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# Latex Hyphen In Text

Some examples of using $$\LaTeX$$ in R Markdown documents R Markdown allows you to mix text, R code, R output, R graphics, and mathematics in a single document. Experienced developers can dive straight into our comprehensive documentation. Jump to: navigation, search. Breaking the document flow in L a T e X is not recommended unless you are creating a macro. You type in the underscore by holding the shift key (above the Ctrl key to the bottom left of the keyboard) while depressing the hyphen/underscore key. ") To get one, type ---(three hyphens in a row); the typographical convention is that there is no space between an em-dash and the surrounding text. The elements within both environments have to be declared beginning with the \item command. But there are some great command line tools. Changing the font size of text is a way to emphasize text by drawing a lot of attention to a specific word or phrase. We present four ways to typeset them, two bad ones and two good ones. At Word-to-LaTeX we convert all kinds of Microsoft Word documents to LaTeX, TeX, AMS-LaTeX, and other TeX flavors. You can change the fonts, numbering style, alignment and format of the captions and the caption labels. Defining The In-Text Citation Formatting. BibTeX references are stored in a plain text database with a simple format. Several commands are enabled to facilitate. It’s also helpful to simply try Markdown out; the Dingus is a web application that allows you type your own Markdown-formatted text and translate it to XHTML. CoCalc supports Jupyter notebooks and SageMath worksheets. Is there a way to type en-dash and em-dash in Windows?. Accents for non-math mode text in LaTeX (or TeX). Eventually, sending a text message can feel as natural as sending an e-mail or talking on the phone. In free text, use journalistic style for units and measurements: Spell out numbers one through ten in words; express numbers larger than that in numerals. Much, maybe most, of what we do in Publisher is designing and laying out our publications. soul – Hyphenation for letterspacing, underlining, and more Provides hyphenatable spacing out (letterspacing), underlining, striking out, etc. An overline, overscore, or overbar, is a typographical feature of a horizontal line drawn immediately above the text. In 2004, Frank gave permission for unlimited distribution (though not modification of) the thesis. ↓ GNU/Linux ↓ Windows ↓ MacOS. vi Short contents IV Customizing 265 9 Customizing LATEX 267 V Long bibliographies and indexes 309 10 BIBTEX 311 11 MakeIndex 332 A Math symbol tables 345 B Text symbol tables 356 C The AMS-LATEX sample article 360. This example maps the value of pets to the animal key. 2 and later. It was used here for all the LaTeX code listings. compounds according to category Hyphenated in both noun and adjective forms (except as inage terms a three-year-old the last two examples); note the a five-year-old child space after the first hyphen in a fifty-five-year-old woman. You can control where and how the hyphens appear in your text by using the Hyphenate dialog box. Read the Text Version. Password shadowing first appeared in Unix systems with the development of SunOS in the mid-1980s,[10] System V Release 3. For number ranges use two dashes: 15--24. Beginning with the installation and basic usage, you will learn to typeset documents containing tables, figures, formulas, and common book elements like bibliographies, glossaries, and indexes and go on to managing complex documents and. Finding treatments for breast cancer is a major goal for scientists. It can be used with a front-end that makes it look much like Word, but here we'll show how to use itin a minimal enviroment with just a text editor (e. I think the em-dash looks > a bit better than the dash, although it is a bit on the thin side > > Are there any other dash or hyphen-like symbols out there? While on this subject, can we include the size of dash that is used for numerical range, such as the years 1963-1968?. Most word processors allow you to override their own hyphenation rules and define yourself where a word should be divided. In a footnote referencing system, you indicate a reference by: Putting a small number above the line of type directly following the source material. , syl-la-ble) and with a period when transcribing in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Creating Graphs and Plots in LaTeX This page contains a brief tutorial on how to create scientific graphs (function plots, histograms, bar graphs, scatter plots, contour lines, color maps, surface plots, ) in LaTeX documents using GLE. You can change the fonts, numbering style, alignment and format of the captions and the caption labels. , cmtt) fonts. If you need to type more complex mathematical formulas (e. 75in}, top=1. Without this I get a couple of. Normally we write word with quotation as: “Your words”. DecimalFormat offers a great deal of flexibility in the formatting of numbers, but it can make your code more complex. You can also use manual hyphenation to have Word make hyphenation suggestions. i thought it was a rather unhelpful answer, too. In this case, using geometry you can type \usepackage[total={6. They are all bundled in a single package called hyph-utf8. I am aware of the \hyphenation command, but I don't see how I can make use of it. The Word file can be used by both Mac and PC users (see the note to Mac users below). hyphenat - Disable/enable hypenation This package can disable all hyphenation or enable hyphenation of non-alphabetics or monospaced fonts. Its done! Actually, the default interpreter in MATLAB for legend is 'tex', I guess. And I agree. org; The ASCII Hyphen on eki. Enter the first text into the cell, and then press Alt + Enter to change the line and enter the second text. The commands \csname and \endcsname or the special command \@namedef can help with the definition of corresponding macros or environments, e. Bullets: Use the dash sign (-) with a space after it, or a space, a dash,. Likewise, Unix programs may display the carriage returns in Windows text files with Ctrl-m (^M) characters at the end of each line. CSS Text Level 3 does not define the exact rules for hyphenation or what a hyphenation opportunity is, but Unicode,org does, "spaces and hyphens are used to determine breaks" Unfortunately, hyphen: none will still break words at hyphens (an explicitly defined hyphenation opportunity) even though the spec says it shouldn't. Created by Softcatalà. It is an optional parameter to specify the length of each line & gap in the dash pattern. Password shadowing first appeared in Unix systems with the development of SunOS in the mid-1980s,[10] System V Release 3. No hyphens: The child is two years old. Ever wondered how to get lines in the text of your figure captions to match the lines in your plots, e. In general, diagrams-builder tries hard to avoid recompiling diagrams when recompilation is not necessary, in order to speed build times. The following snippets are identified as LaTeX source code: Environments of any kind 111. Stack Exchange network consists of 175 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. pdf, and for use with the LaTeX format, see the documentation of the fontspec package. Now, one would expect, that using this setup, when LaTeX encounter the UTF-8 encoded ± in the text, it would find the corresponding glyph in the font and use that. Filters are “pipes” that read from standard input and write to standard output. Text files let you create and format documents that include text and photos and even embed music and video files for Web pages you build. For the most part, a control sequence is a back slash followed by the desired symbol or its designator. One of the benifits of using LaTeX is how easy footnotes can be added and referred to. Usage varies both within English and in other languages, but the usual convention in printed English text is as follows: An em dash or a spaced en dash can be used to mark a break in a sentence, and a pair can be used to set off parenthetical statements. Original Dash Cover by DashMat®. Step by step lessons help you to create a document fast and simple. LaTeX Line and Page Breaking The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. hi again, I have ABSOLUTELY no idea why, but for some reason, after a system freeze (I was playing a 3D game in wine), I hard reset the computer, and from a sudden I have back my text terminal ctrl+alt+f1 (but my account become unable to login thru lightdm graphical login screen, despite I still can login thru text terminal, I continue this. Create an account or log into Facebook. It makes producing attractive, professional-looking documents as easy as making a text file. Its purpose is to permit high-quality representation of mathematical and other specialized notation in type form. Identify the number of characters and parts in a text. This one kept hyphenation to the minimum with justified text, but didn’t fully avoid it. The main ones are: times, palatino , newcent and bookman. Accents for non-math mode text in LaTeX (or TeX). I recently got bitten by the hyphenation of LaTeX and learned a few things in return. Overfull \hbox messages because TeX is not able to hyphen English words when they appear at the ends of the lines. Petr Sojka and his colleagues scanned it. These templates are provided in the current. Formatting your messages. Word will insert an automatically numbered citation superscript in the text, and it will also add a corresponding superscript number at the bottom of the page, if you inserted a footnote, or at the end of the document, if you inserted an endnote. Paper Title The paper title is declared like: in the standard LATEX manner. To separate the contents of one Excel cell into separate columns, you can use the 'Convert Text to Columns Wizard'. For double quotes, simply double the symbols, and LaTeX will interpret them accordingly. There are no approved revisions of this page, so it may not have been reviewed. ) Before word processing, we had to type an em dash by typing two hyphens. The new "soft" hyphen will look the same as the old one, but it'll never allow a line break in the middle ever again. el' - no local version-control tools needed. (As in: "A specter is haunting Europe—the specter of Communism. [1, 5, 9] or even [1-3, 6, 8]. Is it possible to achieve this aim? comp. The word command may sound scary. Setting a text area on the paper in document preparation system has some analogy to placing a window on the background in the window system. Open a document in Google Docs. There are three sorts of hyphens one can use in LATEX. What the \emph command actually does with its argument depends on the context - inside normal text the emphasized text is italicized, but this behaviour is reversed if used inside an italicized text- see example above: Moreover, some packages, e. LaTeX symbols have either names (denoted by backslash) or special characters. If not in Webster’s, e-mail-borne hyphenated; compounds retain mosquito-borne the hyphen both before and after a noun. Many word processing programs account for this problem and automatically apply left align text when there are too few words on a line to justify the text properly. Another reason for not using hyphenation is if you want a textually 'clean' way to cut-and-paste to other editing environments. # preamble is a comma separated list of LaTeX. For the most part, a control sequence is a back slash followed by the desired symbol or its designator. "One Markdown Suite for OneNote" connect directly to Windows Desktop OneNote and sync notes through LAN. One of the benifits of using LaTeX is how easy footnotes can be added and referred to. Is it lowercase, lower-case, or lower case? Stack Exchange Network Stack Exchange network consists of 175 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Lovers, or potential lovers, tend to send roses to one another to express love, similar to sending real flowers to a date or spouse. See the next section for more information on how this package. According to the Canadian Style Guide, there should be no space before or after an em dash. If you ever want to enable programmable features in Abaqus, such as UMAT, etc, you need visual studio, but Abaqus 2017 is only compatible with VS 2013. I am aware of the \hyphenation command, but I don't see how I can make use of it. Accents for non-math mode text in LaTeX (or TeX). The second text will be horizontally centered on the first. As in Python, indentation is significant in reST, so all lines of the same paragraph must be left-aligned to the same level of indentation. hyphenation synonyms, hyphenation pronunciation, hyphenation translation, English dictionary definition of hyphenation. Series on Blogging with LaTeX. " "—is that the wasysym version (above) gives the correct character only in text mode. Docs » Reference » Keyboard Shortcuts - Windows/Linux; Edit on GitHub;. I have to find out if my cells text is a numeric value and wanted to use an elegant non VBA method that doesn't impede on its current state or value. Let's examine the contents of a simple LaTeX file which has been used as a first example in this tutorial. ) Those textual examples presented by Chicago that use dashes all use em dashes—and there is no space between the dash and the epigraph's source attribution. It's simple and straight to the point. js Overview. This site uses cookies for analytics, personalized content and ads. Review and correct as necessary to achieve a more balanced, natural looking rag (right). Order by 6 pm for same day shipping. For single quotes, ` (on British keyboards, this symbol is found on the key adjacent to the number 1) gives a left quote mark, and ' is the right. ee; Display of ASCII Hyphen in various fonts; Hyphen. Caret may refer to any of the following: 1. this one I used before). > I know I know, underlining is bad. Even text set rag right warrants careful attention to avoid deep indents and distracting shapes (left). But using Paragraph Styles is a much better way to do this. If you need to type more complex mathematical formulas (e. Configurable syntax. For any feedback - positive, negative, bug reports e-mail me: artyomtnk. If you're using a smartphone to type the text directly, hold down the hyphen character and it might display additional hyphen characters. Overfull \hbox messages because TeX is not able to hyphen English words when they appear at the ends of the lines. But many editors spend a lot of time in GUI environments, using products like Word and Acrobat. CoCalc is a sophisticated online workspace. Make sure your keyboard is in NumLock mode. by Chelsea Lee. In case you want to process myarticle. These tags can be nested (ie: \textbf{\emph{bold and italicized text here}} will produce bold and italic font. See below for the Table of Contents. 4), we should only use equation (and no other environment) to produce a single equation. letter Letter (?). 5 and a dash pattern with a dash of length 3 followed by a gap of length 3. The dictionary method is more accurate but is usually slower. If you use macOS and you don't know what Dash is, please check it out !. The LPPL puts restrictions on file names in redistributed derived works which we feel can't guarantee. When you want to cite an item in the database in a LaTeX document, you write \cite{} (or something similar), where is the label attached to the item in the database. LaTeX Templates Curricula Vitae/Résumés A curriculum vitae, otherwise known as a CV or résumé, is a document used by individuals to communicate their work history, education and skill set. I tried a couple of different international keyboards and also dictating 'dash'es or 'hyphen's by voice, and none of those got the desired result. Particularly, I have had issues when copying markdown into other applications. LATEX Mathematical Symbols The more unusual symbols are not deﬁned in base LATEX (NFSS) and require \usepackage{amssymb} 1 Greek and Hebrew letters α \alpha κ \kappa ψ \psi z \digamma ∆ \Delta Θ \Theta. pagestyle{headings} % ccpation provides this capability % Change the format of a figure caption % For more options see the package documentation. “ nonbreaking hyphen. To produce (horizontal) blank space within a paragraph, use \hspace, followed by the length of the blank space enclosed within braces. Petr Sojka and his colleagues scanned it. Open an office document, go to tools-> Language-> For all text -> more In the window that pops up, in the language in the right, for the greek users it will say "default greek"/"Προεπιλογή - Ελληνικά" Change it through the roll down menu in just "greek"/"Ελληνικά" in all three of them and click ok Thats it!. Currently I keep these characters saved in a text file, and copy-paste them whenever I need them. Why Self-Published Books Look Self-Published by Joel Friedlander on August 15, 2012 142 Comments If you've looked at a lot of self-published books , you already know that authors sometimes go to press before they have really absorbed all the conventions of book making and the advice of publishing professionals. This document introduces you to the principles of LaTeX and teaches you the basic commands. Finally, we wrap the entire formula in another VALUE function to make sure we get the number instead of the text. Using Text to Columns to Separate Data in a Single Column. Underlining in Word is easy, but overlining a text is a bit more complicated. Used in hyphenating a word, as in pre‐fabricated or e‐mail. Replace 0 by 1 to turn dash substitution back on. , nation- hood, penniless—are almost always closed. + Punctuation inside inner math mode/outside display math mode. 9f November19,2018 Thegeneral-purposedrawingpackageTikZcanbeusedtotypesetcommutativediagramsandotherkinds. But there are some great command line tools. pdf that you just can't memorize. - Bastion Glove - Latex, Lightly Powdered, Smooth Text, Medium - Lightly powdered Latex gloves offer a unique blend of comfort and protection. How to Underline. Thanks to them and others involved in the project. Learn the proper keyboard shortcuts and you can type these essential parts of the English language in basic text editors, browsers and anywhere else you may need them. [Read more about hyphenation in LaTeX]. ca 2015/02/27 Abstract The cite package modiﬁes LATEX's normal citation mechanism for improved handling of numeric citations. Goodnight, Internet Explorer. crgrep is useful because it can search through Word files, which are not plain text but highly formatted XMLish things that a lot of regular command line tools cannot cope with. Using standard PostScript fonts. I know that a function can admitted multiple series representation (according to Eugene Catalan), but I wonder if there is a proof for the fact that each analytic function has only one unique Taylor. 3 Reno in 1990. Inkscape has a lot of nice built-in features for quickly editing text and font. imports the package ragged2e and left-justifies the text. There are many ways to solve this problem. The page style determines what goes in them. Dash Cam Hardwire Kit, Mini USB Hard Wire Kit Fuse for Dashcam, Plozoe 12V-30V to 5V Car Dash Camera Charger Power Cord, Gift 4 Fuse Tap Cable and Installation Tool（11. In LaTeX, curly braces have two functions: 1. LaTeX inserts more whitespace after the end of a sentence than it does between two words. Even then, it's important to always use the soft-hyphen character instead of the standard hyphen-minus. x, though it still has a role for aiding Linux. Formula writing, text and picture with caption is very easy with one click. Anführungszeichen in LaTeX Das Setzen bezeihungsweise die Verwendung der Anführungszeichen kann am Anfang mit LaTeX ein kleines Problem darstellen. as_splat_latex. Purchasing a 100% natural latex mattress topper is an easy way to upgrade any bed that has gotten uncomfortable or simply needs a little extra oomph. The Word file can be used by both Mac and PC users (see the note to Mac users below). Formatting text in Markdown has a very gentle learning curve. By continuing to browse this site, you agree to this use. But considering that TeX already doesn't find all hyphenation points, but only enough to make things work most of the time (I think this is where some of the efficiency lies), it is not much of a problem to also. However, this could cause problems when there is a period in the middle of a sentence; LaTeX thinks the sentence ends and adds more whitespace. The SO8 package has EPCS16 written on it. Oder frag auf Deutsch auf TeXwelt. We will also discuss the difference between the pylab interface, which offers plotting with the feel of Matlab. To use LATEX, you ﬁrst create a ﬁle using a plain text editor (such as WinShell or WinEdt on Windows) and give it a name ending with. LaTeX inserts more whitespace after the end of a sentence than it does between two words. It's simple and straight to the point. ) Those textual examples presented by Chicago that use dashes all use em dashes—and there is no space between the dash and the epigraph's source attribution. As an end-user this page is now only useful for those using OpenOffice. MS Word & LaTeX Templates. 9in, includefoot]{geometry}. Search for terms in the whole page, page title, or web address, or links to the page you're looking for. Follow a number by a space, then the prefix name and unit name spelled out entirely in lower case and without spaces: four megahertz, 2. If the hyphenation algorithm does not find the correct hyphenation points, you can remedy the situation by using the following commands to tell TeX about the exception. The only exception is with a hanging hyphen (see, for example, the word "nineteenth" in the phrase "nineteenth- and twentieth-century literature"). These avoided hyphenation, but justification was bad – there were long words extending beyond the right margin. LaTeX is a program that formats text for printing. The use of hyphens is called hyphenation. Is it possible to achieve this aim? comp. However, the fraction 3/4 is written as three-fourths (with a hyphen) because 3 is 3/4 of one whole. 3 xes a bug with anchor=south west which occured mainly for reversed axes: the anchors where upside{down. 3 Other scientists have investigated individual drugs within this class, including Andre and Zielinski 2 and Joensuu and Gligorov. Learn about Purdue University's College of Liberal Arts, a college focused on strengthening the Undergraduate Experience, enhancing Graduate Education, and promoting Faculty Excellence. as_splat_latex. If you check the character encoding ( e. This is also the symbol that should be used when. TeXstudio is an integrated writing environment for creating LaTeX documents. This post is part of a series on author names. The font size can also be specified by the second command, e. Breaking the document flow in L a T e X is not recommended unless you are creating a macro. This is the central place for hyphenation patterns in T E X. November 17, 2003 Abstract This article describes the soul package1, which provides h y p h e n - a t a b l e l e t t e r s p a c i n g ( s p a c i n g o u t ) , underlining and some derivatives such as overstriking and highlighting. Change where hyphens occur in a word. Alternatively, you can use an appropriate LaTeX installation bundle, including mhchem, for Linux, Windows or Macintosh servers. elmath Mathematics in Greek texts. ↓ GNU/Linux ↓ Windows ↓ MacOS. Goodnight, Internet Explorer. * [From Mark Nodine] For cells in simple tables that comprise a single line, the justification can be inferred according to the following rules: 1. Setting a text area on the paper in document preparation system has some analogy to placing a window on the background in the window system. If you later edit the document and change line breaks, Office Word 2007 displays and prints only the optional hyphens that still fall at the end of lines. From grammar and spelling to style and tone, Grammarly helps you eliminate errors and find the perfect words to express yourself. Guide to Punctuation. In-Text Citations are comprised of two parts: settings that determine the overall look of the in-text citation. Latex is the dynamic text formatting tool. A hyphenation algorithm is a set of rules, especially one codified for implementation in a computer program, that decides at which points a word can be broken over two lines with a hyphen. Stop avoiding dashes in your writing just because you don't know how to type them outside of word processors. Symbols can also be trained here. as_splat_latex. The tag defines superscript text. A Markdown-formatted document should be publishable as-is, as plain text, without looking like it’s been marked up with tags or formatting instructions. First we must take a quick look at LaTeX syntax. , that include underscores), and hyphenation of text typeset in monospaced (e. Its source code can easily be deployed to a PaaS. The mathematics is done using a version of $$\LaTeX$$, the premiere mathematics typesetting program. If you want to typeset a German text on paper with justification you can do it only with hyphenations. Alternatively, you can use an appropriate LaTeX installation bundle, including mhchem, for Linux, Windows or Macintosh servers. One normally uses en-dashes when specifying a range of numbers. DocBook Compliance and LaTeX Notes. (The symbol above the hyphen is an underline, not a dash. These can be inserted using - , -- and ---. I have run into problems when using a mix of hyphens and asterisks with lists. Letters are. x, though it still has a role for aiding Linux. We present four ways to typeset them, two bad ones and two good ones. The audience for the original training course was assumed to be computer-literate and composed of professional, business, academic, technical, or administrative computer users. In LaTeX, curly braces have two functions: 1. For example, the combination wh can be replaced by one character in grade 2, but not when the word is combined of two words. Dutch spelling and hyphenation Dictionary shows an empty Text language-combo and above the dialoge a message appears 'the spell check is complete') but. An emoticon is a series of symbols used in text messaging or emails to express an emotion without using words. When you need to accent certain letters or words, for example, Word has you doing so manually, adding the accents such as tildes, into text boxes and dragging them into place within the text. RARE VINTAGE DEADSTOCK 1940'S-1950'S BLUE & WHITE COTTON PRINT DRESS SIZE 14, f dash Kids' Clothing, Shoes & Accs 735613 BluexMulticolor 130, White 24" Waist Full Length Crinoline 41" Long 1/2 Slip, Metal Head Latex Mask Iron Maiden Eddie Piece Of Mind Eddy Costume Mummy Scary 721773351792, Kenneth Cole Men's tie 100% silk fully lined Hand Made. Without this I get a couple of. Frank Liang wrote his Stanford Ph. Dash stores snippets of code and instantly searches offline documentation sets for 200+ APIs, 100+ cheat sheets and more. Text formatting Quotes. In the following examples, we'll have a look at most of them. I have found no solution, except using luatex, which works as one could expect. How to choose the right hyphen character in Word. Change settings for the baseline grid by using the Grids section of the Preferences dialog box. Easily check hyphenation online - for free! What's hyphenation, or: How to syllabify? Syllabification or syllabication is the separation of a word into syllables, whether spoken or written. The standard report and article classes use the default placement [tbp]. Its done! Actually, the default interpreter in MATLAB for legend is 'tex', I guess. Anyway, sometimes is necessary to have more control over the layout of the document; and for this reason in this article is explained how to insert line breaks, page breaks and arbitrary blank spaces. Superscript text can be used for footnotes, like WWW[1]. To produce (horizontal) blank space within a paragraph, use \hspace, followed by the length of the blank space enclosed within braces. In some cases, these gloves are also slightly tougher than clear latex gloves, and they can sport a variety of different colors. Create an account or log into Facebook. Mixed text: The Kashida insertion feature affects how hyphenation occurs in mixed text. Also wird z. Metacharacters menu F. Vim is a highly configurable text editor for efficiently creating and changing any kind of text. thesis on a hyphenation algorithm that is standard in TeX, and has been adapted to numerous languages. Rag right settings produce fewer hyphenated words than justified settings. Abstract In this paper we explain some of the basic and also more advanced features of the PGF system, just enough for beginners. Some of these commands are LATEX macros, while oth-. The dash combines hesitation and acceleration. x, though it still has a role for aiding Linux. And, with style definitions, you can change hyphenation options globally. Use your software's list styles for these vertical lists. Original Dashboard covers by DashMat have been the most recognized and the best selling products! At CARiD. To produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines, and these lines must be broken into pages. , nation- hood, penniless—are almost always closed. First, using the Type tool, click where you want to insert the hyphen. Visit our page about the FIND function for more examples. Purchasing a 100% natural latex mattress topper is an easy way to upgrade any bed that has gotten uncomfortable or simply needs a little extra oomph. Jump to: navigation, search. For unordered lists, LaTeX provides the itemize environment and for ordered lists there is the enumerate environment. Here they are, and when they are used. \maketitle generates a separate title page \author{names} authors of the paper \date{text} date of writing \thanks{text} acknowledgemenet footnote \title{text} title of the paper. Using lists in LaTeX is pretty straightforward and doesn't require you do add any additional packages. This is displayed as ”Your words” in LaTeX (both opening and closing quote facing the same side). I have found no solution, except using luatex, which works as one could expect. thesis on a hyphenation algorithm that is standard in TeX, and has been adapted to numerous languages. LaTeX: Hyphens in Math Mode. It is not changed from the code line. What's that symbol for "and" with the backwards 3 with a vertical dash on the top & bottom? Silly me, I tried googling it, and I can't seem to find it anywhere. Wget is extremely powerful, but like with most other command line programs, the plethora of options it supports can be intimidating to new users. See the next section for more information on how this package. eps (the figure file) Put these into a directory (right click on the link and select Save Target As). The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List Scott Pakin ∗ 22 September 2005 Abstract This document lists 3300 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them. Does anyone happen to know where they are?. The dictionary method is more accurate but is usually slower. And I don't >have the time to read *every* textbook on LaTeX. " "—is that the wasysym version (above) gives the correct character only in text mode. To separate the contents of one Excel cell into separate columns, you can use the 'Convert Text to Columns Wizard'. Type the text and click Right Align from the Home tab and Underline (select text and Ctrl+U). See here for all named colors supported by LaTeX. I know about discretionary hyphens, \-, about \allowbreak, \nobreak as well as \hyphenation{} and even \tracingparagraphs=1 to write hyphenations into the log-file. Hyphens are often used to tell the ages of people and things. # preamble is a comma separated list of LaTeX. Then there are two ways to process and print your. Welcome to Messletters Text Art! (͡° ͜ʖ ͡°) Letters, fonts, characters and symbols for your Facebook, Twitter or Blog! (☞ﾟヮﾟ)☞ There are now 547 visitors on Messletters. , using the T e X hyphenation algorithm to find the proper hyphens automatically. as_splat_latex.


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Bwa: "Xt:A:U" And Mapq Of 0 At The Same Time
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10.3 years ago
Steffi ▴ 570

I map RNA-Seq Data with BWA to the genome. The output files from BWA in sam-format contain reads that have on the one hand the tag "XT:A:U" and, on the other hand, as well a mapping quality of 0.

What does this mean? I thought that "XT:A:U" means uniquely best hit?! How does this then go together with a MAPQ of 0?

Best, Stefanie

bwa mapping • 11k views
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I don't think BWA calculates MAPQ at all, use the ""XT:A:U" for fetching uniquely mapped reads, more over you probably noticed that reads which failed mapping "have" MAPQ 0.

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There are also other MAPQ values, like 10, 13, 17, ... . So something is calculated..

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So, as far as I understood, the MAPQ value is also 0 if there are other possible alignments - even with a lower score. So a read might have a "XT:A:U" score but at the same time a MAPQ of 0 - meaning that there are many other possible alignments with a slightly worse score.

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10.2 years ago

From the bwa manual page

Note that XO and XG are generated by BWT search while the CIGAR string by Smith-Waterman alignment. These two tags may be inconsistent with the CIGAR string. This is not a bug.

So, I assume BWA gives a read a uniquely aligned tag but the probability that its aligned correctly is very low. This might be a case of allowing mismatches, it was not able to map earlier but with a allowed number of mistmatches, it could uniquely be mapped at a certain position with very high error rate. When I filter my data, I use the mapq threshold of 1, so that I have uniquely aligned as well has not the worst quality.

You can use samtools view -bq 1 file.bam > file_unique.bam for this.

Someone observed the same scenario posted here in the case of paired-end sequencing data.

Cheers

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Do you by any chance know how to get easily only those that have mapping quality of zero? Or alternatively how to subtract one bam file from another? :) I am now parsing SAM file and filtering it based on MAPQ column, but I'd rather use some tool for this.

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For the first question, even if there is some tool, I think you won't gain the speed, grep or awk would be best. Subtracting one bam from another is a different thing, you can use bedtools (subtractBed) for that or try bamtools, filter might work work for you :)

Available bamtools commands:
convert         Converts between BAM and a number of other formats
count           Prints number of alignments in BAM file(s)
coverage        Prints coverage statistics from the input BAM file
filter          Filters BAM file(s) by user-specified criteria
index           Generates index for BAM file
merge           Merge multiple BAM files into single file
random          Select random alignments from existing BAM file(s), intended more as a testing tool.
resolve         Resolves paired-end reads (marking the IsProperPair flag as needed)
revert          Removes duplicate marks and restores original base qualities
sort            Sorts the BAM file according to some criteria
split           Splits a BAM file on user-specified property, creating a new BAM output file for each value found
stats           Prints some basic statistics from input BAM file(s)

format: plain


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Threshold for peak detection of noisy signal in frequency domain

I have a noisy signal (Gaussian Noise) with a known SNR and known Noise variance. This signal contains a number of Frequency components. My ultimate objective is to detect the components of the signal. What is the Threshold formula should I use to detect the peaks of the signal in frequency domain given a certain Pfa (probability of false alarm)?

The following plot is an example of my objective. I want a Threshold that separates my useful components from the noise components (Let's say between 0.6 and 1)

• It looks to me you can get rid of the noise by mirroring the spectrum about 20.5 Hz and subtracting. I suppose this is not actual data but a modeling artifact, say complex quadrature signal in real noise. – Olli Niemitalo Jan 18 '19 at 9:47
• @OlliNiemitalo I didnt get your point. However, this plot is just a sample example. In other cases, the peaks could be spread along the full band. I tried npwgnthresh function in matlab but it didnt give me good threshold – Mohamad Jan 18 '19 at 20:55

This is a pretty common problem in radar signal processing. Typically, we’ll use what’s called a CFAR detector (constant false alarm rate). This essentially boils down to a non-linear smoothing filter where to attempt to estimate the local average power of the signal (excluding the current cell under test (CUT)). Afterwards, a “bias factor” is applied; this is typically determined a priori. Anything above the CFAR level + bias factor is labeled as a detection, and everything else is ignored. I’m sure there is a wealth of publicly available information on the topic, and I’d highly recommend doing some googling, or even looking around more on this website.

EDIT: Neyman-Pearson is indeed the standard technique. There are loads of papers about this topic on IEEE Xplore, I highly recommend you check them out. That "bias factor" I talked about earlier is the thing you'll want to calculate based on your PFA or PD curve, which is a function of SNR.

• I've found several formulas from different references about the Neyman Pearson threshold, but the did'nt give me proper values. These formulas are function of Probability of false alarm and Noise variance – Mohamad Jan 22 '19 at 12:15

Look for peaks N dB above the localized noise floor.

Calculate the noise floor by taking the mean of all your samples (or choose an observation window size). You can throw out the top 1-3 samples (or however many you want) to reduce the bias on the mean. After that you can covert your mean to log and then look for peaks N dB above the mean.


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1. Integrating Partial fractions

Need help with this very difficult problem
i cant seem to find any partial fraction here but there is:

Need help with this very difficult problem
i cant seem to find any partial fraction here but there is:

I had a lot of fun with this one

if you have questions, say so. i skipped a few steps here and there because i wanted to make sure the pic fit

3. thanks jhevon!


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AISM 53, 436-446

## Decision theoretic estimation of the ratio of variances in a bivariate normal distribution

### George Iliopoulos

Department of Mathematics, University of Patras, 26500 Rio, Patras, Greece

(Received May 6, 1999; revised March 1, 2000)

Abstract.    In this paper the problem of estimating the ratio of variances, $\sigma$, in a bivariate normal distribution with unknown mean is considered from a decision-theoretic point of view. First, the UMVU estimator of $\sigma$ is derived, and then it is shown to be inadmissible under two specific loss functions, namely, the squared error loss and the entropy loss. The derivation of the results is done by conditioning on an auxiliary negative binomial random variable.

Key words and phrases:    Decision theory, bivariate normal distribution, ratio of variances, squared error loss, entropy loss.

Source (TeX, DVI )


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## A 60 (120 ) night light is turned on for an average 12 a day year round.

What is the annual cost of electricity at a billing rate of $0.12 ? ## Answers (2) • ## You need a Homework Help subscription to view this answer! ### Chegg Homework Help subscribers get: • Full access to our library of 2 million Q&A posts • 24/7 help from our community of subject experts • Fast answers from experts, around the clock Start Free Trial... Your free trial lasts for 7 days. Your subscription will continue for$14.95/month unless you cancel.

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# Inspired by Zandra Vinegar

Number Theory Level 2

True or false:

$$\quad\quad$$ For all positive integers $$a$$, $$(a^2)! \geq (a!)^2$$ holds true.

Clarification: $$!$$ denotes the factorial notation.

×


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# Building a regression model for non-linear relationship

I'm trying to build a regression model that best explains the variable C by a function of A and B. Below is the descriptive statistics of the dataset. There are total of 300 instances in this data.

  A                 B                 C
Min.   :-8.8600   Min.   :-2.8900   Min.   :-10000.00
1st Qu.:-1.9400   1st Qu.:-0.6062   1st Qu.:   -23.38
Median : 0.4685   Median : 1.9350   Median :    -3.09
Mean   : 2.3170   Mean   : 2.0131   Mean   :   -41.56
3rd Qu.: 7.0425   3rd Qu.: 4.6975   3rd Qu.:    16.30
Max.   :20.6000   Max.   : 7.0000   Max.   :   202.00

From the summary descriptives, and from boxplots and scatterplots, I identified an outlier in the column C. I proceeded to remove the outlier and got the below summary.

       A                B                C
Min.   :-8.860   Min.   :-2.890   Min.   :-315.000
1st Qu.:-1.950   1st Qu.:-0.587   1st Qu.: -23.100
Median : 0.447   Median : 1.940   Median :  -2.940
Mean   : 2.291   Mean   : 2.027   Mean   :  -8.259
3rd Qu.: 7.025   3rd Qu.: 4.705   3rd Qu.:  16.300
Max.   :20.600   Max.   : 7.000   Max.   : 202.000

Below are the scatterplots between A and C, and B and C from the dataset without the outlier.

You can see from the plot that B has somewhat of a linear relationship with C, but A does not. I tried fitting polynomial models with A^2 and A^3, but the adjusted R-square does not increase noticeably, with it only being somewhere around 0.4.

In such case, what approaches might I take? I've attached the result of some of the basic regression models that I have fitted below for reference.

Call:
lm(formula = C ~ A + B, data = dat2)

Residuals:
Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max
-229.41  -26.36    1.93   32.99  166.43

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)  25.7320     4.2640   6.035 4.75e-09 ***
A            -1.3667     0.5776  -2.366   0.0186 *
B           -15.2219     1.0974 -13.871  < 2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 55.71 on 296 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.394, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3899
F-statistic: 96.23 on 2 and 296 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

Call:
lm(formula = C ~ A2 + A + B, data = dat2)

Residuals:
Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max
-221.44  -22.79   -2.73   33.87  187.43

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)  32.31815    4.69006   6.891 3.36e-11 ***
A2           -0.30079    0.09525  -3.158  0.00175 **
A             0.96274    0.93170   1.033  0.30230
B           -15.54204    1.08585 -14.313  < 2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 54.88 on 295 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.4138,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.4079
F-statistic: 69.42 on 3 and 295 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

Call:
lm(formula = C ~ A3 + A2 + A + B, data = dat2)

Residuals:
Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max
-216.089  -21.384   -2.757   32.428  182.474

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)  36.97146    5.25297   7.038 1.38e-11 ***
A3            0.02190    0.01133   1.932  0.05428 .
A2           -0.59956    0.18137  -3.306  0.00106 **
A             0.75143    0.93383   0.805  0.42166
B           -15.73565    1.08549 -14.496  < 2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 54.63 on 294 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.4212,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.4133
F-statistic: 53.48 on 4 and 294 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16
$$$$
`
• Where does “multivariate” come up? “Multivariate” regression means a multivariate response variable, but many people say it when they mean multiple predictors. However, your regression does not seem to be either.
– Dave
Apr 27, 2020 at 23:11
• @Dave I edited the title. Mine has 2 predictors which is why I used the word "multivariate". Thanks for pointing that out. Apr 28, 2020 at 0:41

From the two plots you've provided we see that, marginally, as the absolute value of $$A$$ or $$B$$ increases, the variance of $$C$$ increases dramatically, but the expected value of $$C$$ does not change much, linearly with the regressors or otherwise.
As a result, if there is no interaction between the effects of $$A$$ and $$B$$, you will have to accept that regressors $$A$$ and $$B$$ do not explain the mean of $$C$$ very well.
However, it is possible that the interaction of $$A$$ and $$B$$ could have some explanatory value. Perhaps when $$B < 0$$ and $$A > 0$$, the mean of $$Y$$ is large whereas when $$B > 0$$ and $$A > 0$$, the mean of $$Y$$ is small.
To test this, use $$A*B$$ insead of $$A + B$$ in your R formula.


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AIMS Mathematics, 2020, 5(4): 3547-3555. doi: 10.3934/math.2020230

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On the Tame automorphisms of differential polynomial algebras

Department of Mathematics, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey

## Abstract    Full Text(HTML)    Figure/Table    Related pages

Let $R\{x,y\}$ be the differential polynomial algebra in two differential indeterminates $x,y$ over a differential domain $R$ with a derivation operator $\delta$. In this paper, we study on automorphisms of the differential polynomial algebra $R\{x,y\}$ with one derivation operator. Using a method in group theory, we prove that the Tame subgroup of automorphism of $R\{x,y\}$ is the amalgamated free product of the Triangular and the Affine subgroups over their intersection.
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# References

1. M. Aschenbrenner, L. Van Den Dries, J. Van Der Hoeven, Asymptotic Differential Algebra and Model Theory of Transseries, Princeton University Press, 2017.

2. A. G. Czerniakiewicz, Automorphisms of a free associative algebra of rank 2. I & II, T. Am. Math. Soc., 160 (1971), 393-401; 171 (1972), 309-315.

3. P. M. Cohn, Subalgebras of free associative algebras, P. Lond. Math. Soc., 56 (1964), 618-632.

4. B. A. Duisengaliyeva, A. S. Naurazbekova, U. U. Umirbaev, Tame and wild automorphisms of differential polynomial algebras of rank 2, Fund. Appl. Math., 22 (2019), 101-114.

5. G. Gallo, B. Mishra, F. Ollivier, Some constructions in rings of differential polynomials, In: Applied Algebra, Algebraic Algorithms and Error-Correcting Codes, Springer, Berlin, 1991, 171-182.

6. H. W. E. Jung, Uber ganze birationale Transformationen der Ebene, J. Reine Angew. Math., 184 (1942), 161-174.

7. I. Kaplansky, An Introduction to Differential Algebra, Hermann, Paris, 1957.

8. E. R. Kolchin, Differential Algebra and Algebraic Groups, Academic Press, New York, 1973.

9. W. van der Kulk, On polynomial rings in two variables, Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde, 3 (1953), 33-41.

10. L. Makar-Limanov, The automorphisms of the free algebra with two generators, Funct. Anal. Appl., 4 (1970), 262-263.

11. M. Nagata, On the Automorphism Group of k[x,y], Kinokuniya, Tokio, 1972.

12. J. F. Ritt, Differential Algebra, American Mathematical Society, New York, 1950.

13. I. P. Shestakov, U. U. Umirbaev, Tame and wild automorphisms of rings of polynomials in three variables, J. Am. Math. Soc., 17 (2004), 197-227.

14. W. Sit, The Ritt-Kolchin Theory for Differential Polynomials, World Scientific, Singapore, 2001.

15. U. U. Umirbaev, The Anick automorphism of free associative algebras, J. Reine Angew. Math., 605 (2007), 165-178.

16. A. Van den Essen, Polynomial Automorphisms: and the Jacobian Conjecture, Birkhauser, 2012.


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randRange( 2, 10 ) randRangeExclude( 2, 15, [ N1 ] ) ( N1 * randRange( 80, 199 ) / 100 ).toFixed( 2 ) (function() { var solutions = [ "\\dfrac{" + N1 + "}{\\\$" + C + "} = \\dfrac{" + N2 + "}{x}", "\\dfrac{" + N2 + "}{x} = \\dfrac{" + N1 + "}{\\\$" + C + "}", "\\dfrac{" + N1 + "}{" + N2 + "} = \\dfrac{\\\$" + C + "}{x}", "\\dfrac{x}{" + N2 + "} = \\dfrac{\\\$" + C + "}{" + N1 + "}" ] return solutions; })() randRange( 0, SOLUTIONS.length - 1 ) SOLUTIONS[ IDX ]

plural( N1, deskItem( 0 ) ) cost \$C.

Which equation would help determine the cost of plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) )?

`SOLUTION`

• `\dfrac{N2}{\\$C} = \dfrac{x}{N1}`
• `\dfrac{N2}{N1} = \dfrac{\\$C}{x}`
• `\dfrac{N1}{N2} = \dfrac{x}{\\$C}`
• `\dfrac{x}{N2} = \dfrac{N1}{\\$C}`
• `\dfrac{N2}{x} = \dfrac{\\$C}{N1}`

There are several equations that could help determine the cost, each with a slightly different approach.

We can write the fact that plural( N1, deskItem( 0 ) ) cost \$C as a proportion:

`\dfrac{N1}{\\$C}`

Let `x` represent the unknown cost of plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) ). Since plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) ) cost `x`, we have the following proportion:

`\dfrac{N2}{x}`

The cost changes along with the number of deskItem( 0 )s purchased, and so the two proportions are equivalent.

Let `x` represent the unknown cost of plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) ). Since plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) ) cost `x`, we have the following proportion:

`\dfrac{N2}{x}`

We can write the fact that plural( N1, deskItem( 0 ) ) cost \$C as a proportion:

`\dfrac{N1}{\\$C}`

The cost changes along with the number of deskItem( 0 )s purchased, and so the two proportions are equivalent.

We know the cost of plural( N1, deskItem( 0 ) ), and we want to know the cost of plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) ). We can write the numbers of deskItem( 0 )s as a proportion:

`\dfrac{N1}{N2}`

We know plural( N1, deskItem( 0 ) ) costs \$C, and we can let `x` represent the unknown cost of plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) ). The proportion of these costs can be expressed as:

`\dfrac{\\$C}{x}`

The cost changes along with the number of deskItem( 0 )s purchased, and so the two proportions are equivalent.

If we let `x` represent the cost of plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) ), we have the following proportion:

`\dfrac{x}{N2}`

We have to pay \$C for plural( N1, deskItem( 0 ) ), and that can be written as a proportion:

`\dfrac{\\$C}{N1}`

Since the price per folder stays the same, these two proportions are equivalent.

`SOLUTIONS[ IDX ]`


text:
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# A maths exam is marked out of 120. Passing mark is 40 %. What are the marks required for passing?(a). 48(b). 110(c). 54(d). 72

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Hint: Recall the formula for percentage, that is, Percentage = $\dfrac{{{\text{Required value}}}}{{{\text{Total value}}}} \times 100\%$. Use this formula to calculate the marks required for passing the exam.

Percentage of a quantity means a fraction of the quantity expressed by taking a hundred as a whole. 100 % means the entire quantity or the whole. The word percent comes from Latin word Per Cent where Centum means hundred.
Percentage is just a convenient way to express a fraction with hundred as a whole.
Percentage is a number expressed as a fraction of 100. It is calculated by multiplying the numeric of the ratio by 100.
When we need to find the percentage of students passed the exam, we find the ratio of the number of students passed the exam to the number of students who attended the exam and multiply the ratio by 100.
Hence, in the given question, the total marks are 120 and to pass the exam, a student must score at least 40 %. We know that percent of pass marks is equal to the ratio of the number of pass marks to the total number of marks multiplied by 100.
Let the number of pass marks required be x. Then, we have the following:
Percentage = $\dfrac{{{\text{Pass Marks}}}}{{{\text{Total Marks}}}} \times 100\%$
The total marks are 120.
$40\% = \dfrac{x}{{120}} \times 100\%$
Solving for x, we get:
$x = \dfrac{{40}}{{100}} \times 120$
$x = 4 \times 12$
$x = 48$
Hence, 48 marks are required for passing.

Note: Percent is out of 100 and the total marks is 120. Hence, if the passing percentage is 40, the passing marks will not be 40 but slightly higher than that.


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## Chemistry: The Central Science (13th Edition)

In the mass spectrum, we will see one peak for each type of molecule. Since the molecule we are looking at is $H_{2}$ and we are told that the conditions will prevent decomposition, we need to see how many combinations are possible between the two isotopes, 1H and 2H. We see that we can have 1H-1H, 2H-2H, 1H-2H, 2H-1H but that 2H-1H and 1H-2H would have the same mass and therefore the same peak. This leaves us with 3 possible arrangements so 3 peaks .


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Inductance of Transmission line Solved numericals

BlogPower SystemInductance of Transmission lin...

Inductance of transmission line solved problems

Q) Calculate the loop inductance per km of a single-phase overhead line consisting of two conductors each 1 cm diameter and 1.2 m apart.

Given-$Diameter = 1 cm$; $D = 1.2 m$

$r =0.5 *10^{-2} m$

$r’ = 0.003894 m$

$L=4\times { 10 }^{ -7 }\ln { \dfrac { D }{ r’ } }$

$L=2.2922\times { 10 }^{ -6 } H/m$

$L=2.2922\times { 10 }^{ -3 } H/km$

Q) Find the loop inductance and reactance per kilometer of single-phase overhead line consisting of two conductors, each 1.213 cm diameter. The spacing between conductors is 1.25 meters and the frequency is 50 Hertz.

Given- $Diameter=1.1213 cm; r=0.6065 cm = 0.6065 \times { 10 }^{ -2 } m; D=1.25 m$

$r’=0.7788\times0.6065 \times { 10 }^{ -2 }=0.4723 { 10 }^{ -2 } m$

$L=4\times { 10 }^{ -7 }\ln { \dfrac { D }{ r’ } }$

$L=22.31 \times { 10 }^{ -7 } H/m$

$L=22.31 \times { 10 }^{ -4 } H/km$

$X=2\pi fL=2\pi 50 \times 22.31 \times { 10 }^{ -4 } = 0.7 \Omega/km$

Q)  A wire 4 mm in diameter is suspended at a constant height 10 m above sea level which constitutes the return conductor. Calculate the inductance of the system per km.

Given-$Diameter = 4 mm; Height= 10 m \; above \; sea \; level$

$r = 2 \times { 10 }^{ -3 } m$

$r’ = 0.7788 \times 2 \times { 10 }^{ -3 } = 0.001557 m$

$L=2\times { 10 }^{ -7 }\ln { \dfrac { D }{ r’ } } = 18.92 \times { 10 }^{ -7 } H/m$

Note: In the above numerical the return conductor is sea therefore by using ‘method of images’ we will assume the same conductor below the sea level with a depth equal to the height of the actual conductor which is above the sea level.

Q) Calculate the loop inductance per kilometer of single-phase line comprising of two parallel conductors one meter apart and 1 cm in diameter when the material of conductor is 1) Copper 2) Steel with relative permeability 50.

Given- $Diameter = 1 m; D =1 m; \mu_r (for \; steel) = 50$

$r=0.5 cm$

$r’=0.7788\times 0.5 \times { 10 }^{ -2 } = 3.894 \times { 10 }^{ -3 } m$

$Copper$

$L=4\times { 10 }^{ -7 }\ln { \dfrac { D }{ r’ } } = 2.2193 \times { 10 }^{ -6 } = 2.2193 \times { 10 }^{ -3 } H/km$

$Steel$

$L=\left[ { \mu }_{ r }+4\times \ln { \dfrac { D }{ r } } \right] { 10 }^{ -7 } =71.19 \times { 10 }^{ -7 } H/m$

Note: In the above numerical observe the formula used to calculate the inductance of steel. The radius used in the above formula is actual radius r and not fictitious radius r’.

Q) A 3-phase 50 km long single circuit 66 kV transposed overhead line has horizontal spacing with 3 m between adjacent conductors and 6 m between outer conductors. The conductor diameter is 2 cm. Find the Inductance per phase.

Given- l=50km;

D=6m between outer conductor;

Diameter = 2 cm.

$r’ = 0.7788 \times 1 \times { 10 }^{ -2 } m = 7.788 \times { 10 }^{ -3 } m$

$\sqrt [ 3 ]{ { d }_{ 12 }{ d }_{ 23 }{ d }_{ 31 } } =3.779663$

$L=2\times { 10 }^{ -7 }\ln { \dfrac { \sqrt [ 3 ]{ { d }_{ 12 }{ d }_{ 23 }{ d }_{ 31 } } }{ r’ } }$

$L=1.236 \times { 10 }^{ -6 } H/m$

$L=1.236 \times { 10 }^{ -3 } H/km$

${ L }_{ 50 }=1.236\times { 10 }^{ -3 }\times 50=0.06184 H$

Q) A 3-phase single circuit bundled conductor line with two sub-conductors per phase has horizontal spacing with 6.1 m between the center lines of adjacent phases. The distance between the sub conductors of each phase is 30.5 cm and each sub-conductor has a diameter of 2.54 cm. Find the inductance per phase per km.

Given- Horizontal spacing = 6.1 m;

Spacing between sub-conductors = 30.5 cm;

Diameter =2.54 cm.

$r=1.27 \times { 10 }^{ -2 } m$

$r’= 0.7788\times 1.27 \times { 10 }^{ -2 } = 9.89076 \times { 10 }^{ -3 } m$

$GMR=\sqrt [ 4 ]{ r’r'{ d }_{ 1{ 1 }^{ ‘ } }{ d }_{ { 1 }^{ ‘ }1 } } =\sqrt { r'{ d }_{ 1{ 1 }^{ ‘ } } } =0.05492$

$\sqrt [ 3 ]{ { d }_{ 12 }{ d }_{ 23 }{ d }_{ 31 } } =7.685518$

$L=2\times { 10 }^{ -7 }\ln { \dfrac { \sqrt [ 3 ]{ { d }_{ 12 }{ d }_{ 23 }{ d }_{ 31 } } }{ GMR } }$

$= 9.8824 \times { 10 }^{ -7 } H/m$

$=9.8824 \times { 10 }^{ -4 } H/km$

Q) A 3-phase single circuit bundled conductor line with three sub-conductors per phase has horizontal spacing with 6.1 m between the center lines of adjacent phases. The distance between the sub conductors of each phase is 30.5 cm and each sub-conductor has a diameter of 2.54 cm. Find the inductance per phase per km.

Given- Horizontal spacing = 6.1 m;

Spacing between sub-conductors = 30.5 cm;

Diameter =2.54 cm.

$GMR=\sqrt [ 9 ]{ (r'{ { d }^{ 2 }) }^{ 3 } } =\sqrt [ 3 ]{ (r'{ { d }^{ 2 }) } } =0.09726$

$L=2\times { 10 }^{ -7 }\ln { \dfrac { \sqrt [ 3 ]{ { d }_{ 12 }{ d }_{ 23 }{ d }_{ 31 } } }{ GMR } }$

$L=8.7394 \times { 10 }^{ -7 } H/m$

$L= 8.7394 \times { 10 }^{ -4 } H/km$

Q)  A 3-phase double circuit line has its conductors at the vertices of a regular hexagon with a side of 3.5 m. The diameter of each conductor is 2 cm. Find the inductance per phase per km.

Given- $D=3.5 m; Diameter = 2 cm$

$r=1 \times { 10 }^{ -2 } m$

$r’=0.7788 \times 1 \times { 10 }^{ -2 } = 7.788 \times { 10 }^{ -3 } m$

$L ={ 10 }^{ -7 } \ln { \dfrac { \sqrt { 3 } D }{ 2r’ } } = 5.964 \times { 10 }^{ -7 } H/m = 0.5964 \times { 10 }^{ -3 } H/km$

Q) A double circuit 3-phase overhead line has a configuration as shown in fig. The distance between conductors a and c’ is 7.5 m, between b and b’ is 10 m and between a and c is 8 m. The radius of each conductor is 1.284 cm. Find the inductance per phase per km.

Given- $r=1.284 cm =1.284 \times { 10 }^{ -2 } m$

$r’ = 0.7788 \times 1.284 \times { 10 }^{ -2 } = 0.009999 m$

$According \; to \; pythagoras \; theorem –$

$Distance \; between \; a \; and \; a’ \; (d_{aa’}) \; and$

$Distance \; between \; c \; and \; c’ \; (d_{cc’}) \; = \sqrt { { 8 }^{ 2 }+{ 7.5 }^{ 2 } } = 10.96585 m$

$Distance \; between \; a \; and \; b \; (D_{ab}) \; and$

$Distance \; between \; c \; and \; b \; (D_{cb}) \; = \sqrt { { 1.25 }^{ 2 }+{ 4 }^{ 2 } } =4.1907 m$

$Distance \; between \; a \; and \; b’ \; (D_{ab’}) \; = \sqrt { { (7.5+1.25) }^{ 2 }+{ 4 }^{ 2 } } =9.6209 m$

$GMR_a = \sqrt [ 4 ]{ { (r'{ d }_{ aa’ }) }^{ 2 } } =\sqrt { r'{ d }_{ aa’ } } =0.33113 m$

$GMR_b = \sqrt [ 4 ]{ { (r'{ d }_{ bb’ }) }^{ 2 } } =\sqrt { r'{ d }_{ bb’ } } =0.3162 m$

$GMR_c = \sqrt [ 4 ]{ { (r'{ d }_{ cc’ }) }^{ 2 } } =\sqrt { r'{ d }_{ cc’ } } =0.33113 m$

$Total \; GMR \; (D_s) = \sqrt [ 3 ]{ 0.33113\times 0.3162\times 0.33113 } = 0.3260 m$

$GMD_{ab} = \sqrt [ 4 ]{ { d }_{ ab }{ d }_{ ab’ }{ d }_{ a’b }{ d }_{ a’b’ } } =\sqrt { { d }_{ ab }{ d }_{ ab’ } } =6.3491 m$

$Similarly,$

$GMD_{bc} = \sqrt { { d }_{ bc }{ d }_{ bc’ } } =6.3491 m$

$GMD_{ca} = \sqrt { { d }_{ ca }{ d }_{ ca’ } } =7.7459 m$

${ D }_{ eq }=\sqrt [ 3 ]{ 6.3491\times 6.3491\times 7.7459 } = 6.7842 m$

$L=2\times { 10 }^{ -7 }\ln { \dfrac { D_{eq} }{ D_s } } = 6.07 \times { 10 }^{ -7 } H/m = 0.607 \times { 10 }^{ -3 } H/km$

Q) A 3-phase line has an equilateral spacing of 6 m. It is desired to rebuild the line with same $D_{eq}$ and horizontal configuration so that the central conductor is midway between the outers. Find the spacing between the outer conductor and central conductor.

Given- Equilateral spacing is 6m that is $D_{eq}$ is 6 m.

Let D be the spacing between conductors when they are arranged in horizontal configuration.

Note: $D_{eq}$ for both the configuration is same.

Note: We can take distance from center of one bundled conductor to center of other bundled conductor to calculate GMD.

$D_{eq} \; for \; horizontal \; spacing = 6 =\sqrt [ 3 ]{ DD(2D) }$

$D = 4.7622 m$

Q) The double circuit three-phase line has the configuration shown in figure the distance between conductor a and c’ is 7.5 between b and b’ is 9 m and between a and c is 8 m. Find inductance per kilometer per phase. The radius of each conductor is 1.25 cm.

Given- $r=1.25 cm =1.25 \times { 10 }^{ -2 } m$

$r’ = 0.7788 \times 1.25 \times { 10 }^{ -2 } = 9.735 \times { 10 }^{ -3 } m$

$According \; to \; pythagoras \; theorem –$

$Distance \; between \; a \; and \; a’ \; (d_{aa’}) \; and$

$Distance \; between \; c \; and \; c’ \; (d_{cc’}) = \sqrt { { (7.5+0.75) }^{ 2 }+{ 8 }^{ 2 } } = 10.9658 m$

$Distance \; between \; a \; and \; b \; (D_{ab}) \; and$

$Distance \; between \; c \; and \; b \; (D_{cb}) = \sqrt { { 0.75 }^{ 2 }+{ 4 }^{ 2 } } =4.0697 m$

$Distance \; between \; a \; and \; b’ \; (D_{ab’}) = \sqrt { { (7.5+0.75) }^{ 2 }+{ 4 }^{ 2 } } =9.1685 m$

$GMR_a = \sqrt [ 4 ]{ { (r'{ d }_{ aa’ }) }^{ 2 } } =\sqrt { r'{ d }_{ aa’ } } =0.3267 m$

$GMR_b = \sqrt [ 4 ]{ { (r'{ d }_{ bb’ }) }^{ 2 } } =\sqrt { r'{ d }_{ bb’ } } =0.2959 m$

$GMR_c = \sqrt [ 4 ]{ { (r'{ d }_{ cc’ }) }^{ 2 } } =\sqrt { r'{ d }_{ cc’ } } =0.3267 m$

$Total \; GMR (D_s)= \sqrt [ 3 ]{ 0.3267\times 0.3267\times 0.2959 } = 0.3160 m$

$GMD_{ab} = \sqrt [ 4 ]{ { d }_{ ab }{ d }_{ ab’ }{ d }_{ a’b }{ d }_{ a’b’ } } =\sqrt { { d }_{ ab }{ d }_{ ab’ } } =6.1084 m$

$Similarly,$

$GMD_{bc} = \sqrt { { d }_{ bc }{ d }_{ bc’ } } =6.1084 m$

$GMD_{ca} = \sqrt { { d }_{ ca }{ d }_{ ca’ } } =7.7459 m$

${ D }_{ eq }=\sqrt [ 3 ]{ 6.1084\times 6.1084\times 7.7459 } = 6.61163 m$

$L=2\times { 10 }^{ -7 }\ln { \dfrac { D_{eq} }{ D_s } } = 6.0816 \times { 10 }^{ -7 } H/m = 0.60816 \times { 10 }^{ -3 } H/km$

Q) A 765 kV single circuit line has three sub conductors per phase. Each sub conductor has a diameter of 31.68 mm and sub conductor spacing of 45 cm. The interface spacing is 15.25 m. The configuration is horizontal. Find the inductance per phase per kilometer.

Given-$Spacing \; between \; sub-conductors = 45 cm = 45 \times { 10 }^{ -2 }$

$Spacing \; between \; conductors = 15.25 m; Diameter= 31.68 mm$

$r = 15.84 mm = 15.84 \times { 10 }^{ -3 } m$

$r’ = 0.7788 \times 15.84 \times { 10 }^{ -3 } = 0.01233 m$

$GMR(D_s)=\sqrt [ 3 ]{ r'{ d }^{ 2 } } =0.13566 m$

$GMD(D_{eq}) = \sqrt [ 3 ]{ 15.25\times 15.25\times 30.50 } =19.237 m$

$L=2\times { 10 }^{ -7 }\ln { \dfrac { D_{eq} }{ D_s } } = 9.9064 \times 10^{-7} H/m = 0.99064 \times 10^{3} H/km$

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text:
# find the probability of a spade from a five-card deck [closed]

I am trying to solve a simple exercise from a probability book but I have no idea how. Given a five-card deck containing: ace of spades, king of spades, king of hearts, queen of spades, and queen of hearts, there are 2 players and each one has exactly one card. You observe evidence that one player has a picture card (king or queen). What’s the probability that the other player has a spade?

I think at conditional probabilities, but I don't know how to model this events. P(A|B) where A is the event of extracting a spade and B represents event of having a spade from a picture card. I know that if I observe picture card than the probability of being a spade is 1/2.

## closed as unclear what you're asking by JMoravitz, Ethan Bolker, Shailesh, Leucippus, Parcly TaxelMay 24 '18 at 14:25

Please clarify your specific problem or add additional details to highlight exactly what you need. As it's currently written, it’s hard to tell exactly what you're asking. See the How to Ask page for help clarifying this question. If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.

• How many cards does each player hold? Did we see the rank of all of the one players' cards, or just that one? – C Monsour May 20 '18 at 19:26
• It matters how the cards are split up among the players. Consider the extreme example of where the youngest player is always given all of the cards. In such a scenario, it is impossible for the older player to hold a spade (or in fact any card at all). Consider the other extreme where for each card a coin is flipped. If heads was flipped the first player gets the card. If tails, then the second player gets the card. Consider a third example where the first player is always dealt the top two cards and the second player gets the remaining three. These all have different final answers – JMoravitz May 20 '18 at 19:38
• each player has exact one card. All that I know is that one of them has a picture card. (it can be spade or not). I have to find probability that the other player has a spade. – user1979704 May 21 '18 at 10:27

either it is a spade face card (Pr = ?) in which case the other card has a Pr of $\frac14$ of being a spade,
or it is a non-spade face card (Pr = ?) in which case the other card has Pr of $\frac24$ of being a spade
• $$Pr(A) = Pr(A|B) * P(B) + Pr(A|C) * P(C)$$ where A is the event of having a spade, B if "open" card is a spade and C if "open" card is not a spade. $$Pr(B) = \frac{1}{2}, Pr(A|B) = \frac{2}{4}, Pr(C) = \frac{1}{2}, Pr(A|C) = \frac{3}{4}$$ thus resulting $$Pr(A) = \frac{2} {8} + \frac{3}{8} = \frac{5}{8}$$. – user1979704 May 22 '18 at 12:37


text:
# Dear Brother Yocto,

Here’s a weird bug I found on my setup: pythonnative seems to be using python3.4.3 whereas the recipe specified 2.7.

## What I tested

I found the code in phosphor-settings-manager, which inherits pythonnative, seems to be working per python 3, so added the following line into a native python function:

python do_check_version () {
import sys
bb.warn(sys.version)
}

WARNING: phosphor-settings-manager-1.0-r1 do_check_version: 3.4.3 (default,
Nov 17 2016, 01:08:31)

This is with openbmc git tip, building MACHINE=zaius

## What the recipe should be using is seemingly 2.7

$cat ../import-layers/yocto-poky/meta/classes/pythonnative.bbclass inherit python-dir [...]$ cat ../import-layers/yocto-poky/meta/classes/python-dir.bbclass
PYTHON_BASEVERSION = "2.7"
PYTHON_ABI = ""
PYTHON_DIR = "python${PYTHON_BASEVERSION}" PYTHON_PN = "python" PYTHON_SITEPACKAGES_DIR = "${libdir}/\${PYTHON_DIR}/site-packages"

well, python2.7 and python3 have a ton of differences. A bug I discovered is due to usage of filter(), which returns different objects between Python2/3.

Before diving into the layers of bitbake recipes to root cause what caused this, I want to know if you have ideas why this went wrong.

—Snakes in a Sysroot

# Dear Snakes in a Sysroot,

As you’ve already discovered, the version of Python used varies depending on context within a Yocto build. Recipes, by default, are built to run on the target machine and distro. For most recipes, that is what we want: we’re building a recipe so it can be included in the rootfs. In some cases, a tool needs to be run on the machine running bitbake. An obvious example is a compiler that generates binaries for the target machine. Of course, that compiler likely has dependencies on libraries that must be generated for the machine that runs that compiler. This leads to three categories of recipes: native, cross, and target. Each of these categories place their output into different directories (sysroots) both to avoid file collisions and to allow BitBake to select which tools are available to a recipe by altering the PATH environment variable.

native
Binaries and libraries generated by these recipes are executed on the machine running bitbake (host machine). Any binary that generates other binaries (compiler, linker, etc) will also generate binaries for the host machine.
cross
Similar to native, the binaries and libraries generated by these recipes are executed on the host machine. The difference is that any binary that generates other binaries will generate binaries for the target machine.
target
Binaries and libraries generated by these recipes are executed on the target machine only.

For a recipe like Python, it is common to have a native and a target recipe (python and python-native) that use a common include file to specify the version, most of the build process, etc. That’s what you see in yocto-poky/meta/classes/python-dir.bbclass.

So, why isn’t python-native being used to run the python function in your recipe? A key insight is that you are using ‘addtask’ to tell BitBake to run this python function as a task. That means it is being run in the context of BitBake itself, not as a command executed by a recipe’s task. The sysroots described above don’t apply since a new python instance is not being executed. Instead, the recipe is run inside the existing BitBake python process. This is also how in-recipe python methods can alter BitBake’s variables and tasks (see BitBake User Manual Section 3.5.2 specifically that the ‘bb’ package is already imported and ‘d’ is available as a global variable). Since bitbake is executed directly from the command line and is a script, its shebang line tells us it will be run under python3.

If you want to run a python script as part of the recipe’s build process (perhaps a tool written in python), you’d execute that script from within a task:

do_check_version() {
python -c '
import sys
print(sys.version)
'
}

Since python is being executed within a task, the version of python in the selected sysroot will be used. The output will not be displayed on the console in BitBake’s output. Instead, it will be written to the task’s log file within the current build directory. If you need to do this, I highly suggest writing the script as a separate file that is included in the package rather than trying to contain it all inside the recipe.

—Brother Yocto


text:
# Active Galactic Nuclei 13: Beauty and the Beast

Oct 9 – 12, 2018
Milan
Europe/Rome timezone

## Black Hole Masses from Reverberation and Scaling Relationships

Oct 10, 2018, 3:00 PM
15m

### Speaker

Elena Dalla Bonta (Univ. Padova)

### Description

Reverberation mapping and scaling relationships based on reverberation results provide the underpinning of all estimates of quasar black hole masses. When applying these scaling relationships, there are potential pitfalls that are widely unappreciated and can result in biases that can, in turn, lead to systematic errors in the black hole mass function and therefore conclusions about the evolution of black holes over time. I will discuss potential sources of biases and show how they can be mitigated.


text:
# Community Q&A – Doug Hull

After 15 years of working at MathWorks and a successful blog on MATLAB Central, Doug Hull “retired” to Las Vegas so he could combine his mathematical knowledge with his love of poker.

Thanks for agreeing to this interview.  What did you do at MathWorks during your 15 year career?

I started in Applications Engineering, that is the technical arm of the Sales Team. Mostly we provided technical proof for the sales process and gave seminars and workshops on the product. There were only eight of us for all the products when I started in 2001. I demoed essentially every product we made at the time.

Eventually I moved into Advanced Support where we handled the toughest of technical support cases.

What I am mostly known for though is the stuff that I made into my job over the years. I started the first MATLAB blog and then I started making a lot of MATLAB training videos for that blog. I also ended up teaching about 40 hours of MATLAB, presentations skills and such to our new-hire engineers every month.

What was your role in the MATLAB Central Community?

I mostly did whatever Ned Gulley convinced me to do with his mind control magic (like starting the blog). Usually he convinced me it was my idea too. LOL

That included generally modeling good behaviors on MATLAB Central, making user-contributed content for the various sub-sites. I often helped design the MATLAB programming contest. The Video blog was my most visible contribution.

Is there anything you contributed to the Community that you think still has value today?

The videos. Everything I did was essentially in core MATLAB. Not much of it is any different today than when I made it. I still program in MATLAB and find it hilarious that I Google up my own videos to remind myself how to do certain things. Often I don’t remember making the videos, but I can see how useful they are!

Stuart McGarrity has taken over the Video Blog. Do you ever check in or continue to use MATLAB Central?

I never looked back.

I look for my old videos now and then or look for support like any other user. I have not been involved in the MATLAB Community except when you all reach out like this or for the MATLAB Cody anniversary. I did stumble upon a MATLAB Answers question a few years ago when I was trying to find something and answered it.

Mostly Doug rode into to sunset never to be seen again.

Why did you decide to leave MathWorks?

It was time to retire/career change (age 41). If MathWorks opened a branch office in Las Vegas, I would be the first one to apply. I needed to be able to dedicate my time to poker research from Las Vegas.

Now, I mostly write poker books, make poker videos, and coach poker. It is the same core skills that I made my career on at MathWorks, only the topic is poker instead of MATLAB. I also relieve people of the their poker money on the Las Vegas strip on a regular basis.

What are some poker books you have written?

Poker Plays You Can Use, Poker Plays You Can Use Volume 2, and Poker Work Book for Math Geeks are my three big ones.

Do any of the books involve MATLAB?

All of them do, at least behind the scenes. My math book had a lot of images that I made via MATLAB script. The hand review books all have at least one hand where I geek out in data visualization in MATLAB.

I am co-founder of this poker video training site. I make a decent amount of content for the site, from articles, quizzes and of course my monthly videos. These are the supplemental videos to my newest book Poker Plays You Can Use Volume 2. The first video shows footage of my playing in a broadcast game out of California.  The second one is more technical and uses my MATLAB-based Flop Falcon software to analyze a poker situation. Very mathy and geeky stuff.

What is your MATLAB based Flop Falcon software?

Poker is a big math problem at its core. There were some key data visualizations that were not being made in existing software, so I filled that gap. I see there are some brilliant pieces of poker software out there. Most of them suffer from the same flaws that my MATLAB customers did. They could do the math, but then the usability of the program was horrible and the output of the results was confusing. My time at MathWorks taught me a lot about software usability and data visualization.

Often the math behind poker is simple, but tedious and needs to be done for thousands of scenarios. Making it easy for people to use, and then understand with good visualizations is what I bring. I have many more software ideas percolating for other new poker programs.

What is the most you have won gambling in Vegas?

In one night? About $7,500 in a$250 entry tournament.

To be clear, there is a bright line separating “poker” from “gambling” (against The House). Poker is the only game of skill in the casino, The House is more of an impartial referee. 95% of the people playing the game have never made even a cursory study of the math fundamentals of the game. They are simply outmatched. They can and do get lucky for a night or a week, but overall they employ strategies that will lose over time.

I mostly play no-limit hold’em cash games. That means you just buy-into the game for about $300 to$1000 and leave with your money whenever you like. You do not tend to make a whole lot in one night. Doubling or tripling up your buy-in is a very solid win. You do not measure poker success from a single hand, session, or week. You measure it by the year or more.

Do you have a preferred Casino?

I play mostly at Mirage, though I sneak over to Orleans also. It is funny, I used to drive 2.5 hours to a casino when working at MathWorks. Now, the added 10 minutes to go to Aria or Caesars Palace seems like too much. I am well known at most of the card rooms in town, it is a small community of locals.

Have you ever been on TV at the World Series of Poker or any of those other poker television shows?

I usually see myself in the background of one or two shots of the World Series of Poker television coverage.  The WSOP is a series of tournaments. I play in some of the smaller non-televised events but mostly I play in the cash games and those don’t get televised. I was a regular commentator on Live At The Bike, a streaming poker game.

I found this 6 minute video of you playing a hand of poker, Live at the Bike

I was very surprised the other player in the video called

I talked with him after. He knew who I was, read my books. He swore before the show that he “was never folding to me” no matter the cost… My reputation precedes me.

Can you think of a situation when MATLAB was used during a hand of poker?

Not during, lol. I will proof out concepts and then bring those to the tables. Flop Falcon was created to answer the question “If I play a speculative hand that rarely hits, but when it does is very strong, how often will my opponent simultaneously hit something strong enough that he will lose a lot of money to my rare hit?”

My software gave me a pretty precise answer to this question for a variety of tempting hands.

What do you like most about Las Vegas?

Mostly I am on a 20 year working vacation until my 401K kicks in (thanks for all those matching contributions MathWorks!) I can look out my kitchen window and see a casino. I can jump on my motorcycle and be seated at a table at the Mirage in 15 minutes.

The cost of living here is ridiculously low, especially compared to Boston. My yearly mortgage here is less than just the taxes on my old place in Boston.

What do you like least about Las Vegas?

The heat in the summer, especially on motorcycle can be oppressive. Thankfully that is just a couple of months in the summer and then the rest of the year is awesome weather.

What is your top recommendation for people visiting Las Vegas?

Drink a lot of water. It is a desert. Drink twice as much as you think you should to start, then add more later.

Do not play poker your first night, you are jet lagged and will lose. I take that back, as a well-rested local, I invite you to Table 11 at the Mirage. I got a seat for you.

Thanks to Doug Hull for participating in this interview and for being a good sport with letting me include a video of him losing a hand of poker.

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