This is Transcription factor MafB protein, from Mouse, contains 323 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Acts as a transcriptional activator or repressor, Plays a pivotal role in regulating lineage-specific hematopoiesis by repressing ETS1-mediated transcription of erythroid-specific genes in myeloid cells, Required for monocytic, macrophage, osteoclast, podocyte and islet beta cell differentiation, Involved in renal tubule survival and F4/80 maturation, Activates the insulin and glucagon promoters, Together with PAX6, transactivates weakly the glucagon gene promoter through the G1 element, SUMO modification controls its transcriptional activity and ability to specify macrophage fate, Binds element G1 on the glucagon promoter, Involved either as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor, depending on the cell context, Required for the transcriptional activation of HOXB3 in the rhombomere r5 in the hindbrain (PubMed:11823429)

Belongs to the bZIP family, Maf subfamily


This is Transcription factor MafB protein, from Rat, contains 323 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Acts as a transcriptional activator or repressor, Plays a pivotal role in regulating lineage-specific hematopoiesis by repressing ETS1-mediated transcription of erythroid-specific genes in myeloid cells, Required for monocytic, macrophage, osteoclast, podocyte and islet beta cell differentiation, Involved in renal tubule survival and F4/80 maturation, Activates the insulin and glucagon promoters, Together with PAX6, transactivates weakly the glucagon gene promoter through the G1 element, SUMO modification controls its transcriptional activity and ability to specify macrophage fate, Binds element G1 on the glucagon promoter, Involved either as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor, depending on the cell context (By similarity), Required for the transcriptional activation of HOXB3 in the rhombomere r5 in the hindbrain (By similarity)


This is Transcription factor Maf protein, from Rat, contains 369 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Acts as a transcriptional activator or repressor, When overexpressed, represses anti-oxidant response element (ARE)-mediated transcription, Involved either as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor, depending on the cell context, Binds to the ARE sites of detoxifying enzyme gene promoters, Involved in embryonic lens fiber cell development, Recruits the transcriptional coactivators CREBBP and/or EP300 to crystallin promoters leading to up-regulation of crystallin gene during lens fiber cell differentiation, Activates the expression of IL4 in T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, Increases T-cell susceptibility to apoptosis by interacting with MYB and decreasing BCL2 expression, Together with PAX6, transactivates strongly the glucagon gene promoter through the G1 element, Activates transcription of the CD13 proximal promoter in endothelial cells, Represses transcription of the CD13 promoter in early stages of myelopoiesis by affecting the ETS1 and MYB cooperative interaction, Involved in the initial chondrocyte terminal differentiation and the disappearance of hypertrophic chondrocytes during endochondral bone development, Binds to the sequence 5'-[GT]G[GC]N[GT]NCTCAGNN-3' in the L7 promoter, Binds to the T-MARE (Maf response element) sites of lens-specific alpha- and beta-crystallin gene promoters, Binds element G1 on the glucagon promoter, Binds an AT-rich region adjacent to the TGC motif (atypical Maf response element) in the CD13 proximal promoter in endothelial cells, It may interact with additional basic-zipper proteins that determine a subtype of Maf-responsive element binding (By similarity)


This is Dynamin-related protein DNM1 protein, from Baker's yeast, contains 757 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Mitochondrion.

Microtubule-associated force-producing protein that participates mitochondrial fission, Fission of mitochondria occurs in many cell types and constitutes an important step in mitochondria morphology, which is balanced between fusion and fission, Functions antagonistically with FZO1

Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily, Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family


This is Protein SLG1 protein, from Baker's yeast, contains 378 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Plays a role during G1 to regulate entering or exiting the cell cycle, Involved in stress responses, Has a role in cell wall integrity signaling, Activates ROM1 or ROM2 catalyzed guanine nucleotide exchange toward RHO1, Important regulator of the actin cytoskeleton rearrangements in conditions of cell wall expansion and membrane stretching, Specifically required for the actin reorganization induced by hypo-osmotic shock, Multicopy suppressor of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase (GS), Activates GS upstream of RHO1, Acts positively on the PKC1-MAPK pathway, Activates transiently SLT2 during alkaline stress, which leads to an increase in the expression of several specific genes


This is Cis-aconitate decarboxylase protein, from Mouse, contains 488 amino acids, locates in Mitochondrion.

Cis-aconitate decarboxylase that catalyzes production of itaconate and is involved in the inhibition of the inflammatory response (PubMed:23609450, PubMed:23610393, PubMed:30635240, PubMed:31548418), Acts as a negative regulator of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated inflammatory innate response by stimulating the tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein TNFAIP3 expression via reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-tolerized macrophages (PubMed:23609450), Involved in antimicrobial response of innate immune cells; ACOD1-mediated itaconic acid production contributes to the antimicrobial activity of macrophages by generating itaconate, leading to alkylation of proteins, such as TFEB (PubMed:23610393, PubMed:35662396), Involved in antiviral response following infection by flavivirus in neurons: ACOD1-mediated itaconate production inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, generating a metabolic state in neurons that suppresses replication of viral genomes (PubMed:30635240), Plays a role in the embryo implantation (PubMed:14500577)


This is Bax inhibitor 1 protein, from Human, contains 237 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Endoplasmic reticulum.

Suppressor of apoptosis (PubMed:21075086), Modulates unfolded protein response signaling (PubMed:21075086), Modulates ER calcium homeostasis by acting as a calcium-leak channel (PubMed:22128171), Negatively regulates autophagy and autophagosome formation, especially during periods of nutrient deprivation, and reduces cell survival during starvation (By similarity)


This is Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor protein, from Human, contains 182 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Selectively promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons of the ventral mid-brain (PubMed:12794311), Modulates GABAergic transmission to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (By similarity), Enhances spontaneous, as well as evoked, GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents in dopaminergic neurons (By similarity), Inhibits cell proliferation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cell death (PubMed:18561914, PubMed:22637475, PubMed:29497057), Retained in the ER/sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) through association with the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein HSPA5 under normal conditions (PubMed:22637475), Up-regulated and secreted by the ER/SR in response to ER stress and hypoxia (PubMed:22637475), Following secretion by the ER/SR, directly binds to 3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide, a lipid sulfatide in the outer cell membrane of target cells (PubMed:29497057), Sulfatide binding promotes its cellular uptake by endocytosis, and is required for its role in alleviating ER stress and cell toxicity under hypoxic and ER stress conditions (PubMed:29497057)


This is Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein large subunit protein, from Human, contains 894 amino acids, locates in Endoplasmic reticulum.

Catalyzes the transport of triglyceride, cholesteryl ester, and phospholipid between phospholipid surfaces (PubMed:23475612, PubMed:8939939, PubMed:26224785, PubMed:25108285, PubMed:22236406, PubMed:16478722, PubMed:15897609, PubMed:8876250), Required for the assembly and secretion of plasma lipoproteins that contain apolipoprotein B (PubMed:23475612, PubMed:8939939, PubMed:26224785, PubMed:8876250, PubMed:16478722), May be involved in regulating cholesteryl ester biosynthesis in cells that produce lipoproteins (By similarity)


This is RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL protein, from Human, contains 621 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Elongation factor component of the super elongation complex (SEC), a complex required to increase the catalytic rate of RNA polymerase II transcription by suppressing transient pausing by the polymerase at multiple sites along the DNA, Elongation factor component of the little elongation complex (LEC), a complex required to regulate small nuclear RNA (snRNA) gene transcription by RNA polymerase II and III (PubMed:22195968, PubMed:23932780), Specifically required for stimulating the elongation step of RNA polymerase II- and III-dependent snRNA gene transcription (PubMed:23932780), ELL also plays an early role before its assembly into in the SEC complex by stabilizing RNA polymerase II recruitment/initiation and entry into the pause site, Required to stabilize the pre-initiation complex and early elongation


This is Cystathionine gamma-synthase 1, chloroplastic protein, from Mouse-ear cress, contains 563 amino acids, locates in Plastid.

Catalyzes the first committed step of methionine (Met) biosynthesis, Catalyzes the formation of L-cystathionine from homoserine esters and L-cysteine, via a gamma-replacement reaction, Substrate preference for cystathionine synthesis is O-phospho-L-homoserine (OPH) > O(4)-succinyl-L-homoserine (OSH) >> O-acetyl-L-homoserine (OAH), Is able, at extremely low rate, to catalyze a gamma-elimination of OPH in the absence of cysteine to produce inorganic phosphate (Pi), 2-oxobutanoate and ammonia

Belongs to the trans-sulfuration enzymes family


This is Forkhead box protein G1 protein, from Human, contains 489 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Transcription repression factor which plays an important role in the establishment of the regional subdivision of the developing brain and in the development of the telencephalon


This is Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-alpha protein, from Human, contains 472 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Transcription factor that is involved in embryonic development, establishment of tissue-specific gene expression and regulation of gene expression in differentiated tissues, Is thought to act as a 'pioneer' factor opening the compacted chromatin for other proteins through interactions with nucleosomal core histones and thereby replacing linker histones at target enhancer and/or promoter sites, Binds DNA with the consensus sequence 5'-[AC]A[AT]T[AG]TT[GT][AG][CT]T[CT]-3' (By similarity), Proposed to play a role in translating the epigenetic signatures into cell type-specific enhancer-driven transcriptional programs, Its differential recruitment to chromatin is dependent on distribution of histone H3 methylated at 'Lys-5' (H3K4me2) in estrogen-regulated genes, Involved in the development of multiple endoderm-derived organ systems such as liver, pancreas, lung and prostate; FOXA1 and FOXA2 seem to have at least in part redundant roles (By similarity), Modulates the transcriptional activity of nuclear hormone receptors, Is involved in ESR1-mediated transcription; required for ESR1 binding to the NKX2-1 promoter in breast cancer cells; binds to the RPRM promoter and is required for the estrogen-induced repression of RPRM, Involved in regulation of apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of BCL2, Involved in cell cycle regulation by activating expression of CDKN1B, alone or in conjunction with BRCA1, Originally described as a transcription activator for a number of liver genes such as AFP, albumin, tyrosine aminotransferase, PEPCK, etc, Interacts with the cis-acting regulatory regions of these genes, Involved in glucose homeostasis


This is Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-gamma protein, from Human, contains 350 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Transcription factor that is thought to act as a 'pioneer' factor opening the compacted chromatin for other proteins through interactions with nucleosomal core histones and thereby replacing linker histones at target enhancer and/or promoter sites (By similarity), Originally described as a transcription activator for a number of liver genes such as AFP, albumin, tyrosine aminotransferase, PEPCK, etc, Interacts with the cis-acting regulatory regions of these genes, Involved in glucose homeostasis; binds to and activates transcription from the G6PC1 promoter, Binds to the CYP3A4 promoter and activates its transcription in cooperation with CEBPA, Binds to the CYP3A7 promoter together with members of the CTF/NF-I family, Involved in regulation of neuronal-specific transcription, May be involved in regulation of spermatogenesis


This is NHP2-like protein 1 protein, from Human, contains 128 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit, During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome (PubMed:34516797), Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome (PubMed:28781166), Binds to the 5'-stem-loop of U4 snRNA and thereby contributes to spliceosome assembly (PubMed:10545122, PubMed:17412961), The protein undergoes a conformational change upon RNA-binding (PubMed:17412961, PubMed:10545122, PubMed:28781166)

Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL8 family


This is DNA replication licensing factor mcm5-A protein, from African clawed frog, contains 735 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells, Core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built, The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit, The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity


This is Acid-sensing ion channel 1 protein, from Rat, contains 526 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Proton-gated sodium channel; it is activated by a drop of the extracellular pH and then becomes rapidly desensitized, Generates a biphasic current with a fast inactivating and a slow sustained phase, Has high selectivity for sodium ions and can also transport lithium ions with high efficiency, Can also transport potassium ions, but with lower efficiency, It is nearly impermeable to the larger rubidium and cesium ions, Isoform 3 discrimates stronger than isoform 1 between monovalent cations, Isoform 3 can flux Ca(2+) while isoform 1 cannot, Heteromeric channels composed of isoform 2 and isoform 3 are active but have a lower pH-sensitivity, Mediates glutamate-independent Ca(2+) entry into neurons upon acidosis, This Ca(2+) overloading is toxic for cortical neurons and may be in part responsible for ischemic brain injury, Heteromeric channel assembly seems to modulate channel properties

Belongs to the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (TC 1,A,6) family, ASIC1 subfamily


This is Ribosomal RNA processing protein 1 homolog A protein, from Human, contains 461 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Plays a critical role in the generation of 28S rRNA


This is Interferon regulatory factor 5 protein, from Mouse, contains 497 amino acids, locates in Cytoplasm.

Transcription factor that plays a critical role in innate immunity by activating expression of type I interferon (IFN) IFNA and INFB and inflammatory cytokines downstream of endolysosomal toll-like receptors TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 (PubMed:15665823), Regulates the transcription of type I IFN genes (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) by binding to an interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) in their promoters (PubMed:15665823), Can efficiently activate both the IFN-beta (IFNB) and the IFN-alpha (IFNA) genes and mediate their induction downstream of the TLR-activated, MyD88-dependent pathway (PubMed:15665823)


This is Peroxisomal biogenesis factor 3 protein, from Human, contains 373 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Peroxisome.

Involved in peroxisome biosynthesis and integrity, Assembles membrane vesicles before the matrix proteins are translocated, As a docking factor for PEX19, is necessary for the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins in the peroxisomes


This is Glucose-6-phosphate exchanger SLC37A1 protein, from Human, contains 533 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Endoplasmic reticulum.

Inorganic phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate antiporter, May transport cytoplasmic glucose-6-phosphate into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and translocate inorganic phosphate into the opposite direction, Independent of a lumenal glucose-6-phosphatase, May not play a role in homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels

Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily, Organophosphate:Pi antiporter (OPA) (TC 2,A,1,4) family


This is tRNA (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase non-catalytic subunit WDR4 protein, from Human, contains 412 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Non-catalytic component of the METTL1-WDR4 methyltransferase complex required for the formation of N(7)-methylguanine in a subset of RNA species, such as tRNAs, mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) (PubMed:12403464, PubMed:31031084, PubMed:31031083, PubMed:36599982, PubMed:36599985), In the METTL1-WDR4 methyltransferase complex, WDR4 acts as a scaffold for tRNA-binding (PubMed:36599982, PubMed:36599985), Required for the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in a large subset of tRNAs that contain the 5'-RAGGU-3' motif within the variable loop (PubMed:12403464, PubMed:34352207, PubMed:34352206, PubMed:36599982, PubMed:36599985), M7G46 interacts with C13-G22 in the D-loop to stabilize tRNA tertiary structure and protect tRNAs from decay (PubMed:36599982, PubMed:36599985), Also required for the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at internal sites in a subset of mRNAs (PubMed:31031084), Also required for methylation of a specific subset of miRNAs, such as let-7 (PubMed:31031083), Independently of METTL1, also plays a role in genome stability: localizes at the DNA replication site and regulates endonucleolytic activities of FEN1 (PubMed:26751069)


This is Maleylacetoacetate isomerase protein, from Rat, contains 216 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Probable bifunctional enzyme showing minimal glutathione-conjugating activity with ethacrynic acid and 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazole and maleylacetoacetate isomerase activity, Has also low glutathione peroxidase activity with t-butyl and cumene hydroperoxides (By similarity), Is able to catalyze the glutathione dependent oxygenation of dichloroacetic acid to glyoxylic acid

Belongs to the GST superfamily, Zeta family


This is Poly(rC)-binding protein 3 protein, from Human, contains 371 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Single-stranded nucleic acid binding protein that binds preferentially to oligo dC


This is Nuclear pore complex protein Nup107 protein, from Human, contains 925 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Nucleus.

Plays a role in the nuclear pore complex (NPC) assembly and/or maintenance (PubMed:12552102, PubMed:15229283, PubMed:30179222), Required for the assembly of peripheral proteins into the NPC (PubMed:15229283, PubMed:12552102), May anchor NUP62 to the NPC (PubMed:15229283), Involved in nephrogenesis (PubMed:30179222)

Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup84/Nup107 family


This is Acyl-CoA-binding domain-containing protein 6 protein, from Mouse-ear cress, contains 92 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with very high affinity, May function as an intracellular carrier of acyl-CoA esters, Confers resistance to cold and freezing, Interacts with phosphatidylcholine and derivatives, but not phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine, May be involved in phospholipid metabolism


This is Calcium-binding protein 4 protein, from Human, contains 275 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Involved in normal synaptic function through regulation of Ca(2+) influx and neurotransmitter release in photoreceptor synaptic terminals and in auditory transmission, Modulator of CACNA1D and CACNA1F, suppressing the calcium-dependent inactivation and shifting the activation range to more hyperpolarized voltages (By similarity)


This is Forkhead box protein L2 protein, from Human, contains 376 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Transcriptional regulator, Critical factor essential for ovary differentiation and maintenance, and repression of the genetic program for somatic testis determination, Prevents trans-differentiation of ovary to testis through transcriptional repression of the Sertoli cell-promoting gene SOX9 (By similarity), Has apoptotic activity in ovarian cells, Suppresses ESR1-mediated transcription of PTGS2/COX2 stimulated by tamoxifen (By similarity), Is a regulator of CYP19 expression (By similarity), Participates in SMAD3-dependent transcription of FST via the intronic SMAD-binding element (By similarity), Is a transcriptional repressor of STAR, Activates SIRT1 transcription under cellular stress conditions, Activates transcription of OSR2


This is Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, mitochondrial protein, from Mouse, contains 960 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Mitochondrion.

Isoforms that contain the alternative exon 4b (present in isoform 2, but not in isoform 1) are required for mitochondrial genome maintenance, possibly by anchoring the mitochondrial nucleoids to the inner mitochondrial membrane


This is Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2 protein, from Rat, contains 799 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter (PubMed:8226790, PubMed:25480793), Terminates the action of glycine by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals (PubMed:8226790), May be responsible for the termination of neurotransmission at strychnine-sensitive glycinergic synapses (PubMed:8226790)

Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2,A,22) family, SLC6A5 subfamily


This is Clarin-1 protein, from Human, contains 232 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

May have a role in the excitatory ribbon synapse junctions between hair cells and cochlear ganglion cells and presumably also in analogous synapses within the retina


This is PAX3- and PAX7-binding protein 1 protein, from Mouse, contains 919 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Adapter protein linking the transcription factors PAX3 and PAX7 to the histone methylation machinery and involved in myogenesis, Associates with a histone methyltransferase complex that specifically mediates dimethylation and trimethylation of 'Lys-4' of histone H3, Mediates the recruitment of that complex to the transcription factors PAX3 and PAX7 on chromatin to regulate the expression of genes involved in muscle progenitor cells proliferation including ID3 and CDC20


This is Conantokin-R protein, from Rayed cone, contains 107 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Conantokins inhibit N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, This toxin is potent in the following order of preference: NR2B approximately NR2A/GRIN2A > NR2C/GRIN2C >> NR2D/GRIN2D, Induces sleep-like symptoms in young mice, Is a highly potent anticonvulsant compound


This is Lectin alpha chain protein, from Dioclea rostrata, contains 237 amino acids, locates in Lysosome/Vacuole.

D-mannose/D-glucose-binding lectin, Induces histamine release in mast cells from hamster and rat, Induces lymphocyte proliferation and IFNG production


This is Cysteine/serine-rich nuclear protein 1 protein, from Mouse, contains 583 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Binds to the consensus sequence 5'-AGAGTG-3' and has transcriptional activator activity, May have a tumor-suppressor function, May play a role in apoptosis


This is Basic phospholipase A2 VRV-PL-VIIIa protein, from Russel's viper, contains 121 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) that shows weak neurotoxicity and medium anticoagulant effects by binding to factor Xa (F10) and inhibiting the prothrombinase activity (IC(50) is 130 nM) (PubMed:18062812), It also damages vital organs such as lung, liver and kidney, displays edema-inducing activities when injected into the foot pads of mice and induces necrosis of muscle cells when injected into the thigh muscle, Has a low enzymatic activity, PLA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides

Belongs to the phospholipase A2 family, Group II subfamily, D49 sub-subfamily


This is Histone H3.3 protein, from Mouse-ear cress, contains 136 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes, Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis, Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin, Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template, Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability, DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling


This is Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 2 protein, from Mouse, contains 703 amino acids, has 1 FCS-type Zinc finger, locates in Nucleus.

FCS-type

Putative Polycomb group (PcG) protein, PcG proteins maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of genes, probably via a modification of chromatin, rendering it heritably changed in its expressibility, Its association with a chromatin-remodeling complex suggests that it may contribute to prevent expression of genes that trigger the cell into mitosis, Binds to monomethylated and dimethylated 'Lys-20' on histone H4, Binds histone H3 peptides that are monomethylated or dimethylated on 'Lys-4', 'Lys-9' or 'Lys-27' (By similarity)


This is Histone H3.1 protein, from Mouse-ear cress, contains 136 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Core component of nucleosome, Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template, Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability, DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling


This is Acyl-coenzyme A diphosphatase FITM2 protein, from Mouse, contains 262 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Endoplasmic reticulum.

Fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) diphosphatase that hydrolyzes fatty acyl-CoA to yield acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine and adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate (By similarity), Preferentially hydrolyzes unsaturated long-chain acyl-CoA substrates such as oleoyl-CoA/(9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA and arachidonoyl-CoA/(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen (By similarity), This catalytic activity is required for maintaining ER structure and for lipid droplets (LDs) biogenesis, which are lipid storage organelles involved in maintaining lipid and energy homeostasis (PubMed:18160536, PubMed:26504167) (By similarity), Directly binds to diacylglycerol (DAGs) and triacylglycerol, which is also important for LD biogenesis (PubMed:22106267) (By similarity), May support directional budding of nacent LDs from the ER into the cytosol by reducing DAG levels at sites of LD formation (By similarity), Plays a role in the regulation of cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization (By similarity)


This is NAD-dependent protein deacylase sirtuin-6 protein, from Mouse, contains 334 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

NAD-dependent protein deacetylase, deacylase and mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase that plays an essential role in DNA damage repair, telomere maintenance, metabolic homeostasis, inflammation, tumorigenesis and aging (PubMed:16439206, PubMed:19135889, PubMed:20141841, PubMed:19220062, PubMed:19597350, PubMed:23217706, PubMed:23911928, PubMed:27180906, PubMed:29599436), Displays protein-lysine deacetylase or defatty-acylase (demyristoylase and depalmitoylase) activity, depending on the context (By similarity), Acts as a key histone deacetylase by catalyzing deacetylation of histone H3 at 'Lys-9', 'Lys-18' and 'Lys-56' (H3K9ac, H3K18ac and H3K56ac, respectively), suppressing target gene expression of several transcription factors, including NF-kappa-B (PubMed:19135889, PubMed:19597350, PubMed:20816089, PubMed:21098266, PubMed:25915124, PubMed:28871079, PubMed:31002797, PubMed:31399344), Acts as an inhibitor of transcription elongation by mediating deacetylation of H3K9ac and H3K56ac, preventing release of NELFE from chromatin and causing transcriptional pausing (PubMed:31399344), Involved in DNA repair by promoting double-strand break (DSB) repair: acts as a DSB sensor by recognizing and binding DSB sites, leading to (1) recruitment of DNA repair proteins, such as SMARCA5/SNF2H, and (2) deacetylation of histone H3K9ac and H3K56ac (PubMed:32538779), SIRT6 participation to DSB repair is probably involved in extension of life span (PubMed:22367546, PubMed:31002797), Also promotes DNA repair by deacetylating non-histone proteins, such as DDB2 and p53/TP53 (By similarity), Specifically deacetylates H3K18ac at pericentric heterochromatin, thereby maintaining pericentric heterochromatin silencing at centromeres and protecting against genomic instability and cellular senescence (By similarity), Involved in telomere maintenance by catalyzing deacetylation of histone H3 in telomeric chromatin, regulating telomere position effect and telomere movement in response to DNA damage (PubMed:29599436), Required for embryonic stem cell differentiation by mediating histone deacetylation of H3K9ac (PubMed:25915124, PubMed:29555651), Plays a major role in metabolism by regulating processes such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, insulin secretion and lipid metabolism (PubMed:20141841, PubMed:20816089, PubMed:20847051, PubMed:21098266, PubMed:23974119, PubMed:27457971, PubMed:28355567, PubMed:28250020, PubMed:34050173), Inhibits glycolysis via histone deacetylase activity and by acting as a corepressor of the transcription factor HIF1A, thereby controlling the expression of multiple glycolytic genes (PubMed:20141841), Has tumor suppressor activity by repressing glycolysis, thereby inhibiting the Warburg effect (PubMed:23217706), Also regulates glycolysis and tumorigenesis by mediating deacetylation and nuclear export of non-histone proteins, such as isoform M2 of PKM (PKM2) (By similarity), Acts as a negative regulator of gluconeogenesis by mediating deacetylation of non-histone proteins, such as FOXO1 and KAT2A/GCN5 (PubMed:23142079, PubMed:25009184), Promotes beta-oxidation of fatty acids during fasting by catalyzing deacetylation of NCOA2, inducing coactivation of PPARA (PubMed:31851938), Acts as a regulator of lipid catabolism in brown adipocytes, both by catalyzing deacetylation of histones and non-histone proteins, such as FOXO1 (PubMed:28723567, PubMed:31442424), Also acts as a regulator of circadian rhythms, both by regulating expression of clock-controlled genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and by catalyzing deacetylation of PER2 (PubMed:25083875, PubMed:30782483), The defatty-acylase activity is specifically involved in regulation of protein secretion (PubMed:19151729, PubMed:27322069), Has high activity toward long-chain fatty acyl groups and mediates protein-lysine demyristoylation and depalmitoylation of target proteins, such as RRAS2 and TNF, thereby regulating their secretion (By similarity), Also acts as a mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase by mediating mono-ADP-ribosylation of PARP1, TRIM28/KAP1 or SMARCC2/BAF170 (PubMed:15795229, PubMed:21680843, PubMed:25247314, PubMed:31216030), Mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity is involved in DNA repair, cellular senescence, repression of LINE-1 retrotransposon elements and regulation of transcription (PubMed:21680843, PubMed:25247314, PubMed:30853213, PubMed:31216030, PubMed:32584788)

Belongs to the sirtuin family, Class IV subfamily


This is Beta-mammal/insect toxin To1 protein, from Amazonian scorpion, contains 86 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Beta toxin that show multiple effects, It enhances the open probability at more negative potentials of human Nav1,3/SCN3A and Nav1,6/SCN8A, of the insect channel BgNaV1 and of arachnid VdNaV1 channel (PubMed:30463697), It promotes an important shift in slow inactivation processes as a function of the prepulse voltage in human Nav1,3/SCN3A and Nav1,6/SCN8A and a small shift in Nav1,1/SCN1A, Nav1,2/SCN2A and Nav1,4/SCN4A (PubMed:30463697), Finally, it reduces the peak of sodium currents in Nav1,3/SCN3A (80% inhibition at 70 nM of toxin), Nav1,6/SCN8A (55,3%), Nav1,1/SCN1A (53,3%), Nav1,5/SCN5A (46,7%), Nav1,2/SCN2A (42,7%) and Nav1,4/SCN4A (20%) voltage-gated sodium channels (PubMed:30463697), It has also been shown to affect the sodium current permeability of rat cerebellum granular cells in a partially reversible manner (PubMed:11821128), In vivo, an intraperitoneal injection (20 ug) into mice produces excitability, respiratory problems, convulsions and death, within the first 30 minutes after injection (PubMed:11821128)

Belongs to the long (4 C-C) scorpion toxin superfamily, Sodium channel inhibitor family, Beta subfamily


This is Reactive oxygen species modulator 1 protein, from Human, contains 79 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Mitochondrion.

Has antibacterial activity against a variety of bacteria including S,aureus, P,aeruginosa and M,tuberculosis, Acts by inducing bacterial membrane breakage


This is Alpha-bungarotoxin protein, from Many-banded krait, contains 95 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Binds with high affinity to muscular (tested on Torpedo marmorata, Kd=0,4 nM) and neuronal (tested on chimeric alpha-7/CHRNA7, Kd=0,95 nM) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission (PubMed:9305882), It also shows an activity on GABA(A) receptors (PubMed:16549768, PubMed:25634239), It antagonises GABA-activated currents with high potency when tested on primary hippocampal neurons (PubMed:25634239), It inhibits recombinantly expressed GABA(A) receptors composed of alpha-2-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA2-GABRB2-GABRG2) subunits with high potency (62,3% inhibition at 20 uM of toxin) (PubMed:25634239), It also shows a weaker inhibition on GABA(A) receptors composed of alpha-1-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA1-GABRB2-GABRG2) subunits, alpha-4-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA4-GABRB2-GABRG2) subunits, and alpha-5-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA5-GABRB2-GABRG2) subunits (PubMed:25634239), A very weak inhibition is also observed on GABA(A) receptor composed of alpha-1-beta-3-gamma-2 (GABRA1-GABRB3-GABRG2) (PubMed:26221036), It has also been shown to bind and inhibit recombinant GABA(A) receptor beta-3/GABRB3 subunit (Kd=about 50 nM) (PubMed:16549768), In addition, it blocks the extracellular increase of dopamine evoked by nicotine only at the higher dose (4,2 uM) (PubMed:9840221), In vivo, when intraperitoneally injected into mice, induces flaccid paralysis of the limbs and respiratory distress, and causes death in a dose-dependent manner

Belongs to the snake three-finger toxin family, Long-chain subfamily, Type II alpha-neurotoxin sub-subfamily


This is Actin, cytoplasmic 1 protein, from Human, contains 375 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Actin is a highly conserved protein that polymerizes to produce filaments that form cross-linked networks in the cytoplasm of cells (PubMed:29581253), Actin exists in both monomeric (G-actin) and polymeric (F-actin) forms, both forms playing key functions, such as cell motility and contraction (PubMed:29581253), In addition to their role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, G- and F-actin also localize in the nucleus, and regulate gene transcription and motility and repair of damaged DNA (PubMed:29925947), Part of the ACTR1A/ACTB filament around which the dynactin complex is built, The dynactin multiprotein complex activates the molecular motor dynein for ultra-processive transport along microtubules (By similarity)


This is Cobrotoxin protein, from Chinese cobra, contains 83 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Binds to muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibit acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular transmission, Has a higher toxicity than cobrotoxin-b (PubMed:9498573), In vivo, when tested on rat arthritis models, shows anti-inflammation and immunosuppression effects (PubMed:27840083)

Belongs to the snake three-finger toxin family, Short-chain subfamily, Type I alpha-neurotoxin sub-subfamily


This is Erabutoxin a protein, from Black-banded sea krait, contains 83 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Binds with high affinity to muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) (tested on Torpedo marmorata, Kd=21 uM) and with low affinity to neuronal alpha-7/CHRNA7 nAChRs (tested on chimeric alpha-7/CHRNA7, Kd=0,07 nM) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular transmission (PubMed:7721859), Blocks the extracellular increase of dopamine evoked by nicotine at 4,2 uM concentrations (PubMed:9840221), In vivo, produces peripheral paralysis


This is Mu-theraphotoxin-Hs1a protein, from Chinese bird spider, contains 87 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Probable sodium channel pore blocker that dose-dependently inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) on DUM neurons in a way similar to tetrodotoxin (PubMed:20506577), Has no effect on the kinetics of activation and inactivation (PubMed:20506577), Seems not to interact with VGSC in an inactivated state (PubMed:20506577), In vivo, reversibly paralyzes cockroaches, and can enhance the muscular contraction elicited by stimulating its nerve (PubMed:14614533)

Belongs to the neurotoxin 10 (Hwtx-1) family, 51 (Hntx-8) subfamily, Hntx-8 sub-subfamily


This is ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 1 protein, from Rat, contains 181 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Golgi apparatus.

GTP-binding protein, Can activate phospholipase D with very low efficiency (By similarity), Important for normal function of the Golgi apparatus

Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily, Arf family


This is DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC2 protein, from Human, contains 127 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

DNA-dependent RNA polymerases catalyze the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates, Common component of RNA polymerases I, II, and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively, Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery, Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other, In Pol II, POLR2F/RPB6 is part of the clamp element and together with parts of RPB1 and RPB2 forms a pocket to which the RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds (By similarity)

Belongs to the archaeal Rpo6/eukaryotic RPB6 RNA polymerase subunit family


This is Insulin gene enhancer protein ISL-1 protein, from Mouse, contains 349 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

DNA-binding transcriptional activator (PubMed:14664703, PubMed:24643061, PubMed:25775587, PubMed:22343712, PubMed:18539116), Recognizes and binds to the consensus octamer binding site 5'-ATAATTAA-3' in promoter of target genes (PubMed:24643061, PubMed:25775587, PubMed:18539116), Plays a fundamental role in the gene regulatory network essential for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation (PubMed:25775587), Cooperates with the transcription factor POU4F2 to achieve maximal levels of expression of RGC target genes and RGC fate specification in the developing retina (PubMed:24643061, PubMed:25775587), Involved in the specification of motor neurons in cooperation with LHX3 and LDB1 (PubMed:18583962), Binds to insulin gene enhancer sequences (By similarity), Essential for heart development, Marker of one progenitor cell population that give rise to the outflow tract, right ventricle, a subset of left ventricular cells, and a large number of atrial cells as well, its function is required for these progenitors to contribute to the heart, Controls the expression of FGF and BMP growth factors in this cell population and is required for proliferation and survival of cells within pharyngeal foregut endoderm and adjacent splanchnic mesoderm as well as for migration of cardiac progenitors into the heart (PubMed:14667410)


This is Aquaporin PIP1-1 protein, from Mouse-ear cress, contains 286 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane, Its function is impaired by Hg(2+)

Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1,A,8) family, PIP (TC 1,A,8,11) subfamily


This is Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim10 protein, from Human, contains 90 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Mitochondrion.

Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane, May also be required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane, Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space


This is Small ribosomal subunit protein eS7 protein, from Human, contains 194 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Component of the small ribosomal subunit (PubMed:23636399), The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell (PubMed:23636399), Required for rRNA maturation (PubMed:19061985), Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit, During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome (PubMed:34516797)

Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS7 family


This is Phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase ERI1 subunit protein, from Baker's yeast, contains 68 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Endoplasmic reticulum.

Probable component of the GPI-GlcNAc transferase (GPI-GnT) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum, a complex that catalyzes transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to an acceptor phosphatidylinositol, the first step in the production of GPI-anchors for cell surface proteins, Ras may inhibit the enzyme activity of the GPI-GnT complex via the association between ERI1 and RAS2


This is Small ribosomal subunit protein eS4, X isoform protein, from Human, contains 263 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Component of the small ribosomal subunit, The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell (PubMed:23636399), Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit, During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome (PubMed:34516797)

Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS4 family


This is Histone H4 protein, from Rat, contains 103 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Stimulates osteogenesis and hematopoiesis


This is Transformer-2 protein homolog beta protein, from Human, contains 288 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Sequence-specific RNA-binding protein which participates in the control of pre-mRNA splicing, Can either activate or suppress exon inclusion, Acts additively with RBMX to promote exon 7 inclusion of the survival motor neuron SMN2, Activates the splicing of MAPT/Tau exon 10, Alters pre-mRNA splicing patterns by antagonizing the effects of splicing regulators, like RBMX, Binds to the AG-rich SE2 domain in the SMN exon 7 RNA, Binds to pre-mRNA

Belongs to the splicing factor SR family


This is TLE family member 5 protein, from Mouse, contains 197 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Transcriptional corepressor, Acts as dominant repressor towards other family members, Inhibits NF-kappa-B-regulated gene expression, May be required for the initiation and maintenance of the differentiated state, Essential for the transcriptional repressor activity of SIX3 during retina and lens development

Belongs to the WD repeat Groucho/TLE family


This is LIM/homeobox protein Lhx1 protein, from Mouse, contains 406 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Potential transcription factor, May play a role in early mesoderm formation and later in lateral mesoderm differentiation and neurogenesis


This is LIM/homeobox protein Lhx1 protein, from Rat, contains 406 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Potential transcription factor, May play a role in early mesoderm formation and later in lateral mesoderm differentiation and neurogenesis (By similarity)


This is AP-2 complex subunit beta protein, from Human, contains 937 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Component of the adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2), Adaptor protein complexes function in protein transport via transport vesicles in different membrane traffic pathways, Adaptor protein complexes are vesicle coat components and appear to be involved in cargo selection and vesicle formation, AP-2 is involved in clathrin-dependent endocytosis in which cargo proteins are incorporated into vesicles surrounded by clathrin (clathrin-coated vesicles, CCVs) which are destined for fusion with the early endosome, The clathrin lattice serves as a mechanical scaffold but is itself unable to bind directly to membrane components, Clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes which can bind directly to both the clathrin lattice and to the lipid and protein components of membranes are considered to be the major clathrin adaptors contributing the CCV formation, AP-2 also serves as a cargo receptor to selectively sort the membrane proteins involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis, AP-2 seems to play a role in the recycling of synaptic vesicle membranes from the presynaptic surface, AP-2 recognizes Y-X-X-[FILMV] (Y-X-X-Phi) and [ED]-X-X-X-L-[LI] endocytosis signal motifs within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules, AP-2 may also play a role in maintaining normal post-endocytic trafficking through the ARF6-regulated, non-clathrin pathway, During long-term potentiation in hippocampal neurons, AP-2 is responsible for the endocytosis of ADAM10 (PubMed:23676497), The AP-2 beta subunit acts via its C-terminal appendage domain as a scaffolding platform for endocytic accessory proteins; at least some clathrin-associated sorting proteins (CLASPs) are recognized by their [DE]-X(1,2)-F-X-X-[FL]-X-X-X-R motif, The AP-2 beta subunit binds to clathrin heavy chain, promoting clathrin lattice assembly; clathrin displaces at least some CLASPs from AP2B1 which probably then can be positioned for further coat assembly

Belongs to the adaptor complexes large subunit family


This is GTP-binding protein Rhes protein, from Rat, contains 266 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

GTPase signaling protein that binds to and hydrolyzes GTP, Regulates signaling pathways involving G-proteins-coupled receptor and heterotrimeric proteins such as GNB1, GNB2 and GNB3, May be involved in selected striatal competencies, mainly locomotor activity and motor coordination

Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily, RasD family


This is Complexin-1 protein, from Mouse, contains 134 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Positively regulates a late step in exocytosis of various cytoplasmic vesicles, such as synaptic vesicles and other secretory vesicles (PubMed:23345244), Organizes the SNAREs into a cross-linked zigzag topology that, when interposed between the vesicle and plasma membranes, is incompatible with fusion, thereby preventing SNAREs from releasing neurotransmitters until an action potential arrives at the synapse (PubMed:23345244), Also involved in glucose-induced secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta-cells, Essential for motor behavior (PubMed:15126625, PubMed:16000319)

Belongs to the complexin/synaphin family


This is Complexin-1 protein, from Rat, contains 134 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Positively regulates a late step in exocytosis of various cytoplasmic vesicles, such as synaptic vesicles and other secretory vesicles, Organizes the SNAREs into a cross-linked zigzag topology that, when interposed between the vesicle and plasma membranes, is incompatible with fusion, thereby preventing SNAREs from releasing neurotransmitters until an action potential arrives at the synapse, Also involved in glucose-induced secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta-cells, Essential for motor behavior


This is Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E protein, from Mouse, contains 217 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Component of the protein complex eIF4F, which is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome (PubMed:18805096), This protein recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures (By similarity), Together with EIF4G1, antagonizes the scanning promoted by EIF1-EIF4G1 and is required for TISU translation, a process where the TISU element recognition makes scanning unnecessary (By similarity), In addition to its role in translation initiation, also acts as a regulator of translation and stability in the cytoplasm (PubMed:18805096, PubMed:25456498), Component of the CYFIP1-EIF4E-FMR1 complex which binds to the mRNA cap and mediates translational repression: in the complex, EIF4E mediates the binding to the mRNA cap (PubMed:18805096), Component of a multiprotein complex that sequesters and represses translation of proneurogenic factors during neurogenesis (PubMed:25456498), In P-bodies, component of a complex that mediates the storage of translationally inactive mRNAs in the cytoplasm and prevents their degradation (By similarity), May play an important role in spermatogenesis through translational regulation of stage-specific mRNAs during germ cell development (By similarity)

Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E family


This is Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms short protein, from Mouse, contains 394 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers in numerous signaling pathways controlled by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), Signaling involves the activation of adenylyl cyclases, resulting in increased levels of the signaling molecule cAMP, GNAS functions downstream of several GPCRs, including beta-adrenergic receptors, Stimulates the Ras signaling pathway via RAPGEF2

Belongs to the G-alpha family, G(s) subfamily


This is Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2 protein, from Mouse, contains 512 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Ligand-gated chloride channel which is a component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (PubMed:20400944), Plays an important role in the formation of functional inhibitory GABAergic synapses in addition to mediating synaptic inhibition as a GABA-gated ion channel (PubMed:27129275), The gamma2 subunit is necessary but not sufficient for a rapid formation of active synaptic contacts and the synaptogenic effect of this subunit is influenced by the type of alpha and beta subunits present in the receptor pentamer (PubMed:27129275), The alpha1/beta2/gamma2 receptor and the alpha2/beta2/gamma2 receptor exhibit synaptogenic activity (PubMed:27129275), Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine (By similarity)

Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1,A,9) family, Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (TC 1,A,9,5) subfamily, GABRB2 sub-subfamily


This is Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2 protein, from Rat, contains 474 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Ligand-gated chloride channel which is a component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (PubMed:2548852), Plays an important role in the formation of functional inhibitory GABAergic synapses in addition to mediating synaptic inhibition as a GABA-gated ion channel (By similarity), The gamma2 subunit is necessary but not sufficient for a rapid formation of active synaptic contacts and the synaptogenic effect of this subunit is influenced by the type of alpha and beta subunits present in the receptor pentamer (By similarity), The alpha1/beta2/gamma2 receptor and the alpha2/beta2/gamma2 receptor exhibit synaptogenic activity (By similarity), Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine (PubMed:18281286)


This is High mobility group protein B1 protein, from Mouse, contains 215 amino acids, locates in Cytoplasm.

In the extracellular compartment (following either active secretion or passive release) involved in regulation of the inflammatory response, Fully reduced HGMB1 (which subsequently gets oxidized after release) in association with CXCL12 mediates the recruitment of inflammatory cells during the initial phase of tissue injury; the CXCL12:HMGB1 complex triggers CXCR4 homodimerization (PubMed:22370717), Induces the migration of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells and seems to regulate adhesive and migratory functions of neutrophils implicating AGER/RAGE and ITGAM (PubMed:17268551), Can bind to various types of DNA and RNA including microbial unmethylated CpG-DNA to enhance the innate immune response to nucleic acids, Proposed to act in promiscuous DNA/RNA sensing which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors (PubMed:19890330), Promotes extracellular DNA-induced AIM2 inflammasome activation implicating AGER/RAGE, Disulfide HMGB1 binds to transmembrane receptors, such as AGER/RAGE, TLR2, TLR4 and probably TREM1, thus activating their signal transduction pathways (PubMed:17568691, PubMed:19264983, PubMed:21419643), Mediates the release of cytokines/chemokines such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL10 (PubMed:12110890, PubMed:17548579), Promotes secretion of interferon-gamma by macrophage-stimulated natural killer (NK) cells in concert with other cytokines like IL-2 or IL-12, TLR4 is proposed to be the primary receptor promoting macrophage activation and signaling through TLR4 seems to implicate LY96/MD-2, In bacterial LPS- or LTA-mediated inflammatory responses binds to the endotoxins and transfers them to CD14 for signaling to the respective TLR4:LY96 and TLR2 complexes (By similarity), Contributes to tumor proliferation by association with ACER/RAGE (By similarity), Can bind to IL1-beta and signals through the IL1R1:IL1RAP receptor complex (By similarity), Binding to class A CpG activates cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells implicating TLR9, MYD88 and AGER/RAGE and can activate autoreactive B cells, Via HMGB1-containing chromatin immune complexes may also promote B cell responses to endogenous TLR9 ligands through a B-cell receptor (BCR)-dependent and ACER/RAGE-independent mechanism (By similarity), Inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages; the function is dependent on poly-ADP-ribosylation and involves binding to phosphatidylserine on the cell surface of apoptotic cells (PubMed:22204001, PubMed:18768881), In adaptive immunity may be involved in enhancing immunity through activation of effector T-cells and suppression of regulatory T (TReg) cells (PubMed:21419643), In contrast, without implicating effector or regulatory T-cells, required for tumor infiltration and activation of T-cells expressing the lymphotoxin LTA:LTB heterotrimer thus promoting tumor malignant progression (PubMed:23108142), Also reported to limit proliferation of T-cells (By similarity), Released HMGB1:nucleosome complexes formed during apoptosis can signal through TLR2 to induce cytokine production (By similarity), Involved in induction of immunological tolerance by apoptotic cells; its pro-inflammatory activities when released by apoptotic cells are neutralized by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxidation specifically on Cys-106 (By similarity), During macrophage activation by activated lymphocyte-derived self apoptotic DNA (ALD-DNA) promotes recruitment of ALD-DNA to endosomes (PubMed:25660970)


This is High mobility group protein B1 protein, from Rat, contains 215 amino acids, locates in Cytoplasm.

In the extracellular compartment (following either active secretion or passive release) involved in regulation of the inflammatory response, Fully reduced HGMB1 (which subsequently gets oxidized after release) in association with CXCL12 mediates the recruitment of inflammatory cells during the initial phase of tissue injury; the CXCL12:HMGB1 complex triggers CXCR4 homodimerization (PubMed:22869893), Induces the migration of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells and seems to regulate adhesive and migratory functions of neutrophils implicating AGER/RAGE and ITGAM (By similarity), Can bind to various types of DNA and RNA including microbial unmethylated CpG-DNA to enhance the innate immune response to nucleic acids, Proposed to act in promiscuous DNA/RNA sensing which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors, Promotes extracellular DNA-induced AIM2 inflammasome activation implicating AGER/RAGE (By similarity), Disulfide HMGB1 binds to transmembrane receptors, such as AGER/RAGE, TLR2, TLR4 and probably TREM1, thus activating their signal transduction pathways, Mediates the release of cytokines/chemokines such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL10 (PubMed:10952726, PubMed:20547845, PubMed:22869893), Promotes secretion of interferon-gamma by macrophage-stimulated natural killer (NK) cells in concert with other cytokines like IL-2 or IL-12, TLR4 is proposed to be the primary receptor promoting macrophage activation and signaling through TLR4 seems to implicate LY96/MD-2 (By similarity), In bacterial LPS- or LTA-mediated inflammatory responses binds to the endotoxins and transfers them to CD14 for signaling to the respective TLR4:LY96 and TLR2 complexes (PubMed:23508573), Contributes to tumor proliferation by association with ACER/RAGE (PubMed:10830965), Can bind to IL1-beta and signals through the IL1R1:IL1RAP receptor complex (By similarity), Binding to class A CpG activates cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells implicating TLR9, MYD88 and AGER/RAGE and can activate autoreactive B cells (By similarity), Via HMGB1-containing chromatin immune complexes may also promote B cell responses to endogenous TLR9 ligands through a B-cell receptor (BCR)-dependent and ACER/RAGE-independent mechanism (By similarity), Inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages; the function is dependent on poly-ADP-ribosylation and involves binding to phosphatidylserine on the cell surface of apoptotic cells (By similarity), In adaptive immunity may be involved in enhancing immunity through activation of effector T-cells and suppression of regulatory T (TReg) cells (By similarity), In contrast, without implicating effector or regulatory T-cells, required for tumor infiltration and activation of T-cells expressing the lymphotoxin LTA:LTB heterotrimer thus promoting tumor malignant progression (By similarity), Also reported to limit proliferation of T-cells (PubMed:18277947), Released HMGB1:nucleosome complexes formed during apoptosis can signal through TLR2 to induce cytokine production, Involved in induction of immunological tolerance by apoptotic cells; its pro-inflammatory activities when released by apoptotic cells are neutralized by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxidation specifically on Cys-106 (By similarity), During macrophage activation by activated lymphocyte-derived self apoptotic DNA (ALD-DNA) promotes recruitment of ALD-DNA to endosomes (By similarity)


This is Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 2 protein, from Rat, contains 123 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Ancillary protein that assembles as a beta subunit with a voltage-gated potassium channel complex of pore-forming alpha subunits, Modulates the gating kinetics and enhances stability of the channel complex, Assembled with KCNB1 modulates the gating characteristics of the delayed rectifier voltage-dependent potassium channel KCNB1 (PubMed:19219384), Associated with KCNH2/HERG is proposed to form the rapidly activating component of the delayed rectifying potassium current in heart (IKr), May associate with KCNQ2 and/or KCNQ3 and modulate the native M-type current, May associate with HCN1 and HCN2 and increase potassium current (By similarity), Interacts with KCNQ1; forms a heterooligomer complex leading to currents with an apparently instantaneous activation, a rapid deactivation process and a linear current-voltage relationship and decreases the amplitude of the outward current (By similarity), KCNQ1-KCNE2 channel associates with Na(+)-coupled myo-inositol symporter in the apical membrane of choroid plexus epithelium and regulates the myo-inositol gradient between blood and cerebrospinal fluid with an impact on neuron excitability

Belongs to the potassium channel KCNE family


This is Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 protein, from Bovine, contains 71 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems, The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction


This is Transcription elongation factor SPT4 protein, from Human, contains 117 amino acids, has 1 C4-type Zinc finger, locates in Nucleus.

Component of the DRB sensitivity-inducing factor complex (DSIF complex), which regulates mRNA processing and transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II, DSIF positively regulates mRNA capping by stimulating the mRNA guanylyltransferase activity of RNGTT/CAP1A, DSIF also acts cooperatively with the negative elongation factor complex (NELF complex) to enhance transcriptional pausing at sites proximal to the promoter, Transcriptional pausing may facilitate the assembly of an elongation competent RNA polymerase II complex, DSIF and NELF promote pausing by inhibition of the transcription elongation factor TFIIS/S-II, TFIIS/S-II binds to RNA polymerase II at transcription pause sites and stimulates the weak intrinsic nuclease activity of the enzyme, Cleavage of blocked transcripts by RNA polymerase II promotes the resumption of transcription from the new 3' terminus and may allow repeated attempts at transcription through natural pause sites, DSIF can also positively regulate transcriptional elongation and is required for the efficient activation of transcriptional elongation by the HIV-1 nuclear transcriptional activator, Tat, DSIF acts to suppress transcriptional pausing in transcripts derived from the HIV-1 LTR and blocks premature release of HIV-1 transcripts at terminator sequences


This is Prohibitin 1 protein, from Mouse, contains 272 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Mitochondrion.

(Microbial infection) In neuronal cells, cell surface-expressed PHB1 is involved in human enterovirus 71/EV-71 entry into neuronal cells specifically, while membrane-bound mitochondrial PHB1 associates with the virus replication complex and facilitates viral replication (PubMed:29324904), May serve as a receptor for EV71 (PubMed:29324904)


This is Prohibitin 1 protein, from Rat, contains 272 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Mitochondrion.

In the plasma membrane, cooperates with CD86 to mediate CD86-signaling in B lymphocytes that regulates the level of IgG1 produced through the activation of distal signaling intermediates, Upon CD40 engagement, required to activate NF-kappa-B signaling pathway via phospholipase C and protein kinase C activation


This is Snake venom vascular endothelial growth factor toxin VR-1 protein, from Russel's viper, contains 144 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Snake venom VEGFs may contribute to venom dispersion and prey subjugation by inducing vascular permeability and hypotension, This protein induces angiogenesis probably through VEGF receptor (KDR/VEGFR-2) signaling, as well as drastic hypotension, The hypotension is mediated by nitric oxide, which is produced by VEGF-activated endothelium NO synthase, May also induce vascular permeability

Belongs to the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family, Snake venom VEGF subfamily


This is Snake venom vascular endothelial growth factor toxin vammin protein, from Western sand viper, contains 145 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Snake venom VEGFs may contribute to venom dispersion and prey subjugation by inducing vascular permeability and hypotension, The hypotension is mediated by nitric oxide (NO), which is produced by VEGF-activated endothelium NO synthase (PubMed:14600159), Also induces angiogenesis in vitro, probably through VEGF receptor (KDR/VEGFR-2) signaling (PubMed:14600159), May also induce capillary permeability through VEGF receptor (KDR/VEGFR-2) signaling


This is Succinate--CoA ligase [ADP-forming] subunit alpha-1, mitochondrial protein, from Mouse-ear cress, contains 347 amino acids, locates in Mitochondrion.

Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA, The alpha subunit of the enzyme binds the substrates coenzyme A and phosphate, while succinate binding and nucleotide specificity is provided by the beta subunit

Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family


This is Casein kinase II subunit alpha protein, from Human, contains 391 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Catalytic subunit of a constitutively active serine/threonine-protein kinase complex that phosphorylates a large number of substrates containing acidic residues C-terminal to the phosphorylated serine or threonine (PubMed:11239457, PubMed:11704824, PubMed:16193064, PubMed:19188443, PubMed:20625391, PubMed:22406621, PubMed:24962073, PubMed:31439799), Regulates numerous cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis and transcription, as well as viral infection (PubMed:12631575, PubMed:19387552, PubMed:19387551), May act as a regulatory node which integrates and coordinates numerous signals leading to an appropriate cellular response (PubMed:12631575, PubMed:19387552, PubMed:19387551), During mitosis, functions as a component of the p53/TP53-dependent spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that maintains cyclin-B-CDK1 activity and G2 arrest in response to spindle damage (PubMed:11704824, PubMed:19188443), Also required for p53/TP53-mediated apoptosis, phosphorylating 'Ser-392' of p53/TP53 following UV irradiation, Can also negatively regulate apoptosis (PubMed:11239457), Phosphorylates the caspases CASP9 and CASP2 and the apoptotic regulator NOL3 (PubMed:16193064), Phosphorylation protects CASP9 from cleavage and activation by CASP8, and inhibits the dimerization of CASP2 and activation of CASP8 (PubMed:16193064), Phosphorylates YY1, protecting YY1 from cleavage by CASP7 during apoptosis (PubMed:22184066), Regulates transcription by direct phosphorylation of RNA polymerases I, II, III and IV (PubMed:19387550, PubMed:12631575, PubMed:19387552, PubMed:19387551, PubMed:23123191), Also phosphorylates and regulates numerous transcription factors including NF-kappa-B, STAT1, CREB1, IRF1, IRF2, ATF1, ATF4, SRF, MAX, JUN, FOS, MYC and MYB (PubMed:19387550, PubMed:12631575, PubMed:19387552, PubMed:19387551, PubMed:23123191), Phosphorylates Hsp90 and its co-chaperones FKBP4 and CDC37, which is essential for chaperone function (PubMed:19387550), Mediates sequential phosphorylation of FNIP1, promoting its gradual interaction with Hsp90, leading to activate both kinase and non-kinase client proteins of Hsp90 (PubMed:30699359), Regulates Wnt signaling by phosphorylating CTNNB1 and the transcription factor LEF1 (PubMed:19387549), Acts as an ectokinase that phosphorylates several extracellular proteins (PubMed:19387550, PubMed:12631575, PubMed:19387552, PubMed:19387551), During viral infection, phosphorylates various proteins involved in the viral life cycles of EBV, HSV, HBV, HCV, HIV, CMV and HPV (PubMed:19387550, PubMed:12631575, PubMed:19387552, PubMed:19387551), Phosphorylates PML at 'Ser-565' and primes it for ubiquitin-mediated degradation (PubMed:20625391, PubMed:22406621), Plays an important role in the circadian clock function by phosphorylating BMAL1 at 'Ser-90' which is pivotal for its interaction with CLOCK and which controls CLOCK nuclear entry (By similarity), Phosphorylates CCAR2 at 'Thr-454' in gastric carcinoma tissue (PubMed:24962073), Phosphorylates FMR1, promoting FMR1-dependent formation of a membraneless compartment (PubMed:30765518, PubMed:31439799)

Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, Ser/Thr protein kinase family, CK2 subfamily


This is Alpha-mammal toxin Ts2 protein, from Brazilian scorpion, contains 84 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Alpha toxins bind voltage-independently at site-3 of sodium channels (Nav) and inhibit the inactivation of the activated channels, thereby blocking neuronal transmission, This toxin acts on Nav1,2/SCN2A, Nav1,3/SCN3A, Nav1,5/SCN5A, Nav1,6/SCN8A and Nav1,7/SCN9A voltage-gated sodium channels, with the highest affinity for Nav1,3/SCN3A, followed by Nav1,6/SCN8A and Nav1,7/SCN9A which are affected almost equally, Interestingly, shows a significant shift of the voltage dependence of activation for Nav1,3/SCN3A that is characteristic of beta-toxins (PubMed:21549737), In addition, in presence of LPS, this toxin inhibits the release of NO, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in J774,1 cells (PubMed:21549737), Further, in the absence of LPS, it stimulates the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (PubMed:21549737, PubMed:23085190), This toxin is active on mammals

Belongs to the long (4 C-C) scorpion toxin superfamily, Sodium channel inhibitor family, Beta subfamily


This is Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5 protein, from Mouse, contains 723 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Constitutively active calcium selective cation channel thought to be involved in Ca(2+) reabsorption in kidney and intestine (PubMed:12077127, PubMed:14679186), Required for normal Ca(2+) reabsorption in the kidney distal convoluted tubules (PubMed:14679186), The channel is activated by low internal calcium level and the current exhibits an inward rectification, A Ca(2+)-dependent feedback regulation includes fast channel inactivation and slow current decay (PubMed:12077127), Heteromeric assembly with TRPV6 seems to modify channel properties, TRPV5-TRPV6 heteromultimeric concatemers exhibit voltage-dependent gating (By similarity)

Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1,A,4) family, TrpV subfamily, TRPV5 sub-subfamily


This is LIM domain-binding protein 1 protein, from African clawed frog, contains 375 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Binds to the LIM domain of a wide variety of LIM domain-containing transcription factors, Acts as a coactivator together with otx2 to stimulate lhx1/lim1-mediated activation of the gsc promoter in the Spemann organizer, Acts synergistically with lhx1/lim1 and ssbp in axis formation


This is Stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8 protein protein, from Mouse, contains 393 amino acids, locates in Cytoplasm.

Meiosis-inducer required for the transition into meiosis for both female and male germ cells (PubMed:16461896, PubMed:17115059, PubMed:18799751, PubMed:18799790, PubMed:19805549, PubMed:32054698, PubMed:32032549), In female germ cells, acts downstream of ZGLP1 as a key effector of the meiotic program: required for premeiotic DNA replication and subsequent events in meiotic prophase (PubMed:16461896, PubMed:17115059, PubMed:18799751, PubMed:18799790, PubMed:32054698), During spermatogenesis, next to its role in meiotic initiation, promotes (but is not required for) spermatogonial differentiation (PubMed:25902548), In complex with MEIOSIN, directly activates the transcription of a subset of critical meiotic genes playing a central role in cell-cycle switching from mitosis to meiosis (PubMed:19805549, PubMed:32032549)


This is Proto-oncogene FRAT1 protein, from Mouse, contains 274 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Positively regulates the Wnt signaling pathway by stabilizing beta-catenin through the association with GSK-3, May play a role in tumor progression and collaborate with PIM1 and MYC in lymphomagenesis

Belongs to the GSK-3-binding protein family


This is Homeobox protein MSX-3 protein, from Mouse, contains 204 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Acts as a potent transcriptional repressor of MSX1


This is Homeobox protein DLX-5 protein, from Mouse, contains 289 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Transcriptional factor involved in bone development, Acts as an immediate early BMP-responsive transcriptional activator essential for osteoblast differentiation, Stimulates ALPL promoter activity in a RUNX2-independent manner during osteoblast differentiation, Stimulates SP7 promoter activity during osteoblast differentiation, Promotes cell proliferation by up-regulating MYC promoter activity, Involved as a positive regulator of both chondrogenesis and chondrocyte hypertrophy in the endochondral skeleton, Binds to the homeodomain-response element of the ALPL and SP7 promoter, Binds to the MYC promoter, Requires the 5'-TAATTA-3' consensus sequence for DNA-binding

Belongs to the distal-less homeobox family


This is Nucleoporin p58/p45 protein, from Rat, contains 585 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Nucleus.

Component of the nuclear pore complex, a complex required for the trafficking across the nuclear membrane


This is Nuclear pore complex protein Nup54 protein, from Rat, contains 510 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Nucleus.


This is Short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial protein, from Rat, contains 432 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Mitochondrion.

Short and branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase that catalyzes the removal of one hydrogen from C-2 and C-3 of the fatty acyl-CoA thioester, resulting in the formation of trans-2-enoyl-CoA (PubMed:8660691, PubMed:6874697, PubMed:12855692), Among the different mitochondrial acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, acts specifically on short and branched chain acyl-CoA derivatives such as (S)-2-methylbutyryl-CoA as well as short straight chain acyl-CoAs such as butyryl-CoA (PubMed:8660691, PubMed:6874697, PubMed:12855692), Plays an important role in the metabolism of L-isoleucine by catalyzing the dehydrogenation of 2-methylbutyryl-CoA, one of the steps of the L-isoleucine catabolic pathway (By similarity), Can also act on valproyl-CoA, a metabolite of the valproic acid drug (PubMed:8660691)

Belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family


This is LIM domain-binding protein 1 protein, from Mouse, contains 411 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Binds to the LIM domain of a wide variety of LIM domain-containing transcription factors (PubMed:8918878, PubMed:9192866), May regulate the transcriptional activity of LIM-containing proteins by determining specific partner interactions (PubMed:8918878, PubMed:9315627, PubMed:9192866, PubMed:16815859, PubMed:18539116), Plays a role in the development of interneurons and motor neurons in cooperation with LHX3 and ISL1 (PubMed:12150931, PubMed:8876198, PubMed:18539116), Acts synergistically with LHX1/LIM1 in axis formation and activation of gene expression (PubMed:8918878), Acts with LMO2 in the regulation of red blood cell development, maintaining erythroid precursors in an immature state (PubMed:9391090)


This is Cytochrome P450 4F2 protein, from Human, contains 520 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Endoplasmic reticulum.

A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, eicosanoids and vitamins (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:10833273, PubMed:10660572, PubMed:11997390, PubMed:17341693, PubMed:18574070), Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase), Catalyzes predominantly the oxidation of the terminal carbon (omega-oxidation) of long- and very long-chain fatty acids, Displays high omega-hydroxylase activity toward polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (PubMed:18577768), Participates in the conversion of arachidonic acid to omega-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a signaling molecule acting both as vasoconstrictive and natriuretic with overall effect on arterial blood pressure (PubMed:10660572, PubMed:17341693, PubMed:18574070), Plays a role in the oxidative inactivation of eicosanoids, including both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators such as leukotriene B4 (LTB4), lipoxin A4 (LXA4), and several HETEs (PubMed:8026587, PubMed:9799565, PubMed:10833273, PubMed:10660572, PubMed:17341693, PubMed:18574070, PubMed:18577768), Catalyzes omega-hydroxylation of 3-hydroxy fatty acids (PubMed:18065749), Converts monoepoxides of linoleic acid leukotoxin and isoleukotoxin to omega-hydroxylated metabolites (PubMed:15145985), Contributes to the degradation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) by catalyzing successive omega-oxidations and chain shortening (PubMed:16547005, PubMed:18182499), Plays an important role in vitamin metabolism by chain shortening, Catalyzes omega-hydroxylation of the phytyl chain of tocopherols (forms of vitamin E), with preference for gamma-tocopherols over alpha-tocopherols, thus promoting retention of alpha-tocopherols in tissues (PubMed:11997390), Omega-hydroxylates and inactivates phylloquinone (vitamin K1), and menaquinone-4 (MK-4, a form of vitamin K2), both acting as cofactors in blood coagulation (PubMed:19297519, PubMed:24138531)


This is Acid-sensing ion channel 1 protein, from Human, contains 528 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Isoform 1 does not display proton-gated cation channel activity

Belongs to the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (TC 1,A,6) family, ASIC1 subfamily


This is Cancer/testis antigen 1 protein, from Human, contains 180 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.


This is Casein kinase I isoform gamma-2 protein, from Human, contains 415 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Serine/threonine-protein kinase, Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates, It can phosphorylate a large number of proteins, Participates in Wnt signaling, Phosphorylates COL4A3BP/CERT, MTA1 and SMAD3, Involved in brain development and vesicular trafficking and neurotransmitter releasing from small synaptic vesicles, Regulates fast synaptic transmission mediated by glutamate, SMAD3 phosphorylation promotes its ligand-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome degradation, thus inhibiting SMAD3-mediated TGF-beta responses, Hyperphosphorylation of the serine-repeat motif of COL4A3BP/CERT leads to its inactivation by dissociation from the Golgi complex, thus down-regulating ER-to-Golgi transport of ceramide and sphingomyelin synthesis, Triggers PER1 proteasomal degradation probably through phosphorylation

Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family, Casein kinase I subfamily


This is T-complex protein 1 subunit beta protein, from Human, contains 535 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Component of the chaperonin-containing T-complex (TRiC), a molecular chaperone complex that assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis (PubMed:25467444), The TRiC complex mediates the folding of WRAP53/TCAB1, thereby regulating telomere maintenance (PubMed:25467444), As part of the TRiC complex may play a role in the assembly of BBSome, a complex involved in ciliogenesis regulating transports vesicles to the cilia (PubMed:20080638), The TRiC complex plays a role in the folding of actin and tubulin (Probable)


This is Butyrophilin subfamily 3 member A2 protein, from Human, contains 334 amino acids, has 1 Ig-like V-type Immunoglobulin domain, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Ig-like V-type

Plays a role in T-cell responses in the adaptive immune response, Inhibits the release of IFNG from activated T-cells

Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, BTN/MOG family


This is Glutathione S-transferase omega-1 protein, from Human, contains 241 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities, Has S-(phenacyl)glutathione reductase activity, Has also glutathione S-transferase activity, Participates in the biotransformation of inorganic arsenic and reduces monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsonic acid

Belongs to the GST superfamily, Omega family


This is Protein arginine N-methyltransferase skb1 protein, from Fission yeast, contains 645 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent protein-arginine N-methyltransferase that can catalyze both the mono- and symmetric (type II) dimethylation of the guanidino nitrogens of arginine residues in target proteins (By similarity), Positively modulates the shk1 kinase function, May be a mediator of hyperosmotic stress response (PubMed:11278267)

Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily, Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family


This is Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP-Z protein, from Fission yeast, contains 515 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family, PP-Z subfamily


This is ATP-dependent helicase rhp16 protein, from Fission yeast, contains 861 amino acids, has 1 RING-type Zinc finger, locates in Nucleus.

RING-type

Involved in global genome repair (GGR) via nucleotide excision repair (NER), in conjunction with rhp7, after UV irradiation

Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family


This is Tip elongation protein 1 protein, from Fission yeast, contains 461 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Has a role in stabilizing and targeting the growing tips of the microtubules along the long axis of the cell, directing them to the ends of the cell, Acts as a cargo for tea2


This is Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 protein, from Pig, contains 921 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Type II acute-phase protein (APP) involved in inflammatory responses to trauma, May also play a role in liver development or regeneration


This is Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein, from Rainbow trout, contains 723 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Has reduced affinity for the XRE and functions negatively in AHR-mediated signaling by disrupting the binding of dimers formed by isoform 1 and AHR to the XRE


This is Apelin receptor A protein, from African clawed frog, contains 362 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Receptor for apelin receptor early endogenous ligand (apela) and apelin (apln) hormones coupled to G proteins that inhibit adenylate cyclase activity (PubMed:17412318, PubMed:16750822, PubMed:16876154), Plays a key role in early development such as gastrulation, blood vessels formation and heart morphogenesis by acting as a receptor for apela hormone, promoting endoderm and mesendoderm cell migration and regulating the migration of cells fated to become myocardial progenitors, respectively (By similarity), Promotes angioblast migration toward the embryonic midline, i,e, the position of the future vessel formation, during vasculogenesis (By similarity), May promote sinus venosus (SV)-derived endothelial cells migration into the developing heart to promote coronary blood vessel development (By similarity), Required for cardiovascular development, particularly for intersomitic vein angiogenesis by acting as a receptor for apln hormone (PubMed:17412318, PubMed:16750822, PubMed:16876154), Also plays a role in various processes in adults such as regulation of blood vessel formation, blood pressure, heart contractility, and heart failure (By similarity), Acts upstream of the i/o type of G-alpha proteins in the differentiation of endothelium, erythroid cells, myeloid cells and cardiomyocytes (PubMed:16876154)

Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family


This is Lactoperoxidase protein, from Bovine, contains 712 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Heme-containing oxidoreductase which catalyzes the conversion of thiocyanate (SCN(-)) into antimicrobial agent hypothiocyanous acid (OSCN(-)) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (PubMed:5338806) (Probable), Also involved in the conversion of iodide (I(-)) into hypoiodite (IO(-)) in the presence of H2O2 (PubMed:354515) (Probable), Responsible for the inactivation of a wide range of micro-organisms and hence, important component of defense mechanism (PubMed:5338806, PubMed:354515), The lactoperoxidase-SCN(-)-H2O2 system shows antibacterial properties against some streptococci strains (PubMed:5338806), The lactoperoxidase-I(-)-H2O2 system shows antibacterial properties against E,coli (PubMed:354515), May protect the udder from infection and may promote growth in newborns (By similarity), May be implicated in airway host defense against infection (By similarity), May contribute to maintaining an appropriate H2O2 cellular level, therefore protecting cells from H2O2-caused injuries and inflammation (By similarity)

Belongs to the peroxidase family, XPO subfamily


This is Phosphatidylinositol-glycan-specific phospholipase D protein, from Bovine, contains 839 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

This protein hydrolyzes the inositol phosphate linkage in proteins anchored by phosphatidylinositol glycans (GPI-anchor) thus releasing these proteins from the membrane


This is Actin-fragmin kinase protein, from Slime mold, contains 737 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Has a role in the regulation of microfilament formation, Phosphorylates the actin-fragmin complex on threonine residues, in vitro

Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, AFK protein kinase family


This is Adenylosuccinate synthetase protein, from Baker's yeast, contains 433 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Plays an important role in the de novo pathway and in the salvage pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis, Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP

Belongs to the adenylosuccinate synthetase family


This is 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 protein, from Human, contains 405 amino acids, locates in Endoplasmic reticulum.

Catalyzes the conversion of biologically active 11beta-hydroxyglucocorticoids (11beta-hydroxysteroid) such as cortisol, to inactive 11-ketoglucocorticoids (11-oxosteroid) such as cortisone, in the presence of NAD(+) (PubMed:7859916, PubMed:8538347, PubMed:10497248, PubMed:22796344, PubMed:27927697, PubMed:30902677, PubMed:33387577, PubMed:12788846, PubMed:17314322), Functions as a dehydrogenase (oxidase), thereby decreasing the concentration of active glucocorticoids, thus protecting the nonselective mineralocorticoid receptor from occupation by glucocorticoids (PubMed:7859916, PubMed:10497248, PubMed:33387577, PubMed:12788846, PubMed:17314322), Plays an important role in maintaining glucocorticoids balance during preimplantation and protects the fetus from excessive maternal corticosterone exposure (By similarity), Catalyzes the oxidation of 11beta-hydroxytestosterone (11beta,17beta-dihydroxyandrost-4-ene-3-one) to 11-ketotestosterone (17beta-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,11-dione), a major bioactive androgen (PubMed:22796344, PubMed:27927697), Catalyzes the conversion of 11beta-hydroxyandrostenedione (11beta-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione) to 11-ketoandrostenedione (androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione), which can be further metabolized to 11-ketotestosterone (PubMed:27927697), Converts 7-beta-25-dihydroxycholesterol to 7-oxo-25-hydroxycholesterol in vitro (PubMed:30902677), 7-beta-25-dihydroxycholesterol (not 7-oxo-25-hydroxycholesterol) acts as ligand for the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2) and may thereby regulate immune cell migration (PubMed:30902677), May protect ovulating oocytes and fertilizing spermatozoa from the adverse effects of cortisol (By similarity)

Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family


This is Actin-related protein 4 protein, from Baker's yeast, contains 489 amino acids, locates in Nucleus.

Chromatin interaction component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which is involved in transcriptional activation of selected genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histone H4 and H2A, The NuA4 complex is also involved in DNA repair, ARP4 recognizes H2AS128ph (gamma-H2A) and is required for NuA4 complex integrity, Component of the SWR1 complex which mediates the ATP-dependent exchange of histone H2A for the H2A variant HZT1 leading to transcriptional regulation of selected genes by chromatin remodeling, Component of the INO80 complex which remodels chromatin by shifting nucleosomes, Its ability to induce transcription of some phosphate-responsive genes is modulated by inositol polyphosphates, The INO80 complex is involved in DNA repair by associating to gamma-H2A as a response to DNA damage

Belongs to the actin family, ARP4 subfamily


This is Cobrotoxin-b protein, from Chinese cobra, contains 82 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Binds to muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibit acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular transmission, Produces peripheral paralysis by blocking neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic site, Has a lower toxicity than cobrotoxin

Belongs to the snake three-finger toxin family, Short-chain subfamily, Type I alpha-neurotoxin sub-subfamily


This is Ductus ejaculatorius peptide 99B protein, from Fruit fly, contains 54 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Induces post-mating responses; increased oviposition and reduced receptivity


This is G-protein-signaling modulator 2 protein, from Human, contains 684 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Plays an important role in mitotic spindle pole organization via its interaction with NUMA1 (PubMed:11781568, PubMed:15632202, PubMed:21816348), Required for cortical dynein-dynactin complex recruitment during metaphase (PubMed:22327364), Plays a role in metaphase spindle orientation (PubMed:22327364), Also plays an important role in asymmetric cell divisions (PubMed:21816348), Has guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) activity towards G(i) alpha proteins, such as GNAI1 and GNAI3, and thereby regulates their activity (By similarity)


This is Tyrosine-protein phosphatase cdc-14 protein, from Caenorhabditis elegans, contains 709 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Main regulator of cell cycle arrest in vulval precursor cells

Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family, Non-receptor class CDC14 subfamily


This is Venom prothrombin activator trocarin-D protein, from Australian rough-scaled snake, contains 455 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Snake prothrombin activator that attacks the hemostatic system of prey, This protein is functionally similar to blood coagulation factor Xa, Induces cyanosis and death in mice at 1 mg/kg body weight during blood clotting

Belongs to the peptidase S1 family, Snake venom subfamily


This is Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6 protein, from Rat, contains 613 amino acids, locates in Cytoplasm.

Modulates signaling by tyrosine phosphorylated cell surface receptors such as KIT and the EGF receptor/EGFR, The SH2 regions may interact with other cellular components to modulate its own phosphatase activity against interacting substrates, Together with MTUS1, induces UBE2V2 expression upon angiotensin II stimulation, Plays a key role in hematopoiesis

Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family, Non-receptor class 2 subfamily


This is cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II regulatory subunit protein, from Fruit fly, contains 377 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Cytoplasm.

Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells (PubMed:10781603, PubMed:9196067), Mediates membrane association by binding to anchoring proteins, such as Akap200 (PubMed:9196067, PubMed:12223401), Might play an essential role in the regulation of neuronal activity in the brain (PubMed:10781603, PubMed:9196067)

Belongs to the cAMP-dependent kinase regulatory chain family


This is Odorant receptor 22a protein, from Fruit fly, contains 397 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates, The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration, Involved in the behavioral responses ethyl butyrate and to esters in more general, Complexes with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability, They are necessary and sufficient to promote functional reconstitution of odor-evoked signaling in sensory neurons that normally respond only to carbon dioxide

Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily, Heteromeric odorant receptor channel (TC 1,A,69) family, Or2a subfamily


This is b(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1 protein, from Human, contains 487 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Associates with SLC3A1 to form a functional transporter complex that mediates the electrogenic exchange between cationic amino acids and neutral amino acids, with a stoichiometry of 1:1 (PubMed:8663357, PubMed:16825196, PubMed:32817565, PubMed:32494597), Has system b(0,+)-like activity with high affinity for extracellular cationic amino acids and L-cystine and lower affinity for intracellular neutral amino acids (PubMed:8663357, PubMed:16825196, PubMed:32494597), Substrate exchange is driven by high concentration of intracellular neutral amino acids and the intracellular reduction of L-cystine to L-cysteine (PubMed:8663357), Required for reabsorption of L-cystine and dibasic amino acids across the brush border membrane in renal proximal tubules

Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily


This is b(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1 protein, from Rat, contains 487 amino acids, is membrane-bound, locates in Cell membrane.

Associates with SLC3A1 to form a functional transporter complex that mediates the electrogenic exchange between cationic amino acids and neutral amino acids, with a stoichiometry of 1:1 (PubMed:10506124) (By similarity), Has system b(0,+)-like activity with high affinity for extracellular cationic amino acids and L-cystine and lower affinity for intracellular neutral amino acids (By similarity), Substrate exchange is driven by high concentration of intracellular neutral amino acids and the intracellular reduction of L-cystine to L-cysteine (By similarity), Required for reabsorption of L-cystine and dibasic amino acids across the brush border membrane in renal proximal tubules (By similarity)


This is Thylakoid lumenal 29 kDa protein, chloroplastic protein, from Mouse-ear cress, contains 349 amino acids, locates in Plastid.


This is PsbP-like protein 1, chloroplastic protein, from Mouse-ear cress, contains 230 amino acids, locates in Plastid.

Required for efficient repair of photodamaged PSII, but not tightly associated with the complex


This is Partner of Y14 and mago protein, from Fruit fly, contains 207 amino acids, locates in Cytoplasm.

Regulator of the exon junction complex (EJC), a multiprotein complex that associates immediately upstream of the exon-exon junction on mRNAs and serves as a positional landmark for the intron exon structure of genes and directs post-transcriptional processes in the cytoplasm such as mRNA export, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) or translation, Acts as an EJC disassembly factor by disrupting mature EJC from spliced mRNAs, Required for normal localization of osk mRNA to the posterior pole of the developing oocyte, Does not interact with the small ribosomal unit or components of the translation initiation complex, May not function in cap-dependent translation regulation


This is Venom prothrombin activator notecarin-D1 protein, from Mainland tiger snake, contains 455 amino acids, is soluble, locates in Extracellular.

Snake prothrombin activator that attacks the hemostatic system of prey, This protein is functionally similar to blood coagulation factor Xa