Fact 1: Aggression is behavior that is intended to cause harm or pain.

Fact 2: Verbal violence is hostile aggression.

Given the two facts above, answer the question "verbal violence is behavior that is intended to cause what?" with the following options: 
- violence and laughter
 - love and joy
 - negative
 - decrease stamina
 - openness and hurt
 - Destroy crops
 - harm or pain
 - the environment


 

       harm or pain  