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## Posts Tagged ‘Tetraquark’

### Live Blogging of the LHCb Bs pi result

Monday, March 21st, 2016

There has been a lot of press about the recent DØ result on the possible $$B_s \pi$$ state. This was also covered on Ricky Nathvani’s blog. At Moriond QCD, Jeroen Van Tilburg showed a few plots from LHCb which showed no signal in the same mass regions as explored by D∅. Tomorrow, there will be a special LHC seminar on the LHCb search for purported tetraquark, where we will get the full story from LHCb. I will be live blogging the seminar here! It kicks off at 11:50 CET, so tune in to this post for live updates.

Mar 22, 2016 -12:23. Final answer. LHCb does not confirm the tetraquark. Waiting for CMS, ATLAS, CDF.

Mar 22, 2016 – 12:24. How did you get the result out so fast? A lot of work by the collaboration to get MC produced and to expedite the process.

Mar 22, 2016 – 12:21. Is the $$p_T$$ cut on the pion too tight? The fact that you haven’t seen anything anywhere else gives you confidence that the cut is safe. Also, cut is not relative to $$B_s$$.

Mar 22, 2016 – 12:18. Question: What are the fractions of multiple candidates which enter? Not larger than 1.2. If you go back to the cuts. What selection killed the combinatoric background the most? Requirement that the $$\pi$$ comes from the PV, and the $$p_T$$ cut on the pion kill the most. How strong the PV cut? $$\chi^2$$ less than 3.5 for the pion at the PV, you force the $$B_s$$ and the pion to come from the PV, and constrain the mass of $$B_s$$ mass.

Mar 22, 2016 – 12:17: Can you go above the threshold? Yes.

Mar 22, 2016 – 12:16. Slide 9: Did you fit with a floating mass? Plan to do this for the paper.

Mar 22, 2016 – 12:15. Wouldn’t $$F_S$$ be underestimated by 8%? Maybe maybe not.

Mar 22, 2016 – 12:13. Question: Will LHCb publish? Most likely yes, but a bit of politics. Shape of the background in the $$B_s\pi$$ is different in LHCb and DØ. At some level, you expect a peak from the turn over. Also CMS is looking.

Mar 22, 2016 – 12:08-12:12. Question: did you try the cone cut to try to generate a peak? Answer: Afraid that the cut can give a biased estimate of the significance. From DØ seminar, seems like this is the case. For DØ to answer. Vincenzo Vagnoni says that DØ estimation of significance is incorrect. We also don’t know if there’s something that’s different between $$pp$$ and $$p \bar{p}$$.

Mar 22, 2016 – 12:08. No evidence of $$X(5568)$$ state, set upper limit. “We look forward to hearing from ATLAS, CMS and CDF about $$X(5568)$$”

Mar 22, 2016 – 12:07. What if the production of the X was the same at LHCb? Should have seen a very large signal. Also, in many other spectroscopy plots, e.g. $$B*$$, look at “wrong sign” plots for B and meson. All results LHCb already searched for would have been sensitive to such a state.

Mar 22, 2016 -12:04. Redo the analysis in bins of rapidity. No significant signal seen in any result. Do for all pt ranges of the Bs.

Mar 22, 2016 – 12:03. Look at $$B^0\pi^+$$ as a sanity check. If X(5568) is similar to B**, then the we expect order 1000 events.

Mar 22, 2016 – 12:02.Upper limits on production given.

Mar 22, 2016 – 12:02. Check for systematics: changing mass and width of DØ range, and effect of efficiency dependence on signal shape are the dominant sources of systematics. All measurements dominated by statistics.

Mar 22, 2016 – 12:00. Result of the fits all consistent with zero. The relative production is also consistent with zero.

Mar 22, 2016 – 11:59. 2 fits with and without signal components, no difference in pulls. Do again with tighter cut on the transverse momentum of the $$B_s$$. Same story, no significant signal seen.

Mar 22, 2016 – 11:58. Fit model: S-wave Breit-Wigner, mass and width fixed to DØ result. Backgrounds: 2 sources. True $$B_s^0$$ with random track, and fake $$B_s$$.

Mar 22, 2016 – 11:56.  No “cone cut” applied because it is highly correlated with reconstructed mass.

Mar 22, 2016 – 11:55. LHCb strategy: Perform 3 independent searches, confirm a qualitative approach, move forward with single approach with Run 1 dataset. Cut based selection to match D∅ strategy. Take home point. Statistics is 20x larger and much cleaner.

Mar 22, 2016 – 11:52. Review of DØ result. What could it be? Molecular model is disfavored. Diquark-Antidiquark models are popular. But could not fit into any model. Could also be feed down of  radiative decays. All predictions have large uncertainties

Mar 22, 2016 –  11:49. LHCb-CONF-2016-004 posted at cds.cern.ch/record/2140095/

Mar 22, 2016 – 11:47. The speaker is transitioning to Marco Pappagallo .

Mar 22, 2016 – 11:44. People have begun entering the auditorium for the talk, at the end of Basem Khanji’s seminar on $$\Delta m_d$$

### The Four-Leafed Clovers of Subatomic Particles: Tetraquarks

Monday, February 29th, 2016

Hadrons, the particles made of quarks, are almost unanimously produced in the two or three quark varieties in particle colliders. However, in the last decade or so, a new frontier has opened up in subatomic physics. Four-quark particles have begun to be observed, the most recent being announced last Thursday by a collaboration at Fermilab. These rare, fleetingly lived particles have the potential to shed some light on the Strong nuclear force and how it shapes our world.

The discovery of a new subatomic particle was announced last Thursday by the DØ (DZero) collaboration at Fermilab in Chicago. DØ researchers analysed data from the Tevatron, a proton-antiproton collider based at Fermilab. The new found particle sports the catchy name “X(5568)” (It’s labelled by the observed mass of 5,568 Megaelectron-volts or MeV. That’s about six times heavier than a proton.) X(5568) is a form of “tetraquark”, a rarer variety of the particles known as hadrons. Tetraquarks consist of two quarks and two antiquarks (rather than the usual three quarks or quark-antiquark pairs that make up hadrons particle physicists are familiar with). While similar tetraquark particles have been observed before, the new addition breaks the mould by consisting of four quarks of totally different flavours: bottom, strange, up and down.

[Regular readers and those familiar with the theory of QCD may wish to skip to the section marked ——]

a) An example of a quark-antiquark pair, known as Mesons. b) An example of a three-quark particle, known as Baryons. c) An example of a tetraquark (four quarks) Source: APS/Alan Stonebraker, via Physics Viewpoint, DOI: 10.1103/Physics.6.69

The particle’s decay is best explained Strong force, aptly named since it’s the strongest known force in the universe[1], which also acts to hold quarks together in more stable configurations such as inside the proton. The Strong force is described by a theory known as Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD for short), a crucial part of the Standard Model of particle physics. The properties of X(5568) will provide precision tests of the Standard Model, as well as improving our understanding of the nature of Confinement. This is a dimly understood process by which quarks are bound up together to form the particles (such as protons) that make up most of the visible matter in the universe.

Quarks are defined by the strong force, being the only particles known to physics that interact via QCD. They were originally conceived of in 1964 by two of the early pioneers of particle physics Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig, who posited the idea of “quarks” to explain the properties of a plethora of particles that were discovered in the mid-twentieth century. After a series of experiments in the late ‘60s and ‘70s, the evidence in favour of the quark hypothesis grew much stronger[2] and it was accepted that many of the particles that interacted and decayed very quickly (due to the magnitude of the strong force) in detectors were in fact made up of these quarks, which are now known to come in six different varieties known as “flavours”. A more precise model of the strong force, which came to be known as QCD, was also verified in such experiments.

QCD is a very difficult theory to draw predictions from because unlike electromagnetism (the force responsible for holding atoms together and transmitting light between objects), the “force carriers” of QCD known as gluons are self-interacting. Whereas light, or photons, simply pass through one another, gluons pull on one another and quarks in complex ways that give rise to the phenomenon of confinement: quarks are never observed in isolation, only as part of a group of other quarks/antiquarks. These groups of quarks and anti-quarks are what we call Hadrons (hence the name Large Hadron Collider). This self interaction arises from the fact that, unlike light which simply couples to positive or negative charges, QCD has a more complicated structure based on three charges labelled as Red, Green and Blue (which confusingly, have nothing to do with real colours, but are instead based on a mathematical symmetry known as SU(3)).

The hadrons discovered in the twentieth century tended to come in pairs of three quarks or quark-antiquark pairs. Although we now know there is nothing in the theory of QCD that suggests you can’t have particles consisting of four, or even five quarks/antiquarks, such particles were never observed, and in fact even some of the finest minds in theoretical physics (Edward Witten and Sidney Coleman) once thought that QCD would not permit such particles to exist. Like clovers, however, although the fourfold or even fivefold variety would be much rarer to come by it turns out such states did, in fact, exist and could be observed.

——

A visualisation of the production and decay of X(5568) to mesons in the Tevatron collider. Source: Fermilab http://news.fnal.gov/

The first hints of the existence of tetraquarks were at the Belle experiment, Japan in 2003, with the observation of a state called X(3872) (again, labelled by its mass of 3872 MeV). One of the most plausible explanations for this anomalous resonance[3] was a tetraquark model, which in 2013, an analysis by the LHCb experiment at CERN found to be a compatible explanation of the same resonance found in their detector. The same year, Belle and the BESIII experiment in China both found a resonance with the same characteristics, labelled Zc(3900), which is now believed to be the first independently, experimentally observed tetraquark. The most recent evidence for the existence of tetraquarks, prior to last Thursday’s announcement, was found by the LHCb experiment in 2014, the Z(4430). This verified an earlier result from Belle in 2007, with an astonishingly high statistical significance of 13.9σ (for comparison, one typically claims a discovery with a significance of 5σ). LHCb would also go on, unexpectedly, to find a pentaquark (four quarks and an antiquark) state in 2015, which could provide a greater understanding of QCD and even a window into the study of neutron stars.

Z(4430) was discovered from the analysis of its decay into mesons (hadrons consisting of quark-antiquark pairs), specifically the ψ’ and π mesons from the decay B0 → K + ψ’  π. In the analysis of the B0 decay, it was found that the Z(4430) was needed as an intermediate particle state to explain the resonant behaviour of the ψ’ and π. The LHCb detector, whose asymmetric design and high resolution makes it particularly well suited for the job, reconstructs these mesons and looks at their kinematic properties to determine the shape and properties of the resonance, which were found to be consistent with a tetraquark model. The recent discovery of X(5568) by the DØ collaboration involved a similar reconstruction from Bs and π mesons, which was used to infer its quark flavour structure (b, s, u, d, though which two are the particles and which two are the antiparticles remains to be determined).

X(5568) is found to have a large width (22 MeV) in the distribution of its decays, implying that it decays very quickly, best explained by QCD. Since quarks cannot change flavours in QCD interactions (while they can do so in weak nuclear interactions), this is what allowed DØ to determine its quark content. The other properties of this anomalous particle, such as its mass and its lack of spin (i.e. S = 0) are measured from the kinematics of the mesons it produces, and can help increase our understanding of how QCD combines the quarks in such an unfamiliar arrangement.

The two models for tetraquarks: Left, a single bound state of four quarks. Right, a pair of mesons bound to one another in orbit, resembing a four quark state. Source: Fermilab http://news.fnal.gov (Particle Physicists have a strange relationship with Comic Sans)

One of the long-standing controversies surrounding tetraquark states is whether the states are truly a joint four particle state or in fact a sort of molecule of two strongly bound mesons, which although they form a bound state of four particles in total, is actually analogous to two separate atoms in a molecule rather than a single, heavy atom. The analysis from DØ, based on X(5568)’s mass seems to imply that it’s the former, a single particle of four quarks tightly bound in an exotic hadron, though the jury is still out on the matter.

DØ’s discovery is based on an analysis of the historic data collected from the Tevatron from the 28 years it was operating, since the collider itself ceased operation 2011. Despite LHCb having found tetraquark candidates in the past and being suited to finding such a particle again, it has not yet independently verified the existence of X(5568). LHCb will now review their own data as well as future data that will recommence being collected later this year, to see if they too observe this unprecedented result and hopefully improve our understanding of its properties and whether they are consistent with the Standard Model. This is definitely a result to look out for later this year and should shed some light on one of the fundamental forces of nature and how it acts to create the particles, such as protons, that make up the world around us.

[1] That is, the dimensionless coupling of the force carrier particle interactions is greater than electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force, both of which in turn are stronger than gravity (consider how a tiny magnet can lift a paper clip against the gravity of the entire Earth). Many theories of Beyond the Standard Model physics predict new forces, and it may turn out that all the forces are unified into a single entity at high energies.

[2] For an excellent summary of the history of quarks and some of the motivations behind the quark model, check out this fantastic documentary featuring none other than the Nobel Prize wining physicists, Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann themselves.

[3] Particles are discovered by the bumps or resonances they leave in the statistical distributions of particle decays/scattering events. See for example, one of the excesses of events that led to the discovery of the Higgs Boson.

### Major harvest of four-leaf clover

Wednesday, April 9th, 2014

The LHCb Collaboration at CERN has just confirmed the unambiguous observation of a very exotic state, something that looks strangely like a particle being made of four quarks. As exotic as it might be, this particle is sternly called Z(4430), which gives its mass at 4430 MeV, roughly four times heavier than a proton, and indicates it is has a negative electric charge. The letter Z shows that it belongs to a strange series of particles that are referred to as XYZ states.

So what’s so special about this state? The conventional and simple quark model states that there are six different quarks, each quark coming with its antiparticle.  All these particles form bound states by either combining two or three of them. Protons and neutrons for example are made of three quarks. All states made of three quarks are called baryons. Other particles like pions and kaons, which are often found in the decays of heavier particles, are made of one quark and one antiquark. These form the mesons category. Until 2003, the hundreds of particles observed were classified either as mesons or baryons.

And then came the big surprise: in 2003, the BELLE experiment found a state that looked like a bound state of four quarks. Many other exotic states have been observed since. These states often look like charmonium or bottomonium states, which contain a charm quark and a charm antiquark, or a bottom and antibottom quarks. Last spring, the BESIII collaboration from Beijing confirmed the observation of the Zc(3900)+ state also seen by BELLE.

On April 8, the LHCb collaboration reported having found the Z(4430) with ten times more events than all other groups before. The data sample is so large that it enabled LHCb to measure some of its properties unambiguously. Determining the exact quantum numbers of a particle is like getting its fingerprints: it allows physicists to find out exactly what kind of particle it is. Hence, the Z(4430)state appears to be made of a charm, an anti-charm, a down and an anti up quarks. Their measurement rules out several other possibilities.

The squared mass distribution for the 25,200 B meson decays to ψ’ π found by LHCb in their entire data set. The black points represent the data, the red curve the result of the simulation when including the presence of the Z(4430)state. The dashed light brown curve below shows that the simulation fails to reproduce the data if no contribution from Z(4430)is included, establishing the clear presence of this particle with 13.9σ (that is, the signal is 13.9 times stronger than all possible combined statistical fluctuations. These are the error bars represented by the small vertical line attached to each point).

Theorists are hard at work now trying to come up with a model to describe these new states. Is this a completely new tetraquark, a bound state of four quarks, or some strange combination of two charmed mesons (mesons containing at least one charm quark)? The question is still open.

Pauline Gagnon

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For more information, see the LHCb website

### Grosse moisson de trèfles à quatre feuilles

Wednesday, April 9th, 2014

La collaboration LHCb du CERN vient de confirmer hors de tout doute l’existence d’un état très exotique, quelque chose qui ressemble étrangement à une particule formée de quatre quarks. Aussi exotique qu’elle puisse paraître, cette particule porte le nom très pragmatique de Z(4430). Ce nom indique sa masse à 4430 MeV, soit  environ quatre fois celle d’un proton, et signale qu’elle a une charge électrique négative. La lettre Z montre qu’elle appartient à une étrange série de particules communément regroupées sous l’appellation d’états XYZ.

Mais qu’est-ce que cet état a donc de si spécial? Le modèle conventionnel des quark est tout simple: il existe six quarks différents, chacun venant avec son antiparticule. Ces douze particules peuvent se combiner pour former des états liés en regroupant deux ou trois d’entre eux. Par exemple, les protons et des neutrons sont composés de trois quarks. Tous les états faits de trois quarks sont appelés baryons. D’autres particules comme les pions et les kaons, qu’on retrouve souvent dans les désintégrations de particules plus lourdes, sont formées d’un quark et d’un antiquark. Elles appartiennent à la catégorie des mésons. Les centaines de particules observées jusqu’en 2003 étaient toutes classifiées soit comme mésons, soit comme baryons.

Puis vint la grande surprise: en 2003, l’expérience BELLE trouva le premier état lié fait en apparence de quatre quarks. Beaucoup d’autres états exotiques similaires ont été observés depuis. Ces états ressemblent souvent à des états de charmonium ou de bottomonium, des particules qui contiennent respectivement un quark charmé et un antiquark charmé, ou un quark bottom et un anti-bottom. Au printemps dernier, la collaboration BESIII de Beijing a confirmé l’observation du Zc(3900)+, un état aussi détecté par BELLE.

Le 8 avril, la collaboration LHCb a rapporté avoir trouvé l’état Z(4430) avec dix fois plus d’événements que tous les autres groupes précédents. Leur échantillon de données est si grand qu’il a permis à LHCb de mesurer certaines de ses propriétés sans équivoque. La détermination des nombres quantiques exacts d’une particule équivaut à l’obtention de ses empreintes digitales: cela permet aux physicien-ne-s de cerner plus exactement à quelle particule on a affaire. Il en ressort que l’état Z(4430) serait formé d’un quark charmé, d’un antiquark charmé, d’un quark d et un antiquark u. Leur mesure exclut toutes autres possibilités.

La distribution de la masse (au carré) des 25200 mésons B se désintégrant en paires de ψ’ π trouvés par LHCb dans l’ensemble de leurs données. Les points noirs représentent les données expérimentales et la courbe en rouge, le résultat de la simulation lorsqu’on inclut la présence du Z(4430). La courbe en pointillés juste en dessous en brun clair montre que la simulation ne peut reproduire les données si on supprime la contribution du Z(4430). Ceci établit clairement la présence de cette particule avec 13.9σ (c’est-à-dire le signal est 13.9 fois plus fort que toutes les fluctuations statistiques combinées possible. La fluctuation de chaque point est représentée par la petite ligne verticale qui lui est attachée).

Les théoricien-ne-s sont à pied d’oeuvre pour essayer d’imaginer un modèle pouvant décrire ces nouveaux états. S’agit-il d’états complètement nouveaux faits de quatre quarks liés ensemble, des tétraquarks, ou est-ce une étrange combinaison de deux mésons charmés (des mésons contenant au moins un quark charmé)? La question est toujours ouverte.

Pauline Gagnon

Pour être averti-e lors de la parution de nouveaux blogs, suivez-moi sur Twitter: @GagnonPauline ou par e-mail en ajoutant votre nom à cette liste de distribution

Pour plus de tails (en anglais) voir le site de l’expérience LHCb

### That’s Right, Count Them: 4 Quarks

Friday, January 20th, 2012

Hi All,

Exciting news came out the Japanese physics lab KEK (@KEK_jp, @KEK_en) last week about some pretty exotic combinations of quarks and anti-quarks. And yes, “exotic” is the new “tantalizing.” At any rate, I generally like assuming that people do not know much about hadrons so here is a quick explanation of what they are. On the other hand, click to jump pass “Hadrons 101” and straight to the news.

## Hadrons 101: Meeting the Folks: The Baryons & Mesons

Hadrons are pretty cool stuff and are magnitudes more quirky than those quarky quarks. The two most famous hadrons, the name for any stable combination of quarks and anti-quarks, are undoubtedly the proton and the neutron:

According to our best description of hadrons (Quantum Chromodynamics), the proton is effectively* made up two up-type quarks, each with an electric charge of +2/3 elementary charges**; one down-type quark, which has an electric charge of -1/3 elementary charges; and all three quarks are held together by gluons, which are electrically neutral. Similarly, the neutron is effectively composed of two down-type quarks, one up-type quark, and all the quarks are held strongly together by gluons. Specifically, any combination of three quarks or anti-quarks is called a baryon. Now just toss an electron around the proton and you have hydrogen, the most abundant element in the Universe! Bringing together two protons, two neutrons, and two electrons makes helium. As they say, the rest is Chemistry.

However, as the name implies, baryons are not the only type of hadrons in town. There also exists mesons, combinations of exactly one quark and one anti-quark. As an example, we have the pions (pronounced: pie-ons). The π+ (pronounced: pie-plus) has an electric charge of +1 elementary charges, and consists of an up-type quark & an anti-down-type quark. Its anti-particle partner, the π (pronounced: pie-minus), has a charge of -1, and is made up of an anti-up-type quark & a down-type quark.

If we now include heavier quarks, like strange-type quarks and bottom-type quarks, then we can construct all kinds of baryons, mesons, anti-baryons, and anti-mesons. Interactive lists of all known mesons and all known baryons are available from the Particle Data Group (PDG)***. That is it. There is nothing more to know about hadrons, nor has there been any recent discovery of additional types of hadrons. Thanks for reading and have a great day!

* By “effectively,” I mean to ignore and gloss over the fact that there are tons more things in a proton, like photons and heavier quarks, but their aggregate influences cancel out.

** Here, an elementary charge is the magnitude of an electron’s electron charge. In other words, the electric charge of an electron is (-1) elementary charges (that is, “negative one elementary charges”). Sometimes an elementary charge is defined as the electric charge of a proton, but that is entirely tautological for our present purpose.

*** If you are unfamiliar with the PDG, it is arguably the most useful site to high energy physicists aside from CERN’s ROOT user guides and Wikipedia’s Standard Model articles.

## The News: That’s Belle with an e

So KEK operates a super-high intensity electron-positron collider in order to study super-rare physics phenomena. It’s kind of super. Well, guess what. While analyzing collisions with the Belle detector experiment, researchers discovered the existence of two new hadrons, each made of four quarks! That’s right, count them: 1, 2, 3, 4 quarks! In each case, one of the four quarks is a bottom-type quark and another is an anti-bottom quark. (Cool bottom-quark stuff.) The remaining two quarks are believed to be an up-type quark and an anti-down type quark.

The two exotic hadrons have been named Zb(10610) and Zb(10650). Here, the “Z” implies that our hadrons are “exotic,” i.e., not a baryon or meson, the subscript “b” indicates that it contains a bottom-quark, and the 10610/10650 tell us that our hadrons weigh 10,610 MeV/c2 and 10,650 MeV/c2, respectively. A proton’s mass is about 938 MeV/c2, so both hadrons are about 11 times heavier than the proton (that is pretty heavy). The Belle Collaboration presser is really great, so I will not add much more.

### Other Exotic Hadrons: When Barry met Sally.

For those keeping track, the Belle Collaboration’s recent finding of two new 4-quark hadrons makes it the twelfth-or-so “tetra-quark” discovery. What makes this so special, however, is that all previous tetra-quarks have been limited to include a charm-type quark and an anti-charm-type quark. This is definitely the first case to include bottom-type quarks, and therefore offer more evidence that the formation of such states is not a unique property of particularly charming quarks but rather a naturally occurring phenomenon affecting all quarks.

Furthermore, it suggests the possibility of 5-quark hadrons, called penta-quarks. Now these things take the cake. They are a sort of grand link between elementary particle physics and nuclear physics. To be exact, we know 6-quark systems exist: it is called deuterium, a radioactive stable isotope of hydrogen (Thanks to @incognitoman for pointing out that deuterium is, in fact, stable.). 9-quark systems definitely exist too, e.g., He-3 and tritium. Etc. You get the idea. Discovering the existence of five-quark hadrons empirically establishes a very elegant and fundamental principle: That in order to produce a new nuclear isotope, so long as all Standard Model symmetries are conserved, one must simply tack on quarks and anti-quarks. Surprisingly straightforward, right? Though sadly, history is not on the side of 5-quark systems.

Now go discuss and ask questions! 🙂

Run-of-the-mill hadrons that are common to everyday interactions involving the Strong Nuclear Force (QCD) are colloquially called “standard hadrons.” They include mesons (quark-anti-quark pairs) and baryons (three-quark/anti-quark combinations). Quark combinations consisting of more than three quarks are called “exotic hadrons.”

Happy Colliding.

– richard (@bravelittlemuon)

PS, I am always happy to write about topics upon request. You know, QED, QCD, OED, etc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron


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# Forming Formulas

April 29, 2011
By

(This article was first published on Coffee and Econometrics in the Morning, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)

One of the first functions a new R user learns how to use is the lm() command, which involves stating the model formula.

lm(y~x1+x2, data=mydata)

After a while, this just becomes a natural way to say "I want a regression of y on x1 and x2 using mydata." Even though it is natural, the underlying structure of the formula is not as it first appears. This becomes apparent as soon as you need to work with formula objects when writing your own function.

Does ~ define a string? No. You can ask R directly whether the formula is a string (of class "character") using is.character().

is.character(y~x1+x2+x3)
[1] FALSE

As we will soon see, a formula isn't easily coerced into a string either.

Should we think of ~ as a fancy = sign? No. R doesn't think of ~ as defining an equation to be evaluated.

x1=5x2=6x3=7y~x1+x2+x3y ~ x1 + x2 + x3It is better to think of ~ as defining the entire statement as an object with a special class called formula, which conveys the idea of the model to other functions in R.For the rest of the post, I will show some calculations that illustrate more fundamentally what a formula object is.  For concreteness, imagine you have a formula object with the general form y~x1+x2+z1+z2+z3.You could define this object with the command:form.ex = y~x1+x2+z1+z2+z3Suppose our goal is to extract the first two explanatory variables (x1 and x2) and use them in a linear model for the response (y).  If you're reading this for help, you likely have a more noble goal in mind.  Take this as an illustrative example.To appreciate the power of a method, it is useful to see the inelegant code we are avoiding.  The inelegant code also shines some light on how a formula object differs from a string.An inelegant methodWe could gain access to the elements of the formula by coercing it into a character string using as.character().  If we do this in our example, we obtain a character vector of length three:as.character(form.ex)[1] "~"                 [2] "y"                 [3] "x1 + x2 + z1 + z2 + z3"Here, we see that the RHS of the formula is stored in the third element of this vector.  The response is in the second element of the vector.  Let's store these into vectors we can easily reference and use.rhs= as.character(form.ex)[3]resp = as.character(form.ex)[2]Next, we can splice the rhs vector to obtain the individual variable names using the strsplit command.  Note: we want to split the vector apart using a delimiter " + " with the spaces.  Because the + is an operator, we need to use " \\+ " instead.  In addition, strsplit() returns a list of length two.  We really want the first element of the list... (remember, this is the inelegant way).rhs.sp = strsplit(rhs," \\+ ")[[1]]rhs.sp[1] "x1" "x2" "z1" "z2" "z3"Now, we have a vector of variable names for the right hand side of the equation.  As our goal is to construct a formula object relating the response to the first two explanatory variables, extract the first two elements of this vector.rhs.new= rhs.sp[1:2]rhs.new[1] "x1" "x2"And, paste this right hand side of the equation to the response variable name in a formula style using the following combination of paste() commands.short.form=paste(resp,"~",paste(rhs.new,collapse="+"))short.form[1] "y ~ x1+x2"Great.  The only problem?  The object short.form is not a formula object.  It is a character string.  This won't be a problem if we input it into something like lm(), which will coerce it to a formula object before using it.lm(short.form, data=mkt.df)Call:lm(formula = short.form, data = mkt.df)Coefficients:(Intercept)           x1           x2-25.329        2.335        4.239  If you want to do the formula coercion yourself, you can use the as.formula() command as follows.short.form=as.formula(short.form)short.formy ~ x1 + x2A more elegant methodThe all.vars() command does the splitting, splicing and extracting that comprised the bulk of what we did above.  Starting with the formula object form.ex, we could create a vector of variable names in our model statement as:vars.ex = all.vars(form.ex)vars.ex[1] "y"  "x1" "x2" "z1" "z2" "z3"Now, just define the rhs and resp vectors as we did in the less elegant method.rhs = vars.ex[2:3]resp   = vars.ex[1]Is there a better way recombine these vectors than to create our own paste collapser?  Yes!  The reformulate() function makes it easy.myform=reformulate(rhs.av, response=resp)myformy ~ x1 + x2And, for good measure, let's see what happens in the lm() command:lm(myform, data=mkt.df)Call:lm(formula = myform, data = mkt.df)Coefficients:(Intercept)           x1           x2-25.329        2.335        4.239

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# Thread: How to solve following summation question

1. ## How to solve following summation question

How can I solve the following

Note that I know if the sum starts from m=0, the term is equal to ex. However, if m = n, where m>n and both are positive integers.

2. ## Re: How to solve following summation question

Originally Posted by sjaffry
How can I solve the following

Note that I know if the sum starts from m=0, the term is equal to ex. However, if m = n, where m>n and both are positive integers.
Wolfram|Alpha: Computational Knowledge Engine

Wolframalpha to the rescue!

3. ## Re: How to solve following summation question

How I would do it:

$\displaystyle \sum_{m=n}^\infty \dfrac{x^m}{m!} = \sum_{m=0}^\infty \dfrac{x^m}{m!} - \sum_{m=0}^{n-1} \dfrac{x^m}{m!} = e^x-1-x-\dfrac{x^2}{2!} - \ldots - \dfrac{x^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}$


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# Oil Viscosity Calculator

The Viscosity of Motor Oil. Minimal quantity lubrication units. I apparatus consists of a cylindrical brass oil cup that holds the test sample. Volume viscosity can be measured with an acoustic rheometer. Oil with a 5W-30 grade thins out more quickly at high temperatures as compared to oils with a 5W-40 grade. In the metric system, the unit of kinematic viscosity is the square centimeter per second or the stoke. This value must be converted back to 1. kinematic viscosity of the ith component in the blend. 85 times as heavy as an equal volume of water (such as iron is) its specific gravity is 7. For this correlation oil gravity (g o) must be less than 1 (10°API). Undersaturated oil viscosity is determined as a function of gas saturated oil viscosity and pressure above saturation pressure. Viscosity Regulator or Viscotherm, is a device used to measure viscosity of the fuel oil before sending it to the engine. 2 Viscosity, I. Density is the weight per unit volume, in g/cm 3. Select the temperature and click the calculate button. To measure the volume of a sphere, measure how much water the. The symbol for dynamic viscosity is the Greek letter mu (µ). Modules : Fluid Dynamic And Kinematic Viscosity Data Module; Three Phase Black Oil Viscosity Calculator Module. These calculations and tests help engineers develop and maintain the. The True Terpenes mixing calculator is easy, and dare we say, fun to use! Find out how much terpene, diluent and extract you need. Here we explain what descriptions like 0W-20 and 5W-40 actually mean. For viscosity, the commonly used. The viscosity of two phase fluids and mixtures can be calculated from the dynamic viscosity and the volume fraction. In this viscosity, we offer Mobil 1™ FS 0W-40 or Mobil 1™ ESP Formula 0W-40. There are scientific ways to measure viscosity with a viscometer; but, a do-it-yourselfer's kitchen has most of the tools necessary to obtain a simple measurement of a motor oil's viscosity. The use of any of the calculators' results is at the user's sole risk. Temperature - Viscosity Relation. The word viscosity describes how easily an engine oil flows. Click on the "Calculate" button. Calculate the viscosity of the liquid. Extensional viscosity can be measured with various rheometers that apply extensional stress. Of course, the opposite is true - the higher the oil's viscosity, the more slowly it flows when cold. If something is 7. 002 Centipoise. The presence of these substances may increase or decrease the relative viscosity of the process fluid. Calculate the percentage of each oil you need to end up with a specific viscosity at a specific temperature. Contact Saybolt. Calculate with this converting program the units to US/UK units or SI units. 7)) = A - B log T where v is kinematic viscosity in cSt, T is temperature in K, log is base 10 log, and A and B are unknown constants which can be solved from two data points (v1,T1), (v2,T2). could anyone provide me a method about this subject. With increasing temperature the viscosity of oils falls rapidly. Kinematic Viscosity v Sometimes viscosity is measured by timing the flow of a known volume of fluid from a viscosity. Duffuaa, and S. Pipe Friction Loss Calculator. Lubricating oil producers normally publish the viscosity of their products at two different temperatures. 004 x 10^-6 m²/s for use in calculations. Oil gravity differs for each liquid. The viscosity of the gas saturated oil is found as a function of dead oil viscosity and solution gas-oil ratio (GOR). Measure density of the sphere. There are two numbers that define the viscosity of an oil. Specific gravity (sp gr) measures the ratio of density of the substance to the density of water in a given temperature, (i. Three new viscosity grades - SAE 65, 70 and 75 - were introduced and the limits for grade SAE 80 have been adjusted to tighten the broad kinematic viscosity window that. Kinematic viscosity @ 100ºC calculator; Viscosity index: KV40 °C cSt (mm²/s) KV100 °C cSt (mm²/s) Calculate Clear. Kinematic viscosity conversion calculator converts stoke, square meter per second, centistokes, square foot per hour vice versa with metric conversion. ) Degrees Engler (°E) Seconds Saybolt Universal (SSU) Seconds Saybolt Furol (SSF) Seconds Redwood n. 97: 30: Calculate of wall thickness of pipe Calculator of the Size of Round Bar B. INTRODUCTION The viscosity of a fluid is an important property in the analysis of liquid behavior and fluid motion near solid boundaries. Dynamic or absolute viscosity measures the resistance inside of the fluid and is independent from the density of this fluid. An oil’s kinematic viscosity is defined as its resistance to flow and shear due to gravity. When the resistance gets higher, the viscosity get greater with it. Correlations of dead oil viscosity calculate one value for the viscosity of gas-free oil at standard conditions. Oil and air lubrication units. Oil viscosity is often correlated directly to the reserves estimate in heavy-oil formations and can determine the success or failure of a given enhanced-oil-recovery scheme. click here for more information. " 1 If for some reason a bearing was operating at 210 degrees F, Figure 1 would call for a lubricant with an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) viscosity grade (VG) somewhere. Kazakhstan Center of Quality. To compute for the gas - oil ratio, seven essential parameters are needed and these parameters are Solution Gas (R s), Oil Viscosity (μ o), Gas Viscosity (μ g), Relative Permeability to Gas (k rg), Relative Permeability to Oil (k ro), Gas Formation Volume Factor (B g) and Oil Formation Volume Factor (B o). Kinematic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the fluid. Centipoise (cP) is commonly used to describe dynamic viscosity because water at a temperature of 20°C has a viscosity of 1. Viscosity Index (VI) is a scale used to measure how much an oil's viscosity, or resistance to flow, changes depending on its temperature. The viscosity of a liquid mixed with another (immiscible) one or with a solid (slurry) increases with the volume phase fraction irrespective of the viscosity or nature of the 2nd. The viscosity index is an arbitrary number indicating the effect of change of temperature on the kinematic viscosity of an oil. Viscosity Temperature Slider. The viscosity of the gas saturated oil is found as a function of dead oil viscosity and solution gas-oil ratio (GOR). ASTM D 341 outlines a procedure where the viscosity is measured at two different temperatures and then either through a computation or special graph paper the viscosity at any other temperature can be. 5 weight, 7. Viscosity is more commonly known as resistance to flow. Given data: Viscosity of the oil at 40 degrees is 416 cSt and viscosity of the oil at 100 degrees is 32 degree. The viscosity on this page is the dynamic (absolute) viscosity. Calculate the percentage of each oil you need to end up with a specific viscosity at a specific temperature. It is necessary to differentiate between dynamic and kinematic viscosity. The four basic inputs for Problem 2 are applied in Fig. The viscosity of two phase fluids and mixtures can be calculated from the dynamic viscosity and the volume fraction. However, a fluid that has too low viscosity will not maintain a good oil film. 9 mPa s in the high pressure parts of an engine near the point of overheating (150 °C). Failure to have the right viscosity of the paint will lead to the paint either being too thin or too thick. REDWOOD VISCOSITY NO. Oil Types, Weights & Viscosity FAQ. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY OF FOUR-STROKE ENGINE OILS Vojtěch Kumbįr, Petr Dostįl, Jiří Čupera, Artūras Sabaliauskas Mendel University in Brno, Šiauliai University Introduction For satisfactory lubrication of the engine the oil should possess some functional properties of which viscosity of oil is one of the most important, as it brings. Measure density of the sphere. See the blended calculated Kin. If an oil is so heavily contaminated that we suspect that the capillaries with diameters of approx. Additionally, an oil’s high-temperature viscosity grade is determined by its kinematic viscosity. Fluid Properties Calculator Instructions. [7] reported that the viscosity of oil is one of the main factor which governs oil absorption and drainage. The first number ends with the letter 'W', which stands for Winter. I have seen a lot of posts asking questions about viscosity, blending different oils, and cold weather performace of pa. These calculations and tests help engineers develop and maintain the. Viscosity regulator. 0003 lb · s/ft 2, density = 50 lbm/ft 3) flows in the boundary layer, as shown in Fig. Kinematic Viscosity The ratio of the absolute viscosity of a liquid to its density frequently occurs in the study of viscosity and hydraulics and the term "kinematic viscosity" with the symbol V has been assigned to it where p is the density. You can see viscosity as the resistance. Oil Viscosity Selection C. Presently, I know the viscosity of a Heavy Fuel Oil which is 1200 cSt at 50 deg C. By using these two parameters, you can calculate the viscosity index and extrapolate the viscosity at whatever in-service temperature the compressor is operating. In this viscosity, we offer Mobil 1™ FS 0W-40 or Mobil 1™ ESP Formula 0W-40. The viscosity on this page is the dynamic (absolute) viscosity. Kilostoke, Stoke, Centistoke, square Meter/Second, square Centimeter/Second, square Millimeter/Second, square Foot/Second and more - Viscosity - Kinematic Conversions. The rate at which viscosity changes with respect to temperature is non-linear. fraction This is the Einstein eq. Kinematic viscosity measures the comparative rate at which a liquid or gas flows. The Viscosity of Air, Water, Natural Gas, Crude Oil and Its Associated Gases at Oil Field Temperatures and Pressures, No. ** Where low sulfur fuel oil is required, fuel oil falling in the viscosity range of a lower numbered grade down to and including No. This is where the “30” in 5W-30 synthetic oil comes from. 2 ENGLER VISCOSITY The Redwood No. Richardson, Texas: Reprint Series (Oil and Gas Property Evaluation and Reserve Estimates), SPE. 002 x 10-3 Pa•s for use in calculations. Please note that actual values will vary slightly from lot to lot; the amount of variation is dependent on the type of standards. The quality of an engine oil depends on the base stock and its properties as well as on the additives. REDWOOD VISCOSITY NO. The following graph shows viscosity vs kinematic viscosity vs temperature for vq oil ysis and info my350z petroleum oil vs synthetic refrigeration pressor oils Viscosity Of Oil Table And ChartA Oil Viscosity Vs Temperature For Heavy Before And AfterOil Viscosity And Temperature Chart HoskinOil Viscosity Versus Temperature Chart HoskinMaya Crude Oil Viscosity Vs Temperature ScientificOil…. Although, it involves some knowledge of algebra, a basic experiment can measure the time it takes for a round sphere to. Paint viscosity is extremely important when you are spray painting. Kinematic viscosity measures the comparative rate at which a liquid or gas flows. These calculations and tests help engineers develop and maintain the. Online calculator. Specific gravity is the heaviness of a substance compared to that of water, and it is expressed without units. The rate at which viscosity changes with respect to temperature is non-linear. Viscosity Regulator or Viscotherm, is a device used to measure viscosity of the fuel oil before sending it to the engine. Viscosity and density are important physical properties of crude oil. Units in gas viscosity calculation: o C=degrees Celsius, K=Kelvin, o F=degrees Fahrenheit, o R=degrees Rankine, lb-s/ft 2 =pound-second per square foot, slug/ft-s=slug per foot per second, N-s/m 2 =Newton-second per square meter, kg/m-s=kilogram per meter per second, SG=specific gravity. The viscosity index according to DIN 2909 is calculated by comparing the change in viscosity of an oil with the two oils as a reference. You can visibly see the. 004 x 10^-6 m²/s This evaluates to 1. The SI unit for dynamic viscosity is the pascal-second (Pa·s), but the more common unit is the centipoise (cP): 1 P = 0. Keywords: Dynamic (or absolute) Viscosity, Oil, kinematic viscosity, Redwood Viscometer No. Fork oil needs to be changed every 5000 miles. Kinematic Viscosity v Sometimes viscosity is measured by timing the flow of a known volume of fluid from a viscosity. These numbers are usually defined as oil weights. Calculate the viscosity of the liquid. 1) Usually, your API gravity reading will be at a temperature other than 60°F. The four basic inputs for Problem 2 are applied in Fig. 3, 114-127. Click on the graph to set the temperature. 3 and 4 summarize all of the dead oil viscosity correlations described in Tables 2 and 3. There are dynamic and kinematic viscosity are usually common for calculations. To start over, click the "Clear" button. There are two numbers that define the viscosity of an oil. Bergman-Sutton (2009) Use to calculate dead oil viscosity. In the metric system specific gravity is the same as in the English system. The viscosity on this page is the dynamic (absolute) viscosity. 33 pounds per gallon and is. It is well-known from Hydrodynamic Lubrication Theory that viscosity plays a central role in the lubrication regime encountered in the machine element – the higher is the viscosity, the thicker is the oil film that separates the surfaces from touching each other. Experiment to understand hydraulic fluid viscosity. Properties critical to accurate results such as viscosity, density and vapor pressure can vary significantly because the molecular makeup varies widely. Crude Oil Viscosity Laboratory testing of a particular oil at various temperatures is the most reliable method of determining how an oil behaves. How to use the Viscosity calculator. In everyday terms (and for fluids only), viscosity is "thickness" or "internal friction". Conversion calculator API - specific gravity; Centrifugal Pumps and Influence from Viscosity - When a liquid flow through a pump, hydrodynamic losses depends on fluid viscosity ; Crude oil metal (Ni, V) content as function of gravity - Content of nickel and vanadium in more than 120 crudes is shown as function of specific [email protected]°C/60°F. Click on the graph to set the temperature. Note the viscosities of the two oils and your desired viscosity. High viscosity oils flow more slowly and come with a higher SAE number. UnitConverter. Kinematic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the fluid. The viscosity of the lubrication plays one of the most important roles in the selection of lubricants. The viscosity of an oil is measured by its resistance to flow. To compute for the gas - oil ratio, seven essential parameters are needed and these parameters are Solution Gas (R s), Oil Viscosity (μ o), Gas Viscosity (μ g), Relative Permeability to Gas (k rg), Relative Permeability to Oil (k ro), Gas Formation Volume Factor (B g) and Oil Formation Volume Factor (B o). You can visibly see the. It is seen in the graphs that the lower oil viscosity the higher the Pmax/Pav ratio. 4 may be supplied. Therefore, you need to know the minimum operating viscosity to set an alarm and limit on that value. This value must be converted back to 1. Oxygen - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity. What happens is the base oils mix together to form a new base oil viscosity and then the VIIs from each oil mix together and work off the new base oil viscosity. SAE and ISO Viscosity Values. The rate at which viscosity changes with respect to temperature is non-linear. Oil gravity differs for each liquid. [email protected] Undersaturated oil viscosity is determined as a function of gas saturated oil viscosity and pressure above saturation pressure. Crude oil is a mixture of various compounds with the majority of hydrocarbons. Calculator for kinematic viscosity extrapolation according to ASTM D341. Viscosity is the property of a fluid to resist the relative displacement of adjoining layers (internal friction). Centipoise (cP) is commonly used to describe dynamic viscosity because water at a temperature of 20°C has a viscosity of 1. We often have gear boxes where the correct viscosity gear oil is not known either because it is a used box and came without the manual, or it is now being used in a different setup from its original design. New Gear Oil Viscosity Grades: SAE 65, 70 and 75 In February 2019, the SAE J306 standard – that sets the limits for gear oil viscosity grades – has been updated. Modules : Fluid Dynamic And Kinematic Viscosity Data Module; Three Phase Black Oil Viscosity Calculator Module. Fork oil needs to be changed every 5000 miles. The MRC Engineer's Handbook states, "In general, the oil viscosity should be about 100 Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) at the operating temperature. 1 mm are clogged, we use a Nametre Viscoliner 1710 to investigate dynamic viscosity at room temperature and at approx. The Viscosity of Air, Water, Natural Gas, Crude Oil and Its Associated Gases at Oil Field Temperatures and Pressures, No. The first number ends with the letter 'W', which stands for Winter. The viscosity of hydraulic fluid is measured in Centistokes (cSt) and usually at temperatures of 40°C and 100°C. The dynamic viscosity of single viscosity winter oils is determined at a various cold temperature as established by SAE J300. Oil with a viscosity that does not change much between 40°C and100°C will have a higher VI than an oil with a greater change in viscosity. Please note that actual values will vary slightly from lot to lot; the amount of variation is dependent on the type of standards. For viscosity, the commonly used. Given data: Viscosity of the oil at 40 degrees is 416 cSt and viscosity of the oil at 100 degrees is 32 degree. However the difference between the values of the ratio increases with an increase of the clearance. Every essential oil contains natural variations from crop to crop, batch to batch, and cannot be accounted for in this calculator. The viscosity index according to DIN 2909 is calculated by comparing the change in viscosity of an oil with the two oils as a reference. Simply put, viscosity is the oil's resistance to flow or, for the layman, an oil's speed of flow as measured through a device known as a viscometer. target temperature T3 at which we want to compute viscosity target temperature T3 in K MyLabel from ASTM D341: log (log(v + 0. The main requirements for an engine oil are defined temperature-viscosity properties, protection against wear and corrosion, keeping the engine clean, holding particles like soot or abrasives in suspension, yield strength under compression and. [email protected] How to use calculator. 300 mPas (cP) 20 °C Motor oil SAE 20W 160 mPas (cP) 20 °C Motor oil SAE 30 380 mPas (cP) 20 °C Motor oil SAE 40 600 mPas (cP) 20 °C. Although, it involves some knowledge of algebra, a basic experiment can measure the time it takes for a round sphere to. Select the temperature and click the calculate button. Here we explain what descriptions like 0W-20 and 5W-40 actually mean. - Viscosity - Kinematic Conversion Tables. Kinematic viscosity @ 100ºC calculator; Viscosity index: KV40 °C cSt (mm²/s) KV100 °C cSt (mm²/s) Calculate Clear. The Ng and Egbogah correlation contains two methods for calculating dead oil viscosity using a modified Beggs and Robinson viscosity correlation and a correlation that uses the pour point temperature. The four basic inputs for Problem 2 are applied in Fig. A high VI-value indicates smaller viscosity changes with temperature. Note the viscosities of the two oils and your desired viscosity. The viscosity of hydraulic fluid is measured in Centistokes (cSt) and usually at temperatures of 40°C and 100°C. Viscosity and density are important physical properties of crude oil. To compute for the water - oil ratio, six essential parameters are needed and these parameters are (μ o)Oil Viscosity, (μ w)Water Viscosity, (k rw)Relative Permeability to Water, (k ro)Relative Permeability to Oil, (B w)Water Formation Volume Factor and (B o)Oil Formation Volume Factor. Then, the blend viscosity is calculated as, (2) where A12 is the average viscosity blending index, (3) Kendall-Monroe equation calculates the blend viscosity as the cubic-root average of the component viscosities, (4) The above equations hardly afford any meaningful theoretical. #N#Tables & Factors. Correlations of dead oil viscosity calculate one value for the viscosity of gas-free oil at standard conditions. The most complete, flexible and versatile petroleum calculator for professionals in the oil and gas industry! Now also available for desktop! IMPORTANT NOTE: for users who have problems with the keyboard (dot or comma not showing): some of the newer Android devices seem to have a bug in the soft keyboard, that results in the absence of dot / comma on the number keypad. The plate is 1 ft wide perpendicular to the paper. The viscosity of two phase fluids and mixtures can be calculated from the dynamic viscosity and the volume fraction. The symbol for dynamic viscosity is the Greek letter mu (µ). Richardson, Texas: Reprint Series (Oil and Gas Property Evaluation and Reserve Estimates), SPE. Where: Oil Viscosity above the Bubble Point. This variation is provided in Crane (1988) as a graph for hydrocarbon vapors and natural gases, and as an equation for other common gases. Please note that actual values will vary slightly from lot to lot; the amount of variation is dependent on the type of standards. Viscosity Index of lubricants The viscosity of oils and base oils of lubricating greases from Klüber Lubrication can be determined by means of the known kinematic viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C. Viscosity is a measure of a lubricating oil’s resistant to flow. That, in turn, means consistent, high performance from a machine. com Choices choices choices. The dynamic viscosity of single viscosity winter oils is determined at a various cold temperature as established by SAE J300. Calculate the percentage of each of two oils to be mixed to obtain a desired viscosity at a specific temperature. Oil weight, or viscosity, refers to how thick or thin the oil is. Calculate the shear stress at the plate surface. Crude oil is a mixture of various compounds with the majority of hydrocarbons. Did you find us useful? Please consider supporting the site with a small donation. The Kurt Orbahn Diesel Injector Test is a frequently used test to quantify permanent shear stability. 1 mm are clogged, we use a Nametre Viscoliner 1710 to investigate dynamic viscosity at room temperature and at approx. Your desired final viscosity; The temperatures of these viscosities ; Press "Calculate" to obtain the percentage of each oil that should be mixed to get that result. When the paint is too thin you will leave marks and streaking on the painted surface. A decrease in viscosity could be due to a number of reasons, such as shearing (the severing of oil molecules into smaller molecules) or contamination of the lubricant by a substance with a lower viscosity. Here we explain what descriptions like 0W-20 and 5W-40 actually mean. The Viscosity of Air, Water, Natural Gas, Crude Oil and Its Associated Gases at Oil Field Temperatures and Pressures, No. Viscosity - Kinematic. All fluids have an internal friction between molecules, which determines how well fluid flows. Pipe Friction Loss Calculator. microVISC-m programmed to calculate the kinematic viscosity based on the dynamic viscosity and density at ambient temperatures. The thicker (higher viscosity) of an oil, the slower it will flow. Crude Oil Viscosity Laboratory testing of a particular oil at various temperatures is the most reliable method of determining how an oil behaves. Dynamic viscosity of gases is primarily a function of temperature. When the resistance gets higher, the viscosity get greater with it. Essential Oil Dilution Calculator. Every essential oil contains natural variations from crop to crop, batch to batch, and cannot be accounted for in this calculator. producing heavy oil, the high viscosity is a major impediment to recovery. 18 is the most common way to treat the apparent viscosity of an oil/water mixture, a more accurate method is to use the oil viscosity when oil is the. Use our API Gravity at 60°F Temperature Correction Calculator Online. Where: Oil Viscosity above the Bubble Point. Failure to have the right viscosity of the paint will lead to the paint either being too thin or too thick. Enter the viscosity in mm²/s at this temperature for the 2nd base oil. 85 times as heavy as an equal volume of water (such as iron is) its specific gravity is 7. Three new viscosity grades – SAE 65, 70 and 75 – were introduced and the limits for grade SAE 80 have been adjusted to tighten the broad kinematic viscosity window that. Essential Oil Dilution Calculator - How to Dilute Aromatherapy Oils. Click on the "Calculate" button. North America, Latin America and Asia Pacific General Inquiries jeff. I have seen a lot of posts asking questions about viscosity, blending different oils, and cold weather performace of pa. Oil and air lubrication units. How to use calculator. Crude Oil Viscosity Laboratory testing of a particular oil at various temperatures is the most reliable method of determining how an oil behaves. Common Converters. Then the viscosity at temperature T is calculated with Ubbelohde-Walther equation according ASTM-D341. May 31, 2017 CBD Oils. V I = [ (L-U) / (L-H)] x 100 U is the oil's kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, and L and H are values based on the oil's kinematic viscosity at 100 °C. Kinematic Viscosity Stokes, centistokes, lentor, square meter/second, square foot/second, poise cubic centimeter/gram, and many more. Single viscosity oils are normally referred to straight weight oils. Density of oil. The first step involves calculation of the Viscosity Blending Index (VBI) of each component of the blend using the following equation (known as a Refutas equation): (1) VBI = 14. The MRC Engineer's Handbook states, "In general, the oil viscosity should be about 100 Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) at the operating temperature. Enter your application's fluid properties, hose and coupling specifications, and our Fluid Flow Pressure Calculator will help identify your operational issues, so you can eliminate costly downtime, improve efficiency, and save money. Here we explain what descriptions like 0W-20 and 5W-40 actually mean. Specific Gravity Of Oil Calculator. fraction This is the Einstein eq. Specific Gravity - Direct ratio of any liquid's weight to the weight of water at 62 degrees F. 3, 114–127. How to use the Viscosity calculator. Oil and Water Viscosity conversions including various oils, water, and glycerin, at various temperatures. If a lubricating oil is considered as a series of fluid layers superimposed on each other, the viscosity of the oil is a measure of the resistance to flow between the individual layers. The tables on the following pages provide nominal values for viscosity standards supplied by CANNON Instrument Company. Dynamic viscosity of gases is primarily a. crude oil does not have a specific definition, like say O2. Kinematic viscosity @ 100ºC calculator; Viscosity index: KV40 °C cSt (mm²/s) KV100 °C cSt (mm²/s) Calculate Clear. Correlations of dead oil viscosity calculate one value for the viscosity of gas-free oil at standard conditions. The principal objective of this paper is to obtain exact models that can successfully predict these two important fluid properties covering a wide range of temperatures. Viscosity (cSt): Note : The above program does not account for the affects of sulfur‚ asphaltenes or vanadium on the apparent viscosity of the crude oil. Specific gravity is the heaviness of a substance compared to that of water, and it is expressed without units. Select Calculator Mixing Ratio Calculator for Silicone Oils Viscocity of A Viscocity of B Mixed viscocity of interest CALCULATE RESET. If the fluid you required is not listed, or if the values provided are not correct, then add your own values for viscosity at 40C and 100C. It is seen in the graphs that the lower oil viscosity the higher the Pmax/Pav ratio. The viscosity of a fluid is is one of the most important aspects for longer life of the hydraulic system. The following graph shows viscosity vs kinematic viscosity vs temperature for vq oil ysis and info my350z petroleum oil vs synthetic refrigeration pressor oils Viscosity Of Oil Table And ChartA Oil Viscosity Vs Temperature For Heavy Before And AfterOil Viscosity And Temperature Chart HoskinOil Viscosity Versus Temperature Chart HoskinMaya Crude Oil Viscosity Vs Temperature ScientificOil…. (See Figure 1. Viscosity Temperature Slider. Convert viscosity of Oil, Water, Glycerin and other thick fluids at different temperature between Poise, Centipoise, Water at 20C, Water at 40C, Heavy Oil at 20C, Heavy Oil at 40C, Glycerin at 20C, Glycerin at 40C, SAE 5W at -18C, SAE 10W at -18C, SAE 20W at -18C, SAE 5W at 99C, SAE 10W at 99C, SAE 20W at 99C and more. Specific Gravity of Crude Oil: They are many common crude types like west Texas, Brent… API gravity is a measure of how light or heavy the crude oil compared to water. The dynamic viscosity of olive oil sample from Jenin region in Palestine was measured as a function of temperature. Kazakhstan Center of Quality. 5SL, its coming up on 55,400 which will mark 5,000 miles since the last time the oil was changed. " 1 If for some reason a bearing was operating at 210 degrees F, Figure 1 would call for a lubricant with an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) viscosity grade (VG) somewhere. The Kurt Orbahn Diesel Injector Test is a frequently used test to quantify permanent shear stability. Kinematic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the fluid. The MRC Engineer's Handbook states, "In general, the oil viscosity should be about 100 Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) at the operating temperature. The most complete, flexible and versatile petroleum calculator for professionals in the oil and gas industry! Now also available for desktop! IMPORTANT NOTE: for users who have problems with the keyboard (dot or comma not showing): some of the newer Android devices seem to have a bug in the soft keyboard, that results in the absence of dot / comma on the number keypad. This variation is provided in Crane (1988) as a graph for hydrocarbon vapors and natural gases, and as an equation for other common gases. Experiment to understand hydraulic fluid viscosity. Guide to Measuring Oil Viscosity | 2 Measuring kinematic viscosity Gravimetric Capillary - The most widely used technique for measuring kinematic viscosity is the use of a Gravimetric Capillary that is temperature controlled, usually 40 C for single grade oils, and both 40 and 100 C. The viscosity on this page is the dynamic (absolute) viscosity. 1 (Standard) Seconds. target temperature T3 at which we want to compute viscosity target temperature T3 in K MyLabel from ASTM D341: log (log(v + 0. Modules : Fluid Dynamic And Kinematic Viscosity Data Module; Three Phase Black Oil Viscosity Calculator Module. Oil viscosity is often correlated directly to the reserves estimate in heavy-oil formations and can determine the success or failure of a given enhanced-oil-recovery scheme. A fluids viscosity is measured in a lab using a viscometer as pictured below! Hydraulic oil viscosity is important for each. New Gear Oil Viscosity Grades: SAE 65, 70 and 75 In February 2019, the SAE J306 standard – that sets the limits for gear oil viscosity grades – has been updated. 1 mm are clogged, we use a Nametre Viscoliner 1710 to investigate dynamic viscosity at room temperature and at approx. The viscosity at 35°C was about 10-to 15-fold of the viscosity at 180°C. If your diesel-powered engine requires an oil meeting the CK-4 specification, then choose Mobil Delvac 1™ ESP 0W-40. 3, 114-127. Oil (absolute viscosity = 0. Warning! The calculator below is for informative purposes only. Experiment to understand hydraulic fluid viscosity. BookMark Us It may come in handy. Oil viscosity is often correlated directly to the reserves estimate in heavy-oil formations and can determine the success or failure of a given enhanced-oil-recovery scheme. 33 pounds per gallon and is. The oil viscosity at a specific temperature can be either calculated from the viscosity-temperature equations or obtained from the viscosity-temperature ASTM chart. The Ng and Egbogah correlation contains two methods for calculating dead oil viscosity using a modified Beggs and Robinson viscosity correlation and a correlation that uses the pour point temperature. Viscosity is typically considered a lagging indicator test, meaning something occurred to cause a change in the oil's viscosity. Viscosity Temperature Slider. 1 - UNIVERSAL ADMIRALTY No. Dynamic viscosity of gases is primarily a function of temperature. A high VI-value indicates smaller viscosity changes with temperature. If a lubricating oil is considered as a series of fluid layers superimposed on each other, the viscosity of the oil is a measure of the resistance to flow between the individual layers. The higher is the oil viscosity, the slower is the oil drainage. Viscosity can be expressed mathematically as follows: Poise is the unit for viscosity, equivalent to dyne-sec/cm 2. This value must be converted back to 1. It is your responsibility to use essential oils safely in accordance with common sense, research, training, and local regulations, as well as considering the constituents present that are unique to the essential. Of course, the opposite is true - the higher the oil's viscosity, the more slowly it flows when cold. Correlations of dead oil viscosity calculate one value for the viscosity of gas-free oil at standard conditions. This will have significant effects on the energy required to pump the oil and on the rate of heat transfer at elevated temperatures. Viscosity is a rating system for oil that rates the oil's thickness at a given temperature. A high viscosity index signifies a relatively small change of kinematic viscosity with temperature. Crude oil is not a pure substance - ie. Click on the "Calculate" button. Click on the graph to set the temperature. 3, 114–127. The physical definition of viscosity originates in the NEWTONian formulation of shear stress (NEWTONian liquid). The viscosity of two phase fluids and mixtures can be calculated from the dynamic viscosity and the volume fraction. A decrease in viscosity could be due to a number of reasons, such as shearing (the severing of oil molecules into smaller molecules) or contamination of the lubricant by a substance with a lower viscosity. It is constant for a liquid and depends on it's liquid's nature. Oxygen - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity. Viscosity may be known as either dynamic (absolute) viscosity or kinematic viscosity. 3 and 4 summarize all of the dead oil viscosity correlations described in Tables 2 and 3. Most oil labs test industrial fluids at 40 and 100 degrees C. 7)) = A - B log T where v is kinematic viscosity in cSt, T is temperature in K, log is base 10 log, and A and B are unknown constants which can be solved from two data points (v1,T1), (v2,T2). Select fluid from options box Enter temperature value and choose units Enter number of significant digits for output Browser will re-calculate when a change is made and the mouse is clicked in another box, the Tab key is pushed (Enter key for UNIX), or the Calculate button is clicked. 1) Usually, your API gravity reading will be at a temperature other than 60°F. [email protected] Click on the "Calculate" button. Does anyone have a formula for viscosity as a function of temperature, viscosity grade and viscosity index. Kinematic viscosity @ 100ºC calculator; Viscosity index: KV40 °C cSt (mm²/s) KV100 °C cSt (mm²/s) Calculate Clear. Kinematic Viscosity Centistokes. In the metric system specific gravity is the same as in the English system. Guide to Measuring Oil Viscosity | 2 Measuring kinematic viscosity Gravimetric Capillary - The most widely used technique for measuring kinematic viscosity is the use of a Gravimetric Capillary that is temperature controlled, usually 40 C for single grade oils, and both 40 and 100 C. To read more about the underlying formulas and basic functions of microVISC-m along with measurements conducted with Mobil 1 (0W30) oil, download our application note!. Three new viscosity grades - SAE 65, 70 and 75 - were introduced and the limits for grade SAE 80 have been adjusted to tighten the broad kinematic viscosity window that. If an oil is so heavily contaminated that we suspect that the capillaries with diameters of approx. Advanced Viscosity Calculator Calculate viscosity at a given temperature, when viscosity is known at two temperatures. Viswa Lab in Houston 12140 Almeda Rd, Houston, TX 77045,USA , (+1) 713 842 1985. The viscosity of two phase fluids and mixtures can be calculated from the dynamic viscosity and the volume fraction. For instance, oil with a 5W-30 grade thickens less than oil with a 10W-30 grade in cold weather. Given two known temperature-viscosity points, the viscosity of a liquid can be calculated for a target temperature. For example, the viscosity of oil is higher than that of water, the oil is more viscous than the water. Viscosity of blend product was posted showing examples. density) is known. That, in turn, means consistent, high performance from a machine. Viscosity is perceived as 'thickness' or resistance to pouring, but there is more to viscosity than this. Fluid Flow Pressure Calculator Available in English only. Pour point temperature is the lowest temperature at which the oil is observed to flow when cooled and examined under conditions prescribed in. - Birmingham Wire Gauge. Oils meeting the SAE's low temperature requirements have a "W" after the viscosity rating (example: 10W), and oils that meet the high ratings have. Accessories for lubrication systems. For some engineering calculations, particularly in hydrocarbon processing, it is necessary to estimate the viscosity of a mixture (blend) of two or more components. Fluid viscosity calculator. Thicker fluids have a higher viscosity. C: Viscosity mPas : Heat Capacity KJ/kg-C : Conductivity W/m-C : Density kg/m3 : Viscosity cST : 25: 77. Viscosity of blend product was posted showing examples. RE: viscosity calculation GregLamberson (Petroleum) 9 Jul 07 06:30. Note the viscosities of the two oils and your desired viscosity. To measure the volume of a sphere, measure how much water the. 000 mPas (cP) 20 °C Molasses 83 °Bx 50. " 1 If for some reason a bearing was operating at 210 degrees F, Figure 1 would call for a lubricant with an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) viscosity grade (VG) somewhere. The viscosity of two phase fluids and mixtures can be calculated from the dynamic viscosity and the volume fraction. How to use the Viscosity calculator. Oil Viscosity Selection C. Put simply, the less viscous the fluid is, the greater its ease of movement (fluidity). Kinematic viscosity measures the comparative rate at which a liquid or gas flows. ' Implications. 5 cSt @ 100°C will be rated as SAE 30, while another Motor Oil that is measured to have viscosity of 12 cSt ( or 26% more. API gravity change with temperature for crude oils. Oil (absolute viscosity = 0. Additionally, an oil’s high-temperature viscosity grade is determined by its kinematic viscosity. The most complete, flexible and versatile petroleum calculator for professionals in the oil and gas industry! Now also available for desktop! IMPORTANT NOTE: for users who have problems with the keyboard (dot or comma not showing): some of the newer Android devices seem to have a bug in the soft keyboard, that results in the absence of dot / comma on the number keypad. 1 mm are clogged, we use a Nametre Viscoliner 1710 to investigate dynamic viscosity at room temperature and at approx. The quality of an engine oil depends on the base stock and its properties as well as on the additives. density) is known. The four basic inputs resulted in elimination of all dead oil viscosity correlations except for Labedi (1992). The lower this number is, the less viscous your oil will be at low temperatures. For this correlation oil gravity (g o) must be less than 1 (10°API). A fluids viscosity is measured in a lab using a viscometer as pictured below! Hydraulic oil viscosity is important for each. Calculate the percentage of each oil you need to end up with a specific viscosity at a specific temperature. Oil with a 5W-30 grade thins out more quickly at high temperatures as compared to oils with a 5W-40 grade. 20W, 15W, 10W, 5W, and 0W. Keywords: Dynamic (or absolute) Viscosity, Oil, kinematic viscosity, Redwood Viscometer No. If an oil is so heavily contaminated that we suspect that the capillaries with diameters of approx. The use of any of the calculators' results is at the user's sole risk. The True Terpenes mixing calculator is easy, and dare we say, fun to use! Find out how much terpene, diluent and extract you need. Every essential oil contains natural variations from crop to crop, batch to batch, and cannot be accounted for in this calculator. It is your responsibility to use essential oils safely in accordance with common sense, research, training, and local regulations, as well as considering the constituents present that are unique to the essential. DaveMossTuning. Crude oil is a mixture of various compounds with the majority of hydrocarbons. These numbers are usually defined as oil weights. 3, 114–127. Warning! The calculator below is for informative purposes only. Richardson, Texas: Reprint Series (Oil and Gas Property Evaluation and Reserve Estimates), SPE. 002 Centipoise. A key characteristic of refined oil is its viscosity, or ability to flow. Production engines are increasingly moving to thinner, less viscous oil in search of improve fuel economy but there are performance advantages to thinner oil if the bearing clearances are somewhat tighter. Also known as Zahn cups, these testers let you calculate viscosity based on the speed at which a liquid drains through a cup with a hole at the bottom. Viscosity and density are important physical properties of crude oil. The viscosity of a liquid as a function of temperature can be approximated with the Andrade correlation. Learn more about Mystik. Online app calculates hydraulic oil viscosity at different pressures September 16, 2019 By Mary Gannon Leave a Comment Webtec has launched a new on-line hydraulic oil viscosity calculator app which calculates the viscosity of hydraulic oil at different pressures. This measurement is related to how an oil flows when it is cold, such as at engine start-up. Reference "Viscosity Correlations for Saudi Arabian Crude Oils", S. Use specific gravity calculator for conversion between API degrees, Baume degrees and specific gravity. The value will always have the temperature next to it as without this the value will be meaningless. Coefficient of Viscosity of Liquids. producing heavy oil, the high viscosity is a major impediment to recovery. REDWOOD VISCOSITY NO. cSt to SUS Conversion Chart CONVERSION Kinematic Viscosity (cSt) to Saybolt Universal Viscosity (SUS) cSt SUS cSt SUS 2. 000 mPas (cP) 20 °C Motor oil SAE 10W 160 mPas (cP) 20 °C Motor oil SAE 140 2. 002 Centipoise. This calculator can be used to determine the right viscosity for the gear box with under the conditions we. Enter the ratio by weight of 1st base oil. temperature affects the Viscosity of the fluid selected for the system. Some of the information in it is outdated but the tool is still very handy. Viscosity index. Use the included formula to convert seconds. Advanced Viscosity Calculator Calculate viscosity at a given temperature, when viscosity is known at two temperatures. 002 x 10-3 Pa•s for use in calculations. Test temperature is adjusted by rxÄeans of a bath surrounding the oil cup. Given two known temperature-viscosity points, the viscosity of a liquid can be calculated for a target temperature. The surface is covered with oil film. The above image represents Water - Oil Ratio. The oil creates a distance between the block and the inclined surface of $$1\times10^{-6}[m]$$. Lubricating oil producers normally publish the viscosity of their products at two different temperatures. 50 weight %, and a deduction in quantity shall be made for all water and sediment in excess of 1. - Birmingham Wire Gauge. Keywords: Dynamic (or absolute) Viscosity, Oil, kinematic viscosity, Redwood Viscometer No. 5 with inversion taking place at lower water fractions when oil viscosities are high. To compute for the water - oil ratio, six essential parameters are needed and these parameters are (μ o)Oil Viscosity, (μ w)Water Viscosity, (k rw)Relative Permeability to Water, (k ro)Relative Permeability to Oil, (B w)Water Formation Volume Factor and (B o)Oil Formation Volume Factor. CALCULATE RESET. Single viscosity oils are normally referred to straight weight oils. Oil and air lubrication units. It is necessary to differentiate between dynamic and kinematic viscosity. 3 and 4 summarize all of the dead oil viscosity correlations described in Tables 2 and 3. The oil's viscosity falls during the test due to polymer coil breakage. The dynamic viscosity of single viscosity winter oils is determined at a various cold temperature as established by SAE J300. There are two numbers that define the viscosity of an oil. The first step involves calculation of the Viscosity Blending Index (VBI) of each component of the blend using the following equation (known as a Refutas equation): (1) VBI = 14. Undersaturated oil viscosity is determined as a function of gas saturated oil viscosity and pressure above saturation pressure. Oil (absolute viscosity = 0. Control units and software. 000 mPas (cP) 20 °C Molasses 83 °Bx 50. Therefore, you need to know the minimum operating viscosity to set an alarm and limit on that value. cSt to SUS Conversion Chart CONVERSION Kinematic Viscosity (cSt) to Saybolt Universal Viscosity (SUS) cSt SUS cSt SUS 2. Generally, fuel oil viscosity is regulated between 10-15 centistrokes at 50 degree Celsius. Temperature - Viscosity Relation. Guide to Measuring Oil Viscosity | 2 Measuring kinematic viscosity Gravimetric Capillary - The most widely used technique for measuring kinematic viscosity is the use of a Gravimetric Capillary that is temperature controlled, usually 40 C for single grade oils, and both 40 and 100 C. The operating. 5 weight, 10 weight. Viscosity is often talked about in the context of shear stress, where shear stress is defined as stress that results from a force that acts parallel to the cross section of the object. for 45% enter 45. You must know both the kinematic and dynamic viscosity of a gas or liquid to calculate its density. Viswa Lab in Houston 12140 Almeda Rd, Houston, TX 77045,USA , (+1) 713 842 1985. Oil Viscosity at the Bubble Point. [13], Yilmaz [18], Esteban etal. The value will always have the temperature next to it as without this the value will be meaningless. Modules : Fluid Dynamic And Kinematic Viscosity Data Module; Three Phase Black Oil Viscosity Calculator Module. Enter the viscosity in mm²/s at this temperature for the 2nd base oil. Viscosity Regulator or Viscotherm, is a device used to measure viscosity of the fuel oil before sending it to the engine. The Kurt Orbahn Diesel Injector Test is a frequently used test to quantify permanent shear stability. [email protected] Vasquez and Beggs correlation for oil viscosity, P > Pb, [cP] 43 UodEgbogah: Egbogah correlation for dead oil viscosity, [cP] 44 UoUSatBeggsRobinson: Beggs and Robinson correlation for oil viscosity with solution gas, P < = Pb, [cP] 45 CfNewmanS. Pentane - Thermophysical Properties. If an oil is so heavily contaminated that we suspect that the capillaries with diameters of approx. The unit of dynamic viscosity is the Poiseuille (=Pa·s). The lower the oil's viscosity, the more readily it flows at cold winter temperatures. Oil Viscosity: Technically, the viscosity of an oil is a measure of the oils resistance to shear. Search through our wide range of options to find the best motor oil for your vehicle. A key characteristic of refined oil is its viscosity, or ability to flow. Viscosity can be expressed mathematically as follows: Poise is the unit for viscosity, equivalent to dyne-sec/cm 2. The tables on the following pages provide nominal values for viscosity standards supplied by CANNON Instrument Company. Supports conversion between Poise, Centipoise, Water at 20C, Water at 40C, Heavy Oil at 20C, Heavy Oil at 40C, Glycerin at 20C, Glycerin at 40C, SAE 5W at -18C. Here we explain what descriptions like 0W-20 and 5W-40 actually mean. Calculate the blend ratio of two known oils to achieve the desired viscosity The calculator on this site is for informative purposes only and we make no claims as to the accuracy, completeness or fitness for any particular purpose of the results produced by our calculators. The symbol for dynamic viscosity is the Greek letter mu (µ). Typically, the viscosity is reported at one of two temperatures, either 40°C (100°F) or 100°C (212°F). In this viscosity, we offer Mobil 1™ FS 0W-40 or Mobil 1™ ESP Formula 0W-40. Specific Gravity - Direct ratio of any liquid's weight to the weight of water at 62 degrees F. The viscosity of the engine oil will depend on whether the oil is, for example, in the sump, the pump, the cooler, between the cam and followers, or in the crankshaft bearings. Given data: Viscosity of the oil at 40 degrees is 416 cSt and viscosity of the oil at 100 degrees is 32 degree. 300 mPas (cP) 20 °C Motor oil SAE 20W 160 mPas (cP) 20 °C Motor oil SAE 30 380 mPas (cP) 20 °C Motor oil SAE 40 600 mPas (cP) 20 °C. The symbol for dynamic viscosity is the Greek letter mu (µ). We often have gear boxes where the correct viscosity gear oil is not known either because it is a used box and came without the manual, or it is now being used in a different setup from its original design. Note the viscosities of the two oils and your desired viscosity. for 45% enter 45. density) is known. RE: viscosity calculation GregLamberson (Petroleum) 9 Jul 07 06:30. Visualise the way fluid viscosity changes with temperature. Typically, the viscosity is reported at one of two temperatures, either 40°C (100°F) or 100°C (212°F). Supports conversion between Poise, Centipoise, Water at 20C, Water at 40C, Heavy Oil at 20C, Heavy Oil at 40C, Glycerin at 20C, Glycerin at 40C, SAE 5W at -18C. 1 mm are clogged, we use a Nametre Viscoliner 1710 to investigate dynamic viscosity at room temperature and at approx. The eleven viscosity grades are: 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 25W. Pentane - Thermophysical Properties. Crude oil is not a pure substance - ie. What happens is the base oils mix together to form a new base oil viscosity and then the VIIs from each oil mix together and work off the new base oil viscosity. To start over, click the "Clear" button. North America, Latin America and Asia Pacific General Inquiries jeff. crude oil fluid properties One of the most challenging aspects of determining the performance of a crude oil piping system is determining the fluid properties necessary for hydraulic analysis. Fluid Properties Calculator Instructions. Typically, the viscosity is reported at one of two temperatures, either 40°C (100°F) or 100°C (212°F). Given data: Viscosity of the oil at 40 degrees is 416 cSt and viscosity of the oil at 100 degrees is 32 degree. Three new viscosity grades – SAE 65, 70 and 75 – were introduced and the limits for grade SAE 80 have been adjusted to tighten the broad kinematic viscosity window that. Calculate dynamic and kinematic viscosity for three phase black oil (gas oil and water). Click on the "Calculate" button. [20],andNoureddinietal. Type into the LOOKUP SECTION (in red) the known parameter (ie either the Viscosity or the Temperature) of the oil. When the paint is too thin you will leave marks and streaking on the painted surface. Hydraulic tools for. I have a 2008 2. kinematic viscosity of the ith component in the blend. ASTM D 341 outlines a procedure where the viscosity is measured at two different temperatures and then either through a computation or special graph paper the viscosity at any other temperature can be. Media Viscosity Temperature Molasses 80 °Bx 10. Some of the information in it is outdated but the tool is still very handy. The following graph shows viscosity vs kinematic viscosity vs temperature for vq oil ysis and info my350z petroleum oil vs synthetic refrigeration pressor oils Viscosity Of Oil Table And ChartA Oil Viscosity Vs Temperature For Heavy Before And AfterOil Viscosity And Temperature Chart HoskinOil Viscosity Versus Temperature Chart HoskinMaya Crude Oil Viscosity Vs Temperature ScientificOil…. Formulations are subject to change at any time. Use the included formula to convert seconds. C: Viscosity mPas : Heat Capacity KJ/kg-C : Conductivity W/m-C : Density kg/m3 : Viscosity cST : 25: 77. Kinematic Viscosity v Sometimes viscosity is measured by timing the flow of a known volume of fluid from a viscosity. Calculator for kinematic viscosity extrapolation according to ASTM D341. An increase in the temperature usually reduces the viscosity; conversely, a temperature reduction usually increases the viscosity. It is constant for a liquid and depends on it's liquid's nature. Kinematic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the fluid. V I = [ (L-U) / (L-H)] x 100 U is the oil's kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, and L and H are values based on the oil's kinematic viscosity at 100 °C. 4 Effect of oil viscosity on oil pressure distribution at 2000, 4000 and 8000 RPM. Single viscosity oils are normally referred to straight weight oils. Viscosity Chart. Zahn cups can be used to quickly measure the viscosity of liquids such as paint, lacquer, varnish, syrup and oil. The rate at which viscosity changes with respect to temperature is non-linear. Thicker fluids have a higher viscosity. For example if I have VG32 with VI=1. Use our API Gravity at 60°F Temperature Correction Calculator Online. For 25° API oil expect an oil viscosity of about 10 cp and for 30° API about 6 cp. net UnitConverter. Kinematic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the fluid. The tables on the following pages provide nominal values for viscosity standards supplied by CANNON Instrument Company. The four basic inputs resulted in elimination of all dead oil viscosity correlations except for Labedi (1992). The viscosity of the oil is $$3 \times 10^{-5} [m^2/sec]$$. Application Silicone oil has been used as an intraocular liquid in the treatment of retinal detachments. Given two known temperature-viscosity points, the viscosity of a liquid can be calculated for a target temperature. For Grade ASTM No. The viscosity of two phase fluids and mixtures can be calculated from the dynamic viscosity and the volume fraction. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, CENTISTOKES TEMPERATURE, DEGREES CELSIUS-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 OIL VISCOSITY / TEMPERATURE CHART Lines shown indicate oils ISO grade Viscosity Index of 100. Common Converters. How to use the Viscosity calculator. A decrease in viscosity could be due to a number of reasons, such as shearing (the severing of oil molecules into smaller molecules) or contamination of the lubricant by a substance with a lower viscosity. The above image represents Water - Oil Ratio. ' Implications. The viscosity of the gas saturated oil is found as a function of dead oil viscosity and solution gas-oil ratio (GOR). However, a fluid that has too low viscosity will not maintain a good oil film. To start over, click the "Clear" button. Some of the information in it is outdated but the tool is still very handy.
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# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

March  2004, 11(2&3): 667-692. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2004.11.667

## Periodic solutions for three-dimensional non-monotone cyclic systems with time delays

 1 Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, P.O. Box PSU, Lehman, PA 18627, United States 2 Mathematisches Institut der Universität Giessen, Arndtstr. 2, 35392 Giessen, Germany

Received  January 2003 Revised  March 2004 Published  June 2004

We study a model for three cyclically coupled neurons with eventually negative delayed feedback, and without symmetry or monotonicity properties. Periodic solutions are obtained from the Schauder fixed point theorem. It turns out that, contrary to lower dimensional cases, instability at zero does not exclude monotonously decaying solutions.
Citation: Anatoli F. Ivanov, Bernhard Lani-Wayda. Periodic solutions for three-dimensional non-monotone cyclic systems with time delays. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2004, 11 (2&3) : 667-692. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2004.11.667
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