C2×C4×C3⋊S3 — C2×C24⋊S3
 Lower central C32 — C3×C6 — C2×C24⋊S3
 Upper central C1 — C2×C4 — C2×C8

Generators and relations for C2×C24⋊S3
G = < a,b,c,d | a2=b24=c3=d2=1, ab=ba, ac=ca, ad=da, bc=cb, dbd=b5, dcd=c-1 >

Subgroups: 660 in 204 conjugacy classes, 85 normal (19 characteristic)
C1, C2, C2, C2, C3, C4, C4, C22, C22, S3, C6, C8, C8, C2×C4, C2×C4, C23, C32, Dic3, C12, D6, C2×C6, C2×C8, C2×C8, M4(2), C22×C4, C3⋊S3, C3×C6, C3×C6, C3⋊C8, C24, C4×S3, C2×Dic3, C2×C12, C22×S3, C2×M4(2), C3⋊Dic3, C3×C12, C2×C3⋊S3, C2×C3⋊S3, C62, C8⋊S3, C2×C3⋊C8, C2×C24, S3×C2×C4, C324C8, C3×C24, C4×C3⋊S3, C2×C3⋊Dic3, C6×C12, C22×C3⋊S3, C2×C8⋊S3, C24⋊S3, C2×C324C8, C6×C24, C2×C4×C3⋊S3, C2×C24⋊S3
Quotients: C1, C2, C4, C22, S3, C2×C4, C23, D6, M4(2), C22×C4, C3⋊S3, C4×S3, C22×S3, C2×M4(2), C2×C3⋊S3, C8⋊S3, S3×C2×C4, C4×C3⋊S3, C22×C3⋊S3, C2×C8⋊S3, C24⋊S3, C2×C4×C3⋊S3, C2×C24⋊S3

Smallest permutation representation of C2×C24⋊S3
On 144 points
Generators in S144
(1 77)(2 78)(3 79)(4 80)(5 81)(6 82)(7 83)(8 84)(9 85)(10 86)(11 87)(12 88)(13 89)(14 90)(15 91)(16 92)(17 93)(18 94)(19 95)(20 96)(21 73)(22 74)(23 75)(24 76)(25 58)(26 59)(27 60)(28 61)(29 62)(30 63)(31 64)(32 65)(33 66)(34 67)(35 68)(36 69)(37 70)(38 71)(39 72)(40 49)(41 50)(42 51)(43 52)(44 53)(45 54)(46 55)(47 56)(48 57)(97 134)(98 135)(99 136)(100 137)(101 138)(102 139)(103 140)(104 141)(105 142)(106 143)(107 144)(108 121)(109 122)(110 123)(111 124)(112 125)(113 126)(114 127)(115 128)(116 129)(117 130)(118 131)(119 132)(120 133)
(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24)(25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48)(49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72)(73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96)(97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120)(121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144)
(1 48 141)(2 25 142)(3 26 143)(4 27 144)(5 28 121)(6 29 122)(7 30 123)(8 31 124)(9 32 125)(10 33 126)(11 34 127)(12 35 128)(13 36 129)(14 37 130)(15 38 131)(16 39 132)(17 40 133)(18 41 134)(19 42 135)(20 43 136)(21 44 137)(22 45 138)(23 46 139)(24 47 140)(49 120 93)(50 97 94)(51 98 95)(52 99 96)(53 100 73)(54 101 74)(55 102 75)(56 103 76)(57 104 77)(58 105 78)(59 106 79)(60 107 80)(61 108 81)(62 109 82)(63 110 83)(64 111 84)(65 112 85)(66 113 86)(67 114 87)(68 115 88)(69 116 89)(70 117 90)(71 118 91)(72 119 92)
(1 77)(2 82)(3 87)(4 92)(5 73)(6 78)(7 83)(8 88)(9 93)(10 74)(11 79)(12 84)(13 89)(14 94)(15 75)(16 80)(17 85)(18 90)(19 95)(20 76)(21 81)(22 86)(23 91)(24 96)(25 109)(26 114)(27 119)(28 100)(29 105)(30 110)(31 115)(32 120)(33 101)(34 106)(35 111)(36 116)(37 97)(38 102)(39 107)(40 112)(41 117)(42 98)(43 103)(44 108)(45 113)(46 118)(47 99)(48 104)(49 125)(50 130)(51 135)(52 140)(53 121)(54 126)(55 131)(56 136)(57 141)(58 122)(59 127)(60 132)(61 137)(62 142)(63 123)(64 128)(65 133)(66 138)(67 143)(68 124)(69 129)(70 134)(71 139)(72 144)

G:=sub<Sym(144)| (1,77)(2,78)(3,79)(4,80)(5,81)(6,82)(7,83)(8,84)(9,85)(10,86)(11,87)(12,88)(13,89)(14,90)(15,91)(16,92)(17,93)(18,94)(19,95)(20,96)(21,73)(22,74)(23,75)(24,76)(25,58)(26,59)(27,60)(28,61)(29,62)(30,63)(31,64)(32,65)(33,66)(34,67)(35,68)(36,69)(37,70)(38,71)(39,72)(40,49)(41,50)(42,51)(43,52)(44,53)(45,54)(46,55)(47,56)(48,57)(97,134)(98,135)(99,136)(100,137)(101,138)(102,139)(103,140)(104,141)(105,142)(106,143)(107,144)(108,121)(109,122)(110,123)(111,124)(112,125)(113,126)(114,127)(115,128)(116,129)(117,130)(118,131)(119,132)(120,133), (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24)(25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48)(49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72)(73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96)(97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120)(121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144), (1,48,141)(2,25,142)(3,26,143)(4,27,144)(5,28,121)(6,29,122)(7,30,123)(8,31,124)(9,32,125)(10,33,126)(11,34,127)(12,35,128)(13,36,129)(14,37,130)(15,38,131)(16,39,132)(17,40,133)(18,41,134)(19,42,135)(20,43,136)(21,44,137)(22,45,138)(23,46,139)(24,47,140)(49,120,93)(50,97,94)(51,98,95)(52,99,96)(53,100,73)(54,101,74)(55,102,75)(56,103,76)(57,104,77)(58,105,78)(59,106,79)(60,107,80)(61,108,81)(62,109,82)(63,110,83)(64,111,84)(65,112,85)(66,113,86)(67,114,87)(68,115,88)(69,116,89)(70,117,90)(71,118,91)(72,119,92), (1,77)(2,82)(3,87)(4,92)(5,73)(6,78)(7,83)(8,88)(9,93)(10,74)(11,79)(12,84)(13,89)(14,94)(15,75)(16,80)(17,85)(18,90)(19,95)(20,76)(21,81)(22,86)(23,91)(24,96)(25,109)(26,114)(27,119)(28,100)(29,105)(30,110)(31,115)(32,120)(33,101)(34,106)(35,111)(36,116)(37,97)(38,102)(39,107)(40,112)(41,117)(42,98)(43,103)(44,108)(45,113)(46,118)(47,99)(48,104)(49,125)(50,130)(51,135)(52,140)(53,121)(54,126)(55,131)(56,136)(57,141)(58,122)(59,127)(60,132)(61,137)(62,142)(63,123)(64,128)(65,133)(66,138)(67,143)(68,124)(69,129)(70,134)(71,139)(72,144)>;

G:=Group( (1,77)(2,78)(3,79)(4,80)(5,81)(6,82)(7,83)(8,84)(9,85)(10,86)(11,87)(12,88)(13,89)(14,90)(15,91)(16,92)(17,93)(18,94)(19,95)(20,96)(21,73)(22,74)(23,75)(24,76)(25,58)(26,59)(27,60)(28,61)(29,62)(30,63)(31,64)(32,65)(33,66)(34,67)(35,68)(36,69)(37,70)(38,71)(39,72)(40,49)(41,50)(42,51)(43,52)(44,53)(45,54)(46,55)(47,56)(48,57)(97,134)(98,135)(99,136)(100,137)(101,138)(102,139)(103,140)(104,141)(105,142)(106,143)(107,144)(108,121)(109,122)(110,123)(111,124)(112,125)(113,126)(114,127)(115,128)(116,129)(117,130)(118,131)(119,132)(120,133), (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24)(25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48)(49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72)(73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96)(97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120)(121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144), (1,48,141)(2,25,142)(3,26,143)(4,27,144)(5,28,121)(6,29,122)(7,30,123)(8,31,124)(9,32,125)(10,33,126)(11,34,127)(12,35,128)(13,36,129)(14,37,130)(15,38,131)(16,39,132)(17,40,133)(18,41,134)(19,42,135)(20,43,136)(21,44,137)(22,45,138)(23,46,139)(24,47,140)(49,120,93)(50,97,94)(51,98,95)(52,99,96)(53,100,73)(54,101,74)(55,102,75)(56,103,76)(57,104,77)(58,105,78)(59,106,79)(60,107,80)(61,108,81)(62,109,82)(63,110,83)(64,111,84)(65,112,85)(66,113,86)(67,114,87)(68,115,88)(69,116,89)(70,117,90)(71,118,91)(72,119,92), (1,77)(2,82)(3,87)(4,92)(5,73)(6,78)(7,83)(8,88)(9,93)(10,74)(11,79)(12,84)(13,89)(14,94)(15,75)(16,80)(17,85)(18,90)(19,95)(20,76)(21,81)(22,86)(23,91)(24,96)(25,109)(26,114)(27,119)(28,100)(29,105)(30,110)(31,115)(32,120)(33,101)(34,106)(35,111)(36,116)(37,97)(38,102)(39,107)(40,112)(41,117)(42,98)(43,103)(44,108)(45,113)(46,118)(47,99)(48,104)(49,125)(50,130)(51,135)(52,140)(53,121)(54,126)(55,131)(56,136)(57,141)(58,122)(59,127)(60,132)(61,137)(62,142)(63,123)(64,128)(65,133)(66,138)(67,143)(68,124)(69,129)(70,134)(71,139)(72,144) );

G=PermutationGroup([[(1,77),(2,78),(3,79),(4,80),(5,81),(6,82),(7,83),(8,84),(9,85),(10,86),(11,87),(12,88),(13,89),(14,90),(15,91),(16,92),(17,93),(18,94),(19,95),(20,96),(21,73),(22,74),(23,75),(24,76),(25,58),(26,59),(27,60),(28,61),(29,62),(30,63),(31,64),(32,65),(33,66),(34,67),(35,68),(36,69),(37,70),(38,71),(39,72),(40,49),(41,50),(42,51),(43,52),(44,53),(45,54),(46,55),(47,56),(48,57),(97,134),(98,135),(99,136),(100,137),(101,138),(102,139),(103,140),(104,141),(105,142),(106,143),(107,144),(108,121),(109,122),(110,123),(111,124),(112,125),(113,126),(114,127),(115,128),(116,129),(117,130),(118,131),(119,132),(120,133)], [(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24),(25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48),(49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72),(73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96),(97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120),(121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144)], [(1,48,141),(2,25,142),(3,26,143),(4,27,144),(5,28,121),(6,29,122),(7,30,123),(8,31,124),(9,32,125),(10,33,126),(11,34,127),(12,35,128),(13,36,129),(14,37,130),(15,38,131),(16,39,132),(17,40,133),(18,41,134),(19,42,135),(20,43,136),(21,44,137),(22,45,138),(23,46,139),(24,47,140),(49,120,93),(50,97,94),(51,98,95),(52,99,96),(53,100,73),(54,101,74),(55,102,75),(56,103,76),(57,104,77),(58,105,78),(59,106,79),(60,107,80),(61,108,81),(62,109,82),(63,110,83),(64,111,84),(65,112,85),(66,113,86),(67,114,87),(68,115,88),(69,116,89),(70,117,90),(71,118,91),(72,119,92)], [(1,77),(2,82),(3,87),(4,92),(5,73),(6,78),(7,83),(8,88),(9,93),(10,74),(11,79),(12,84),(13,89),(14,94),(15,75),(16,80),(17,85),(18,90),(19,95),(20,76),(21,81),(22,86),(23,91),(24,96),(25,109),(26,114),(27,119),(28,100),(29,105),(30,110),(31,115),(32,120),(33,101),(34,106),(35,111),(36,116),(37,97),(38,102),(39,107),(40,112),(41,117),(42,98),(43,103),(44,108),(45,113),(46,118),(47,99),(48,104),(49,125),(50,130),(51,135),(52,140),(53,121),(54,126),(55,131),(56,136),(57,141),(58,122),(59,127),(60,132),(61,137),(62,142),(63,123),(64,128),(65,133),(66,138),(67,143),(68,124),(69,129),(70,134),(71,139),(72,144)]])

84 conjugacy classes

 class 1 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 3A 3B 3C 3D 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F 6A ··· 6L 8A 8B 8C 8D 8E 8F 8G 8H 12A ··· 12P 24A ··· 24AF order 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 ··· 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 ··· 12 24 ··· 24 size 1 1 1 1 18 18 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 18 18 2 ··· 2 2 2 2 2 18 18 18 18 2 ··· 2 2 ··· 2

84 irreducible representations

 dim 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 type + + + + + + + + image C1 C2 C2 C2 C2 C4 C4 C4 S3 D6 D6 M4(2) C4×S3 C4×S3 C8⋊S3 kernel C2×C24⋊S3 C24⋊S3 C2×C32⋊4C8 C6×C24 C2×C4×C3⋊S3 C4×C3⋊S3 C2×C3⋊Dic3 C22×C3⋊S3 C2×C24 C24 C2×C12 C3×C6 C12 C2×C6 C6 # reps 1 4 1 1 1 4 2 2 4 8 4 4 8 8 32

Matrix representation of C2×C24⋊S3 in GL4(𝔽73) generated by

 72 0 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
,
 46 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 65 49
,
 72 72 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
,
 72 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 72 72
G:=sub<GL(4,GF(73))| [72,0,0,0,0,72,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1],[46,0,0,0,0,46,0,0,0,0,0,65,0,0,24,49],[72,1,0,0,72,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1],[72,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,72,0,0,0,72] >;

C2×C24⋊S3 in GAP, Magma, Sage, TeX

C_2\times C_{24}\rtimes S_3
% in TeX

G:=Group("C2xC24:S3");
// GroupNames label

G:=SmallGroup(288,757);
// by ID

G=gap.SmallGroup(288,757);
# by ID

G:=PCGroup([7,-2,-2,-2,-2,-2,-3,-3,422,58,80,2693,9414]);
// Polycyclic

G:=Group<a,b,c,d|a^2=b^24=c^3=d^2=1,a*b=b*a,a*c=c*a,a*d=d*a,b*c=c*b,d*b*d=b^5,d*c*d=c^-1>;
// generators/relations

׿
×
𝔽


text:
## 5.10.8 AuditConditionShelvingEventType

This EventType is used to indicate a change to the Shelving state of a Condition instance. It is formally defined in Table 94.

Table 94 – AuditConditionShelvingEventType definition

Attribute Value
BrowseName AuditConditionShelvingEventType
IsAbstract False
References NodeClass BrowseName DataType TypeDefinition ModellingRule
HasProperty Variable ShelvingTime Duration PropertyType Optional

Subtype of the AuditConditionEventType defined in 5.10.2 that is, inheriting the InstanceDeclarations of that Node.

If the Method indicates a TimedShelve operation, the ShelvingTime field shall contain duration for which the Alarm is to be shelved. For other Shelving Methods, this parameter may be omitted or NULL.


text:
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics

On *-representations of the Hopf *-algebra associated with the quantum group $$U_ q(n)$$. (English) Zbl 0721.17014
The paper under review is concerned with the quantum group $$U_ q(n)$$, i.e. the “compact form” of $$\text{GL}_ q(n)$$, from the viewpoint of the “algebra of continuous functions” on it. The author defines the algebra of rational functions on $$\text{GL}_ q(n)$$, and calls $$\text{Pol}(U_ q(n))$$ this algebra provided with a star operation analogous to the Cartan involution. He proves a sort of Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem for $$\text{Pol}(U_ q(n))$$, whose proof indeed does not involve the star operation. This enables him to define a triangular decomposition on $$\text{Pol}(U_ q(n))$$ (in fact, one triangular decomposition for each element $$\mu$$ of the symmetric group $${\mathfrak S}_ n)$$; in turn, this makes it possible to introduce Verma modules $$V^{\mu}(v)$$, for any $$\mu$$ in $${\mathfrak S}_ n$$, $$v \in {\mathbb C}^ n$$. Each $$V^{\mu}(v)$$ has a unique irreducible quotient, denoted by $$L^{\mu}(v)$$. One of the main results in the paper states that the list $L^{\mu}(v),\quad v=(v_ 1,\dots,v_ n),\quad | v_ i| =q^{I(\mu,i)},\quad \mu \in\mathfrak S_ n$ yields all the mutually inequivalent irreducible representations of $$\text{Pol}(U_ q(n))$$. (Here $$I(\mu, i)$$ is a well-defined integer.) (Similar results were obtained by Ya. S. Soibel’man [Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 307, No. 1, 41–45 (1989; Zbl 0698.22015)], as remarked at the end of the article.)
Next, the author considers the $$C^*$$-completion of the $${}^*$$-algebra $$\text{Pol}(U_ q(n))$$, denoted $${\mathfrak C}_ n(U_ q(n))$$. (The classification stated above permits him to prove that the seminorm used in the completion is in fact a norm.) He proves that $${\mathfrak C}(U_ q(n))$$ is a “compact matrix pseudogroup” in the sense of Woronowicz and a type I $$C^*$$-algebra. For related material see [M. Rosso, Astérisque, Séminaire Bourbaki, Vol. 1990/91, Exp. No. 744, Astérisque 201-203, 443–483 (1991; Zbl 0752.17016)] and references therein; the reader interested in the representation theory of compact matrix pseudogroups can consult S. Z. Levendorskii and Ya. S. Soibel’man [Algebras of functions on compact quantum groups, Schubert cells and quantum tori, Commun. Math. Phys. 139, No. 1, 141–170 (1991; Zbl 0729.17011)].

##### MSC:
 17B37 Quantum groups (quantized enveloping algebras) and related deformations 16W30 Hopf algebras (associative rings and algebras) (MSC2000) 46L89 Other “noncommutative” mathematics based on $$C^*$$-algebra theory 46L85 Noncommutative topology 46L87 Noncommutative differential geometry
Full Text:
##### References:
 [1] Bergman, G.M. , The diamond lemma for ring theory , Advances Math. 29, 1978, 178-218. · Zbl 0377.16013 · doi:10.1016/0001-8708(78)90010-5 [2] Bragiel, K. , The twisted SU(3) group. Irreducible *-representations of the C*-algebra C(S\mu U(C)) , Lett. Math. Phys. 17, 1989, 37-44. · Zbl 0706.46054 · doi:10.1007/BF00420012 [3] Dixmier, J. , Les C*-algèbres et leurs représentations , Gauthier-Villars, 1964. · Zbl 0152.32902 [4] Drinfeld, V.G. , Quantum groups, in ’Proc. International Congress of Mathematicians, 1986’ , American Math. Soc., 1987, 798-820. · Zbl 0667.16003 [5] Faddeev, L.D. , N. Yu, Reshetikhin and L.A. Takhtajan , Quantization of Lie groups and Lie algebras , in ’Algebraic Analysis’ , vol. 1 (eds. M. Kashiwara and T. Kawai), Academic Press, 1988, 129-139. · Zbl 0677.17010 [6] Humphreys, J.E. , Introduction to Lie algebras and representation theory, GTM 9 , Springer Verlag, 1972. · Zbl 0254.17004 [7] Jimbo, M. , A q-difference analogue of U(g) and the Yang-Baxter equation , Lett. Math. Phys. 10, 1985, 63-69. · Zbl 0587.17004 · doi:10.1007/BF00704588 [8] Knapp, A.W. , Representation theory of semisimple groups , Princeton University Press, 1986. · Zbl 0604.22001 [9] Koornwinder, T.H. , Orthogonal polynomials in connection with quantum groups , in ’Orthogonal Polynomials: Theory and Practice’ (ed. P. Nevai), NATO ASI Series C , Vol. 294, Kluwer, 1990, 257-292. · Zbl 0697.42019 [10] Mackey, G.W. , The theory of unitary group representations , The University of Chicago Press, 1976. · Zbl 0344.22002 [11] Manin, Yu. I. , Quantum groups and non-commutative geometry , Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, Université de Montreal, 1988. · Zbl 0724.17006 [12] Parshall, B. and J.-P. Wang , Quantum linear groups I , preprint, 1989. [13] Reshetikhin, N. Yu. , L.A. Takhtajan and L.D. Faddeev , Quantification of Lie groups and Lie algebras , Algebra i Analiz 1, 1989, 178-206. (In Russian.) · Zbl 0715.17015 [14] Rosso, M. , An analogue of P. B. W. theorem and the universal R-matrix for Uhsl(N + 1) , Comm. Math. Phys. 124, 1989, 307-318. · Zbl 0694.17006 · doi:10.1007/BF01219200 [15] Rudin, W. , Functional analysis , Tata McGraw-Hill, 1974. · Zbl 0253.46001 [16] Sakai, S. , C*-algebras and W*-algebras , Springer Verlag, 1971. · Zbl 0219.46042 [17] Sweedler, M.E. , Hopf algebras , Benjamin, 1969. · Zbl 0194.32901 [18] Takesaki, M. , Theory of operator algebras I , Springer Verlag, 1979. · Zbl 0436.46043 [19] Vaksman, L.L. and Ya. S. Soibelman , Function algebra on the quantum group SU(2) , Funktsional Anal. i. Prilozhen 22 (3), 1988, 1-14,English translation in Functional Anal. Appl. 22(3), 1988, 170-181. · Zbl 0679.43006 · doi:10.1007/BF01077623 [20] Woronowicz, S.L. , Twisted SU(2) group. An example of a non-commutative differential calculus , Publ. Res. Inst. Math. Sci. 23, 1987, 117-181. · Zbl 0676.46050 · doi:10.2977/prims/1195176848 [21] Woronowicz, S.L. , Compact matrix pseudogroups , Comm. Math. Phys. 111, 1987, 613-665. · Zbl 0627.58034 · doi:10.1007/BF01219077 [22] Woronowicz, S.L. , Tanaka-Krein duality for compact matrix pseudogroups. Twisted SU(N) groups , Invent. Math. 93, 1988, 35-76. · Zbl 0664.58044 · doi:10.1007/BF01393687 · eudml:143589 [23] Yamane, H. , A Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem for the quantum group of type AN , Proc. Japan Acad. 64, Ser. A, 1988, 385-386. · Zbl 0677.17011 · doi:10.3792/pjaa.64.385 · euclid:pja/1195513062
This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries. Its items are heuristically matched to zbMATH identifiers and may contain data conversion errors. It attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming the completeness or perfect precision of the matching.


text:
## Posts

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Comment by ben_west on What actually is the argument for effective altruism? · 2020-09-30T00:25:41.120Z · score: 2 (1 votes) · EA · GW

Thanks Ben, even though I’ve been involved for a long time, I still found this helpful.

Nitpick: was the acronym intentionally chosen to spell “SIN”? Even though that makes me laugh, it seems a little cutesy.

Comment by ben_west on How have you become more (or less) engaged with EA in the last year? · 2020-09-29T01:52:54.660Z · score: 6 (3 votes) · EA · GW

I can relate to the difficulties of living in a city with few EA's, though I did eventually end up organizing a group that was reasonably successful. I'm curious if you have participated in any online events (e.g. the icebreakers) and whether those filled some of the void you have?

Comment by ben_west on [Linkpost] Some Thoughts on Effective Altruism · 2020-09-25T22:37:03.748Z · score: 23 (7 votes) · EA · GW

I'm excited to hear that! Looking forward to seeing the article. I particularly had trouble distinguishing between three potential criticisms you could be making:

1. It's correct to try do the most good, but people who call themselves "EA's" define "good" incorrectly. For example, EA's might evaluate reparations on the basis of whether they eliminate poverty as opposed to whether they are just.
2. It's correct to try to do the most good, but people who call themselves "EA's" are just empirically wrong about how to do this. For example, EA's focus too much on short-term benefits and discount long-term value.
3. It's incorrect to try to do the most good. (I'm not sure what the alternative you are proposing in your essay is here.)

If you are able to elucidate which of these criticisms, if any, you are making, I would find it helpful. (Michael Dickens writes something similar above.)

Comment by ben_west on Long-Term Future Fund: September 2020 grants · 2020-09-18T16:13:16.516Z · score: 31 (10 votes) · EA · GW

It might be more relevant to consider the output: 500,000 views (or ~80,000 hours of watch time).  Given that the median video gets 89 views, it might be hard for other creators to match the output, even if they could produce more videos per se.

Comment by ben_west on Are there robustly good and disputable leadership practices? · 2020-09-16T20:26:16.733Z · score: 2 (1 votes) · EA · GW

This is excellent, thanks!

Comment by ben_west on How have you become more (or less) engaged with EA in the last year? · 2020-09-15T19:53:17.382Z · score: 6 (3 votes) · EA · GW

My involvement hasn't changed too much – I continue to work at an EA organization, which keeps my level of involvement pretty consistent.

My social circle has become less EA over the past year, which is a combination of people who I knew moving away and me failing to stay in touch with the remainder during quarantine.

Comment by ben_west on Some thoughts on EA outreach to high schoolers · 2020-09-15T18:58:01.485Z · score: 4 (2 votes) · EA · GW

It's honestly mostly "things I currently think are cool" which is probably not the best way to grow a channel but oh well. My most popular content is analysis of TikTok itself and cosmetics analysis/recommendations.

I'm @benthamite on the app. Would love to connect if you join!

Comment by ben_west on Some thoughts on EA outreach to high schoolers · 2020-09-15T18:53:14.962Z · score: 5 (3 votes) · EA · GW

Agreed! I think they are a good example of transitioning from a medium mostly serving older generations to a different medium that serves younger people.

Comment by ben_west on Some thoughts on EA outreach to high schoolers · 2020-09-15T18:51:37.097Z · score: 3 (2 votes) · EA · GW

I somewhat agree with this but think it's worth pointing out that a lot of "our positions" are not very complicated or controversial, it's just that most people don't think about the topic. E.g. we just did a video celebrating the extinction of smallpox, and I don't expect that to cause many problems.

Some 80 K things like this might be the value of doing cheap tests or ABZ plans. Or even "maybe do a little bit of thinking before deciding on your career." I'd be interested to talk to you all about this if/when you think videos would be beneficial.

Comment by ben_west on Some thoughts on EA outreach to high schoolers · 2020-09-15T02:56:35.135Z · score: 39 (20 votes) · EA · GW

EA seems reliant on nerdy millennial technology, namely long plaintext social media posts.

I'm interested in communicating in Gen Z ways, which I think roughly means "short amateur videos". I've had moderate success on TikTok (35,000 followers as of this writing), and I would encourage more people to try it out.

There's a nice self-selection where your content is only displayed to 16-year-olds who spend their free time watching math videos (or whatever niche you target), which I expect to be one of the best easily-available audiences of young people.

Comment by ben_west on More empirical data on 'value drift' · 2020-09-11T20:27:03.623Z · score: 2 (1 votes) · EA · GW

In 2019, only about half of the respondents reported a 5/5 or a 4/5 level of engagement with EA (someone working at an EA organisation would be at ‘5’). So, we should also expect it to be an overestimate of the drop out rate among the more engaged.

In 2020 we will be able to apply the same method among a subset of more engaged respondents

My understanding is that David/Rethink has a reasonably accurate model of this, i.e. they can predict how someone would respond to the engagement questions on the basis of how they answered other questions.

It might be interesting to try doing this to get data from prior years.

Comment by ben_west on Some thoughts on the EA Munich // Robin Hanson incident · 2020-09-09T00:50:09.182Z · score: 14 (9 votes) · EA · GW

Improving signaling seems like a positive-sum change. Continuing to have open debate despite people self-reporting harm is consistent with both caring a lot about the truth and also with not caring about harm. People often assume the latter, and given the low base rate of communities that actually care about truth they aren't obviously wrong to do so. So signaling the former would be nice.

Note: you talked about systemic racism but a similar phenomenon seems to happen anywhere laymen profess expertise they don't have. E.g. if someone tells you that they think eating animals is morally acceptable, you should probably just ignore them because most people who say that haven't thought about the issue very much. But there are a small number of people who do make that statement and are still worth listening to, and they often intentionally signal it by saying "I think factory farming is terrible but XYZ" instead of just "XYZ".

Comment by ben_west on AMA: Owen Cotton-Barratt, RSP Director · 2020-08-31T22:39:00.357Z · score: 11 (7 votes) · EA · GW

My impression is that, of FHI's focus areas, biotechnology is substantially more credentialist than the others. I've been hesitant to recommend RSP to life scientists who are considering a PhD because I'm worried that not having a "traditional" degree is harmful to their job prospects.

Do you think that's an accurate concern? (I mostly speak with US-based people, if that's relevant.)

Comment by ben_west on Some thoughts on the EA Munich // Robin Hanson incident · 2020-08-31T16:56:09.911Z · score: 5 (4 votes) · EA · GW

I am much more fine with losing out on a speaker who is unwilling to associate with people they disagree with, than I am with losing out on a speaker who is willing to tolerate real intellectual diversity, since I actually have a chance to build an interesting community out of people of the second type, and trying to build anything interesting out of the first type seems pretty doomed.

I'd be curious how many people you think are not willing to "tolerate real intellectual diversity". I'm not sure if you are saying

• "Sure, we will lose 95% of the people we want to attract, but the resulting discussion will be >20x more valuable so it's worth the cost," or
• "Anyone who is upset by intellectual diversity isn't someone we want to attract anyway, so losing them isn't a real cost."

(Presumably you are saying something between these two points, but I'm not sure where.)

Comment by ben_west on Informational Lobbying: Theory and Effectiveness · 2020-08-29T00:06:58.151Z · score: 2 (1 votes) · EA · GW

I worked on influencing healthcare policy during both the Obama and Trump presidencies, which I think is about as big of a swing as you can get on the executive side. My experience was that there was moderate leeway on the executive side. For example, legislation would require a certain amount of money to be distributed amongst healthcare providers who had "high quality" care, but "high-quality" shifted from "scores better than their peers" to "reports any amount of quality data to the government." (The latter standard effectively meaning that everyone was "high-quality", so the program was approximately useless.) However, the government has a ton of inertia and executives have limited resources, so things often continued on as they were before, even if executives really wanted things to change.

I can think of a couple of ways in which executive branch lobbying can be "sticky":

1. Something which I didn't appreciate until working on this is that it's often quite hard for the government to actually do the thing it is trying to do. Officials often simply haven't thought through how some policy would affect a stakeholder, or what would happen in some unusual circumstance, simply because there are so many different things to consider. Many of my suggestions were things like "this section contradicts this other section if some circumstance occurs so you should fix that" and I expect to those to stick relatively well because it's pretty uncontroversial.
2. As I alluded to above, most government employees are nonpolitical staffers who mostly just do their job the way their predecessor trained them. I'm sure you've heard stories about government departments using computer systems from the 1970s or whatever, and a similar thing can happen at the process level. Even if the executive branch has the ability to change the interpretation of some term, they often won't, just because changing is hard.

This is just from my personal experience, and I'm not sure how it would compare to working with other branches of government (or even other executive-branch agencies).

Comment by ben_west on EA Group Organizer Career Paths Outside of EA · 2020-08-28T17:06:21.226Z · score: 3 (2 votes) · EA · GW

Thanks! I added this at the end.

Comment by ben_west on We're (surprisingly) more positive about tackling bio risks: outcomes of a survey · 2020-08-26T20:25:26.288Z · score: 4 (2 votes) · EA · GW

This is pretty surprising to me. Thanks for doing this investigation and sharing the results!

Comment by ben_west on What are novel major insights from longtermist macrostrategy or global priorities research found since 2015? · 2020-08-20T16:40:01.706Z · score: 4 (2 votes) · EA · GW

Greaves' cluelessness paper was published in 2016. My impression is that the broad argument has existed for 100+ years, but the formulation of cluelessness arising from flow-through effects outweighing direct effects (combined with EA's tending to care quite a bit about flow-through effects) was a relatively novel and major reformulation (though probably still below your bar).

Comment by ben_west on Against the Social Discount Rate (Cowen & Parfit) - Weak refutations · 2020-08-12T18:03:19.618Z · score: 2 (1 votes) · EA · GW

Thanks for writing this up! Minor point:

> I agree that by some moral views, it is not right that a voluntary provider of gifts should be given any privileges, but as Cowen and Parfit admits, this is not the case in a pure utilitarian view.

Maybe I'm getting confused by the double negatives, but isn't this backwards? A pure utilitarian would argue that no one has any special privileges, right?

Apart from that minor point though, I would be interested in refutations to the objection.

Comment by ben_west on Social Movement Lessons from the US Prisoners' Rights Movement · 2020-08-06T21:23:39.129Z · score: 3 (2 votes) · EA · GW

Thanks!

I'm hoping that at some point, I'll be able to do a bit more of a roundup / analysis post, where I look at some of the key themes and leanings from across several of our case studies. There might be more scope for making these sorts of claims or estimates in a post like that, though it still might not be worth the time. I'd be interested in your thoughts on that!

Yes, I personally would be interested and would be happy to give my opinions about which of these would be most useful. But (obviously) the priorities of EAA leaders who can put your advice into practice is probably more important.

I'm afraid I can't really help here. I did write "Is the US Supreme Court a Driver of Social Change or Driven by it? A Literature Review"

Thanks! I hadn't seen that literature review before and it seems interesting. Added it to my reading list.

Comment by ben_west on Social Movement Lessons from the US Prisoners' Rights Movement · 2020-08-04T23:33:50.353Z · score: 3 (2 votes) · EA · GW

Thanks for writing this up! Regarding this:

Key findings of this report include that incremental successes of modest improvements in welfare may distract advocates’ attention from more fundamental political and systemic issues

I would phrase this differently: I think you are saying that activists focused on the welfare of prisoners over the absolute number of prisoners, and that perhaps this was a mistake. This has clear analogues in the farmed animal welfare movement (e.g. promoting meat replacements versus promoting cage free systems), but I would not say that either of these are more "fundamental" than the other.

I also thought that this point:

Litigation may have unintended negative consequences, such as entrenching and legitimizing institutions that advocates are opposed to

Was interesting and seems very relevant to animal welfare. But it sounds like maybe you don't think the evidence there is strong? I would be curious if you could give some kind of statement about how confident you are that this "legitimizing" consequence happened and/or how likely it is to happen in farmed animal welfare.

Lastly, you mention this:

the federal government, including the Supreme Court, seems to have become more hostile to various forms of public interest law during the 1980s

How receptive the legal system is to these challenges is clearly a crucial consideration for how effective they are, so I would be interested in thoughts/resources about the current legal climate.

Comment by ben_west on What posts do you want someone to write? · 2020-07-29T21:55:20.041Z · score: 2 (1 votes) · EA · GW

Thanks! Yeah I should have posted that both of these have now been published, so if anyone else reading this has a request for posts that they haven't stated publicly, consider doing so!

Comment by ben_west on How should we run the EA Forum Prize? · 2020-07-29T04:08:24.603Z · score: 4 (2 votes) · EA · GW

Could you say more about the other sources you are thinking of as better locations? Are they aggregators or are you just thinking about the long tail of e.g. blogs hosted by individual organizations or academic journals?

Crossposting to the Forum is one obvious way that externally hosted content could get here, though it's inelegant.

Comment by ben_west on Best resources for introducing longtermism and AI risk? · 2020-07-22T21:13:45.052Z · score: 5 (3 votes) · EA · GW

Note: this comes from a comment thread that has some more discussion in it for those interested.

Comment by ben_west on AMA or discuss my 80K podcast episode: Ben Garfinkel, FHI researcher · 2020-07-13T19:33:16.177Z · score: 23 (9 votes) · EA · GW

What would you recommend as the best introduction to concerns (or lack thereof) about risks from AI?

If you have time and multiple recommendations, I would be interested in a taxonomy. (E.g. this is the best blog post for non-technical readers, this is the best book-length introduction for CS undergrads.)

Comment by ben_west on 'Existential Risk and Growth' Deep Dive #1 - Summary of the Paper · 2020-06-22T18:23:40.350Z · score: 6 (3 votes) · EA · GW

That's a fair point. I guess the thought experiment could be something like: the department is responsible for some set of people's welfare 50 years from now. We have to either convince that department to have a lower discount rate 50 years from now, or adopt some measures such that the people born 50 years from now will have doubled the consumption (relative to the counterfactual)?

If that's right, the discount rate thing still seems easier. It seems hard to double consumption over a 50 year period, though definitely easier than doubling it immediately.

Comment by ben_west on 'Existential Risk and Growth' Deep Dive #1 - Summary of the Paper · 2020-06-16T23:10:07.899Z · score: 2 (1 votes) · EA · GW

I just looked at the one paper. I'm not sure if other sources disagree.

Even if was 2 though, I still feel like it would be cheaper?

It's hard for me to think about changing individuals, but if I think of governments: there some government department which is responsible for the welfare of some population. We have 2 options:

1. Convince them to update their models to move their discount rate from 2% to 1%, or
2. Convince them to adopt some policy which doubles the consumption of everyone within that population

Surely the first one is easier? If only because it's at least in principle possible – even if the US government would magically do whatever I said, I don't know if I could suggest a policy change that would double consumption.

Comment by ben_west on EA Handbook, Third Edition: We want to hear your feedback! · 2020-06-04T18:49:49.437Z · score: 10 (5 votes) · EA · GW

Thanks for posting these! I had never read a few of them, and I especially liked "desperation".

Comment by ben_west on 'Existential Risk and Growth' Deep Dive #1 - Summary of the Paper · 2020-06-03T22:50:53.836Z · score: 5 (2 votes) · EA · GW

Thanks for writing this up! It sparked some good discussion here at CEA.

This paper claims that CRRA (γ) is around 1. According to the table in the article (p13 in your summary), if γ=1.1, then we are indifferent between decreasing the discount rate from 2% to 1.87% versus doubling consumption.

I admit that I have a very poor model of how hard it is to decrease someone's discount rate, but it seems massively easier to decrease people's discount rates by 13 basis points versus doubling consumption. Are my intuitions really off about that?

If I'm right, it seems like this model pretty clearly argues for spreading longtermism versus economic growth.

Comment by ben_west on Climate Change Is Neglected By EA · 2020-05-27T15:57:13.139Z · score: 6 (5 votes) · EA · GW

Thanks for clarifying! I understand the intuition behind calling this "neglectedness", but it pushes in the opposite direction of how EA's usually use the term. I might suggest choosing a different term for this, as it confused me (and, I think, others).

To clarify what I mean by "the opposite direction": the original motivation behind caring about "neglectedness" was that it's a heuristic for whether low hanging fruit in the field exists. If no one has looked into something, then it's more likely that there is low hanging fruit, so we should probably prefer domains that are less established . (All other things being equal.)

The fact that many people have looked into climate change but we still have not "flattened the emissions curve" indicates that there is not low hanging fruit remaining. So an argument that climate change is "neglected" in the sense you are using the term is actually an argument that it is not neglected in the usual sense of the term. Hence the confusion from me and others.

Comment by ben_west on Climate Change Is Neglected By EA · 2020-05-26T20:02:31.483Z · score: 5 (4 votes) · EA · GW

The same can hardly be said for AI safety, wild animal welfare, or (until this year, perhaps) pandemic prevention. - Will

Otherwise, looking at malaria interventions, to take just one example, makes no sense. Billions have and will continue to go in that direction even without GiveWell - Uri

I noticed Will listed AI safety and wild animal welfare (WAW), and you mentioned malaria. I'm curious if this is the crux – I would guess that Will agrees (certain types of) climate change work is plausibly as good as anti-malaria, and I wonder if you agree that the sort of person who (perhaps incorrectly) cares about WAW should consider that to be more impactful than climate change.

Comment by ben_west on Climate Change Is Neglected By EA · 2020-05-26T19:55:13.879Z · score: 9 (6 votes) · EA · GW

Thanks for sharing! This does seem like an area many people are interested in, so I'm glad to have more discussion.

I would suggest considering the opposite argument regarding neglectedness. If I had to steelman this, I would say something like: a small number of people (perhaps even a single PhD student) do solid research about existential risks from climate change -> existential risks research becomes an accepted part of mainstream climate change work -> because "mainstream climate change work" has so many resources, that small initial bit of research has been leveraged into a much larger amount.

(Note: I'm not sure how reasonable this argument is – I personally don't find it that compelling. But it seems more compelling to me than arguing that climate change isn't neglected, or that we should ignore neglectedness concerns.)

Comment by ben_west on Critical Review of 'The Precipice': A Reassessment of the Risks of AI and Pandemics · 2020-05-20T22:20:29.953Z · score: 3 (5 votes) · EA · GW

This is really interesting! It seems like there's also compelling evidence for more than 2:

While there is no direct evidence that any of the 25 [18] species of Hawaiian land birds that have become extinct since the documented arrival of Culex quinquefasciatus in 1826 [19] were even susceptible to malaria and there is limited anecdotal information suggesting they were affected by birdpox [19], the observation that several remaining species only persist either on islands where there are no mosquitoes or at altitudes above those at which mosquitoes can breed and that these same species are highly susceptible to avian malaria and birdpox [18,19] is certainly very strong circumstantial evidence...

The formerly abundant endemic rats Rattus macleari and Rattus nativitas disappeared from Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean (10°29′ S 105°38′ E) around the turn of the twentieth century. Their disappearance was apparently abrupt, and shortly before the final collapse sick individuals were seen crawling along footpaths [22]. At that time, trypanosomiasis transmitted by fleas from introduced black rats R. rattus was suggested as the causative agent. Recently, Wyatt et al. [22] managed to isolate trypanosome DNA from both R. rattus and R. macleari specimens collected during the period of decline, whereas no trypanosome DNA was present in R. nativitas specimens collected before the arrival of black rats. While this is good circumstantial evidence, direct evidence that trypanosomes caused the mortality is limited

Comment by ben_west on 162 benefits of coronavirus · 2020-05-14T16:54:45.996Z · score: 3 (2 votes) · EA · GW

Yeah, even if it just leads to acceptance that higher education is about signaling, that seems like a step in the right direction to me. It at least lays the groundwork for future innovators who can optimize for signaling as opposed to "education."

Comment by ben_west on 162 benefits of coronavirus · 2020-05-13T18:41:55.921Z · score: 3 (2 votes) · EA · GW

Re-assessment of education & educational institutions

I'm curious to see what happens here. I know a lot of people who are saying "I'm paying $50,000 a year to watch the same lecture I could have watched on YouTube for free?" Of course, that was also true before quarantine, but somehow quarantine has made it more salient. I'm not sure whether this salience will last and cause a switch towards nontraditional learning. Comment by ben_west on 162 benefits of coronavirus · 2020-05-13T18:38:28.629Z · score: 2 (1 votes) · EA · GW Thanks for this thorough list! Regarding: Change of government/leader in some countries: if they did not handle pandemic well Do you have a sense for how well correlated public opinion and government performance is? At least in the US, my impression is that Trump's approval ratings got a slight bump but are now back to normal levels, and public opinion mostly tracks party allegiance rather than any government policy. Comment by ben_west on Reducing long-term risks from malevolent actors · 2020-05-13T16:57:22.483Z · score: 4 (3 votes) · EA · GW I wonder if one could find more credible signals of things like "caring for your employers", ideally in statistical form. Money invested in worker safety might be one such metric. That seems reasonable. Another possibility is looking at benefits, which have grown rapidly (though there are also many confounders here). Something which I can't easily measure but seems more robust is the fraction of "iterated games". E.g. I would expect enterprise salespeople to be less malevolent than B2C ones (at least towards their customers), because successful enterprise sales relies on building relationships over years or decades. Similarly managers are often recruited and paid well because they have a loyal team who will go with them, and so screwing over that team is not in their self-interest. Comment by ben_west on Reducing long-term risks from malevolent actors · 2020-05-05T19:59:50.121Z · score: 2 (1 votes) · EA · GW A minor copyediting suggestion (adding the words in bold): Factor 1—characterized by cruelty, grandiosity, manipulativeness, and a lack of guilt—arguably represents the core personality traits of psychopathy. However, scoring highly on factor 2—characterized by impulsivity, reactive anger, and lack of realistic goals—is less problematic from our perspective. In fact, humans scoring high on factor 1 but low on factor 2 are probably more dangerous than humans scoring high on both factors (more on this below). It's not a big deal, but it took me a minute to understand why you were saying it's both less problematic and more dangerous. Comment by ben_west on Reducing long-term risks from malevolent actors · 2020-05-05T19:15:09.428Z · score: 14 (8 votes) · EA · GW Thanks for this interesting article. Regarding malevolence among business leaders: my impression is that corporations have rewarded malevolence less over time. E.g. in the early 1900s you had Frederick Taylor (arguably the most influential manager of the 20th century) describing his employees like: one of the very first requirements for a man who is fit to handle pig iron as a regular occupation is that he shall be so stupid and so phlegmatic that he more nearly resembles in his mental make-up the ox than any other type. Modern executives would never say this about their staff, and no doubt this is partly because what's said in the boardroom is different from what's said in public, but there is a serious sense in which credibly signaling prosocial behaviors towards your employees is useful. E.g. 80 years later you have Paul O'Neill, in almost exactly the same industry as Taylor, putting worker safety as his key metric, because he felt that people would work harder if they felt taken care of by the company. My guess is that corporations which rely on highly skilled workers benefit more from prosocial executives, and that it's hard to pretend to be prosocial over a decades-long career, though certainly not impossible. So possibly one hard-to-fake measure of malevolence is whether you repeatedly succeed in a corporation where success requires prosociality. Comment by ben_west on Racial Demographics at Longtermist Organizations · 2020-05-05T00:35:18.918Z · score: 24 (11 votes) · EA · GW Thanks for writing this. Another reference point: YC founders are ~16% black or Hispanic. (I'm not sure if this is the best reference class, I was just curious in the comparison because the population of people who start YC companies seems somewhat similar to the population who join longtermist organizations.) Comment by ben_west on What posts do you want someone to write? · 2020-04-30T17:34:53.740Z · score: 2 (1 votes) · EA · GW You rock, thanks so much! Comment by ben_west on The Case for Impact Purchase | Part 1 · 2020-04-22T22:48:53.100Z · score: 3 (2 votes) · EA · GW You can also borrow against the future prize or impact purchase, e.g. as Goldman Sachs allows you to do (in some limited cases). This moves the risk onto diversified private investors. Comment by ben_west on Why I'm Not Vegan · 2020-04-22T19:22:30.210Z · score: 9 (5 votes) · EA · GW I have an intuition that this is more of the disagreement between you and vegans (as opposed to having different moral weights). My guess is that one could literally prevent three chicken-years for less than$500/year?[1] And also that some vegans' personal happiness is more affected by not eating chickens than donating $500. If that's true, then the reason vegans are vegan instead of donating is because they view it as "morality" as opposed to "axiology". This accords with my intuition: having someone tell me they care about nonhuman animals while eating a chicken sandwich rubs me in a way that having someone tell me they care about the developing world while wearing$100 shoes does not.

1. As one heuristic: Beyond meat is $4.59 for 9 ounces. So it would cost$424 to replace all 52.9 pounds Peter says the average American eats in a year. ↩

Comment by ben_west on Why I'm Not Vegan · 2020-04-22T19:01:59.772Z · score: 12 (5 votes) · EA · GW

Do the weights really affect the argument? I think Jeff is saying that being omnivorous results in ~6 additional animals alive at any given point. If an animal's existence on a farm is as bad as one human in the developing world is good (a pretty non-speciesist weighting), then it's $600 to go vegan.$600 is admittedly much more than $0.43, but my guess is that Jeff still would rather donate the$600.

Comment by ben_west on COVID-19 response as XRisk intervention · 2020-04-17T23:28:27.466Z · score: 18 (6 votes) · EA · GW

I generally agree with your response, but wanted to point out one example of establishing credibility: Scott Aaronson says:

It does cause me to update in the direction of AI-risk being a serious concern. For the Bay Area rationalists have now publicly sounded the alarm about a looming crisis for the human race, well before it was socially acceptable to take that crisis too seriously (and when taking it seriously would have made a big difference), and then been 100% vindicated by events. Where previously they were 0 for 0 in predictions of that kind, they’re now 1 for 1.
...
[After Adam Scholl invites him to a workshop]: Thanks for asking! Absolutely, I’d be interested to attend an AI-risk workshop sometime. Partly just to learn about the field, partly to find out whether there’s anything that someone with my skillset could contribute.

(Note: part of what impressed Scott here was being early to raise the alarm, and that boat has already sailed, so it could be that future COVID-19 work won't do much to impress people like him.)

Comment by ben_west on willbradshaw's Shortform · 2020-04-07T23:28:45.765Z · score: 2 (1 votes) · EA · GW

This is a really interesting point. An additional consideration is that global leaders tend to be older, and hence more at risk (cf. Boris Johnson). You could imagine that their deaths are especially destabilizing.

If the longtermist argument for preventing pandemics is that they trigger destabilization which leads to, say, nuclear war, the age impacts could be an important factor.

Comment by ben_west on What posts do you want someone to write? · 2020-04-01T20:42:10.345Z · score: 2 (1 votes) · EA · GW

Awesome!

I personally would suggest a format of:
1. One paragraph summary that any educated layperson easily can understand
2. One page summary that a layperson with college-level math skills can understand
3. 2-5 pages of detail that someone with college-level math and Econ 101 skills can understand

This is just a suggestion though, I don't have a lot of confidence that it's correct.

Comment by ben_west on What are examples of EA work being reviewed by non-EA researchers? · 2020-03-30T23:27:13.335Z · score: 7 (4 votes) · EA · GW

Comment by ben_west on The Precipice is out today in US & Canada! Audiobook now available · 2020-03-26T16:57:58.540Z · score: 4 (3 votes) · EA · GW

Comment by ben_west on What posts do you want someone to write? · 2020-03-24T16:54:08.791Z · score: 10 (7 votes) · EA · GW

Defining "management constraints" better.

Anecdotally, many EA organizations seem to think that they are somehow constrained by management capacity. My experience is that this term is used in different ways (for example, some places use it to mean that they need senior researchers who can mentor junior researchers; others use it to mean that they need people who can do HR really well).

It would be cool for someone to interview different organizations and get a better sense of what is actually needed here