text:
# Steam Engine Design/Bump Valve

Steam Engine Design/Valves

# Design View

This valve design features the "chinese hat" profile mentioned in the SACA discussions below. It would be turned from high carbon steel and tempered to harden it It has a slightly flattened point where the bump pin hits it. This distributes contact and should improve wear. Seating of the valve is important or steam will leak into the cylinder chamber.

An improvement over the last bump valve design by having a valve enclosure that seats the valve springs and brings in steam from the top. Stem input port would be threaded to receive a standard dia (1/2" ?) cast iron nipple. Valve enclose now bolts through the cylinder end cap to a flange on the cylinder. We may need seals between these pieces, perhaps cut from a soft metal like copper.

# Improved Design

The steam inlet has been reduced in space in this design, allowing for a longer valve spring hole. With the springs fully enclosed in the holes, it is hoped to that the springs will not anneal from steam heat, or at the very least, extend their useful lifetime. Also included is an end view. The valve cover can be turned on a lathe and holes drilled out. No milling is needed.

# Wear Characteristics

From SACA ([1]):

The ball has to be harder than the seat other wise the seat will line the ball and it will leak in short time. Steam is a whole new world. soft 304SS seat ,hard ball 440c SS 58r ball , ceramic ball, best. Anything will run on air.

Any idea how many hours you could expect from such a valve?

Depends on how many times it opens per hour, the pressure , the hole diameter in relation to the ball diameter, the temperature and the water quality ,they all add up . We did a lot of testing on valves it is a lot of work and time testing takes time.

The valve (ball?) and seat seem to be pretty straightforward issues--but the pin (or rod) and its mounting on the piston seem to be a source of endless problems. The load concentrations in these components is obvious. Personally, I think the Williams type of impulse valve is a superior solution to the ball and pin type.

I do not know about the White Cliffs' project, but the two best bash valve work was done by Jay Carter and the Mobile Steam Society. Jay showed me two handfuls of experiments that were bent and bruised. He ended up with a Chinese hat shaped thing that had light weight, sealing on a flat surface, self centering, and a lot of area around the edge so he only needed 50 thousandths lift. The MSS went with an upside down mushroom shaped thing so that the bash impact was nowhere near the seating area, that was part of a spherical shape. The trick is to not use a ball bearing or any spherical shape because then the bashing impact will flatten a part of it, unless it is ceramic. These days the smart money is using recompression pressure to lift the bash valve and so then there is no metal touching metal. Tom Kimmel

The people who like bash valves, meaning Jay Carter, do the following analysis: they get about 5% cutoff and thus a 25 - 1 expansion ratio. They get approximately the rpm and torque of a conventional gasoline engine and thus the usual drive train will work. There are some interesting benefits to high speed, and Jay was getting 5,000 rpm, which is difficult to get with any other valve system. The benefits had to do with time. When high temperature, high pressure steam is admitted, you want a very short dwell time for the temperature to convect and the pressure to leak. Therefore there are some very good benefits to having a high speed steam engine. Few other people have explored this aspect of steam. In other words, the bash valve is a proven system, it is just an emotional issue. Tom Kimmel

For vehicles having a wheel diameter between 24 & 25 inches and fixed gear drive ratio between 2.0 and 2.5 to one (1), you can expect a state of the art bump valve to fail within 40 million cycles. However, if you get out of the "box" and incorporate some of the new ideas, you can expect that a failure may occur after 360 million cycles. This is my best guess based on observations combined with analysis.

The person who has the most experience with bash valves is Jay Carter. I have visited him several times in Wichita Falls and seen his shop and handfuls and coffee cans full of mis-shapen and broken clumps of metal, all tested experiments. Jay does not use the computer, he makes things. Therefore do not expect him to weigh in on this discussion as he is probably unaware of it and could not join if he wanted to. His final design, which Jerry Peoples says went 10,000 miles and I believe him, was a Chinese hat with 50 thousandths lift and a spring to push it down and prevent float. It worked up to 5,000 rpm because, first of all, there was a large, possibly close to one inch diameter, valve. The steam came in from the periphery and so there was a lot of area for the steam to move through. This is why a spherical ball is the wrong geometry; it is heavy and has a small cross-section and the square-cube rule starts to get you when you make it larger. Then, Jay used up to 2,000 psi steam. I have no idea how much wire drawing his system suffered from, but at least the steam got into the cylinder. A person might look at the cost, in energy, to make high pressure steam, and it is probably not much, just a little more power to drive the water pump, so one might as well start out with some high pressure steam. It is my opinion that Jay concluded that a bash valve was the only way to get a 25-1 expansion ratio and high rpm speed as any other valve train had too much inertia in it. One should always keep in mind when running a bash valve that clearance volume needs to be carefully considered. There needs to be some or there is no steam flow. Therefore all of the talk at the steam meets about small clearance volume and Jerry Peoples' calculations on the deleterious effects of high clearance volume do not apply to bash valves. Try to not get me started on all of the attempts to make a variable cut-off bash valve or about Bill Cartland's bash valve exhaust valve. Tom Kimmel

## Limitations

As the piston moves from bottom dead center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC) it compresses the air trapped between the top of the exhaust port openings and the top of the cylinder. This compression increases the pressure of this trapped gas as the piston moves up. In order to find the pressure at TDC we can use the ratio of the starting and ending volume and the adiabatic compression equation.

$P V^\gamma = C$
$P_2 = P_1 \left ( \frac{V_1}{V_2} \right ) ^\gamma = P_1 r^\gamma$

Where r is the expansion ratio for the engine. Using the above formula with a starting pressure of 14.7 psi, an expansion ratio of 6, and the value $\gamma \approx 1.31$ for steam, we get a cylinder pressure of 154 psi. If a bump valve engine with the expansion ratio of 6 were to try and operate on ~150 psi input steam, the result would be that the engine ends up doing no useful work, since the pressure in the cylinder is already at 150 psi even before the intake valves open to admit 150 psi "high pressure" input steam. The engine ends up just compressing and decompressing the same working fluid repeatedly, theoretically neither consuming, nor producing any net work. Lowering the expansion ratio will lower the cylinder pressure allowing the engine to begin producing work (a ratio of 4 gives 90 psi before valve opening), however too low of an expansion ratio can limit efficiency.

A second alternative is to run at a higher input pressure. This also makes the engine start producing net work again, however it complicates the engine design due to the added stresses on components. Higher pressure steam also requires higher boiler temperatures and requires more valve spring force to ensure proper closing of the bump valves. Furthermore, if the higher pressure steam is available to make the bump valve work efficiently, than that same higher pressure steam would also be available to other designs, rendering the point moot.

The third possible remedy is to locate the exhaust valve farther up the cylinder allowing some of the trapped air to be exhausted as the piston move toward TDC. This does lower the backpressure induced from this unwanted compression, however it also allows steam to escape before it can be fully decompressed. Using very small exhaust port holes (and very many of them to make up for the lost diameter) may hinder the high pressure steam more effectively than low pressure steam and make this a possibility, but numerical simulations show that designs using this mitigation strategy only work properly over a small range of engine RPM. Variations in engine speed change the amount of time spent at different pressures allowing more or less exhaust potential, throwing off the carefully reached balance between high pressure drag and low pressure escape. All in all, locating the exhaust valves higher to alleviate unwanted compression seems to be a net loss as a mitigation strategy.

The final possibility is to locate the exhaust ports at the very top of the cylinder but provide a way to mechanically open/close them, rather than relying on the piston moving past them to open them. This alleviates the pre-compression problem completely, without disturbing the decompression stroke, but it comes at the cost of increased complexity. Some other valve control mechanism would be needed to control the exhaust valve (be it a slide valve, cam and push-rod valve, electronic valve, etc). If another valve control mechanism is introduced to the design, than in many cases it makes sense to also use that same control mechanism for the intake valves as well bypassing the bump valve design altogether.

Therefore given the potential mitigation strategies to mitigate the unwanted pre-compression of the working space there are only two real options available: go with a pure bump valve design with simple exhaust vents at BDC and just limit the expansion ratio, or throw out the bump valve idea entirely and go with controlled intake and exhaust valves which are actuated by some other control system. Either of these strategies could be pursued to make a working engine, but the upper limit on the expansion ratio places an upper limit on the efficiency of a bump valve based engine. The lower engine efficiency could be offset somewhat by the fact that the resulting exhaust steam will be hotter thereby allowing it to do more of some secondary use, but as for raw engine output it must be considered a loss.

### Valve Timing

Because the bump valve is actuated by the piston itself, the timing of the open/close points must exhibit mirror symmetry around TDC. Adjusting the length of the bump pins on the piston will therefore open the valve earlier and close it later, no gain can be made in the dwell time on one side without the corresponding increase in the other. However, although the valve position must be symmetric about TDC, the flow of incoming steam through the valve is highly asymmetric. The asymmetry arises due to the difference in pressure about the point of TDC. On the compression stroke, the cylinder pressure is lower than the steam pressure and this large pressure difference results in a high flow rate. As the pressure drops the flow rate decreases, meaning that there will always be a larger volume steam admitted during just before TDC, than just after it; no amount of tweaking to the valve dimensions or bump pin length can remove this asymmetry.

Unlike the pre-compression losses described above which lower the rate at which the engine does work but do not do net negative work, the asymmetry in the steam admittance does produce a real loss of net work since the increased pressure on the compression stroke is not met by a corresponding increase on the decompression stroke.

This loss of efficiency is more pronounced at lower engine RPM since more of the steam flow will occur before TDC. At even slower speeds the piston will completely fill to operating pressure before TDC, and then continue to move closer to TDC forcing input steam backwards into the steam chest, and then re-draw this steam through the valves after TDC; thus introducing not only the steam asymmetry losses but also additional wire drawing losses. Furthermore, on engines with long bump pins this spike in backpressure to the steam chest could even introduce additional stresses on the machine leading to earlier metal fatigue and potential failure.


text:
# $F$-isocrystals and their monodromy groups

(1)

## A NNALES SCIENTIFIQUES DE L ’É.N.S.

### F -isocrystals and their monodromy groups

Annales scientifiques de l’É.N.S. 4e série, tome 25, no4 (1992), p. 429-464

<http://www.numdam.org/item?id=ASENS_1992_4_25_4_429_0>

© Gauthier-Villars (Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier), 1992, tous droits réservés.

L’accès aux archives de la revue « Annales scientifiques de l’É.N.S. » (http://www.

elsevier.com/locate/ansens) implique l’accord avec les conditions générales d’utilisation (http://www.numdam.org/conditions). Toute utilisation commerciale ou impression systé- matique est constitutive d’une infraction pénale. Toute copie ou impression de ce fi- chier doit contenir la présente mention de copyright.

Article numérisé dans le cadre du programme Numérisation de documents anciens mathématiques

http://www.numdam.org/

(2)

4s serie, t. 25, 1992, p. 429 a 464.

### F-ISOCRYSTALS AND THEIR MONODROMY GROUPS

BY RICHARD CREW

Introduction

The main object of this paper is to prove a ^-adic analogue of Grothendieck's Global Monodromy Theorem. The theorem in its /-adic form is the following: let A: be a finite field of characteristic p, k^ the algebraic closure of fe, X a normal geometrically connected fe-scheme of finite type, and suppose that p: 7ii(X)-»-GL(V) is an /-adic representation of its fundamental group, where / is a prime different from p. Finally let G denote the Zariski closure in GL (V) of the image under p of the geometric monodromy group Tii (X®/^). The monodromy theorem says that the radical of the connected component G00"" is unipotent. One of the more important applications of this theorem is Deligne's construction [6] of the "determinantal weights" associated to an /-adic representation, a fundamental step in his second proof of the Weil conjectures. It is at first disconcerting to note that there is no corresponding result for j^-adic representations of 7i i. Katz and Lang [10] prove an analogue of the monodromy theorem for /?-adic representations when X/k is smooth and proper, but their result does not hold for nonproper varieties; there are well-known examples of /?-adic characters of n^ (X) of infinite order when X/fc is a smooth affme curve.

On the other hand, p-adic representations do not arise from geometry in the same way as /-adic representations do (e.g. as the monodromy representation coming from the relative /-adic cohomology of a smooth family); what one gets directly from a geometric situation is a more general kind of object, an P-isocrystal. The /?-adic represen- tations can be identified with a full subcategory of the category of F-isocrystals, namely the unit-root F-isocrystals. Thus there can be no analogue of the global monodromy theorem for general F-isocrystals, but then not all F-isocrystals come from geometry. The interesting class seems to be Berthelot's category of overconvergent F- isocrystals ([I], [2]), and it is this category for which we will prove an analogue of the monodromy theorem.

The monodromy groups themselves will be defined by means of the theory of Tan- nakian categories, following the example of Katz [9]. Once we have set up all the requisite machinery, the proof of the monodromy theorem can proceed along the same lines as in [6], which we do in 4. As in the /-adic situation, the basic case is that of an F-isocrystal of rank one, which we treated in [5]. A key part of the rest of the argument

(3)

is the Tannakian description of the category of F-isocrystals on a scheme over a perfect field which we give in 2. The problem is that the category of F-isocrystals on X/K is a non-neutral Tannakian category, and so cannot be described as a category of representa- tions of some group. Of the several ways around this, we have decided to give a description in terms of groups endowed with a "Frobenius structure". This is not really necessary if k is a finite field, for then the category can be "linearized" by replacing the Frobenius by a suitable power. But we will need this technique in other situations, as for example in 3, when we have to study the category of unit-root F-isocrystals in the case when k is algebraically closed. Another possibility is to brutally linearize the category by extension of scalars "a la Saavedra"; this was in fact my original approach to the problem, abandoned for the reasons given in 3. In 5 however we consider the case when k is finite, and show that the methods of 2 amount to the construction of a

"Well group" attached to an F-isocrystal (or to a category of F-isocrystals). The results of 4 then enable us to set up a ^-adic theorey of determinantal weights, and to prove some simple results about them.

The monodromy groups defined here do not seem to be any easier to compute than the differential galois groups computed by Katz [9]. In 4 we treat one of the simpler examples, the overconvergent F-isocrystal coming from the relative H^, of a family of elliptic curves. The corresponding monodromy group turns out to be SL (2), just as in the /-adic case-which might at first seem surprising, for if the family is totally ordinary, the presence of the "unit-root" sub-F-isocrystal makes it appear that the monodromy group should be solvable. In fact, however, the unit-root sub-F-isocrysal is not overcon- vergent, as we pointed out in [5]. That the ^-monodromy group should turn out to be the "same" as the /-adic is very suggestive, although it is not yet clear to what extent the monodromy group of an overconvergent F-isocrystal should resemble the geometric monodromy group of an /-adic representation that is "compatible" with it (for that matter, it is not known whether the members of a compatible system of /-adic representa- tion have the "same" mondromy groups). In a subsequent paper, I will treat another interesting F-isocrystal, the /?-adic hypergeometric equation studied by Dwork and Sper- ber in connection with the theory of Kloosterman sums, and will show that in most cases its (overconvergent) monodromy group is the same as the corresponding /-adic one.

I am grateful to a number of people for the help I received while working on this paper, particularly Ogus, Deligne, Katz, Gabber, Ekedahl, Messing, Berthelot, and the late Phillipe Robba. Much of this work was done while visiting Harvard with the support of an NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship, and I would like to thank these institutions for their support.

1. F-isocrystals

1.1. Fix a perfect field k of characteristic p>0. In what follows, ^-schemes will be assumed to be separated and of finite type. We denote by K (k) the fraction field of the ring of Witt vectors W (fe) of k. Letters like K, L will usually denote finite extensions

46 SERIE - TOME 25 - 1992 - N° 4

(4)

of K (k). Our basic references for the theory of convergent and over convergent isocrystals are [12] and [2]. There are useful summaries in [I], [5], and the sketch which follows is merely meant to establish notation. For any fe-scheme X (separated and of infinite type) the basic constructions give us categories Isoc(X/K), Isoc^X/K) known as the categories of convergent (resp. over convergent) isocrystals on (X|K). In what follows, the term "isocrystal" by itself will mean an object of either category. These categories are of local nature on X and functorial in the pair X/K (we will explain this in a moment). If X/fe is smooth and a formally smooth lifting 3£/R, R being a discrete valuation ring with fraction field K and residue field k, then Isoc (X/K) is equivalent to the category Diff^y (X^) of locally free sheaves on the rigid-analytic space 3?" endowed with a convergent connection; the term convergent means, roughly speaking, that the Taylor series associated to the connection ([5], 1.2.2, [2]) converges in every opeen unit disk in SP". For more general X/fe, one has to resort to cutting, pasting, embedding, etc. as in [2], or else to a "site-theoretic" definition (as in [12]). The category Isoc^X/K) is more difficult to describe, and for the moment we shall just say that for the objects and morphisms ofIsoc^X/K) one imposes additional conditions of "overconvergence at infinity". Forgetting the additional conditions gives rise to a faithful functor ([2] 2.3.10 (0)

( I . I . I ) L^ (X/K) -> Isoc (X/K) Mh-^M.

It is not known whether this functor is fully faithful. The notation is meant to suggest

"restriction to the completion" of the weakly complete (in the sense of Washnitzer- Monsky) algebras on which live the representatives of an object of Isoc^X/K).

To describe what is meant by "functoriality in thee pair X/K" we introduce a category

^ whose objects are pairs (X, K), where X is a separated fc-scheme of finite type and K is an extension of K (fe); we will prefer to write the pairs as X/K rather than as (X, K). A morphism X'/K7 -> X/K is a commutative diagram

(1.1.2)

X' -^ Spec(^) <- Spec(R7m/) -^ Spec(R/) i I I I X -^ Spec(fe) ^- Spec(R/m) -^ Spec(R)

in which R has maximal ideal w, fraction field K and residue field an extension of k, and similarly for R7, k\ K7. Then the functoriality of the categories Isoc (X/K), Isoc^X/K) can be described by saying that there are fibered categories Isoc, Iso^

over ^ such that the fiber of Isoc (resp. Isoc^ any over Z/L is Isoc(Z/L) (resp.

Isoc^Z/L)). Thus for any morphism /iX/K-^X'/K' there is a functor /": Isoc (XVK7)-^ Isoc (X/K) [resp. f\ Isoc+(X'/K')-^ Isoct (X/K)] satisfying the usual compatibilities (cf. [2], 2.3.6). Finally, there is an evident Grothendieck topology on ^ for which the open coverings of X/K are those induced by the (zariski) open covers of X, and the assertion that Isoc (X/K) and Isoct (X/K) are of local nature on X means that Isoc and Iso^ are stacks with respect to this topology (cf. [2], 2.3.3 (i)).

(5)

When /: X/K-^X'/K' is the morphism 1.1.2 in ^, we will say that / covers the morphism X -> X'. In a number of situations there are obvious (or nearly obvious) morphisms in ^ covering a morphism X-^X'; for example, if U ^ - X is an open immersion, there is an obvious U/K -> X/K covering it and we will denote the correspond- ing functor by M -> M\U. If x -> X is a point of X and /: x / K ' -> X/K covers x -> X, we will denote /*M by M^, if the reference to K/ is not essential. If M is an overconvergent isocrystal on X/K and x is a closed point of X, then there is a canonical isomorphism M^^M^, as one can see immediately from the constructions. Finally, if k ' / k is an extension and Spec ( k ' ) / K ' -> Spec (k)/K covers the natural map, then there is a natural extension of scalars functor Isoc(X/K) -> (X^k'/K'), which we will write Mi-^M^K7.

When X=Spec(fc), both Isoc(X/K) and Isoc^X/K) can be identified with the category Vec^ of K-vector spaces. In general, they are K-linear abelian (x) -categories (cf. [2], 2.3.3 (iii)). Furthermore if x -> X is a point of X with values in a perfect field and x/K' -> X/K covers x -> X, then the pullback functor Isoc (X/K) -> Vec^ is faithful and exact (see 1.9 below).

We will say that an isocrystal on X/K is constant if it is (possibly after passing to extensions of k and K) a pullback via the structure map X -> Spec (k) of an isocrystal on Spec (A:).

From now on we will denote by F: X -> X a fixed power of the absolute Frobenius morphism, say F(x)=x^ for some q=pf', then for any lifting cr: K -> K of the q-th power automorphism of k, there is a unique morphism F^: X/K -> X/K covering F and inducing a on K. We will now assume that there is a a which fixes a uniformizer of K; this can always be guaranteed in practice, at the cost of replacing K by a finite unramified extension. We will now fix such a a and drop the subscript on F^ whenever it is convenient. A convergent (resp. overconvergent) P-isocrystal on X/K is an object M of Isoc (X/K) [resp. Isoc+ (X/K)] endowed with an isomorphism

(1.1.3) 0: F ^ M ^ M

(strictly speaking we should call these a — F-isocrystals, or F^-crysals...). We shall call an isomorphism such as 1.1.3 a Frobenius structure on M. Morphisms of course are morphisms of isocrystals compatible with the Frobenius structure. The category of convergent (resp. overconvergent) F-isocrystals on X/K will be denoted by F-Isoc(X/K) (resp. F-Isoct (X/K)), and "F-isocrystal" by itself will mean an object of either category. When X = Spec (fc), both categories are equivalent to the category F-criso^ of F-isocrystals on K, i. e. of K-vector spaces endowed with a a-linear automorphism. In general they are abelian (x) -categories, though not K-linear; rather they are Ko-linear, where K() denotes the fixed field of cr on K.

Denote by F-Cris (X/W) the category of F-crystals on X/W. Berthelot constructs (cf.

[2], 2.3.11) a functor

(1.1.4) ' F-Cris (X/W -^ F-Isoc (X/K) Mh^M®Q

4° SERIE - TOME 25 - 1992 - N° 4

(6)

which is fully faithful up to isogeny; i.e. 1.1.4 induces an isomorphism

(1.1.5) HomF_cns(M, N)®Ko ^ HomF-isoc(M®Q, N®Q).

IfXIk is smooth, then 1.1.4 is essentially surjective up to Tate twists ([2], 2.3.12). One would like to know which objects in the essential image of 1.1.4 are overconvergent. Furthermore if X/k is smooth, it is not difficult to show that 1.1.4 is fully faithful up to isogeny in the category of crystals, i. e.

(1.1.6) Homcns (M, N)®K ^ Hom^, (M®Q, N®Q)

for any crystals M, N endowed with a Frobenius structure. In fact, since the assertion is local on X, we can assume X=Spec(A) is affme, and that U/R lifts A. An F-crystal M on X/W can be identified with a locally free U-module M endowed with a integrable nilpotent connection, and the isocrystal M®Q is J^®K endowed with the corresponding connection, which is convergent since M has a Frobenius. Morphisms in either category are just horizontal maps (not necessarily compatible with Frobenius), so that 1.1.6 is clear.

Since we have chosen a a which fixes a uniformizer of K, Manin's structure theorem for F-isocrystals on a field is applicable ([II], 2.1), and one can define in the usual way the Newton polygon of a F-isocrystal on K, or of an F-isocrystal on X/K at a closed point x of X. A unit-root F-isocrystal on X/K is an F-isocrystals whose Newton polygon at every point o f X is purely of slope zero. The unit-root F-isocrystals in F-Isoc(X/F) and F-Isoc^X/Y) constitute full subcategories of F-Isoc (X/K), resp. F-Isoc^X/Y) which we will denote by UR(X/K) resp. UR^X/K). We will need the following consequence of the specialization theorem for Newton polygons of F-isocrystals ([4], Theorem 2.1):

1.2. PROPOSITION. — Suppose that X/A: is geometrically connected and let (M, 0) be an F-isocrystal on X/K. If, for some geometric generic point x -> X, the fiber (M, 0)^ is unit-root, then (M, 0) is a unit-root F-isocrystal on X/K.

Proof. - By [4] 2.1, there is a dense open U ^ X such that the fiber of (M, 0) at any point of U is unit-root. Since the Newton polygon rises under specialization, and since the location of the endpoint is the same for all points of X by [4] 2.1.3, we see that (M, O) is unit root at every closed point. •

Since K() is the subfield of K fixed by a, it is a local field; in fact if F is the q-th power map, it is a finite totally ramified extension of the fraction field of W(F ). If G/L is an affine group scheme over a field L, we denote by Rep^G) the category of finite-dimensional representations of G defined over L. If P is a profinite group and L is a field with a ;?-adic topology, then we denote by Rep^111 (P) the category of continuous finite-dimensional representations of P. One basic result that we shall need from [5] is

ANNALES SCIENTIFIQUES DE L'ECOLE NORMALE SUPERIEURE

(7)

the following:

1.3. THEOREM ([5] 2.1 and 2.2.4). — Suppose that X/k is smooth and geometrically connected and that F^S/r. Then there is an equivalence of ®-categories

(1.3.1) G: RepKSOtiCX^UinX/K). •

One would like to have a similar description of UR^X/K), but at present one has (partial) results only in the case when X/k is a smoth curve. Let Xc;X be a smooth compactification of X; then we say that a representation p: 7ti(X) ->GL(V) on a Ko- vector space hsis finite local monodromy) if the image under p of the inertia group at any point of X-X is finite. We will denote by Rep^Oii (X)"" the category of representa- tions with finite local monodromy.

1.4. THEOREM ([5] 3.1 and 2.2). — Suppose that X/K is a smooth geometrically connected curve and that TqSik. Then there is a fully faithful ®-functor

( 1 . 4 . 1 ) G^ : Rep^ Oti (X))"" ^ U^ (X/K) such that

(1.4.2)

Rep^O^X))"" °l UR^X/K) I I

Rep^(^(X)) ^ UR(X/K)

is 2-commutative. Every rank one object of UR (X/K) is in the essential image of G^ •

It is not known whether Gt is an equivalence of categories. Nonetheless, if p is an object ofRep^o (TC^ (X))^, then one sees from the commutativity of 1.4.2 that the essential image of G^tp] (where [p] is the 0-subcategory generated by p) is stable under the formation of subquotients. Therefore the essential image of G^\[p] is the entire ®- subcategory [M, (&] of UR^X/K) generated by (M, 0) == Gt (p), and G+ induces an equivalence of categories

(1.4.3) G^ [p]^[M,<D]

1.5. COROLLARY. — With X/k as in 1.4, suppose in addition that k is the perfection of an absolutely finitely generated field. Then for any rank one object (M, ) of F- Isoct (X/K)111', some tensor power (M, (I))01^ is constant.

Proof. - By 1.4, there is a character p: 7i1 (X) -> K" with finite local monodromy such that G^p)^ (M, <&). Since Gt is fully faithful, it is enough to show that some tensor power of p is trivial on the geometric fundamental group n^ (X®^). Let Xc?X be a smooth compactification; then since p has finite local monodromy, some tensor power of p extends to a character of 7Ci(X). So it is enough to see that the image of

4eS£RIE - TOME 25 - 1992 - N° 4

(8)

Tti (X®^)^ in Tii (X)^ is finite. For this, we need a result of Katz and Lang [10]:

1.6. THEOREM. — Suppose that Xo/^o is smooth and proper and that k^ is absolutely finitely generated. Then the image ofn^ (Xo®^)815 in n^ (Xo)^ is finite. •

To finish the proof of 1.5, we note that since X/fe is of finite type, we can find an absolutely finitely generated field ko whose perfection is k, and a smooth proper bo- schema XQ such that Xc^XoOA:. Since the projection X-^XQ is a homeomorphism in the etale topology, n^(X) and 71:1 (X®^) are isomorphic to n^(Xo) and n^ (Xo®^^). Thus the assertion we need for 1.5 follows from 1.6. •

1.7. Suppose now that n: Y-^X is a finite etale map of smooth ^-schemes. We will construct a functor

(1.7.1) n^: Isoc(Y/K)^Isoc(X/K) and, if X and Y are smooth curves, a functor

(1.7.2) T^: Isoc^Y/K^IsocKX/K)

left adjoint to TC*. We will discuss in detail the convergent case, as the overconvergent case is similar.

Since we can argue locally on X, we can assume that X is affine, and choose a lifting 9)/R-^3£/R of 7i as in 1.1; we will use n to denote the induced morphisms ^)-^X,

^)an -^ y"\ \Ve will need some notation and results from [1, 2]. Denote by ]X[^x3e resp.

]Y[^x^ the tube of the diagonal Xc^X x X in 3?" x y" (resp. of Yc?Y x Y in ^an x g)8", cf. [I], § 1), and by p,: ]X[^ ^ P", ^: ]Y[^ ^ 9)an 0'= 1, 2) the natural projections. A convergent isocrystal M on Y/K can be identified with a coherent sheaf M on ^an

endowed with a convergent connection, i.e. an isomorphism q^M^q^M on ]Y[^x3e restricting to the identity on the diagonal and satisfyind a cocycle condition [1 § 4.1]. Since n: 9)^ -> 3?" is finite, the direct image n^ M of M is coherent, and we must construct a convergent connection on TC^M, namely an isomorphism p^ n^ M ^ p^ K^ M on ]X[^ x x restricting to the identity on the diagonal and satisfying a cocycle condition. For ;== 1 or 2 we consider the commutative diagram

### m^x^r"

( 1 . 7 . 3 ) .x.t [n

### ixk^y".

If we can show this is cartesian, then we will have an isomorphism p* n^ M ^ (n x n)^ qf M since M is coherent, n is finite and pi is flat. The desired isomorphism is the composite

(174) Pt ^ M ^ (n x 71)^ ^ M ^ (TC x n)^ q^M^p^n^M

ANNALES SCIENTIFIQUES DE L'ECOLE NORMALE SUPERIEURE

(9)

where the middle arrow is induced by the connection q^M^q^M on M. To see that 1.7.4 restricts to the identity on the diagonal of ]X[^x^ 11: ls enough to observe that the inverse image of the diagonal of]X[^xx under the left-hand vertical arrow in 1.7.3 is the diagonal of ]Y[^x^- The verification of the cocycle condition will be left to the reader. To show that 1.7.3 is cartesian, i.e. that the natural map

### m^-T^^m^

is an isomorphism, we choose i'=2 or 1 so that i ^ i ' , and consider the commutative diagram

(1.7.5)

### m<Dx<o ^ ^x^r

[ [idxn

^an X ^an ]X[^ ^ ^ ——p! ^an X X8".

In fact the bottom arrow is an open immersion (it is the composite of the open immersion S)2" x ^an ]X[^ ^ c, 9)^ x ^an (^an x ^an) and the isomorphism

^an x ^an (3P" x 3P") ^ ^an x ap"). One checks readily that the image of the bottom arrow is the tube ]Y[^x^ of the graph of n:

Y ^ ^ Y x X c ^ X - ^ x X . We must therefore show that in the diagram

Y—-^ 9)x^)diae

|| [i d x n

Y——> ^xX

the right-hand vertical arrow induces an isomorphism on tubes lYtwx^^lYbxx-

n x i d n x ia

Since 9) x %)——»-3£x%) is etale, this follows from [2] 1.3.1, which says that given any pair of immersions ;: Zc^93, ;": Zc^®' with Z of finite type and 93, 93' formally smooth of finite type, and any u: 237 -> 93, etale in a neighborhood of Z, such that u ° i ' =i, then M induces an isomorphism on the tubes ]Z[^' -> ]Z[Y and make use of [2] 1.3.. 5 in place of [2]

1 3.1. Details will again be left to the reader. •

Suppose, finally, that M is a convergent isocrystal arising from a representation of 7ii(Y), i.e. we have (M, 0)==G(p) where G is the functor 1.3.1. One can show, using the construction in [5], § 2, that n^ M is the isocrystal underlying the convergent F- isocrystal G(Indp), where Indp is the induced representation from ^(Y) to TCi (X). Similarly, if X and Y are curves and p has finite local monodromy, then the overconvergent isocrystal n^ M is the underlying isocrystal of G^Ind p).

4° SERIE - TOME 25 - 1992 - N° 4

(10)

Now let x -> X be a point of X with values in a perfect field, and x/K7 -> X/K is a map in ^ over x -> X. As we have remarked, the natural pullback functors have the form

(1.7.6) f Isoc(X/K)-^VecK'

[isoc^X/IQ-^VecK/.

We now want to show that when X is geometrically connected, they are fiber functors in the sense of Saavedra:

1.8. LEMMA. — If^/k is geometrically connected and x is a point ofX with values in a perfect field, then the functor 1.7.6 is a faithful exact ®-functor.

Proof. — We treat the convergent case first. We can factor x->X as x ->\J -^ X, such that U is a geometrically connected smooth affine subscheme of X, and such that x maps onto thee generic point of U. We will prove 1.8 by showing that the pullback functors for the two morphisms x-»U, Uc^X are faithful, exact, and compatible with tensor products.

We will have to make use of some notation and terminology from [2]. If X is affine, and has an embedding Xc>^ over R into a formally smooth formal R-scheme, then a convergent isocrystal M on X/K can be identified with a locally free sheaf on the tube ]X[^ endowed with a convergent connection (cf. [1] 1.3 and 4.1). The tensor product on Isoc(X/K) is that induced by the tensor product of ^"-modules. Since the pullback functor for Uc^X is induced by the restriction to the tube ]U[^c]X[^>, it is compatible with tensor products, and its faithfulness and exactness follow from [2] 2.3.3 (iii).

As for the pullback by x -> U, we can write U=Spec(Ao), and since U is smooth, we can find a formally smooth R-algebra A such that A®A:=A(), and we put U=Spf(A).

Let ;c=Spec(fe/), and let R' be a complete discrete valuation ring extending R with residue field k' and fraction field K7. Since U/A: is smooth, x -^ U lifts to Spf(R7) -> U, and the pullback functor for x -> U is

1

### ,^)®^

where A^=A®K is the affmoid algebra of U^, and A^-^K7 is obtained from Sp^R^-^U. We can replace the completed tensor product in 1.8.1 by an ordinary tensor product, since Ji is locally free; then 1.8.1 is visibly compatible with tensor products. It is faithful, because if a horizontal section m of M vanishes at a point of IP", then it vanishes on a neighborhood of that point; since U is connected, IP" is connected as well, and the section m must vanish identically. Finally 1.8.1 is exact, since it is the composite of the functors Mh^F^", .0 and Ni-^N®^^ which are

exact on the categories of quasicoherent ^nan-modules, resp. locally free A^-modules (note that we cannot use [2] 2.3.3 (iv) directly here, since it seems to be stated only for morphisms of finite type, which is not the case for x -> U unless x is a closed point).

The overconvergent case can be proven in the same way; one could also deduce it from the convergent case, since the second functor in 1.7.6 is the composition of the first with I.I.I, which is also faithful, exact, and compatible with tensor products. •

(11)

2. Monodromy groups

2.1. To define the monodromy groups attached to objects of!soc(X/K) or Isoc+ (X/K), we will use the theory ofTannakian categories, for which our references are [6], [12]. For the most part we will follow the terminology of the latter. In particular, if (^, co) is a neutral K-linear Tannakian category and g is an R-valued point of Aut® co, then for any object M of ^ the action of g on O)(M)(X)R will be written g^. If L/K is a (finite) extension we will denote the extension of scalars of ^ to L by ^®L rather than ^- ^ L/K is not finite, then an infinite extension of scalars can only be performed on an ind- Tannakian category, and so if ^ is Tannakian, then ^®L will denote Saavedra's extension of scalars to L of the category of ind-objects ind-^.

From now on all ^-schemes are assumed to be geometrically connected. Suppose that X(k) is nonempty, and fix a Appoint xeX(k). We denote by oo either of the functors

(2.1.1)

(D: Isoc (X/K)-^VecK co: Isoc^X/K^VecK

Mh->M,

obtained by taking fibers at x. Since X/k is geometrically connected, these are both faithful functors, the first by [12] 1.18 and the second by the faithfulness of the first and of the completion functor I.I.I. By 1.8 they are faithful exact (g)-functors, and therefore fiber functors in the sense of [6], [12]. One checks that the conditions of [7] 1.20 are satisfied, and since End(l)=K for any unit object 1 of Isoc(X/K) (resp. Isoc^X/K)), it follows from [7] 2.11 that Isoc (X/K) [resp. Isoc^X/K)] is a neutral Tannakian category. We denote by n1^ (X/K, x) [resp. n^ (X/K, x)] the affine K-group which represents Aut® co, so that we have equivalences of categories

(2.1.2) ^oc: Isoc (X/K) ^ RepK (TIT (X/K, x)) TI^ : Iso^ (X/K) ^ RepK (n1^ (X/K, x))

whose composition with the obvious forgetful functor into Vec^ is equal to (D. We will often suppress mention of x since these groups are independent of the choice of x, up to (non-canonical) isomorphism.

If ^ is any rigid 00-subcategory of Isoc (X/K) or Isoc^X/K), then Aut®(o)|^) is represented by a quotient of Ti^00 resp. n1^ which we shall call DGal (^, x). As above, there is an equivalence of categories

v^: ^ ^ RepK (DGal (^, x))

The basic example is the ©-subcategory [M] generated by an isocrystal M (i.e. the strictly full subcategory of Isoc (X/K) resp Isoct (X/K) consisting of objects isomorphic to subquotients of M®"®]^0"1), in which case we will denote DGal([M]) simply by

4eSERIE - TOME 25 - 1992 - N° 4

(12)

DGal (M), and the associated equivalence of categories by r^: [M]^RepK(DGal(M,x)).

Since [M] has a finite (in fact singleton) set of ®-generators, DGal(M) is actually an algebraic group over K. The notation is meant to suggest the term "differential galois group", and as usual we will often suppress the x.

Recall that if(^\, 0)1), (^ ^2) are two K-linear neutral Tannakian categories endowed with fiber functors into Vec^, then any ®-functor F: ^""^i suc^ ^at cOi°F=(02 induces a map of affine K-groups co17: Aut® 0)1 -> Aut® co^. Furthermore co17 is faithfully flat if and only if F is fully faithful and the essential image of F is closed under the formation of subquotients, while co17 is a closed immersion if and only if every object of

^\ is isomorphic to a subquotient of an object of the form F(M) with M in ^ ^e

will use these principles constantly; as elementary examples, we have:

(i) There are homomorphisms

(2.1.4)

^ -^DGal(M) T^od ^DGal(M)

for any object M of Isoc(X/K) resp Isoc^X/K), induced by the obvious inclusion functors.

(ii) The completion functor I.I.I is a (x) -functor, and since for any overconvergent isocrystal M there is a canonical isomorphism M^M^, the completion induces a canonical homomorphism

( 2 . 1 . 5 ) n^^n1^.

Since any object of [M] is a subquotient of the completion of an object of [M], 2.1.5 induces a canonical closed immersion

(2.1.6) DGal (M, x) c, DGal (M, x).

(m) A morphism n: Y/L -> X/K in ^ induces L-linear ®-functors Isoc (X/K)®L -^ Isoc (Y/L)

(2.1.7) Isoc+ (X/K)®L -> Isoc+ (Y/L) [M]®L-^[TI*M].

Thus if n (y) = x, we get canonical homomorphisms

p i g ) J ^ (Y/L9 Jo ^7lkoc W^ ^K L I n1^ (Y/L, y) ^ ^soct (X/K, x)^L

ANNALES SCIENTIFIQUES DE L'ECOLE NORMALE SUPERIEURE

(13)

and a canonical closed immersion

(2.1.9) DGal (7i* M, y) c, DGal (M, x)®K L for any isocrystal M.

(iv) If, the notation of the previous item, we have that X/k is smooth, L/K is finite, and Y=X(2)A:\ then we actually have an isomorphism

(2.1.10) DGal (n* M) ^ DGal (M)®L

for any isocrystal on X/K, as one easily sees by adapting the argument of [10] 1.3.2. In fact, the argument of [10] shows that 2.1.10 remains valid whenever there is a tower K ^ L ^ M such that K (resp. L) is the fixed field of the group ofcontinous automorphisms of M/K (resp. M/L). For example, 2.1.10 is valid if L is a finite extension of the completion of the maximal unramified extension of K.

If x is any point of X with values in any perfect field, and x / L -> X/K covers x -> X, then one still obtains a fiber functor into the category of L-vector spaces, and one obtains an equivalence of ind-Tannakian categories

(2.1.11) r^: ind - [M]®L ^ ind - RepK (DGal (M, x))

for any object M of Isoc(X/K) or Isoc^X/K). Of course if x is a closed point, then L/K can be taken to be finite and one does not need to use ind-Tannakian categories; in any case, there is a non-canonical isomorphism

DGal(M, x)^DGal(M, y)®L.

2.2. The Ko-linear categories F-Isoc (X/K), F-Isoct (X/K) of F-isocrystals on X/K are not, in general, neutral Tannakian categories; they have fiber functors in K but not necessarily in K(). The theory of Saavedra shows that they are equivalent to categories of representations of affine gerbes over K(), and their extension of scalars to K are equivalent to categories of representations of affine K-groups. However the extension of scalars destroys what might be useful information, and is not so easy to deal with. The construction which follows attempts to describe the Tannakian gerbes associated to categories like F-Isoc (X/K), F-Isoc^X/K) as "semilinear" extensions of Z by an affine K-group. When a category of F-isocrystals does have a fiber functor in K() (as in 5), we will obtain actual extensions of Z by an affine K-group.

Let G be an affine K-group. A Frobenius structure on G is a group isomorphism (2.2.1) (D: G^^G.

where as usual a is the canonical lifting of Frobenius to K. A morphism f\ (G, <D) -> (G', O') is of course just a morphism /: G -> G' such that /° 0 = 0' ^^

4eSERIE - TOME 25 - 1992 - N° 4

(14)

For example, let V be a K-vector-space and let G=GL(V). Since

GLCVy^GLCV)^,

any F-isocrystal structure ^F on V gives rise to a Frobenius structure Ad^F) by means of the formula

for any point g of G^. It is easy to check, by choosing a model Vo of V over the fixed field Ko of a, that if dimV>l, then all Frobenius structures on GL(V) arise in this way (since in this case all endomorphisms of GL(V) are inner).

If Go is an affine group scheme over K(), then there is an evident Frobenius structure on G=Go®K defined by l®a. We shall call it the trivial Frobenius structure on G defined by the Ko-form Go of G.

Suppose now that (G, 0) is a group with Frobenius structure and that (V, ^F) is an F-isocrystal on K. A representation of (G, <5>) on (V, ^P) is a morphism (G, ^F) -> (GL (V), Ad W), or in other words, an ordinary representation p: G -> GL (V) such that

(2.2.3)

G^-^ GLCV)^

G ——> GL(V) commutes, or equivalently, such that

(2.2.4) pODQ^^pte)01?-1

for any point g of G. A morphism of representations of (G, 0) is a morphism of representations of G compatible with the Frobenius structures, or, equivalently, a morph- ism in F crisoK compatible with the G-module structures. The category of representa- tions of (G, 0) on F-isocrystals over K will be denoted by FRep^G, 0). It is easy to see that for any group with Frobenius structure (G, 0), the category F Rep^ (G, 0) is an abelian category, and in fact a rigid Ko-linear abelian tensor category. Finally, there are obvious forgetful functots

(2.2.5) F RepK (G, 0) -> F criso^

FRepK(G,0)^Re?K(G) compatible with the ®-structures.

Note that an isomorphism 2 . 2 . 1 does not, in general, arise from descent data on G relative to K/KQ, even when K=K(F^).

Let us mention some simple examples of representations of groups with Frobenius structure. If GQ/KQ is affine and po is a representation of Go on a Ko-space Vo, then V=Vo®K with trivial structure I®CT is a representation of (Go®K, l®a). Suppose

(15)

now that G/K is a constant finite group, 0 is a Frobenius structure on G, and that (V, l?) is a representation of (G, 0). Since G is constant and finite, <D has the form (p®a for some automorphism (p ofG; thus some power 0" of 0 is a trivial Frobenius structure. It follows that slope decomposition of (V, x?") is G-stable. We conclude that if G is constant and finite and K is sufficiently large, then any representation (V, ^¥) of (G, 0) has the property that for some n, the reprsentation (V, ^n) of (G, O") is a direct sum of twists of representations of (G, ^w) on unit-root isocrystals; thus V can be given a unit-root F-isocrystal structure V such that (V, ^f) is a representation of (G, $"). Now let G==T be a split torus over K. We have T=Hom(L, G^), where L is the character group of T, and one checks easily (using the rigidity of tori) that any Frobenius structure C> on T is induced by an automorphism (p : L ^> L of L combined with a trivial Frobenius structure on G^. From this we get the following description of the representa- tions of (T, ): if we identify a representation of T on a K-vector space V with an L- grading (2.2.6) V= © V , leL of V, then a representation of (T, 0) on (V, ^F) is an L-grading of V and a Frobenius structure ^F on V of the form (2.2.7) ^ - E ^ , ^: V^V^. leL We thus see that (p permutes the weights of L in V, and in particular that if V is a faithful representation of T, then (p is of finite order. 2.3. If ^ is a (g>-category of Isoc(X/K) or Isoc^X/K) on which F* induces an equivalence of categories, then for any point x of X with values in a perfect field, there is a natural Frobenius structure on DGal^^K', whenever .x/K/ -^X/K covers x->X. In fact, if we recall that F* on Isoc (x/K) ^ Isoc+ (x/K) is just the functor Vh-^V^ then the commutative diagram 1.8.4 means that there is a natural isomorphism of functors (2.3.1) (O^O^F*. This if F* is an equivalence on ^, we get an isomorphism (2.3.2) d^ : D Gal (^, x)^ ^ D Gal (^, x). One sees immediately that ^ has the following "explicit" description: Let R be a K- algebra, g an R-valued point of G, and N an object of (€. Since F* is an equivalence, 46 SERIE - TOME 25 - 1992 - N° 4 (16) we can choose an isomorphism (2.3.3) in ^, and then write a : F* L -> N (2.3.4) oo(a): ©(^^©(N) making use of 2.3.1. The 0^ (g) is the unique isomorphism making (2.3.5) ©(L^^R <o(a)J, ^ ©(LY^R J,(0(0t) ^ (ff)N co(N)®R ——> co(N)®R. commutative. When we are tempted to suppress the base point, we will write  in place of <D^. This is more serious than omitting the base point of a n^ for if x and y are points of X(/r), it is not necessarily the case that any of the natural but non-canonical isomorphisms DGal(M, x)^DGal(M, y) identify 0^ with d>y (c/. Remark 2.8). This is really what one should expect, as will become clearer in 5 when we construct Frobenius elements. We can use the canonical Frobenius structure 0^ on D Gal (^) to describe the possible Frobenius structures one can put on an object on (€. To see this, let ^p be the strictly full subcategory of F-Isoc (X/K) resp. F-Isoct (X/K) consisting of F-isocrystals (N, 0) whose underlying isocrystal N belongs to ^. Clearly ^p is a rigid Ko-linear sub-®- category of F-Isoc (X/K) resp. F-Isoct (X/K). Now fix an object (N,0) of <^ set V===co(N), and let p : D Gal (^) -> GL (V) be the representation associated to (N, 0) by dfn 2.1.3. If in 2 . 3 . 5 and 2.3.6 we take a==0 and L=N, then \(/==co(a) defines a Frobenius structure on V, and 2.3.5 says that pO^O^^^pte)01?"1, which is exactly the condition 2.2.4 for (p, V, ^P) to define a representation of D Gal (^, 0^) on (V, T). This construction is obviously natural in (N, T), so we have constructed a functor (2.3.6) ^F -^ F RepK (D Gal (^), <D^) such that (2.3.7) ^ ^ ———^FRepK(DGal(^),<) forget [ [ forget ^ ^ ——^ FRepK(DGal(^)) is 2-commutative. ANNALES SCIENTIFIQUES DE L'ECOLE NORMALE SUPERIEURE (17) 2.4. PROPOSITION. - The functor 2 . 3 . 6 is an equivalence: (2-4-1) n^.- %'F^FRepK(DGal(^,x),$j) Proo/. - (1) n^F is fully faithful: For (N, $), (N', <D') in ^p, set tl(N,<D)=(p,V,y) and let lUN'^^p'.V'.Y') /: (p.V.y^p'.V'.'F') be a morphism in F RepK (G, <D). Since r^ is fully faithful, the morphism /: V -* V of representations of DGal(^) is the fiber of a morphism <p : N -»N' of isocrystals. We must check that (p is compatible with the Frobenius structures <&,$', or in other words, that

F*N-^^-F*N'

(2.4.2) oi

N

io-

• N'

commutes. It is enough to check this after applying the fully faithful functor co to 2.4.2, which becomes the commutative diagram

f("1

V(°) ___^ w\w

^l

V

### l^'

• V

expressing the fact that/: (V, ^F) -> (V7, ^f) is a morphism in FcrisoK.

(2) TI^F is essentially surjective: Let (p, V, ^) be a representation of D Gal CD, <D^) on (V, ^P). Then 2 . 3 . 7 and the equivalence rf provides us with an object N in ^ such that ^(N)^?, V). Now choose an isomorphism

(2.4.3)

in ^ and consider the diagrams

a : F* L -> N

»

(2.4.4)

0) (LY^R ——^ co (LY^R

(0 (a) [ [ co (a)

co(N)®R ———> co(N)(x)RO^N

^-^ i - i

gW

4eSERIE - TOME 25 - 1992 - N° 4

(18)

in which R is any K-algebra and g is any R-valued point of DGal(^). The top square is the commutative diagram 2 . 3 . 5 and the bottom square is commutative because (p, V==co(N), ^) is a representation of (DGal(^), ^F^). Untwisting the outside square yields commutative diagrams

(D(L)OOR—^co(L)®R i I G)(N)®R——^O)(N)®R»N

expressing the existence of an isomorphism

(2.4.5) L ^ N

in (€ . Substituting 2 . 4 . 5 into 2 . 4 . 3 yields a Frobenius structure 0 : F* N -> N, and one checks using 2 . 4 . 4 that T^F (^, 0) = (p, V, ^P). •

2.5. If (M, 0) is an F-isocrystal on X/K, then the results of 2.3 and 2.4 are always applicable to [M]. We thus have a canonical Frobenius structure ^ on DGal(M), and an equivalence of categories

(2.5.1) TI^ : [M]p ^ F RepK (D Gal (M), ^M).

To see this, we note that the existence of a Frobenius structure on M at least guarantees that [M] is F*-stable:

F* : [M] -. [M]

which by 2.1.9 gives a closed immersion

(2.5.2) D Gal (M) q; D Gal (M)^

Since D Gal (M) is an algebraic group, however, a closed immersion such as 2 . 5 . 2 must be an isomorphism, and one checks easily that the inverse of 2 . 5 . 2 is exactly the canonical Frobenius structure 2.3.2.

When ^ is an inductive limit of F*-stable finitely ®-generated subcategories of Isoc(X/K) or Isoc^X/K), then one can use the same argument as before to show that F* is an autoequivalence on ^, and thus that proposition 2.4 is available for ^. Again, it is known that F* is an autoequivalence on Isoc(X/K) itself ([12], 4.10), so that if O^

denotes the canonical Frobenius structure on 7^°°, we have

(2.5.3) TI^ : F - Isoc (X/K) ^ F Rep,, (^i800, O1"").

(19)

I do not know if F* is an equivalence on Isoc1^ (X/K), but we can still give a description of F - Isoct (X/K) similar to 2.5.3. Denote by Isoc (X/ K) ~, Isoct (X/K) ~ the full subca- tegories of Isoc (X/K) resp. Isoc^X/K) ®-generated by the image of the forgetful functors

F - Isoc (X/K) -> Isoc (X/K), F - Isoc1^ (X/K) -> Isoct (X/K).

If we define

f ^-^(X/K^Aut^cDiL^X/K)-) [ 7l^-Isoct(X/K)=Aut0(o)|Isoct(X/K)~)

and denote by (l)17"1130^ <^F-isoct ^g correspondong canonical Frobenius structures, then we have

2.6. THEOREM. — There are equivalences of categories

(2 6 1) rlrlsoc •' ^^(W ^ FRep^Trr^X/K, x\ ^-lsoc)

^-isod ; F - Isoct (X/K) ^ F RepK (n^1^ (X/K, x\ ^-Isoct).

Proof. — Both Isoc(X/K)~, Isoc^X/K)^ are inductive limits of finitely ®-generated F*-stable subcategories of Isoc (X/K), Isoc^X/K), so 2 . 5 . 1 is applicable. It is then enough to note that

(Isoc (X/KDp ^ F - Isoc (X/K) (L^ (X/K)~)p ^ F - Isoct (X/K).

I cannot say if 2 . 6 . 1 is a more useful description of F — Isoc (X/K) than 2.5.3. At any rate the obvious inclusion functor induces a surjective homomorphism Tr^00 -^ Tt^"1800 compatible with O1800, (D17"1^ and fitting into a commutative diagram

(2.6.2)

Tt1^ -^ ^-ISOC

i I

^oct ^^-Isoct^

2.7. So far in this section, x has been closed point of X; nonetheless most of what we have done remains valid if x is a point of X with values in a perfect field, as long as we replace Tannakian categories by ind-Tannakian categories when necessary. In fact, if ^ is a Tannakian category of convergent or overconvergent isocrystals on which F* is an autoequivalence, then the same is true of the ind-Tannakian category ind—^. Thus if x is a point of X with values in perfect field and x/L —> X/K covers x —> X, there is an equivalence

r^ : ([M]®L)p ^ F RepL (D Gal (M, x\ ^M)

4eSERIE - TOME 25 - 1992 - N° 4

(20)

compatible with the equivalence 2.1.11.

2.8. Remark. - The fiber at x of an F-isocrystal on X/K is naturally an F-isocrystal on K, whence functors

f co17: F-Isoc(X/K)-.FcrisoK

v ' ) [ (^ : F-Isoc^X/K^FcrisoK.

They are obviously faithful, exact, and ® -compatible, and one sees immediately from the constructions that equivalences such as 2 . 4 . 1 and 2 . 6 . 1 identify (s^ with the first forgetfull functor in 2.2.4. Thus 2.4, 2.6 can be thought of as examples of a "relative"

Tannaka theory, relative, that is, to "fiber functors" such as 2.8.1. In fact if G= Spec (A) is an affine K-group and 0 is a Frobenius structure on G, then 0~1 induces a Frobenius structure ^ : A^ -> A on the affine algebra of G which is immediately seen to be compatible with the natural bialgebra structure of A. In other words A is a "bialgebra object" in FcrisoK, and one can show in addition that FRep^G, ) is equivalent to the category of "A-comodule objects" in F criso^, as in [13]. Unlike the usual "absolute"

Tannaka theory, however, there are in general many different isomorphism classes of faithful exact 0-functors [M]->FcrisoK (recall the discussion following 2.3.7), and although Aut® (co171 [M]) can be shown to be representable by an algebraic group over Ko, it is not necessarily a Ko-form ofDGal(M). The possibility of a "relative" Tannaka theory of this sort was suggested to me by T. Ekedahl.

2.9. Remark. — Suppose U c^ X is a Zariski-dense open set on X, which is assumed to be geometrically connected. By analogy with the behavior of the (etale) fundamental group, one is led to ask whether the canonical injection DGal(M|U) c^ DGal(M) is an isomorphism. We shall shall see later (4.12) that this is not true in the convergent category. The question is still open in the overconvergent case.

In either category, one can still ask whether the functor [M] -> [M | U] is fully faithful (this is a weaker property than that of D Gal (M | U) -> D Gal (M) being an isomorphism).

For a nontrivial example, see 4.12.

3. Unit-root F-isocrystals

3.1. If X/k is smooth and geometrically connected, then according to theorem 1.2 the category of7?-adic representations of n^ (X) is equivalent to the category of convergent unit-root F-isocrystals on X/K. In this section we shall show that if (M, 0) is a unit-root F-isocrystal, then D Gal (M) has a simple description in terms of the ^-adic representation associated to (M, 0) (3.7 and 3.8 below). We begin with some general remarks about unit-root F-isocrystals.

Recall that UR(X/K), resp. UR^X/K) denotes the category of convergent (resp.

overconvergent) unit-root F-isocrystals on X/K. Let Isoc(X/K)ur denote the 00-subcate- gory of Isoc(X/K) generated by the essential image of the forgetful functor

UR(X/K)-^Isoc(X/K).

(21)

Since Isoc (X/K)111' is an inductive limit of finitely (g) -generated F*-stable subcategories of Isoc (X/K), F* induces an autoequivalence of Isoc(X/K)ur. Thus i f x is any Appoint of X and (D is the associated fiber functor, and if we set

(3.1.1) n^ = Aut0 (® | Isoc (X/KD then we have an equivalence of categories (c/. 2.5.1)

(3.1.2) n, : Isoc (X/K);? ^ F Rep,, W (X, x), ^r) where ^r is the canonical Frobenius structure on ^^(X, x).

Of course what we really want to describe is UR(X/K), which is smaller than Isoc (X/K);?. If (G, 0) is an affine K-group with Frobenius structure, we will denote by FRep^G, CD)"' the full subcategory of FRep^G, <^) consisting of (p, V, ^ such that (V, T) is a unit-root F-isocrystal on K. Since 3 . 1 . 2 "is" the restriction of r^"1^ to Isoc(X/K)^, it is a fully faithful functor

r}^ : UR (X/K) -> F RepK W (X, x), W.

In other words, if (M, 0) is unit-root, then so is the fiber (M^, <DJ. If x is a point of X with values in a perfect field and x/L -> X/K covers x -> X, then similar considerations show that there is a fully faithful functor

(3.1.3) n^ : UR (X/K)®L -^ F Rep^ (^r (X, x), W'

3.2. LEMMA. — If x is a geometric generic point, then r|^ ^ an equivalence.

Proof. — We have only to show that ^ is essentially surjective. Since 3 . 1 . 2 is an equivalence, this boils down to the assertion that if (M^, 0^) is unit-root, then so is (M, 0); but this is just proposition 2.1. •

Incidentally, 1.2 is the first "purely analytic" fact we have used so far.

3.3. We see from 3.2 that the problem of understanding UR(X/K) reduces to a purely group-theoretic one: given an affine K-group G with Frobenius structure 0, we want to describe the Ko-linear Tannakian category F Rep^ (G, (D)^, at least when F RepK(G, <l))ur is 0-generated by unit-root F-isocrystals. Until 3.7, k will be algebrai- cally closed.

The first thing to observe is that F Rep^ (G, 0)" is a neutral Tannakian category. In fact the structure theory for F-isocrystals on K [11] tells us that the category Fcriso^ of unit-root F-isocrystals on F is equivalent to Vec^y, a pair of inverse equivalences being given by

(3.3.1) F criso^ -> Vec^o ^^Ko "^ F cri50^ (V, O)^Ker(l-O) Vo^(Vo®K, l(x)a)

4°\$^^ - TOME 25 - 1992 - N° 4

(22)

From this we see that FRep^(G, 0)^ has a fiber functor into Vec^:

f coo : F RepK (G, ^ -. Vec^

(3.3.2) ^ ° ^KV , ^ Ko [ (p.V.T^KerO-^).

Thus if we set Go=Aut(g) ©o? we have the usual equivalence of categories (3.3.3) F Rep,, (G, 0)- ^ Vec^ (Go).

We now want to consider the forgetful functor

(3.3.4) F RepK (G, OF ^ Rep^ (G) and its extension to the categories of ind-objects

(3.3.5) ind - F RepK (G, 0)^ -^ ind - Rep^ (G).

The source of 3 . 3 . 5 is Ko-linear, while the target is K-linear, so by [13], 1.5.3.1, the functor 3 . 3 . 5 can be factored

ind - F RepK (G, 0)^ -"> F RepK (G, Or^K ^ ind - Rep^ (G).

By definition, FRep^G, O^'^K is the category of ind-objects of PRepi^G.O^

endowed with an action ofK; thus if we set L=K(x)KoK, then objects of FRepK(G, (D)1"'®]^ can be viewed as triples (V, p, ^ where V is an L-module, p is a representation of G on V, and ^ is a a ®1-linear isomorphism of V compatible with <3) in the sense of equation 2.2.4. With this identification, we can describe a and P as follows: a is the functor which Saavedra calls ;K/KO» an(^ ls S^611 ^Y

(3.3.6) o c : (V.p.^^^Ko^P^Ko^^KoK) while P is given by

(3.3.7) P : (V.p.T^V^K.p®^)

where K is regarded as an L-algebra by means of the multiplication map a®b->ab (cf. [13] 1.5.2 and 1.5.3.2). By construction, it is clear that

F RepK (G, Or ^-^ RepK(G)

( 3 . 3 . 8 ) ^ ^incl.

FRepK(G, OF^K—p—^ ind-Rep,, (G) is 2-commutative.

The composition of p with the forgetful functor ind — Rep^ (G) -> ind — Vec^ is a fiber functor

(forget) ° P : F RepK (G, 0)®K -^ ind - Vec^.

(23)

2.4. LEMMA. — (forget)0 PC^O)Q®K.

Proof. — The fiber functor CO()®K is just

(V.p.T^KerO-^)

as before. By 3.3.6-8 is enough to show that for all (V, p, ^) in F RepK (G, O)111'®^

we have a canonical isomorphism

(3.4.1) KerQ-1?)^®^.

Since V can be viewed as an object of ind—Fcnso^, Manin's theory [11] is applicable and one has (cf. 3.31) a canonical isomorphism

(3.4.2) V^K®KoKer(l-T).

But for any K-vector space N there is a canonical isomorphism (K®K,N)®LK^N

so we need only take N==Ker(l —^P).

From 3.4, we see that P induces a homomorphism of K-groups Y : G-.Go®K.

Next, we observe that since (Go^Ky^^Go^K, the K-group G()®K has an evident Frobenius structure given by 1®a. By 3.3.7, 3.4.2, and 2.2.4, this Frobenius struc- ture sits in a commutative diagram

(G((T)-^(Go®K)((y) (3.4.3) { o i IKSXT.

G ——> Go®K 3.5. LEMMA. — Y ls surjective.

Proof. — It is enough to show that P is fully faithful, and that its essential image is stable under the formation of subquotients. We first show that P is fully faithful: let (p, V, T), (p', V, ^ ' ) be objects of FRep^G, Oy^K and let

(V®LK, p®LK)-^(r®LK, P'®LK)

be a morphism in Rep^G). Then we see from 3 . 4 . 1 and 3 . 4 . 2 that there is a morphism V -> V that is necessarily compatible with ^ ^F' on account of 3.4.2; in the same way we can check that it is also compatible with the G-actions. We now show that the essential image of P is stable under the formation of subquotients: since we have shown thar P is fully faithful, we can replace "subquotients" by "subobjects", so let V®^K be a representation of G in the image o f ? and let W q. V®^K be a subrepresentation. Then K®^W is a free L-module of finite type and a®l defines a

4° SERIE - TOME 25 - 1992 - N° 4

(24)

Frobenius structure on K(g)^W. That this Frobenius structure is compatible with the Frobenius structure <D on G follows from the commutativity of 3 . 4 . 3 . •

3.6. PROPOSITION. — Suppose that Rep^(G) is ®-generated by a collection { V ^ g i such that each V^ has a unit-root Frobenius structure F^ making (Vp F^) a representation o/(G, 0). Then G ^ Go®K.

Proof. — By 3.5, it is enough to show that y is injective, or equivalently, that every object of ind— Rep^(G) is a subquotient of an object in the image of (3. By hypothesis, this kind of property holds for the forgetful functor 3.3.4, so it holds for P as well, by the commutativity of 3.3.8. •

We can now return to our geometric situation: X/k is smooth and geometrically connected, and x is a geometric generic point of X. Choose a morphism x / L -> X/K covering x -> X. We denote by TC^(X, x) the "affme group scheme hull" over Kg of the fundamental group n^(X, x) of X, i.e. the affme Kg-group whose category of Ko- representations is equivalent to the category of continuous representations of K^ on finite- dimensional Kg-vector spaces. The full subcategory of Rep^ TI^ (X, x) consisting of representations with finite image is equivalent to the category of K-representations of n^ (X, x) as a proalgebraic group, which allows us to identify n ^ (X, x) with the group of connected components of 7r^(X, x):

(3.6.1) 7io«)^.

Yet another n^- variant is the affme K-groupe TC^ defined by 3.1.1. The relation between them is given by

3.7. PROPOSITION. — Suppose k is algebraically closed, X/k is smooth and connected, x is a geometric generic point ofX, and x/L —> X/K covers x —> X. Then there is a canonical isomorphism

(3.7.1) W (X, x), 0)^) ^ (nl1 (X, x)(g)L, 1 (x)a)

of groups mth Frobenius structure. If p is a representation ofn^ (X, x) and (M, 0)=G(p) is the corresponding convergent unit-root P-isocrystal, then there is a canonical isomorphism

(3.7.2) (DGaKM.x^O^^im^^L, l(x)a).

If X/k is a smooth connected curve and p has finite local monodromy, then 3 . 7 . 2 holds /^(M.C^G^p).

Proof. — The first assertion follows from the (x)-equivalences 1.3.1, 3.1.3, and the isomorphism 3.3.3. If (M, 0) = G (p), then the functor 1 . 3 . 1 identifies the 00-category [p] generated by p with the (x) -category [M, 0] generated by (M, 0). In the context of 3.3.3, we then have G=DGal(M), and Go is the Zariski-closure of the image of p,

(25)

from which the equivalence 3 . 7 . 2 follows. Finally if p has finite local monodromy, then the equivalence 1 . 4 . 3 shows that 3 . 7 . 2 is valid in this case too. •

Finally, we can use 2.1.10 to remove the assumption that k is algebraically closed:

3.8. COROLLARY. — Suppose X/k is smooth and geometrically connected, and let p be a representation ofn^QC). 7^G(M, 0)=(p), then

(3.8.1) D Gal (M)®L^Im(p n^ (X®^))®!..

IfX/k is a smooth geometrically curve and p has finite local monodromy, then 3 . 8 . 1 holds /^(M.d^G^p).

Proof. — Let K^ be the completion of the maximal unramified extension of K; then the paragraph following 2.1.10 allows us to conclude that

DGal(M, ^K^DGaKMiX®^, y) for any fc-point y of X. On the other hand, 3.7 says that

DGaKMiX®^, x^In^plTi^X®^))®]-.,

so 3.8 follows from the non-canonical isomorphism of DGal(M,x) with DGal(M,^)®L. •

3.9. Remark. — Suppose that y is a Appoint of X, so that DGal(M, ^)®L is non- canonically isomorphic to DGal(M, x). In the context of 3.7, one can ask if there is already a non-canonical isomorphism between DGal(M, y) and Im(p)(x)K. The most that can be deduced from 3.7 is that these groups are inner twists of each other.

Finally, suppose that (M, F) is an F-isocrystal on a smooth geometrically connected scheme X over an algebraically closed field k, and that X/k has a lifting to a formally smooth X/R. Then we can view (M, F) as a locally free sheaf on 3E?11 endowed with a convergent connection and a Frobenius structure. It is well known that when (M, F) is unit-root, the Frobenius structure determines the connection, ie. no information is lost by "forgetting the connection". On the other hand, proposition 3.7 shows that some, but not much information is lost by forgetting the Frobenius structure: one can still recover the Zariski-closure of the image of n^ up to an inner twist.

4. Structure theory

The main result of this section (indeed, of the paper) is the global monodromy theorem 4.9. Once we have acquired the requisite tools, the proof is basically that of Deligne [6]. We conclude by calculating the monodromy groups of the convergent and overconvergent isocrystals associated to a nonisotrivial family of elliptic curves on a smooth curve.

Throughout this section X/k will be smooth and geometrically connected and (K, <r) will be as in 1. If L/K is a finite extension, then we will assume that we have chosen an extension of a which fixes a uniformizer of L. For most of this section we will not

4eSERIE - TOME 25 - 1992 - N° 4

(26)

want to keep track explicitly of base fields. Thus if we assert that a given isocrystal can be given a Frobenius structure with certain properties, it should be understood that this Frobenius structure might not be relative to the original Frobenius morphism of the base, but rather to a power of this morphism. The meaning of the symbol CT will float in the same way.

We say that a (convergent or overconvergent) isocrystal (M, F) on X/K is isotrivial if there is a finite etale TI:Y ->X such that the pullback TC*(M, F) is constant. Our first task is to check that this is equivalent to DGal(M) being finite. First, some simple remarks:

4.1. LEMMA. — Let M be a (convergent or overconvergent) isocrystal on X/K such that D Gal (M) is finite. Then

(i) IfM has a Frobenius structure, then it has a unit-root Frobenius structure.

(ii) If'M is a subquotient of an isocrystal mth a Frobenius structure, then it is a subobject of an N with Frobenius structure and such that DGal(N) is finite.

Proof. — It is enough to prove the corresponding statements about representations of groups with Frobenius structure. For (i), we consider a representation (V, ^F) of (G, 0), where G is finite. We have seen (at the end of § 2 . 2 ) that for some n there is a Frobenius structure ^V' for F" on V such that (V, ^F') is a unit-root representation of (G, O"), whence (i). Part (ii) reduces to the following assertion: suppose (V, ^F) is a representation of (G, 0), and W is a G-subrepresentation of V with finite image; then W occurs as a G-subrepresentation of a (V, ^V') such that V has finite image. Let H denote the quotient of G by its connected component. Since the connected component is a characteristic subgroup, the Frobenius structure 0 induces a Frobenius structure on H, which as before can be identified with a finite order automorphism cp of H. If cp has order n, then a representation of (H, 0) can then be identified with a representation of the semidirect product H7 of Zfn by H, where the generator of Z acts on H by (p. Suppose now that W is a representation of G with finite image, i. e. a representa- tion of H. Then the induced representation V of W to H' can be identified with a representation of (H, 0), i. e. a representation of (G, 0) with finite image, which contains W as a G-subrepresentation. •

Note that the (N, ^F) constructed for (ii) can be taken to be unit-root.

4.2. PROPOSITION. — Suppose X/k is smooth and geometrically connected (resp. a smooth geometrically connected curve), n: Y -> X is finite etale, and N is a constant convergent (resp. overconvergent) isocrystal on Y/K. Then DGal(Ti^N) is finite.

Proof. - We can assume the Y is geometrically connected. Since N is constant it can be given the structure of a convergent (resp. overconvergent) unit-root F crystal, and thus corresponds to a representation 1 (the identity representation) of n^ (Y). Then by the results of 1.7, the convergent (resp. overconvergent) F-isocrystal n^ N corresponds to the representation Ind (1) of n^ (X). Since the latter has finite image, 3.7 shows that D Gal (TT^N) is finite. •

ANNALES SCIENTIFIQUES DE L'ECOLE NORMALE SUPERIEURE

(27)

4.3. PROPOSITION. - Let X/k be a smooth curve over an algebraically closed field (M, F) an over convergent F-isocrystal on X/K, and N an object of [Mj. Then the following statements are equivalent:

(i) N is isotrivial (ii) N is isotrivial (iii) DGal(N) is finite (iv) D Gal(N)u finite

If any of these conditions hold, there is a canonical isomorphism

(43 • 0 D Gal (N) ^ D Gal (N).

. proof: ~. The ""P^1101" (O^ii) and (iii)^(iv) are immediate. Next, we show (i) => (iii): if K : Y ->• X is a finite etale galois cover such that TT* N is trivial then we have N c? ^a*N. By 4.2, D Gal (n, K* N) is finite, so DGal(N) is finite too. The same argument also shows that (ii)=>(iv). Conversely, (iv)^(ii); in fact, by (ii) of lemma 4.1, we can assume that NsN' where DGal(N') is finite and N' has a unit-root Frobenius structure. It then follows from 1.3 and 3.7 that N' becomes trivial on a suitable finite etale cover of X, whence so does N. Finally, we show that (ii) => (i). Let TC:Y -> X be a finite etale galois cover such that n*N is trivial; then as before we have N 05 it^re*N. Furthermore since 7t*N is trivial, there is a natural unit-root Frobenius structure on i^ n* N which by 3.7 induces a unit-root Frobenius structure on N (possibly after making an extension of K). Finally, since n* N is trivial, we see from 1.4 that N is of the form^p), and since Gt is fully faithful and natural in X, we see that the triviality of it* N implies the triviality of n* N. •

Note that the hypothesis that X is a curve is really only used in the proof of (ii) =;> (i).

Denote by UR (X/K)"""6, resp. LW (X/K)"""' the full subcategory of UR(X/K), resp.

UR^ (X/K) consisting of unit-root F-isocrystals (M, F) such that D Gal (M) is finite. The argument given above shows that in fact any object of UR (X/K)"""6 is the completion of an object of L^ (X/K)"""6. We therefore have

4.4. COROLLARY. - Suppose X/k is a curve. Then the completion functor M -> M induces an equivalences of categories

UR (X/K)"""6 ^ L^ (X/K)"""6. •

We can now determine the groups of connected components of Tt1'"1500^) and

—F-Isoct. ; ' '

4.4. PROPOSITION. - Ifk is algebraically closed, then there is a natural isomorphism

(4-4-1) ^(^-^(X^^n^X).

4° S6RIE - TOME 25 - 1992 - N° 4

(28)

If'X is a curve, then there is also a natural isomorphism

(4.4.2) K^-^(X))^K,(X).

Proof. - Recall that for any proalgebraic group G, the subcategory of Rep^ (G) corresponding to the quotient group KQ (G) of G is the full subcategory of representations o f G with finite image (since for an algebraic group "finite" is equivalent to

"discrete"). In the case of ^(^"'^(X)), the category in question is the category of convergent isocrystals M such that

(i) D Gal (M) is finite

(ii) M is a subquotient of the underlying isocrystal of a convergent F-isocrystal on X/K. We want to compare this with the category of finite-dimensional K-representations of TCI (X) (continuous for the discrete topology on K). After a suitable extension of scalars, the latter category is equivalent to the category of convergent isocrystals M satisfying (i) and

(iii) M is a subquotient of the underlying isocrystal of a convergent unit-root F- isocrystal on X/K.

Lemma 4.1 shows that the conjunction of (i) and (ii) is equivalent to the conjunction of (i) and (iii), which proves the assertion about ^"^(X). When X is a curve, the category of K-representations of ^(^"^^(X)) is equivalent to the category of overconvergent M satisfying (i) and

(ii') M is a subquotient of the underlying isocrystal of an overconvergent F-isocrystal on X/K

and as before this is equivalent to the category of overconvergent M satisfying (i) and (iii') M is a subquotient of the underlying isocrystal of an overconvergent unit-root F-isocrystal on X/K.

Now from 4.1 (ii) and 4.4 we see that the category of overconvergent M satisfying (i) and (iii') is equivalent to the category of convergent M satisfying (i) and (iii), from which the last part of 4.4 follows. •

4.5. COROLLARY. — Suppose that k is algebraically closed, Y is connected, and n: Y -> X is finite etale and principal homogenous under a (finite) group G. Then there is an exact sequence

(4.5.1) 0 -^ T^-1800 (Y) -> T^"1806 (X) -^ G -> 0.

ifX and Y are curves, there is an exact sequence

(4.5.2) 0 -> ^-Isoc+ (Y) -> T^-1806' (X) -> G -^ 0.

Proof. - Let H be the cokernel of ^-Isoc (Y) -* ^F1806 (X). Then the diagram 0 ^ TiF1800 (Y) -> TiF1800 (X) -^ H -> Q

I I I 0-> 7ti(Y) -> 7Ti(X) ^ G ^ O

Updating...

## References

Related subjects :

format: plain


text:
# `f(x) = sinx , n=5` Find the n'th Maclaurin polynomial for the function.

Maclaurin series is a special case of Taylor series that is centered at a=0. The expansion of the function about 0 follows the formula:

`f(x)=sum_(n=0)^oo (f^n(0))/(n!) x^n`

or

`f(x)= f(0)+(f'(0))/(1!)x+(f^2(0))/(2!)x^2+(f^3(0))/(3!)x^3+(f^4(0))/(4!)x^4 +...`

To determine the Maclaurin polynomial of degree n=5 for the given function `f(x)=sin(x)` , we may apply the formula for Maclaurin series.

To list `f^n(x)` , we may apply the derivative formula for trigonometric functions: `d/(dx) sin(x) = cos(x)`  and `d/(dx) cos(x) = -sin(x)` .

`f(x) =sin(x)`

`f'(x) = d/(dx) sin(x)`

`= cos(x)`

`f^2(x) = d/(dx) cos(x)`

`= -sin(x)`

`f^3(x) = d/(dx) -sin(x)`

`=-1*d/(dx) sin(x)`

`= -1 * cos(x)`

`= -cos(x)`

`f^4(x) = d/(dx) -cos(x)`

`=-1*d/(dx) cos(x)`

`= -1 * (-sin(x))`

`= sin(x)`

`f^5(x) = d/(dx) sin(x)`

`= cos(x)`

Plug-in `x=0 ` on each `f^n(x)` , we get:

`f(0) =sin(0) =0`

`f'(0)= cos(0) =1`

`f^2(0)= -sin(0)=0`

`f^3(0)= -cos(0)=-1`

`f^4(0)= sin(0)=0`

`f^5(0)= cos(0)=1`

Plug-in the values on the formula for Maclaurin series, we get:

`sum_(n=0)^5 (f^n(0))/(n!) x^n= 0+1/(1!)x+0/(2!)x^2+(-1)/(3!)x^3+0/(4!)x^4+1/(5!)x^5`

`= 0+1/1x+0/2x^2-1/6x^3+0/24x^4+1/120x^5`

`= x-1/6x^3+1/120x^5`

The Maclaurin polynomial of degree n=5 for the given function `f(x)=sin(x)` will be:

`P_5(x)=x-1/6x^3+1/120x^5`

Approved by eNotes Editorial Team


text:
# An example of changing kerning of a font in LuaLaTeX

LuaLaTeX, through the luaotfload package, is able to dynamically add and modify features and properties of a font. This is performed by using the FeatureFile option in fontspec when loading a font; e.g.,

\setmainfont[FeatureFile=times-nr.fea]{Times New Roman}

where times-nr.fea is given as a listing in the fontspec manual (see §11). The syntax of these feature files is given by Adobe. Unfortunately, I haven't had the chance to look into this myself and I'm not sure what's possible nor how to do it.

I'd like to add some more examples to the fontspec manual, especially for adjusting the side-bearings around single glyphs and adjusting the kerning between adjacent glyphs and so on. The ability to define custom kerning for your fonts would truly make LuaLaTeX a world-class typesetting engine—no other TeX program is able to do this sort of thing so easily.

I'd like to perform an experiment: the source for fontspec is on GitHub. I'll offer a bounty on this question for the best patch to the fontspec manual adding more documentation for the FeatureFile option, specifically for sidebearing and/or kerning but hopefully for anything else that you also might happen to see that's fun.

So, can anyone help?

P.S. If you're stuck on the fact that to compile fontspec.pdf requires a whole bunch of pre-built PDFs for the examples, you can grab them from CTAN.

-
Of course, I can't start a bounty for a couple of days so hang tight until then :) – Will Robertson Sep 30 '10 at 8:02
I like the idea of bounties for improving documentation! – TH. Sep 30 '10 at 8:04
More documentation, and incentives for more documentation are a good thing (of course). However I don't think stackexchange is the right format for asking for this kind of thing. From the faq "this is a place for questions that can be answered", not for "the best patch to the fontspec manual". Therefore, I vote to close this non-question. – Lev Bishop Oct 1 '10 at 0:43
The biggest problem is that bounties have a time limit and writing documentation can take longer than that...also, you don't want to risk having two people working on something big at the same time without collaborating. How about offering the bounty for someone who commits to writing the documentation and explains why they can do it best! (then the question changes to "who is willing to do it?") – Yossi Farjoun Oct 4 '10 at 14:43
This is only an experiment, so it might not work. But in counterpoint, this really isn't a big feature that I'm asking for documentation on. I'm not saying "write 10 pages of docs"; all I want is an example! If anyone was actually interested they wouldn't need the entire nine days to carefully craft their prose, and the chances of two people overlapping—well, clearly that's not a problem right now and it's also a risk when answering every question on this site. – Will Robertson Oct 4 '10 at 22:07

I did not want to interfere with this experiment, but since nobody posted an answer so far, I just pushed an update to the feature file section of the documentation on github. It is not the most clear way to document it, but I tried my best (as far as my English permits :) )

-
BTW, the floats especially in that part are a bit ugly with the example 2 pages away from the actual section because of other floats, I hope someone knows how to really force LaTeX to keep the float in the current page ([h], [!h] and [H] with float package, all made no to very little difference). – Khaled Hosny Oct 8 '10 at 17:14

Adjusting the kerning of the glyph pair fh in TeX Gyre Bonum would require something like the this ...

bonum.fea

languagesystem DFLT dflt;
languagesystem latn dflt;
feature kern {
pos \f \h 125;
} kern;

test.tex

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\setmainfont[FeatureFile=bonum.fea]{TeX Gyre Bonum}
\begin{document}
fh
\end{document}

There is a problem with the babel package, though ...

test2.tex

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\setmainfont[FeatureFile=bonum.fea]{TeX Gyre Bonum}
\begin{document}
fh aufhalten
\end{document}

As you can see, the adjusted kerning only applies to the first instance of the glyph pair. When the glyph pair occurs inside a word, the adjusted kerning is not applied. When babel is not loaded, everything is fine.

-
I get the same result with and without babel (a lot of space between the fh). Also I really can't see how babel should be able to interfer. Are you sure that you always deleted the temp-texgyrebonum-regular-bonum.lua file when you change your fea-file? – Ulrike Fischer Feb 8 '11 at 10:44
BTW, is there some kind of a public repository for OTF feature files? I plan on adjusting the kerning of TeX Gyre Bonum (at least for the purposes of my own book project), so if anyone was interested they could profit from my custom feature file (provided my adjustments will be typographically accurate, of course). – user3432 Feb 8 '11 at 10:58
The problem is not babel but the german hyphenation patterns. You get the same result (problem) if you load them simply with \makeatletter\bbl@patterns{ngerman}. And it disappear as soon as there is no longer a breakpoint between fh (e.g. try axfhlten). I suggest that you ask on the luatex list if this is a bug or unavoidable. – Ulrike Fischer Feb 8 '11 at 13:06
Thanks for the clarification! I will do that. – user3432 Feb 8 '11 at 13:36


text:
# The hydrogen-like species $Li^{2+}$ is in a spherically symmetric state $S_1$ with one radial node. Upon absorbing light the ion undergoes transition to a state $S_2$ has one radial node and its energy is equal to the ground state energy of hydrogen atom. Energy of the state $S_1$ in units of the hydrogen atom ground state energy is

$(a)\;0.75\qquad(b)\;1.50\qquad(c)\;2.25\qquad(d)\;4.50$

$\large\frac{E_{S_1}}{E_{H_(ground)}}= \large\frac{-13.6\times9}{4\times(-13.6)}$
$\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;= 2.25$


text:
# How to find maximum coil current for relay based on nominal current value given in datasheet

As per datasheet for Relay (Panasonic: JS-M Series); all nominal values are mentioned for coil current, voltage & power dissipation. Based on these values how to estimate maximum values for current, voltage & power dissipation for relays. e.g. Nominal Voltage: 12VDC Nominal Operating Current: 53.3mA Nominal Operating Power: 640mW

This relays is designed for 12V system; (Automotive Domain); Can it be used for 24V systems?

I have checked this relay on 31.5V power supply. It was working fine without any damage. So I am not sure whether to use same 12V relay for 24V system or not.

• Provide a link to the specific part's data sheet. – Andy aka Sep 10 '18 at 13:58

You should not do this. Assuming 150°C insulation the temperature rise at 85°C ambient is 65°C with 16V applied. Refer to figure 3 on the datasheet.

Even if your ambient temperature never exceeds 25°C (so the allowable temperature rise would be 60°C more), the maximum allowable voltage would be

Vmax = 16V$\cdot \sqrt{\frac{125°C}{65°C}}$ = 22VDC (Ta $\le$25°C).

The assumption in the above is that temperature rise is proportional to coil dissipation.

Use the proper voltage relay or add a ~1W resistor in series with the coil.

Note that the resistance of the coil varies significantly from room temperature to the maximum coil temperature, however at the maximum it is roughly the same, whether you get there from high ambient temperature or from heating due to over-voltage.

If you look carefully at the data sheet, you should find everything that you need to know. The sheet lists +/- 10% tolerance for coil current and power. Allowable voltage range is listed as 10 to 16 volts. You stated that the relay works fine at 31.5 volts. What was the ambient temperature? How long did you operate the relay with that coil voltage? You should not expect a very long coil life with nearly twice the allowable coil voltage. However the relay is designed to operate in an 85C ambient. It may last quite a while at a lower temperature.