text: Objectives, Introduction, A Digital Communication System, Various Line Codes or PAM Formats, Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ) and Non-Return to Zero (NRZ), Polar RZ and NRZ, Bipolar NRZ [Pseudo Ternary or Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)], Split Phase Manchester, Polar Quaternary NRZ, High-Density Bipolar (HDB) Signaling, Binary with 8 Zero Substitution (B8ZS) Signaling, Power Spectral Densities of. Encode the ten decimal digits in the 2 out of 5 code. Define Hamming Distance. ML and DMhighly correlated, MLsubset ofAI, textbook & children bookdisjoint) unbalanced—fewyes, manyno Binary Relevance: simple (& good) benchmark with known disadvantages H. Hybrid: emply both masking and recovery Passive provides fault masking but requires investment in hw (5MR can tolerate 2 faulty modules) Active has the disadvantage of additional hw for error detection and recovery, sometimes it can produce momentary erroneous outputs Hybrid techniques have the highest reliability but are the most costly (3MR with one spare can tolerate 2 faulty modules). But, historically, these codes have been classified into Linear block codes and Convolution codes. What are the advantages and disadvantages of compression?. The advan-tage and disadvantage of using simple rectangular cards is that the trick happens in. However, linear block codes, especially the newer ones such as polar code, can actually achieve the channel capacity. finite 193. Golay code is able to correct up to 3-bit errors. Problem 2Q from Chapter E5. Vernon , Oct 29 2014 A long time ago, on an operating system far away, I once came across a module called TinyText, which drew tiny 'Tom Thumb'-like writing, at I think 5 rows 3 columns (with an extra column spacing between chars). disadvantages of digital communication. generalizes earlier code designs that employ binning strategies [13] based on deterministic Hamming-distance constraints. 3 13 RAID 3 •Like RAID 2, but instead of ECC. 9 List the advantages and disadvantages of Karnaugh map. if Q = 3 then n = ? o 23 1 ? n = 7 iii) Number of message bit K should be always equal to 2q 1 q iv) For the hamming code the minimum distance d min = 3. Interview question for Solution Architect. Early examples of block codes are repetition codes, Hamming codes and multidimensional parity-check codes. In this post all of our vector spaces will be , that is tuples of bits under addition mod 2. One of them is the 8/4 Hamming-code and another one is the WDH-code. [8M] 6 a) Determine : i. The code word 0111001 is sent over a noisy channel, producing the received word 010111001. We describe a new error reconciliation protocol Winnow based on the exchange of parity and Hamming’s “syndrome” for N−bit subunits of a large data set. Consider the (8,4) extended Hamming code of Figure 3. Single bit errors are auto corrected. UNIT II - Data Link Layer Protocols Stop and Wait Protocols: Noise free and Noisy channels, performance and efficiency, Sliding Window. Unit:-1 1- Data Structure and their Types 2- ADT (Abstract Data Type) 3- Stack Operations(push,pop,pee. Solution? Bit Stuffing…. Explain about Hamming code. However, it doesn’t mean that all the students should immediately get out of the house and get a job, there are some disadvantages should be considered: studying and health. I am trying to understand the logic behind this algorithm (not CRC in general), and adapt it for a different polynomial. 4, (7,4) hamming. matrices 196. This separation, measured in terms of the Hamming distance, has direct bearing on the error-control power of a code. For example here a 6-bit pattern is replaced by 3 terms. The best part is that QR codes can be created extremely easily with the help of an online QR code generator that allows you to create different types of QR code that you want with just a few clicks. code counter is more power efficient. For example the 8421 BCD representation of the decimal number 3581 is 0011 0101 1000 0001. These modes direct the direction of flow of information. A hexadecimal counter capable of counting up to at least 10, 10 is to be constructed. Q39: Write down some disadvantages of star topology. 2 r > m + r + 1. What is the weight of the dual code of a binary Hamming code when l= 3? Part II, Paper 2. Only some of them, in particular, the parity code, Hamming and Hsiao codes [4– 6] and its modifications can be used for detection and correction of errors in the data, represented in the parallel form. RAID 2 – Hamming Code for ECC. Find the octal equivalent of the electrlnics number AB. Multible bit errors in a Hamming code cause trouble. Define Hamming Distance. Grey code is also known as reflected code as three of the bits are reflected as it is and only one bit will change on going from one step to the next. encryption xor key-reuse decryption. The Hamming Code earned Richard Hamming the Eduard Rheim Award of Achievement in Technology in 1996, two years before his death Hamming's additions to information technology have been used in such innovations as modems and compact discs. When a (n,k) linear block code is called Hamming code?If the minimum hamming distance of a (n,k) linear block code is 3, then what is its minimum Hamming weight. The Kogge-Stone adder is a parallel prefix adder. 5* Partition of the H matrix for the full word. What is a Linear Block code?2. Study and simulate protocol to analyze and find the advantages and disadvantages and to improve the quality of the protocol such that it handles the network data transmission properly. uses extra parity bits and can correct errors disadvantages of gray code. Example of Hamming Code Generation. Find the hexadecimal equivalent of the octal number Find the decimal equivalent of 7. data into 7 bits by adding 3 parity bits. Two bit errors will always be detected as an error, but the wrong bit will get flipped by the correction logic, resulting in gibberish. Since numbers of data bits is 7, the value of r is calculated as. Although Cabling required is far less than Mesh Still each node must be connected to a Hub, so Cabling is still much more : Q40: What are the two major classes of synchronous protocols at data link layer? Character – Oriented Protocols Bit – Oriented Protocols. Only some of them, in particular, the parity code, Hamming and Hsiao codes [4– 6] and its modifications can be used for detection and correction of errors in the data, represented in the parallel form. Deﬁne the binary Hamming code of length n= 2l − 1 for l> 3. The major challenge you have to face with the QR codes is the familiarity of the codes to the public. The disadvantage of this characteristic is the fact that Hamming Code produces n output bits out of k input bits. 3 lists the advantages and disadvantages of the Hamming ECC. To study different coding techniques (likeHamming codes and mode-3 code) and the various methods used for encoding and decoding of the codes to achieve efficient detection and correction of the errors. Show that the Excess — 3 code is self —complementing. 14 NMOS NOT. This great redundancy provokes the necessity of a great memory storage capacity, which is an inconvenient for space applications. The basic components include a source of direct current, a length of wire or cable, and a current-indicating device such as a relay, buzzer, or light bulb. This worsens the performance of writes in redundant disk arrays significantly compared to the performance of writes in non redundant disk arrays. Hamming Weight and Distance The Walsh code for each string of length nhas a hamming distance of 2n 1:Further, the Distance or the Edit Distance between any two Walsh codes is also 2n 1. The proposed code takes the advantages of Reed-Solomon codes and Hamming codes to protect DRAM memory data against single event upsets and multiple bit upsets. Calculate Hamming Code by Example Data: 1001101 1) Calculating the number of redundancy (parity) bits required. The LoRa transmitter chain performs whitening, Hamming encoding, interleavering, and Gray mapping prior to the chirp modulation. The mapping between such a pattern and an output is usually complex (not linearly separable) and cannot be learned easily and quickly by biologically plausible mechanisms. Define hamming distance and calculate its value for two code words 11100 and 11011 The hamming distance between two code vectors is equal to the number of elements in which they differ. Hamming Code. 9 Hamming Codes – Bit Positions Each parity bit is calculated based upon the values at certain positions within the Hamming code. Each bit of data word is written to a data disk drive (4 in this example: 0 to 3). Codes This lecture describes an elegant and efﬁcient method to decode convolutional codes. Encoding The encoding can be described in the following form c = uG; (8) where c is the output codeword, u is the input block, and G is the generator matrix. Mention properties of cyclic code. 16 Decoding Extended Hamming Code 17 q-ary Hamming Codes. Define pulse code modulation. It overcomes the disadvantages of a carry propagate delay in regular ripple carry adder. A telegraph is a communications system in which information is transmitted over a wire through a series of electrical current pulses, usually in the form of Morse code. Such codes cannot correctly repair all errors, however. Find the Shannan coding for the symbols S0, S1, S2, S3, S4 with the probabilities 0. Example of Hamming Code Generation. Calculating the number of redundancy bits required. We describe a new error reconciliation protocol Winnow based on the exchange of parity and Hamming’s “syndrome” for N−bit subunits of a large data set. finite 193. The proposed code takes the advantages of Reed-Solomon codes and Hamming codes to protect DRAM memory data against single event upsets and multiple bit upsets. In Hamming codes, a special principle is used called parity principle to correct just one error and find two errors, but the hamming code method is not able to do both error detection and correction at the same time. Whether you need a QR code for your website, contact information, phone number, or to create a message, you can do so by using a generator QR code. Hamming Codes are efficient error-correcting binary codes. Hamming codes are also determined as, Where, X : Number of data bits, P : Number of parity bits. “Good” code words for 00, 01, 10, 11 are:. For a given r number of parity bits, the Hamming Code can support a codeword with size up to 2 r – 1 bits, and a message size of 2 r – 1 – r bits. Hamming-Codes. Hamming numbers are also known as ugly numbers and also 5-smooth numbers (numbers whose prime divisors are less or equal to 5). Example: Hamming Code with n=7, k=4, and m=3 The percentage of 1’s in the parity check matrix for a LDPC code is low. How does the electrical speciﬁcation for sending data in EIA-232 deal with each ? 1. so if you have not such code, i hope to guide me how to make it , as you know for low SNR we use like BPSK and for high SNR use like 64QAM. Instead of the unencoded ∣ + state, we must use a more complex ancilla state ∣00…0 + ∣11…1 known as a 'cat' state. Two bit errors will always be detected as an error, but the wrong bit will get flipped by the correction logic, resulting in gibberish. Therefore the hamming. À travers un message de sept bits, il transfère quatre bits de données et trois bits de parité. The Language of Computer Networks. Partition of H matrix for the half word length a. Suppose a binary data 1001101 is to be transmitted. Explain about Hamming Codes. (5) [2] Using the Nyquist theorem, calculate the sampling rate for an analog signal with frequencies from 2000 to 6000Hz. Single-bit detection and correction code, if multiple bits are errored then the errors are detected but the resultant could cause another bit that is correct to be changed, causing the data to be further errored. What are the disadvantages of Channel Coding Theorem? 13. What is linear code? 2. Hamming Weight and Distance The Walsh code for each string of length nhas a hamming distance of 2n 1:Further, the Distance or the Edit Distance between any two Walsh codes is also 2n 1. are required for each 512 bytes of data. Step 1 Ensure the two strings are of equal length. Superimposing more than one pattern makes the code hard to decode and may even introduce ambiguities (see Binding Problem) and interference. (8) BTL-4 (ii) Compare totem pole and open collector outputs. How do you calculate Minimum distance for Block code? Explain with Example. Embedding the character code in the framing mechanism increases obviously the length of frame. memori utama adalah memori inti dalam suatu k omputer dan merupakan media penyimpanan dalam bentuk array yang disusun word atau byte, kapasitas daya simpannya bisa jutaan susunan. The simplest partition as we mentioned is by a Hamming code. Evaluate the syndrome for y = (1001101). 5* Partition of the H matrix for the full word. Impquestions: What is the purpose of hamming code? Impquestions: Define flow control. See full list on electronicshub. The Hamming (7,4) has a whopping 43% redundancy, whereas the Hamming (20,15) only has a 25% redundancy. Find the hexadecimal equivalent of the octal number Find the decimal equivalent of 7. Thus BCD code requires more bits than straight binary code. Hamming Code. Hybrid: emply both masking and recovery Passive provides fault masking but requires investment in hw (5MR can tolerate 2 faulty modules) Active has the disadvantage of additional hw for error detection and recovery, sometimes it can produce momentary erroneous outputs Hybrid techniques have the highest reliability but are the most costly (3MR with one spare can tolerate 2 faulty modules). Disadvantages due to Redundancy Every time there is a write operation, there is a change of data. Advantages and disadvantages of hamming code - 1715131 In cell what are the organelles observed under the compound microscope What is federal district AatmanirbharMaking of india through bio diversity and agriculture prosperity AatmanirbharMaking of india through bio diversity and agriculture prosperity _&_ are still prevails in our society Plz give me likes who give more i will follow him. The vertical syndrome bits are used to correct the errors detected by Hamming. Although the first parity bit can detect even-numbered bits and the second parity bit can detect odd-numbered bits, this coding scheme can only detect ALL singleerror for sure, that is, d=1. Within the chosen implementation of the hamming code marker the white corner (1,1) of the inner square is used to identify the markers orientation. RITEC The Condition Monitoring Company. * RAID-2?Data is distributed in extremely small increments across all disks and adds one or more disks that contain a Hamming code for redundancy. Hamming (called Hamming code). The proposed code takes the advantages of Reed-Solomon codes and Hamming codes to protect DRAM memory data against single event upsets and multiple bit upsets. Tarun K Panda’s research group has been awarded the best poster award in the 26th CRSI National Symposium in Chemistry held in the Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Ind. But the disadvantage of TMR is that the area and power consumption is more as the number of circuits is more. Thus, advantage of using grey codes is that between any two consecutive numbers, only one bit gets changed at a time and that reduces the possibility of errors. What is syndrome?4. Find the hexadecimal equivalent of the octal number Find the decimal equivalent of 7. But the disadvantage of TMR is that the area and power consumption is more as the number of circuits is more. And the block size by Hamming codes is very much limited: n 1. We present a method for soft-decision decoding of general linear block codes that we refer to as Reconfigurable Trellis (RT) Decoding. has a disadvantage that it increases the delay. See full list on electricalfundablog. And, in block codes, information bits are followed by parity bits and code information in blocks. For the set 1110, 1100, 0110, the Hamming Distance is 1 because it’s the smallest. Dense codes also limit the number of memories that can be stored in an associative memory by simple, local learning rules (e. advantage over Berger code is that being a “positional” code, it can detect all faults that cause an equal number of 1→0 and 0→1 errors at the output where the two kinds of errors do not have the same weights assigned to them. (4) [3] Give 3 types of signal impairment. UNIT II - Data Link Layer Protocols Stop and Wait Protocols: Noise free and Noisy channels, performance and efficiency, Sliding Window. Replacing protocol in TCP/IP is not easy. (5) BTL-4 3. Is there a more efficient way of finding the most probable source vector? \subsubsection{Syndrome decoding for the Hamming code} \label{sec. Il permet la correction d'un bit erroné. 2 bipolar AMI (RZ). The storage hardware required by convolutional decoder is less since the block sizes are smaller. See full list on guru99. What is linear code? 2. -- That said, I can't think of any arguments against parity bits that haven't already been mentioned – Jan Krüger Dec 5 '10 at 15:06. Reed Solomon codes are used in compact is true of Ethernet 802. The bigger the hamming distance between each pair of code words of a FEC. Chang, Sian-Jheng Lin, and Wei-Ho Chung, Member, IEEE Abstract—A modulation scheme that maps the information onto the antenna indices, such as space shift keying (SSK) and its generalized form (namely, generalized SSK or GSSK), presents an attractive option for the emerging large-scale MIMO system. RAID 1 uses striping, as in RAID 0, but provides duplication of all disks. À travers un message de sept bits, il transfère quatre bits de données et trois bits de parité. The article goes on to say that the same problem with n members in the group has been solved for n = 2^n-1 and that the solution was suggested by coding theory--specifically by the Hamming code. This code takes 4 information. Advantages and disadvantages of hamming code - 1715131 In cell what are the organelles observed under the compound microscope What is federal district AatmanirbharMaking of india through bio diversity and agriculture prosperity AatmanirbharMaking of india through bio diversity and agriculture prosperity _&_ are still prevails in our society Plz give me likes who give more i will follow him. Vernon , Oct 29 2014 A long time ago, on an operating system far away, I once came across a module called TinyText, which drew tiny 'Tom Thumb'-like writing, at I think 5 rows 3 columns (with an extra column spacing between chars). The contents are arranged to permit enough. Q1: If the hamming code word received by receiver is 010010001011 (Data bits =8), assuming the even parity, state whether the received code word is correct or wrong? If wrong locate the bit having error? The received data is 010010001011 2k-1 >= m+k , 24 – 1 >= 12 , 15 >=12 C 1 = 010010001011 Not Even C 2 = 010010001011 Even C 4. corollary 172. Not much familiarity. It makes the control easy to check via coding techniques (e. This method was invented by Andrew Viterbi (’57, SM ’57) and bears his name. The parity check matrix is obtained by arranging a plurality of column vector pairs each comprising two column vectors one of which is obtained by inverting all the bit values. Hamming (called Hamming code). The n-times WDH-code repeats the enrypted DNA sequence n times. J hamming 208. •The positional weights assigned to the binary digits in BCD code are 8-4-2-1 with 1 corresponding to LSB and 8 corresponding to MSB. RAID 3 – Single Check Disk Per Group. 35 dB) –Demodulated BER = 5. Single-bit detection and correction code, if multiple bits are errored then the errors are detected but the resultant could cause another bit that is correct to be changed, causing the data to be further errored. C, C++, C#, Java, Advanced Java, Python Programming Language Tutorials free. The proposed code takes the advantages of Reed-Solomon codes and Hamming codes to protect DRAM memory data against single event upsets and multiple bit upsets. And, in block codes, information bits are followed by parity bits and code information in blocks. d = min{w( c+x):c, x €C, c≠x} = min{w(y):y €C, y≠ 0} = w ≠ min distance between any pair of code vectors in the code. 15 Check Matrix Construction of Extended Hamming Code. disadvantage of large area and complexity overhead of three times. Hamming Codes: Hamming Codes We will consider a special class of SEC codes (i. See full list on electronicshub. The disadvantage in this type of encoding is the number of memory elements required which is equal to the number of states in the state machine. One disadvantage to this new scheme is that it does not detect all codewords of the Hamming code: 0000000, 1101001, 0101010, 1101001, 1000011, 1001100,. •Requires a distance d+1 code to detectall d single-bit errors •No way for d single-bit errors to convert one valid code to another •Requires 2d+1 code to correctall d single-bit errors •Valid codewords are so far apart that with d single-bit errors, the original valid codeword is still the “closest” 19. The use of data communications and computer networks is constantly increasing, bringing benefits to most of the countries and peoples of the world, and serving as the lifeline of industry. However, it doesn’t mean that all the students should immediately get out of the house and get a job, there are some disadvantages should be considered: studying and health. They are widely used in computer memory (ECC memory). We describe a new error reconciliation protocol Winnow based on the exchange of parity and Hamming’s “syndrome” for N−bit subunits of a large data set. The proposed protec-tion architectures have fewer undetectable errors and fewer errors that are miscorrected by all codewords. The mapping between such a pattern and an output is usually complex (not linearly separable) and cannot be learned easily and quickly by biologically plausible mechanisms. Also, the investigation into the read-write operation of NAND Flash devices has identified various error-causing. Thus the code has dimension n - r. At the time, Hamming worked at Bell Telephone Laboratories and was frustrated with the erroneous punched card reader, which is why he started. (4 marks) (ii) Explain the parity calculation formulas and derive for a sample bit sequence the hamming. embedding with hamming code for hiding the data inside an image [3]. (ii) Encode the binary word 1011 into seven bit even parity hamming code (6) BTL-6 2. Mention properties of cyclic code. Fixed game Hamming code Hamming code 21. Microprogramming makes it possible to postpone detailed design decisions. (c) The generator polynomial of a (7, 4) cyclic code is G(P) = P3 + P + 1. TMR is a special case of • Hamming Code - In a hamming encoder parity bits are inserted into. Four wire circuit. Find the decimal equivalent of 9. with high probability, errors will be detected since m‘ and f‘ each have about 50% errors. Whether you need a QR code for your website, contact information, phone number, or to create a message, you can do so by using a generator QR code. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each level?. But its second copy Hamming code is an error correcting code which is an improvement over the parity check method. Hamming code is named for R. A telegraph is a communications system in which information is transmitted over a wire through a series of electrical current pulses, usually in the form of Morse code. 73 –Received E b /N 0 = 8. Study and simulate protocol to analyze and find the advantages and disadvantages and to improve the quality of the protocol such that it handles the network data transmission properly. State its advantage over parity codes. disadvantage of large area and complexity overhead of three times. A hexadecimal counter capable of counting up to at least 10, 10 is to be constructed. When a (n,k) linear block code is called Hamming code?If the minimum hamming distance of a (n,k) linear block code is 3, then what is its minimum Hamming weight. In [7], the Hamming code is implemented in Verilog where 4-bit of. the (7,4) Hamming Code and the LSB replacement method, and inspiring from the “Hamming + 1” method. Logic depth is reduced in this module. The disadvantage of using a repetition code is that it is not very eﬃcient. Flexibility and tailorability. I'd advise you to use this service: ⇒ www. The redundancy allows the receiver to detect a limited number of errors that may occur anywhere in the message, and often to correct these errors without retransmission. List the advantages and disadvantages of BCD code? The advantages of BCD code are. Hamming (called Hamming code). ! The original turbo code is a parallel concatenation of two recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) codes. Disadvantages due to Redundancy Every time there is a write operation, there is a change of data. Hamming Codes are efficient error-correcting binary codes. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each level?. uses extra parity bits and can correct errors disadvantages of gray code. The contents are arranged to permit enough. XOR Encryption. generalizes earlier code designs that employ binning strategies [13] based on deterministic Hamming-distance constraints. This makes it possible to decode. Advantages and disadvantages of hamming code - 1715131 In cell what are the organelles observed under the compound microscope What is federal district AatmanirbharMaking of india through bio diversity and agriculture prosperity AatmanirbharMaking of india through bio diversity and agriculture prosperity _&_ are still prevails in our society Plz give me likes who give more i will follow him. Disadvantage? A major disadvantage of using this framing method is that it is closely tied to the use of 8-bit characters. What is a Linear Block code?2. If you want to buy a HackRF, you can go to this link, which is a offical link to tell you whole things about this device. So to detect double and triple adjacent bit errors Selective Bit Placement Strategy is used. 2 Cyclic Codes. Remembering 6 b) List the specifications of IS-95 standard 7 Explain the following Understanding 7 i) Morse code ii) Baudot code iii) ASCII code 8 a) Explain the following. Also, the investigation into the read-write operation of NAND Flash devices has identified various error-causing. Such trees. -- That said, I can't think of any arguments against parity bits that haven't already been mentioned – Jan Krüger Dec 5 '10 at 15:06. Objectives, Introduction, A Digital Communication System, Various Line Codes or PAM Formats, Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ) and Non-Return to Zero (NRZ), Polar RZ and NRZ, Bipolar NRZ [Pseudo Ternary or Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)], Split Phase Manchester, Polar Quaternary NRZ, High-Density Bipolar (HDB) Signaling, Binary with 8 Zero Substitution (B8ZS) Signaling, Power Spectral Densities of. [8M] 6 a) Determine : i. Encoding The encoding can be described in the following form c = uG; (8) where c is the output codeword, u is the input block, and G is the generator matrix. has a disadvantage that it increases the delay. In this post all of our vector spaces will be , that is tuples of bits under addition mod 2. Il permet la correction d'un bit erroné. , not corrupted by transmission errors). •Requires a distance d+1 code to detectall d single-bit errors •No way for d single-bit errors to convert one valid code to another •Requires 2d+1 code to correctall d single-bit errors •Valid codewords are so far apart that with d single-bit errors, the original valid codeword is still the “closest” 19. J hamming 208. Thus, advantage of using grey codes is that between any two consecutive numbers, only one bit gets changed at a time and that reduces the possibility of errors. Binary Hamming codes. Hamming encoding was invented by Richard Hamming, Bell Labs, during 1948. One disadvantage to this new scheme is that it does not detect all codewords of the Hamming code: 0000000, 1101001, 0101010, 1101001, 1000011, 1001100,. Replacing protocol in TCP/IP is not easy. This code is rather inefficient in comparison to either the Hamming (11,7) or Hamming (20,15). Find the decimal equivalent of 9. Typically Hamming code is used for 1-bit correction and the ECC bits are generated by hardware and stored in the spare column area so it does not consume the normal storage area. 13 Advantages and Disadvantages of TTL Logic Gates. A disadvantage of this scheme is that it fails to detect adjacent bit errors. (O Write short notes on. Single-bit detection and correction code, if multiple bits are errored then the errors are detected but the resultant could cause another bit that is correct to be changed, causing the data to be further errored. 2 Cyclic Codes. Within the chosen implementation of the hamming code marker the white corner (1,1) of the inner square is used to identify the markers orientation. UNICODE uses 16-bit characters. Flexibility and tailorability. Analysis of the simulation results of the Hamming encoder and decoder using a Model sim. Impquestions: What is the function of stop and wait flow control? Impquestions: Mention the advantage and disadvantage of stop and wait flow control. routers, switches, servers, workstations, printers, UPSs, etc. This is a highly specific method of implementing CRC-16 with a specific polynomial, optimized for speed, using bitwise tricks. NPTEL provides E-learning through online Web and Video courses various streams. The LoRa transmitter chain performs whitening, Hamming encoding, interleavering, and Gray mapping prior to the chirp modulation. Encoder #1 Encoder Interleaver #2 MUX Input Parity Output Systematic Output. Hamming Code. The benefit of code sharing is that it allows an application to have several different threads of activity all within the same address space. Full text of "Applied algebra, algebraic algorithms, and error-correcting codes : 13th international symposium, AAECC-13, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, November 15-19, 1999 : proceedings" See other formats. d = min{w( c+x):c, x €C, c≠x} = min{w(y):y €C, y≠ 0} = w ≠ min distance between any pair of code vectors in the code. How you decode the Linear Block code?3. At the time, Hamming worked at Bell Telephone Laboratories and was frustrated with the erroneous punched card reader, which is why he started. For a given r number of parity bits, the Hamming Code can support a codeword with size up to 2 r – 1 bits, and a message size of 2 r – 1 – r bits. Recommendation: Best used in an environment that requires high read performance such as accounting, company payroll, or financial situations. The proposed protec-tion architectures have fewer undetectable errors and fewer errors that are miscorrected by all codewords. I am trying to understand the logic behind this algorithm (not CRC in general), and adapt it for a different polynomial. Define code efficiency. The paper entitled “Secure Medical Images Based on Data Hiding Using a Hybrid Scheme with the Hamming Code, LSB, and OPAP” by Kim et al. The application of the method to the decoding of convolutional codes is also discussed. Other techniques have also been proposed to protect the Digital filters from injected. UNICODE uses 16-bit characters. , X-ray and CT) in hospitals. Calculating the number of redundancy bits required. encode a run of pixels of the same colour as 2 bytes storing number of. Impquestions: What is the purpose of hamming code? Impquestions: Define flow control. The generating matrix of a systematic code. Encoders for BCH codes are constructed similarly encoder for cyclic Hamming codes. Reflective Code. What are two fundamental properties of cyclic code? 19. Hamming Codes Double errors will always result in wrong bit being corrected, since A double error is the sum of 2 single errors The resulting syndrome will be the sum of the corresponding 2 single error syndromes This syndrome will correspond with a third single bit error Consequently the corrected codeword will now contain 3 bit errors, i. The Hamming (7,4) has a whopping 43% redundancy, whereas the Hamming (20,15) only has a 25% redundancy. Linear codes and the Hamming code. Q3 (a) (i) Explain the benefits of Hamming code over simple parity. Attach a completed gold cover sheet to each bundle. disadvantages: isolation—hidden relations not exploited (e. SIMULATION OF BLOCK CODES HAMMING AND CYCLIC CODES - these days more and more blogs that talk about technology, including blogs Techno Life but we are very experienced in this case because we have been there from a few years ago always present information about techno for you, well now we are about SIMULATION OF BLOCK CODES HAMMING AND CYCLIC CODES hopefully the information we will convey can. This study has examined the structure of Hamming Code and how it is constructed. Logic depth is reduced in this module. Title: Cyclic codes 1 332437 Lecture 21 Cyclic and Hamming Codes. How do you calculate Minimum distance for Block code? Explain with Example. Only some of them, in particular, the parity code, Hamming and Hsiao codes [4– 6] and its modifications can be used for detection and correction of errors in the data, represented in the parallel form. For each integer m > 1 there is a code with parameters: [2m − 1,2m − m − 1,3]. On Read, the ECC code verifies correct data or corrects single disk errors. Therefore no. Hamming and simplex code and algebra Hot Network Questions What are the disadvantages of fitting underwing flaps to a Mirage III/5 fighter jets to lower landing speeds?. Minimum hamming distance d : It is defined as the smallest min The Hamming distance between two code vectors in C is equal to the Hamming weight of a third code vector in C. 52 ECC bits are required. Number Systems and Codes 1. 0 transition per clock • Gray-code counter is more power efficient. If you want to buy a HackRF, you can go to this link, which is a offical link to tell you whole things about this device. How do you fix the Hamming code? Hamming codes are placed in any length of data between the actual data and redundant bits. This code takes 4 information. The redundancy allows the receiver to detect a limited number of errors that may occur anywhere in the message, and often to correct these errors without retransmission. They are widely used in computer memory (ECC memory). Types of codes. This change also, has to be reflected in the disks storing redundant information. has a disadvantage that it increases the delay. This triple repetition code is a Hamming code with m = 2, since there are two parity bits, and 2 2 − 2 − 1 = 1 data bit. Tanner graph of the example code. Multible bit errors in a Hamming code cause trouble. Deﬁne the binary Hamming code of length n= 2l − 1 for l> 3. Hamming code gives a simple way to add check bits and correct up to a single bit error: –Check bits are parity over subsets of the codeword. However, the example shows that when the Hamming code is combined with an interleaver, this system is able to recover the original message despite the 6-bit burst of errors. Disadvantages: 1. ! The original turbo code is a parallel concatenation of two recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) codes. I that the parity check matrix of a binary Hamming code of length n = 2m - I has as columns all 2m - I distinct nonzero m-tuples. [8M] 6 a) Determine : i. 2 Released Code 38 3. disadvantages: isolation—hidden relations not exploited (e. The 2D HPC has 2D Hamming circuitry which corrects single bit errors and detects single and double bit errors. Instructor: George Verghese Keywords: communication, network architecture, analog channel, digital, binary symmetric, channel, channel code, digital signaling, binary symmetric channel, bit-in, bit-out, mutual information, Hamming distance, channel capacity, linear block code. The Language of Computer Networks. :- A cyclic code is a linear (n, k) block code with the property that every cyclic shift of a codeword results in another code word. data into 7 bits by adding 3 parity bits. Welcome to the RITEC - Library & Tools Page! The Library & Tools page contains many useful: Tools & Calculators, Papers & Case Studies, and Vibration Analysis References and Guides. RAID 2 is a technique that stripes data at the bit level using a Hamming code to detect errors. The generator and parity-check matrices, are described in detail in [15]. (4 marks) (ii) Explain the parity calculation formulas and derive for a sample bit sequence the hamming. There are several block codes which also belong to the class of linear codes, such as Hamming codes, Reed-Solomon codes, Hadamard codes, Expander codes, Golay codes, and Reed-Muller codes. This separation, measured in terms of the Hamming distance, has direct bearing on the error-control power of a code. Hamming and Hamming code theory. Now there is a textbook that discusses data communications and networking in a readable form that can be easily. Fixed game Hamming code Hamming code 21. The disadvantage of this characteristic is the fact that Hamming Code produces n output bits out of k input bits. I'd advise you to use this service: ⇒ www. Hybrid: emply both masking and recovery Passive provides fault masking but requires investment in hw (5MR can tolerate 2 faulty modules) Active has the disadvantage of additional hw for error detection and recovery, sometimes it can produce momentary erroneous outputs Hybrid techniques have the highest reliability but are the most costly (3MR with one spare can tolerate 2 faulty modules). Brieﬂy describe relative advantages and disadvantages of the different methods. Lastly, they are memory less. In this, model the transport layer does not guarantee delivery of packets. Aug 24, 2020 (The Expresswire) -- "Final Report will add the analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on this industry. with high probability, errors will be detected since m‘ and f‘ each have about 50% errors. Input/output equations for ROM. Replacing protocol in TCP/IP is not easy. The code word 0111001 is sent over a noisy channel, producing the received word 010111001. The binary number varies according to the amplitude of the analog signal. v) Hamming codes can generate systematic as. uses extra parity bits and can correct errors disadvantages of gray code. `1Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Networks and Data Communications. about the syndrome decoding of the linear block code. Such codes cannot correctly repair all errors, however. Explain about Hamming Codes. • As networks developed, the disadvantages become obvious and new techniques developed which allows data frames to contain an arbitrary number of bits and character codes to be arbitrary number of bits per character. At the time, Hamming worked at Bell Telephone Laboratories and was frustrated with the erroneous punched card reader, which is why he started. $\begingroup$ Code works fine. encryption xor key-reuse decryption. • Two-bit Gray-code counter St t 00State sequence, 00 → 01 → 11 → 10 → 00 Four bit transitions in four clock cycles 4/4 1 0 t iti l k4/4 = 1. Objectives, Introduction, A Digital Communication System, Various Line Codes or PAM Formats, Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ) and Non-Return to Zero (NRZ), Polar RZ and NRZ, Bipolar NRZ [Pseudo Ternary or Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)], Split Phase Manchester, Polar Quaternary NRZ, High-Density Bipolar (HDB) Signaling, Binary with 8 Zero Substitution (B8ZS) Signaling, Power Spectral Densities of. Instructor: George Verghese Keywords: communication, network architecture, analog channel, digital, binary symmetric, channel, channel code, digital signaling, binary symmetric channel, bit-in, bit-out, mutual information, Hamming distance, channel capacity, linear block code. This code is rather inefficient in comparison to either the Hamming (11,7) or Hamming (20,15). , not corrupted by transmission errors). À travers un message de sept bits, il transfère quatre bits de données et trois bits de parité. [8M] 6 a) Determine : i. Those positions numbered as a power of 2 are reserved for the parity bits. Gray code; Hamming codes. 9 List the advantages and disadvantages of Karnaugh map. BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal) code : Four-bit code that represents one of the ten decimal digits from 0 to 9. One of them is the 8/4 Hamming-code and another one is the WDH-code. Conversion from decimal to BCD. Find the Shannan coding for the symbols S0, S1, S2, S3, S4 with the probabilities 0. memori utama adalah memori inti dalam suatu k omputer dan merupakan media penyimpanan dalam bentuk array yang disusun word atau byte, kapasitas daya simpannya bisa jutaan susunan. UNICODE uses 16-bit characters. It offers the following advantages to its users − Fast. Thus, advantage of using grey codes is that between any two consecutive numbers, only one bit gets changed at a time and that reduces the possibility of errors. Review of the concepts. , Hamming distance = 3) where, Number of parity bits R = n – k and n = 2 R – 1 Syndrome has R bits 0 value implies zero errors 2 R – 1 other syndrome values, i. However, f(m) introduces (additional) redundancy into the encryption input! Remark: Change f(m) into an all zero string. 2 r > m + r + 1. At the time, Hamming worked at Bell Telephone Laboratories and was frustrated with the erroneous punched card reader, which is why he started. Consider the implementation of the decoder in the example BCH code (15, 7) , correcting two errors: a generator polynomial В(х) = х 8 + х 7 + х 6 + х 4 + 1 , the code length n=15 , number of check. Gobbilla Sai Kumar from Dr. Digital Electronics , Number Systems and Codes. Because of the simplicity of Hamming codes, they are widely used. ECC RAM or non-ECC RAM? This question doesn’t just preoccupy server operators, but also any users that want to use ECC RAM on a normal board. Hamming and Hamming code theory. By computer network we mean an interconnected set. The relative distance of Reed-Muller codes can be computed using the Schwartz-Zippel lemma: any two. Embedding the character code in the framing mechanism increases obviously the length of frame. • Other BCD codes like 7-4-2-1, 5-4-2-1 etc also exist. Richard Hamming, the inventor of Hamming codes, worked at Bell Labs in the 1940s on the Bell Model V computer, an electromechanical relay-based machine with cycle times in seconds. This triple repetition code is a Hamming code with m = 2, since there are two parity bits, and 2 2 − 2 − 1 = 1 data bit. Mention properties of cyclic code. Impquestions: Define ARQ. An icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon. [8M] b) List and explain the three orbital patterns used by satellites. Show that the Excess — 3 code is self —complementing. The disadvantage in this type of encoding is the number of memory elements required which is equal to the number of states in the state machine. Each bit of data word is written to a data disk drive (4 in this example: 0 to 3). Now there is a textbook that discusses data communications and networking in a readable form that can be easily. The proposed protec-tion architectures have fewer undetectable errors and fewer errors that are miscorrected by all codewords. d = min{w( c+x):c, x €C, c≠x} = min{w(y):y €C, y≠ 0} = w ≠ min distance between any pair of code vectors in the code. This method was invented by Andrew Viterbi (’57, SM ’57) and bears his name. Golay code is able to correct up to 3-bit errors. The generator and parity-check matrices, are described in detail in [15]. encode a run of pixels of the same colour as 2 bytes storing number of. This code is rather inefficient in comparison to either the Hamming (11,7) or Hamming (20,15). Reed-Solomon Codes – Properties, Advantages, Applications, Generator Polynomial(ITC Hindi Classes) Information Theory and Coding Lectures for Engineering Students in Hindi. • Generator and parity-check matrices: definition; non-systematic and systematic cyclic codes derivation from them. Golay code is able to correct up to 3-bit errors. C++ and Python Professional Handbooks : A platform for C++ and Python Engineers, where they can contribute their C++ and Python experience along with tips and tricks. (5) [2] Using the Nyquist theorem, calculate the sampling rate for an analog signal with frequencies from 2000 to 6000Hz. Using (7,4) Hamming code we can select from the most significant bits, or from the least significant bits, or from the middle bits of a pixel, whereas we can only select either the most significant bits or the least significant bits of a pixel when using (15,11) Hamming code because we use at least 7 bits from a pixel in our algorithms. (b) Consider the (7,4) Hamming code defined by the generator polynomial. The main problem of Hadamard and Repetition codes is that they introduce a great redundancy for common data word lengths [20]. •Requires a distance d+1 code to detectall d single-bit errors •No way for d single-bit errors to convert one valid code to another •Requires 2d+1 code to correctall d single-bit errors •Valid codewords are so far apart that with d single-bit errors, the original valid codeword is still the “closest” 19. 13 Advantages and Disadvantages of TTL Logic Gates. Downloads 361,927. has a disadvantage that it increases the delay. 2 4 > 7 + 4 + 1. For example, the Hamming distance between 1101 and 1000 is 1, since they differ in. Any large decimal number can be easily converted into. What is Hamming code? Write its conditions Hamming codes are (n,k) liner block codes with following con ditions: Number of check bits q ≥ 3 Block length n = 2 q – 1 Number of message bits k = n – q Minimum distance d min = 3 3. Input/output equations for ROM. A computer network is an interconnected group of computers and computing equipment using either wires or radio waves that can share data and computing resources. Because of the simplicity of Hamming codes, they are widely used. Minimum hamming distance d : It is defined as the smallest min The Hamming distance between two code vectors in C is equal to the Hamming weight of a third code vector in C. 28 RAID-2,Bit Interleave Data Striping with a Hamming Code – RAID 2 performance is poor and the cost is relatively high. This Hamming code is perfect: Hamming balls of radius 1 ﬁll the space GF(3)4: 32 · X1 i=0 4 i 2i = 9 ·(1+4 ·2) = 81. Reed-Solomon Codes – Properties, Advantages, Applications, Generator Polynomial(ITC Hindi Classes) Information Theory and Coding Lectures for Engineering Students in Hindi. Digital Electronics , Number Systems and Codes. • Additionally, write 3 Hamming code (ECC) bits to • Disadvantage –needs synchronised spindles • Not used. Prefix codes and Huffman Codes. disadvantages: isolation—hidden relations not exploited (e. memori utama adalah memori inti dalam suatu k omputer dan merupakan media penyimpanan dalam bentuk array yang disusun word atau byte, kapasitas daya simpannya bisa jutaan susunan. However, it doesn’t mean that all the students should immediately get out of the house and get a job, there are some disadvantages should be considered: studying and health. Hamming codes are also determined as, Where, X : Number of data bits, P : Number of parity bits. The right cyclic shift i positions of any codeword c(x)is a codeword: c(i)(x)=xic(x)mod(xn −1). One can also use an extended Hamming code with one extra parity bit. 13 RAID 3 •Like RAID 2, but instead of ECC, use a. In pulse code modulation, analog signal is sampled and converted to fixed length, serial binary number for transmission. Show that the Excess — 3 code is self —complementing. We describe a new error reconciliation protocol Winnow based on the exchange of parity and Hamming’s “syndrome” for N−bit subunits of a large data set. Hamming numbers are also known as ugly numbers and also 5-smooth numbers (numbers whose prime divisors are less or equal to 5). And the block size by Hamming codes is very much limited: n 1. Such codes cannot correctly repair all errors, however. NPTEL provides E-learning through online Web and Video courses various streams. For LDPC codes, the parity check matrix H is the design. 3 lists the advantages and disadvantages of the Hamming ECC. Hamming and simplex code and algebra Hot Network Questions What are the disadvantages of fitting underwing flaps to a Mirage III/5 fighter jets to lower landing speeds?. Data Structures using C or CPP IMP Questions. (8) BTL-4 (ii) Compare totem pole and open collector outputs. (i) With circuit schematic, explain the operation of a two port TTL NAND gate with totem-pole output. State its advantage over parity codes. Only some of them, in particular, the parity code, Hamming and Hsiao codes [4– 6] and its modifications can be used for detection and correction of errors in the data, represented in the parallel form. Whether you need a QR code for your website, contact information, phone number, or to create a message, you can do so by using a generator QR code. Partition of H matrix for the half word length a. The Hamming Code earned Richard Hamming the Eduard Rheim Award of Achievement in Technology in 1996, two years before his death Hamming's additions to information technology have been used in such innovations as modems and compact discs. Step 1 Ensure the two strings are of equal length. When all characters are stored in leaves, and every interior/(non-leaf) node has two children, the coding induced by the 0/1 convention outlined above has what is called the prefix property: no bit-sequence encoding of a character is the prefix of any other bit-sequence encoding. “Good” code words for 00, 01, 10, 11 are:. processed block-by-block. 3? What is hamming example of a single-error-detecting code. Superimposing more than one pattern makes the code hard to decode and may even introduce ambiguities (see Binding Problem) and interference. Remembering 6 b) List the specifications of IS-95 standard 7 Explain the following Understanding 7 i) Morse code ii) Baudot code iii) ASCII code 8 a) Explain the following. Hamming code) 1. For example, let the two code words be, X = (11100) and Y= (11011) D= 2 These two code words differ in second and third bits. From this binary vector with help of the hamming code matrix, the hamming words are generated that can be converted into a ﬁducial marker. The advantage of the WDH-code is that it can correct more mutations than the 8/4 Hamming-code. Define pulse code modulation. [8M] 5 a) Describe the difference between wave attenuation and wave absorption. Richard Hamming, the inventor of Hamming codes, worked at Bell Labs in the 1940s on the Bell Model V computer, an electromechanical relay-based machine with cycle times in seconds. The code word 0111001 is sent over a noisy channel, producing the received word 010111001. Any vector in GF(3)4 has Hamming distance at most 1 to a codeword. It overcomes the disadvantages of a carry propagate delay in regular ripple carry adder. So the use of hamming code still vulnerable to attack by intruders. i need matlab code for adaptive modulation from BPSK,QPSK,16QAM,64QAM. , the original double bit error plus the incorrectly corrected bit!. For each integer m > 1 there is a code with parameters: [2m − 1,2m − m − 1,3]. Even parity: To check for even parity, if the total number of 1s is even, then the value of the parity bit is 0. ADVANTAGE OF HAMMING CODE 16. Simple H matrix and a corresponding Venn diagram 4. Turbo Code technology can best be illustrated with an example that uses block codes as the constituent codes. Deﬁne a perfect code. DISADVANTAGE OF HAMMING CODE Hamming code only can solve up to single bits. [8M] 6 a) Determine : i. The MarketWatch News Department was not involved in the creation of this content. Q 6 Assume that you have a 12-bit Hamming code with the following makeup: p1 p2 m1 p3 m2 m3 m4 p4 m5 m6 m7 m8 where bits p1 … p4 are the parity bits and m1 … m8 are the data bits. It offers the following advantages to its users − Fast. Binary Hamming codes. routers, switches, servers, workstations, printers, UPSs, etc. Early examples of block codes are repetition codes, Hamming codes and multidimensional parity-check codes. (ii) Encode the binary word 1011 into seven bit even parity hamming code (6) BTL-6 2. Vernon , Oct 29 2014 A long time ago, on an operating system far away, I once came across a module called TinyText, which drew tiny 'Tom Thumb'-like writing, at I think 5 rows 3 columns (with an extra column spacing between chars). In pulse code modulation, analog signal is sampled and converted to fixed length, serial binary number for transmission. Somehow I thought a human-readable bar code was the Board of Health regulations. Versions of Aloha Protocol- Pure Aloha and Slotted Aloha. However, linear block codes, especially the newer ones such as polar code, can actually achieve the channel capacity. These codes are places with a minimum distance of 3 bits. Let W(x) denote the Hamming Weight of a binary string/vector x:If xis a non-zero message in f0;1gn; then W(xG n) = 2n 1:. Whereas if a new process creation is very heavyweight because it always requires new address space to be created and even if they share the memory then the inter process communication is expensive when. In particular, the class of single-error-correcting and double-error-correcting (SEC DED) codes has been successfully applied to many computer memory systems. The mapping between such a pattern and an output is usually complex (not linearly separable) and cannot be learned easily and quickly by biologically plausible mechanisms. The LoRa transmitter chain performs whitening, Hamming encoding, interleavering, and Gray mapping prior to the chirp modulation. In this weighted code 10 decimal digits are represented by at least 4 binary digits. • Generator and parity-check matrices: definition; non-systematic and systematic cyclic codes derivation from them. Richard Hamming, the inventor of Hamming codes, worked at Bell Labs in the 1940s on the Bell Model V computer, an electromechanical relay-based machine with cycle times in seconds. quadratic 160. Hamming code is a set of error-correction code s that can be used to detect and correct bit errors that can occur when computer data is moved or stored. finite 193. RAID Technology CS350 Computer Organization Section 2 Larkin Young Rob Deaderick Amos Painter Josh Ellis. Best Poster Award at CRSI National Symposium in Chemistry PhD student Mr. Impquestions: Define ARQ. The main problem of Hadamard and Repetition codes is that they introduce a great redundancy for common data word lengths [20]. Find the Shannan coding for the symbols S0, S1, S2, S3, S4 with the probabilities 0. I that the parity check matrix of a binary Hamming code of length n = 2m - I has as columns all 2m - I distinct nonzero m-tuples. The main disadvantage is the cost. Impquestions: What is a buffer? Impquestions: Mention the categories of flow control. Encoder #1 Encoder Interleaver #2 MUX Input Parity Output Systematic Output. If there are more than two bits in error, the received codeword may appear to be a valid one (but different from the original), which means that the error may or may not be detected. Step 1 Ensure the two strings are of equal length. To implement hamming code for this, following steps are used: 1. Write legibly; otherwise you place yourself at a grave disadvantage. If there are d errors, you need a Hamming Distance of 2d+1 to correct or d+1 to detect. This study has examined the structure of Hamming Code and how it is constructed. En théorie des codes, le Code de Hamming (7,4) est un code correcteur linéaire binaire de la famille des codes de Hamming. Chao & Reichardt also proposed fault-tolerant circuits for a non-topological [[15,7,3]] Hamming code, using only 17 physical qubits in total: a disadvantage of this code is that the weight of the parity checks is high, namely 8, and in the tally of 17 qubits all parity checks are done using the same ancilla qubit. The simplest partition as we mentioned is by a Hamming code. • A major disadvantage of the above protocol is that these are closely tied to 8-bit characters and ASCII codes. In this post all of our vector spaces will be , that is tuples of bits under addition mod 2. A hexadecimal counter capable of counting up to at least 10, 10 is to be constructed. Early examples of block codes are repetition codes, Hamming codes and multidimensional parity-check codes. Encode the databits 1110 in to a seven bit even parity hamming code 13. Find the Shannan coding for the symbols S0, S1, S2, S3, S4 with the probabilities 0. Prefix codes and Huffman Codes. This Hamming code is perfect: Hamming balls of radius 1 ﬁll the space GF(3)4: 32 · X1 i=0 4 i 2i = 9 ·(1+4 ·2) = 81. 2 Released Code 38 3. UNIT -IV PART- A 1. The redundancy allows the receiver to detect a limited number of errors that may occur anywhere in the message, and often to correct these errors without retransmission. The figure in the next slide shows an exchange in which a frame is lost. Q 6 Assume that you have a 12-bit Hamming code with the following makeup: p1 p2 m1 p3 m2 m3 m4 p4 m5 m6 m7 m8 where bits p1 … p4 are the parity bits and m1 … m8 are the data bits. Hamming code is named for R. Imagine splitting each byte into a pair of 4-bit nibbles, then adding Hamming code to each one to form a 7-bit word, of which bit 1, 2 and 4 were parity bits, as shown in figure below. Even More Sophisticated Codes Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Code (BCH) modern code in CD players sophisticated extension of Hamming, with more parity bits codeword length M = 2p 1 for p 2N L = 4, M = 31, strength of BCH = 5 Low-density Parity-check Code (LDPC) modern code for satellite communication connect ECC and Bayesian learning. Those positions numbered as a power of 2 are reserved for the parity bits. processed block-by-block. UNICODE uses 16-bit characters. Define pulse code modulation. unrestricted codes, but for now we note that almost all our examples of codes from the previous lecture become linear when A is identified with a finite field, including the Hamming (7, 16, 3) code (check this!). An acknowledgment is a message sent by the receiver. The simplest partition as we mentioned is by a Hamming code. presented a DH to prevent forgery of a patients medical image (e. The channel capacity for a cellular telephone area comprised of seven microcells with 10 channels per cell. 3 lists the advantages and disadvantages of the Hamming ECC. • A major disadvantage of the above protocol is that these are closely tied to 8-bit characters and ASCII codes. Reed-Solomon Codes – Properties, Advantages, Applications, Generator Polynomial(ITC Hindi Classes) Information Theory and Coding Lectures for Engineering Students in Hindi. The storage hardware required by convolutional decoder is less since the block sizes are smaller.


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# What is the difference between a POH and an AFM?

Some aircraft come with a Pilot Operating Handbook and some come with an Aircraft Flight Manual. Why the different name, and is there a difference between them?

Both a POH and an AFM meet the "Operating Limitations" requirement in the ARROW acronym.

The difference between the two is mainly in length and content: an AFM is usually a thinner document, satisfying the requirements of FAR 23.1581 and not much else, while a POH contains these required items plus other information like system diagrams (The contents & format of a POH are standardized in GAMA's Specification 1).

Parts of the POH (like the Limitations section) are FAA-Approved, and serve as the AFM, and both documents are typically associated with a specific airframe (by serial number).

A better explanation might be this:
The AFM is a regulatory document (it's contents are prescribed under the section of the regulations the aircraft was certificated under - Part 23, Part 25, etc). The POH is a GAMA-defined document whose contents meet the regulatory requirements of an AFM, and present other information in a standardized way so that a pilot can go from a Cessna to a Piper to a Mooney to a Socata and browse the book to learn about the airplane they're about to fly with all the information presented the same way no matter who the manufacturer is.

The other two types of documents you may encounter are an "Owner's Manual" (which usually goes along with a thinner AFM & provides some of the information found in the newer-style POH) and a Pilot Information Manual (PIM) which is a "generic" version of the POH which many pilots buy so they can study the procedures without removing the regulatory document from the aircraft.

Chapter 9 of the Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge talks a little about the differences between the two documents (and a whole lot of other flight documents).

• I'd like to add that an AFM is not required for aircraft manufactured before a certain date (1975?). However a POH is still required to be in the plane. After that date, an up-to-date AFM with information for that specific airframe is required. Sometimes AFMs will be short, with just the airframe-specific information, and sometimes they will be the entire POH re-written. – StallSpin Feb 17 '14 at 2:25
• Ummm, I don't think that this is quite right. The AFM (not POH) on my Falcon is 7 volumes, all of which are 2" binders..... – Lnafziger Feb 17 '14 at 5:09
• @StallSpin No, the AFM is from the manufacturer and comes with the airplane (who had no idea what operating rules will apply). I fly two Falcon 50's. One is operated under part 135 and the other under Part 91. They both came with almost the same AFM (differences being serial number specific). – Lnafziger Feb 17 '14 at 10:48
• @Lnafziger 125.75 allows operators to carry a combined manual, and modify the AFM to suit their certification. I thought I read something similar for 135 but I can't find it now. Anyway, I don't know what to tell you other than that the Falcon is a very complicated airplane. It may be filled with a lot of non-approved sections? The POHs for both the light aircraft I fly are almost twice as thick as their AFM counterparts. Their AFMs have only the required approved sections in a binder and that's it, like voretaq7 said. – StallSpin Feb 17 '14 at 17:13
• @StallSpin Well, it's probably possible to create a combined manual, but in reality 135 operators have a different FOM/GOM which has nothing to do with the specific aircraft type. The manufacturer on all of the jets that I have flown (various Learjets and Falcons) all provide an AFM and none of them have a POH. Hence, the question. – Lnafziger Feb 17 '14 at 17:31

all the above answers are wrong. A POH is a 'kind' of AFM. All aircraft must have an approved AFM. Before 1978 this could be anything (owners manual, POH, etc.). After 1978 GAMA (general aviation manufacturers association decided to standardize the AFM around the POH format. The name POH stuck ... but it is still a kind of AFM.

• Welcome to aviation.se! do you have any source to back up what you say? – Federico Apr 15 '16 at 16:59

All you need to know is that an AFM is specific to an aircraft serial number. A POH is less specific and generalized for a particular make or model

The POH is the official book of rules for that specific serial number airplane. The AFM is the unofficial/generic one for a type of airplane that may or may not match the one it's in. On occasion you'll run into a book labeled "AFM" that is in fact actually the "POH" (often due to an STC requirement).

• You're thinking of a "PIM" (Pilot Information Manual) or "Owner's Handbook". An AFM is serialized & associated with a specific airframe. – voretaq7 Feb 17 '14 at 1:04

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Question

If the 3rd and the 9th terms of an arithmetic progession are 4 and -8 respectively, which term of it is zero ?

Solution

Given 3rd term =4 ie  a+2d=4................(1) Also given 9th term =-8 ie a+ 8d=-8............(2) subtracting both equations -6d=12 d=-2 Which gives a=8 let nth term be zero so 0=a+(n-1)d -8=(n-1)(-2) n-1=4 n=5=5th term

Suggest corrections


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Discussion:
heterodOX ideas
(too old to reply)
Arthur Neuendorffer
2018-02-18 01:56:07 UTC
Raw Message
<< What order [do I belong] , Art?>>
The Rumpelstiltskins?
KAOS?
Lea wrote: <<KAOS is a fictitious entity, Art.>>
Michael Dunn is a very real Oxfordian.

---------------------------------------------------
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Smart#KAOS
<<But Art -- if Oxfordians were to get smart,
then they could no longer be Oxfordians!>>
If Oxfordians were to get smart, then they would be Groupists!
Lea wrote:

<<If they were *truly* smart, they would have rejected the
Stratman back when they rejected the tooth fairy & Easter Bunny.
I turn LXXII on Mercurii.
<<Wow -- no wonder you're getting senile! Many happy returns, Art!>>
----------------------------------------------------
"But is it really your birthday?" he asked.
<<Is it really your birthday tomorrow, Art? If so, how do you plan to
celebrate? A friendly colloquy with George Mason's sculptural simulacrum?
What is St. Carolyn giving you for the occasion, Art? John Michell's
_The new view over Atlantis_? Erich Von Däniken's _Chariots of the Gods?_,
perhaps? Steven Thomas's _The moon landing hoax: The eagle that never
landed_? John Mack's _Abduction: Human encounters with aliens_?
Something by Graham Hancock or Francis Carr? You must be a VERy easy
guy to shop for, Art.>>
If you are going to make fun of me
I?! Make fun of *you*, Art?!
by the company I keep
<<You actually *keep company* with the above assorted nut jobs, Art?! Among
friends, does Francis Carr go by Frank? Or Crank? But at least two of the
above nutcases presumably exhibit as much indifference to your society as
George Mason does, Art -- indeed, John Mack has been dead since 2004, while
Michell has been dead since 2009.>>
--------------------------------------------------
1) right wing nutjobs,
2) promoting crazy non-authorship ideas,
Lea wrote:

<<That's not surprising. The craziness of your authorship "ideas" far exceeds the craziness of their non-authorship ideas, so they doubtless feel that their ideas are sane by comparison.
3) Putin puppets,
Lea wrote:

<<There you go, Art -- that's all the *more* reason that you should be burnishing your resumé and angling for a top job in the Trump administration! You possess not only the requirements for the job -- among those are illiteracy and unshakable imperviousness to established fact -- but if you're in contact with Putin puppets, then you also have the right connections!
4) Stratfordian math professors specifically assigned to me.
It's a pretty SAD group overall.
Lea wrote:

<<But Art -- "overall" is an anagram of "A Ver?! LOL!"
Beggars can't be choosers.
Lea wrote: <<But buggerers *can* be losers!>>
It takes one to know one.
Lea wrote:

<<No, Art. If that's true, then you are confirmed as a demented belieVER that the lunar landing was a hoax, that space aliens have been abducting and sexually abusing humans, that the title page to Shakespeare's sonnets encodes the Euler number e (a number discoVERed by a man born a half century after Shakespeare's sonnets were published!), a cold fusion conspiracy proponent, etc. -- all on the basis of those whom have acknowledged knowing and even keeping company with!>>
Alan correctly points out that the Sonnets title page includes a hidden
circle with Pythagorean triangles (ideas later stolen and expanded upon
by Alexander Waugh). However, not knowing when to stop,
Lea wrote:

<<...a VERy common trait among anti-Stratfordian cranks...
Alan blunders on to state that also hidden in the Sonnets titlepage [sic]
1) e = 2.718281
<<Is he (or are you) unaware that e is irrational
(in fact, transcendental), Art?>>
Alan can be irrational (if not transcendental).
Lea wrote: <<Evidently.>>
2) Bruns [sic] constant &
3) Euler's constant.
Lea wrote:

<>
-------------------------------------------------------------
You mean as you (somewhat inaccurately) just did:

Lea wrote:

<No, Art. If that's true, then you are confirmed as a demented belieVER
that...the title page to Shakespeare's sonnets encodes the Euler number e !>>
-------------------------------------------------------------
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_number

The odd-indexed Euler numbers are all zero.

The even-indexed ones (sequence A028296 in the OEIS)
have alternating signs. Some values are:

E0 = 1
E2 = −1
E4 = 5
E6 = −61
E8 = 1385
E10 = −50521
E12 = 2702765
E14 = −199360981
E16 = 19391512145
E18 = −2404879675441
-------------------------------------------------------------
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Mascheroni_constant

<<The Euler constant first appeared in a 1734 paper by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, titled De Progressionibus harmonicis observationes (Eneström Index 43). Euler used the notations C and O for the constant. In 1790, Italian mathematician Lorenzo Mascheroni used the notations A and a for the constant.>>
-------------------------------------------------------------
So Lorenzo Mascheroni comes along 56 years
after Euler and he gets *equal credit*...but

when Lawrence Crone & Arthur Neuendorffer are 104 years late...
-------------------------------------------------------------
"Functional Powers near a Fixed Point"
by Lawrence J. Crone and Arthur C. Neuendorffer,
_Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications_,
Vol.132, No.2 June 1988.
-------------------------------------------------------------
"The authors discuss the problem of defining functional powers of
nonintegral order for an analytic mapping $z\rightarrow F(z)$ in the
neighbourhood of a fixed point $c$ at which $F(c)=c$, $|F'(c)|>1$. The
solution which they obtain is equivalent to that of, e.g., \n G.
Koenigs\en \ref[Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup. (3) Suppl. 1884 , 1--41;
Jbuch 16 , 376]. See also a paper by \n G. Szekeres\en \ref[Acta Math.
100 (1958), 203--258; MR 21 #5744 ]. Examples discussed include
$F(z)=e^z$ with $c=0.318132+1.33724i$."
Only 104 years too late. :-)
-------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.tobeornottobe.org/videos
<<Thanks for posting this, Art -- it's hilarious!>>
Neufer wrote: It's SAD!
Lea wrote: <<The two are not mutually exclusive, Art.>>
This on top of Stritmatter's cold fusion conspiracy
<<Is Dr. antiStratnutter *still* going on about his cold fusion conspiracy?!>>
I don't know any "Dr. antiStratnutter."
Lea wrote:

<<Oh, come off it, Art. Next you'll be telling me that you
don't know who "Dr." Faker is -- or who Noonedafter is!>>

I know who Dweeb is.
<<He of the cold fusion conspiracy, Art -- not to mention the misbegotten
monograph on Shakespeare's Bible (about which the less said, the better).>>
Shakespeare owned a Bible? Is it kept at the Folger?
http://www.davidroper.eu/
<>
"Mathematicians prove it's possible."
<<But while you're at it, Art, don't forget "Dr." Faker's mathematical
and scientific contributions from his (sadly now defunct) web page.>>
And, of course, Streitz's denial of the Bernoulli effect.
<<Absolutely! And "Dr." Faker's lunar landing "hoax".
And Elizabeth Weird's relativity denial.
Anti-Stratfordians are such amusing all-around cranks!>>
Well...we can't be right about EVERything (especially Baconians).
Lea wrote:

<<It would be a good start if you could be right about *something* for a change, Art.
[Well...at least Alan is a good liberal politically.]
Lea wrote: <<Are you suggesting that Roper isn't, Art?>>
Politics never came up with Roper.
(Stritmatter is clearly a good liberal, though.)
Lea wrote: <>
<<For some reason, many anti-Stratfordian crackpots are also right-wing
political crackpots. Most conspicuous, perhaps, are Enoch Powell and
Joseph Sobran, not to mention h.l.a.s.'s own Mr. Streitz.>>
I gave up on Dyerite Jones Harris (in part) for his right wing views.
Lea wrote: <>
https://brooklynrail.org/2013/02/books/shake-speare-fission
Lea wrote:

<<Thanks, Art -- this, too, is hilarious!
I'll tell the Grand Master about it;
maybe he'll assign someone to Harris.

That all sounds rather Dyer!
<<Does he also have heterodOX ideas about science and mathematics?>>
Being the illegitimate son of Ruth Gordon so he has
-------------------------------------------------
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Gordon
Lea wrote:

<>

Tannis, anyone?
------------------------------------------------------------
An Epitaph on the admirable Dramaticke [POET], W. Shakespeare.
Second Folio (Milton : 1632)

What neede my Shakes{P}eare for his honour'd b{O}nes,
The labour of an Ag{E}, in piled stones
Or tha{T} his hallow'd Reliques {S}hould be hid
Vnder a starre-ypointing *PYRAMID* ?
..................................................
. <= 19 =>
.
. W h a t n e e d e m y S h a k e s {P} e
. a r e f o r h i s h o n o u r'd b {O} n
. e s,T h e l a b o u r o f a n A g {E},i
. n p i l e d s t o n e s O r t h a {T} h
. i s h a l l o w'd R e l i q u e s {S} h
. o u l d b e h i d V n d e r a s t a r
. r e-y p o i n t i n g P y r a m i d?

{POETS} 19 : Prob. at top ~ 1 in 785
----------------------------------------------------
"Shakespeare": "They tke the *FLOW o' the NILE*
____ By certain scales i' the *PYRAMID*."
....................................................
. T
. O T H
. E(O)N L I
. E B(E)G E{T}T
. E R O(F)T H{E}S E
. I N S U(I)N G{S}O N N
. E T S M R(W|H}A L L H A P
. P I N E(S|S|E|A}N D T H A T E
. T E R N I(T|I)E[P]R O M I S E D B
. Y O U R E V(E|R)L[I]V I N G P O E T W
. I S H E T H T(H|E)W[E]L L W I S H I N G A
. D V E N T U R E R I N[S]E T T I N G F O R T H
....................................................
[PIES] Prob. in center bottom ~ 1 in 32,000
{HAPI} Prob. in center ~ 1 in in 16,000
.................................................................
<<{HAPI} (Golden Dawn) One of the Four Sons of Horus, {HAPI}
. was represented as a mummified man with the head of a *BABOON*.
.He was the protector of the lungs of the deceased, & was protected
. by the goddess Nephthys. The name {HAPI}, spelled with different
. HIEROGLYPHs, in most but not all cases, is also the name
. of the god who was the personification of the River *NILE*
. depicted as a corpulent man [Falstaff? / N(ev)ILE?]
. with a *CROWN of LILIES* (Upper {NILE} )
. or papyrus plants (Lower {NILE>). - Shawn C. Knight
--------------------------------------------------------
_______________ <= 19 =>
.
. T OTHEO - (N) l ___{I} _ <E>B E G E T T E RO
. F THESE_- (I) n __-{S} - UN G S O N N ET
. S MrWha_- (L) L __ [H]A {P}
{I}_(N){S}S{S}EA
. N Dthat___ (E) T __ [E]R N_  T__(I) E
R OM
. I SEDB Y O u ___- [R]E _ V <E> R_ (L)V I NG
.
OEtW I s h ____ [E]T __ H (T) H__(E) W E L LW
. ShIN- G a _____ [d V e] __ N (T) u _____ ReRI NS
. <E>tTIN G fort----_________ H (T) t
........................................................
. Probability of Upper & Lower (NILE)'s ~ 1/176,000
. Probability of 4 oven <PIE>'s ~ 1/38,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------
<<But you neVER answered my question, Art: What did St. Carolyn give you
for the occasion, Art? John Michell's _The new view over Atlantis_?
Erich Von Däniken's _Chariots of the Gods? Steven Thomas's _The moon
Human encounters with aliens_? Something by Graham Hancock or Francis
Carr?
A bed quilt & a handmade pajama top.
Lea wrote:

<<Are you sure that the pajama top is not a cleVERly disguised straitjacket, Art?

Dr. HAPIrstein: "Come with us quietly, Art. Don't argue or make a scene.
Because if you say anything more about Masons or Masoncraft,
we're gonna be forced to take you to a mental hospital.
You don't want that, do you?"
<>
Much appreciated, Dave.
<>
That's why I've taken up the hobby of
figuring out who wrote Shakespeare.
Lea wrote:

<<But that will *exacerbate* your condition, Art! It will put you in contact with all sorts of other demented cranks who believe all manner of idiotic crap!>>

You mean how I met you?
(Carolyn & I also work together on the Post Sunday Crossword.)
Lea wrote:

<>

We make a good crossword team and generally finish about 2/3's of them.

Lea wrote:

<<Personally, I prefer the New York Times crossword, although I rarely bother with Sunday's puzzle; the Thursday puzzle is often the most interesting one of the week.>>

You can't handle the Sunday puzzle! Who's gonna do it? You? You, Professor Webb? I have a greater responsibility than you can possibly fathom. You have the luxury of knowing things I don't know. And my existence, while grotesque and incomprehensible to you, saves lives! I have neither the time nor the inclination to explain myself to a man who rises and sleeps under the blanket of the VERy freedom of speech that I provide, and then questions the manner in which I provide it! I would rather you just said "thank you", and went on your way. Otherwise, I suggest you pick up the Sunday puzzle in the Post.
------------------------------------------
Art Neuendorffer
nordicskiv2
2018-02-18 15:19:36 UTC
Raw Message
<< What order [do I belong] [[sic]]
Is English your native tongue, Art?
, Art?>>
The Rumpelstiltskins?
KAOS?
Lea wrote: <<KAOS is a fictitious entity, Art.>>
Michael Dunn is a very real Oxfordian.
http://youtu.be/s6A5O3OO-Uo
---------------------------------------------------
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Smart#KAOS
<<But Art -- if Oxfordians were to get smart,
then they could no longer be Oxfordians!>>
If Oxfordians were to get smart, then they would be Groupists!
<<If they were *truly* smart, they would have rejected the
Stratman back when they rejected the tooth fairy & Easter Bunny.
No, Art; that's *not* what I wrote. If you can't even *quote* your interlocutors correctly, then either your senility is even farther advanced than I feared (the more charitable explanation) or you are as fraudulent as "Dr." Faker's advanced degrees.
I turn LXXII on Mercurii.
<<Wow -- no wonder you're getting senile! Many happy returns, Art!>>
----------------------------------------------------
"But is it really your birthday?" he asked.
<<Is it really your birthday tomorrow, Art? If so, how do you plan to
celebrate? A friendly colloquy with George Mason's sculptural simulacrum?
What is St. Carolyn giving you for the occasion, Art? John Michell's
_The new view over Atlantis_? Erich Von Däniken's _Chariots of the Gods?_,
perhaps? Steven Thomas's _The moon landing hoax: The eagle that never
landed_? John Mack's _Abduction: Human encounters with aliens_?
Something by Graham Hancock or Francis Carr? You must be a VERy easy
guy to shop for, Art.>>
If you are going to make fun of me
I?! Make fun of *you*, Art?!
by the company I keep
<<You actually *keep company* with the above assorted nut jobs, Art?!
Among
friends, does Francis Carr go by Frank? Or Crank?
You still have not answered this question, Art: Among friends, does Francis Carr go by Frank, or Crank?
But at least two of the
above nutcases presumably exhibit as much indifference to your society as
George Mason does, Art -- indeed, John Mack has been dead since 2004, while
Michell has been dead since 2009.>>
--------------------------------------------------
1) right wing nutjobs,
2) promoting crazy non-authorship ideas,
<<That's not surprising. The craziness of your authorship "ideas" far
exceeds the craziness of their non-authorship ideas, so they doubtless
feel that their ideas are sane by comparison.
3) Putin puppets,
<<There you go, Art -- that's all the *more* reason that you should be
burnishing your resumé and angling for a top job in the Trump
administration! You possess not only the requirements for the job --
among those are illiteracy and unshakable imperviousness to established
fact -- but if you're in contact with Putin puppets, then you also have
the right connections!
Well? When are you going to apply, Art?
4) Stratfordian math professors specifically assigned to me.
How many mathematics professors from Stratford do you know, Art?
It's a pretty SAD group overall.
<<But Art -- "overall" is an anagram of "A Ver?! LOL!"
Beggars can't be choosers.
Lea wrote: <<But buggerers *can* be losers!>>
It takes one to know one.
<<No, Art. If that's true, then you are confirmed as a demented belieVER
that the lunar landing was a hoax, that space aliens have been abducting
and sexually abusing humans, that the title page to Shakespeare's sonnets
encodes the Euler number e (a number discoVERed by a man born a half
century after Shakespeare's sonnets were published!), a cold fusion
conspiracy proponent, etc. -- all on the basis of those whom have
acknowledged knowing and even keeping company with!>>
Alan correctly points out that the Sonnets title page includes a hidden
circle with Pythagorean triangles (ideas later stolen and expanded upon
by Alexander Waugh). However, not knowing when to stop,
<<...a VERy common trait among anti-Stratfordian cranks...
Alan blunders on to state that also hidden in the Sonnets titlepage [sic]
1) e = 2.718281
<<Is he (or are you) unaware that e is irrational
(in fact, transcendental), Art?>>
Alan can be irrational (if not transcendental).
Lea wrote: <<Evidently.>>
2) Bruns [sic] constant &
3) Euler's constant.
<>
-------------------------------------------------------------
There is no uniVERsal consensus on the terminology, Art; some call e the Euler number in honor of Euler's celebrated formula e^{pi i}=-1, which is not unreasonable.
<No, Art. If that's true, then you are confirmed as a demented belieVER
that...the title page to Shakespeare's sonnets encodes the Euler number e !>>
-------------------------------------------------------------
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_number
The odd-indexed Euler numbers are all zero.
Those are the Euler numbers (plural), Art. There are also the Euler class, the Euler characteristic, etc. -- lots of things are named for Euler, and for good reason.

[...]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Mascheroni_constant
<<The Euler constant first appeared in a 1734 paper by the Swiss
mathematician Leonhard Euler, titled De Progressionibus harmonicis
observationes (Eneström Index 43). Euler used the notations C and O for
the constant. In 1790, Italian mathematician Lorenzo Mascheroni used the
notations A and a for the constant.>>
-------------------------------------------------------------
So Lorenzo Mascheroni comes along 56 years
after Euler and he gets *equal credit*
In the case of the Mohr–Mascheroni theorem, Mohr published a proof of the theorem 125 years before Mascheroni.
...but
when Lawrence Crone & Arthur Neuendorffer are 104 years late...
-------------------------------------------------------------
"Functional Powers near a Fixed Point"
by Lawrence J. Crone and Arthur C. Neuendorffer,
_Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications_,
Vol.132, No.2 June 1988.
-------------------------------------------------------------
"The authors discuss the problem of defining functional powers of
nonintegral order for an analytic mapping $z\rightarrow F(z)$ in the
neighbourhood of a fixed point $c$ at which $F(c)=c$, $|F'(c)|>1$. The
solution which they obtain is equivalent to that of, e.g., \n G.
Koenigs\en \ref[Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup. (3) Suppl. 1884 , 1--41;
Jbuch 16 , 376]. See also a paper by \n G. Szekeres\en \ref[Acta Math.
100 (1958), 203--258; MR 21 #5744 ]. Examples discussed include
$F(z)=e^z$ with $c=0.318132+1.33724i$."
Only 104 years too late. :-)
Too bad, Art. Is that why you began "researching" (usual disclaimer) Shakespeare authorship and producing results that nobody else would be caught dead in a ditch with, so that your priority would be undisputed? If so, you have succeeded: *nobody* is going to steal *your* ideas (usual disclaimer), Art!
http://www.tobeornottobe.org/videos
<<Thanks for posting this, Art -- it's hilarious!>>
Neufer (aka Noonedafter) wrote: It's SAD!
[...]
This on top of Stritmatter's cold fusion conspiracy
<<Is Dr. antiStratnutter *still* going on about his cold fusion conspiracy?!>>
I don't know any "Dr. antiStratnutter."
<<Oh, come off it, Art. Next you'll be telling me that you
don't know who "Dr." Faker is -- or who Noonedafter is!>>
I know who Dweeb is.
Do you really, Art? I VERy much doubt it.
<<He of the cold fusion conspiracy, Art -- not to mention the misbegotten
monograph on Shakespeare's Bible (about which the less said, the better).>>
You didn't answer the question, Art: Is he *still* going on about his cold fusion conspiracy?!
Shakespeare owned a Bible? Is it kept at the Folger?
http://www.davidroper.eu/
<>
"Mathematicians prove it's possible."
<<But while you're at it, Art, don't forget "Dr." Faker's mathematical
and scientific contributions from his (sadly now defunct) web page.>>
And, of course, Streitz's denial of the Bernoulli effect.
<<Absolutely! And "Dr." Faker's lunar landing "hoax".
And Elizabeth Weird's relativity denial.
Anti-Stratfordians are such amusing all-around cranks!>>
Well...we can't be right about EVERything (especially Baconians).
<<It would be a good start if you could be right about *something* for a change, Art.
Take note, Art: Virgil did *not* predate Herodotus. Ann Hathaway was *not* Shakespeare's mother. Aleksandr Nevskii was *neVER* tsar. _Тæрин_ is *not* Russian for "youth" -- indeed, it is not Russian *at all*, although you posted this idiocy oVER and oVER and oVER! _Vier_ is *not* Spanish for "four" -- indeed, it is not Spanish *at all*! _Turk_ is *not* "Celtic" for "ox" -- indeed, there is *no such language* as "Celtic"! _Omspit_ is *not* Danish for "to dig up" -- indeed, it is not a Danish infinitive *at all*! Nor, for that matter, is it a Dutch infinitive. _Bon_ is *not* Slovak for "ass". _Doi_ is *not* Polish for "two" -- to the extent that it is a Polish word *at all*, it is the third person singular conjugation in the present tense of the VERb _doić_, meaning "to milk (a cow)". Mellon Grant recipients are *not* obliged to collect their grant checks in person at the Mellon Bank in Manhattan -- in fact, many recipients use such modern conveniences as direct deposit, branch banks, or the U. S. Postal Service! Coleridge did *not* write Wordsworth's poem "The idiot boy", _pace_ the delusions (and the endless moronic repetitive posts) of h.l.a.s.'s own esteemed Idiot Boy. The watt is *not* a unit of energy. The expected value of a random variable is *not* the same thing as its sample mean. The number 19 is *not* remarkable as both the sum of two consecutive integers and the difference of their squares. _Don Quixote_ was *not* written in English. Mary Wollstonecraft was *not* born on May 26, although h.l.a.s.'s Idiot Boy posted this idiocy oVER and oVER and oVER. Prince Albert was not born on May 26 either, although h.l.a.s.'s Idiot Boy posted this idiocy oVER and oVER and oVER as well! It is *not* "reasonable" for a man traveling from New Haven to New York City to do so by boarding a nonstop flight from Boston to Los Angeles.

The point stands, Art: It would be a good start if you could be right about *something* for a change.
[Well...at least Alan is a good liberal politically.]
Lea wrote: <<Are you suggesting that Roper isn't, Art?>>
Politics never came up with Roper.
(Stritmatter is clearly a good liberal, though.)
Lea wrote: <>
<<For some reason, many anti-Stratfordian crackpots are also right-wing
political crackpots. Most conspicuous, perhaps, are Enoch Powell and
Joseph Sobran, not to mention h.l.a.s.'s own Mr. Streitz.>>
I gave up on Dyerite Jones Harris (in part) for his right wing views.
Lea wrote: <>
https://brooklynrail.org/2013/02/books/shake-speare-fission
<<Thanks, Art -- this, too, is hilarious!
I'll tell the Grand Master about it;
maybe he'll assign someone to Harris.
That all sounds rather Dyer!
Not really, Art -- I suspect that the agent assigned to him will demolish his "argument" (Neuendorffer disclaimer invoked) in VERy short order.
<<Does he also have heterodOX ideas about science and mathematics?>>
Being the illegitimate son of Ruth Gordon so he has
-------------------------------------------------
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Gordon
<>
Tannis, anyone?
Huh?

[Crackpot cryptography snipped]
"Shakespeare": "They tke the *FLOW o' the NILE*
____ By certain scales i' the *PYRAMID*."
....................................................
. T
. O T H
. E(O)N L I
. E B(E)G E{T}T
. E R O(F)T H{E}S E
. I N S U(I)N G{S}O N N
. E T S M R(W|H}A L L H A P
. P I N E(S|S|E|A}N D T H A T E
. T E R N I(T|I)E[P]R O M I S E D B
. Y O U R E V(E|R)L[I]V I N G P O E T W
. I S H E T H T(H|E)W[E]L L W I S H I N G A
. D V E N T U R E R I N[S]E T T I N G F O R T H
....................................................
[PIES] Prob. in center bottom ~ 1 in 32,000
{HAPI} Prob. in center ~ 1 in in 16,000
To paraphrase James Joyce, Shakespeare is the HAPI hunting ground of minds that have lost their balance -- like yours, as the above amply demonstrates, Art.

[Crackpot cryptography snipped]
<<But you neVER answered my question, Art: What did St. Carolyn give you
for the occasion, Art? John Michell's _The new view over Atlantis_?
Erich Von Däniken's _Chariots of the Gods? Steven Thomas's _The moon
Human encounters with aliens_? Something by Graham Hancock or Francis
Carr?
A bed quilt & a handmade pajama top.
<<Are you sure that the pajama top is not a cleVERly disguised straitjacket, Art?
Dr. HAPIrstein: "Come with us quietly, Art. Don't argue or make a scene.
Because if you say anything more about Masons or Masoncraft,
we're gonna be forced to take you to a mental hospital.
You don't want that, do you?"
<>
Much appreciated, Dave.
<>
That's why I've taken up the hobby of
figuring out who wrote Shakespeare.
<<But that will *exacerbate* your condition, Art! It will put you in
contact with all sorts of other demented cranks who believe all manner
of idiotic crap!>>
You mean how I met you?
We've neVER met, Art, _pace_ your delusions to the contrary.

The other demented cranks to whom I alluded are the ones that you have *already* acknowledged keeping company with, along with all those whom you met at the Oxfordian nutfest in Baltimore, etc.
(Carolyn & I also work together on the Post Sunday Crossword.)
<>
We make a good crossword team
I'm sure that it's a team effort: St. Carolyn furnishes the literacy in English, the ability to count, etc.
and generally finish about 2/3's of them.
Well done, Art!
<<Personally, I prefer the New York Times crossword, although I rarely
bother with Sunday's puzzle; the Thursday puzzle is often the most
interesting one of the week.>>
You can't handle the Sunday puzzle!
I didn't say that, Art. I just don't particularly enjoy the Sunday puzzle, and don't want to spend the time required, particularly when I could be skiing on the weekend instead. The Thursday puzzles are generally the most interesting ones, since they have themes that must be divined by various means.
Who's gonna do it? You? You, Professor Webb? I have a greater
responsibility than you can possibly fathom.
You mean that your handlers have a greater responsibility than I can fathom, Art? I don't doubt it -- it must be demanding indeed to insure that all surfaces that you might encounter are suitably padded.
You have the luxury of
knowing things I don't know.
Virtually *anyone* enjoys that luxury, Art! Indeed, anyone literate who can read the Cyrillic alphabet knows that _тæрин_ is not a Russian word. Similarly, anyone who has studied high school-level physics knows that the watt it not a unit of energy. Anyone familiar with middle school-level introductory algebra can work out which integers are both the sum of two consecutive integers and the difference of their squares. And even most grade school students know that a man traveling from New Haven to New York City would not board a nonstop flight from Boston to Los Angeles.

[Lunatic logorrhea snipped]
------------------------------------------
Art Neuendorffer (aka Noonedafter)


text:
Moment of Inertia of a rectangle?

1. Oct 9, 2011

GreenPrint

1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data

I was trying to find the moment of inertia of a rectangle with width a and height b were axis of rotation is through it's center of mass

2. Relevant equations

3. The attempt at a solution

I = integral r^2 dm
rho = dm/dA
dm = rho dA

If I take an infinitely small area of an infinitely thin rectangle a distance dr from the point of rotation, it would have a width of dr and a height of b, hence

dA = b dr

dm = rho b dr

I = rho b integral[-a/2,a/2] r^2 dr

I = (rho b)/3 * r^3 |[-a/2,a/2]

I = (rho b)/3 * [ a^3 /8 - (- a^3/8) ]

I = (rho b)/3 * [ a^3/8 + a^3 / 8]

I = (rho b a^3)/12

rho = M/A
A = ab

I = (M b a^3)/(12 a b)
I = (M a^2)/12

I don't see what I'm doing wrong, my book tells me it's I = [ M(a^2 + b^2) ] /12

thanks for any help

2. Oct 9, 2011

WJSwanson

I'm assuming that this is asking about an axis of rotation normal to the surface, through the center of mass. In that case, with the differential elements of width da (not dr, since you're dealing with the thickness of thin linear elements instead of the thickness of a ring whose center is along the axis of rotation), the distance r between the axis of rotation and a given point on that thin strip is (a2 + b2)1/2. When you use dr as your differential width, you're essentially setting up a series of infinitesimal rings whose points are all equidistant from the axis of rotation.

Try reevaluating your integral using this information and see if this yields the answer you expected.

3. Oct 9, 2011

GreenPrint

when we say

rho = dm/dA

is this necessarily correct? Like when we sub back in we subsitute the mass of the whole thing and the area of the whole rectangle not dm/dA (after evaluating the integral)

it just seems backwards to me, shouldn't it be the density of the infinitely small strip and not the whole object itself

4. Oct 9, 2011

GreenPrint

also so

sqrt(a^2 + b^2)
is the radius from any infinitely small point on any infinitely small thin strip to the point of rotation? I'm having a sort of difficult time visualizing this. What is the need to take infinitely small points on the infinitely thin strip

Does this derivation require multivariable calculus? I haven't taken it yet and my professor said to just go over the derivation of this chart in my book with that lists the moments of inertia and this was one of them and I have seen some derivations on line that get pretty complicated that have like multiple integrals and what have you and is beyond my current level of math education.

5. Oct 9, 2011

WJSwanson

Well, as a personal convention I usually use $\sigma$ to denote area densities of mass and charge, but yes, by definition the area density of mass is the derivative of mass with respect to area, that is, differential mass divided by differential area. That is to say, when you take an infinitesimal element (of any shape, but usually analogous to the geometry involved) of a lamina, the mass of that element -- which is the differential mass -- will be equal to the product of your area-density of the object and the area of that element (i.e. the differential area).

6. Oct 9, 2011

GreenPrint

ah that is why we substitute back in the density for mass of the object divided by the area of the object (of the whole object) after integrating, of that makes much more sense.

7. Oct 9, 2011

8. Oct 9, 2011

WJSwanson

Some of them do require multivariable calculus. The good news is that multiple integrals are fairly straightforward. When you have a function such that

F = ∫∫A f(x,y) dx dy

you perform what's called an iterated integral, where you integrate first with respect to y (i.e., you use y as the variable of integration and treat any function of x that is independent of y as a constant) and evaluate it, then integrate the result with respect to x -- or vice versa. You needn't perform those operations yourself at this point, just be aware that that's basically what's being done in a lot of these processes. (I oversimplified the process a bit.)

Anyway, here's basically the MS Paint rundown of why your r2 = x2 + y2:

and so basically what this means is that the differential moment of inertia dI over that differential area element is the square of the distance between the axis of rotation & that little differential area element, times your area mass density. This means that

$I = \int\int_{A} \sigma d(r^{2}) dA = \int^{y = a/2}_{y = -a/2} \int^{x = b/2}_{x = -b/2} \sigma(x^{2} + y^{2}) dx dy$

That's the basic idea.

Similarly, when you have a three-dimensional mass configuration, your moment of inertia is the volume integral of the product of the mass density, the square of the distance from a differential volume element to the axis of rotation, and the differential volume. It will make more sense after you've had some experience with multivariable calculus, but hopefully this gives you at least a vague sense of the way these things are derived.

NOTE: The limits of integration above assume that you've chosen the coordinate axes such that the rectangle has sides parallel to the x and y axes and the axis of rotation is the z axis.

Last edited: Oct 10, 2011
9. Oct 10, 2011

Staff: Mentor

Impressive artwork. But doesn't look right. a and b are supposed to be constants, the dimensions of the block. Your diagram should have used x and y, as you used in the algebra in the following paragraph.

10. Oct 10, 2011

WJSwanson

Thanks for catching that! lol. Good call.


text:
# standard topology

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## English

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### Noun

1. (topology) The topology of the real number system generated by a basis which consists of all open balls (in the real number system), which are defined in terms of the one-dimensional Euclidean metric.
2. (topology) The topology of a Euclidean space ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ such that any subset of that space is open (i.e. belonging to the topology) if it can be written as a union of open balls from that space.


text:
# Computer Check of notes 331(1,2)

Many thanks again for these computer checks, with which I agree and which will be used in the final paper. The final result, Eq. (18), is the same, and was used in Note 331(3) in the discovery of relativistic Zeeman splitting, another of many effects on the list of new experiments, bearing in mind that this is the simplest possible theory (of atomic H). In Eq. (8), I used <L sub Z> = h bar m sub L, so the result in Eq. (8) follows, i. e. h bar m sub L can be taken outside the integral, i.e. integral psi* T L sub Zpsi d tau = L sub Z integral psi* T psi d tau. = L sub Z < T > . Finally L sub Z psi = h bar m sub L psi.

Sent: 29/10/2015 11:15:26 GMT Standard Time
Subj: notes 331(1,2)

Note 1 describes an interesting extension of spectra induced by relativistic magnetic effects.
Note 2: Eq.(9) is the Rydberg energy which is from Wikipedia:

This is different from eq.(9). There is no c^2 and m appears in the numerator. The correct result and all constants are listed in the attachment. The additional term in (12) is positive. The modulus of <H1> is enlarged.

How did you come to eq.(8)? It seems that you equated the expectation value of an operator product with the product of the single expectation values.

You can find all constants in the attachment. The numerical result in (18) is correct.

Horst

331(2).pdf