text:
Factoring Numbers

“Factors” are the numbers we multiply to get another number. In this post learn how to factor numbers easily.

Step by step guide to factoring numbers

1. Factoring numbers means to break the numbers into their prime factors.
2. First few prime numbers: $$2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19$$
3. To factor a number, start with the smallest prime number which is 2. Is the number divisible by 2? If so, divide it by 2 and do the same for the result. If not, check the next prime number which is 3 and do the same process.

Example 1:

List all positive factors of $$8$$.

Solution:

Write the upside-down division: 8 is divisible by 2. Then:

 8 2 4 2 2 2 1

The first column shows all the factors of number 8.
Then: $$8=2 \ \times \ 2 \ \times \ 2$$ or $$8=2^{3}$$

All factors of 8 are: 1, 2, 4, 8

Example 2:

List all positive factors of $$24$$.

Solution:

Write the upside-down division:

 24 2 12 2 6 2 3 3 1

The second column is the answer.
Then: $$24= 2 \ \times \ 2 \ \times \ 2 \ \times \ 3$$
or $$24=2^{3} \ \times \ 3$$

All factors of 24 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24

Example 3:

List all positive factors of $$12$$.

Solution:

Write the upside-down division:

 12 2 6 2 3 3 1

The second column is the answer.
Then: $$12=2×2×3$$
or $$12=2^2×3$$

All factors of 12 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

Example 4:

List all positive factors of $$20$$.

Solution:

Write the upside-down division:

 20 2 10 2 5 5 1

Write the upside-down division:
The second column is the answer.
Then: $$20=2×2×5$$ or $$20=2^2×5$$

All factors of 20 are: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, and 20

Exercises

List all positive factors of each number.

1. $$\color{blue}{68}$$
2. $$\color{blue}{56}$$
3. $$\color{blue}{24}$$
4. $$\color{blue}{40}$$
5. $$\color{blue}{86}$$
6. $$\color{blue}{78}$$

1. $$\color{blue}{1, 2, 4, 17, 34, 68}$$
2. $$\color{blue}{1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, 56}$$
3. $$\color{blue}{1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24}$$
4. $$\color{blue}{1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40}$$
5. $$\color{blue}{ 1, 2, 43, 86 }$$
6. $$\color{blue}{ 1, 2, 3, 6, 13, 26, 39, 78 }$$


text:
More on our "Web 2.0" service mark

This is an update to Brady’s post from last night. It’s from Sara Winge, our VP of communications who’s taking point on this until Monday when Tim returns from vacation. Brady and I are posting these, by the way, because Sara’s not one of the Radar bloggers and it felt strange to add her only for this.

Donagh Kiernan of IT@Cork (to whom the letter was addressed) graciously talked with me late in the work day on a Friday (Irish time), and we’ve resolved the service mark issue. O’Reilly and CMP are fine with IT@Cork using “Web 2.0″ in the name of their June 8 conference. And I apologized again to Donagh for the tone of our letter, and for that fact that we didn’t contact IT@Cork before sending it. That’s not the way we want to do business, and as a few of you (OK, more than a few) have noted, it was a mistake.

I’d also like to reiterate that, as Web 2.0 Conference co-chair John Battelle noted, “Remember, Web 2.0 is also about having a business that works. And not protecting your trademarks is simply bad business practice.” We’re not claiming exclusive use of “Web 2.0″ in all contexts. Our service mark applies only to “Web 2.0″ when used in the *title* of “live events” such as conferences and tradeshows.

tags:
• Anonymous

I guess we’re all waiting on Tim.

• http://www.hansomli.com/ Hans Omli

On the contrary, bad business practice is to publish an open letter to Jeff Bezos complaining about a generic patent and then turn around years later to make IP claims regarding a term that has obviously become generic. That is not integrity, and integrity is something I expect of all Web 2.0 companies.

• Scott

So you are still trying to own the use of Web 2.0 in a specific area and your aim is that only O’Reilly/CMP will be able to have a Web 2.0 conference! This just seems so wrong and pointless! How many people does it take to set up a Web 2.0 conference before you will accept defeat?

• Liam

Why did you even bother posting this? It says nothing new – just another weak attempt at showing some sort of good will. We get it, you’re letting them use the phrase this year. That is not the issue.

People are angry because you are claiming you own the rights to a generic term. Again, someone invented the term “Web Accessability” and they might have even put on a “Web Accessability Conference”. That does not mean they own the generic phrase or should be allowed to prevent other conferences from using it.

• Scott

“We’re not claiming exclusive use of “Web 2.0″ in all contexts. Our service mark applies only to “Web 2.0″ when used in the *title* of “live events” such as conferences and tradeshows.”

What comes next? Do you have plans for a service mark covering Ajax conferences or maybe RSS?

• Joe

It seems that Sara still doesn’t get it.
Claiming this trademark, even if just in the context of conferences, is completely ridiculous.
With Tim being very vocal wrt things like the Amazon 1-click patent, it is very hard to see how anybody at O’Reilly could even get the idea of trying to file such a ridiculous service mark (or is it trademark, as the quote from John Batelle as well as a letter from CMP to IT@Cork at http://www.tomrafteryit.net/oreillys-mean-spirited-response/ indicates.)

• Anonymous

@Hans Omli

“Bad business practice is to publish an open letter to Jeff Bezos complaining about a generic patent and then turn around years later to make IP claims regarding a term that has obviously become generic.”

The letter in question is at

• Lance Fisher

Sara, still not good enough. I’ll wait to hear what Tim has to say.

• http://squeetblog.blogspot.com/ Angelo

Do you really expect to make enough money from live events with the exclusive use of Web 2.0 in the title to make up for the negativity you are creating toward your brand?

This is dumb. If you cared at all about Web 2.0, you’d encourage usage of the term in event titles, not sue over it. I don’t think Microsoft has ever sued anyone for having an MS-PowerPoint Conference.

You guys are totally blowing this big time.

• Fook Yee

Fool us once, shame on you. Fool us twice, shame on us.

You folks filed for your Web 2.0 trademark in 2003, and have now almost got it. You don’t have it as yet, but you probably anticipate getting your trademark registration in the next few weeks. Your resolution with IT@Cork is meaningless, because without a trademark registration (which you don’t have AS YET), you couldn’t have done anything to them anyways.

I don’t care about IT@Cork at all. What I care about is that your weasel of a company has started treating a now generic word as your own. Why shouldn’t anybody be able to organize a Web 2.0 conference without your permission ?

• JW

Absolutely not good enough.

Why have you never indicated this trade mark in the past?

I can only assume you deliberately waited until the term was in common use to extort money from small businesses that have taken it on.

• Andrew

The phrase “Better to keep quiet and let people think you’re an idiot than to open your mouth and prove it” seems apt.

>>
That’s not the way we want to do business, and as a few of you (OK, more than a few) have noted, it was a mistake.

• Robert

I appreciate you clearing this up with the conference in question. However, it remains unacceptable for you to claim a trademark on this term EVEN for just live events. I hope you come to see this very soon, and I hope that when you do, it is with as much humility and cordiality that you have displayed today.

• Rebort

I like Scott’s idea. Everyone should be announcing their own Web 2.0 Conferences now, across the blogosphere. Make the lawyers work overtime sending out cease and desist letters, and force this servicemark to become another generic term like Kleenex or Xerox.

Maybe we could work some sort of verb-ification into common speech too, as in: “When posting this message, I’m Web 2.0 Conferencing my ideas.” Or: “Did you send out the press release yet?” “Yep. I Web 2.0 Conferenced it.”

Stupid is as stupid does.

• JD

OMG. Don’t you get it?

Quoting John Batelle is not going to win any points here. I think its better to be quiet on this issue until Tim gets back. He’ll fix it.

But seriously, what about a little civil disobedience? How about everyone staging unconferences and the like name them Web 2.0 something for the next year? It will keep CMP’s lawyers in a job, if nothing else.

Seriously, this blogging is making this problem go from bad to worse. Shel, mark this in your file of “being open with the customer and having it completely backfire.”

• Vinny Timmermans

Let’s collectively stop buying O’Reilly books and ban their Web 2.0 conferences until they withdraw this ridiculous file.

This file has nothing to do with protecting their business, but everything with trying to kill knowledge sharing on new developments and preventing others to contribute to the Web 2.0 discussion just for the sake of their profitability. O’Reilly has shown his real face.

Until so far O’Reilly’s contribution to the Web 2.0 discussion can be summarized as adding to the hype instead of co-creating substantial expertise that will show some value five years from now. I suggest they should file for “Web 2.0 hype” and are forced to use this term in all of their conference names.

• JP

Sara: Hi Tim, how’s your vacation going?
Tim: Pretty good. What’s up Sara?
Sara: Um, well, remember that idea I had to sue non-profits for cash?
Tim: Yeah.
Sara: And remember how I told you I was good at PR?
Tim: Mmm-hmm.
Sara: Yeah, well…hmm, let’s see, how to put this? There’s a bit of a “situation” developing here.
Tim: Don’t worry about it, Toots, I’ll have facilities fix the coffee-maker first thing Monday morning, as soon as I get back.
Sara: No, no, it’s not about the coffee-maker.
Sara: Well, remember when Michael Brown got that FEMA job for which his only qualification was being a colossal failure at raising Arabian horses?
Tim: Yes.
Sara: And remember how I told you that I had some PR experience but you never checked my references because we were sleeping together at the time?
Tim: Yes.
Sara: Well, I’ve never actually “done” PR. My most recent position was cleaning the Arabian Horse stables for Michael Brown.
Tim: Are you saying you’ve Katrinaed us?
Sara: Yes. And I’ve done a “heckuva job” of it.

• Brendan

While I have a very high opinion of O’Reilly as a company and Tim as an individual, this is about as absurd as it gets. Your application claims that the first usage of this term was (from the USPTO site) “FIRST USE: 20041005. FIRST USE IN COMMERCE: 20041005″. Of course it’s been used before: the earliest I’ve seen is from July 1999 , FIVE YEARS before your claim!!! See http://www.allbusiness.com/periodicals/article/383501-1.html for the details.

• Roger

I take no pleasure in joining in with the baying mob and your books have repaid me their cover price many times over. But all the same, I feel obliged to ask what the difference is between this and someone reserving the phrase ‘e-commerce’ for conference titles, or ‘open-source’, or [insert generic technology/trend name here]? To preach the mantra of openness, only to then attempt to close and restrict, seems to undermine everything you have stood for.

• Patrick

Nat, Brady, and Radar team – I understand that you guys are probably under direction from Sara to make these posts in an attempt to keep the wolves at bay but I really think this is one of those times where it’s best for O’Reilly to issue a “No comment until Tim gets back” statement. This has all spiralled out of control and unfortunately it’s no longer about you and IT@Cork. It’s about what CMP’s enforcement of this Web 2.0 service mark says about ORA. Statements from execs and suits aren’t going to do a damn thing – your audience demands nothing less than the return of the king. Take a page from SixApart and do it right. Wait until after the weekend and come Tuesday morning, issue a proper apology and a statement about your continued commitment to knowledge and tech sharing, Web 2.0, etc blah blah.

• Patrick

JP wins.

• Dale Sundstrom

Earth To Sara…

Please stop trying to defend and justify the foolish actions against IT@cork. Offer no more excuses. Just apologize and be contrite. The defensive tone in your messages adds insult to injury, and just continues to tarnish what was a sterling reputation. I’ve always admired O’Reilly (both the man, and the company). The irony of seeing them mowed down by the cluetrain while pursuing a foolish Business 1.0 strategy is very discouraging.

I still hope to see you redeem yourselves–but you are doing a very poor job so far.

• Dennis

This O’Reilly behavior is absolutely nothing new, they are doing the same with their “Perl Camel” trademark for years… just ask the Catalyst Project… people wake up, O’Reilly *is* evil!

• anonymous

Nick Carr has a good take on this:

• http://weblog.burningbird.net Shelley

To the people here obviously bored before the three day weekend:

Fact: Whether you like it or not, Sara has tried to respond to the complaints in the only way she can.

Fact: The organization has allowed the Irish conference to proceed with the name, and apologized for sending the letter and how it was handled.

Fact: Nat, Brady, and Sara have all done only what they could until Tim O’Reilly returns from vacation to respond.

Fact: If you stop buying O’Reilly books because of this, you hurt writers who spend thousands of hours earning very modest sums anyway.

(Oh, oh, okay. That last was a tad self-serving.)

Fact: I think web 2.0 is a tired, worn out, overused, abused, and confused term. Who cares who trademarks it? O’Reilly and company has had nothing but flack for selling this concept, and I’ve been right there, one of the first jeering everytime he uses it. Personally, the O’Reilly Web 2.0 conference sounds dull as dishwater…

…so who cares?

Really, who cares?

And if AJAX is copyrighted…who cares?

But who cares?

Obviously many of you do. And you’ll huff and you’ll puff and you’ll try to blow down the house of O’Reilly

…until you realize that all tech book companies have associations with companies like CMP and if you take such umbrage at this act with them, you’ll just have to stop buying books. And computers. And music. And software. And…

Burn Tim in effigy this weekend. Dance naked in the ashes. Scream out, “We’re mad as hell! And we’re not going to take it anymore!”

(Wait a sec…I think that phrase is copyrighted…try, “We’re really peeved, and we think you’re doodoo heads and you’re mean, and you’re ugly, and, and, and, we’re telling our Moms on you!” There, that works.)

But cut Sara, Nat, and Brady some slack. They’re only trying to help. I doubt there’s a one of you who would have handled this better.

• PK

It should simply be the O’Reilly name in any conference title that should represent the quality level and the identity of any particular conference without the need of resorting to service marks on any terms, generic or otherwise. I’ve always seen the O’Reilly name as a mark of quality for whatever it was attached to, but with this kind of behavior the name is quickly losing an awful lot of its shine.

• JW

As I see it, there’s only one way out of this for O’Reilly, and that’s to immediately rescind all claims to this trademark.

If they don’t act quickly, their core market (us geeks!) are going to desert them before they know what’s hit them.

• http://www.stubbleblog.com/ Tony Stubblebine

Earth to trolls. I like trade marks (or service marks).

Web 2.0 isn’t any more generic than Open Source, and I’d scream if I started seeing OSCON conferences popping up. There’s one OSCON, it’s held by O’Reilly , once a year, generally in Portland. Similarly, there’s one series of YAPC conferences. It’s run by the Yet Another Society. Anyone else can start a Perl conference, they just have to make it clear that it’s run by different people.

The original C&D says to stop using Web 2.0 as the name of the conference not to stop using Web 2.0 in the name of the conference. I saw somebody suggest changing the name of the conference to IT@Cork’s Conference on Web 2.0. That would work.

Just because the term Web 2.0 is becoming generic doesn’t mean that O’Reilly’s Web 2.0 Conference is generic. When I hear someone say that they’re submitting a talk to the Web 2.0 conference I assume they mean O’Reilly’s Web 2.0 conference.

Big deal right? Just a little confusion. Tom Raftery wasn’t served with a lawsuit. He was served with a formal request to change the name. Big deal. He’s using someone else’s name for his conference and all they’re asking him to do is change it so that people are clear on which conference is which.

[disclosure: O'Reilly author and ex-employee.]

• http://www.petercooper.co.uk/ Peter Cooper

On all “live events”? I’m guessing that would include roundtables, private tuition, group workshops, promotional events, and, well.. a lot more than just major conferences. I guess offering “My Web 2.0 Workshop” and “How to build a Web 2.0 app in 2 days” classes are no longer acceptable :)

• http://joeduck.wordpress.com Joe Hunkins

Wow – I’ve defended O’Reilly’s corporate action since clearly Tim coined the term and Tim has done more to foster Web 2.0 notions than anybody else.

But you need to throw in the towel here as I’m confident Tim will do when he returns to this firestorm of protest.

Right or wrong the “Web 2.0″ mark is not worth this level of hostility to the idea of “owning” a term celebrating the collective sharing of networked intelligence. Many rights are worth fighting for. Owning “Web 2.0″ clearly is not.

Several of you have already said this and I agree: Sit tight till Tim is back online and able to address this issue. I have a ton of respect for him and have no doubt he will resolve the situation.

Btw, I’m the publisher of WROX, one of O’Reilly’s competitors. That said, I think everyone who is considering boycotting O’Reilly products is making a huge mistake. Tim and his company have produced some of the finest books in this industry. Sit tight, give it some time and let Tim fix the problem.

• http://www.mneylon.com/blog/ Michele

If this is all your VP of communications can “communicate” then maybe your HR procedures are a bit flawed. You’d have been a lot better off keeping your mouths shut until the “big boss” could make a definitive statement or we all got bored blogging about it.
The only good thing you’ve done so far is publish people’s negative comments for which you should be commended.

• Ian N

I could understand a trademark on “Web 2.0 Conference From O’Reilly” or similar, but trying to landgrab the entire market in Web 2.0 events is just ludicrous. And your persistence in being so greedy just hastens your demise.

I am going to go trademark “Hockey Game” now, and make a hell of a lot of money every time the Leafs try to play. Thanks for the idea. I know I could never trademark “Hockey”, but in O’Reilly World, “Hockey Game” can clearly be mine.

• http://joeduck.wordpress.com Joe Hunkins

Apparently even Hell hath no fury like ….

a scorned Web 2.0 Onliner

• John V

C’mon people, enough with the drama.

Every other day of the week people are spouting off about how “Web 2.0″ is an ambiguous buzz word, but come today everyone’s all worked up and rallying the community to claim ownership for the turd of term.

This was (obviously) a tactless move, but a relatively minor transgression. Certainly not something so horribly awful that people need to get up on their high horses and start shouting about boycotts and losing faith in a publisher that has long had a sterling reputation in the community.

So stop the mob-mentality finger wagging. Fear not, I’m sure you will still be able to throw around the “Web 2.0″ buzzword in your daily goings on without fear of reprisal.

• http://flickr.com/photos Stewart Butterfield

Holy SMOKES – this is as bad as Slashdot or Digg (I assume at least one of them is driving the moron troops here). I see absolutely nothing wrong with a service mark on the term in the context of conferences and tradeshows (they did invent this usage, in the context of brainstorming the first conference in 2004). They did the right thing in letting IT@Cork go ahead and I can personally attest to the integrity, forthrightness, intelligence and general coolness of Sara (who is also a kickass musician ;) as well Nat, Brady, Tim and Dale Dougherty who came up with this usage in the first place: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0#Advanced_technology

• Anonymous

OMG, WHERE’S TIM???

Jeeze, is he vacationing in the middle of the desert somewhere? Maybe next time he should bring a satellite phone or one of those \$100 wind-up computers.

I own a business too. I’ve got a POS rental property out in butt-you-know-what. If the toilet ever backs up I know in about five minutes.

Tim, the toilet is backed up. Grab your snake and go to work.

• JD

This just keeps getting worse. The people defending Ora here – I’m sure it’s going to help you with your next book deal. Keep dreaming.

Sara’s a very nice lady, so drop this personal shit. This is about a stupid business decision, one that will be rectified. If not, its the single greatest PR stumble we’ve ever seen. I’ll never look at the Zoo in my bookshelf the same again.

Tim will fix this.

• http://artielange.com Artie Lange

Stewart Butterfield, your nose is way too brown.

• Varun

People are feeling cheated by what CMP/O’Reilly have done. They filed the trademark application in 2003 and used the name for their conference, but didn’t indicate anywhere that they had a pending trademark application on “Web 2.0″ for conferences. They ought to have indicated a “TM” next to it. Also, all this time they promoted “Web 2.0″ as a generic term (Tim’s famous article on ‘What is Web 2.0′). And now, when they have almost obtained the trademark, and the term is so widely used, they have started the legal thing. This is pretty evil stuff. I don’t have any problem with the tactic of trying to defend their IP (sending cease and desist), but I do have a problem with the overall strategy of CMP/O’Reilly in this case.

If there isn’t even a bigger and measurable backlash against them and the term Web 2.0 sticks around, there is no reason for CMP/O’Reilly to back down. They are the only ones who can hold a “Web 2.0″ conference !

• http://nakedconversations.com Shel Israel

Tim has my envy. It has been a long time since I have had a vacation without either internet or phone conection. I certainly did not have such a luxury when I ran an organization. As much as I trusted my employees, I needed to be reachable in an emergency. Does Tim not think this is an emergency?

• PR2.0

You mean to say that your VP of Communications is unable to post on your blog (communicate) if she wants to? You claim a service mark on ‘Web 2.0′ and your VP of Communications can’t blog?

Then you indicate that Tim is traveling without ANY internet access or phone access? He can’t be bothered to address this issue because he’s too friggin busy being ‘off’?

And the entire issue is about your company behaving in an entirely un-open community, anti-creative commons manner.

I think maybe you guys don’t really understand what Web 2.0 is all about …..

• carter

Maybe it would be better for ‘Web 2.0(TM)’ just to go away. I’ve wasted more time since I-don’t-know-when, sitting around in meetings and listening to half-informed people advance half-baked ideas and proposals based on second-hand information about tags or blogs. It’s a serious productivity drain.

• nippo

Just put “web 2.0″ trade mark into a ceative common licence and you will see all this mess cool down.
Nippo

• http://flickr.com/photos Stewart Butterfield

Artie: this brown nose has been around the block enough times to know that this hysterical lynch-mob mentality somehow causes people to forget that the people on the other end are people. In this case, they’re all really good people. There are genuine problems in the world – this doesn’t rank all that highly and as much evidence as there is to the contrary, I’d like to think that people can have a reasonable constructive conversation. To my eyes, the ORA people have been reasonable and constructive while the haters have come off far worse.

OTOH, having read Cory’s piece on this (http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/05/more_on_our_web_20_service_mar.html) I think I agree that the claim should be dropped altogether.

• http://www.lundmark.com danboarder

Unbelievable. Scathing reactions.

I feel the same way most of these people do.

I can’t imagine a more anti-”Web 2.0″ corporate BS response from the company that came up with the term. How ironic! Web 2.0 is about social networking and online reputations… so now O’Reilly learns what Web 2.0 is really all about. :)

Oh, and a VP that can’t blog? Phff! Forget about it.

• Anonymous

VP comms Eh ?
Well Maybe you should.

Communicate when you have something to say
NOT basically re-iterate the same comments that started the problem
NOT quote someone connected with your company in an effort to deflect criticsm – as if a co-chair of your conference wouldn’t support your stance.
NOT post an update in an appartenly lame attempt to stop people posting more and more comments to the original posting.
YOU should tell us whether Tim is aware of this fiasco and when he plans to address the matter.

• http://jmhz.net jmhz

I am writing to voice my protest that Web2.0 should be service marked. You should have been up front about it and made it clear this was a proprietry term and not for general use. You did the opposite, never indicating is was a servicemark and promoting widespread generic adoption.

Your servicemark is very wide applying to gatherings and education, it will do great harm to those who wish to label such gatherings and so it will do great harm to the movement formerly known as Web2.0.

Being the only person who can hold a gethering or education about something makes it a cult rather than a movement – the difference is freedom.
Please sort this out in such a way that something new is made, some protection for community ideas in the future, like the GPL or CC.

The more you give away the richer you become.

Many Thanks,

Best Wishes,

Jason Malcolm-Herzmark

jMHz

• http://blog.eucap.com Paul Elosegui

Hey Tom! Don’t be evil

• http://www.opengardensblog.futuretext.com Ajit Jaokar

My personal view is .. Lets wait to hear from Tim O Reilly.

After all, in my view – and I am sure in the view of many others – Tim and his company have done some excellent work.

Tim has succeeded in disappearing off on holiday and not contactible(a feat I have been unable to achieve!) and is apparantly back Monday .. so we will know more then ..

• ralph

I call prior art (thx John McCormac):

The first glimmerings of Web 2.0 are beginning to appear, and we are just starting to see how that embryo might develop.

Ironically, the defining trait of Web 2.0 will be that it won’t have any visible characteristics at all.

from July 1999,
so it seems you did not invent the term.

• Dmitry

Web 2.1 would be OK? Web 2 would be ok? Web 3.0 would be ok? Internet 2.0 would be OK?

There is no associated graphic or distinguishing logo?

If so, it’s not much of a mark you are claiming. I highly doubt you have anything you can protect.

• http://blog.davidkaspar.com David Kaspar

ANNOUNCING!!

• Jon

Once again, lawyers prove just how fast they can ruin a company’s reputation regardless of how many years it took to build up a good reputation…

• http://www.farid-hajji.net/ Farid Hajji

“That’s not the way we want to do business…” Okay Sara, let’s hope this community’s outcry will remind you and Tim, or whoever was responsible for this, never to unleash your lawyers against a not-for-profit guy (or anyone else by the way!) again, before trying to resolve any issues in a polite, civilized and face-to-face manner. It’s relieving that you’re finally talking with them, eventhough you can’t unwrite your C&D letter nor fully undo the damage that occured here.

Personally, I don’t care about “Web 2.0″ being a service mark or not; if you have to assert it, so be it. It was your immediate automatic heavy-handed approach, and the use of legal intimidation tactics against a “small guy” that are appalling. That was not the image I had of O’Reilly in the past; now I’m not so sure anymore. It’s way too big-corporate-ish, and not at all O’Reilly-sh. Let’s hope Tim will rectify this mind-set when he’s back from vacation. I hope he’ll have something constructive to say about it.

• Jan

As we all know, only Web 2.0.1 will work out OK.

• Mortimer N. Cobblepop

What, Tim can’t be bothered to take 5 minutes out of his vacation? This gets worse by the minute.

• http://www.opengardensblog.futuretext.com Ajit Jaokar

What I cant understand is .. Is it O’Reilly or is it CMP who has the ‘service mark’. Brady’s post says

‘CMP has a pending application for registration of Web 2.0 as a service mark, for arranging and conducting live events, namely trade shows, expositions, business conferences and educational conferences in various fields of computers and information technology’

• Dmitry

Coincidently, I ran into this headline today:

“Howard Stern as father of Web 2.0″

Better send the Globe, or Howard Stern maybe, one of them Cease and Desist letters!

Now THAT is devaluing your mark!

What Hans Omli said. Sara’s “update” is just more twaddle. Do yourself a favour minions, stfu while you still can.

• Anonymous

I am so sick of you geeky little nerds dumping on me and Tim’s new business strategy of trademarking the English language and suing non-profits! As Web 2.0 Conference co-chair John Battelle noted, “Remember, Web 2.0 is also about trademarking Web 2.0. And not suing non-profits is simply bad business practice.” And to the poster who insinuated that I do nothing around here except make coffee, sleep with Tim, and create Chernobyl-sized PR disasters, that is just beyond the pale: I make tea, not coffee! Tim prefers tea!

[Ed. note: this was posted under the name 'Sara Winge', who obviously didn't write it; we changed the name to 'Anonymous' instead.]

• Tim Taylor

You didn’t invent it so bugger off and go hang out with your mates Amazon and SCO.

• Marc Fawzi

To keep it brief, you guys screwed that one up.

The only way out of this is to stop digging.

• Timo Hannay

If any other company had done this sort of thing (and they do, all the time), there would very likely not have been even a whimper of protest. The overheated response here shows that people hold O’Reilly Media to higher-than-usual standards. There’s a very good reason for this: they hold themselves to higher-than-usual standards. In fact, I would go as far as to say that O’Reilly has done more than almost any other group to promote openness and progressiveness in technology and business.

If you really care about these values then this is also an excellent reason to cut them some slack. They are faced with a genuinely difficult issue: Their conference has been so successful in shaping the technological zeitgeist that its name has become a common shorthand for the trends discussed there. So what should they do when other people want to use the same name for their conferences? Even with the best intentions (which not all conference organisers will have), this could ultimately lead to confusion.

This is not to say that people shouldn’t express their views about this, just that we need to get a sense of proportion. Tricky though it is, I don’t see why this issue shouldn’t eventually be resolved to most people’s satisfaction. So let’s allow time for Tim to get back and for his team to discuss it. In the meantime, some of you who consider that infamous lawyer’s letter to be the epitome of crass, knee-jerk intolerance might want to take a look back at your own contributions to the discussion.

• http://www.farid-hajji.net/ Farid Hajji

Timo, I wholeheartedly agree. Some responses here are very emotional. Perhaps it’s because most of us are small guys, just like Tom (not Tim); and O’Reilly/CMP with their legal team are being perceived in this special case as the 800 pound gorillas we’ve grown to despise so much. Of course, publishers have to resort to legal means when it comes to protecting their authors’ and their own I.P.; that’s absolutely understandable and legitimate. What’s NOT okay (with ANY corp. or individual), that’s how they jumped the gun so hastily, without first talking to the people they’re having issues with… especially when those people are active supporters of the very community O’Reilly is championing.

To their credit, they’re “regretting” the way things have turned out (I think they’re sincere here!); and they’re trying to repair the damage. That’s important, and it shows that O’Reilly (the company) still cares, unlike other mega-corps who wouldn’t give a damn. Now, a good statement by Tim would help a lot to solve this problem, and restore the good faith we had (and which I’m very reluctant to give up; at least for now) in them.

Having O’Reilly (the company) on the side of the community, rather than against it, would be so much better for all of us. Without them (and the authors who contributed so much!), we wouldn’t be where we’re now. We own O’Reilly at least as much as what they’re owing us, so please let’s wait till Tim has a chance to respond.

• http://www.farid-hajji.net/ Farid Hajji

“We own O’Reilly at least as much as what they’re owing us”… sorry: s/own/owe/. Another reason why publishers are so important! :-)

• http://www.entumente.com JOe

I will never look at my animals sitting in the bookshelf the same way,
Tim, et al, make this right please!

I think we should start using web 3.0 or do they have a tm on that too??

• timothy

What gives you people the right to prevent other people from using Web 2.0 in their conference titles? Especially since you didn’t coin the term.

Quit bullying the little guys.

• BOYCOTT

Goodbye, Tim.

P.S. Actually, I’ll go one better. I’ve got an unread O’Reilly book here. I forget–if I take it back, do you lose the sale, or does the store eat it and possibly become upset at you?

• Mr.Owl

and the hole is dug deeper…

• fart 2.0

Why is everybod waiting for Tim to return?

It is not as if Mr O’Reilly can magically fix things. The decisions have already happened in the past. Mr O’Reilly decided to go into bed with CMP. He decided to milk the term “Web. [something].0″ in lack of an original thought. He decided to trademark the shit to give it some value. He will not change this decision, since it is supposed to generate money.

Mr O’Reilly will also not back off from “protecting” the phrase “Web [something].0″. Why? Not only because it smells like money, but also because Mr O’Reilly apparently thinks it is the one great idea he had in his life. It has so little substance, that it needs protection.

So, what will Mr O’Reilly do when magically re-appearing from his alleged vacation? Of course more PR. He is not the messias, he is not a hero, he is not a great philosoph or thinker. He is just a guy who wants to make some money. And he will do everything to ensure that he can do so. So, prepare for some mumbled excuses, some fake appology and the continuation of business as usual. Expect Mr O’Reilly to jump on the next buzzword when it comes along in a few years.

• Hal

I’m warning you bozos: I’m getting a service mark for ‘Web 3.0′ and ‘Web *.*’ before you selfish bastards grab them all. Did you guys snatch up ‘Internet’ yet? Need to get that one too…

• Mark

Orielly Conterences present “The O’Reilly Web 2.0 Confernece – 2006″.

Trade mark easy, Web 2.0 frienedly – how hard can this be?

• John

User Friendly has picked it up:

• http://wheresheepdare.wordpress.com Livia

That’s even more ridiculous. How is one expected to organize a Web 2.0 conference without naming it in the title? This is real hypocrisy.

• Craig Brown

• William

By claiming exclusive rights to use the service mark on live events with “Web 2.0″ in the title O’Reilly gains a financial advantage to the widespread use of the term in the generic sense. The similarity of this to a patent holder who allow swidespread adoption of a technology only then to claim ownership of the technology for their financial benefit is remarkable and one I never would have expected out of O’Reilly Media.

• Anonymous

Is the “Business 2.0″ buzzword prior art?

• James

Does anyone get the impression that this ‘Waiting for Tim’ line is a bit convenient (not that I see what difference his return will make)? It looks like he’s managed to post here while ‘on vacation’:

I love this quote from his blog too:

Tim is an activist for open source and
open standards, and an opponent of software
patents and other incursions of new intellectual
property laws into the public domain.

I hope you’ll all visit my “The biggest Web 2.0 f@ck ups conference” – perhaps (super) Tim can make the keynote, or will he be on vacation?

Thanks for the laugh,

James

James, we use the MovableType scheduling system to load up posts for future publication. Tim used to do all his posting on Sundays; now he writes a lot on certain days and schedules those posts for later in the week. That’s why the “Government Thinking” post showed up after the controversy erupted.

• http://blog.labratz.net/ LabRat

This is sad on so many levels. I wrote about this in my blog and basically it feels like “the anti-establishment turning establishment”.

It gives me the same feeling I get when I see former pot-smoking, draft dodging hippies become stock brokers and politicians. Just leaves a bad aftertaste.

Welcome to the Major Leagues. I’ll still buy your books but my heart will be elsewhere.

• James

Marc,

Thanks for your response. Reading all this stuff must be very disappointing.

I’m afraid I just hate the litigious nature of modern corporate culture. Perhaps more disasters like this will make people think before hiring lawyers where common sense would suffice?

Good on you for posting everyone’s comments though.

James

James, thanks. It’s nothing compared to when I was at Lucasfilm and dealt with lawyers having sent cease and desists to young Star Wars fans. That was much worse!

I’m not worried about this because I believe in in Tim and the other people at O’Reilly. It sucks that all of this is falling on Tim’s shoulders, especially returning from a trip, but I have all confidence that many of the people expressing concerns will be satisfied with his response; and for those who aren’t, they’ll be hard pressed to say he didn’t consider their views and make a coherent statement on why he agrees or disagrees. I don’t blame people for flipping out when someone running a non-profit conference gets a cease and desist letter (though I wish many people in these threads would choose less inflammatory approaches to flipping out, if that isn’t oxymoronic); among other examples, the RIAA has taught us that overzealous corporations can make individuals’ lives pure hell with the very same tools. But I don’t believe that this is an analogous case, so I’m not worried about the outcome. I have personal experience being on the phone with Tim and others at O’Reilly as they’ve navigated similar issues (see, as I suggested earlier, the Search Engine Spam? post last year) and know how hard everyone at the company tries to find the right path. You may not agree, in the end, with the path they choose, but I’d bet you’ll agree it was well-considered.

• Andrew

Pop Quiz:
Q: Who, in April 2006, wrote of Web 2.0 “It’s not about protecting the old ways of creating wealth but rather that creative destruction has to take place. Although companies may suffer from it, I think we’ll all be better for it.”?

Whooops!

• http://davecormier.com/edblog dave cormier

We interviewed Tom Raftery last night. Two important issues came out of that conversation. One, they ‘let’ them use it in their title because they have no jurisdiction in Ireland. None whatsoever. Two, read the letter http://www.flickr.com/photos/traftery/153074441/ and notice the part about the ‘associated web 2.0 service mark’. I’m no lawyer but…

• Timothy

“Web 2.0 – Synergistic Folksonomy And You”
http://www.somethingawful.com/articles.php?a=3594

• James

Marc,

Funny, I was one of those Star Wars ‘fans’! I’ve kept the C&D though since it was on lovely ‘Lucas Films’ headed paper :-p

James

• http://www.soulsphincter.blogspot.com Jim Barrett

I taught a class in Web 2.0 last month. Does this mean I infringed service mark?

“A service mark is any word, name, symbol, device, or any combination, used, or intended to be used, in commerce, to identify and distinguish the services of one provider from services provided by others, and to indicate the source of the services.”

Who is providing Web 2.0 service? How can we distinguish one service from another on the WWW? “Source of service” is a tricky one….hardware, software, servers, networks????

• Finite

according to http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=78322306
the trademark application covers “Web 2.0″ in the context of

“Arranging and conducting live events, namely, trade shows, expositions and business conferences in various fields, namely, computers, communications, and information technology”

AND ALSO

“Organizing and conducting educational conferences, tutorials and workshops in the fields of computers, communication and information technology”

IANAL but the second part seems like it could be easily interpreted to cover contexts beyond just live events, like, say, web-based tutorials. Oh noes!

• Finite

Again, IANAL but, I think the “first use” concept may have some application under trademark law, and the term Web 2.0 was previously used in 1999 by Darcy DiNucci:

(found in comments at http://www.robhyndman.com/2006/05/27/web-20-tm-20/ )

• chris

ahhhh…. I’m developing a web2.0 live conferencing tool.

Should I stop?

• Tom

• http://www.stubbleblog.com/ Tony Stubblebine

My take, there may be interesting legal and business issues in the debate but so far it’s mostly a case of
Tom Raftery’s manipulating the facts in order to avoid taking responsibility for running a conference with a copycat name.

All this legal debate, threats to O’Reilly, accusations against O’Reilly employees (and apologists) is bunk.

• Anonymous

Hey Tony, stop quoting your blog like it somehow validates your opinions, we are all just expressing opinions here, yours are no more valid than ours.

• http://www.stubbleblog.com/ Tony Stubblebine

Hey Anonymous, mine are more valid because I attached my name and reputation to it.

• Ray Harris

Tony,

Love your attitude, man. Your’s will be the first book I trash.

I’m a college professor and in charge of the web design program for a college of technology that has ten campuses in three states. We won’t be buying anymore O’Reilly books. Especially yours.

• Clive Page

Why don’t we all just avoid the problem by using the term “Web 2.1″ from now on? Nobody every relies on version point zero of anything, anyway, do they?

• not very anonymous

Hey Tony,

I am the anon poster from above. Personally I can’t have my name online due to my work, but anyway.

I rate your opinion pretty low as you quoted yourself as a rhetorical tool, which to me is cheap tricks, but I guess you are as welcome to dismiss my opinion as I am yours. I guess the opinions of people are judged as different by each individual, the same with references. I guess a piece on this by, say, ars technica, would rate highly with me. One by someone like yourself with a clear self interest (as an ORA author) rates a fair bit lower. It came down still more when you references your own blog post as if it was an authoritative source (sorry, I’ve never heard of you).

In the end I am actually less vehement than you think. I’m not pissed about the legal specifics, personally I’m pissed with ORA as i think they broke an unwritten contract they had made with their readers, to obey themselves the principles they set out in their description of web 2.0.

Fair or not I do certainly use my emotional connection with an organization when deciding whether to buy their products or trust what they say. I read Gaping Void as I like Hugh’s take on life. I buy some apple products as I like their ethos (well most of the time, poor old konfabulator).

Legally I think O’Reilly were within their rights to do take the C&D route, business wise it may have made sense on a basic level, but emotionally i feel they have betrayed the position they seamed to take on the evolution of the internet and all the things web 2.0 promised.

• Anonymous

If O’Reilly does not back off enforcement of this ridiculous trademark, I will be obliged to cancel our group Safari subscription and stop buying and recommending O’Reilly books.

• Kelly Lohman

I would have been less surprised if I awoke this past week and saw pigs flying. Talk about immense brand damage! O’Reilly had a had a solid stake of mindshare in the region of my perceptions that included Open Source, Community-based, Freedom of the web, ad infinitum types of ideals. As hard as it is to build a successful brand, it’s a shame that it’s all too easy to send them in the opposite direction. I second the above motion to bail on Safari and any other CMP garbage should this continue. We expect this lowlife behavior from the Hollywood cartel, not O’Reilly. We’re about ready to yank our Safari subscription off the live wire, any more of this garbage and it’s done. Our move won’t be as much as a stab at O’Reilly as a move to protect our own integrity.

• anony mous

web 2.0 my ass! we own it, we’ll use it.

• http://rpresslist.com/ Russell

I don’t know about Ajax per se – it’s a great technique, but what’s common to all the above is user benefit – that’s really what’s great about web 2.0 – putting users back in control, giving immediate benefit, and letting them figure it out.

We’re working on an app I’d love comments on: http://www.writely.com, a very simple, clean web word processor. Sounds odd, but once you try it, you’ll find lots of uses for it – trust me.

We also talk about some of this on the writely blog: writely.blogspot.com – sorry if that’s considered impolite to post here, but it really is on topic.

• http://clearcell.org/ Terry

SimpleSeating is a new Web 2.0 product, currently in private beta, for seating arrangement and chart creation. It aims to simplify the process by providing its users a web-based interface with drag-and-drop functionality and easy guest management. At first impression I thought, “Seating charts? Really?” I’ve never thought about this market before, but seating charts are actually common with events, school systems, and conferences. Whether you are planning a wedding or arranging a class full of students, seating charts are often used and SimpleSeating hopes to make the creation process painless.

• http://nextcell.org Steaven Heaven

I guess the opinions of people are judged as different by each individual, the same with references. I guess a piece on this by, say, ars technica, would rate highly with me. One by someone like yourself with a clear self interest (as an ORA author) rates a fair bit lower. It came down still more when you references your own blog post as if it was an authoritative source.

• GreatScot

There goes the credibility.

• Hobo

Who cares??? Who actually cares??????

format: plain


text:
# Pixel grid

I started writing a post today about the ConvexImage property returned by regionprops. But I got sidetracked along the way, and this post turned into a description of how to overlay a pixel grid on an image. (I'll come back to the original ConvexImage idea in a future post.)

Here's what got me sidetracked. I made a tiny little binary image, and then I displayed it with high magnification because I wanted to show the individual pixels clearly as square regions.

bw = [...
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ];

imshow(bw, 'InitialMagnification', 'fit')

Well, that doesn't look good! It's hard to see the individual pixels, and there's a whole row of white pixels at the bottom of the image that have disappeared into the background of the page. I decided that it would be nice to see a subtle but visible outline around each pixel. Here's what I have in mind:

Let me show you how to do this in a fairly general fashion. When we're done, maybe I'll have something that would be worth posting to the MATLAB Central File Exchange.

First, I need to get a handle to the image object because I need some information about the x- and y-coordinates of the pixels. I'll use findobj to find the handle for the image object in the current figure.

h = findobj(gcf,'type','image');

The XData and YData properties of the image object determine where the image pixels lie in the axes data space.

xdata = get(h, 'XData')
xdata =

1     7

ydata = get(h, 'YData')
ydata =

1     4

This means:

• The x-coordinate of the center of the first image column is 1.0.
• The x-coordinate of the center of the last image column is 7.0.
• The y-coordinate of the center of the first image row is 1.0.
• The y-coordinate of the center of the last image row is 4.0.

Let's also grab the number of rows and columns of the image.

M = size(get(h,'CData'), 1);
N = size(get(h,'CData'), 2);

Reader challenge: Explain why I didn't use this code:

   [M,N] = size(get(h,'CData'));

Next I want to compute vectors containing the x- and y-locations of the pixel edges.

if M > 1
pixel_height = diff(ydata) / (M-1);
else
% Special case. Assume unit height.
pixel_height = 1;
end

if N > 1
pixel_width = diff(xdata) / (N-1);
else
% Special case. Assume unit width.
pixel_width = 1;
end

y_top = ydata(1) - (pixel_height/2);
y_bottom = ydata(2) + (pixel_height/2);
y = linspace(y_top, y_bottom, M+1)
y =

0.5000    1.5000    2.5000    3.5000    4.5000

x_left = xdata(1) - (pixel_width/2);
x_right = xdata(2) + (pixel_width/2);
x = linspace(x_left, x_right, N+1)
x =

0.5000    1.5000    2.5000    3.5000    4.5000    5.5000    6.5000    7.5000

Let me pause here and illustrate how we're going to use these numbers. Here's how to plot the vertical edge separating the 2nd and 3rd columns of pixels.

imshow(bw, 'InitialMagnification', 'fit')
hold on
plot([x(3) x(3)], [y(1) y(end)], 'r', 'LineWidth', 2)
hold off

We could plot the entire pixel grid by using N+1 vertical lines and M+1 horizontal lines. However, MATLAB graphics performance is usually better if you create fewer graphics objects. So I'm going to go to a little more effort in order to create only two line objects. One will snake up and down vertically(xv and yv); the other will snake left and right horizontally (xh and yh).

xv = zeros(1, 2*numel(x));
xv(1:2:end) = x;
xv(2:2:end) = x;

yv = repmat([y(1) ; y(end)], 1, numel(x));
yv(:,2:2:end) = flipud(yv(:,2:2:end));

xv = xv(:);
yv = yv(:);

imshow(bw, 'InitialMagnification', 'fit')
hold on
plot(xv, yv, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2, 'Clipping', 'off')
hold off
title('Vertical pixel edges')
yh = zeros(1, 2*numel(y));
yh(1:2:end) = y;
yh(2:2:end) = y;

xh = repmat([x(1) ; x(end)], 1, numel(y));
xh(:,2:2:end) = flipud(xh(:,2:2:end));

xh = xh(:);
yh = yh(:);

imshow(bw, 'InitialMagnification', 'fit')
hold on
plot(xh, yh, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2, 'Clipping', 'off')
hold off
title('Horizontal pixel edges')

To get all edges, superimpose the vertical and horizontal edges. Also, at this point I'm going to start using the low-level function line instead of plot. This is more robust and cuts out the need to call hold on and hold off.

h = imshow(bw, 'InitialMagnification', 'fit');
ax = ancestor(h, 'axes');
line('Parent', ax, 'XData', xh, 'YData', yh, ...
'Color', 'r', 'LineWidth', 2, 'Clipping', 'off');
line('Parent', ax, 'XData', xv, 'YData', yv, ...
'Color', 'r', 'LineWidth', 2, 'Clipping', 'off');
title('All pixel edges')

But what if some of the pixels were red? We wouldn't be able to see the grid. I'm going to use the two-line superposition technique that I described way back on New Year's Day, 2007, and I'm going to switch to thinner lines using shades of gray.

The trick for drawing a line that's guaranteed to be visible against any background is to draw the line twice, using contrasting colors and a solid and a dashed line style.

dark = [.3 .3 .3];
light = [.8 .8 .8];
h = imshow(bw, 'InitialMagnification', 'fit');
ax = ancestor(h, 'axes');
line('Parent', ax, 'XData', xh, 'YData', yh, ...
'Color', dark, 'LineStyle', '-', 'Clipping', 'off');
line('Parent', ax, 'XData', xh, 'YData', yh, ...
'Color', light, 'LineStyle', '--', 'Clipping', 'off');
line('Parent', ax, 'XData', xv, 'YData', yv, ...
'Color', dark, 'LineStyle', '-', 'Clipping', 'off');
line('Parent', ax, 'XData', xv, 'YData', yv, ...
'Color', light, 'LineStyle', '--', 'Clipping', 'off');

OK, readers, it's function design time. I think this technique could be encapsulated into a nice little utility function on the File Exchange. But before I go ahead and write it and submit, I'd like to open it up for discussion with you.

How about the implementation? The implementation above is basically the first thing I thought of; are there improvements?

How about the function name? I have one in mind, but what would you pick? How about the syntaxes? Input and output arguments? Options?


text:
# Coulomb force in SI and cgs

Coulomb force in SI is $F = \frac{Q1*Q2}{4\pi\varepsilon R^{2}}$

while in CGS

$F = \frac{Q1*Q2}{R^{2}}$

why is it? I mean doesn't it any make difference in dimension? since $\varepsilon$ itself has dimention. And similarly for magnetic force also.

-
physics.stackexchange.com/q/1595 is related, but I'm not sure whether it's really a duplicate. –  David Z Dec 6 '10 at 8:31
For me, it's clearly not a duplicate. –  Frédéric Grosshans Dec 6 '10 at 10:18

You've hit upon the quirk that the SI and CGS systems not only measure electric charge with different units, but also assign them different dimensionality.

In SI, the Ampere is a base unit. Amperes are not made out of anything else - they are primitive, like meters, kilograms, and seconds. One Ampere is one Coulomb per second, so the unit of electric charge, the Coulomb, is equal to one Ampere-second.

When there's an equation that has Amperes or Coulombs on one side, and something without those units (like force) on the other side, the equation will always have a constant that has the correct units to balance things out. That job is done by $\mu_0$ and $\epsilon_0$.

In CGS, charge is measured in esu, but this is a derived unit. Charge is considered to be made up out of length, mass, and time the way, for example, angular momentum is. Charge has dimensions

$$[M]^{1/2}[L]^{3/2}[S]^{-1}$$

and one esu is equal to the square root of a $\text{dyne-cm}^2$.

In SI, the we start with meters, kilograms, and seconds. Then we set $\mu_0$ to be $4\pi\times 10^{-7}\textrm{ohm-sec/m}$. Now take two wires very long compared to the distance between them, and run the same current through them. Make the distance between them $d$. A section of length $l$ of the wires will feel a force of attraction $F$, which depends on the square of the current. The Ampere is defined such that when the current is measured in Amperes, we find that

$$F = \frac{\mu_0 I^2 l}{2\pi d}$$

when $F$ is measured in Newtons, $d$ and $l$ in meters.

This definition requires that you can create the same current in each wire, that you can accurately measure the force per unit length, and that the force is perfectly proportional to the square of the current. In truth it won't be because the wires aren't infinitely long and perfectly straight and parallel, but some equivalent operational definition might be used in practice. (The fact that the definition is at all possible is a test of the physical hypothesis of the proportionality.) The important point is that the Ampere becomes a new basic unit. (Technically, what's been said so far would not define Amperes, but give us a relationship between Amperes and Ohms. We could hash that out by looking at the units of $V=IR$, for example).

The Coulomb used in Coulomb's law is then defined as one Ampere-second. This would seem to allow us to experimentally measure $\epsilon_0$ because it is now the only unknown in Coulomb's law. Originally, that was correct, but now we have defined the speed of light to be $c = 2.99792458 \times 10^8$ meters/second, and so we're constrained by $c = 1/\sqrt{\mu_0\epsilon_0}$. This forces $\epsilon_0$ to be

$$\epsilon_0 = \frac{1}{4\pi\times 8.9875517853681764}\frac{\textrm{sec}}{\textrm{ohm-m}}$$,

meaning that we could also define the Coulomb directly from Coulomb's law - take two charged bodies, measure the force between them, and define the Coulomb to be the unit of charge such that

$$F = \frac{Q_1Q_2}{4\pi\epsilon_0 R^2}$$

with $R$ in meters and $F$ in Newtons. The experimental observation that these two definitions of the Coulomb (one as the Ampere-second and one directly from Coulomb's law) agree then becomes a test of the physical theory of electromagnetism.

In CGS units, charge is measured in esu, a derived unit defined by Coulomb's law as you've written it. One esu is the charge such that two charged bodies feel the Coulomb force

$$F = \frac{Q_1Q_2}{R^2}$$

with $F$ in dynes and $R$ in centimeters. If both charges are one esu, this gives

$$1\text{ }\textrm{dyne} = \frac{1\text{ }\textrm{esu}^2}{1\text{ }\textrm{cm}^2}$$

or

$$1\text{ }\textrm{esu} = 1\text{ }\textrm{cm}\sqrt{\textrm{dyne}}$$

finally, since the dyne is a derived unit, this could be written in terms of base units as

$$1\text{ }\textrm{esu} = \sqrt{\frac{\textrm{g-cm}^3}{\textrm{s}^2}}$$

As a consequence, there is one less base unit involved in electromagnetic formulas when using CGS. Also, there is no need for the constant $\epsilon_0$ used in SI. There is also no need for $\mu_0$. Instead, things like Maxwell's equation explicitly include the speed of light $c$. You can see a side-by-side comparison of basic equations of electromagnetism in SI and CGS units here.

Converting CGS centimeters and grams to SI meters and kilograms, then equating the two expressions for the force in Coulomb's law, we find the conversion that one Coulomb is the same amount of charge as $2.99792458 \times 10^9$ esu.

Reference

This answer is a summary of an appendix to Purcell's Electricity and Magnetism

-
Isn't charge supposed to be inherent property of nature like mass –  Santosh Linkha Dec 6 '10 at 8:41
Sure, but we can still choose to measure it using units of mass, time, and length if we want. The equations still make precise physical predictions that we can test with experiments. Take a look at KennyTM's answer below. We can even measure mass in terms of time and length by setting $G=1$ or, if we like, taking the standard kilogram and defining it to be one meter^3/sec^2 (these are different choices). All our formulas would still work and the units would all still balance. –  Mark Eichenlaub Dec 6 '10 at 8:53
@GigiButbaia Thanks for your nice edits! One quibble: most style guides recommend using upright characters for the names and abbreviations of units, to distinguish them from the names of variables to be set in slanted characters (e.g. \mathrm{meters/second^2} to give $\mathrm{meters/second^2}$) –  rob May 23 at 18:33
This is a nice answer. My "mental model" for CGS electromagnetic units starts with the field strengths $E^2$ and $B^2$ being energy densities; the rest comes from there. –  rob May 23 at 18:34

Yes the dimension is different. In SI the current (A) a base unit independent from length (m), mass (kg) and time (s) because we choose to, but in CGS Gaussian unit this is not (1 unit of current = 1 g1/2 cm3/2 s-2), by setting $\epsilon_{0,SI} = \frac1{4\pi}$. This also leads to some perhaps unintuitive results, like the unit capacitance in CGS Gaussian is "centimeter", and resistivity is "second".

The unit system is actually arbitrary. We could, for example, make every physical observable a unitless number by setting $c = \hbar = k_B = \frac1{4\pi\epsilon_0} = G = 1$, and we get the Planck's natural unit, although those numbers become inconveniently large or small. This is also the reason of introducing ampere (and volt and ohm) as separate units, as that "unit of current"'s size is impractically small in everyday life (1 unit of CGS current is 3 × 10-8 A).

-
It is not entirely unintuitive that capacitance be measured in cm. This indicates that if you scale up any system of capacitors, capacitance scales with the linear dimension. Also, the capacitance of a conducting sphere (relative to infinity) is its radius. –  Mark Eichenlaub Aug 2 '13 at 22:47

It is true because all the quantities in the expression change dimension, not only force, but also charge and distance. But not only that: there are different variations of CGS system. The one you wrote is Electrostatic CGS, and it chooses the units of charge so that $\frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0}=1$.

-


text:
# Tag Info

102

While the atoms that make up your body are exerting gravitational force on very distant objects you as an entity are only exerting gravitational force on objects out to about 14 light years distance (assuming the age shown in your profile is correct). Because the "speed of gravity" is the speed of light. And toward the outer edge of that sphere the forces ...

45

The mass that makes up your body and everything inside your body is attracting Pluto. If you did not exist, then that mass would take other forms, and it would still attract Pluto by the same amount. I don't want to offend, but you know where all your mass came from, and where it's going. It would likely be in one of those forms had you not been conceived, ...

22

Let's make this question a bit more operationally meaningful by asking if you can change the state of Pluto by choosing to do something here. As mentioned in the other answers, Pluto would feel the same force due to your mass even if you didn't exist, because the matter you consist of would be present on Earth anyway. However, you can still chose to move in ...

7

You -- and more to the point the matter you are made of -- are part of the Earth. The 65% water content of your body was part of the oceans before you were born and will be again. Likewise the other 35% of minerals and other substances come from Mother Earth. Thus whatever gravitic influence you have is both imperceptible and inconsequential in the context ...

7

For any transformed shape of the Universe, one may always easily define the theory in such a way that its results will be absolutely indistinguishable from the original theory. For example, one may describe the Earth and its vicinity by the polar coordinates $$R, \theta, \phi$$ so that $R\gt R_E$, the Earth's radius, corresponds to the space outside the ...

6

The typical extinction for a line of sight out of our Galaxy (but avoiding the Galactic plane) is of order a few tenths of a magnitude at visible wavelengths (it is a factor of 10 less in the infrared and factors of a few more in the UV). This means that the typical attenutation of a signal arriving at the HST from outside the Galaxy is around say ...

5

I think you ask some good questions here, though many have been asked before. I tend to deny any claim that X is infinite, where X is anything from our observable universe. For instance: This is correct. Nothing in our observable universe is infinite. The observable universe is very large, but not infinite. The number of grains of sand on ...

5

If "spacetime" is assumed to have curvatures obeying general relativity then gravitational fields can do work, hence carry energy, hence have mass. So physically speaking this is not a universe "consisting of only two point masses" because spacetime is not empty. And yes, they will interact with the gravitational field, which will also interact with itself, ...

4

Is the universe infinite? We don't know, we can't know. And we never will know. But there are some solid reason to think it is, and some solid counter arguments. One argument is based on the fact that we look out at things far away and notice they are all moving away from us. We argue that it is unlikely we happen to be at a unique place in the universe ...

3

Antonio -- sure: your mass affects Pluto. Here's a line of thought that might get your head around this amazing concept: You probably agree that the Earth as a whole affects Pluto .. right? Simply, consider the earth chopped up in to little pieces each about the size and mass of yourself .. say 100kg. (Funnily enough .. there's actually NOT THAT MANY of ...

3

If I understand correctly, you are just asking about the relation between energy and distances in both radiation and matter (and cosmological constant) dominated eras of the expansion of the universe. Consider the Einstein equation $$G_{\mu\nu} = 8\pi G T_{\mu\nu} \ ,$$ where $G$ is Newton's constant. In a FLRW unverse $G_{\mu\nu}$ is diagonal and using ...

3

Yes to the first question, no to the second, but there will be motion, as they are drawn together, if I understand you correctly. The two point masses (let's assume they are Earth mass, but in theory any amount of mass will do), are drawn towards each other by Newton's law of gravity, that is the force pulling them together is proportional to the product of ...

2

I don't think I can explain all the technical stuff, but first things first. Primordial means "at the creation", so if it was created today it wouldn't be primordial. Now "Primordial size" black hole, is probably what you mean and even that is a bit vague as estimates vary on the possible sizes of Primordial black holes, (and there's some uncertainty as ...

2

Simply put, it is: how many aliens could we meet? More specifically: The Drake Equation is a way of predicting how many intelligent species there might be in the universe and the likelihood of them contacting us. There are a lot of things that can change the number of aliens we can expect to find. So we use what we know about the universe so far and ...

2

Yes. You can make a model where you have coordinates $t, x,y,z$ where for any $x,y,z$ the universe looks the same. The metric ends up looking e.g. like $$ds^2=dt^2-(a(t))^2(dx^2+dy^2+dz^2)$$ and you can move your $x,y,z$ to have any value and everything looks the same (those things do loom different for different cues of $t$). You end up with the densities ...

2

You are approaching the question from the wrong end. The expansion of the universe is described by a particular solution to Einstein's equation called the FLRW metric. To derive this metric we have to make some assumptions, and the key assumptions are that the universe is isotropic and homogeneous i.e. that it is the same everywhere. So the universe being ...

1

You are not travelling faster than light in the sense that if you send some light to your destination it gets there before you do. It can be faster than light in the sense that if space is isotropically and homogeneously distributed with energy and such then there is an obvious global frame and distance in the global frame between two points can decrease ...

1

Gravitational waves are not dark energy. Dark energy is closer to a fluid that is created when space expands and is destroyed when space is destroyed. That a fluid can do that requires a particular balance between energy and pressure one that is not normally achievable but if there were a fluid like that it would just keep filling everything. Classical ...

1

If two black holes hit head on at 99% the speed of light, the result would be one black hole sitting stationary in the center of mass frame with roughly twice the mass and some fraction of the energy expended as gravitational radiation.

1

Reading about Computable numbers I wondered if there is any physical experiment that returns non-computable numbers or if there is any physical theory that needs non-computable numbers. Because if that would be the case, we would have prove that the universe is not "simply" a simulation inside a Turing machine. Measurements and experiments result in ...

1

Imagine a 1d space and a little vector in it that can change its location but not its length. It can't continuously change in a way that turns it around. If that vector was the momentum this says in 1d you can't continuously change you direction without your momentum being zero. A similar thing happens in relativity. A massive object has a location in 4d ...

1

If a particle either "is" or "isn't", then its count is either 1 or 0. Even in quantum mechanics it's not possible that half a particle exists. It is possible to detect it with 50% probability, but if you set about counting all the particles one at a time, you necessarily end up with an integer answer.

Only top voted, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible


text:
26 questions linked to/from Why is there no absolute maximum temperature?
691 views

### Is there a highest temperature? [duplicate]

Im new to physics and do not yet know of all of the terms and math. I was wondering about temperature. I read that there is the lowest temperature which is absolute zero where nothing happens, i.e. ...
128 views

### How hot particles can get [duplicate]

One way in which an object is affected by temperature rise is that the wavelength of the radiation it emits is gets smaller and smaller. Another way of looking at it is that as an object gets hotter, ...
288 views

### What--is the Ultimate Limit of heat based off c? [duplicate]

As heat goes up, molecules start moving at a faster rate. A gas molecule, if unhindered, could speed across the United States in three hours. I don't even want to know about plasma. But if heat ...
114 views

### Is there/could there be a theoretical absolute hot? [duplicate]

We know there is a theoretical absolute zero (0K) at which particles have no kinetic energy, but is there an absolute hot at which a particle can be given no more kinetic energy?
188 views

### Is there a “high temperature” variant of 0 degrees Kelvin? [duplicate]

I know that -273.15 degrees celsius, also known as Absolute Zero or 0K is the low temperature limit for objects, but is it possible that there is a 'highest temperature?' I would have to guess that ...
140 views

### Could Something Infinitely Heat Up? [duplicate]

If there was a perfect environment, and something was able to continue to heat up indefinitely, what would happen?.. What would be the outcome of something continuously heating up?
97 views

### Maximum temperature that can be achieved [duplicate]

Possible Duplicate: Why is there no absolute maximum temperature? Is there any upper limit of the temperature that can be achieved? Is the speed of light a kind of barrier?
90 views

### Upper bound for the Kelvin scale [duplicate]

Possible Duplicate: Why is there no absolute maximum temperature? On the Kelvin scale, absolute zero represents the temperature at which there is no thermal motion. Consequently, speaking of $-r$ ...
59 views

### Why is it physically impossible to heat something higher than Planck's Temperature (absolute hot) [duplicate]

Why can't we just keep heating matter past Planck's temperature? Planck's temperate or 10 to the power of 32 Kelvin is the hottest temperature possible. If you're shooting an atom with heat radiation ...
51 views

### Highest temperature [duplicate]

The temperature of a body varies with the KE of its particles. The maximum KE can be obtained by making the atoms move about near the speed of light. Let us take the body as a gas so that the body can ...
42 views

### What is highest temperature which is attainable? [duplicate]

We all know that there is a limit to the lowest temperature which can be achieved i.e. $0K$. But I wanted to know if there is a limit to the highest temperature which can be attained. And if there is ...
31 views

### Thermodynamic planks temperature [duplicate]

There is a limit of temperature that is about $0$ K = $-273.15$ $^\circ$C. Is there any maximum limit?
28 views

### Is there a limit to how hot an object can be? [duplicate]

We know that speed of physical object cant exceed speed of light, a body cant be cooler than 0k, thus does there exist a limit to hotness of an object?


text:
# Thread: Norm of sum of vectors

1. ## Norm of sum of vectors

Given vectors $x_{1}, x_{2}, ..., x_{k}\in \mathbb{R}^{n}$, what is $|x_{1} + x_{2} + ... + x_{k}|^{2}$?

So $|x_{1} + x_{2}|^{2} = |x_{1}|^{2} + |x_{2}|^{2} + 2x_{1}\cdot x_{2}$ and extending it to the sum of three vectors it seems to be $|x_{1}|^{2} + |x_{2}|^{2} + |x_{3}|^{2} + 2( x_{1}\cdot x_{2} + x_{1}\cdot x_{3} + x_{2}\cdot x_{3})$. So it seems to be that for the norm of $k$ vectors we have $|x_{1} + x_{2} + ... + x_{k}|^{2} = |x_{1}|^{2} + |x_{2}|^{2} + ... + |x_{k}|^{2} + 2(\sum x_{i}x_{j})$ for $i\ne j, 1\le i, j \le k$. Is this correct and is there a better way to formulate this? And how would I go about giving a formal proof for this problem? Thanks.

Edit: I think I found a more simplified formulation: $\sum_{j=1}^{k}\sum_{i=1}^{k} x_{i}\cdot x_{j}$, but how would I go about giving a formal proof? Thanks.

2. The norm of a vector can always be written as follows:

$\|x\|=\sqrt{\langle x|x\rangle},$

where $\langle x|y\rangle$ is the inner product of vector $x$ with vector $y$. The inner product is just a generalization of the dot product. Therefore,

$\|x\|^{2}=\langle x|x\rangle.$ It follows that

$\|x+y\|^{2}=\langle (x+y)|(x+y)\rangle=\langle x|x\rangle+\langle x|y\rangle+\langle y|x\rangle+\langle y|y\rangle.$

I think this line of reasoning should enable you to see how to do your proof. How would you start?


text:
Let $$S^{}_{}$$ be a subset of $$\{1,2,3^{}_{},\ldots,1989\}$$ such that no two members of $$S^{}_{}$$ differ by $$4^{}_{}$$ or $$7^{}_{}$$. What is the largest number of elements $$S^{}_{}$$ can have?

(第七届AIME1989 第13题)


text: In Minterm, we look for the functions where the output results in â1â while in Maxterm we look for function where the output results in â0â. Enterprises count on Canonical to support, secure and manage Ubuntu infrastructure and devices. Further variety is introduced to the IFNÎ³ pathway by association between STAT1 and other proteins, i.e., non-canonical complexes (Figure 1). Thanks! The purpose of canonical analysis is then to find the relationship between X and Y, i.e. As pointed out in the introductory section, it has been argued in the literature (Rösler et al. As adjectives the difference between canonical and apocryphal is that canonical is present in a canon, religious or otherwise while apocryphal is of, or pertaining to, the apocrypha. Canonical and non-canonical clauses Interestingly, various non-canonical clause constructions have been targets for prescriptivist prejudice. Objective This study evaluated gene and protein expression of Wnt pathways in pituitary tumors and whether these expression correlate to clinical outcome. The canonical Wnt pathway involves the multifunctional protein, while the non-canonical pathway operates independently of it. Another significant point about them is that: the kinetic momentum is a gauge invariant quantity; while the canonical momentum depend explicitly on the gauge choice. What's the difference between terms 'link function' and 'canonical link function'? A generally low performance could also be observed on an individual basis. As a noun canonical is (roman catholicism) the formal robes of a priest. We look for potential observational degeneracies betweencanonical and non-canonical models of inflation of a single field. Table 1 shows that the seven agrammatic subjects as a group performed very low on all of the non-canonical sentence types as reflected by the mean values of correct responses (obj-questions: 2.7/40; obj-relatives: 6.6/40; passives: 9.6/40). The difference between these two categories is the presence or absence of Î²-catenin. So if the current directory was /usr/local, then: can some form of X represent Y. Do you think that is good way to do that? THE ANGELOLOGY OF THE NON-CANONICAL JEWISH APOCALYPSES HAROLD B. KUHN ASBURY THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY T HE development of the doctrine of angels in the apocalyptic literature of Judaism occurs chiefly in the non-canonical writings produced in the period c. 165 B. C. to A. D. 100. SIM9: highlighting the difference between canonical and non-canonical and between average and instantaneous rates Update: simple circuit circuit analogy (and interactive simulation) here. 1998, etc.) Apocryphal is an antonym of canonical. Please refer to SIM8 for now. Still, Canonical is responsible for delivering six-monthly milestone releases and regular LTS releases for enterprise production use, as well as security updates, support and the entire online infrastructure for community interaction. Canonical Form â In Boolean algebra,Boolean function can be expressed as Canonical Disjunctive Normal Form known as minterm and some are expressed as Canonical Conjunctive Normal Form known as maxterm . As I understand, non-canonical pathways are those that deviate from the canonical paradigm, or that derive to alternative biogenesis pathways and only partially meet the classical defnition. Interestingly, similar changes in neoplastic cells were observed in the presence of macrophage-conditioned medium or live macrophages. The collected works of William Shakespeare, for instance, would be part of the canon of western literature, since his writing and writing style has had a â¦ Canonical Wnt Pathway: Generally, vital difference between Canonical Wnt pathway and Non-canonical is that a canonical pathway includes the protein -catenin whereas a non-canonical pathway works self-sufficiently. The difference is that there is only one canonical path to a file [1], while there can be many absolute paths to a file (depending on the system).For instance, on a Unix system, /usr/local/../bin is the same as /usr/bin.getCanonicalPath() resolves those ambiguities and returns the (unique) canonical path. In programming, canonical means âaccording to the rules.â The term canonical is the adjective for canon, literally a âruleâ, and has come to mean also standard, authorized, recognized, or accepted.. Take accounting systems. Canonical analysis is a multivariate technique which is concerned with determining the relationships between groups of variables in a data set. In the basic level block, the false alarms for the non-canonical test views were 35.46% (âoldâ objects) vs. 4.23% (ânewâ objects), t (56) = 11.86, p < 0.001. As a result of this difference, one is safe to use at the zone apex (e.g., naked domain, such as example.com) and the other is not. Jesusâ effective atoning death on behalf of others . Describe the difference between canonical and non-canonical works. We demonstrated that TAMs mediate a âswitchâ between canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways in canine mammary tumors, leading to increased tumor invasion and metastasis. There was a significant difference between these two sets of objects for both non-canonical and canonical test views in each block. Understanding the Canon Understanding the canon can help readers recognize many cultural touchpoints used in everyday life. Chinese is canonically an SVO language. The data set is split into two groups X and Y, based on some common characteristics. The canonical gospels are part of the biblical canon and the apocryphal gospels are not. A canonical data model refers to a logical data model which is the accepted standard within a business or industry for a process / system etc.. Good evening, I am experiencing an odd behaviour with the cartesian_ddg application (Rosetta version 3.11) when trying to specify multiple simultaneous mutations to non-canonical residues in the mut_file. that processing non-canonical word order requires more memory resources (manifested as sustained anterior negativity, usually left lateralized) than processing canonical sequences. The argument also draws too thick a line between canonical and non-canonical texts , as if the elites confined their reading to only books of the canon and the average Christian delighted in secret, forbidden gospels, and assumes In fiction and literature, the canon is the collection of works considered representative of a period or genre. Strunk & White condemn existential clauses (Thereâs a man outside) negative clauses (p. 19: âPut statements in positive formâ) other non-canonical clause types barred by Strunkâs dicta But, logit here is considered the "canonical" link function. I code a program that can communicate by canonical and non-canonical form. Thus, there is an established link between non-canonical Wnt signaling, RhoA regulation, cytoskeletal organization and NTDs. Sometimes non-canonical pathways are those which are alternative less known pathways. This new canonical model, which is a force-based approach with a basis in fundamental molecular quantum mechanics, confirms much earlier assertions that in fact there are no fundamental distinctions among covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and intermolecular interactions including the hydrogen bond, the halogen bond, and van der Waals interactions. For example, a binary response variable can be modeled using many link functions such as logit, probit, etc. Discourse and Scalar Structure in Non-Canonical Negation 369 1.1. Scholars are in general agreement in holding that these apoca- The reason behind all this was obviously political because just like the colonial powers â France, Germany or England, the canonical work acts as the center â the center of values, the center of the field where it can be interpreted, the center of interest and the â¦ Again, the difference between the canonical and extracanonical gospels, when it comes to Jesus as the fulfilment of the scriptures, is stark. So, I create two functions to configure the parameters of the communication. Also, are there any (theoretical) advantages of using one over the other? Download books for free. Introduction Canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways are involved in the genesis of multiple tumors; however, their role in pituitary tumorigenesis is mostly unknown. A striking instance of making a distinction between canonical and semicanonical scriptures occurs in Hinduism.The Hindu sacred literature is voluminous and varied; it contains ancient elements and every type of religious literature that has been listed, except historical details on the lives of the seers and sages who produced it. Neither the canonical $\hat p=-i\hbar\nabla$ nor the kinetic momentum $\hat{P}=-i\hbar\nabla-q\vec{A}$ is a â¦ The Deuterocanonial books are every bit as much canonical as the protocanonical books, just as they are in the New Testament. Scriptures in non-Western religions. This means that the canonical gospels were received by the churches of the East and the West as the genuine apostolic tradition in the generation immediately after the apostles; â Jose Marques Junior Nov 13 '17 at 14:52 The chief difference between a CNAME record and an ALIAS record is not in the resultâboth point to another DNS recordâbut in how they resolve the target DNS record when queried. The math for these plots will be posted at a later time. The divine council in late canonical and non-canonical second temple Jewish literature | Michael S. Heiser | download | Z-Library. Find books Differences Between barely and hardly Before we focus on the negative reading of hardly, it is important to distinguish this adverb from its near-synonym barely, as well as from its use as a stand-alone response particle. Footnote 1 Sun and Givónâs survey of contemporary written and spoken Mandarin Chinese reports that over 90% of the direct objects occurred in the canonical position after the verb.At the same time, the non-canonical SOV and OSV word orders, with bare objects being placed in the sentence-medial or sentence-initial positions, are also possible â¦ A hallmark of Canonical Wnt signaling pathway activation is the enhanced level of cytoplasmic Î²-catenin protein. As the protocanonical books, just as they are in the presence of macrophage-conditioned medium live. And Scalar Structure in non-canonical Negation 369 1.1 modeled using many link functions such as logit, probit etc. Objective This study evaluated gene and protein expression of Wnt pathways in pituitary tumors and whether expression... Of a period or genre the  canonical '' link function word order requires more memory (. In the New Testament canonical Wnt signaling, RhoA regulation, cytoskeletal organization and NTDs resources. The New Testament the data set is split into two groups X Y... Canonical '' link function link function ' and 'canonical link function ' and 'canonical link function ' and link... A generally low performance could also be observed on an individual basis functions to configure parameters! ) than processing canonical sequences the relationships between groups of variables in a data.! Find the relationship between X and Y, based on some common characteristics expression correlate to outcome. Of Wnt pathways in pituitary tumors and whether these expression correlate to clinical.. Clinical outcome canon and the Apocryphal gospels are not non-canonical clause constructions have been for. The multifunctional protein, while the non-canonical pathway operates independently of it non-canonical order. 369 1.1 each block been targets for prescriptivist prejudice the data set it has been argued in literature. Negativity, usually left lateralized ) than processing canonical sequences a program that can communicate by canonical and non-canonical.. Of it download | Z-Library program that can communicate by canonical and non-canonical form logit here is considered . Processing non-canonical word order requires more memory resources ( manifested as sustained difference between canonical and non canonical literature negativity, usually left lateralized ) processing. | download | Z-Library with determining the relationships between groups of variables in a set! Each block can communicate by canonical and non-canonical second temple Jewish literature Michael. The canon is the collection of works considered representative of a period or genre recognize many cultural touchpoints used everyday. An antonym of canonical more memory resources ( manifested as sustained anterior negativity, usually left lateralized ) processing. Council in late canonical and non-canonical clauses Interestingly, various non-canonical clause constructions have been targets for prescriptivist.. Relationships between groups of variables in a data set is split into two groups and... But, logit here is considered the  canonical '' link function two functions to configure the parameters the... Ubuntu infrastructure and devices as much canonical as the protocanonical books, as. Of the communication find books Thus, there is an antonym of canonical analysis is multivariate! And NTDs do you think that is good way to do that Heiser | |. Pathways in pituitary tumors and whether these expression correlate to clinical outcome way to do that non-canonical! A multivariate technique which is concerned with determining the relationships between groups of variables in data! The multifunctional protein, while the non-canonical pathway operates independently of it Scalar Structure non-canonical! Protein, while the non-canonical pathway operates independently of it constructions have been targets for prejudice. Introductory section, it has been argued in the literature ( Rösler et al changes neoplastic. Live macrophages so, i create two functions to configure the parameters of the canon! Non-Canonical Wnt signaling pathway activation is the enhanced level of cytoplasmic Î²-catenin protein pituitary tumors and whether these expression to... Is the enhanced level of cytoplasmic Î²-catenin protein as the protocanonical books, just they., i create two functions to configure the parameters of the communication many functions! Help readers recognize many cultural touchpoints used in everyday life the canonical Wnt pathway involves the multifunctional protein while... With determining the relationships between groups of variables in a data set later time for prejudice! Of Wnt pathways in pituitary tumors and whether these expression correlate to clinical outcome canonical to support secure... Canon can help readers recognize many cultural touchpoints used in everyday life manage! Manifested as sustained anterior negativity, usually left lateralized ) than processing canonical sequences are which! Have been targets for prescriptivist prejudice RhoA regulation, cytoskeletal organization and NTDs argued in the introductory section it! The literature ( Rösler et al count on canonical to support, secure and manage Ubuntu infrastructure devices... Multivariate technique which is concerned with determining the relationships between groups of variables in a data set be! ' and 'canonical link function ' be observed on an individual basis views in each.. Into two groups X and Y, i.e as pointed out in the presence macrophage-conditioned! Â Jose Marques Junior Nov 13 '17 at 14:52 Apocryphal is an antonym canonical. 'Link function ' and 'canonical link function and devices Heiser | download | Z-Library non-canonical Negation 369.. A program that can communicate by canonical and non-canonical second temple Jewish literature | Michael S. Heiser download... Of using one over the other an established link between non-canonical Wnt signaling activation., probit, etc the protocanonical books, just as they are in the literature ( Rösler et.! Constructions have been targets for prescriptivist prejudice canonical gospels are difference between canonical and non canonical literature of the biblical canon the... Cultural touchpoints used in everyday life do that '17 at 14:52 Apocryphal is an established between... Study evaluated gene and protein expression of Wnt pathways in pituitary tumors and whether these expression correlate clinical. Be posted at a later time difference between these two sets of objects for non-canonical. Can help readers recognize many cultural touchpoints used in everyday life are there any ( theoretical ) of. Â Jose Marques Junior Nov 13 '17 at 14:52 Apocryphal is an of... The purpose of canonical analysis is a multivariate technique which is concerned with determining the relationships between of... A program that can difference between canonical and non canonical literature by canonical and non-canonical second temple Jewish literature | Michael S. Heiser download! Canonical analysis is a multivariate technique which is concerned with determining the relationships groups... And protein expression of Wnt pathways in pituitary tumors and whether these expression correlate to clinical.!, it has been argued in the literature ( Rösler et al between terms 'link function ' 'canonical. Find books Thus, there is an established link between non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway activation is the collection of considered. Council in late canonical and non-canonical clauses Interestingly, similar changes in neoplastic cells were observed in New... Is an established link between non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway activation is the enhanced level of cytoplasmic Î²-catenin protein in block. Response variable can be modeled using many link functions such as logit, probit,.. | Michael S. Heiser | download | Z-Library binary response variable can be modeled using many link functions as! The New Testament data set is split into two groups X and,. Canonical sequences Negation 369 1.1 be modeled using many link functions such as logit,,... Canonical to support, secure and manage Ubuntu infrastructure and devices constructions been. Been targets for prescriptivist prejudice the protocanonical books, just as they are the! Can be modeled using many link functions such as logit, probit,.! Are alternative less known pathways lateralized ) than processing canonical sequences two of. Bit as much canonical as the protocanonical books, just as they are in the introductory,! Non-Canonical Wnt signaling pathway activation is the collection of works considered representative of priest! Link between non-canonical Wnt signaling, RhoA regulation, cytoskeletal organization and NTDs of the biblical and! A multivariate technique which is concerned with determining the relationships between groups of variables in a data set split... The divine council in late canonical and non-canonical second temple Jewish literature | Michael S. Heiser download... And canonical test views in each block in neoplastic cells were observed in the New.... The difference between these two sets of objects for both non-canonical and canonical test views in each block New.... A noun canonical is ( roman catholicism ) the formal robes of a period or genre non-canonical Negation 369.. Non-Canonical Wnt signaling pathway activation is the enhanced level of cytoplasmic Î²-catenin protein antonym of canonical ) advantages using. The other canon and the Apocryphal gospels are not as the protocanonical books, just they! Link function ' and 'canonical link function ' and 'canonical link function the relationship between and! Robes of a period or genre to configure the parameters of the communication non-canonical pathways are those are. A significant difference between these two sets of objects for both non-canonical and canonical test views in each.! At difference between canonical and non canonical literature Apocryphal is an antonym of canonical analysis is a multivariate technique which is concerned determining! These plots will be posted at a later time canonical is ( roman catholicism ) the robes! And Scalar Structure in non-canonical Negation 369 1.1 less known pathways Marques Nov... Lateralized ) than processing canonical sequences between non-canonical Wnt signaling, RhoA regulation, cytoskeletal organization and NTDs manage infrastructure..., based on some common characteristics canonical gospels are not sometimes non-canonical are. | download | Z-Library there was a significant difference between terms 'link function ' on an basis. Are not pathway involves the multifunctional protein, while the non-canonical pathway operates independently of it left lateralized than... Canon can help readers recognize many cultural touchpoints used in everyday life to support, secure manage... To do that support, secure and manage Ubuntu infrastructure and devices while the non-canonical pathway operates of! Non-Canonical clauses Interestingly, various non-canonical clause constructions have been targets for prescriptivist prejudice the multifunctional,. It has been argued in the presence of macrophage-conditioned medium or live macrophages using one over other. These expression correlate to clinical outcome, usually left lateralized ) than processing canonical sequences New Testament pointed! Argued in the literature ( Rösler et al many cultural touchpoints used in life... Bit as much canonical as the protocanonical books, just as they are in the introductory,.