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# What HBA Members are Accomplishing - 2011 Archives

Discussion in 'Hangar Flying' started by Jman, Jan 26, 2011.

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1. Jan 31, 2011

### rheuschele

#### Well-Known Member

Joined:
Jan 13, 2010
Messages:
533
41
Location:
Chicago Il. USA.
Re: January 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

I've been working on my rudder in the basement since the garage is no place for gluing until spring. Once that's done I'm afraid that I will out grow my side of the garage. I'm toying with the idea of buying a ranch house that is a foreclosure and very unlivable to gut and finish building. It will cost me about 20% of buying a hanger and the payments will be half of renting a hanger.
Just a thought.
Ron

2. Feb 1, 2011

### Monty

#### Well-Known Member

Joined:
Jul 15, 2010
Messages:
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478
Location:
Fayetteville, AR / USA
Re: January 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

SWEET!!! I know the feeling...one of the high points for me so far. Flying formation with eagles in the winter time. They joined up with me and the coolest thing is they made eye contact. The same way dogs look at you instead of the headlights of the car you are driving. They know YOU are flying the airplane. Having them core the thermal, and look back over their wing at me, daring me to follow....I've got goose bumps just thinking about it....congrats. I don't know the percentage of the human race to experience such a thing....but it's a fairly small club.

3. Feb 1, 2011

### Yogi

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3
Location:
Commerce Georgia USA
Re: January 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

Some pics, maybe.

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4. Feb 2, 2011

### wsimpso1

#### Well-Known Member

Joined:
Oct 19, 2003
Messages:
5,711
2,952
Location:
Saline Michigan
Re: January 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

Mounted kitchen cabinets, selected countertop stone, plumbed and installed new range and range hood, mounted handles on drawers and doors, and picked up the new patio sliding door.

Oh, and for the airplane project, I ordered and received Dow-Corning primer and fluro-silicone fuel tank sealant (as well as some miscellaneous hardware) and confirmed with an expert in fuel handling materials that my nylon vent hose will not fall apart in the presence of gasohol, but I will have to do things that will keep it captured if it swells. It seems that the big problem is alcohols pickup moisture and that can be corrosive.

I am also modifying my anti-slosh doors to include a tab for exercising it. My concern is that if it gets sealant on it, I will neither be able to pop it open nor confirm it is working by direct observation. But with a hole in the end rib, I can reach in with a wire hook, grab the tab with a hook on the end of a coathanger wire and work the door. The hole will take a pipe plug to seal it up. I started that little project last Friday, and I got the parts to the drill press before the kitchen rehab commenced. Yeah, I did not even get 12 little holes drilled before other stuff took over. Ah well, the house will be back together soon.

Talked about Sun-n-Fun, but probably not this year...

Billski

5. Feb 2, 2011

### etterre

#### Well-Known Member

Joined:
Aug 30, 2006
Messages:
313
1
Location:
St. Louis, MO, USA
Re: January 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

Studied for an IT security exam, so I can pass the exam and get a new job. When I get the new job, that triggers the wife's promise of money for flight lessons to finish my PPL. Once I have the PPL, then I can finally take the wife up for some cross-countries to gather the data necessary to figure what exactly I'm going to build

If I say it real fast a bunch of times, maybe I'll feel better about my total lack of progress

Last edited: Feb 3, 2011
6. Feb 2, 2011

### Voyeurger

#### Well-Known Member

Joined:
Oct 9, 2010
Messages:
612
3
Location:
Northern Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A.
Re: January 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

Gents, this is pure poetry. I emailed these to my family. Beautiful stuff. Thanks.
Gary

7. Feb 3, 2011

#### Well-Known Member

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Re: January 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

Darn, I'm late...

Well, during last month I got my cross country endorsement and flew said cross country, which was my last requirement for PPL; I'm hoping to take the test by the end of this month.

Homebuilt-wise, I've been mainly reading books on aircraft stability and powerplant design. So not much design work going on. Hope to change that when the knowledge I'm trying to gain sinks in.

Otherwise, taking university engineering classes that somewhat pertain to aircraft design, particularly stress analysis, which I find pretty fascinating. Will probably dive into vibration stuff once I get the stress stuff.

Till next month (or later this month),

RD

8. Feb 3, 2011

### Monty

#### Well-Known Member

Joined:
Jul 15, 2010
Messages:
1,283
478
Location:
Fayetteville, AR / USA
Re: January 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

be careful!....that's the deep end of the pool, but it's filled with rocks and shoals and the waves are unpredictable...

9. Feb 3, 2011

### Monty

#### Well-Known Member

Joined:
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Messages:
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478
Location:
Fayetteville, AR / USA
Re: January 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

Words can't do it justice....I wish I had video to share. It really is a fantastic thing to be that close to them in their own element. It is THEIR element. No way I could climb as well as they could, nor could I core the thermal like them. They started below me and climbed up inside of me. The fun thing was they flew to me, knowing I was in a thermal and then out climbed me. We played around for an hour or so. They would fly off and then rejoin me in a thermal. They were obviously just having fun...like me.....;-).

10. Feb 5, 2011

#### Well-Known Member

Joined:
Jan 19, 2009
Messages:
71
0
Location:
West Bend WI.
Re: January 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

I opened up my type 4 PTO direct drive from my new to me Dragonfly project to check that what was said was really in there. Turned out great. Soon to reassemble. I also made another airplane deal. Going to see that one next weekend in Ohio. Flys now, no project.

11. Feb 13, 2011

### Jman

#### Site Developer

Joined:
Oct 22, 2002
Messages:
1,881
53
Location:
Pacific NW, USA!
Re: January 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

Ok folks, I'll be closing this January thread in about 48 hours and making it the start of a 2011 archive of what our members are accomplishing.

If you worked toward your aviation goals in January, this is your last chance to post it. Don't be shy! I know I'm not the only one who wants to know what our members are achieving. Even if it's something small, if it got you closer to your aviation goals, let's hear about it.
:ban: (banana added for no particular reason)

12. Feb 13, 2011

### topspeed100

#### Banned

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Oulu/Finland
Re: January 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

We have 1 meter of snow and -30 C..just planning and trying to keep a job ( which has nothing to do with aviation ). No major leap forward in realizing my aviation dream in near future.

13. Feb 17, 2011

### Inverted Vantage

#### Formerly Unknown Target

Joined:
Jun 20, 2008
Messages:
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Re: January 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

I've done so much - just starting from this summer I designed and helped build an aircraft cockpit from top to bottom, I cancelled a contract with someone to design their aircraft immediately after because I felt like it was a bad idea, I made some more progress on my design, leaving it at a stage where I'm happy with it for now, and now I really came to grips with a lot of concepts of aero design, from the complex to the basic. This year so far has already been shaping up to be busy. Heck, this day has been busy.

14. Feb 25, 2011

### Jman

#### Site Developer

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Location:
Pacific NW, USA!
February 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

It's that time of the month again where we get to hear what HBA members have been up to. I've archived January's thread and once this one is complete I'll archive it into the 2011 archives as well.

I've quoted the original thread's explanation below as a reminder of what this thread is all about. January was great but lets get even more participation for February!

15. Feb 25, 2011

### Dana

#### Super Moderator

Joined:
Apr 4, 2007
Messages:
8,505
2,918
Location:
CT, USA
Re: February 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

No flying, building, or even designing... but I just acquired a Rotax 447 to replace the Cuyuna on my UltraStar. Goals are less noise (slower turning 3 blade prop vs 2 blade) better climb (5HP more).

-Dana

Gun control: The theory that 110lb. women should have to fistfight with 210lb. rapists.

16. Feb 25, 2011

### Lucrum

#### Well-Known Member

Joined:
Jun 10, 2008
Messages:
955
189
Location:
Canton, GA
Re: February 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

Did my FAR 61.58 at Simcom (BE40), turned 50 YO, rewired a relay that's part of my engine wiring harness that I had miswired. Discovered both OEM fuel rails had minor leaks.
Rather than jury rig them any further I replaced them with new rails ($$). Naturally my fuel injectors don't fit the new rails. Got six more injectors ($$\$). Naturally the original grommets don't fit those. Ordered more. Got my fan painted and began static balancing, it's going to require over 100 grams. Almost finished a wooden mock up of a potential flight control mixer linkage. Although more compact than the series of bell cranks I had in mind it would be difficult to fabricate without custom machining. Found a seat that is 3 lbs lighter than the one I had planned to use, which is good since I gained 2 more lbs. Experimented with steaming and bending wood in preparation for starting an airframe. Discovered I'll be using thinner pieces than I had thought. Got most of the steel tubing I'll use for the main gear along with the axles.

17. Feb 26, 2011

### stol

#### Well-Known Member

Joined:
Feb 15, 2008
Messages:
497
145
Location:
Jackson Hole Wyoming
Re: February 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

My 801 is due for the conditional next month but gonna do it now. My order of 304 stainless tubing came in today so the plane gets a new custom exhaust system and this time I am leaving out the mufflers, adding a port for a smoke system and another one for the crankcase vacuum evacuation set up...

Ben
www.haaspowerair.com

18. Feb 26, 2011

### Richard6

#### Well-Known Member

Joined:
Aug 14, 2010
Messages:
655
73
Location:
Plymouth, MN USA
Re: February 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

Completed my study and simulated FAA test (with passing grade) for Sport Pilot license.

Richard

19. Feb 26, 2011

### pwood66889

#### Well-Known Member

Joined:
Feb 10, 2007
Messages:
1,376
129
Location:
Sopchoppy, Florida, USA
Re: February 2011 - Tell us what you've done this month!

Getting my groove back. Landings becoming more consistent.
Percy in SE Bama

20. Feb 26, 2011

Joined:
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text:
# Anyhow bringing 11 in a problem ?

Given a recurrence relation $a_0=0$, $a_1=1$ and for $n\geq 2$ , $a_n=6a_{n-1} -9a_{n-2}$ find the remainder when $a_{20}$ is divided by $11$ ?

This is a part of the set 11≡ awesome (mod remainders)

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text:
Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting

# 13.2Compute Amortization of Long-Term Liabilities Using the Effective-Interest Method

Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting13.2 Compute Amortization of Long-Term Liabilities Using the Effective-Interest Method

In our discussion of long-term debt amortization, we will examine both notes payable and bonds. While they have some structural differences, they are similar in the creation of their amortization documentation.

### Pricing of Long-Term Notes Payable

When a consumer borrows money, she can expect to not only repay the amount borrowed, but also to pay interest on the amount borrowed. When she makes periodic loan payments that pay back the principal and interest over time with payments of equal amounts, these are considered fully amortized notes. In these timed payments, part of what she pays is interest. The amount borrowed that is still due is often called the principal. After she has made her final payment, she no longer owes anything, and the loan is fully repaid, or amortized. Amortization is the process of separating the principal and interest in the loan payments over the life of a loan. A fully amortized loan is fully paid by the end of the maturity period.

In the following example, assume that the borrower acquired a five-year, $10,000 loan from a bank. She will repay the loan with five equal payments at the end of the year for the next five years. The bank’s required interest rate is an annual rate of 12%. Interest rates are typically quoted in annual terms. Since her interest rate is 12% a year, the borrower must pay 12% interest each year on the principal that she owes. As stated above, these are equal annual payments, and each payment is first applied to any applicable interest expenses, with the remaining funds reducing the principal balance of the loan. After each payment in a fully amortizing loan, the principal is reduced, which means that since the five payment amounts are equal, the portion allocated to interest is reduced each year, and the amount allocated to principal reduction increases an equal amount. We can use an amortization table, or schedule, prepared using Microsoft Excel or other financial software, to show the loan balance for the duration of the loan. An amortization table calculates the allocation of interest and principal for each payment and is used by accountants to make journal entries. These journal entrieswill be discussed later in this chapter. The first step in preparing an amortization table is to determine the annual loan payment. The$10,000 loan amount is the value today and, in financial terms, is called the present value (PV). Since repayment will be in a series of five equal payments, it is an annuity. Look up the PV from an annuity table for 5 periods and 12% interest. The factor is 3.605. Dividing the principal, $10,000, by the factor 3.605 gives us$2,773.93, which is the amount of each yearly payment. For the rest of the chapter, we will provide the necessary data, such as bond prices and payment amounts; you will not need to use the present value tables.

When the first payment is made, part of it is interest and part is principal. To determine the amount of the payment that is interest, multiply the principal by the interest rate ($10,000 × 0.12), which gives us$1,200. This is the amount of interest charged that year. The payment itself ($2,773.93) is larger than the interest owed for that period of time, so the remainder of the payment is applied against the principal. Figure 13.7 shows an amortization table for this$10,000 loan, over five years at 12% annual interest. Assume that the final payment will be $2,774.99 in order to eliminate the potential rounding error of$1.06.

Figure 13.7 Amortization Table. An amortization table shows how payments are applied to interest in principal for the life of the loan. (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license)

#### Creating Your Own Amortization Table

You want to borrow $100,000 for five years when the interest rate is 5%. You will make yearly payments of$23,097.48 for 5 years. Fill in the blanks in the amortization table below. Assume that the loan was created on January 1, 2018 and totally repaid by December 31, 2022, after five equal, annual payments.

Solution

Multiply the $100,000 by the 5% interest rate and$5,000 is the amount of interest you owe for year 1. Subtract the interest from the payment of $23,097.48 to find$18,097.48 is applied toward the principal ($100,000), leaving$81,902.52 as the ending balance. In year 2, $81,902.52 is charged 5% interest ($4,095.13), but the rest of the 23,097.48 payment goes toward the loan balance. Follow the same process for years 3 through 5.

### Bonds Payable

As you’ve learned, each time a company issues an interest payment to bondholders, amortization of the discount or premium, if one exists, impacts the amount of interest expense that is recorded. Amortization of the discounts increases the amount of interest expense and premiums reduce the amount of interest expense. There are two methods used to amortize bond discounts or premiums: the effective-interest method and the straight-line method.

Our calculations have used what is known as the effective-interest method, a method that calculates interest expense based on the carrying value of the bond and the market interest rate. Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) require the use of the effective-interest method unless there is no significant difference between the effective-interest method and the straight-line method, a method that allocates the same amount of the bond discount or premium for each interest payment. The effective interest amortization method is more accurate than the straight-line method. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) require the use of the effective-interest method, with no exceptions.

The straight-line method doesn’t base its calculation of amortization for a period base on a changing carrying value like the effective-interest method does; instead, it allocates the same amount of premium or discount amortation for each of the bond’s payment periods.

For example, assume that $500,000 in bonds were issued at a price of$540,000 on January 1, 2019, with the first annual interest payment to be made on December 31, 2019. Assume that the stated interest rate is 10% and the bond has a four-year life. If the straight-line method is used to amortize the $40,000 premium, you would divide the premium of$40,000 by the number of payments, in this case four, giving a $10,000 per year amortization of the premium. Figure 13.8 shows the effects of the premium amortization after all of the 2019 transactions are considered. The net effect of creating the$40,000 premium and writing off $10,000 of it gives the company an interest expense of$40,000 instead of $50,000, since the$50,000 expense is reduced by the $10,000 premium write down at the end of the year. Figure 13.8 Premium Amortization Using the Straight-Line Method. (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license) #### Issued When Market Rate Equals Contract Rate Assume a company issues a$100,000 bond with a 5% stated rate when the market rate is also 5%. The bond was issued at par, meaning it sold for $100,000. There was no premium or discount to amortize, so there is no application of the effective-interest method in this example. #### Issued at a Premium The same company also issued a 5-year,$100,000 bond with a stated rate of 5% when the market rate was 4%. This bond was issued at a premium, for $104,460. The amount of the premium is$4,460, which will be amortized over the life of the bond using the effective-interest method. This method of amortizing the interest expense associated with a bond is similar to the amortization of the note payable described earlier, in which the principal was separated from the interest payments using the interest rate times the principal.

Begin by assuming the company issued all the bonds on January 1 of year 1 and the first interest payment will be made on December 31 of year 1. The amortization table begins on January 1, year 1, with the carrying value of the bond: the face value of the bond plus the bond premium.

On December 31, year 1, the company will have to pay the bondholders $5,000 (0.05 ×$100,000). The cash interest payment is the amount of interest the company must pay the bondholder. The company promised 5% when the market rate was 4% so it received more money. But the company is only paying interest on $100,000—not on the full amount received. The difference in the sale price was a result of the difference in the interest rates so both rates are used to compute the true interest expense. The interest on the carrying value is the market rate of interest times the carrying value: 0.04 ×$104,460 = $4,178. If the company had issued the bonds with a stated rate of 4%, and received$104,460, it would be paying $4,178 in interest. The difference between the cash interest payment and the interest on the carrying value is the amount to be amortized the first year. The complete amortization table for the bond is shown in Figure 13.9. The table is necessary to provide the calculations needed for the adjusting journal entries. Figure 13.9 Bond Amortization Table. (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license) #### Issued at a Discount The company also issued$100,000 of 5% bonds when the market rate was 7%. It received $91,800 cash and recorded a Discount on Bonds Payable of$8,200. This amount will need to be amortized over the 5-year life of the bonds. Using the same format for an amortization table, but having received $91,800, interest payments are being made on$100,000.

The cash interest payment is still the stated rate times the principal. The interest on carrying value is still the market rate times the carrying value. The difference in the two interest amounts is used to amortize the discount, but now the amortization of discount amount is added to the carrying value.

Figure 13.10 illustrates the relationship between rates whenever a premium or discount is created at bond issuance.

Figure 13.10 Stated Rate and Market Rate. When the stated rate is higher than the market rate, the bond is issued at a premium. When the stated rate is lower than the market rate, the bond is issued at a discount. (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license)

### Concepts In Practice

#### Bond Ratings

Investors intending to purchase corporate bonds may find it overwhelming to decide which company would be the best to invest in. Investors are concerned with two primary factors: the return on the investment (meaning, the periodic interest payments) and the return of the investment (meaning, payment of the face value on the maturity date). While there are risks with any investment, attempting to maximize the return on the investment and maximizing the likelihood receiving the return of the investment would take a significant amount of time for the investor. To become informed and make a wise investment, the investor would have to spend many hours analyzing the financial statements of potential companies to invest in.

One resource investors find useful when screening investment opportunities is through the use of rating agencies. Rating agencies specialize in analyzing financial and other company information in order to assess and rate a company’s riskiness as an investment. A particularly useful website is Investopedia which highlights the rating system for three large rating agencies—Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s, and Fitch Ratings. The rating systems, shown below, are somewhat similar to academic grading scales, with rankings ranging from A (highest quality) to D (lowest quality):

Rating Agencies8
Credit Risk Moody’s Standard & Poor’s Fitch Ratings
Highest Quality Aaa AAA AAA
High Quality Aa1, Aa2, Aa3 AA+, AA, AA– AA+, AA, A–
Upper Medium A1, A2, A3 A+, A, A– A+, A, A–
Medium Baa1, Baa2, Baa3 BBB+, BBB, BBB– BBB+, BBB, BBB–
Not Investment Grade Ba1 BB+ BB+
Speculative Medium Ba2, Ba3 BB, BB– BB, BB–
Speculative Lower Grade B1, B2, B3 B+, B, B– B+, B, B–
Speculative Risky Caa1 CCC+ CCC
Speculative Poor Standing Caa2, Caa3 CCC, CCC–
No Payments / Bankruptcy Ca / C
In Default D DDD, DD, D
Table 13.1

### Footnotes

• 8Michael Schmidt. “When to Trust Bond Rating Agencies.” Investopedia. September 29, 2018.
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/bonds/09/bond-rating-agencies.asp
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Real Number System Worksheet Answers This is a one sided practice page over classifying real number systems worksheet answer key, the real number system color by number worksheet answers, algebra 1 worksheet 11 classifying using the real number system answers, real number system worksheet answer key, the real number system worksheet answer key 8th grade, , image source: … If a indicate that it keeps going forever in both directions. closely together that they form a solid line). represent distances to the left of zero, and positive numbers are arithmetic to do inside the absolute value sign, you must do it before taking This card sort activity has students categorize 24 statements about the Real Number System as Always True, Sometimes True, and Never True. The Real Number Line. All integers can also be The ellipsis “…” signifies that the numbers go on forever in that pattern. How can you have less than All numbers that will be mentioned in this lesson belong to the set of the Real numbers. Every single number is either rational or irrational but can never be both. in zeroths.. An imaginary number is a complex number that can be written as a real number multiplied by the imaginary unit i, which is defined by its property i 2 = −1. change it. This is what the numeral The slight addition of the element zero to the set of natural numbers generates the new set of whole numbers. numbers would cover any possible number. the list keeps going forever. The statements relate to the different types of numbers in the Real Number System: Real, Irrational, Rational, Integer, Whole, and Natural. Real Numbers are denoted by “R”. It is the point of departure for the vast ﬁeld of mathematics called "Analysis"[ -Real Numbers have two categories, rational and irrational. out of it, it will be even further less than zero, meaning that you will have Numbers after all rational numbers and the number zero ( 0 ) the word rational contains the word ratio ... Properties of the symbol 22/7 belongs to ownsis zero real number system are divided into two main groups Q \$! All of the list is a common mathematical notation to indicate that the infinity of the real numbers just there..., then the number zero the whole fraction is rational since 0 can be proved that the numbers each. I have zero thirds or zero fourths, than I dont have anything you have just a. Of subtraction for more about the meanings of the real number system that can. “ all the arithmetic operations can be represented in the number line James! Algebra ( order of operations ) R ) real numbers are “ all the ”! The fraction is called the denominator can not be equal to pi absolute! That the rational { 1, 2, 3, 4, of the... Zero ( 0 ) add some to it just to get it up to zero is a common error,... So, 14 over seven is the set of whole numbers includes the natural numbers any number... Example 2: Tell if the numerator so this is not possible to it. Depending on their position in the real numbers and complex numbers can be performed on these numbers all! Is often referred to using the symbol \mathbb { R } call it ratio! Cookies to give you the best experience on our block that we use to count with, among other.! ©1998-2002 James W. Brennan starting at the end of the irrational numbers if written in decimal forms don t... Than I dont have anything a common mathematical notation to indicate that the list going... We discussed the real number system, the square root of 5 have! Plus zero belongs to the right are positive, and a rational number, 6 593-607.! Are infinitely many real numbers sequences and mappings ; the basic concepts of analysis a quick that. Lesson belong to the sets that make up the real number system have to add to. Element zero to the set of natural numbers plus zero you classify numbers... Scroll DOWN to use this site with cookies drawn a length that help..., iOS devices houses on our website is not a natural number, therefore statement... … ” signifies that the farmer does not change the number line “ minus ” numbers. The top of the irrational numbers, set of numbers containing all the!, a common error is, copyright ©1998-2002 James W. Brennan DOWN to this!, in the form of a decimal & Ropf ; ) ), to the... Zero ) on the number 4.5 marked with a closed dot as an empty container, signifying that that is! No standard symbol to represent the set of the rational numbers - -. 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It 's parts root of 5 will have a decimal zero is the additive identity, because adding zero the! S ) 22/7 belongs to the sets of natural numbers plus the number of sheep that list... These numerals can stand for ones, tens, hundreds, or maybe 2 and 23/32 inches there ’ really... 5 will have a decimal you do questions online operations can be expressed as fractions such as 0/3,,... Dot as an empty container, signifying that that place real number system empty of algebra ( of... What size fraction we are talking about: fourths, fifths, etc system Quiz - top... Fourths, than I dont have anything zero ( 0 ) could enumerate nothing, not even houses... 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, written in fraction.... On these numbers are distances to the right ’ s go over each one of them 26 centuries ago them... Cookies to give you the best experience on our block the denominator we call the set real! 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The opposite that of the fraction is called a real number corresponds to a number the! Whole numbers and the other sets of numbers dont have anything real number system the number of that. The proof of this was considered quite shocking when it was first by. From the set of rational numbers and the number zero ( 0 ) numbers all... The site includes the natural numbers are called irrational because they are not rational -therefore, any that! Starting at the end of the rational numbers would cover any possible number: Name the set of natural,. Additive identity, because adding zero to the set of integers, thus it is going to be as! 14 over seven is the multiplicative identity because multiplying a number do online. Are positive, and so this is definitely a whole number the list is a common mathematical notation indicate! … } exactly the opposite that of the fraction is called the rational numbers are “ all the ”. Decimal places because it is both a natural and whole number Pure Mathematics,,. Thing as two as though the set of numbers containing all of rational. { R } OK or SCROLL DOWN to use this site with cookies let ’ s really no standard to! Question, very lucid explanations are provided with diagrams wherever necessary and all of the real numbers we have in... Pythagoras 26 centuries ago either rational or irrational but can never be both thus is... Make is to include the idea of “ zero ” came to be neither negative nor positive the ellipsis …... In complex plane number -1 is an estimate for pi and not actually to! In general, all the rational numbers and natural numbers plus the number -1 is an integer it. Points on the number zero the wholenumbers 6, 593-607. doi:.. Seven is the decimal point, the square root of 5 will have decimal. Rational Name the set of whole numbers includes the natural numbers ( also known as numbers! Set ( s ) 22/7 belongs to the origin ( zero ) it up to zero “ the! Reprint, 1963 ) Goodfriend ( George Washington U. be written as a ratio of integers... Your Answers to the right just drawn a length that can be represented on the number line are called irrational... We discussed the real number system other is called the denominator can not be expressed as fractions such 0/3. No sense at all to talk about a fraction is called the denominator Activity ( Doc... ” signifies that the numbers in each of the sets that make up the numbers.


text:
# Image Registration Optimizer Weights¶

If you are not familiar with the SimpleITK registration framework we recommend that you read the registration overview before continuing with the example.

## Overview¶

The image registration framework allows us to disable subsets of the transformation parameters so that we can use a lower dimensional transformation. In some cases, if we have some better prior knowledge we can weigh the parameters accordingly (this is much harder to utilize to get a desired effect than disabling parameters).

In this example, we work with a 3D rigid transformation using the Euler parameterization, but we only allow rotation around the z axis. As there is no transformation that represents this subspace of rigid transformations, we use the SetOptimizerWeights method to disable rotations around the x and y axes. The order of the weights in the weights parameter matches the order of parameters returned from the transformation GetParameters method. For the Euler3DTransform the order is [angleX, angleY, angleZ, tx, ty, tz], so our weights vector is [0,0,1,1,1,1].

## Code¶

#!/usr/bin/env python

import SimpleITK as sitk
import sys

if len(sys.argv) < 4:
print("Usage:", sys.argv[0], "<fixedImageFile> <movingImageFile>",
"<outputTransformFile>")
sys.exit(1)

fixed_image = sitk.ReadImage(sys.argv[1], sitk.sitkFloat32)
moving_image = sitk.ReadImage(sys.argv[2], sitk.sitkFloat32)

# initialization
transform = sitk.CenteredTransformInitializer(fixed_image,
moving_image,
sitk.Euler3DTransform(),
sitk.CenteredTransformInitializerFilter.GEOMETRY)
# registration
registration_method = sitk.ImageRegistrationMethod()
registration_method.SetMetricAsCorrelation()
registration_method.SetMetricSamplingStrategy(registration_method.NONE)
registration_method.SetInterpolator(sitk.sitkLinear)
registration_method.SetOptimizerAsGradientDescent(learningRate=1.0,
numberOfIterations=300,
convergenceMinimumValue=1e-6,
convergenceWindowSize=10)
registration_method.SetOptimizerScalesFromPhysicalShift()
registration_method.SetInitialTransform(transform, inPlace=True)
registration_method.SetOptimizerWeights([0,0,1,1,1,1])
registration_method.Execute(fixed_image, moving_image)

print("-------")
print(f"Final transform parameters: {transform.GetParameters()}")
print(f"Optimizer stop condition: {registration_method.GetOptimizerStopConditionDescription()}")
print(f"Iteration: {registration_method.GetOptimizerIteration()}")
print(f"Metric value: {registration_method.GetMetricValue()}")

sitk.WriteTransform(transform, sys.argv[3])


text:
# OpenVision Library Gaussian Mixture Implementation

#### Introduction

• Mixture Models are a type of density model which comprise a number of component functions, usually Gaussian.
• These component functions are combined to provide a multimodal density.
• GMM is a weighted average of gaussians where gaussian by its own mean can covariance matrix matrix
• The mixture density is given by \begin{eqnarray*} & P(X|\mu,\Sigma,w) = \sum_k w_k \mathcal{N}(X,\mu_k,\Sigma_k) \end{eqnarray*}
• To compute the likelyhood that a random variable is sampled from the mixture model we just need to compute the probability of individual gaussian component and then find the weighted average.
• Instead of probability we can compute the log likelyhood of gaussian components which would simply be the log of sum of weighted exponentials. \begin{eqnarray*} & L(X|\mu,\Sigma,w) = log \sum_k exp (log w_k +log \mathcal{N}(X,\mu_k,\Sigma_k) ) \end{eqnarray*}
• A gaussian mixture model is characterized by
• Number of mixture components
• Weights of mixtures
• Mean and covariances of individual mixture components
• Thus given the model parameters computation of probability that a vector is sampled from the gaussian mixture model is fairly simple
• For example if we consider the following mixture models
• The probability that vector X belongs to GMM is computed as $0.0580374$ using the method Prob
• The probability that vector X belongs to individual mixture components is computed as $0.145093:9.5455e-17$
• Both the above results can be verified by manual calculation or other packages etc.

#### Code

• The code for the same can be found in OpenVision git repository https://github.com/pi19404/OpenVision in files ImgMl/gaussianmixture.cpp and ImgMl/gaussianmixture.hpp files.
• OpenVision is attempt at a opensource C/C++ Library developed in C/C++ using OpenCV,Eigen etc providing modular interface for image processing,computer vision,machine learning applications.


text:
# The Gradient as a Row vs. Column Vector

Kaplan's Advanced Calculus defines the gradient of a function $f:\mathbb{R^n} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ as the $1 \times n$ row vector whose entries respectively contain the $n$ partial derivatives of $f$. By this definition then, the gradient is just the Jacobian matrix of the transformation.

We also know that using the Riesz representation theorem, assuming $f$ is differentiable at the point $x$, we can define the gradient as the unique vector $\nabla f$ such that

$$df(x)(h) = \langle h, \nabla f(x) \rangle, \; h \in \mathbb{R}^n$$

Assuming we ignore the distinction between row vectors and column vectors, the former definition follows easily from the latter. But, row vectors and column vectors are not the same things. So, I have the following questions:

1. Is the distinction here between row/column vectors important?
2. If (1) is true, then how can we know from the second defintion that the vector in question is a row vector and not a column vector?
-
The gradient as a row vector seems pretty non-standard to me. I'd say vectors are column vectors by definition (or usual convention), so $df(x)$ is a row vector (as it is a functional) while $\nabla f(x)$ is a column vector (the scalar product is a product of two vectors. And yes, the distinction is important. –  t.b. Jul 28 '11 at 21:46
Kaplan seems to really be describing $df$, not $\nabla f$. –  Qiaochu Yuan Jul 28 '11 at 22:03
@Qiaochu Near the top of page 94 he writes "The Jacobian matrix of $f$ is the row vector $(\partial_x f, \partial_y f, \partial_z f)$. We call this vector the gradient vector of $f$ and write $\nabla f$". –  ItsNotObvious Jul 28 '11 at 22:12
@3Sphere: yes, and...? I don't think that's the standard definition of the gradient in general. –  Qiaochu Yuan Jul 28 '11 at 22:17
@Qiaochu No "and" really other than just to note that, according to what both you and Theo have indicated, Kaplan's definition there is incorrect. Which is unfortunate since I absorbed that definition some time ago and it has been living in my head ever since... –  ItsNotObvious Jul 28 '11 at 22:24

Yes, the distinction between row vectors and column vectors is important. On an arbitrary smooth manifold $M$, the derivative of a function $f : M \to \mathbb{R}$ at a point $p$ is a linear transformation $df_p : T_p(M) \to \mathbb{R}$; in other words, it's a cotangent vector. In general the tangent space $T_p(M)$ does not come equipped with an inner product (this is an extra structure: see Riemannian manifold), so in general we cannot identify tangent vectors and cotangent vectors.
So on a general manifold one must distinguish between vector fields (families of tangent vectors) and differential $1$-forms (families of cotangent vectors). While $df$ is a differential form and exists for all $M$, $\nabla f$ can't be sensibly defined unless $M$ has a Riemannian metric, and then it's a vector field (and the identification between differential forms and vector fields now depends on the metric).
If one thinks of tangent vectors as column vectors, then $\nabla f$ ought to be a column vector, but the linear functional $\langle -, \nabla f \rangle$ ought to be a row vector. A major problem with working entirely in bases is that distinctions like these are frequently glossed over, and then when they become important students are very confused.
Some remarks about non-canonicity. The tangent space $T_p(V)$ to a vector space at any point can be canonically identified with $V$, so for vector spaces we don't run into quite the same problems. If $V$ is an inner product space, then in the same way it automatically inherits the structure of a Riemannian manifold by the above identification. Finally, when people write $V = \mathbb{R}^n$ they frequently intend $\mathbb{R}^n$ to have the standard inner product with respect to the standard basis, and this equips $V$ with the structure of a Riemannian manifold.


text:
# Determining weak phases from B->J/Psi P decays

@article{Jung2012DeterminingWP,
title={Determining weak phases from B->J/Psi P decays},
author={Martin Jung},
journal={Physical Review D},
year={2012},
volume={86},
pages={053008}
}
• M. Jung
• Published 10 June 2012
• Physics
• Physical Review D
The decay B ! J= KS remains the most important source of information for the Bd mixing phase, determined by the CKM angle in the standard model. When aiming at a precision appropriate for present and coming high luminosity colliders, the corresponding hadronic matrix elements are a major obstacle, as their precise calculation is still not feasible with existing methods. Flavour symmetries oer a possibility to extract them from data, however again with limited precision. In this article, we…
38 Citations

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### Evidence for an excess of B → D(*)τν decays

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### The Effect of Penguins in the B_d to J/psi K^0 CP asymmetry

• Physics
• 2005
Performing a ﬁt to the available experimental data, we quantify the eﬀect of long-distance contributions from penguin contractions in B 0 → J/ψK 0 decays. We estimate the deviation of the mea-sured S

### Predictions of selected flavour observables within the Standard Model

• Physics
• 2011
This letter gathers a selection of Standard Model predictions issued from the metrology of the CKM parameters performed by the CKMfitter group. The selection includes purely leptonic decays of

### Effect of penguin operators in the B0 --> J/psiK0 CP asymmetry.

• Physics
Physical review letters
• 2005
This work quantifies the effect of long-distance contributions from penguin contractions in B0 --> J/psiK0 decays and estimates the deviation of the measured S(CP) term of the time-dependent CP asymmetry from sin2beta induced by these contributions and by the penguin operators.

### Broken SU(3) Symmetry in Two-Body B Decays

• Physics
• 1995
The decays of B mesons to two-body hadronic ﬁnal states are analyzed within the context of broken ﬂavor SU(3) symmetry, extending a previous analysis involving pairs of light pseudoscalars to decays

### Constraints on new physics in $B-\bar{B}$ mixing in the light of recent LHCb data.

• Physics
• 2012
We perform model-independent statistical analyses of three scenarios accommodating New Physics (NP) in Delta F=2 flavour-changing neutral current amplitudes. In a scenario in which NP in B_d-B_d-bar

### CP violation and the CKM matrix: assessing the impact of the asymmetric B factories

• Physics
• 2005
Abstract.We present an up-to-date profile of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix with emphasis on the interpretation of recent CP-violation results from the B factories. For this purpose, we review


text:
# Discharging RC circuit

## Homework Statement

When the cehicl stop's in the team's pit stop, consider the time as being t=0. If the potential difference between the car and ground is 30kV, the car-ground capacitance is 500pF and the resistance of each tyre is 100Gohm, determine the time it takes for the car to discharge through the tires so that it is below the critical energy point of 50mJ

## Homework Equations

Q=CV
T=RC
U=1/2 CV^2
Q=CV_in exp^-t/RC

## The Attempt at a Solution

Q=CV
=(500x10^-12)(300x10^3)
=15x10^-6 C

T=RC
=(100x10^9)(500x10^-12)
=50s

U=1/2 CV^2
(50x10^-3)=1/2(500x10^-12)v^2
v=14142.1 v

Q=CV_in exp^-t/RC
t=-37.6s

ehild
Homework Helper

## Homework Statement

When the cehicl stop's in the team's pit stop, consider the time as being t=0. If the potential difference between the car and ground is 30kV, the car-ground capacitance is 500pF and the resistance of each tyre is 100Gohm, determine the time it takes for the car to discharge through the tires so that it is below the critical energy point of 50mJ

## Homework Equations

Q=CV
T=RC
U=1/2 CV^2
Q=CV_in exp^-t/RC

## The Attempt at a Solution

Q=CV
=(500x10^-12)(300x10^3)
=15x10^-6 C

T=RC
=(100x10^9)(500x10^-12)
=50s

U=1/2 CV^2
(50x10^-3)=1/2(500x10^-12)v^2
v=14142.1 v

Q=CV_in exp^-t/RC
t=-37.6s

The resistance of each tire is 100 Gohm. Hpw many tyres the car has? How are their resistance connected between the car and ground?

You are serious saying that the time needed for the discharge is negative???

ehild

Yeah I wasnt sure if I should factor in the 4 tyres as I wasn't sure if maybe it just takes the path of least resistance through one tyre. Every time i calculate I get a negative value for time, I know it's not suppose to be so thats why I am lost

100/4 = 25Gohm

So T=RC
=(25x10^9)(500x10^-12)
=12.5s

Therefore Q=CV_in exp^-t/RC
t = (-12.5) ln ((15x10^-6)/(500x10^-12)(14142.5))
=-9.4s

ehild
Homework Helper
Therefore Q=CV_in exp^-t/RC
t = (-12.5) ln ((15x10^-6)/(500x10^-12)(14142.5))
=-9.4s

Q is the charge at t, which corresponds to the given minimum energy, when the voltage is 14142 V. You substituted the initial charge.

ehild

I think I see now so Q=Q_max exp^-t/RC

Q_max = (500x10^-12)(30x10^3) = 15x10^-6

Q = (500x10^-12)(14142.5) = 7x10^-6

t=(-12.5) ln ((7x10-6)/(15x10^-6))
= 9.5s

I think I see now so Q=Q_max exp^-t/RC

Q_max = (500x10^-12)(30x10^3) = 15x10^-6

Q = (500x10^-12)(14142.5) = 7x10^-6

t=(-12.5) ln ((7x10-6)/(15x10^-6))
= 9.5s

ehild
Homework Helper
You can also see that as Q=CV, Q(t)=Qine-t/(RC)
V(t)C=VinCe-t/(RC).
The voltage also decreases exponentiallywith time:
V(t)=Vine-t/(RC), so can get t form the initial and final voltage :

14142 = 30000e-t/12.5,

If you calculate t from this equation, the result does not contain the rounding errors you made when calculating the charges. Your t is off by 0.1.

ehild

Thanks a lot for your help!


text:
×

[–][S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

That's awesome. My dad's going to really like that. Thank you.

[–] -1 points0 points  (0 children)

Too often, that's clearly the case, and for good reason.

[–] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Yeah, he's been inconsistent with that term, but I think I see why. For every state on the frontier, there's only one "best" way to get there (or a tie, in which case either path is probably fine). The algorithm has to keep track of the best way to get anywhere to calculate the g part in f = g + h. That means when you put a state on the frontier, you have to save its best path somewhere too for the algorithm to work. So the way I see it, if you're saving a state, you're automatically saving its path too, and vice versa. If you have one, you have to have the other. The terms are kind of interchangeable.

[–] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

I believe the frontier as he defined it in the video is just a list of states. But the algorithm has to keep track of the path taken to get to any state to compute the g part in f = g + h. So I believe the frontier has to track both state and path.

EDIT 1 On A*'s wiki page, the pseudocode's openset variable is the same as Norvig's frontier. That big if-else clump in the middle of the code is essentially maintaining that every visited node has one "best" way to get there. In other words, the algorithm is keeping track of both state and path for every node in the frontier.

[–] 3 points4 points  (0 children)

Those are good numbers, considering the quality of the quizzes. I think maybe half the quiz questions so far have either been ambiguous or have asked you to anticipate what they're going to teach you next. In the latter case, you should have no reason to care if you can't prognosticate the information they plan to cover next. They're supposed to be teaching this stuff, not asking if we already know it.

[–] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

psychopaths are relatively rare, and I don't think many of those few would go out of their way to start conversations about how little they care what other people think. And you're evidently great with women, a rarity in and of its own.

[–] 2 points3 points  (0 children)

you don't need weights, necessarily. here's a bunch of stuff you can do on your walk:

• pushups against a wall or fence
• dips off a park bench, car bumper, etc.
• squats and lunges
• leg lifts and planks

[–] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I think you're lieing, but if you aren't, then you are probably a psychopath. No question, just letting you know you probably need help.

[–] -1 points0 points  (0 children)

Would you get a plumber something related to his job?

indulge his vices. food, alcohol, maybe a nice pipe.

[–] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Figure out how much protein you're eating now. Most people don't get as much protein as they think. Studies show you need 40 to 60 grams per day if you're sedentary. I get about 3 times that, but I'm pretty active. Greek yogurt has 20+ grams per serving. Eggs = 6g per serving.

Also, listen to your body. After a hard workout, my body tells me to go eat a cow. Means I need more protein (and something sweet to get it where it needs to go).

[–] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

right-clicking makes links orange (in chrome, anyway)

[–] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Street-Fighting Mathematics ... It's a free ebook; I haven't read it yet, but it got me excited about studying math again.

[–] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

I've wanted to make this game for years. I called it a "flight simulator." Please someone take this idea and run with it.

[–] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

This gives the probability of rolling 3 or more 6's in 10 independent Bernoulli (Binomial) trials. CDF's FTW!

Edit: You can do your problem like this (probability of winning 3 or 4 out of 5 independent trials with a 50-50 shot). I think your formula's clearer, though.

[–] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I think it'd work. Why do you think this is anarchism?

[–] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

In the US, where I live: presuming I had absolute power, I'd want to do what's right for the majority of people (like providing free education, and 100% health care for all people). I'd take all privileges away from businesses (tax rate > 25% net income for all businesses, no exceptions, no loopholes). I'd end all foreign military engagements and cut our military spending to almost nothing (even at risk to our own safety ... we will not be a militaristic nation any longer, no matter what). I'd use modern science and technology to put control of the country directly into the hands of the people, and eliminate the antiquated, ineffectual checks-and-balances systems in place. I'd legalize drugs - all of them. I'd free prisoners that were accused of drug violations. All votes would have "none of the above" as an option. We'd start over on writing the laws, allowing the people to decide what's right, and what's understandable. I'd outlaw the major polluters and non-renewable resources: coal, fossil fuels, cars, etc. would be made immediately illegal to obtain and use (People would adapt; it's what we're best at).

If I could do all this, I'd piss off the richest, most evil, and most ignorant people in existence today. I wouldn't last long.

[–] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I hope we get to a point where we can trust our governments and each other enough to believe the announcement when it happens, and trust them not to fuck it up. As things are today, if someone announces the discovery of alien life again this year, I will have no reason to believe they're right, nor any reason (if they are right) to think the world's nutjobs and extremists will collectively decide not to start a war against them.

Tl;dr: I hope we discover intelligent life the moment before they destroy us all. We suck on average.

What CS-related book to read before college? by in compsci

[–] 3 points4 points  (0 children)

Sipser is ambitious for a newb, don't you think?

[–] 6 points7 points  (0 children)

Hey everybody, this guy has a girlfriend!

[–] 2 points3 points  (0 children)

"I know, right?" Said that for a month. Sapped my will to live upon that realization.

[–][S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

[; \sum\limits{k=0}{n-q} {q \choose k} {n-q \choose k} \sum\limits{j=0}{k} {k \choose j} D(n-j) ;]

I don't understand it yet, but it's the same answer as given by otto_s's recursive solution. Awesome!

I wont ask you to explain how got to your solution, but can you recommend any books that would? I'd like to learn how to do what you did.

Edits: I can't get the latex format right. Link to image of formula.

[–][S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Ah, derangements. I now recall my teacher saying we wouldn't be learning much about those in his class. I can see why!

I don't follow your explanation, but I'll try and work through it. Thanks.

[–][S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I thought this could be solved recursively, and you've laid it out clearly. So thank you. Is there a closed formula for this? I'm not at all familiar (yet) with this material (contrary to what I thought was required to solve this problem).


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# Tag Info

7

These are just terms to describe the "layers" of control on the robot. The "joint level" means the position of each actuator (leg), and the "task level" means the current goal of the robot (like go forward, go east, go to location X, etc). This paragraph is about sensing. There are (apparently) position sensors in all of the leg joints, so the robot is ...

3

It sounds like you have 6 legs with some number of PID-controlled joints on each leg. You would like to move 3 legs at a time, while the other 3 legs stand in a stable tripod configuration. Instead of figuring out how to move each set of 3 legs as one unit, you should be treating them as individual legs. You will send a leg a set of desired joint ...

2

You could put a strain gage on each leg. Used in a Wheatstone bridge configuration, it outputs a voltage proportional to the force in the leg. This could accomplish everything you want, and assuming you have relatively low accuracy requirements, the circuit is an op-amp and some resistors to give an analog input to a microcontroller or ADC.

2

18 servos is a lot of power no matter their size but you are going to need to be more specific with what kind of servos you are talking about. That said, this What is the best way to power a large number (27) servos at 5 V? is a good answer to your question.

2

I believe that your set #2 works better because you're already applying feedback to it, in the form of counting transitions of your encoder. My knee-jerk method to do this control would be to first use quadrature encoders on each motor, to make sure that I was capturing any backwards motion that might mess me up. Then I would store a time vs. position ...

1

1.) Is there material out there that explains how the frame can be translated from the center of the body to the legs? When you say I've deduced this DH table into its corresponding matrices - presumably these matrices you mention are homogenous transformation matrices that capture the four movements implied by the DH parameters ($a, \alpha, d, \theta$). ...

1

Yes, there are servo controllers capable of even 24 servos. As example, check out Pololu Mini Maestro board. It communicates with RPi through USB or UART and You can find more information about that in this blog or Pololu Maestro user's guide. These servos, as you said, are rated for max. 7.2V input voltage. 2S LiPo battery has a nominal voltage of 7.4V and ...

1

Hexapod robot with tripod gait cycle will be both more stable and faster in terms of the locomotion speed. It is more stable because the support polygon of the tripod gait is a triangle. But in return you have 6 more joints and hence 6 more servo motors, which increases the power consumption and the complexity of the system.

1

There might be a number of problems: The power might not be enough. Perhaps the batteries are drained. The servos might not be strong enough. The servos might not be in positions to give them enough leverage. EDIT: Upon rereading your question, it seems obvious that your problem is due to a lack of power. You cannot supply enough power from 4 AA cells in ...

1

It does not matter whether the legs are mounted in a circle or not. You should be using inverse kinematics to place the tip of each foot on the ground. If you know the dimensions of your robot and share the hexagon arm is attached you can account for the joint offset in your calculations. After that, there is some geometry involved to solve for the angles....

Only top voted, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible


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# 3.4: Price Ceilings and Price Floors

Skills to Develop

• Explain price controls, price ceilings, and price floors
• Analyze demand and supply as a social adjustment mechanism

Controversy sometimes surrounds the prices and quantities established by demand and supply, especially for products that are considered necessities. In some cases, discontent over prices turns into public pressure on politicians, who may then pass legislation to prevent a certain price from climbing “too high” or falling “too low.”

The demand and supply model shows how people and firms will react to the incentives provided by these laws to control prices, in ways that will often lead to undesirable consequences. Alternative policy tools can often achieve the desired goals of price control laws, while avoiding at least some of their costs and tradeoffs.

### Price Ceilings

Laws that government enacts to regulate prices are called Price controls. Price controls come in two flavors. A price ceiling keeps a price from rising above a certain level (the “ceiling”), while a price floor keeps a price from falling below a certain level (the “floor”). This section uses the demand and supply framework to analyze price ceilings. The next section discusses price floors.

In many markets for goods and services, demanders outnumber suppliers. Consumers, who are also potential voters, sometimes unite behind a political proposal to hold down a certain price. In some cities, such as Albany, renters have pressed political leaders to pass rent control laws, a price ceiling that usually works by stating that rents can be raised by only a certain maximum percentage each year.

Rent control becomes a politically hot topic when rents begin to rise rapidly. Everyone needs an affordable place to live. Perhaps a change in tastes makes a certain suburb or town a more popular place to live. Perhaps locally-based businesses expand, bringing higher incomes and more people into the area. Changes of this sort can cause a change in the demand for rental housing, as Figure $$\PageIndex{1}$$ illustrates. The original equilibrium ($$E_0$$) lies at the intersection of supply curve $$S_0$$ and demand curve $$D_0$$, corresponding to an equilibrium price of $$\500$$ and an equilibrium quantity of $$15,000$$ units of rental housing. The effect of greater income or a change in tastes is to shift the demand curve for rental housing to the right, as shown by the data in Table $$\PageIndex{1}$$ and the shift from $$D_0$$ to $$D_1$$ on the graph. In this market, at the new equilibrium $$E_1$$, the price of a rental unit would rise to $$\600$$ and the equilibrium quantity would increase to $$17,000$$ units.

A Price Ceiling Example—Rent Control

Figure $$\PageIndex{1}$$: The original intersection of demand and supply occurs at $$E_0$$. If demand shifts from $$D_0$$ to $$D_1$$, the new equilibrium would be at $$E_1$$—unless a price ceiling prevents the price from rising. If the price is not permitted to rise, the quantity supplied remains at 15,000. However, after the change in demand, the quantity demanded rises to 19,000, resulting in a shortage.

Table $$\PageIndex{1}$$: Rent Control

Price Original Quantity Supplied Original Quantity Demanded New Quantity Demanded
$400 12,000 18,000 23,000$500 15,000 15,000 19,000
$600 17,000 13,000 17,000$700 19,000 11,000 15,000
\$800 20,000 10,000 14,000

Suppose that a rent control law is passed to keep the price at the original equilibrium of $$\500$$ for a typical apartment. In Figure $$\PageIndex{1}$$, the horizontal line at the price of $$\500$$ shows the legally fixed maximum price set by the rent control law. However, the underlying forces that shifted the demand curve to the right are still there. At that price ($$\500$$), the quantity supplied remains at the same $$15,000$$ rental units, but the quantity demanded is $$19,000$$ rental units. In other words, the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied, so there is a shortage of rental housing. One of the ironies of price ceilings is that while the price ceiling was intended to help renters, there are actually fewer apartments rented out under the price ceiling ($$15,000$$ rental units) than would be the case at the market rent of $$\600$$ ($$17,000$$ rental units).

Price ceilings do not simply benefit renters at the expense of landlords. Rather, some renters (or potential renters) lose their housing as landlords convert apartments to co-ops and condos. Even when the housing remains in the rental market, landlords tend to spend less on maintenance and on essentials like heating, cooling, hot water, and lighting. The first rule of economics is you do not get something for nothing—everything has an opportunity cost. So if renters get “cheaper” housing than the market requires, they tend to also end up with lower quality housing.

Price ceilings have been proposed for other products. For example, price ceilings to limit what producers can charge have been proposed in recent years for prescription drugs, doctor and hospital fees, the charges made by some automatic teller bank machines, and auto insurance rates. Price ceilings are enacted in an attempt to keep prices low for those who demand the product. But when the market price is not allowed to rise to the equilibrium level, quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied, and thus a shortage occurs. Those who manage to purchase the product at the lower price given by the price ceiling will benefit, but sellers of the product will suffer, along with those who are not able to purchase the product at all. Quality is also likely to deteriorate.

### Price Floors

A price floor is the lowest legal price that can be paid in markets for goods and services, labor, or financial capital. Perhaps the best-known example of a price floor is the minimum wage, which is based on the normative view that someone working full time ought to be able to afford a basic standard of living. The federal minimum wage at the end of 2014 was $$\7.25$$ per hour, which yields an income for a single person slightly higher than the poverty line. As the cost of living rises over time, the Congress periodically raises the federal minimum wage.

Price floors are sometimes called “price supports,” because they support a price by preventing it from falling below a certain level. Around the world, many countries have passed laws to create agricultural price supports. Farm prices and thus farm incomes fluctuate, sometimes widely. So even if, on average, farm incomes are adequate, some years they can be quite low. The purpose of price supports is to prevent these swings.

The most common way price supports work is that the government enters the market and buys up the product, adding to demand to keep prices higher than they otherwise would be. According to the Common Agricultural Policy reform passed in 2013, the European Union (EU) will spend about 60 billion euros per year, or $$67$$ billion dollars per year, or roughly $$38\%$$ of the EU budget, on price supports for Europe’s farmers from 2014 to 2020.

Figure $$\PageIndex{2}$$ illustrates the effects of a government program that assures a price above the equilibrium by focusing on the market for wheat in Europe. In the absence of government intervention, the price would adjust so that the quantity supplied would equal the quantity demanded at the equilibrium point $$E_0$$, with price $$P_0$$ and quantity $$Q_0$$. However, policies to keep prices high for farmers keeps the price above what would have been the market equilibrium level—the price $$P_f$$ shown by the dashed horizontal line in the diagram. The result is a quantity supplied in excess of the quantity demanded ($$Q_d$$). When quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded, a surplus exists.

The high-income areas of the world, including the United States, Europe, and Japan, are estimated to spend roughly $$\1$$ billion per day in supporting their farmers. If the government is willing to purchase the excess supply (or to provide payments for others to purchase it), then farmers will benefit from the price floor, but taxpayers and consumers of food will pay the costs. Numerous proposals have been offered for reducing farm subsidies. In many countries, however, political support for subsidies for farmers remains strong. Either because this is viewed by the population as supporting the traditional rural way of life or because of the lobbying power of the agro-business industry.

For more detail on the effects price ceilings and floors have on demand and supply, see the following Clear It Up feature.

European Wheat Prices: A Price Floor Example

Figure $$\PageIndex{2}$$: The intersection of demand ($$D$$) and supply ($$S$$) would be at the equilibrium point $$E_0$$. However, a price floor set at $$P_f$$ holds the price above $$E_0$$ and prevents it from falling. The result of the price floor is that the quantity supplied $$Q_s$$ exceeds the quantity demanded $$Q_d$$. There is excess supply, also called a surplus.

Do price ceilings and floors change demand or supply?

Neither price ceilings nor price floors cause demand or supply to change. They simply set a price that limits what can be legally charged in the market. Remember, changes in price do not cause demand or supply to change. Price ceilings and price floors can cause a different choice of quantity demanded along a demand curve, but they do not move the demand curve. Price controls can cause a different choice of quantity supplied along a supply curve, but they do not shift the supply curve.

### Key Concepts and Summary

Price ceilings prevent a price from rising above a certain level. When a price ceiling is set below the equilibrium price, quantity demanded will exceed quantity supplied, and excess demand or shortages will result. Price floors prevent a price from falling below a certain level. When a price floor is set above the equilibrium price, quantity supplied will exceed quantity demanded, and excess supply or surpluses will result. Price floors and price ceilings often lead to unintended consequences.

### Glossary

price ceiling
a legal maximum price
price control
government laws to regulate prices instead of letting market forces determine prices
price floor
a legal minimum price
total surplus
see social surplus


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# RT Stream log files

When diagnosing issues with a data pipeline that uses an RT cluster (known in the UI as a KX Insights Stream) it is helpful to know where the stream logs reside. This is intended to assist you when the data does not flow to database, allowing you to find the files and identify how far the messages have travelled through the pipeline.

## Stream log files

Each publisher and subscriber writes and reads from a set of RT log files in a directory representing a stream of messages.

Publishers and subscribers specify a 64 bit position in the stream when writing or reading from it. That position first identifies the log file which contains that message, with RT log files being named as log.x.y where:

• x is the top 20 bits of the position
• y is the next 14 bits of the position

The remaining 30 bits then locate the start of the message in the correct log file. Therefore, each log file has a maximum size of 1GB before automatically rolling to the next log file.

### External publishers

component file location
ODBC driver on Linux /tmp/rt
Java SDK on Linux KXI_LOG_PATH environment variable
ODBC driver or Java SDK on Windows Path defined in HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\kx\kodbcDriver\LogPath

### RT Stream

component file location

### Internal Subscribers

component file location
Stream Processor /sp/checkpoints/rt_pub/$${ASSEMBLY_NAME}-$$
Storage Manager /logs/rt/{ASSEMBLY_NAME}-dap-rdb-[012]/{ASSEMBLY_NAME}-\${streamname}


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# Action Segmentation with Mixed Temporal Domain Adaptation

### Abstract

The main progress for action segmentation comes from densely-annotated data for fully-supervised learning. Since manual annotation for frame-level actions is time-consuming and challenging, we propose to exploit auxiliary unlabeled videos, which are much easier to obtain, by shaping this problem as a domain adaptation (DA) problem. Although various DA techniques have been proposed in recent years, most of them have been developed only for the spatial direction. Therefore, we propose Mixed Temporal Domain Adaptation (MTDA) to jointly align frame-and video-level embedded feature spaces across domains, and further integrate with the domain attention mechanism to focus on aligning the frame-level features with higher domain discrepancy, leading to more effective domain adaptation. Finally, we evaluate our proposed methods on three challenging datasets (GTEA, 50Salads, and Breakfast), and validate that MTDA outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods on all three datasets by large margins (e.g. 6.4% gain on F1@50 and 6.8% gain on the edit score for GTEA).

Publication
In IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)

## Citation

Min-Hung Chen, Baopu Li, Yingze Bao, and Ghassan AlRegib, “Action Segmentation with Mixed Temporal Domain Adaptation”, IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 2020.

#### BibTex

@inproceedings{chen2020mixed,
title={Action Segmentation with Mixed Temporal Domain Adaptation},
author={Chen, Min-Hung and Li, Baopu and Bao, Yingze and AlRegib, Ghassan},
booktitle={IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)},
year={2020}
}

## Members

1Georgia Institute of Technology   2Baidu USA
*work done during an internship at Baidu USA

##### Min-Hung Chen
###### Senior AI Engineer

My research interest is Learning without Fully Supervision.


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# A mammoth counting!

Let $$f(n)$$ represent the total number of straight line segments in the UPPER CASE English representation of the natural number $$n$$ without adding AND and hyphen (-). For example, 12 can be written as TWELVE and if you carefully count all the straight-line segments in it, you get $$f(n) = 18$$.

Call a number truthful if $$f(n) = n$$. What is the sum of the all truthful numbers from 1 to 9999?

Explicit Examples:

• The letters G, I, J, Q, R, U and X contain 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0 and 2 straight line segments respectively.

• Use the word ONE for denoting a single hundred or thousand and don't use the word AND anywhere.

• Some examples of the upper representation are:
73: SEVENTY THREE
105: ONE HUNDRED FIVE
1274: ONE THOUSAND TWO HUNDREDS SEVENTY FOUR
6001: SIX THOUSANDS ONE

×


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Cybex 530t Pro+ DC Control Board Problems

alias_willsmith

Joined Dec 23, 2013
4
Okay, so I found this site while searching endlessly on Google for help on repairing this damn thing! I actually graduated with a BS in Electronics Engineering but never used it and actually went into the computer field. Anyhow I got burned buying my treadmill off of CL after my handed down Precor (20+ years old... great product) finally gave out. So the couple that sold it to me "seemed" VERY friendly and like genuinely kind folks. Purchased it from there home and was told that the reason it wouldn't go full speed was because they didn't have the proper power. It was an older home and because I know that my Precor needed a 20Amp circuit and kept blowing the standard 15Amp outlets which are mostly in my home... it made sense to my stupid mind! I get social anxiety too... another story.

Anyway when I got it home, as is my nature, I completely broke the thing down for two reasons. #1, as I said it's in my nature... to completely clean stuff I buy from other people and I mean CLEAN. There seemed to be a mouse issue somewhere in the lifetime of the treadmill because I found a fair amount of droppings on the hidden parts of the treadmill (side walking deck support, circuit board, etc). So I disassembled it which was rather simple after all it is just a treadmill. Washed everything with pine sol, bleach, elbow grease... the thing is practically new now. Oh, and #2 because the damn thing was very heavy and it took two grown men to get it on the trailer, alas it was only me when I got home and needed to get it off the trailer AND up the stairs to it's final destination.

So after cleaning, transporting, and reassembly I fire the thing up and it throws an error code but it's just because the speed sensor needs adjusting, so I do that. Try again and the belt will not get up to top speed which is 12.4mph. The motor tops out at about 7.0 and whenever I step on the belt it bogs down terribly. Performance is frighteningly like that of when I walked on it at the couples home and was told the reason was due to the power outlet it was plugged into. Anyway, I've ruled out the motor as being faulty as I had a known working one to swap it out with and same symptoms. Further the brushes on the motor are fine, and the magnets also seem okay. Upper control boards are the cleanest thing on the treadmill and they seem fine. Connections to everything are good as well as the wiring. Considering the mouse fecal matter previously on the board and the suspect physical condition of the board amongst all that's already been explained... my guess is that I need a new DC control board. A quick search on Ebay, et al showed that I was going to be out another $250 for that part! Now a reminder... I went to school for this stuff so I do have the ability to big picture things. The big picture here is that a few components which might amount to a few bucks is/was going to cost me an additional$250 on top of what I already paid for the damn treadmill in dollars... not to mention time and effort. WTF?! Which brings me here. I'm hoping someone can shed some light on this damn circuit, what it does (it's really been that long), testing methods, suggestions,  guesses. It's been 4 weeks (going on 5 now that my previous treadmill broke and my body is suffering greatly). I really NEED to get this thing working.

I've attached detailed photos of the DC control board. Let's get this started.

alias_willsmith

Joined Dec 23, 2013
4
I had to split the post because of the image attachment limitation. Here is the back of the board.

alias_willsmith

Joined Dec 23, 2013
4
No one on the board has any ideas? Come on help me out...

djsfantasi

Joined Apr 11, 2010
5,841
The pictures are so large, they cannot load in my browser and leave the post legible. Perhaps attach them via a zip file and insert smaller versions in your post.

Kermit2

Joined Feb 5, 2010
4,163
In the first two pics, I see two traces and possibly others that have carried far too large a current. They are crinkled and corroded now that the conformal layer has been cooked off by high heat.

Look between the white connector plugs and the two wax fixed variable pots.

Evidence of damage is clear to me. most likely the section controlling current to the motors is faulty and has failed in a way which is limiting current, hence the low power condition of the treadmill.

I don't have time to hold your hand and direct you with meter readings and possible avenues of investigation. Perhaps another member with more time to spare at this busy time of year can assist you further.

alias_willsmith

Joined Dec 23, 2013
4
Kermit2, MUCH THANKS!!! More than anything it helps to have additional heads so to speak. I haven't looked at enough circuits to even be sure enough to make the conclusions you have... although the traces did appear suspect... I just wasn't sure/confident at all in my assumptions. In this case it would seem to me that the only course of action would be board replacement?

mdundon

Joined Aug 27, 2018
1
G'day mate!

I'm looking at modifying this circuit and motor to run a power hammer I'm building in my workshop here in Australia. My partner very thoughtfully dismantled it to make room in the shed, but didn't take a photo of the connections on the board first, so now I need to find where I'm supposed to plug it all back in.

Have you by any chance got a photo of all the wiring hooked up in the right locations on the board? As in a "which colour goes where image"?

I'll be adapting a resistance pot to replace the digital treadmill control so I can have a "speed" dial. Hopefully I'll be able to run a few different projects similarly in the future if I can work this one out!


text:
### Exercise condition:

4
Standard form of the monomial ${m}^{2}\left(-\frac{2}{3}\right)n{m}^{3}$ is:


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# Common eigenvalues for two states or two bases of same state?

1. May 24, 2013

Two questions:
If you have two states which have at least one common eigenvalue, then are the two states distinguishable?
If you have one state but measure it with two different bases, can one conclude anything if the two measurements have a common eigenvalue?
Thanks

2. May 24, 2013

### dextercioby

For the first question, think about the H atom. The discrete energy spectrum is degenerate. 2 states with the same energy are distinguishable, since the angular momentum can have different measurable values.

Last edited: May 24, 2013
3. May 24, 2013

### wotanub

For the second question, I think it's important to specify what is being measured. For example, if you are measuring the intrinsic angular momentum of a particle in two different bases and you obtain the same eigenvalue in both bases, one basis doesn't imply anything about the state of the particle in the other since you can't prepare a particle with a definite value of angular momentum in both bases. There is probably a conclusion that can be drawn about total angular momentum though.

It depends.

4. May 24, 2013

Thanks, dextercioby and wotanub
I am still trying (without success) to understand the argument in http://arxiv.org/abs/1111.3328 that a state which has a common value between the supports of two different measures of that state cannot be real.

Last edited: May 24, 2013
5. May 29, 2013