You are presented with the question "verbal violence is behavior that is intended to cause what?" and the following answer choices: 
- violence and laughter
 - love and joy
 - negative
 - decrease stamina
 - openness and hurt
 - Destroy crops
 - harm or pain
 - the environment

Now knowing that aggression is behavior that is intended to cause harm or pain and verbal violence is hostile aggression, choose the best answer.


 

       harm or pain  